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-5628341732225549501 | United Nations Secretary-General selection, 2016 | United Nations Secretary - General selection , 2016 - wikipedia United Nations Secretary - General selection , 2016 Jump to : navigation , search United Nations Secretary - General selection , 2016 ← 2006 Final straw poll : 5 October 2016 2021 → Nominee António Guterres Irina Bokova Vuk Jeremić Country Portugal Bulgaria Serbia Votes to encourage 13 / 15 7 / 15 7 / 15 P5 votes to discourage 0 / 5 2 / 5 3 / 5 Nominee Miroslav Lajčák Helen Clark Country Slovakia New Zealand Votes to encourage 7 / 15 6 / 15 P5 votes to discourage 2 / 5 3 / 5 Secretary General before election Ban Ki - Moon Elected Secretary General António Guterres A United Nations Secretary - General selection was held in October 2016 to choose the ninth Secretary - General of the United Nations to succeed Ban Ki - moon from 1 January 2017 . Six straw polls were held in the Security Council from 21 July 2016 to 5 October 2016 . António Guterres of Portugal led the polling in every round , finishing the last round with 13 ' encourage ' votes , 0 ' discourage ' votes , and 2 abstentions . On 6 October 2016 , the Security Council unanimously recommended Guterres to the General Assembly , which formally selected him by acclamation on 13 October 2016 . The 2016 selection was much more open than previous selections , with public nominations being sought and candidates participating in televised debates . Women and Eastern Europeans were favoured , as no woman had ever served as Secretary - General , and the Eastern European Group was the only one of the UN Regional Groups never to have held the office . However , the two campaigns offset each other , and the selection was won by the only candidate who was neither female nor from Eastern Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reform 3 Candidates 3.1 Official candidates 3.2 Withdrawn candidates 3.3 Candidates who failed to be nominated 4 Security Council straw polls 5 Official nomination and appointment 6 References 7 Further reading Background ( edit ) See also : United Nations Secretary - General selection Article 97 of the United Nations Charter , states `` The Secretary - General shall be appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council '' . As a result , the selection is subject to the veto of any of the five permanent members of the Security Council . The Charter 's minimal language has since been supplemented by other procedural rules and accepted practices . Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon would be completing his second term on 31 December 2016 , after which he would step down due to the informal two - term limit . Under the principle of regional rotation , candidates from Asia were ineligible to succeed Ban . The Eastern European Group was favored in the 2016 selection , as it was the only one of the United Nations Regional Groups never to have held the office of Secretary - General . However , tensions between Russia and the three Western European permanent members over the conflict in Ukraine raised the possibility of deadlock over an Eastern European nominee . As a result , the 2016 selection was the most open selection since 1981 . Candidates from three regional groups were considered for the position : the Eastern European Group , the Western European and Others Group , and the Latin American and Caribbean Group . Although different regions have held the office , no woman has ever been selected as Secretary - General . In December 2015 , General Assembly Mogens Lykketoft and Security Council President Samantha Power wrote a joint letter to all member states , encouraging them to nominate female candidates as well as men . Equality Now launched a campaign to elect a female Secretary - General with the title `` Time for a Woman : United Nations -- it 's been over 70 years , elect a female Secretary - General '' Many female candidates were nominated in 2016 , more than in any previous selection . Reform ( edit ) Historically , the process of selecting a Secretary - General has been so secretive that it has been compared to a papal conclave . Diplomats advanced their own candidacies by lobbying members of the Security Council . Straw polls were taken by secret ballot in the Security Council consultation room , and the voting results were not revealed publicly . All reported information came in the form of leaks . There has been criticism of the opacity of the process . Writing in Singapore 's Straits Times , Simon Chesterman has argued that , for an organisation as important as the United Nations , `` having its leader chosen by the lowest common denominator of what the P5 finds acceptable is not good enough '' . NGOs such as the 1 for 7 Billion campaign and The Elders also favored a more transparent process . The Security Council and General Assembly took steps to make the selection process more transparent and open in 2016 . General Assembly President Mogens Lykketoft and Security Council President Samantha Power sent out a joint letter soliciting candidates from member countries . Candidates also participated in televised debates , where they answered questions about their goals . When the Security Council met to conduct its first straw poll , it voted in private , as it had done in all selections since 1981 . The President of the General Assembly was officially informed that a straw poll had been taken , but the results of the poll were not disclosed . Lykketoft realized that `` the outcome of this and future informal straw polls will not be communicated '' and complained that it `` does not live up to the expectations of the membership and the new standard of openness and transparency '' . All further straw polls were also taken in private . Candidates ( edit ) At the time of the final straw poll on 5 October 2016 , there were ten candidates for the post . Portugal 's former Prime Minister and former United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres led in all six straw polls . Deputy Speaker of the Croatian Parliament Vesna Pusić withdrew on 4 August after the first straw poll , in which she came in last position with 11 `` discourage '' votes , followed by the withdrawal of Montenegro 's Foreign Affairs Minister Igor Lukšić on 24 August and the withdrawal of Christiana Figueres on 12 September . Kristalina Georgieva entered the race on 28 September ; although the Prime Minister of Bulgaria nominated Kristalina Georgieva as its new sole candidate for the Secretary - General 's position , the decision to withdraw from the race can only be done by the candidates ; therefore , Irina Bokova decided to continue in the race , leaving Bulgaria with two candidates . Official candidates ( edit ) Official candidates Image Name Prior experience Nominator Nominated Regional group Endorsements Bokova , Irina Irina Bokova Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Director - General of UNESCO ( 2009 -- present ) Bulgaria ( Support withdrawn ) 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 2016 Eastern European Group ( EEG ) Clark , Helen Helen Clark Prime Minister of New Zealand ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme ( 2009 -- present ) New Zealand 000000002016 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2016 Western European and Others Group ( WEOG ) Kristalina Georgieva European Commissioner for International Cooperation , Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response ( 2010 -- 2014 ) European Commissioner for the Budget and Human Resources ( 2014 -- present ) Bulgaria 000000002016 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2016 Eastern European Group ( EEG ) Gherman , Natalia Natalia Gherman Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Acting Prime Minister of Moldova ( 2015 ) Moldova 000000002016 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 2016 Eastern European Group ( EEG ) Guterres , António António Guterres Prime Minister of Portugal ( 1995 -- 2002 ) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Portugal 000000002016 - 02 - 29 - 0000 29 February 2016 Western European and Others Group ( WEOG ) Cape Verde Angola France East Timor Jeremić , Vuk Vuk Jeremić Minister of Foreign Affairs of Serbia ( 2007 -- 2012 ) President of the United Nations General Assembly ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Serbia 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2016 Eastern European Group ( EEG ) Kerim , Srgjan Srgjan Kerim Minister of Foreign Affairs of Macedonia ( 2000 -- 2001 ) President of the United Nations General Assembly ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Macedonia 000000002015 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 2015 Eastern European Group ( EEG ) Lajčák , Miroslav Miroslav Lajčák High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Minister of Foreign Affairs of Slovakia ( 2009 -- 2010 ; 2012 -- present ) Slovakia 000000002016 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May 2016 Eastern European Group ( EEG ) Malcorra , Susana Susana Malcorra Undersecretary General of the United Nations for Field Support ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Chef de Cabinet of the United Nations Secretariat ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Minister of Foreign Affairs of Argentina ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Argentina 000000002016 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2016 Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) Türk , Danilo Danilo Türk Slovenian Ambassador to the United Nations ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations for Political Affairs ( 2000 -- 2005 ) President of Slovenia ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Slovenia 000000002016 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2016 Eastern European Group ( EEG ) Withdrawn candidates ( edit ) Withdrawn candidates Image Name Prior experience Nominator Nominated Withdrawn Regional group Pusić , Vesna Vesna Pusić Minister of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Croatia 000000002016 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 2016 000000002016 - 08 - 04 - 0000 4 August 2016 Eastern European Group ( EEG ) Lukšić , Igor Igor Lukšić Prime Minister of Montenegro ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Minister of Foreign Affairs of Montenegro ( 2012 -- present ) Montenegro 000000002016 - 01 - 15 - 0000 15 January 2016 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 August 2016 Eastern European Group ( EEG ) Figueres , Christiana Christiana Figueres Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( 2010 -- 2016 ) Costa Rica 000000002016 - 07 - 07 - 0000 7 July 2016 000000002016 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2016 Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) Candidates who failed to be nominated ( edit ) In July 2016 , it was revealed that former Labor Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd asked the Government of Australia ( then a government of the Liberal / National Coalition ) to nominate him for Secretary - General in April 2016 . At its meeting on 28 July , the Cabinet was divided on his suitability for the role and , on that basis , Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull decided to decline the request the next day ; since nomination by the Australian government was considered a necessary prerequisite for candidacy , Turnbull 's decision essentially ended Rudd 's campaign ; Rudd later confirmed as much . Security Council straw polls ( edit ) Results of all straw polls per candidate The Security Council held a series of six straw polls in the consultation room . Security Council members were asked to indicate whether they `` encouraged '' , `` discouraged '' or had `` no opinion '' regarding the candidates . The initial five straw polls took place on 21 July , 5 August , 29 August , 9 September , and 26 September . During the sixth straw poll , the five permanent members voted on red - coloured ballots to reveal whether any of them intended to veto a candidate , while the rotating members voted on white ballots . Since António Guterres was the only candidate who received the necessary nine encouraged votes and had no discouraged votes from permanent members , Guterres was declared by the Security Council as the `` clear favourite '' . United Nations Secretary - General selection straw poll results Candidate 21 July 5 August 29 August 9 September 26 September 5 October Final Vote Irina Bokova 9 7 7 7 5 7 5 6 7 7 ( 3P ) 7 ( 2P ) Withdrawn Helen Clark 8 5 6 8 6 8 6 7 6 9 0 6 ( 1P ) 8 ( 3P ) 1 ( 1P ) Withdrawn Christiana Figueres 5 5 5 5 8 12 5 10 0 Withdrawn Kristalina Georgieva Not yet nominated 5 ( 2P ) 8 ( 2P ) 2 ( 1P ) Withdrawn Natalia Gherman 7 10 12 11 11 3 ( 1P ) 11 ( 3P ) 1 ( 1P ) Withdrawn António Guterres 12 0 11 11 12 12 13 ( 4P ) 0 2 ( 1P ) Acclaimed Vuk Jeremić 9 5 8 7 5 9 8 6 7 ( 2P ) 6 ( 3P ) Withdrawn Srgjan Kerim 9 5 6 7 6 7 8 7 0 6 9 0 5 ( 2P ) 9 ( 3P ) Withdrawn Miroslav Lajčák 7 5 6 7 9 5 10 8 7 0 7 ( 2P ) 6 ( 2P ) 2 ( 1P ) Withdrawn Igor Lukšić 7 5 9 Withdrawn Susana Malcorra 7 8 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 ( 2P ) 7 ( 1P ) 3 ( 2P ) Withdrawn Vesna Pusić 11 Withdrawn Danilo Türk 11 7 5 5 6 7 6 7 7 5 ( 1P ) 8 ( 4P ) Withdrawn Candidate received at least one `` encouraged '' from a veto - wielding P5 member Candidate received at least one `` discouraged '' from a veto - wielding P5 member Official nomination and appointment ( edit ) On 6 October 2016 , the Security Council voted by acclamation to recommend António Guterres in Security Council Resolution 2311 . On 13 October 2016 , the seventy - first session of the United Nations General Assembly ratified the Security Council 's choice by acclamation , formally appointing Guterres as the next Secretary - General for a five - year term beginning on 1 January 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : World Federation of United Nations Associations ( @ WFUNA ) ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Full results of the sixth and final # NextSG strawpoll . Formal result tomorrow . ( P5 voting intentions excluded ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 5 October 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2311(2016 ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55285#.WAHOPNUrJUQ ^ Jump up to : `` The most powerful diplomat of the world -- Will an Eastern European Woman be the next UN Secretary General ? '' . Association of Foreign Affairs . 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Chesterman , Simon ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Chesterman , Simon . Secretary or General ? The UN Secretary - General in World Politics . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` UN Secretary - General '' . Unelections.org . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Brendan ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` Could the next UN secretary - general be a woman ? '' . International Business Times UK . Jump up ^ Tony Fleming ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` Joint Letter Officially Released '' . Global Memo via UNO . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Online version : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Time for a Woman : United Nations -- it 's been over 70 years , elect a female Secretary - General '' . Equality Now . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The next UN secretary - general : 7 women to consider , Devex , 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Secrecy Reigns as U.N. Seeks a New Secretary General '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chesterman , Simon ( 27 June 2015 ) . `` Who wants to rule the world ? '' . Straits Times . Retrieved 7 August 2016 ... Jump up ^ `` For first time in history , selection of next United Nations Secretary - General will include input from all Member States '' , United Nations News Centre , 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Mogens Lykketoft and Samantha Power to all Permanent Representatives And Permanent Observers to the United Nations , 15 December 2015 '' ( PDF ) . 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations begins informal briefings to select next Secretary - General '' . UN News Center . 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Mogens Lykketoft to All Permanent Representatives and Permanent Observers to the United Nations , 21 July 2016 '' ( PDF ) . 21 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Next Secretary General selection : nomination of new candidate of Bulgaria '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Bokova , Irina ( @ IrinaForUN ) ( 28 September 2016 ) . `` Grateful to you all who support me and fully committed to continue the race for # NextSG ! @ She4SG '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 30 September 2016 -- via Twitter . link = no ) Jump up ^ `` Procedure of Selecting and Appointing the next UN Secretary - General '' . UN . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` José Maria Neves supports candidature of António Guterres to UN Secretary General '' . Ocean Press . 24 January 2016 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cabo Verde apoia candidatura de António Guterres ao cargo de secretário - geral da ONU '' ( Cape Verde endorses António Guterres ' for the position of UN Secretary - General ) . A Bola. 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Angola apoia candidatura de Guterres a secretário - geral da ONU '' ( Angola endorses Guterres ' candidacy for UN Secretary - General ) . Expresso . Lusa. 20 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Martins , António ; Escoto , Pedro ( 18 April 2016 ) . `` França anunciou que vai apoiar Guterres na corrida a secretário - geral da ONU '' ( France announced endorsement of Guterres in UN Secretary - General race ) . RTP Notícias . RTP . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timor apoia candidatura de Guterres à ONU '' ( Timor endorses Guterres ' candidacy for UN ) . Expresso . Lusa. 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vesna Pusić odustaje od kandidature za glavnu tajnicu Ujedinjenih naroda '' . Jump up ^ Withdrawal of candidature of Vesna Pusić , 4 August 2016 Jump up ^ `` El montenegrino Igor Luksic abandonó la carrera para suceder a Ban Ki - moon '' . Jump up ^ Withdrawal of candidature of Igor Lukšić , 23 August 2016 Jump up ^ Figures , Christiana ( @ CFiguere ) ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` 1 / 2 Deeply grateful for support received in so many ways , '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Withdrawal of candidature of Christiana Figueres , 13 September 2016 Jump up ^ Anderson , Stephanie ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Julie Bishop confirms Kevin Rudd seeking nomination for UN Secretary - General election '' . ABC News . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Fergus ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Nominate me : Kevin Rudd seeks government support to be United Nations boss '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Borrello , Eliza ; Anderson , Stephanie ( 29 July 2016 ) . `` Kevin Rudd releases letters claiming Malcolm Turnbull backed him for United Nations secretary - general job '' . ABC News . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Katharine ( 29 July 2016 ) . `` Malcolm Turnbull refuses to nominate Kevin Rudd as UN secretary general '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Rudd , Kevin ( @ MrKRudd ) ( 29 July 2016 ) . `` My deep gratitude to all friends , colleagues and supporters around the world for your encouragement for my candidature for UN Sec General '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 29 July 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rudd , Kevin ( @ MrKRudd ) ( 29 July 2016 ) . `` My thanks also to Australian Foreign Minister Bishop and her ministerial colleagues for their support for UNSG . Unfortunately PM disagreed '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 29 July 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rudd , Kevin ( @ MrKRudd ) ( 29 July 2016 ) . `` So there wo n't be an Australian candidate for UN Sec Gen. I wish all other candidates well . Future of the United Nations important for us all '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 29 July 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Security Council to hold second straw poll of next UN chief on Aug. 5 '' . People 's Republic of China : Xinhua. 27 July 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lederer , Edith M. ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Diplomats : Ex-Portuguese Minister Tops Poll for Next UN Chief '' . United States : ABC News . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Landry , Carole ( 5 August 2016 ) . `` Second straw poll could shake up race for UN chief '' . France 24 . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UN to Hold Next Straw Poll for Top Job on August 29 '' . Novinite. 13 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 's Antonio Guterres set to be UN secretary general '' . BBC News . 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Orestes , Benjamin ( @ boreskes ) ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` SOURCE : # NEXTSG straw poll : 1 ) Guterres 2 ) Turk 3 ) Bokova 4 ) Jeremic / Kerim 5 ) Clark 6 ) Lajčák 7 ) Malcorra 8 ) Figueres9 ) Gherman10 ) Luksic 11 ) Pusic '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 21 July 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lee , Matthew Russell ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` On Next SG Straw Poll , Results & Questions of Dual Nationalities , Exclusive '' . Inner City Press . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Abi Saab , Nabil ( @ NabilAbiSaab ) ( 5 August 2016 ) . `` 1 / 2 Results of 2nd round of voting on next # UNSG : ( Yes , No , no opinion ) Guterres 11 , 2 , 2 Jeremic 8 , 4 , 3 Malcorra 8 , 6 , 1 Turk 7 , 5 , 3 Clark 6 , 8 , 1 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 5 August 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Abi Saab , Nabil ( @ NabilAbiSaab ) ( 5 August 2016 ) . `` 2 / 2 Figueres 5 , 8 , 2 Kerim 6 , 7 , 2 Luksic 2 , 9 , 4 Bokova 7 , 7 , 1 Gherman 3 , 10 , 2 Lajcak 2 , 6 , 7 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 5 August 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ World Federation of United Nations Associations ( @ WFUNA ) ( 29 August 2016 ) . `` As part of our commitment to Transparency and Accountability , here are full results of the 3rd # NextSG Straw Poll : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 29 August 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bryce - Pease , Sherwin ( 29 August 2016 ) . `` Results of latest straw poll to select next # UNSG '' . SABC News . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ World Federation of United Nations Associations ( @ WFUNA ) ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` As part of our continued push for # Transparency at the # UN Full # NextSG 4th Straw Poll Results : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 9 September 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Who will lead the United Nations '' . Reuters. 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ World Federation of United Nations Associations ( @ WFUNA ) ( 26 September 2016 ) . `` WFUNA presents the results of 5th # NextSG Straw Poll '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 26 September 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Security Council Backs António Guterres to Be Next U.N. Secretary General '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sengupta , Somini ; Minder , Raphael ( 6 October 2016 ) . `` António Guterres Pledges to Help Vulnerable as Secretary General '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Foroohar , Kambiz ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Portugal 's Guterres Wins Unanimous Backing to Lead the UN '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Figueres ends UN Secretary General bid '' . News.com.au. 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Montenegro 's Luksic drops out of race to be next UN chief '' . Associated Press . 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vesna Pusić Withdraws as Candidate for UN Secretary General '' . Total Croatia News . 4 August 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Chesterman , Simon ( 2015 ) . `` The Secretary - General We Deserve ? '' . Global Governance : A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations . Vol. 21 no . 4 . pp. 505 -- 513 . United Nations Secretary - General selections 1961 1971 1976 1981 1991 2006 2016 General Assembly UNSC ( Members Reform ) Regional Groups ( EEG GRULAC WEOG ) United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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Secretary General Memoirs Provisional Secretary - General prior to the election of Trygve Lie . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection,_2016&oldid=838155216 '' Categories : 2016 elections United Nations Secretariat United Nations Secretaries - General 2016 in international relations United Nations General Assembly elections 2016 in the United Nations July 2016 events October 2016 events Helen Clark Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 07 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has been elected as the new secretary general of united nations | [
"A United Nations Secretary-General selection was held in October 2016 to choose the ninth Secretary-General of the United Nations to succeed Ban Ki-moon from 1 January 2017. Six straw polls were held in the Security Council from 21 July 2016 to 5 October 2016. António Guterres of Portugal led the polling in every round, finishing the last round with 13 'encourage' votes, 0 'discourage' votes, and 2 abstentions.[1] On 6 October 2016, the Security Council unanimously recommended Guterres to the General Assembly,[2] which formally selected him by acclamation on 13 October 2016.[3]"
] | [
"António Guterres"
] |
-149801292670894953 | List of Super Bowl champions | List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) . Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were marketed as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , but were also casually referred to as `` the Super Bowl game '' during the television broadcast . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker in official marketing ; the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Twenty franchises , including teams that have relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 -- 5 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four ( all losses ) from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 1974 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls . The Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the Green Bay Packers ( 1966 -- 1967 ) , the Miami Dolphins ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1974 -- 1975 and 1978 -- 1979 , the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 -- 1993 ) , the Denver Broncos ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and the New England Patriots ( 2003 -- 2004 ) . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 1993 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 2004 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 1.2 Consecutive losers 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.3 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 48 , 25 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 48 , 23 -- 25 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Los Angeles , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium San Francisco , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Los Angeles , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Los Angeles , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium San Francisco , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 Philadelphia Eagles 03 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 4133 ! 41 -- 33 New England Patriots 10 ! New England Patriots ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 067612 ! 67,612 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD 57 ! LVII 000000002023 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2023 X 2022 ! 2022 -- 23 AFC champion at 2022 -- 23 NFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2023 ! To be determined University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 3 ) Glendale , Arizona ! Glendale , Arizona ( 4 ) TBD 58 ! LVIII 000000002024 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2024 X 2023 ! 2023 -- 24 NFC champion at 2023 -- 24 AFC champion 0023 ! -- X 2024 ! To be determined Mercedes - Benz Superdome 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 8 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 11 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 11 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which ( Pittsburgh ) has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls ( XIII and XIV ) for four wins in six seasons . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI , which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX , for three wins in four seasons . They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season ( XXXVII ) . The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season ( 50 ) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos . Consecutive losers Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) ( Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) -- The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls , let alone lose in all four appearances . Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XI , and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons . Denver Broncos ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls XXI and XXII ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XXIV , but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX ( pictured ) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( 10 ) and are tied for the most losses ( 5 ) as of 2018 . NFL / NFC teams ( 27 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team ( 0 - 1 as part of the NFL , 2 - 1 as part of the AFC ) In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl . In the `` Seasons '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons 10A - 05W - 01YA - 02YW ! 10 New England Patriots 05W - 10A - 02YW - 01YA ! 5 05L - 10A - 01YL - 01YA ! 5 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 08A - 06W - 08YA - 10YW ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 06W - 08A - 10YW - 08YA ! 6 02L - 08A - 08YL - 08YA ! 2 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08A - 05W - 23YA - 23YW ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 05W - 08A - 23YW - 23YA ! 5 03L - 08A - 40YL - 23YA ! 3 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08A - 03W - 03YA - 03YW ! 8 Denver Broncos 03W - 08A - 03YW - 03YA ! 3 05L - 08A - 05YL - 03YA ! 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06A - 05W - 06YA - 24YW ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 05W - 06A - 24YW - 06YA ! 5 01L - 06A - 06YL - 06YA ! 1 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05A - 04W - 08YA - 08YW ! 5 Green Bay Packers 04W - 05A - 08YW - 08YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 21YL - 08YA ! 1 . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05A - 04W - 07YA - 07YW ! 5 New York Giants 04W - 05A - 07YW - 07YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 18YL - 07YA ! 1 . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05A - 03W - 27YA - 27YW ! 5 Washington Redskins 03W - 05A - 27YW - 27YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 35YL - 27YA ! 2 . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05A - 03W - 16YA - 35YW ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 03W - 05A - 35YW - 16YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 16YL - 16YA ! 2 . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05A - 02W - 34YA - 45YW ! 5 Miami Dolphins 02W - 05A - 45YW - 34YA ! 2 03L - 05A - 34YL - 34YA ! 3 . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04A - 02W - 09YA - 12YW ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 02W - 04A - 12YW - 09YA ! 2 02L - 04A - 09YL - 09YA ! 2 . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04A - 00W - 42YA - 53YW ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 42YL - 42YA ! 4 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04A - 00W - 25YA - 53YW ! 4 Buffalo Bills 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 25YL - 25YA ! 4 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03A - 01W - 17YA - 19YW ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 01W - 03A - 19YW - 17YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 17YL - 17YA ! 2 . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03A - 01W - 03YA - 04YW ! 3 Seattle Seahawks 01W - 03A - 04YW - 03YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 03A - 01W - 01YA - 01YW ! 3 Philadelphia Eagles 01W - 03A - 01YW - 01YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 14YL - 01YA ! 2 . 333 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 , 2017 02A - 02W - 06YA - 06YW ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 02W - 02A - 06YW - 06YA ! 2 00L - 02A - 22YL - 06YA ! 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02A - 01W - 49YA - 49YW ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs 01W - 02A - 49YW - 49YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 52YL - 49YA ! 1 . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02A - 01W - 12YA - 33YW ! 2 Chicago Bears 01W - 02A - 33YW - 12YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 12YL - 12YA ! 1 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02A - 00W - 30YA - 53YW ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 00W - 02A - 53YW - 30YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 30YL - 30YA ! 2 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02A - 00W - 03YA - 23YW ! 2 Carolina Panthers 00W - 02A - 23YW - 03YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 02A - 00W - 02YA - 53YW ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 00W - 02A - 53YW - 02YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 02YL - 02YA ! 2 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 01A - 01W - 50YA - 50YW ! 1 New York Jets 01W - 01A - 50YW - 50YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 53YL - 50YA ! 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01A - 01W - 18YA - 18YW ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01W - 01A - 18YW - 18YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 44YL - 18YA ! 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01A - 01W - 09YA - 09YW ! 1 New Orleans Saints 01W - 01A - 09YW - 09YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 52YL - 09YA ! 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01A - 00W - 24YA - 53YW ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 00W - 01A - 53YW - 24YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 24YL - 24YA ! 1 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01A - 00W - 19YA - 53YW ! 1 Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans 00W - 01A - 53YW - 19YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 19YL - 19YA ! 1 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01A - 00W - 10YA - 53YW ! 1 St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals 00W - 01A - 53YW - 10YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 10YL - 10YA ! 1 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 11CG ! 0 Cleveland Browns 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 05CG ! 0 Detroit Lions 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 23YA - 23YW - 00CG ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 00W - 00A - 23YW - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 23YL - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 16YA - 16YW - 00CG ! 0 Houston Texans 00W - 00A - 16YW - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 16YL - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996 , and have since won two Super Bowls . Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 . Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996 , 1999 , and 2017 . Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston , and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls , making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' last championship appearance was their victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III . Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl , there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL ( 1995 and 2002 , respectively ) , resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) However , the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl , both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time . The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) Los Angeles Chargers ( played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Super Bowl rematches The 49ers and the Bengals , who faced off in Super Bowl XVI ( pictured ) , would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII . The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England , Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of the National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming : SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium , San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium , and Qualcomm Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . Jump up ^ Unlike other Super Bowls , Super Bowl 50 's official name , as designated by the NFL , uses the Arabic numeral `` 50 '' instead of the Roman numeral `` L '' . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . The Colts are the only team to have played in the Super Bowl for both the NFL and AFC . ^ Jump up to : Although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Top Plays in Super Bowl History `` and the old veteran scores the first touchdown of the Super Bowl game '' YouTube , NFL Highlights . Jump up ^ `` Culture in NFL History '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 -- The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Teope , Herbie . `` Arizona , New Orleans chosen as Super Bowl hosts '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Teope , Herbie . `` Arizona , New Orleans chosen as Super Bowl hosts '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots LII : Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) LVIII ( 2024 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=842702483 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 03 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the super bowl back to back | [
"\nThe Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, and also won the NFL championship the preceding year.\nThe Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls (VI, VII, and VIII), winning the last two.\nThe Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders. They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls (XIII and XIV) for four wins in six seasons.\nThe San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants.\nThe Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXVII and XXVIII); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons.\nThe New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI, which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX, for three wins in four seasons. They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season (XXXVII). The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season (50) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos.\n",
"\nThe Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, and also won the NFL championship the preceding year.\nThe Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls (VI, VII, and VIII), winning the last two.\nThe Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders. They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls (XIII and XIV) for four wins in six seasons.\nThe San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants.\nThe Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXVII and XXVIII); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons.\nThe New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI, which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX, for three wins in four seasons. They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season (XXXVII). The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season (50) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos.\n",
"\nThe Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, and also won the NFL championship the preceding year.\nThe Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls (VI, VII, and VIII), winning the last two.\nThe Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders. They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls (XIII and XIV) for four wins in six seasons.\nThe San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants.\nThe Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXVII and XXVIII); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons.\nThe New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI, which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX, for three wins in four seasons. They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season (XXXVII). The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season (50) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos.\n",
"\nThe Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, and also won the NFL championship the preceding year.\nThe Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls (VI, VII, and VIII), winning the last two.\nThe Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders. They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls (XIII and XIV) for four wins in six seasons.\nThe San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants.\nThe Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXVII and XXVIII); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons.\nThe New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI, which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX, for three wins in four seasons. They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season (XXXVII). The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season (50) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos.\n",
"\nThe Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, and also won the NFL championship the preceding year.\nThe Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls (VI, VII, and VIII), winning the last two.\nThe Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders. They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls (XIII and XIV) for four wins in six seasons.\nThe San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants.\nThe Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXVII and XXVIII); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons.\nThe New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI, which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX, for three wins in four seasons. They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season (XXXVII). The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season (50) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos.\n",
"\nThe Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, and also won the NFL championship the preceding year.\nThe Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls (VI, VII, and VIII), winning the last two.\nThe Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders. They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls (XIII and XIV) for four wins in six seasons.\nThe San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants.\nThe Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXVII and XXVIII); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons.\nThe New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI, which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX, for three wins in four seasons. They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season (XXXVII). The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season (50) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos.\n"
] | [
"The Pittsburgh Steelers",
"The San Francisco 49ers",
"The Dallas Cowboys",
"The New England Patriots",
"The Miami Dolphins",
"The Green Bay Packers"
] |
-5220475572422025946 | Tyler Mane | Tyler Mane - wikipedia Tyler Mane Jump to : navigation , search Tyler Mane Mane in 2014 Birth name Daryl Karolat ( 1966 - 12 - 08 ) December 8 , 1966 ( age 51 ) Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada Spouse ( s ) Renae Geerlings ( m . 2007 ) Professional wrestling career Ring name ( s ) Darryl Karolet Nitron Big Sky The Skywalker Sky High Walker Gully Gaspar Tyler Mane Billed height 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Billed weight 295 lb ( 134 kg ) Trained by Mando Guerrero Red Bastien Stu Hart Debut 1986 Retired Daryl Karolat ( born December 8 , 1966 ) is a Canadian actor and former professional wrestler , better known by the name Tyler Mane . He is known for playing Sabretooth in X-Men and X-Men : The Official Game , Ajax in Troy and Michael Myers in the remake of Halloween and its sequel , Halloween II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Professional wrestling career 2 Film career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 In wrestling 6 Championships and accomplishments 7 References 8 External links Professional Wrestling career ( edit ) Born and raised in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan he attended Walter Murray Collegiate Institute . As a teenager , Karolat travelled to Calgary , where he trained briefly with Stu Hart . He later began training with Red Bastien in 1986 , and completed further training with Mando Guerrero . Mane began his career in 1986 under the name `` Skywalker Nitron '' in his native Canada . In 1987 , he wrestled in South Africa , which resulted in an invitation to wrestle for Joint Promotions in the United Kingdom , where he arrived in November . The following year , he toured New Japan Pro Wrestling as `` Gully Gaspar '' , teaming with `` brothers '' Billy and Barry and managed by KY Wakamatsu . He could also be seen in WCW occasionally as the bodyguard of the tag team Doom along with Woman late in 1989 , specifically Starrcade 1989 . In 1990 , Karolat began wrestling in Puerto Rico and toured with All Japan Pro Wrestling , where he participated in the World 's Strongest Tag Determination League . He then joined the Mexican promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . In 1993 , he signed with World Championship Wrestling , under the name `` Big Sky '' and teamed with Vinnie Vegas . After Vinnie left WCW to become Diesel in the WWF , Mane was left in limbo and left WCW by the end of the year . In 1994 , he joined Herb Abrams ' Universal Wrestling Federation and became the only UWF MGM Grand Champion , defeating Steve Ray to win the vacant title . After Abrams ' death and eventual dissolving of the UWF in 1996 , Mane retired . Film career ( edit ) In 1992 , during his time within Mexico with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre , Mane made his film debut in Luchadores de las Estrellas playing the villain of the movie , El Vampiro Interespacial . While part of WCW , he auditioned for and received a part in the television series Smokey and the Bandit . After retiring from wrestling , he appeared in numerous films , including X-Men ( as Sabretooth ) , How to Make a Monster ( as Hardcore ) , Joe Dirt , The Scorpion King , Troy ( as Ajax ) , Hercules ( as Antaeus ) , and The Devil 's Rejects ( in the uncredited role of Rufus ) . The role of Sabretooth was initially intended for Mane 's former wrestling tag team partner , Kevin Nash , but was awarded to Mane due to Nash 's scheduling conflicts . Nash would , however , get a small role in a later Marvel Comics film , The Punisher . In 2007 , he played the iconic starring role of Michael Myers in Rob Zombie 's remake of Halloween . After winning the role , he noted that he consecutively watched seven of the eight Halloween films ( excluding the third because Michael Myers does not appear ) to better understand his character . He is the tallest actor ( 6 ' 9 `` ) to portray the character . In 2009 , he reprised the role again in Rob Zombie 's H2 , becoming only the second actor to play Michael Myers more than once , and the only actor to play the role in consecutive films . In 2010 , he and his wife launched their own production company , Mane Entertainment . Their first feature , Compound Fracture , was released in 2013 . Their newest production , Penance Lane , begins filming in 2016 . In 2016 , Tyler will costar in Fuzz on the Lens Productions comedy / fantasy film Abnormal Attraction . He teams back up with Malcolm McDowell ( Halloween ) , Leslie Easterbrook ( Compound Fracture ) and his wife Renae Geerlings . Personal life ( edit ) He is married to actress Renae Geerlings since 2007 . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2016 Penance Lane Crimson Matthews 2016 Abnormal Attraction Bernie 2014 The Librarians The Minotaur 1 episode 2013 Compound Fracture Michael Woolfsen 2013 Devil May Call John Reed Smith 2011 247 ° F Wade Gunless Jack Smith 2009 Halloween II Michael Myers 2007 Halloween Michael Myers 2006 Monk Dirk 1 episode 2005 The Devil 's Rejects Rufus Uncredited Hercules Antaeus Troy Ajax 2002 Black Mask 2 : City of Masks Thorn 2002 Son of the Beach ( TV ) Adolf Manson 2 episodes 2002 The Scorpion King Barbarian Chieftain Uncredited Joe Dirt Bondi , Oil Rig Worker How to Make a Monster Hardcore 2000 X-Men Sabretooth 1999 Party of Five Mr. Mayhem 1 episode Luchadores de las Estrellas El Vampiro Interespacial In wrestling ( edit ) Finishing moves Chokeslam Signature moves Corner foot choke Diving knee drop Full nelson Leg drop Samoan drop Scoop slam Single arm choke on a laying opponent Two - handed chokelift Vertical suplex Managers Harley Race Entrance themes `` Magic and Ecstasy '' by Ennio Morricone ( NJPW ) `` Howl In The Sky '' by Biscaya ( AJPW ) Championships and accomplishments ( edit ) Universal Wrestling Federation UWF MGM Grand Championship ( 1 time ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Smith , Caleb ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tyler Mane 's movie career all started with wrestling '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cagematch profile '' . Jump up ^ Tyler Mane at The Saskatoon Expo 09 - 21 - 2014 Jump up ^ EXCL : Tyler Mane on Halloween . ShockTillYouDrop.com ( 2007 - 08 - 05 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rob Zombies Halloween Vision . Moviesonline.ca ( 1978 - 10 - 25 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4470288/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( 1993 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Vinnie Vegas & Big Sky Vs. TC McCoy & Terry Travis '' . WCW Saturday Night . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( 1993 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Charlie Norris Vs. Big Sky '' . WCW Starrcade . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( 1993 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Vinnie Vegas & Big Sky Vs. Sting & British Bulldog '' . WCW Saturday Night . Jump up ^ `` UWF MGM Grand Championship history '' . External links ( edit ) Tyler Mane on IMDb TylerMane.com Online World of Wrestling Profile VIAF : 33923847 LCCN : n2008008861 ISNI : 0000 0000 7990 0028 SUDOC : 145843157 BNF : cb14202665s ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyler_Mane&oldid=814586499 '' Categories : 1966 births Living people Canadian male film actors Canadian male professional wrestlers Canadian people of Russian descent Male actors from Saskatchewan Sportspeople from Saskatoon Professional wrestlers from Saskatchewan Hidden categories : Inconsistent articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 18 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played michael myers in the rob zombie remake | [
"Daryl Karolat (born December 8, 1966) is a Canadian actor and former professional wrestler, better known by the name Tyler Mane. He is known for playing Sabretooth in X-Men and X-Men: The Official Game, Ajax in Troy and Michael Myers in the remake of Halloween and its sequel, Halloween II."
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"Tyler Mane"
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-6240019992350062955 | Megan Leavey (film) | Megan Leavey ( film ) - wikipedia Megan Leavey ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Megan Leavey Theatrical release posteri Directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite Produced by Mickey Liddell Jennifer Monroe Pete Shilaimon Written by Pamela Gray Annie Mumolo Tim Lovestedt Starring Kate Mara Ramón Rodríguez Tom Felton Bradley Whitford Will Patton Sam Keeley Common Edie Falco Music by Mark Isham Cinematography Lorenzo Senatore Edited by Peter McNulty Production company LD Entertainment Distributed by Bleecker Street Release date June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) ( Yankee Stadium ) June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $13.4 million Megan Leavey is a 2017 American biographical drama film directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite and written by Pamela Gray , Annie Mumolo and Tim Lovestedt , based on the true events about young female Marine Megan Leavey and a combat dog named Rex . The film stars Kate Mara as the titular character , with Edie Falco , Common , Ramón Rodríguez and Tom Felton in supporting roles . The film was released on June 9 , 2017 by Bleecker Street , received positive reviews and grossed $13 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Home release 4.3 Critical response 5 Awards 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Megan Leavey is a former US Marine corporal who served as a Military Police K9 handler . She was paired with military working dog Rex ( E168 ) . The pair served two deployments in Iraq together . They were first deployed to Fallujah in 2005 , and then to Ramadi in 2006 , where they were both wounded by an improvised explosive device . Leavey was awarded the Purple Heart and the Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal with a `` V '' device denoting heroism in combat . In 2012 , Rex developed facial palsy , which ended his bomb - sniffing duties . Leavey adopted him through the intervention of Senator Chuck Schumer around April 2012 . Rex died on December 22 , 2012 . Cast ( edit ) Kate Mara as Corporal Megan Leavey Edie Falco as Jackie Leavey , Megan 's mother . Common as Gunnery Sergeant Massey Ramón Rodríguez as Corporal Matt Morales Tom Felton as Andrew Dean , a veteran dog handler . Damson Idris as Michael Forman Shannon Tarbet as Barb Bradley Whitford as Bob Leavey , Megan 's father . Alex Hafner as ECP Sgt Sanders Will Patton as Jim Parker Sawyers as Actor Corey Weaver as Bartender Geraldine James as Dr. Turbeville Sam Keeley as Sills Corey Johnson as Master Sergeant Corporal Megan Leavey as Female Drill Instructor # 3 Production ( edit ) On August 7 , 2015 , it was announced that Gabriela Cowperthwaite would be directing a film about a heroine Megan Leavey and her military combat dog Rex . The script was written by Pamela Gray , with the help of Annie Mumolo , Tim Lovestedt , and Jordan Roberts . LD Entertainment would produce the film . Principal photography on the film began on October 12 , 2015 in Charleston , South Carolina . Release ( edit ) In January 2017 , Bleecker Street acquired distribution rights to the film and set it for release on June 9 , 2017 . Box office ( edit ) Megan Leavey was released alongside It Comes at Night and The Mummy and was expected to gross around $3 million from 1,956 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up grossing $3.8 million , finishing 8th at the box office . Home release ( edit ) The movie was released on DVD and Blu - ray on September 5 , 2017 , from Universal Studios Home Entertainment . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 84 % based on 86 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Megan Leavey honors its real - life subjects with a sensitive , uplifting drama whose honest emotion more than makes up for its mild approach to the story . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has average score 66 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Awards ( edit ) Megan Leavey was among the 2017 films which were honored with the Truly Moving Picture Award at the Heartland Film Festival . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Megan Leavey '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Leavey ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beloved Bomb - Sniffing Dog Who Retired To Live With Marine Handler Dies '' . CBS New York . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barraclough , Leo ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Star Kate Mara to Play Iraq War Hero Megan Leavey '' . variety.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Edie Falco Set For Biopic ' Megan Leavey ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Common Joins Kate Mara , Edie Falco In Iraq War Drama ' Leavey ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Ramon Rodriguez Reports For Duty In Iraq War Hero Pic ' Megan Leavey ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Actor Tom Felton Joins Kate Mara in Indie War Hero Drama ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jaafar , Ali ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Damson Idris Joins Cast Of ' Megan Leavey ' Opposite Kate Mara '' . deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting agency seeking extras for Kate Mara movie filming in Charleston '' . abcnews4.com . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 10 / 16 / 15 : ' Ab Fab : The Movie ' & ' Planet of the Apes ' Sequel Start Shooting While ' Star Trek Beyond ' Wraps '' . ssninsider.com . October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. `` Kate Mara - Starring Iraq War Hero Biopic ' Megan Leavey ' Gets Summer U.S. Release '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cruise 's ' The Mummy ' faces tough box - office battle against ' Wonder Woman '' . Los Angeles Times . June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Soars On Saturday ; ' Mummy ' Still Crummy -- Sunday AM Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Megan Leavey ( DVD ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Megan Leavey ( Blu - ray ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Leavey ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Leavey reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Megan Leavey on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megan_Leavey_(film)&oldid=816009049 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films Directorial debut films American biographical films American drama films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films Films shot in South Carolina Biographical films about military personnel Films based on actual events Drama films based on actual events United States Marine Corps in films War films based on actual events Iraq War films American war films 2010s war films Bleecker Street films Films about war dogs Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 한국어 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | movie about a girl soldier and her dog | [
"Megan Leavey is a 2017 American biographical drama film directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite and written by Pamela Gray, Annie Mumolo and Tim Lovestedt, based on the true events about young female Marine Megan Leavey and a combat dog named Rex. The film stars Kate Mara as the titular character, with Edie Falco, Common, Ramón Rodríguez and Tom Felton in supporting roles."
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-2935539572388560907 | Lipan Apache people | Lipan Apache People - wikipedia Lipan Apache People Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lipan Apache Tribe Of Texas ( ( File : . frameless ) ) Total population ( 5000 -- 8000 ( 2013 ) ) Regions with significant populations United States ( Texas , New Mexico ) Languages Lipan Apache , English Related ethnic groups other Apache peoples Lipan Apache are Southern Athabaskan ( Apachean ) Native Americans whose traditional territory included present - day Texas , New Mexico , Colorado and the northern Mexican states of Chihuahua , Nuevo León , Coahuila , and Tamaulipas prior to the 17th century . Present - day Lipan live mostly throughout the U.S. Southwest , in Texas , New Mexico and the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona , as well as with the Mescalero tribe on the Mescalero Reservation in New Mexico ; some currently live in urban and rural areas throughout North America ( Mexico , United States and Canada ) . On March 18 , 2009 , the State of Texas legislature passed resolutions HR 812 and SR 438 recognizing the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas . They are members of the National Congress of American Indians as a state - recognized tribe under court of claims . The Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas is headquartered in McAllen , Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synonymy 2 Bands 3 History 4 Chiefs 5 Language 6 In popular culture 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Synonymy ( edit ) The name Lipán is a Spanish adaption of their self - designation as Lépai - Ndé reflecting their migratory story . The Lipan are also known as Querechos , Vaqueros , Pelones , Nde buffalo hunters , Eastern Apache , Apache de los Llanos , Lipan , Ipande , Ypandes , Ipandes , Ipandi , Lipanes , Lipanos , Lipanis , Lipaines , Lapane , Lapanne , Lapanas , Lipau , Lipaw , Apaches Lipan , Apacheria Lipana , and Lipanes Llaneros . The first recorded name is Ypandes . Bands ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) By 1750 , the Lipan Apache were driven from the Southern Great Plains by the Comanche and their allies , the so - called Norteños . The Lipan divided into the following groups or bands : Eastern Lipan ( Spanish : Lipanes de arriba -- `` Upper Lipan '' , `` Northern Lipan '' ) Tséral tuétahä , Tséral tuétahän ( `` Red Hair People '' ) : merged later with the Tche shä and Tsél tátli dshä , lived south of the Nueces River in Texas , about 1884 extinct . Tche shä , Tche shän ( `` Sun Otter People '' ) : lived from San Antonio , Texas , south to the Rio Grande . Canneci N'de , Connechi , Cancee Nde ' ( `` People Of The Pines '' , `` Red Clay People '' , `` Tall sticks in a row stand '' ) : made up of many bands and family groups that joined together after being forced into and escaping slavery . Lived from Louisiana to East Texas along the Red River . Sharing a kinship with the Kune Tsa Ndé . Kó'l kukä'n , Kó _́ l Kahän , Cuelcahen Ndé ( `` Tall Grass People '' , `` High Grass People '' ) : lived on the Central Plains of Texas along the upper Colorado River and its tributaries southward to the Pecos River . Tchó'kanä , Tchónkanän ( `` Pulverizing People '' , `` Rubbing People '' ) : merged later with the Tcha shka - ózhäye , lived west of Fort Griffin , Texas , along the upper Colorado River towards the western side of the Rio Grande , about 1884 extinct . Kóke metcheskó lähä , Kóke metcheskó lähän ( `` High - Beaked Moccasin People '' ) : lived south of San Antonio as far as northern Mexico . Tsél tátli dshä , Tsél tátli dshän ( `` People of the Green Mountain '' ) : merged later with Kóke metcheskó lähä , lived east of the Rio Grande along the lower Guadalupe River and Nueces River in Texas . Ndáwe qóhä , Ndáwe qóhän , Ndáwe ɣóhän ( `` Fire People '' , `` Camp Circle People '' ) : lived southeast of Fort Griffin , along the Colorado , San Saba and Llano Rivers towards the upper Nueces River and its tributaries the Frio River and Atascosa River in Texas . Shá i'a Nde , Shá'i'ánde , Nde ' Shini , Shä - än ( `` Northern People '' ) : most northern group of the Lipan , sharing contacts with the Kiowa - Apache . They were forced to relocate 1884 , when 300 people were moved to the Washita Agency in Oklahoma ) Tsés tsembai ( `` Heads of Wolves People '' , `` Bodies of Men People '' ) : lived between the upper Brazos River and the Colorado River towards the west . Te'l kóndahä , Te'l kóndahän ( `` Wild Goose People '' ) : lived west of Fort Griffin in Texas , along the upper Colorado River and its tributaries , were renowned and fierce warriors . Western Lipan ( Spanish : Lipanes de abajo -- `` Lower Lipan '' , `` Southern Lipan '' ) Tu'tssn Ndé , Tùn Tsa Ndé , Tú sis Ndé , Kúne tsá , Konitsaii Ndé ( `` Big Water People '' , `` Great Water People '' ) : formerly a Natage band , they lived in the Gulf Coastal Plains towards both sides of the Rio Grande into Coahuila ; in 1765 the greater part of them left San Lorenzo de Sata Cruz and went into Mexico . Their territory stretched deep into Coahuila , and was called Konitsąąįį gokíyaa ( Big Water People Country ) . Magoosh 's band Tu ' sis Nde would later merge with the Mescalero as the `` Tuintsunde '' . Tsésh ke shéndé , Tséc kecénde ( `` Painted Wood People '' ) : perhaps lived former along the upper Brazos River , later moved down to live near Lavón , Mexico , about 1884 extinct . Tindi Ndé , Tú'e Ndé , Tüzhä'n , Täzhä'n ( `` People of the Mountain '' , `` Uplanders '' ) : lived along the upper Rio Grande , in southern New Mexico and in northern Mexico ; about 1850 they were in close contact with the Mescalero . Tcha shka - ózhäye , Tchanshka ózhäyen ( `` Little Breech - clout People '' ) : lived along the eastern shore of the Rio Pecos in Texas , were close allies of the Nadahéndé or Natage ( who later became the Mescalero and Salinero ) . Twid Ndé , Tú'é'diné Ndé ( `` Tough People of the Desert '' , `` No Water People '' ) : moved north and therefore away from the gulf area , later they lived between the Rio Grande and the Pecos River , near the juncture of the two . There they became much mixed with the Mescalero and merged later as Tuetinini with the Mescalero . The Tú sis Ndé ( `` Big Water People '' ) , who tried to remain nearer their old territory on the gulf but who were finally driven over into Mexico , are sometimes quite critical of the Twid Ndé because of their apostasy and mixture and classify them as a Mescalero or part - Mescalero group . Zit'is'ti Nde , Tséghát'ahén Nde , Tas steé be glui Ndé ( `` Rock Tied to Head People '' ) : wearing a red turban - like headdress like the neighboring Mescalero , lived in the deserts of northern Mexico . In addition the following bands were recorded : Bi'uhit Ndé , Buii gl un Ndé ( `` Many Necklaces People '' ) : lived in the deserts and high plains of New Mexico and northern Mexico . Ha'didla ' Ndé , Goschish Ndé ( `` Lightning Storm People '' ) : lived from the lower Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas into the Mexican state of Tamaulipas , today Dene Nde ' descendants are still living in the Lower Rio Grande area ( El Calaboz Rancheria ) and a branch re-settled in British Columbia , Canada . Zuá Zuá Ndé ( `` People of the Lava Beds '' ) : lived in the lava beds of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas and their descendants live today in Mescalero as well as South Texas . Jumano Ndé , Suma Ndé ( Jumano Apache -- `` Red Mud Painted People '' ) : have continued to live in the lands of the Lower and Middle Rio Grande , the Nueces River , the Frio River , and the Conchos River watersheds ; today descendants live in the Middle - Upper Rio Grande , West Texas ( El Polvo ( Redford ) , El Mesquite , El Conejo , El Mulato Chihuahua ) . Indantųhé Ndé , Nakaiyé Ndé ( `` Mexican Clan People '' ) : Mexicans who intermarried with Lipan bands who sought refuge in Mexico . The Spanish associated these groupings with the Lipan : Lipiyánes ( also Lipiyán , Lipillanes ) : a coalition of splinter groups of the Nadahéndé , Guhlkahéndé and Lipan of the 18th century under the leadership of Picax - Ande - Ins - Tinsle ( Strong Arm ) , who fought and withstood the Comanche on the Plains . Natagés ( Nah - tah - hay , also Natagees , Apaches del Natafé , Yabipais Natagé , Natageses , Natajes , from Nadahéndé -- `` People of the Mescal '' ) : original Apachean group who would become the Mescalero and Salinero ; were often called by the Spanish and Apaches themselves true Apaches , which had had a considerable influence on the decision making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century . Ypandes ( Ypandis , Ipandes , Ipandi , Lipanes , Lipanos , Lipaines , Lapane , Lipanis , Lipan ) : they once travelled from the Pecos River in eastern New Mexico to the upper Colorado River , San Saba River and Llano River of central Texas across the Edwards Plateau southeast to the Gulf of Mexico , were close allies of the Natagés , therefore it seems certain that they were the Plains Lipan division ( Golgahį́į́ , Kó'l kukä'n -- `` Prairie Men '' ) , not to be confused with Lipiyánes or Le Panis ( French for the Pawnee ) . They were first mentioned in 1718 records as being near the newly established town of San Antonio , Texas . Llanero ( Spanish meaning `` plains dweller '' ) : the name was historically used to refer to several different groups who hunted buffalo seasonally on the Great Plains , also referenced in eastern New Mexico and western Texas . ( See also Carlanas . ) Pelones ( Bald Ones ) : lived far from San Antonio and far to the northeast of the Ypandes in the Red River of the South country of north central Texas . Although able to field 800 warriors , more than the Ypandes and Natagés together , they were described as less warlike because they had fewer horses than the Plains Lipan . Their population was estimated between 1,600 and 2,400 persons . The Forest Lipan division ( Chishį́į́hį́į́ , Tcici , Tcicihi -- `` People of the Forest '' ) : after 1760 the name Pelones was never used by the Spanish for any Texas Apache group . The Pelones had fled the Comanche south and southwest , but never mixed up with the Plains Lipan division , retaining their distinct identity , so that Morris Opler was told by his Lipan informants in 1935 that their tribal name was `` People of the Forest '' . Their kin , west and southwest of them , sometimes allies and sometimes foes , the Mescalero , called them after their location and living conditions : Tuetinini ( `` No Water People '' ) , called by the Lipan Twid Nde , `` Western Lipan '' , because they lived most of the time in deserts , steppes and Mountains . Tuintsunde ( `` Big Water People '' ) , called by the Lipan Tu ` tssn Nde , `` Eastern Lipan '' , because they lived in the river valleys of the southern Texan Plains against the Gulf of Mexico . History ( edit ) A Lipan Apache warrior The Lipan are first mentioned in Spanish records in 1718 when they raided Spanish settlements in San Antonio . It seems likely that the Lipan had become established in Texas during the latter half of the 17th century . They moved southward during the 18th century : a Spanish mission for this people was built in Coahuila in 1754 and another on the San Sabá River in 1757 . Both missions were burned and deserted ; the San Saba mission was destroyed by the Comanche and their allies . During 1757 the Lipan Apache were involved in fighting with the Hasinais . The Lipan participated in a Spanish Expedition against the Wichita and Comanche in 1759 , but were defeated in the Battle of the Twin Villages . Their territory ranged from the Colorado River to the Rio Grande . Two Lipan local group chiefs had a total of 700 people in 1762 . Since there were at least 12 other local groups , Morris Opler estimates that the population was approximately 3,000 -- 4,000 . He estimates a total of 6,000 in 1700 . The Spanish and Lipan frequently were in conflict as Spain tried to invade and colonize the Texas territory . The Spanish tried to thwart the Lipan through alcohol , provoking conflict between the Lipan and Mescalero , making them economically dependent on Spanish trade goods , and converting them through missionaries . It is not certain if the Lipan ever lived on the Spanish missions , but by 1767 all Lipan had completely deserted them . In the same year , Marquis of Rubí started a policy of Lipan extermination after a 1764 smallpox epidemic had decimated the tribe . Shortly after that , the Lipan entered an uneasy alliance with Spain in fight against their traditional enemy the Mescalero . The alliance fell apart before 1800 . Another serious enemy of the Lipan was the Comanche , who were also opposing Spanish colonists . Many historians cite Comanche aggression as a factor leading to the Lipan 's southerly migration . At the beginning of the 19th century , by contrast , the Lipan formed an alliance with the Comanche to attack the Spanish . In 1869 , Mexican troops from Monterrey were brought to Zaragosa to eliminate the Lipan Apache , who were blamed for causing trouble . Troops attacked many Lipan camps ; survivors flee to the Mescaleros in New Mexico . From 1875 to 1876 , United States Army troops undertook joint military campaigns with the Mexican Army to eliminate the Lipan from the state of Coahuila in northern Mexico . In 1881 , a large campaign by Mexican Army 's Díaz division ( assisted by US troops ) forced all Lipan out of Coahuila and into the state of Chihuahua . Chiefs ( edit ) Bigotes ( = `` Mustached One '' ) ( middle of the 18th century ) ( 1751 he left Texas and crossed with his Kuné tsa the Rio Grande into Coahuila . About this date they lived along the Rio Escondido and Rio San Rodrigo in Coahuila ) Poca Ropa ( = `` few or scant clothes '' ) ( ca . 1750 -- ca . 1790 ) ( Chief of the Tcha shka - ó _́ zhäye along the lower Pecos River ) Cavezon ( = `` Big Head '' ) ( ca. ? -- ca . 1780 ) ( Chief of the Ndáwe qóhä , one powerful band of the San Saba River towards the upper Nueces River ) Casimiro ( 18 . Jhd . ) ( Chief of one band in southern Texas , perhaps of the Ha _́ didla ` Ndé ) Yolcna Pocarropa ( ca . 1820 -- ca. ? ) ( Chief of several bands of the Tcha shka - ó _́ zhäye in western Texas , in 1830 he led them across the Rio Grande into Tamaulipas in Mexico downriver of Laredo ) Cuelgas de Castro ( ca . 1792 -- ca . 1844 ) ( Chief of the Tche shä in the territory of San Antonio across the Rio Grande in Tamaulipas ) Flacco ( ca . 1790 -- ca . 1850 ) ( Chief of the Kóke metcheskó lähä east and southeast of San Antonio ) Costalites ( ca . 1820 -- 1873 ) ( Chief of one band , that was wandering from Coahuila into southwest Texas ) Magoosh ( Ma _́ uish ) ( ca . 1830 -- 1900 ) ( Chief of the Tu ' sis Nde of southeastern Texas , because of a severe epidemic one part of this band went to Zaragosa in Coahuila , the other part of Magoosh took refuge by the Mescalero and accompanied them in 1870 onto the Mescalero Reservation ) Coco ( Chief of the Cannesi N'de of Louisiana , ca. 1810 -- 1860 ) Language ( edit ) Main article : Lipan language Lipan Apache is a Southern Athabaskan language . There were two people in 1981 living on the Mescalero Apache reservation known to be native speakers . As of 2013 , there is a concerted effort by Lipan speaking members living off reservation throughout North America who strive to keep the language and traditional culture alive . In popular culture ( edit ) A song by American art - metal band Tool titled `` Lipan Conjuring , '' from their multi-platinum album 10,000 Days , features Native American chanting over soft percussion . This tribe was mentioned in a 1996 episode of Unsolved Mysteries about Devil 's Backbone . Snake Jason Blocker of `` Deadliest Warriors '' ( episode featuring Apache Warrior vs Gladiator ) and National Geographic 's Survivalists series is a famous Lipan Apache . Lipan Apache , Grandfather Stalking Wolf , was the boyhood mentor of Tom Brown Jr. and is featured prominently throughout Brown 's books including : The Tracker , The Quest , Way of the Scout , and Grandfather . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lipan Apache . '' Ethnologue . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` State Recognition of The Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas . '' Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HOUSE RESOLUTION NO . 812 . '' `` Texas Legislature Online . '' Retrieved 4 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` SENATE RESOLUTION NO . 438 . '' Texas Legislature Online . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tribal Directory , L listing '' `` National Congress of American Indians '' Retrieved 4 December 2017 Jump up ^ The use of Peyote by the Carrizo and Lipan Apache tribes , Dr. Morris Edward Opler , American Anthropologist April - June 1938 , New Series 40 ( 2 ) : 271 - 285 Jump up ^ Juliana Barr , Peace Came in the Form of a Woman : Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands ( Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2007 ) p. 47 Further reading ( edit ) Carlisle , JD . Dissertation . `` Spanish Relations with the Apache Nations East of the Rio Grande '' . The University of North Texas , May 2001 Dunn , William E. `` Apache relations in Texas , 1717 - 1750 . '' Texas State Historical Association Quarterly , 14 . Dunn , William E. `` Missionary activities among the eastern Apaches previous to the founding of the San Sabá missions . '' Texas State Historical Association Quarterly , 15 . Dunn , William E. `` The Apache mission on the San Sabá River , its founding and its failure . '' Texas State Historical Association Quarterly , 16 . Gallardo , Mary Jo . Dissertation . `` Con Un Pie En Cada Lado : Ethnicities and the Archaeology of Spanish Colonial Ranching Communities Along the Lower Río Grande Valley '' The University of Texas at Austin , 2003 Maestas , Enrique Gilbert - Michael . Dissertation . `` Culture and History of Native American Peoples of South Texas . '' The University of Texas at Austin , 2003 . Opler , Morris E. ( 1936 ) . `` The kinship systems of the southern Athabaskan - speaking tribes . '' American Anthropologist , 38 , 620 - 633 . Opler , Morris E. ( 1938 ) . `` The use of peyote by the Carrizo and the Lipan Apache . '' American Anthropologist , 40 ( 2 ) . Opler , Morris E. ( 1940 ) . Myths and legends of the Lipan Apache . Memoirs of the American Folk - Lore Society ( Vol. 36 ) . New York : American Folk - Lore Society , J.J. Augustin Publisher . Opler , Morris E. ( 1945 ) . `` The Lipan Apache Death Complex and Its Extensions . '' Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 1 : 122 - 141 . Opler , Morris E. ( 1959 ) . `` Component , assemblage , and theme in cultural integration and differentiation . '' American Anthropologist , 61 ( 6 ) , 955 - 964 . Opler , Morris E. ( 1968 ) . `` Remuneration to supernaturals and man in Apachean ceremonialism . '' Ethnology , 7 ( 4 ) , 356 - 393 . Opler , Morris E. ( 1975 ) . `` Problems in Apachean cultural history , with special reference to the Lipan Apache . '' Anthropological Quarterly , 48 ( 3 ) , 182 - 192 . Opler , Morris E. ( 2001 ) . Lipan Apache . In Handbook of North American Indians : The Plains ( pp. 941 -- 952 ) . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . External links ( edit ) Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas , official website Lipan Apache Band of Texas , official website Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas Online Museum Canneci N'de Band of Lipan Apache New Mexico Office of the State Historian 1600 - 1900 Timeline of The Lipan Apache of Texas and Northern Mexico Spanish Relations with the Apache Nations East of the Río Grande . Con Un Pie En Cada Lado : Ethnicities and the Archaeology of Spanish Colonial Ranching Communities Along the Lower Río Grande Valley Culture and History of Native American Peoples of South Texas ( PDF , PhD dissertation ) Treaty between the Republic of Texas and the Lipan and other Indian tribes , 1844 ( Gammel 's Laws of Texas , Vol. II. , Portal to Texas History ) Apache Relations in Texas , 1718 - 1750 Missionary Activities among the Eastern Apaches Previous to the Founding of the San Saba Mission The Apache Mission on the San Sabá River ; Its Founding and Failure Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Apache , Lipan ( 1 ) NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN Our Warrior Spirit : Native Americans ( News Article ) ( 2 ) NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN Our Warrior Spirit : Native Americans in the U.S. Military Speakers : Herman Viola , curator emeritus at the Smithsonian Institution Debra Kay Mooney ( Choctaw ) , Iraq War veteran Chuck Boers ( Lipan Apache ) , Iraq War veteran . ( Video ) ( 3 ) Traditions of service : Master Sergeant and Lipan Apache War Chief Chuck Boers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lipan_Apache_people&oldid=815574190 '' Categories : Apache tribes Native American tribes in Texas State recognized Native American tribes Plains tribes Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles using Template : Infobox ethnic group with deprecated parameters Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Авар Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 17 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the lipan apache arrive in oklahoma | [
"Shá i'a Nde, Shá'i'ánde, Nde 'Shini, Shä-äⁿ (\"Northern People\"): most northern group of the Lipan, sharing contacts with the Kiowa-Apache. They were forced to relocate 1884, when 300 people were moved to the Washita Agency in Oklahoma)"
] | [
"1884"
] |
-474696029890067468 | Phase-contrast microscopy | Phase - contrast microscopy - wikipedia Phase - contrast microscopy Jump to : navigation , search Phase - contrast microscope A phase - contrast microscope Uses Microscopic observation of unstained biological material Inventor Frits Zernike Manufacturer Zeiss , Nikon , Olympus and others Related items Differential interference contrast microscopy , Hoffman modulation - contrast microscopy , Quantitative phase - contrast microscopy Phase - contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy technique that converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brightness changes in the image . Phase shifts themselves are invisible , but become visible when shown as brightness variations . When light waves travel through a medium other than vacuum , interaction with the medium causes the wave amplitude and phase to change in a manner dependent on properties of the medium . Changes in amplitude ( brightness ) arise from the scattering and absorption of light , which is often wavelength - dependent and may give rise to colors . Photographic equipment and the human eye are only sensitive to amplitude variations . Without special arrangements , phase changes are therefore invisible . Yet , phase changes often carry important information . The same cells imaged with traditional bright - field microscopy ( left ) and with phase - contrast microscopy ( right ) Phase - contrast microscopy is particularly important in biology . It reveals many cellular structures that are not visible with a simpler bright - field microscope , as exemplified in the figure . These structures were made visible to earlier microscopists by staining , but this required additional preparation and killed the cells . The phase - contrast microscope made it possible for biologists to study living cells and how they proliferate through cell division . After its invention in the early 1930s , phase - contrast microscopy proved to be such an advancement in microscopy that its inventor Frits Zernike was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953 . Working principle ( edit ) Play media Dark field and phase contrast microscopies operating principle The basic principle to making phase changes visible in phase - contrast microscopy is to separate the illuminating ( background ) light from the specimen - scattered light ( which makes up the foreground details ) and to manipulate these differently . The ring - shaped illuminating light ( green ) that passes the condenser annulus is focused on the specimen by the condenser . Some of the illuminating light is scattered by the specimen ( yellow ) . The remaining light is unaffected by the specimen and forms the background light ( red ) . When observing an unstained biological specimen , the scattered light is weak and typically phase - shifted by − 90 ° ( due to both the typical thickness of specimens and the refractive index difference between biological tissue and the surrounding medium ) relative to the background light . This leads to the foreground ( blue vector ) and background ( red vector ) having nearly the same intensity , resulting in low image contrast . In a phase - contrast microscope , image contrast is increased in two ways : by generating constructive interference between scattered and background light rays in regions of the field of view that contain the specimen , and by reducing the amount of background light that reaches the image plane . First , the background light is phase - shifted by − 90 ° by passing it through a phase - shift ring , which eliminates the phase difference between the background and the scattered light rays . When the light is then focused on the image plane ( where a camera or eyepiece is placed ) , this phase shift causes background and scattered light rays originating from regions of the field of view that contain the sample ( i.e. , the foreground ) to constructively interfere , resulting in an increase in the brightness of these areas compared to regions that do not contain the sample . Finally , the background is dimmed ~ 70 - 90 % by a gray filter ring -- this method maximizes the amount of scattered light generated by the illumination ( i.e. , background ) light , while minimizing the amount of illumination light that reaches the image plane . Some of the scattered light ( which illuminates the entire surface of the filter ) will be phase - shifted and dimmed by the rings , but to a much lesser extent than the background light ( which only illuminates the phase - shift and gray filter rings ) . The above describes negative phase contrast . In its positive form , the background light is instead phase - shifted by + 90 ° . The background light will thus be 180 ° out of phase relative to the scattered light . The scattered light will then be subtracted from the background light to form an image with a darker foreground and a lighter background , as shown in the first figure . Related methods ( edit ) Further information : differential interference contrast microscopy , hoffman modulation contrast microscopy , and quantitative phase - contrast microscopy Cultured cells imaged by DIC microscopy A quantitative phase - contrast microscopy image of cells in culture . The height and color of an image point correspond to the optical thickness , which only depends on the object 's thickness and the relative refractive index . The volume of an object can thus be determined when the difference in refractive index between the object and the surrounding media is known . The success of the phase - contrast microscope has led to a number of subsequent phase - imaging methods . In 1952 Georges Nomarski patented what is today known as differential interference contrast ( DIC ) microscopy . It enhances contrast by creating artificial shadows , as if the object is illuminated from the side . But DIC microscopy and phase contrast microscopy both use polarized light , which is unsuitable when the object or its container alter polarization . With the growing use of polarizing plastic containers in cell biology , DIC microscopy is increasingly replaced by Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy , invented by Robert Hoffman in 1975 . Traditional phase - contrast methods enhance contrast optically , blending brightness and phase information in single image . Since the introduction of the digital camera in the mid-1990s , several new digital phase - imaging methods have been developed , collectively known as quantitative phase - contrast microscopy . These methods digitally create two separate images , an ordinary bright - field image and a so - called phase - shift image . In each image point , the phase - shift image displays the quantified phase shift induced by the object , which is proportional to the optical thickness of the object . See also ( edit ) Live cell imaging Phase - contrast imaging Phase - contrast X-ray imaging References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The phase contrast microscope '' . Nobel Media AB . Jump up ^ Zernike , F. ( 1955 ) . `` How I Discovered Phase Contrast '' . Science . 121 ( 3141 ) : 345 -- 349 . Bibcode : 1955Sci ... 121 ... 345Z . doi : 10.1126 / science. 121.3141. 345 . PMID 13237991 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 '' . Nobel Media AB . Jump up ^ `` Phase contrast microscopy '' . Phase Holographic Imaging AB . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Phase Contrast Microscopy '' . Nikon MicroscopyU . Jump up ^ `` Phase Contrast '' . Leica Science Lab . Jump up ^ Frits Zernike ( 1942 ) . `` Phase contrast , a new method for the microscopic observation of transparent objects part I '' . Physica. 9 ( 7 ) : 686 -- 698 . Bibcode : 1942Phy ... 9 ... 686Z . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 8914 ( 42 ) 80035 - X . Jump up ^ Frits Zernike ( 1942 ) . `` Phase contrast , a new method for the microscopic observation of transparent objects part II '' . Physica. 9 ( 10 ) : 974 -- 980 . Bibcode : 1942Phy ... 9 ... 974Z . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 8914 ( 42 ) 80079 - 8 . Jump up ^ Oscar Richards ( 1956 ) . `` Phase Microscopy 1954 - 56 '' . Science . 124 ( 3226 ) : 810 -- 814 . Bibcode : 1956Sci ... 124 ... 810R . doi : 10.1126 / science. 124.3226. 810 . Jump up ^ US2924142 , Georges Nomarski , `` INTERFERENTIAL POLARIZING DEVICE FOR STUDY OF PHASE OBJECTS '' Jump up ^ US4200354 , Robert Hoffman , `` Microscopy systems with rectangular illumination particularly adapted for viewing transparent object '' Jump up ^ Kemmler , M. ; Fratz , M. ; Giel , D. ; Saum , N. ; Brandenburg , A. ; Hoffmann , C. ( 2007 ) . `` Noninvasive time - dependent cytometry monitoring by digital holography '' . Journal of Biomedical Optics. 12 ( 6 ) : 064002 . Bibcode : 2007JBO ... 12f4002K . doi : 10.1117 / 1.2804926 . PMID 18163818 . Jump up ^ `` Quantitative phase contrast microscopy '' . Phase Holographic Imaging AB . External links ( edit ) Optical Microscopy Primer -- Phase Contrast Microscopy by Florida State University Phase contrast and dark field microscopes ( Université Paris Sud ) Library resources about Phase - contrast microscopy Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phase contrast microscopic images . Optical microscopy Microscope Optical microscopy Illumination and contrast methods Bright - field microscopy Köhler illumination Dark - field microscopy Phase contrast Quantitative phase - contrast microscopy Differential interference contrast ( DIC ) Dispersion staining Second harmonic imaging ( SHIM ) 4Pi microscope Structured illumination Sarfus Fluorescence methods Fluorescence microscopy Confocal microscopy Two - photon excitation microscopy Multiphoton microscopy Image deconvolution Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy ( TIRF ) Lightsheet microscopy ( LSFM / SPIM ) Sub-diffraction limit techniques Diffraction limit Stimulated emission depletion ( STED ) Photo - activated localization microscopy ( PALM / STORM ) Near - field ( NSOM / SNOM ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-contrast_microscopy&oldid=837437694 '' Categories : Microscopy Dutch inventions Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 20 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where would phase contrast microscopy improve image quality | [
"Phase-contrast microscopy is particularly important in biology. It reveals many cellular structures that are not visible with a simpler bright-field microscope, as exemplified in the figure. These structures were made visible to earlier microscopists by staining, but this required additional preparation and killed the cells. The phase-contrast microscope made it possible for biologists to study living cells and how they proliferate through cell division.[1] After its invention in the early 1930s,[2] phase-contrast microscopy proved to be such an advancement in microscopy that its inventor Frits Zernike was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953.[3]"
] | [
"cellular structures"
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9064881885836615451 | Polish presidential election, 1990 | Polish presidential election , 1990 - wikipedia Polish presidential election , 1990 Jump to : navigation , search Polish presidential election , 1990 25 November 1990 ( first round ) 9 December 1990 ( second round ) 1995 → Turnout 60.6 % ( first round ) 53.4 % ( second round ) Nominee Lech Wałęsa Stanisław Tymiński Party Solidarity Independent Popular vote 10,622,696 3,683,098 Percentage 74.3 % 25.7 % Second round results by voivodeship President before election Wojciech Jaruzelski PZPR President - Elect Lech Wałęsa Solidarity Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990 , with a second round on 9 December . They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland , and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926 . Before World War II , presidents were elected by the Sejm . From 1952 to 1989 -- the bulk of the Communist era -- the presidency did not exist as a separate institution , and most of its functions were fulfilled by the State Council of Poland , whose chairman was considered the equivalent of a president . The leader of the Solidarity movement , Lech Wałęsa , won the first round . However , he did not earn over 50 % of the vote , which led to a runoff election . Wałęsa faced Polish - Canadian businessman Stanisław Tymiński in the second round , defeating him easily . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Candidates 3 Results 4 References Background ( edit ) Wałęsa was an electrician and union leader with the image of an emotional , shirtsleeves populist . The first non-communist prime minister , Tadeusz Mazowiecki , was very popular and widely considered a front - runner . He appeared as a more respectable and intellectual leader than Wałęsa . but also as more of a compromiser . However , in the first round , Mazowiecki finished in a distant third , with only 18.7 percent of the vote , well behind Tymiński . The reasons for Tymiński 's unexpected success remain unclear . His vague promise to create wealth for everyone quickly , supported by his image as a patriotic Pole who had succeeded abroad , was well received at a time of radical political change and a worsening economic situation . There was increasing disappointment with the trench warfare that had broken out within the former anti-communist opposition so a mysterious , honest and patriotic stranger `` straight out of nowhere '' had considerable appeal . Another factor was that Tymiński 's use of political - marketing methods unknown in Poland at the time . A key element of his campaign was an omnipresent black briefcase , allegedly containing `` secret documents '' which would destroy his rivals ' careers when the time was right . Although the elections passed without the briefcase being opened , its presence attracted constant attention . Tymiński 's adversaries adopted a similar strategy ; the daily Gazeta Wyborcza ( which supported Mazowiecki ) reported that Tymiński had had contact with the secret police , a story that was not withdrawn until after the elections . Despite Tymiński 's defeat , he had not only humiliated Mazowiecki ( one of the best - known and most - respected figures in Polish politics ) , but also forced Wałęsa ( who at that time was a national hero ) into a runoff . After the election Tymiński tried to establish a new political party , but quickly disappeared from the political scene in Poland . Candidates ( edit ) Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki ( Independent ) Canadian businessman Stanisław Tymiński Results ( edit ) Winners of the first round by voivodeship Candidate Party First round Second round Votes % Votes % Lech Wałęsa Solidarity 6,569,889 40.0 10,622,696 74.3 Stanisław Tymiński Independent 3,797,605 23.1 3,683,098 25.7 Tadeusz Mazowiecki Independent 2,973,264 18.1 Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz Independent 1,514,025 9.2 Roman Bartoszcze Polish People 's Party 1,176,175 7.2 Leszek Moczulski Confederation of Independent Poland 411,516 2.5 Invalid / blank votes 259,526 -- 344,243 -- Total 16,702,000 100 14,650,037 100 Registered voters / turnout 27,545,625 60.6 27,436,078 53.4 Source : Nohlen & Stöver Although an independent , Cimoszewicz was supported by Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland ( SdRP ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nohlen , D & Stöver , P ( 2010 ) Elections in Europe : A data handbook , p1491 ISBN 978 - 3 - 8329 - 5609 - 7 Obwieszczenie PKW z dn. 26 XI 1990 r. , Dziennik Ustaw . Nr 83 , poz. 483 ( Polish ) Obwieszczenie PKW z dn. 10 XII 1990 r. , Dz. U. Nr 85 , poz. 499 ( Polish ) Elections and referendums in Poland Royal elections 1573 1576 1587 1632 1648 1669 1674 1697 1704 1733 1764 Presidential elections 1922 ( 9 Dec ) 1922 ( 20 Dec ) 1926 ( May ) 1926 ( Jun ) 1933 1947 1989 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 2020 Legislative elections 1919 1922 1928 1930 1935 1938 1947 1952 1957 1961 1965 1969 1972 1976 1980 1985 1989 1991 1997 2005 2007 2011 2015 Next Local elections 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European elections 2009 2014 2019 Referendums 1920 1921 1946 1997 2003 2015 History of the Third Polish Republic 1990 -- 1995 Wałęsa Presidency Round Table Agreement 1990 presidential election 1991 parliamentary election 1993 parliamentary election 1995 -- 2005 Kwaśniewski Presidency 1995 presidential election 1996 enfranchisement and privatisation referendums 1997 Constitution 1997 parliamentary election 2000 presidential election 2001 parliamentary election Rywin affair 2003 invasion of Iraq EU membership referendum Accession to the EU 2005 -- 2010 Kaczyński Presidency 2005 parliamentary election 2005 presidential election 2007 parliamentary election Smolensk Air Crash 2010 -- 2015 Komorowski Presidency 2010 presidential election 2011 parliamentary election Euro 2012 2015 presidential election 2015 - present Duda Presidency 2015 parliamentary election 2015 referendum 2015 constitutional crisis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_presidential_election,_1990&oldid=823950296 '' Categories : Presidential elections in Poland 1990 elections in Europe 1990 in Poland History of Poland ( 1989 -- present ) November 1990 events in Europe December 1990 events in Europe Polish presidential election , 1990 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 12 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was elected as the president of poland in 1990 | [
"The leader of the Solidarity movement, Lech Wałęsa, won the first round. However, he did not earn over 50% of the vote, which led to a runoff election. Wałęsa faced Polish-Canadian businessman Stanisław Tymiński in the second round, defeating him easily."
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"The leader of the Solidarity movement, Lech Wałęsa"
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2300418570741695751 | History of the Philippines (1898–1946) | History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) - wikipedia History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of the Philippines Prehistory ( pre-900 ) ( show ) Paleolithic age Awidon Mesa Formation Callao Limestone Formation Neolithic age Callao and Tabon peoples Arrival of the Negritos Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal - lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Iron age Sa Huyun Culture Society of the Igorot Ancient barangays Events / Artifacts Balangay grave goods Manunggul Jar Prehistoric gems Sa Huyun - Kalanay Complex Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery Archaic epoch ( 900 -- 1521 ) ( show ) Historically Documented Polities / Settlements ( by geography from North to South ) Samtoy chieftaincy Caboloan Tondo ( historical polity ) Namayan Rajahnate of Maynila Ma - i Kedatuan of Madja - as Chiefdom of Taytay Rajahnate of Cebu Kedatuan of Dapitan Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Maguindanao Lanao confederacy Sultanate of Sulu Legendary Suwarnapumi Chryse Ophir Tawalisi Wāḳwāḳ Sanfotsi Zabag kingdom Ten Bornean Datus Events / Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription - c. 900 AD . Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs Batanes citadels Golden Tara Gold Kinnara Ticao Stone Inscription Butuan Silver Paleograph Buddhist art Majapahit conflict - 1365 Brunei War 1500 Colonial period ( 1521 -- 1946 ) ( show ) Spanish era Battle of Mactan Sandugo Spanish capture of Manila New Spain Captaincy General Spanish East Indies Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Chinese invasion Castilian War Sulu Sea pirates Doctrina Christiana Dutch invasions Brunei Civil War Bohol secession British Invasion Florante at Laura Propaganda Movement Gomburza Noli me tangere La Solidaridad El filibusterismo La Liga Filipina Katipunan Philippine Revolution Spanish -- American War American capture of Manila Declaration of Independence First Republic Philippine -- American War American colonial period Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Moro Rebellion Insular Government Bayan Ko Commonwealth Japanese occupation Second Republic Destruction of Manila Post-colonial period ( 1946 -- 1986 ) ( show ) Treaty of Manila Third Republic Cold War Hukbalahap Rebellion SEATO Bandung Conference North Borneo dispute Marcos dictatorship ASEAN Declaration CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Moro Conflict Spratly islands dispute Vietnamese boat people Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr . Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) ( show ) People Power Revolution 1986 -- 90 coup attempts Pinatubo eruption 1997 Asian financial crisis Second EDSA Revolution War on Terror South China Sea disputes Super Typhoon Yolanda Philippine Drug War By topic ( show ) Arts Languages Demographic Ancient religions Rulers List of Queen consorts Military History Honorifics Military Science and technology Political Communications Transportation Timeline Archaeology Philippines portal Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil Rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women United States portal The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 covers the period of American rule in the Philippines and began with the outbreak of the Spanish -- American War in April 1898 , when the Philippines was still part of the Spanish East Indies , and concluded when the United States formally recognised the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 . With the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10 , 1898 , Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States . The interim U.S. military government of the Philippine Islands experienced a period of great political turbulence , characterised by the Philippine -- American War . Beginning in 1901 , the military government was replaced by a civilian government -- the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands -- with William Howard Taft serving as its first Governor - General . From 1901 to 1906 there also existed a series of revolutionary governments that lacked significant international diplomatic recognition . Following the passage of the Philippine Independence Act in 1934 , a Philippine presidential election was held in 1935 . Manuel L. Quezon was elected and inaugurated second President of the Philippines on November 15 , 1935 . The Insular Government was dissolved and the Commonwealth of the Philippines was brought into existence . The Commonwealth of the Philippines was intended to be a transitional government in preparation for the country 's full achievement of independence in 1946 . After the Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation of the Philippines during World War II , the United States and Philippine Commonwealth military recaptured the Philippines in 1945 . According to the terms of the Philippine Independence Act , the United States formally recognised the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical perspective 2 Spanish -- American War period ( 1898 ) 2.1 Battle of Manila Bay 2.2 U.S. preparation for land - based operations 2.3 Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governments 2.4 Tensions between U.S. and revolutionary forces 2.5 Peace protocol between the U.S. and Spain 2.6 Capture of Manila 2.7 U.S. military government 2.8 U.S. and insurgents clash 2.9 Philippine elections , Malolos Congress , Constitutional government 2.10 Spanish -- American War ends 2.11 Benevolent assimilation 3 Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 3.1 Tensions escalate 3.2 Outbreak of general hostilities 3.3 War 3.4 First Philippine Commission 3.5 Second Philippine Commission 3.6 Establishment of civil government 3.7 Official end to the war 3.8 Post-1902 hostilities 4 Insular Government ( 1901 -- 35 ) 5 Commonwealth era ( 1935 -- 1946 ) 6 Japanese occupation and World War II ( 1941 -- 45 ) 7 Independence ( 1946 ) 7.1 World War II veteran benefits 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Bibliography 9.3 Primary sources 10 Further reading Historical perspective ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Revolution The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896 and ended with the Pact of Biak - na - Bato , a ceasefire between the Spanish colonial Governor - General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo which was signed on December 15 , 1897 . The terms of the pact called for Aguinaldo and his militia to surrender . Other revolutionary leaders were given amnesty and a monetary indemnity by the Spanish government in return for which the rebel government agreed to go into exile in Hong Kong . Spanish -- American war period ( 1898 ) ( edit ) President Emilio Aguinaldo Main articles : Spanish -- American War and Philippine Revolution The failure of Spain to engage in active social reforms in Cuba as demanded by the United States government was the basic cause for the Spanish -- American War . American attention was focused on the issue after the mysterious explosion that sank the American battleship Maine on February 15 , 1898 in Havana Harbor . As public political pressure from the Democratic Party and certain industrialists built up for war , the U.S. Congress forced the reluctant Republican President William McKinley to issue an ultimatum to Spain on April 19 , 1898 . Spain found it had no diplomatic support in Europe , but nevertheless declared war ; the U.S. followed on April 25 with its own declaration of war . Theodore Roosevelt , who was at that time Assistant Secretary of the Navy , ordered Commodore George Dewey , commanding the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy : `` Order the squadron ... to Hong Kong . Keep full of coal . In the event of declaration of war Spain , your duty will be to see that the Spanish squadron does not leave the Asiatic coast , and then offensive operations in Philippine Islands . '' Dewey 's squadron departed on April 27 for the Philippines , reaching Manila Bay on the evening of April 30 . Battle of Manila Bay ( edit ) Battle of Manila Bay Main article : Battle of Manila Bay The first battle of the Spanish -- American War took place in the Philippines on May 1 , 1898 . In a matter of hours , Commodore Dewey 's Asiatic Squadron defeated the Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo . The U.S. squadron took control of the arsenal and navy yard at Cavite . Dewey cabled Washington , stating that although he controlled Manila Bay , he needed 5,000 additional men to seize Manila itself . U.S. preparation for land - based operations ( edit ) The unexpected rapidity and completeness of Dewey 's victory in the first engagement of the war prompted the McKinley administration to make the decision to capture Manila from the Spanish . The United States Army began to assemble the Eighth Army Corps -- a military unit which would consist of 10,844 soldiers under the command of Major General Wesley Merritt -- in preparation for deployment to the Philippines . Thomas M. Anderson While awaiting the arrival of troops from the Eighth Corps , Dewey dispatched the cutter USRC McCulloch to Hong Kong to transport Aguinaldo back to the Philippines . Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and , after a brief meeting with Dewey , resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish . On May 24 , Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and announced his intention to establish a dictatorial government with himself as dictator , saying that he would resign in favor of a duly elected president . Public jubilation marked Aguinaldo 's return . Many Filipino enlisted men deserted local Spanish army units to join Aguinaldo 's command and the Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed . Soon , many cities such as Imus , Bacoor , Parañaque , Las Piñas , Morong , Macabebe and San Fernando , as well as some entire provinces such as Laguna , Batangas , Bulacan , Nueva Ecija , Bataan , Tayabas ( now Quezon ) , and the Camarines provinces , were liberated by the Filipinos and the port of Dalahican in Cavite was secured . The first contingent of American troops arrived on 30 June under the command of Brigadier General Thomas McArthur Anderson , commander of Eighth Corps ' 2d Division ( U.S. brigade and division numbers of the era were not unique throughout the army ) . General Anderson wrote to Aguinaldo , requesting his cooperation in military operations against the Spanish forces . Aguinaldo responded , thanking General Anderson for his amicable sentiments , but saying nothing about military cooperation . General Anderson did not renew the request . The 2d Brigade , 2d Division , Eighth Corps arrived on July 17 , under the command of Brigadier General Francis V. Greene . Major General Merritt ( the Commander in Chief of the Philippine Expedition ) and his staff arrived at Cavite on July 25 . The 1st Brigade of the corps ' 2d Division arrived on July 30 , under the command of Brigadier General Arthur MacArthur . Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governments ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Declaration of Independence Independence Day held in Aguinaldo Shrine at the back of the old 5 peso bill On 12 June 1898 , Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at his house in Cavite El Viejo . Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista wrote the Philippine Declaration of Independence , and read this document in Spanish that day at Aguinaldo 's house . On 18 June , Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government . On June 23 , Aguinaldo issued another decree , this time replacing the dictatorial government with a revolutionary government ( and naming himself as President ) . Marcela Agoncillo Writing retrospectively in 1899 , Aguinaldo claimed that an American naval officer had urged him to return to the Philippines to fight the Spanish and said `` The United States is a great and rich nation and needs no colonies . '' Aguinaldo also wrote that after checking with Dewey by telegraph , U.S. Consul E. Spencer Pratt had assured him in Singapore : `` That the United States would at least recognize the independence of the Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy . The consul added that there was no necessity for entering into a formal written agreement because the word of the Admiral and of the United States Consul were in fact equivalent to the most solemn pledge that their verbal promises and assurance would be fulfilled to the letter and were not to be classed with Spanish promises or Spanish ideas of a man 's word of honour . '' Aguinaldo received nothing in writing . House of Marcela Agoncillo the mother of the Philippine flag On April 28 Pratt wrote to United States Secretary of State William R. Day , explaining the details of his meeting with Aguinaldo : `` `` At this interview , after learning from General Aguinaldo the state of an object sought to be obtained by the present insurrectionary movement , which , though absent from the Philippines , he was still directing , I took it upon myself , whilst explaining that I had no authority to speak for the Government , to point out the danger of continuing independent action at this stage ; and , having convinced him of the expediency of cooperating with our fleet , then at Hongkong , and obtained the assurance of his willingness to proceed thither and confer with Commodore Dewey to that end , should the latter so desire , I telegraphed the Commodore the same day as follows , through our consul - general at Hongkong : -- '' There was no mention in the cablegrams between Pratt and Dewey of independence or indeed of any conditions on which Aguinaldo was to cooperate , these details being left for future arrangement with Dewey . Pratt had intended to facilitate the occupation and administration of the Philippines , and also to prevent a possible conflict of action . In a communication written on July 28 , Pratt made the following statement : `` `` I declined even to discuss with General Aguinaldo the question of the future policy of the United States with regard to the Philippines , that I held out no hopes to him of any kind , committed the government in no way whatever , and , in the course of our confidences , never acted upon the assumption that the Government would cooperate with him -- General Aguinaldo -- for the furtherance of any plans of his own , nor that , in accepting his said cooperation , it would consider itself pledged to recognize any political claims which he might put forward . '' '' Aguinaldo Shrine where the Flag of the Philippines was waved declaring the Philippine independence from Spain On June 16 , Secretary Day cabled Consul Pratt : `` Avoid unauthorized negotiations with the Philippine insurgents , '' and later on the same day : `` The Department observes that you informed General Aguinaldo that you had no authority to speak for the United States ; and , in the absence of the fuller report which you promise , it is assumed that you did not attempt to commit this Government to any alliance with the Philippine insurgents . To obtain the unconditional personal assistance of General Aguinaldo in the expedition to Manila was proper , if in so doing he was not induced to form hopes which it might not be practicable to gratify . This Government has known the Philippine insurgents only as discontented and rebellious subjects of Spain , and is not acquainted with their purposes . While their contest with that power has been a matter of public notoriety , they have neither asked nor received from this Government any recognition . The United States , in entering upon the occupation of the islands , as the result of its military operations in that quarter , will do so in the exercise of the rights which the state of war confers , and will expect from the inhabitants , without regard to their former attitude toward the Spanish Government , that obedience which will be lawfully due from them . If , in the course of your conferences with General Aguinaldo , you acted upon the assumption that this Government would co-operate with him for the furtherance of any plan of his own , or that , in accepting his co-operation , it would consider itself pledged to recognize any political claims which he may put forward , your action was unauthorized and can not be approved . '' Filipino scholar Maximo Kalaw wrote in 1927 : `` A few of the principal facts , however , seem quite clear . Aguinaldo was not made to understand that , in consideration of Filipino cooperation , the United States would extend its sovereignty over the Islands , and thus in place of the old Spanish master a new one would step in . The truth was that nobody at the time ever thought that the end of the war would result in the retention of the Philippines by the United States . '' Tensions between U.S. and revolutionary forces ( edit ) Felipe Agoncillo was the Filipino lawyer representative to the negotiations in Paris that led to the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) , ending the Spanish -- American War and achieving him the title of `` outstanding first Filipino diplomat . '' On July 9 General Anderson informed Major General Henry Clark Corbin , the Adjutant General of the U.S. Army , that Aguinaldo `` has declared himself Dictator and President , and is trying to take Manila without our assistance '' , opining that that would not be probable but , if done , would allow him to antagonize any U.S. attempt to establish a provisional government . On July 15 , Aguinaldo issued three organic decrees assuming civil authority of the Philippines . Felipe Agoncillo house On July 18 , General Anderson wrote that he suspected Aguinaldo to be secretly negotiating with the Spanish authorities . In a 21 July letter to the Adjutant General , General Anderson wrote that Aguinaldo had `` put in operation an elaborate system of military government , under his assumed authority as Dictator , and has prohibited any supplies being given us , except by his order , '' and that Anderson had written to Aguinaldo that the requisitions on the country for necessary items must be filled , and that he must aid in having them filled . On July 24 , Aguinaldo wrote a letter to General Anderson in effect warning him not to disembark American troops in places conquered by the Filipinos from the Spaniards without first communicating in writing the places to be occupied and the object of the occupation . Murat Halstead , official historian of the Philippine Expedition , writes that General Merritt remarked shortly after his arrival on 25 June , `` As General Aguinaldo did not visit me on my arrival , nor offer his services as a subordinate military leader , and as my instructions from the President fully contemplated the occupation of the islands by the American land forces , and stated that ' the powers of the military occupant are absolute and supreme and immediately operate upon the political condition of the inhabitants , ' I did not consider it wise to hold any direct communication with the insurgent leader until I should be in possession of the city of Manila , especially as I would not until then be in a position to issue a proclamation and enforce my authority , in the event that his pretensions should clash with my designs . '' U.S. commanders suspected that Aguinaldo and his forces were informing the Spanish of American movements . U.S. Army Major John R.M. Taylor later wrote , after translating and analyzing insurgent documents , `` The officers of the United States Army who believed that the insurgents were informing the Spaniards of the American movements were right . Sastrón has printed a letter from Pío del Pilar , dated July 30 , to the Spanish officer commanding at Santa Ana , in which Pilar said that Aguinaldo had told him that the Americans would attack the Spanish lines on August 2 and advised that the Spaniards should not give way , but hold their positions . Pilar added , however , that if the Spaniards should fall back on the walled city and surrender Santa Ana to himself , he would hold it with his own men . Aguinaldo 's information was correct , and on August 2 eight American soldiers were killed or wounded by the Spanish fire . '' On the evening of August 12 , on orders of General Merritt , General Anderson notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila . On 13 August , unaware of the peace protocol signing , U.S. forces assaulted and captured the Spanish positions in Manila . Insurgents made an independent attack of their own , as planned , which promptly led to trouble with the Americans . At 0800 that morning , Aguinaldo received a telegram from General Anderson , sternly warning him not to let his troops enter Manila without the consent of the American commander , who was situated on the south side of the Pasig River . General Anderson 's request was ignored , and Aguinaldo 's forces crowded forward alongside the American forces until they directly confronted the Spanish troops . Although the Spanish were waving a flag of truce , the insurgents fired on the Spanish forces , provoking return fire . 19 American soldiers were killed , and 103 more were wounded in this action . General Anderson sent Aguinaldo a telegram , later that day , which read : `` Dated Ermita Headquarters 2nd Division 13 to Gen. Aguinaldo . Commanding Filipino Forces. -- Manila , taken . Serious trouble threatened between our forces . Try and prevent it . Your troops should not force themselves in the city until we have received the full surrender then we will negotiate with you . - Anderson , commanding . '' Aguinaldo however demanded joint occupation of Manila . On August 13 Admiral Dewey and General Merritt informed their superiors of this and asked how far they might proceed in enforcing obedience in the matter . General Merritt received news of the August 12 peace protocol on August 16 , three days after the surrender of Manila . Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the President of the United States had directed : `` That there must be no joint occupation with the Insurgents . The United States in the possession of Manila city , Manila bay and harbor must preserve the peace and protect persons and property within the territory occupied by their military and naval forces . The insurgents and all others must recognize the military occupation and authority of the United States and the cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President . Use whatever means in your judgment are necessary to this end . '' General Gregorio del Pilar Insurgent forces were looting the portions of the city which they occupied , and were not confining their attacks to Spaniards , but were assaulting their own people and raiding the property of foreigners as well . U.S. commanders pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila . Negotiations proceeded slowly and , on August 31 , General Elwell Otis ( General Merritt being unavailable ) wrote , in a long letter to Aguinaldo : `` ... I am compelled by my instructions to direct that your armed forces evacuate the entire city of Manila , including its suburbs and defences , and that I shall be obliged to take action with that end in view within a very short space of time should you decline to comply with my Government 's demands ; and I hereby serve notice on you that unless your troops are withdrawn beyond the line of the city 's defences before Thursday , the 15th instant , I shall be obliged to resort to forcible action , and that my Government will hold you responsible for any unfortunate consequences which may ensue . '' After further negotiation and exchanges of letters , Aguinaldo wrote on September 16 : `` On the evening of the 15th the armed insurgent organizations withdrew from the city and all of its suburbs , ... '' Peace protocol between the U.S. and Spain ( edit ) On August 12 , 1898 , The New York Times reported that a peace protocol had been signed in Washington that afternoon between the U.S. and Spain , suspending hostilities between the two nations . The full text of the protocol was not made public until November 5 , but Article III read : `` The United States will occupy and hold the City , Bay , and Harbor of Manila , pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace , which shall determine the control , disposition , and government of the Philippines . '' After conclusion of this agreement , U.S. President McKinley proclaimed a suspension of hostilities with Spain . Capture of Manila ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Manila ( 1898 ) By June , U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands , except for the walled city of Intramuros . Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out a bloodless solution with acting Governor - General Fermín Jáudenes . The negotiating parties made a secret agreement to stage a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the American forces , but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city . This plan minimized the risk of unnecessary casualties on all sides , while the Spanish would also avoid the shame of possibly having to surrender Intramuros to the Filipino forces . On the eve of the mock battle , General Anderson telegraphed Aguinaldo , `` Do not let your troops enter Manila without the permission of the American commander . On this side of the Pasig River you will be under fire '' . On August 13 , with American commanders unaware that a ceasefire had already been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day , American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish in the Battle of Manila . The battle started when Dewey 's ships bombarded Fort San Antonio Abad , a decrepit structure on the southern outskirts of Manila , and the virtually impregnable walls of Intramuros . In accordance with the plan , the Spanish forces withdrew while U.S. forces advanced . Once a sufficient show of battle had been made , Dewey hoisted the signal `` D.W.H.B. '' ( meaning `` Do you surrender ? ) , whereupon the Spanish hoisted a white flag and Manila was formally surrendered to U.S. forces . General Antonio Luna This battle marked the end of Filipino - American collaboration , as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos . This later led to the Philippine -- American War , which would prove to be more deadly and costly than the Spanish -- American War . U.S. military government ( edit ) On August 14 , 1898 , two days after the capture of Manila , the U.S. established a military government in the Philippines , with General Merritt acting as military governor . During military rule ( 1898 -- 1902 ) , the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as Commander - in - Chief of the United States Armed Forces . After the appointment of a civil Governor - General , the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control , responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian . General Merritt was succeeded by General Otis as military governor , who in turn was succeeded by General MacArthur . Major General Adna Chaffee was the final military governor . The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902 , after which the civil Governor - General became the sole executive authority in the Philippines . Under the military government , an American - style school system was introduced , initially with soldiers as teachers ; civil and criminal courts were reestablished , including a supreme court ; and local governments were established in towns and provinces . The first local election was conducted by General Harold W. Lawton on May 7 , 1899 , in Baliuag , Bulacan . U.S. and insurgents clash ( edit ) Main article : Philippine -- American War In a clash at Cavite between United States soldiers and insurgents on August 25 , 1898 , George Hudson of the Utah regiment was killed , Corporal William Anderson was mortally wounded , and four troopers of the Fourth Cavalry were slightly wounded . This provoked General Anderson to send Aguinaldo a letter saying , `` In order to avoid the very serious misfortune of an encounter between our troops , I demand your immediate withdrawal with your guard from Cavite . One of my men has been killed and three wounded by your people . This is positive and does not admit of explanation or delay . '' Internal insurgent communications reported that the Americans were drunk at the time . Halstead writes that Aguinaldo expressed his regret and promised to punish the offenders . In internal insurgent communications , Apolinario Mabini initially proposed to investigate and punish any offenders identified . Aguinaldo modified this , ordering , `` ... say that he was not killed by your soldiers , but by them themselves ( the Americans ) since they were drunk according to your telegram '' . An insurgent officer in Cavite at the time reported on his record of services that he : `` took part in the movement against the Americans on the afternoon of the 24th of August , under the orders of the commander of the troops and the adjutant of the post . '' Philippine elections , Malolos Congress , constitutional government ( edit ) Elections were held by the Revolutionary Government between June and September 10 , resulting in Emilio Aguinaldo being seated as President in the seating of a legislature known as the Malolos Congress . In a session between September 15 and November 13 , 1898 , the Malolos Constitution was adopted . It was promulgated on January 21 , 1899 , creating the First Philippine Republic . Spanish -- American war ends ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Article V of the peace protocol signed on August 12 had mandated negotiations to conclude a treaty of peace to begin in Paris not later than October 1 , 1898 . President McKinley sent a five - man commission , initially instructed to demand no more than Luzon , Guam , and Puerto Rico ; which would have provided a limited U.S. empire of pinpoint colonies to support a global fleet and provide communication links . In Paris , the commission was besieged with advice , particularly from American generals and European diplomats , to demand the entire Philippine archipelago . The unanimous recommendation was that `` it would certainly be cheaper and more humane to take the entire Philippines than to keep only part of it . '' On October 28 , 1898 , McKinley wired the commission that `` cessation of Luzon alone , leaving the rest of the islands subject to Spanish rule , or to be the subject of future contention , can not be justified on political , commercial , or humanitarian grounds . The cessation must be the whole archipeligo or none . The latter is wholly inadmissible , and the former must therefore be required . '' The Spanish negotiators were furious over the `` immodist demands of a conqueror '' , but their wounded pride was assuaged by an offer of twenty million dollars for `` Spanish improvements '' to the islands . The Spaniards capitulated , and on December 10 , 1898 , the U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris , formally ending the Spanish -- American War . In Article III , Spain ceded the Philippine archipelago to the United States , as follows : `` Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands , and comprehending the islands lying within the following line : ( ... geographic description elided ... ) . The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ( $20,000,000 ) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty . '' 1898 US political cartoon . U.S. President William McKinley is shown holding the Philippines , depicted as a native child , as the world looks on . The implied options for McKinley are to keep the Philippines , or give it back to Spain , which the cartoon compares to throwing a child off a cliff . In the U.S. , there was a movement for Philippine independence ; some said that the U.S. had no right to a land where many of the people wanted self - government . In 1898 Andrew Carnegie , an industrialist and steel magnate , offered to offered to pay the U.S. government $20 million to give the Philippines its independence . On November 7 , 1900 , Spain and the U.S. signed the Treaty of Washington , clarifying that the territories relinquished by Spain to the United States included any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago , but lying outside the lines described in the Treaty of Paris . That treaty explicitly named the islands of Cagayan Sulu and Sibutu and their dependencies as among the relinquished territories . Benevolent Assimilation ( edit ) Main article : Benevolent assimilation U.S. President McKinley 's December 21 , 1898 proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation was announced in the Philippines on January 4 , 1899 . Referring to the Treaty of Paris , it said that as a result of the victories of American arms , the future control , disposition , and government of the Philippine Islands are ceded to the United States . It enjoined the military commander ( General Otis ) to make known to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands that in succeeding to the sovereignty of Spain , the authority of the United States is to be exerted for the securing of the persons and property of the people of the islands and for the confirmation of all their private rights and relations . It specified that it will be the duty of the commander of the forces of occupation to announce and proclaim in the most public manner that we come , not as invaders or conquerors , but as friends , to protect the natives in their homes , in their employments , and in their personal and religious rights . On January 6 , 1899 , General Otis was quoted in The New York Times as expressing himself as convinced that the U.S. government intends to seek the establishment of a liberal government , in which the people will be as fully represented as the maintenance of law and order will permit , susceptible of development , on lines of increased representation , and the bestowal of increased powers , into a government as free and independent as is enjoyed by the most favored provinces in the world . Philippine -- American war ( 1899 -- 1902 ) ( edit ) Main article : Philippine -- American War Tensions escalate ( edit ) Gregorio del Pilar and his troops , around 1898. jpg The Spanish had yielded Iloilo to the insurgents in 1898 for the purpose of troubling the Americans . On January 1 , 1899 , news had come to Washington from Manila that American forces which had been sent to Iloilo under the command of General Marcus Miller had been confronted by 6,000 armed Filipinos , who refused them permission to land . A Filipino official styling himself Presidente Lopez of the Federal Government of the Visayas informed Miller that `` foreign troops '' would not be landed `` without express orders from the central government of Luzon '' On December 21 , 1898 , President McKinley issued a Proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation . General Otis delayed its publication until January 4 , 1899 , then publishing an amended version edited so as not to convey the meanings of the terms `` sovereignty '' , `` protection '' , and `` right of cessation '' which were present in the unabridged version . Unknown to Otis , the War Department had also sent an enciphered copy of the Benevolent Assimilation proclamation to General Marcus Miller in Iloilo for informational purposes . Miller assumed that it was for distribution and , unaware that a politically bowdlerized version had been sent to Aguinaldo , published it in both Spanish and Tagalog translations which eventually made their way to Aguinaldo . Even before Aguinaldo received the unaltered version and observed the changes in the copy he had received from Otis , he was upset that Otis had altered his own title to `` Military Governor of the Philippines '' from `` ... in the Philippines . '' Aguinaldo did not miss the significance of the alteration , which Otis had made without authorization from Washington . Battle of Quingua , April 23 , 1899 Philippine -- American War On January 5 , Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation summarizing what he saw as American violations of the ethics of friendship , particularly as regards the events in Iloilo . The proclamation concluded as follows : `` Such procedures , so foreign to the dictates of culture and the usages observed by civilized nations , gave me the right to act without observing the usual rules of intercourse . Nevertheless , in order to be correct to the end , I sent to General Otis commissioners charged to solicit him to desist from his rash enterprise , but they were not listened to . My government can not remain indifferent in view of such a violent and aggressive seizure of a portion of its territory by a nation which arrogated to itself the title champion of oppressed nations . Thus it is that my government is disposed to open hostilities if the American troops attempt to take forcible possession of the Visayan Islands . I denounce these acts before the world , in order that the conscience of mankind may pronounce its infallable verdict as to who are the true oppressors of nations and the tormentors of human kind . '' Battle before Caloocan After some copies of that proclamation had been distributed , Aguinaldo ordered the recall of undistributed copies and issued another proclamation , which was published the same day in El Heraldo de la Revolucion , the official newspaper of the Philippine Republic . There , he said partly , `` As in General Otis 's proclamation he alluded to some instructions edited by His Excellency the President of the United States , referring to the administration of the matters in the Philippine Islands , I in the name of God , the root and fountain of all justice , and that of all the right which has been visibly granted to me to direct my dear brothers in the difficult work of our regeneration , protest most solemnly against this intrusion of the United States Government on the sovereignty of these islands . I equally protest in the name of the Filipino people against the said intrusion , because as they have granted their vote of confidence appointing me president of the nation , although I do n't consider that I deserve such , therefore I consider it my duty to defend to death its liberty and independence . '' Battle of Santa Cruz Otis , taking these two proclamations as a call to arms , strengthened American observation posts and alerted his troops . In the tense atmosphere , some 40,000 Filipinos fled Manila within a period of 15 days . Meanwhile , Felipe Agoncillo , who had been commissioned by the Philippine Revolutionary Government as Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties with foreign governments , and who had unsuccessfully sought to be seated at the negotiations between the U.S. and Spain in Paris , was now in Washington . On January 6 , he filed a request for an interview with the President to discuss affairs in the Philippines . The next day the government officials were surprised to learn that messages to General Otis to deal mildly with the rebels and not to force a conflict had become known to Agoncillo , and cabled by him to Aguinaldo . At the same time came Aguinaldo 's protest against General Otis signing himself `` Military Governor of the Philippines . '' On January 8 , Agoncillo gave out this statement : `` In my opinion the Filipino people , whom I represent , will never consent to become a colony dependency of the United States . The soldiers of the Filipino army have pledged their lives that they will not lay down their arms until General Aguinaldo tells them to do so , and they will keep that pledge , I feel confident . '' The Filipino committees in London , Paris and Madrid about this time telegraphed to President McKinley as follows : American troops guarding the bridge over the River Pasig `` We protest against the disembarkation of American troops at Iloilo . The treaty of peace still unratified , the American claim to sovereignty is premature . Pray reconsider the resolution regarding Iloilo . Filipinos wish for the friendship of America and abhor militarism and deceit . '' Young 's Scouts , including Marcus W. Robertson ( 2nd from right , front row squating ) , Richard Moses Longfellow ( 4th from right , front row squating ) , Medal of Honor recipients . Picture taken in Philippines . On January 8 , Aguinaldo received the following message from Teodoro Sandiko : `` To the President of the Revolutionary Government , Malolos , from Sandico , Manila . 8 Jan. , 1899 , 9.40 p.m.. : In consequence of the order of General Rios to his officers , as soon as the Filipino attack begins the Americans should be driven into the Intramuros district and the walled city should be set on fire . Pipi . '' The New York Times reported on January 8 , that two Americans who had been guarding a waterboat in Iloilo had been attacked , one fatally , and that insurgents were threatening to destroy the business section of the city by fire ; and on January 10 that a peaceful solution to the Iloilo issues may result but that Aguinaldo had issued a proclamation threatening to drive the Americans from the islands . Attack on the barracks of Company C of the 13th Minnesota Volunteers by Filipino forces during the Tondo Fire in Manila , 1899 By January 10 , insurgents were ready to assume the offensive , but desired , if possible , to provoke the Americans into firing the first shot . They made no secret of their desire for conflict , but increased their hostile demonstrations and pushed their lines forward into forbidden territory . Their attitude is well illustrated by the following extract from a telegram sent by Colonel Cailles to Aguinaldo on January 10 , 1899 : `` Most urgent . An American interpreter has come to tell me to withdraw our forces in Maytubig fifty paces . I shall not draw back a step , and in place of withdrawing , I shall advance a little farther . He brings a letter from his general , in which he speaks to me as a friend . I said that from the day I knew that Maquinley ( McKinley ) opposed our independence I did not want any dealings with any American . War , war , is what we want . The Americans after this speech went off pale . '' Aguinaldo approved the hostile attitude of Cailles , for there is a reply in his handwriting which reads : `` I approve and applaud what you have done with the Americans , and zeal and valour always , also my beloved officers and soldiers there . I believe that they are playing us until the arrival of their reinforcements , but I shall send an ultimatum and remain always on the alert. -- E.A. Jan. 10 , 1899 . '' On 31 January 1899 , The Minister of Interior of the revolutionary First Philippine Republic , Teodoro Sandiko , signed a decree saying that President Aguinaldo had directed that all idle lands be planted to provide food for the people , in view of impending war with the Americans . Outbreak of General hostilities ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Manila ( 1899 ) Worcester writes that General Otis ' account of the opening of active hostilities was as follows : Emilio Aguinaldo 's quarters in Manila following his capture by the Americans . `` `` On the night of February 2 they sent in a strong detachment to draw the fire of our outposts , which took up a position immediately in front and within a few yards of the same . The outpost was strengthened by a few of our men , who silently bore their taunts and abuse the entire night . This was reported to me by General MacArthur , whom I directed to communicate with the officer in command of the insurgent troops concerned . His prepared letter was shown me and approved , and the reply received was all that could be desired . However , the agreement was ignored by the insurgents and on the evening of February 4 another demonstration was made on one of our small outposts , which occupied a retired position at least 150 yards within the line which had been mutually agreed upon , an insurgent approaching the picket and refusing to halt or answer when challenged . The result was that our picket discharged his piece , when the insurgent troops near Santa Mesa opened a spirited fire on our troops there stationed . `` The insurgents had thus succeeded in drawing the fire of a small outpost , which they had evidently labored with all their ingenuity to accomplish , in order to justify in some way their premeditated attack . It is not believed that the chief insurgent leaders wished to open hostilities at this time , as they were not completely prepared to assume the initiative . They desired two or three days more to perfect their arrangements , but the zeal of their army brought on the crisis which anticipated their premeditated action . They could not have delayed long , however , for it was their object to force an issue before American troops , then en route , could arrive in Manila . '' Thus began the Insurgent attack , so long and so carefully planned for . We learn from the Insurgent records that the shot of the American sentry missed its mark . There was no reason why it should have provoked a hot return fire , but it did . The result of the ensuing combat was not at all what the Insurgents had anticipated . The Americans did not drive very well . It was but a short time before they themselves were routed and driven from their positions . Aguinaldo of course promptly advanced the claim that his troops had been wantonly attacked . The plain fact is that the Insurgent patrol in question deliberately drew the fire of the American sentry , and this was just as much an act of war as was the firing of the shot . Whether the patrol was acting under proper orders from higher authority is not definitely known . '' Surrendered President Aguinaldo boards the U.S.S Vicksburg , 1900 . Other sources name the two specific U.S. soldiers involved in the first exchange of fire as Privates William Grayson and Orville Miller of the Nebraska Volunteers . Subsequent to the conclusion of the war , after analyzing captured insurgent papers , Major Major J.R.M. Taylor wrote , in part , `` An attack on the United States forces was planned which should annihilate the little army in Manila , and delegations were appointed to secure the interference of foreign powers . The protecting cloak of pretense of friendliness to the United States was to be kept up until the last . While commissioners were appointed to negotiate with General Otis , secret societies were organized in Manila pledged to obey orders of the most barbarous character to kill and burn . The attack from without and the attack from within was to be on a set day and hour . The strained situation could not last . The spark was applied , either inadvertently or by design , on the 4th of February by an insurgent , willfully transgressing upon what , by their own admission , was within the agreed limits of the holding of the American troops . Hostilities resulted and the war was an accomplished fact . '' Filipino casualties War ( edit ) On February 4 , Aguinaldo declared `` That peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies , within the limits prescribed by the laws of war . '' On June 2 , 1899 , the Malolos Congress enacted and ratified a declaration of war on the United States , which was publicly proclaimed on that same day by Pedro Paterno , President of the Assembly . As before when fighting the Spanish , the Filipino rebels did not do well in the field . Aguinaldo and his provisional government escaped after the capture of Malolos on March 31 , 1899 and were driven into northern Luzon . Peace feelers from members of Aguinaldo 's cabinet failed in May when the American commander , General Ewell Otis , demanded an unconditional surrender . In 1901 , Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the United States , marking one end to the war . First Philippine Commission ( edit ) Main article : Schurman Commission President McKinley had appointed a five - person group headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman , president of Cornell University , on January 20 , 1899 , to investigate conditions in the islands and 1899 political cartoon by Winsor McCay . Uncle Sam ( representing the United States ) , gets entangled with rope around a tree labelled `` Imperialism '' while trying to subdue a bucking colt or mule labeled `` Philippines '' while a figure representing Spain walks off over the horizon carrying a bag labeled `` $20,000,000 '' . make recommendations . The three civilian members of the Philippine Commission arrived in Manila on March 4 , 1899 , a month after the Battle of Manila which had begun armed conflict between U.S. and revolutionary Filipino forces . The commission published a proclamation containing assurances that the U.S. `` ... is anxious to establish in the Philippine Islands an enlightened system of government under which the Philippine people may enjoy the largest measure of home rule and the amplest liberty . '' After meetings in April with revolutionary representatives , the commission requested authorization from McKinley to offer a specific plan . McKinley authorized an offer of a government consisting of `` a Governor - General appointed by the President ; cabinet appointed by the Governor - General ; ( and ) a general advisory council elected by the people . '' The Revolutionary Congress voted unanimously to cease fighting and accept peace and , on May 8 , the revolutionary cabinet headed by Apolinario Mabini was replaced by a new `` peace '' cabinet headed by Pedro Paterno . At this point , General Antonio Luna arrested Paterno and most of his cabinet , returning Mabini and his cabinet to power . After this , the commission concluded that `` ... The Filipinos are wholly unprepared for independence ... there being no Philippine nation , but only a collection of different peoples . '' In the report that they issued to the president the following year , the commissioners acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independence ; they declared , however , that the Philippines was not ready for it . `` On November 2 , 1899 , The commmision issued a preliminary report containing the following statement : Should our power by any fatality be withdrawn , the commission believe that the government of the Philippines would speedily lapse into anarchy , which would excuse , if it did not necessitate , the intervention of other powers and the eventual division of the islands among them . Only through American occupation , therefore , is the idea of a free , self - governing , and united Philippine commonwealth at all conceivable . And the indispensable need from the Filipino point of view of maintaining American sovereignty over the archipelago is recognized by all intelligent Filipinos and even by those insurgents who desire an American protectorate . The latter , it is true , would take the revenues and leave us the responsibilities . Nevertheless , they recognize the indubitable fact that the Filipinos can not stand alone . Thus the welfare of the Filipinos coincides with the dictates of national honour in forbidding our abandonment of the archipelago . We can not from any point of view escape the responsibilities of government which our sovereignty entails ; and the commission is strongly persuaded that the performance of our national duty will prove the greatest blessing to the peoples of the Philippine Islands . '' William Howard Taft Governor general of the Philippines riding a carabao Specific recommendations included the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible ( the American chief executive in the islands at that time was the military governor ) , including establishment of a bicameral legislature , autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels , and a system of free public elementary schools . Second Philippine Commission ( edit ) Main article : Taft Commission The Second Philippine Commission ( the Taft Commission ) , appointed by McKinley on March 16 , 1900 , and headed by William Howard Taft , was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers . On September 1 , the Taft Commission began to exercise legislative functions . Between September 1900 and August 1902 , it issued 499 laws , established a judicial system , including a supreme court , drew up a legal code , and organized a civil service . The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents , vice presidents , and councilors to serve on municipal boards . The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes , maintaining municipal properties , and undertaking necessary construction projects ; they also elected provincial governors . Establishment of civil government ( edit ) Governor General William Howard Taft addressing the audience at the Philippine Assembly in the Manila Grand Opera House On March 3 , 1901 the U.S. Congress passed the Army Appropriation Act containing ( along with the Platt Amendment on Cuba ) the Spooner Amendment which provided the President with legislative authority to establish of a civil government in the Philippines . Up until this time , the President been administering the Philippines by virtue of his war powers . On July 1 , 1901 , civil government was inaugurated with William H. Taft as the Civil Governor . Later , on February 3 , 1903 , the U.S. Congress would change the title of Civil Governor to Governor - General . A highly centralized public school system was installed in 1901 , using English as the medium of instruction . This created a heavy shortage of teachers , and the Philippine Commission authorized the Secretary of Public Instruction to bring to the Philippines 600 teachers from the U.S.A. -- the so - called Thomasites . Free primary instruction that trained the people for the duties of citizenship and avocation was enforced by the Taft Commission per instructions of President McKinley . Also , the Catholic Church was disestablished , and a considerable amount of church land was purchased and redistributed . Official end to the war ( edit ) The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 approved , ratified , and confirmed McKinley 's Executive Order establishing the Philippine Commission , and also stipulated that the bicameral Philippine Legislature would be established composed of an elected lower house , the Philippine Assembly and the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house . The act also provided for extending the United States Bill of Rights to the Philippines . On July 2 , 1902 the Secretary of War telegraphed that the insurrection against the sovereign authority of the U.S. having come to an end , and provincial civil governments having been established , the office of Military Governor was terminated . On July 4 , Theodore Roosevelt , who had succeeded to the U.S. Presidency after the assassination of President McKinley on September 5 , 1901 proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict . On April 9 , 2002 , Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proclaimed that the Philippine -- American War had ended on April 16 , 1902 with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar , and declared the centennial anniversary of that date as a national working holiday and as a special non-working holiday in the Province of Batangas and in the Cities of Batangas , Lipa and Tanaun . Post-1902 hostilities ( edit ) Some sources have suggested that the war unofficially continued for nearly a decade , since bands of guerrillas , quasi-religious armed groups and other resistance groups continued to roam the countryside , still clashing with American Army or Philippine Constabulary patrols . American troops and the Philippine Constabulary continued hostilities against such resistance groups until 1913 . Some historians consider these unofficial extensions to be part of the war . Insular government ( 1901 -- 35 ) ( edit ) Main article : Insular Government Tranvia in Manila Philippines during American Era with Bahay na Bato house The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was a constitution for the Insular Government , as the U.S. civil administration was known . This was a form of territorial government that reported to the Bureau of Insular Affairs . The act provided for a Governor - General appointed by the U.S. president and an elected lower house , the Philippine Assembly . It also disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion . The United States government , in an effort to resolve the status of the friars , negotiated with the Vatican . The church agreed to sell the friars ' estates and promised gradual substitution of Filipino and other non-Spanish priests for the friars . It refused , however , to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately , partly to avoid offending Spain . In 1904 the administration bought for $7.2 million the major part of the friars ' holdings , amounting to some 166,000 hectares ( 410,000 acres ) , of which one - half was in the vicinity of Manila . The land was eventually resold to Filipinos , some of them tenants but the majority of them estate owners . Manila , known as the Paris of the Asia was pushed forward even more by Daniel Burnham the Manila Urban planner In socio - economic terms , the Philippines made solid progress in this period . Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895 , 13 % of which was with the United States . By 1920 , it had increased to 601 million pesos , 66 % of which was with the United States . A health care system was established which , by 1930 , reduced the mortality rate from all causes , including various tropical diseases , to a level similar to that of the United States itself . The practices of slavery , piracy and headhunting were suppressed but not entirely extinguished . Economy rose as reflected to the great edifices of the cities Two years after completion and publication of a census , a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly . An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a bicameral legislature , with the Philippine Commission as the upper house . Every year from 1907 the Philippine Assembly and later the Philippine Legislature passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence . Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña enthusiastically endorsed the draft Jones Bill of 1912 , which provided for Philippine independence after eight years , but later changed their views , opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of independence . The nationalists demanded complete and absolute independence to be guaranteed by the United States , since they feared that too - rapid independence from American rule without such guarantees might cause the Philippines to fall into Japanese hands . The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a later date of independence . Busy street of early American - era Manila View of Binondo from Jones Bridge The law , officially the Philippine Autonomy Act but popularly known as the Jones Law , served as the new organic act ( or constitution ) for the Philippines . Its preamble stated that the eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy , subject to the establishment of a stable government . The law maintained the Governor - General of the Philippines , appointed by the President of the United States , but established a bicameral Philippine Legislature to replace the elected Philippine Assembly ( lower house ) ; it replaced the appointive Philippine Commission ( upper house ) with an elected senate . Americans and Filipinos choose to preserve Spanish - era buildings for Historical , Tourism and Urban purposes . The Filipinos suspended their independence campaign during the First World War and supported the United States against Germany . After the war they resumed their independence drive with great vigor . On March 17 , 1919 , the Philippine Legislature passed a `` Declaration of Purposes '' , which stated the inflexible desire of the Filipino people to be free and sovereign . A Commission of Independence was created to study ways and means of attaining liberation ideal . This commission recommended the sending of an independence mission to the United States . The `` Declaration of Purposes '' referred to the Jones Law as a veritable pact , or covenant , between the American and Filipino peoples whereby the United States promised to recognize the independence of the Philippines as soon as a stable government should be established . U.S. Governor - General of the Philippines Francis Burton Harrison had concurred in the report of the Philippine legislature as to a stable government . With Manila 's Filipino Hispanic roots , Daniel Burnham developed the Urban planning of Manila through the City Beautiful Movement ; Neo-Classical architecture of Paris through Manila 's Government buildings , Canals of Venice through the Esteros of Manila , Sunset view of Naples through Manila Bay and Winding River of Paris through Pasig River . a fine example of the Burnham plan is the Manila Central Post Office and Jones Bridge Manila circa 1930s . The central façade of the Legislative Building The Philippine legislature funded an independence mission to the U.S. in 1919 . The mission departed Manila on February 28 and met in the U.S. with and presented their case to Secretary of War Newton D. Baker . U.S. President Woodrow Wilson , in his 1921 farewell message to Congress , certified that the Filipino people had performed the condition imposed on them as a prerequisite to independence , declaring that , this having been done , the duty of the U.S. is to grant Philippine independence . The Republican Party then controlled Congress and the recommendation of the outgoing Democratic president was not heeded . After the first independence mission , public funding of such missions was ruled illegal . Subsequent independence missions in 1922 , 1923 , 1930 , 1931 1932 , and two missions in 1933 were funded by voluntary contributions . Numerous independence bills were submitted to the U.S. Congress , which passed the Hare - Hawes - Cutting Bill on December 30 , 1932 . U.S. President Herbert Hoover vetoed the bill on January 13 , 1933 . Congress overrode the veto on January 17 , and the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act became U.S. law . The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years , but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States , as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports . The law also required the Philippine Senate to ratify the law . Manuel L. Quezon urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill , which it did . Quezon himself led the twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act . The result was the Tydings -- McDuffie Act of 1934 which was very similar to the Hare - Hawes - Cutting Act except in minor details . The Tydings - McDuffie Act was ratified by the Philippine Senate . The law provided for the granting of Philippine independence by 1946 . The Tydings -- McDuffie Act provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution , for a 10 - year `` transitional period '' as the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence . On May 5 , 1934 , the Philippines legislature passed an act setting the election of convention delegates . Governor - General Frank Murphy designated July 10 as the election date , and the convention held its inaugural session on July 30 . The completed draft constitution was approved by the convention on February 8 , 1935 , approved by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt on March 23 , and ratified by popular vote on May 14 . The first election under the constitution was held on September 17 , and on November 15 , 1935 , the Commonwealth was put into place . Commonwealth era ( 1935 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) Manuel Quezon y Molina once the 1st President of the Senate of the Philippines was elected to become the President of the Philippines during the commonwealth era of American occupation Main article : Commonwealth of the Philippines Manila before the war It was planned that the period 1935 -- 1946 would be devoted to the final adjustments required for a peaceful transition to full independence , a great latitude in autonomy being granted in the meantime . Instead there was war with Japan . On May 14 , 1935 , an election to fill the newly created office of President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was won by Manuel L. Quezon ( Nacionalista Party ) and a Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles superficially similar to the U.S. Constitution . The Commonwealth as established in 1935 featured a very strong executive , a unicameral national assembly , and a supreme court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901 . The new government embarked on an ambitious agenda of establishing the basis for national defense , greater control over the economy , reforms in education , improvement of transport , the colonization of the island of Mindanao , and the promotion of local capital and industrialization . The Commonwealth however , was also faced with agrarian unrest , an uncertain diplomatic and military situation in South East Asia , and uncertainty about the level of United States commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines . In 1939 -- 40 , the Philippine Constitution was amended to restore a bicameral Congress , and permit the reelection of President Quezon , previously restricted to a single , six - year term . During the Commonwealth years , Philippines sent one elected Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives , as Puerto Rico currently does today . Japanese troops on Bataan , Philippine Islands , circa 1942 . Captured Japanese photograph . - NARA - 531353 Japanese occupation and World war II ( 1941 -- 45 ) ( edit ) Main article : Second Philippine Republic Surrender of American troops at Corregidor , Philippine Islands , May 1942 . See also : Military history of the Philippines during World War II A few hours after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , the Japanese launched air raids in several cities and US military installations in the Philippines on December 8 , and on December 10 , the first Japanese troops landed in Northern Luzon . Filipino pilot Captain Jesús A. Villamor , leading a flight of three P - 26 `` Peashooter '' fighters of the 6th Pursuit Squadron , distinguished himself by attacking two enemy formations of 27 planes each and downing a much - superior Japanese Zero , for which he was awarded the U.S. Distinguished Service Cross . The two other planes in that flight , flown by Lieutenants César Basa and Geronimo Aclan were shot down . General Douglas MacArthur , commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East ( USAFFE ) , was forced to retreat to Bataan . Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2 , 1942 . The fall of Bataan was on April 9 , 1942 with Corregidor Island , at the mouth of Manila Bay , surrendering on May 6 . Meeting of Jorge B. Vargas , a secretary of President Manuel Quezon and Homma Masaharu , a general Lieutenant of Imperial Japanese Army on February , 20th 1943 José P. Laurel Became the President of the Philippines during the Japanese occupation General Tomoyuki Yamashita surrenders to the Filipino Guerrillas in the presence of Generals Jonathan Wainwright and Arthur Percival . The Commonwealth government by then had exiled itself to Washington , DC , upon the invitation of President Roosevelt ; however many politicians stayed behind and collaborated with the occupying Japanese . The main general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was stationed and moved in the province was our enemy against the Japanese Occupation . The Philippine Commonwealth Army continued to fight the Japanese in a guerrilla war and were considered auxiliary units of the United States Army . Several Philippine Commonwealth military awards , such as the Philippine Defense Medal , Independence Medal , and Liberation Medal , were awarded to both the United States and Philippine Armed Forces . Gen. Douglas MacArthur wades ashore during initial landings at Leyte , Philippine Islands . As the Japanese forces advanced , Manila was declared an open city to prevent it from destruction , meanwhile , the government was moved to Corregidor . In March 1942 , General MacArthur and President Quezon fled the country . Guerrilla units harassed the Japanese when they could , and on Luzon native resistance was strong enough that the Japanese never did get control of a large part of the island.An anti-Japanese Army consisting of peasants known as the Huks did most of the fighting . The Huks forces resisted invaders and punished the people who collaborated with the Japanese , but they did n't have a well - disciplined organization , and were later seen as a threat to the Manila government . Before MacArthur came back , the effectiveness of the guerilla movement had decimated the control of Japan - limited to only 12 out of the 48 provinces . In October 1944 , MacArthur had gathered enough additional troops and supplies to begin the retaking of the Philippines , landing with Sergio Osmeña who had assumed the Presidency after Quezon 's death . The battles entailed long fierce fighting ; some of the Japanese continued to fight until the official surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2 , 1945 . After their landing , Filipino and American forces also undertook measures to suppress the Huk movement , which was founded to fight the Japanese Occupation . The Filipino and American forces removed local Huk governments and imprisoned many high - ranking members of the Philippine Communist Party . While these incidents happened , there was still fighting against the Japanese forces and , despite the American and Philippine measures against the Huk , they still supported American and Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese . Over a million Filipinos ( including regular and constable soldiers , recognized guerrillas and non-combatant civilians ) had been killed in the war , and many towns and cities , including Manila , were left in ruins . Independence ( 1946 ) ( edit ) Philippine Independence , July 4 , 1946 from all the Colonizers . The Flag of the United States of America is lowered while the Flag of the Philippines is raised . Philippine independence came on July 4 , 1946 , with the signing of the Treaty of Manila between the governments of the United States and the Philippines . The treaty provided for the recognition of the independence of the Republic of the Philippines and the relinquishment of American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands . From 1946 to 1961 , Independence Day was observed on July 4 . On 12 May 1962 , President Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28 , proclaiming Tuesday , June 12 , 1962 as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines . In 1964 , Republic Act No. 4166 changed the date of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 and renamed the July 4 holiday as Philippine Republic Day . World war II veteran benefits ( edit ) During World War II , over 200,000 Filipinos fought in defense of the United States against the Japanese in the Pacific theater of military operations , where more than half died . As a commonwealth of the United States before and during the war , Filipinos were legally American nationals . With American nationality , Filipinos were promised all the benefits afforded to those serving in the armed forces of the United States . In 1946 , Congress passed the Rescission Act ( 38 U.S.C. § 107 ) which stripped Filipinos of the benefits they were promised . Since the passage of the Rescission Act , many Filipino veterans have traveled to the United States to lobby Congress for the benefits promised to them for their service and sacrifice . Over 30,000 of such veterans live in the United States today , with most being United States citizens . Sociologists introduced the phrase `` Second Class Veterans '' to describe the plight of these Filipino Americans . Beginning in 1993 , numerous bills titled Filipino Veterans Fairness Act were introduced in Congress to return the benefits taken away from these veterans , only to die in committee . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , signed into law on February 17 , 2009 , included provisions to pay benefits to the 15,000 remaining veterans . On January 6 , 2011 Jackie Speier ( D - CA ) , U.S. Representative for California 's 12th congressional district , serving since 2008 , introduced a bill seeking to make Filipino WW - II veterans eligible for the same benefits available to U.S. veterans . In a news conference to outline the bill , Speier estimated that approximately 50,000 Filipino veterans survive . See also ( edit ) Moro Rebellion Negros Revolution Republic of Negros Republic of Zamboanga References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain ; December 10 , 1898 '' . The Avalon Project . New Haven , Connecticut : Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Corpus Juris ( 2014 ) , `` Tydings - McDuffie Act '' , Constitutions , Manila , Philippines : Corpus Juris , retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 Jump up ^ Aguinaldo 1899 Ch. 1 Jump up ^ Aguinaldo 1899 Ch. 2 Jump up ^ Kalaw 1927 , pp. 92 -- 94 Ch. 5 Jump up ^ Trask 1996 , pp. 56 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Howland , Harold ( 1921 ) . Theodore Roosevelt and his times : a chronicle of the progressive movement . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 1279815199 . ^ Jump up to : Battle of Manila Bay , 1 May 1898 Archived 14 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Department of the Navy -- Naval Historical Center . 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Jump up ^ `` PNP History '' , Philippine National Police , Philippine Department of Interior and Local Government , archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 17 , retrieved 29 August 2009 Jump up ^ Constantino 1975 , pp. 251 -- 3 Jump up ^ Reyes , Jose ( 1923 ) . Legislative history of America 's economic policy toward the Philippines . Studies in history , economics and public law . 106 ( 2 ed . ) . Columbia University . pp. 192 of 232 . Jump up ^ Wong Kwok Chu , `` The Jones Bills 1912 - 16 : A Reappraisal of Filipino Views on Independence , '' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1982 13 ( 2 ) : 252 - 269 Jump up ^ Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 ( Jones Law ) Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , p. 312Ch. 24 Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , pp. 312 -- 313Ch. 24 ^ Jump up to : Zaide 1994 , p. 313 Jump up ^ Kalaw 1921 , pp. 144 -- 146 Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , pp. 314 -- 5Ch. 24 Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , pp. 315 -- 9Ch. 24 Jump up ^ Brands 1992 , pp. 158 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , p. 325Ch. 25 Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , pp. 329 -- 31Ch. 25 Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( 2004 ) . The World Transformed . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 937102 - 0 . Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , pp. 323 -- 35Ch. 25 Jump up ^ TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES . SIGNED AT MANILA , ON 4 JULY 1946 ( PDF ) , United Nations , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 23 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 Jump up ^ Diosdado Macapagal , Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day , Philippine History Group of Los Angeles , archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 12 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 11 Jump up ^ Manuel S. Satorre Jr. , President Diosdado Macapagal set RP Independence Day on June 12 , . positivenewsmedia.net , archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 , retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10 Jump up ^ AN ACT CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE , AND DECLARING JULY FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY , FURTHER AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY - NINE OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE , Chanrobles Law Library , August 4 , 1964 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 11 ^ Jump up to : The Filipino Veterans Movement , pbs.org , retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 Jump up ^ Josh Levs ( February 23 , 2009 ) , U.S. to pay ' forgotten ' Filipino World War II veterans , CNN Jump up ^ Seeks To Extend Military Benefits To Filipino WWII Vets , CBS San Francisco , January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Summary & Status : H.R. 210 - 112 , The Library of Congress : Thomas . Bibliography ( edit ) Agoncillo , Teodoro Andal ( 1990 ) , `` 11 . The Revolution Second Phase '' , History of the Filipino People ( Eighth ed . ) , University of the Philippines , pp. 187 -- 198 , ISBN 971 - 8711 - 06 - 6 Agoncillo , Teodoro Andal ( 1997 ) , Malolos : The Crisis of the Republic , University of the Philippines Press , ISBN 978 - 971 - 542 - 096 - 9 Beede , Benjamin R. ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 , and U.S. interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : an encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 Blanchard , William H. ( 1996 ) , `` 9 . Losing Stature in the Philippines '' , Neocolonialism American Style , 1960 - 2000 , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 313 - 30013 - 5 Blitz , Amy ( 2000 ) , `` Conquest and Coercion : Early U.S. Colonalism , 1899 - 1916 '' , The Contested State : American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines , Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9935 - 8 Brands , Henry William ( 1992 ) , Bound to empire : the United States and the Philippines , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507104 - 7 questia.com Burns , Adam D. `` Adapting to Empire : William H. Taft , Theodore Roosevelt , and the Philippines , 1900 - 08 , '' Comparative American Studies 11 ( Dec. 2013 ) , 418 - 33 . Constantino , Renato ( 1975 ) , The Philippines : A Past Revisited , ISBN 971 - 8958 - 00 - 2 Elliott , Charles Burke ( 1917 ) , The Philippines : To the End of the Commission Government , a Study in Tropical Democracy Golay , Frank H. ( 1997 ) , Face of empire : United States - Philippine relations , 1898 - 1946 , Ateneo de Manila University Press , ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 254 - 2 . Halstead , Murat ( 1898 ) , `` XXVIII . Battles with the Filipinos before Manila '' , The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions , Including the Ladrones , Hawaii , Cuba and Porto Rico Jernegan , Prescott F ( 2009 ) , The Philippine Citizen , BiblioBazaar , LLC , ISBN 978 - 1 - 115 - 97139 - 3 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1921 ) , The Present Government of the Philippines , Oriental commercial , ISBN 1 - 4067 - 4636 - 3 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 ( Note : 1 . The book cover incorrectly lists author as `` Maximo M Lalaw '' , 2 . Originally published in 1921 by The McCullough Printing Co. , Manila ) Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` V . The Katipunan revolt under Bonifacio and Aguinaldo '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 69 -- 98 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` VI . The Revolutionary Government '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 99 -- 163 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` VII . The Opposition to American Sovereignty ( 1898 - 1901 ) '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 99 -- 163 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix A. Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 413 -- 417 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 ( English translation by the author . Original in Spanish ) Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix C. Aguinaldo 's Proclamation of June 23 , 1898 , Establishing the Revolutionary Government '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 423 -- 429 , retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix D . The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 430 -- 445 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 ( English translation by the author . Original in Spanish ) Kalaw , Maximo M. ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix F : President McKinley 's Instructions to the Taft Commission '' , The development of Philippine politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 452 -- 459 , retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) , In Our Image , Century , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 3732 - 9 Lacsamana , Leodivico Cruz ( 2006 ) , Philippine history and government , Phoenix Publishing House , ISBN 978 - 971 - 06 - 1894 - 1 Miller , Stuart Creighton ( 1984 ) , Benevolent Assimilation : The American Conquest of the Philippines , 1899 - 1903 ( 4th edition , reprint ed . ) , Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 03081 - 5 Seekins , Donald M. ( 1993 ) , `` The First Phase of United States Rule , 1898 -- 1935 '' , in Dolan , Ronald E. , Philippines : A Country Study ( 4th ed . ) , Washington , D.C. : Federal Research Division , Library of Congress , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 25 Trask , David F. ( 1996 ) , The war with Spain in 1898 , University of Nebraska Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 5 Taylor , John R.M. , ed. ( 1907 ) , `` Chapter I. Telegraphic Correspondence of Emilio Aguinaldo , July 15 , 1898 to February 28 , 1899 , Annotated '' ( PDF ) , Compilation of Philippine Insurgent Records , Arms Research Library , originally from War Department , Bureau of Insular Affairs , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 External link in publisher = ( help ) Thayer , William Roscoe ( 1919 ) , `` VII . The Rough Rider '' , Theodore Roosevelt ; an intimate biography , Boston : Houghton Mifflin Titherington , Richard Handfield ( 1900 ) , A history of the Spanish -- American war of 1898 , D. Appleton and Company ( republished by ( 1 ) ) Wolff , Leon ( 2006 ) , Little brown brother : how the United States purchased and pacified the Philippine Islands at the century 's turn , History Book Club ( published 2005 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58288 - 209 - 3 ( Introduction , Decolonizing the History of the Philippine -- American War , by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8 , 2005 ) Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` II . Was independence promised ? '' , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 39 -- 43 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` III . Insurgent `` Coöperation '' `` , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 43 -- 74 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` IV . The Premeditated Insurgent Attack '' , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 75 -- 89 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` IX , The conduct of the war '' , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 168 -- 184 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Zaide , Sonia M. ( 1994 ) , The Philippines : A Unique Nation , All - Nations Publishing Co. , ISBN 971 - 642 - 071 - 4 Primary sources ( edit ) Aguinaldo , Don Emilio y Famy , `` Chapter I . The Revolution of 1896 '' , True Version of the Philippine Revolution , Authorama : Public Domain Books , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Aguinaldo , Don Emilio y Famy , `` Chapter II . The Treaty of Biak - na - bató '' , True Version of the Philippine Revolution , Authorama : Public Domain Books , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Aguinaldo , Don Emilio y Famy , `` Chapter III . Negotiations '' , True Version of the Philippine Revolution , Authorama : Public Domain Books , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Guevara , Sulpico , ed. ( 2005 ) , The laws of the first Philippine Republic ( the laws of Malolos ) 1898 -- 1899. , Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . ( English translation by Sulpicio Guevara ) Further reading ( edit ) Abinales , Patricio N. ; Amoroso , Donna J. ( 2005 ) , State and Society in the Philippines , Philippines : Anvil Publishing , U.S. : Rowman and Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1024 - 7 Agoncillo , Teodoro Andal ( 1974 ) , Introduction to Filipino History , Garotech publishing , ISBN 971 - 8711 - 05 - 8 Alcantra , Teresita A. ( 2002 ) , Arcella , Lydia , ed. , Views on Philippine Revolution , I , Quezon City : University of the Philippines , ISBN 971 - 92410 - 1 - 2 Alcantra , Teresita A. ( 2002 ) , Arcella , Lydia , ed. , Views on Philippine Revolution , II , Quezon City : University of the Philippines , ISBN 971 - 92410 - 1 - 2 Arcilla , José S. ( 1994 ) , An introduction to Philippine history ( Fourth , enlarged ed . ) , Atoneo De Mamila University Press , ISBN 971 - 550 - 261 - X Gates , John M. ( Summer 1985 ) , `` The Official Historian and the Well - Placed Critic : James A. LeRoy 's Assessment of John R.M. Taylor 's `` The Philippine Insurrection against the United States '' `` , The Public Historian , 7 ( 3 ) : 57 -- 67 , doi : 10.2307 / 3377127 , JSTOR 3377127 Richard W. Stewart , ed. ( 2005 ) , `` 16 . Change , and the Road to war , 1902 -- 1917 '' , American Military History , Volume I : The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation , 1775 - 1917 , Center of Military History , United States Army , ISBN 0 - 16 - 072362 - 0 Zuleta , Francisco M. ; Nebres , Abriel M. ( 2007 ) , Philippine History and Government Through the Years , National Bookstore , ISBN 971 - 08 - 6344 - 4 Philippines . Civil Service Board ( 1906 ) . Annual Report of the Philippine Civil Service Board to the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands , Issue 5 . Contributors United States . Philippine Commission ( 1900 -- 1916 ) , United States . Bureau of Insular Affairs . Bureau of Public Printing . ISBN 9715501680 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . ( hide ) Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic Archaeology Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita Philippines portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898 -- 1946 ) &oldid = 817642995 '' Categories : History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) History of the Philippines by period Former colonies in Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Bahasa Indonesia Português Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 18 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the philippines become an american territory | [
"With the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States.[1] The interim U.S. military government of the Philippine Islands experienced a period of great political turbulence, characterised by the Philippine–American War. Beginning in 1901, the military government was replaced by a civilian government—the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands—with William Howard Taft serving as its first Governor-General. From 1901 to 1906 there also existed a series of revolutionary governments that lacked significant international diplomatic recognition."
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-4607983511978379500 | Joe Ranft | Joe Ranft - wikipedia Joe Ranft Jump to : navigation , search Joe Ranft Joseph Henry Ranft ( 1960 - 03 - 13 ) March 13 , 1960 Pasadena , California , U.S. August 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 16 ) ( aged 45 ) Mendocino County , California , U.S. Cause of death Injuries sustained in a single - vehicle traffic collision Nationality American Education Monte Vista High School Alma mater California Institute of the Arts Occupation Screenwriter animator storyboard artist voice actor director magician Years active 1980 -- 2005 Spouse ( s ) Sue Barry ( m . 1985 ; his death 2005 ) Children Joseph Henry Ranft ( March 13 , 1960 -- August 16 , 2005 ) was an American screenwriter , animator , storyboard artist , voice actor and magician who worked for Pixar Animation Studios and Disney at Walt Disney Animation Studios and Disney Television Animation . His brother , Jerome Ranft , is a sculptor who also worked on several Pixar movies . He received an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay nomination as one of the writers of Toy Story ( 1995 ) , and was also co-director on Cars ( 2006 ) , his final work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Death 4 Selected filmography 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Ranft was born in Pasadena , California , and raised in Whittier . As a child , Ranft developed a love for magic , storytelling , film and comedy . At age 15 , he became a member of the Magic Castle Junior Group . After graduating from Monte Vista High School , Whittier , in 1978 , Ranft began studying in the character animation program at the California Institute of the Arts alongside John Lasseter and Brad Bird . After two years , Ranft 's student film Good Humor caught the attention of Disney animation executives , who offered him a job . Career ( edit ) In 1980 , Ranft joined Disney as a writer and storyboard artist . During his first five years with Disney , Joe worked on a number of television projects that were never produced . Later in his Disney career , he was promoted into the Feature Animation department , where he was mentored by Eric Larson . Ranft later spoke about training under the Disney legend : `` He always reminds me of just the fundamental things that I tend to forget . You know , it 's like , animation is so complex ; ' How many drawings are in there ? ' and stuff , but Eric always comes back to like ; ' What does the audience perceive ? ' '' Around this time , he studied under and began performing with the improvisational group , The Groundlings . Ranft stayed with Disney throughout the 1980s , writing the story on many animated features , including Oliver & Company , The Lion King and Beauty and the Beast . He also worked on The Brave Little Toaster in 1987 for Hyperion Animation and James and the Giant Peach in 1996 for Allied Filmmakers . Ranft reunited with Lasseter when he was hired by Pixar in 1991 as their head of story . There he worked on all of their films produced up to 2006 ; this included Toy Story ( for which he received an Academy Award nomination ) and A Bug 's Life , as the co-story writer and others as story supervisor . His final film was Cars . He also voiced characters in many of the films , including Heimlich the caterpillar in A Bug 's Life , Wheezy the penguin in Toy Story 2 , and Jacques the shrimp in Finding Nemo . In the movie Monsters , Inc. , Ranft had a monster named after him ( J.J. Ranft ) as most of the scarers in the film were named for Pixar staff . Ranft used a German accent to voice Heimlich the caterpillar in A Bug 's Life and a French accent to voice Jacques the shrimp in Finding Nemo . He was also given lead story credit on The Brave Little Toaster ( 1987 ) and voiced Elmo St. Peters , the appliance salesman . His favorite writers were Kurt Vonnegut , Hunter S. Thompson , and Tom Wolfe . His favorite magicians were John Carney , Daryl , Michael Ammar , Ricky Jay and Jimmy Grippo . He was posthumously honored in 2006 as a Disney Legend and in 2016 with the Winsor McCay Award , the lifetime achievement award for animators . Death ( edit ) On August 16 , 2005 , Ranft and his friend Eric Frierson were passengers in Ranft 's 2004 Honda Element , which was being driven by another friend , Elegba Earl . Earl suddenly lost control and crashed through the guard rail while northbound on Highway 1 . The SUV plunged 130 feet into the mouth of the Navarro River in Mendocino County , California . Ranft and Earl were both killed instantly . Frierson survived by escaping through the sun roof , though he received moderate injuries . Ranft , who was 45 , died during the production of Cars , which he co-directed and voice acted in . The film and tie - in game are dedicated to his memory , as is Tim Burton 's Corpse Bride , on which Ranft was executive producer . Ranft is survived by his wife Sue and their two children , Jordan and Sophia , and his brother Jerome . Henry Selick called him `` the story giant of our generation . '' In honor of Ranft , in Selick 's animated film production Coraline , the moving SUV that moves Coraline into her new apartment is emblazoned with a `` Ranft Moving , Inc . '' logo . The movers themselves are modeled after Ranft himself and his brother Jerome ; Jerome Ranft voiced one of the movers . In the 2010 DVD re-release of Toy Story 2 , there is a special feature that talks about Ranft and his life and accomplishments . Selected filmography ( edit ) Luau ( 1982 - actor `` I.Q. '' ) The Brave Little Toaster ( 1987 - voice of Elmo St. Peters , Screenplay and Story , directing animator ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 - story artist ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 - Story ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 - Storysketch Artist : animation ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 - Animation Screenplay , Story Supervisor ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 - Story and provided several cartoon screams ) Aladdin ( 1992 - Story and provided several cartoon screams ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 - Storyboard Supervisor , voice of Igor ) The Lion King ( 1994 - Story ) Toy Story ( 1995 - voice of Lenny the Binoculars , Story / Story Supervisor ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 - Storyboard Supervisor ) Toy Story Animated Storybook ( 1996 - voice of Lenny the Binoculars ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 - voice of Heimlich , Story / Story Supervisor ) A Bug 's Life ( video game ) ( 1998 - voice of Heimlich ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 - voice of Wheezy , Additional Story Material ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 - Additional Art : story ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 - Special Thanks ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 - voice of Wheezy ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 - voice of Pete `` Claws '' Ward , Story Artist ) Monkeybone ( 2001 - Streetsquash Rabbit ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 - voice of Pirates ) Finding Nemo ( video game ) ( 2003 - voice of Jacques the Shrimp ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 - voice of Jacques the Shrimp ) Disney 's Extreme Skate Adventure ( 2003 - voice of Wheezy ) The Incredibles ( 2004 - Additional Voices ) Corpse Bride ( 2005 - Executive Producer , Dedication ) Cars ( 2006 - Co-Director , voice of Red and Peterbilt , Screenplay , Dedication , Final roles ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 - Story ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Woollcombe , Alan ( August 23 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Ranft '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Larson , Disney Family Album : Part Three '' . Jump up ^ `` Pixar Artist 's Corner - Joe '' . Pixar . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2002 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Weinberg ( August 19 , 2005 ) . `` Pixar 's Joe Ranft Falls to a Tragic Death '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sheigh Crabtree ( August 18 , 2005 ) . `` Pixar Animation 's Joe Ranft , 45 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles ( May 28 , 2006 ) . `` With ' Cars , ' Pixar Revs Up to Outpace Walt Disney Himself '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles ( August 18 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Ranft , 45 ; Artist for Pixar Animated Films , Voice of Heimlich in ' A Bug 's Life ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Legends `` Disney D23 '' . Legends.disney.go.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Ranft at Behind the Voice Actors '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Joe Ranft on IMDb Pixar Artist 's Corner with Joe Michael Sragow ( November 23 , 1999 ) `` Toy '' Story Man . Salon . Peter Hartlaub ( September 17 , 2003 ) The secret of Pixar 's magic can be found at CalArts ... San Francisco Chronicle . Remembrance by Ronnie del Carmen Obituary by the former President of the Northern California Disneyana Enthusiasts club , citing comments made at Joe Ranft 's memorial Disney Legends profile Remembrance by James S. Baker Joe Ranft at Find a Grave Remembering Joe Ranft by John Musker , via Pixar Planet . ( hide ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature 1998 -- 2000 A Bug 's Life -- John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton / The Prince of Egypt -- Simon Wells , Brenda Chapman , and Steve Hickner ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 -- John Lasseter , Lee Unkrich , and Ash Brannon ( 1999 ) Chicken Run -- Peter Lord and Nick Park ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 Shrek -- Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Cars -- John Lasseter and Joe Ranft ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird and Jan Pinkava ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter and Bob Peterson ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph -- Rich Moore ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie -- Phil Lord and Christopher Miller ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich ( 2017 ) VIAF : 5140089 LCCN : no2004041012 ISNI : 0000 0000 5940 7252 GND : 1061935981 SUDOC : 088969762 BNF : cb141307729 ( data ) IATH : w6b59vgp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Ranft&oldid=819249440 '' Categories : 1960 births 2005 deaths American animators American magicians American film directors American male voice actors American male film actors American storyboard artists Walt Disney Animation Studios people Pixar people Road incident deaths in California Accidental deaths in California California Institute of the Arts alumni Writers from Pasadena , California Animated film directors Film directors from California Male actors from Pasadena , California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 08 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the voice of the caterpillar in a bug's life | [
"Ranft reunited with Lasseter when he was hired by Pixar in 1991 as their head of story.[1] There he worked on all of their films produced up to 2006; this included Toy Story (for which he received an Academy Award nomination) and A Bug's Life, as the co-story writer and others as story supervisor. His final film was Cars. He also voiced characters in many of the films, including Heimlich the caterpillar in A Bug's Life, Wheezy the penguin in Toy Story 2, and Jacques the shrimp in Finding Nemo.[1]"
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-1845865400230246102 | LED display | LED display - wikipedia LED display Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Light - emitting diode ( LED ) based video displays . For LED - backlighted displays , see LED - backlit LCD . For matrixed text displays , see Dot - matrix display . Not to be confused with Vacuum fluorescent display . For segment displays , see Seven - segment display , Nine - segment display , Fourteen - segment display , and Sixteen - segment display . Detail view of a LED display with a matrix of red , green and blue diodes The 1,500 - foot ( 460 m ) long LED display on the Fremont Street Experience in Downtown Las Vegas , Nevada is currently the largest in the world . An LED display is a flat panel display , which uses an array of light - emitting diodes as pixels for a video display . Their brightness allows them to be used outdoors where they are visible in the sun store signs and billboards , and in recent years they have also become commonly used in destination signs on public transport vehicles , as well as variable - message signs on highways . LED displays are capable of providing general illumination in addition to visual display , as when used for stage lighting or other decorative ( as opposed to informational ) purposes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The first true all - LED flat panel television screen was possibly developed , demonstrated and documented by James P. Mitchell in 1977 . Initial public recognition came from the Westinghouse Educational Foundation Science Talent Search group , a Science Service organization . The paper entry was named in the `` Honors Group '' publicized to universities on January 25 , 1978 . The paper was subsequently invited and presented at the Iowa Academy of Science at the University of Northern Iowa . The operational prototype was displayed at the Eastern Iowa SEF on March 18 and obtained a top `` Physical Sciences '' award and IEEE recognition . The project was again displayed at the 29th International SEF at the Anaheim Ca . Convention Center on May 8 -- 10 . The 1⁄4 - inch thin miniature flat panel modular prototype , scientific paper , and full screen ( tiled LED matrix ) schematic with video interface were displayed at this event . It received awards by NASA and General Motors Corporation . This project marked some of the earliest progress towards the replacement of the 70 + year old high - voltage analog CRT system ( cathode - ray tube technology ) with a digital x-y scanned LED matrix driven with a NTSC television RF video format . Mitchell 's paper projected the future replacement of CRTs and included foreseen application to battery operated devices due the advantages of low - power . Displacement of the electromagnetic scan systems included the removal of inductive deflection , electron beam and color convergence circuits and has been a significant achievement . The unique properties of the light emitting diode as an emissive device simplifies matrix scanning complexity and has helped the modern television adapt to digital communications and shrink into its current thin form factor . The 1977 model was monochromatic by design . The efficient Blue LED completing the color triad , did not arrive for another decade . Large displays now use high - brightness diodes to generate a wide spectrum of colors . It took three decades and organic light - emitting diodes for Sony to introduce an OLED TV , the Sony XEL - 1 OLED screen which was marketed in 2009 . Later , at CES 2012 , Sony presented Crystal LED , a TV with a true LED - display ( in which LEDs are used to produce actual images rather than acting as backlighting for other types of display , as in LED - backlit LCDs which are commonly marketed as LED TVs ) . The 2011 UEFA Champions League Final match between Manchester United and Barcelona was broadcast live in 3D format in Gothenburg ( Sweden ) , on an EKTA screen . It had a refresh rate of 100 Hz , a diagonal of 7.11 m ( 23 ft 3.92 in ) and a display area of 6.192 × 3.483 m , and was listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest LED 3D TV . The 40m large LED display at the Armin Only event in April 2008 in the Jaarbeurs Utrecht The LED Display at the Taipei Arena displays commercials and movie trailers . See also ( edit ) AMOLED QLED References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Science Service 1719 N Street N.W. Washington , D.C. 20036 ( 1978 ) , https://student.societyforscience.org/science-talent-search-through-years . Jump up ^ The honors group STS projects were released for publication January 25 , 1978 to `` all leading universities and colleges of the united States utilizing a list furnished for the American Council on Education '' . Jump up ^ This event was held April 21 -- 22 in Cedar Falls , Iowa at the UNI campus Jump up ^ Mitchell 's abstract title `` Light Emitting Diode Television Screen '' was published in the Honors Group of the 37th Annual Science Talent Search for the Westinghouse Science Scholarship and Awards in 1978 , this qualified Mitchell for the UNI paper presentation that followed Jump up ^ Science and Engineering Fair http://www.eisef.org Jump up ^ ISEF winner history http://www.eisef.org/pmwiki/index.php/Web/SeniorChampionsByYear Jump up ^ Project was viewed by ISEF judges , Los Angeles area college professors , the 1977 president of the national chapter of the IEEE , and also included a public viewing . Jump up ^ The prototype and scientific paper `` Light Emitting Diode Television Screen '' were part of exhibit # 635 . Jump up ^ 29th ISEF `` Announcement of Awards '' , p. 4 , May 13 , 1978 , published by the Science Service , 1719 N Street Washington D.C. 20036 . Jump up ^ 3rd Grand GM ISEF award , GM was also the corporate sponsor of the 1978 Science Service event . 1978 29th Annual ISEF `` Announcement of Awards '' , p. 5 , ( note : Intel Corporation is the current sponsor of this event ) . Jump up ^ Mitchell 's modular LED x-y ( horizontally and vertically digitally scanned array system ) was cited in the 29th International Science and Engineering Exposition `` book of abstracts '' , p. 97 , published by the `` Science Service '' , Washington D.C. May 1978 . Jump up ^ Mitchell continued to display the fully operational prototype including May 6 at the University of Northern Iowa Industrial Arts event capturing another first award . Additional recognition included letters from Iowa senators John Culver and Dick Clark , the Air Force , the Army , college and university letters acknowledging the Westinghouse STS paper entry . Jump up ^ EKTA 's Ukrainian produced 3D Led TV makes The Guinness Book of World Records Archived 2011 - 10 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , www.ekta-led.com Jump up ^ Largest LED 3D TV . guinnessworldrecords.com External links ( edit ) Media related to LED displays at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Display technology Video displays Current generation Eidophor Electroluminescent display ( ELD ) Electronic paper E Ink Gyricon Light emitting diode display ( LED ) Cathode ray tube ( CRT ) ( Monoscope ) Liquid - crystal display ( LCD ) TFT TN LED Blue Phase IPS Plasma display panel ( PDP ) ALiS Digital Light Processing ( DLP ) Liquid crystal on silicon ( LCoS ) Next generation Organic light - emitting diode ( OLED ) AMOLED Organic light - emitting transistor ( OLET ) Surface - conduction electron - emitter display ( SED ) Field emission display ( FED ) Laser TV Quantum dot Liquid crystal MEMS display IMoD TMOS DMS Quantum dot display ( QD - LED ) Ferro liquid crystal display ( FLCD ) Thick - film dielectric electroluminescent technology ( TDEL ) Telescopic pixel display ( TPD ) Laser - powered phosphor display ( LPD ) Non-video Electromechanical Flip - dot Split - flap Vane Eggcrate Fiber optic Nixie tube Vacuum fluorescent display ( VFD ) Light - emitting electrochemical cell ( LEC ) Lightguide display Dot - matrix display Seven - segment display ( SSD ) Nine - segment display Fourteen - segment display ( FSD ) Sixteen - segment display ( SISD ) 3D display Stereoscopic Autostereoscopic Multiscopic Hologram Holographic display Computer - generated holography Volumetric Musion Eyeliner Fog display Static media Movie projector Neon sign Destination sign Slide projector Transparency Laser beam Display capabilities EDID CEA - 861 DisplayID DisplayHDR Related articles History of display technology Large - screen television technology Optimum HDTV viewing distance High - dynamic - range imaging ( HDRI ) Color Light Output Flexible display Comparison of display technology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LED_display&oldid=829284429 '' Categories : Display technology Light - emitting diodes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Galego მარგალური Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 18 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first led tv come out | [
"The 1977 model was monochromatic by design. The efficient Blue LED completing the color triad, did not arrive for another decade. Large displays now use high-brightness diodes to generate a wide spectrum of colors. It took three decades and organic light-emitting diodes for Sony to introduce an OLED TV, the Sony XEL-1 OLED screen which was marketed in 2009. Later, at CES 2012, Sony presented Crystal LED, a TV with a true LED-display (in which LEDs are used to produce actual images rather than acting as backlighting for other types of display, as in LED-backlit LCDs which are commonly marketed as LED TVs)."
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"2009"
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-1289704190260346544 | Bad Boys (Inner Circle song) | Bad Boys ( Inner Circle song ) - wikipedia Bad Boys ( Inner Circle song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Bad Boys '' Swedish single picture sleeve , 1990 Single by Inner Circle from the album One Way and Bad Boys / Bad to the Bone B - side `` Sweat ( A La La La La Long ) '' Released 1991 , 1993 Format 7 - inch single Genre Reggae Length 3 : 52 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Ian Lewis Audio sample file help `` Bad Boys '' is a 1987 song by the Jamaican reggae band Inner Circle , which obtained `` high '' popularity in the United States after its re-release in 1993 , peaking at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 7 on the Top 40 Mainstream . It is well known as the opening theme to the U.S. TV show Cops . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The song was originally released in 1987 on the album One Way and obtained minor airplay and poor sales . However , in 1992 , it was also included on the Bad to the Bone album , and the song was released as a single in 1993 , after the unexpected success of their previous international hit single `` Sweat ( A La La La La Long ) '' . `` Bad Boys '' reached number 52 in the United Kingdom and number 8 in the United States ; in the latter territory , it was certified gold and sold 600,000 copies . The song was also released as B - side on Inner Circle 's 1992 single `` Sweat ( A La La La La Long ) '' . The song was also released as a single in mid-1991 in Norway ; it peaked at number one for three weeks . This song makes references to `` Sheriff John Brown '' , who was the sheriff killed in Bob Marley 's song `` I Shot the Sheriff '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Year Chart Peak position 1991 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 21 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 35 Ireland ( IRMA ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 52 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 15 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles 58 US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 27 US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 7 2006 US Billboard Hot Ringtones 10 2007 US Billboard Hot Ringtones 20 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 69 In popular culture ( edit ) `` Bad Boys '' was selected as the theme song to Cops because a field producer for the show happened to be a fan of Inner Circle . The song , which was very popular during the 1990s , was also used in the Will Smith and Martin Lawrence action / comedy film Bad Boys and the sequel Bad Boys II ( some of the lyrics are sung by Smith and Lawrence in both films ) . See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 1991 ( Finland ) List of number - one songs in Norway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Inner Circle -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inner Circle : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' . RIAA . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . Vol. 106 no . 3 . 15 January 1994 . p. 73 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` cdBBQ : Inner Circle '' . Cdbbq.com . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in Finnish ) Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0993 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Inner Circle '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Inner Circle -- Bad Boys '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1993 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Gil ( 2 July 1994 ) . `` Inner Circle 's Sphere of Influence - Big Beat / Atlantic Set Follows ' Bad ' Breakthrough '' . Billboard . Vol. 106 no . 27 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Inner Circle Biography '' . Bad Boys of Reggae . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker , Klive ( 2005 ) . Dubwise : reasoning from the reggae underground . Insomniac Press . p. 203 . ISBN 1 - 894663 - 96 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Inner Circle Ian Lewis Roger Lewis Bernard `` Touter '' Harvey Michael Sterling Lancelot Hall Trevor `` Skatta '' Bonnick Michael `` Ibo '' Cooper Stephen `` Cat '' Coore William Stewart William `` Bunny Rugs '' Clarke Irvin `` Carrot '' Jarrett Milton `` Prilly '' Hamilton Charles Farquharson Calvin McKenzie Funky Brown Jacob Miller Lester Adderley Norman Grant Rick Hunt Calton Coffie Dave Gonzales Kris Bentley Jr . Jazz Albums Bad to the Bone ( 1992 ) Singles `` Bad Boys '' `` Sweat ( A La La La La Long ) '' `` Games People Play '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Boys_(Inner_Circle_song)&oldid=804700831 '' Categories : 1987 songs 1993 singles Inner Circle ( band ) songs Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Norway Songs written for films Television theme songs Hidden categories : Articles with Finnish - language external links Articles containing Finnish - language text Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKchartarchive Singlechart making named ref Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 16 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the theme song for the show cops | [
"\"Bad Boys\" is a 1987 song by the Jamaican reggae band Inner Circle, which obtained \"high\" popularity in the United States after its re-release in 1993, peaking at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 7 on the Top 40 Mainstream.[1] It is well known as the opening theme to the U.S. TV show Cops."
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"Jamaican reggae band Inner Circle"
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1722567211350835203 | I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore | I Do n't Feel at home in This world Anymore - Wikipedia I Do n't Feel at home in This world Anymore Jump to : navigation , search I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore Film poster Directed by Macon Blair Produced by Mette - Marie Kongsved Neil Kopp Vincent Savino Anish Savjani Written by Macon Blair Starring Melanie Lynskey Elijah Wood David Yow Jane Levy Devon Graye Music by Brooke Blair Will Blair Cinematography Larkin Seiple Edited by Tomas Vengris Production company Film Science XYZ Films Distributed by Netflix Release date January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) ( Sundance Film Festival ) February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) ( United States ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language English I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore ( often stylized I do n't feel at home in this world anymore . ) is a 2017 American comedy thriller film written and directed by Macon Blair in his directorial debut . It stars Melanie Lynskey , Elijah Wood , David Yow , Jane Levy and Devon Graye . The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19 , 2017 ; it went on to win the Grand Jury Prize for the U.S. Dramatic competition . It was released by Netflix on 24 February 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Accolades 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ruth , a nursing assistant , has a bad start to her day when one of her patients dies . When she returns home , she realizes she has been burgled . She reports to the police that the thief has stolen anti-depressants and anti-anxiety medication along with her grandmother 's silverware and a laptop . When she asks Detective William Bendix for advice , he chastises her for leaving her door unlocked . Convinced the police will be of no help , she goes door to door , asking her neighbors if they saw anything suspicious . One of them , Tony , a heavy metal fan , becomes enraged that someone would target a neighbor . Frightened by his reaction , Ruth leaves ; however , later , she returns to seek his help after the police refuse to follow up on a mobile app revealing the location of her laptop . Ruth and Tony go to the location , where a man accidentally knocks himself out in a confrontation with Tony 's martial arts weapon and Ruth intimidates the owner into returning her laptop . He reveals he bought it from a fence who operates a resale shop . After getting the shop 's address , Ruth and Tony celebrate their victory by getting drunk and dancing . Investigating further the next morning , Ruth finds her grandmother 's silverware and a man whose shoe matches a print left in her yard . Ruth gets into a scuffle with the fence when he demands she pay for the stolen silverware . After he breaks her finger , Tony knocks him unconscious , and they flee . After Ruth becomes frustrated that she was not able to confront the youth she suspects to be the burglar , Tony reveals that he caught the license plate number on the van he rode away in . Tony researches the tag number of the van online , revealing the owner of the van and possible thief as Christian Rumack . Ruth takes all her evidence to Bendix , but he scolds her for investigating her case without police assistance . Though he warns that she will endanger herself further if she continues to engage in vigilantism , Ruth and Tony impersonate cops at the address linked to the tag on the thief 's getaway van . A woman named Meredith lets them inside her mansion and answers their questions regarding Christian Rumack and the van . She reveals that the owner of the van , her husband Chris , is not the one who uses the van ; it is instead her step - son , who was given the van by his father . She says Christian became disowned by his father after being jailed for drug - related offenses and befriending criminals he met there . Chris senior returns home abruptly with his bodyguard and angrily questions Meredith 's intelligence for allowing Ruth and Tony inside , as they are obviously not cops . As Chris ' bodyguard holds them at gunpoint , Chris wearily offers to pay them off . He is confused when Ruth refuses his money , and she says she merely wants to confront Christian about his behavior . Chris taunts her for her idealism , and , as they leave , Ruth vandalizes his lawn art , stealing a sculpture , to which Tony protests . Christian and his friends , Marshall and Dez , watch from the side , calling off their intended robbery of Chris and instead send Christian to confront Ruth about what she knows about them . He surprises her inside her home , and she crushes his windpipe in defense . As he staggers into the street , a bus strikes and kills him . Marshall and Dez kidnap Ruth , forcing her to take Christian 's place in their heist . Armed with an empty pistol , Ruth gains them entry into the mansion . Meredith and Cesar are held at gunpoint and told to summon Chris . Dez shoots Chris in the hand after he comes downstairs ; his gruesome injury causes Ruth to vomit , and she drops her gun . Cesar grabs it , and attempts to shoot Marshall , who fires back at him . As the two fight , Cesar pulls off Marshall 's mask , but is shot in the neck and dies . Marshall demands that Chris open the safe hidden in the fireplace that Christian told them about . Marshall opens it to find that there is no cash inside , only documents , and in the moment of calm Ruth protests that she is a hostage , using her unloaded gun as proof . She is ignored , and Marshall and Dez proclaim that they are `` done here '' . Dez raises her gun to kill Meredith , but Ruth steps in front of her . Tony arrives , stolen lawn sculpture in hand , and strikes Dez in the face with a ninja star . When Dez tries to fire her gun at Tony , it backfires and explodes , blowing her hand off . Chris takes the opportunity to try to steal Marshall 's gun , but Marshall accidentally shoots him through the head , killing him . Marshall points his gun at Tony next , but Ruth wrestles him to the ground . Dez stabs Tony several times in the stomach and then advances on Ruth . Marshall 's gun goes off as Ruth tears at his hand with her teeth , and a stray bullet strikes Dez in the head , killing her . Ruth gains the upper hand over Marshall , bludgeoning him in the head and leg with the butt of his own gun , and helps Tony flee into the forest behind the mansion . Marshall recovers and chases them as Meredith flees the mansion unnoticed and alone . Ruth hides Tony under some brush , as he can no longer walk due to his wounds , and continues to run from Marshall . After a long chase and confrontation , Ruth attacks Marshall by throwing rocks at him , and his sudden movements cause him to be bitten by a water moccasin that Ruth had avoided earlier . Ruth leaves him to die from his wounds . Panicked that she can not find Tony on her way back , Ruth sees her grandmother 's ghost point her in the correct direction . Grateful that Ruth saved her life , Meredith neglects to identify her as one of the burglars to Bendix . Ruth returns to her daily life with Tony , who survives his wounds , and she joins his church . Cast ( edit ) Melanie Lynskey as Ruth Kimke Elijah Wood as Tony David Yow as Marshall Jane Levy as Dez Devon Graye as Christian Rumack , Jr . Christine Woods as Meredith Robert Longstreet as Christian Rumack Gary Anthony Williams as William Bendix Lee Eddy as Angie Derek Mears as Donkey Jason Manuel Olazabal as Cesar Maxwell Hamilton as Smoker Matt Orduna as Dan Michelle Moreno as Jana Huff Jeb Berrier as Gearhead Writer and director Macon Blair makes a cameo appearance as a man Ruth meets at a bar . The movie is dedicated `` For Lee & Buck . '' ( Lee Eddy who played Angie & Buck Eddy - Blair who played young Ruth ) Production ( edit ) In April 2016 , it was announced Melanie Lynskey and Elijah Wood had been cast in the film , with Macon Blair writing and directing the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began in April 2016 , in Portland , Oregon . Release ( edit ) The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19 , 2017 . It received a worldwide release on February 24 , 2017 , streaming exclusively on Netflix . Critical reception ( edit ) I Do n't Feel At Home in This World Anymore received positive reviews from film critics . It currently holds an 88 % `` fresh '' rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , based on 51 reviews , with an average score of 7.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` I Do n't Feel At Home In This World Anymore transcends its unwieldy title to offer timely , intoxicatingly dark observations on gender dynamics and social norms in modern America . '' On Metacritic , the film has a 75 out of 100 rating , based on 15 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Gotham Independent Film Awards November 27 , 2017 Best Actress Melanie Lynskey Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Printable Film Guide '' ( PDF ) . Sundance Film Festival . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Sundance Film Festival Award Winners '' ( PDF ) . Sundance Film Festival Official Site . Sundance Organization . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmidlin , Charlie ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Elijah Wood on What It 's Like to Work with Nicolas Cage on ' The Trust ' '' . Vice . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Macon Blair '' . Digesis Magazine . May 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Macon Blair '' . Filmmaker Magazine . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Elijah Wood 's in Portland -- where should he visit ? '' . Oregon Live . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spitz , Enid ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` The New Elijah Wood Movie Is Filming in NoPo Tonight '' . wweek.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sundance 2017 : Robert Redford , New Rashida Jones Netflix Series , ' Rebel In The Rye ' & More On Premiere , Docu , Midnight & Kids Slates '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Announces Slate of Original Films , Documentaries and Series at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival '' . The Futon Critic . December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` i do n't feel at home in this world anymore . Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` ' Get Out ' Leads 2017 Gotham Awards Nominations '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore on IMDb I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore at Rotten Tomatoes Awards Preceded by The Birth of a Nation Sundance Grand Jury Prize : U.S. Dramatic 2017 Most recent ( hide ) Netflix films and documentaries Current Documentaries The Zen of Bennett ( 2012 ) The Short Game ( 2013 ) The Square ( 2014 ) Mitt ( 2014 ) The Battered Bastards of Baseball ( 2014 ) Print the Legend ( 2014 ) E-Team ( 2014 ) Virunga ( 2014 ) Hot Girls Wanted ( 2015 ) What Happened , Miss Simone ? ( 2015 ) Tig ( 2015 ) Winter on Fire : Ukraine 's Fight for Freedom ( 2015 ) My Beautiful Broken Brain ( 2016 ) Extremis ( 2016 ) The White Helmets ( 2016 ) Audrie & Daisy ( 2016 ) Amanda Knox ( 2016 ) 13th ( 2016 ) Into the Inferno ( 2016 ) I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead ( 2016 ) The Ivory Game ( 2016 ) Casting JonBenet ( 2017 ) Get Me Roger Stone ( 2017 ) Joshua : Teenager vs. Superpower ( 2017 ) Icarus ( 2017 ) Heroin ( e ) ( 2017 ) Strong Island ( 2017 ) Gaga : Five Foot Two ( 2017 ) One of Us ( 2017 ) Jim & Andy : The Great Beyond ( 2017 ) Cuba and the Cameraman ( 2017 ) Films Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 ) A Very Murray Christmas ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon : Sword of Destiny ( 2016 ) Pee - wee 's Big Holiday ( 2016 ) Special Correspondents ( 2016 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) The Fundamentals of Caring ( 2016 ) Brahman Naman ( 2016 ) Rebirth ( 2016 ) Tallulah ( 2016 ) XOXO ( 2016 ) ARQ ( 2016 ) The Siege of Jadotville ( 2016 ) Mascots ( 2016 ) I Am the Pretty Thing That Lives in the House ( 2016 ) 7 Años ( 2016 ) True Memoirs of an International Assassin ( 2016 ) Mercy ( 2016 ) Spectral ( 2016 ) Barry ( 2016 ) Coin Heist ( 2017 ) Clinical ( 2017 ) Take the 10 ( 2017 ) iBoy ( 2017 ) Imperial Dreams ( 2017 ) Girlfriend 's Day ( 2017 ) I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore ( 2017 ) Burning Sands ( 2017 ) Deidra & Laney Rob a Train ( 2017 ) The Most Hated Woman in America ( 2017 ) The Discovery ( 2017 ) Win It All ( 2017 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) Sand Castle ( 2017 ) Tramps ( 2017 ) Small Crimes ( 2017 ) Handsome : A Netflix Mystery Movie ( 2017 ) Blame ! 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( 2018 ) Paradox ( 2018 ) The Titan ( 2018 ) Roxanne Roxanne ( 2018 ) First Match ( 2018 ) Happy Anniversary ( 2018 ) 6 Balloons ( 2018 ) Come Sunday ( 2018 ) Upcoming films Dude ( 2018 ) Kodachrome ( 2018 ) The Week Of ( 2018 ) Cargo ( 2018 ) Ibiza ( 2018 ) Alex Strangelove ( 2018 ) The Angel ( 2018 ) Set It Up ( 2018 ) The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter ( 2018 ) How It Ends ( 2018 ) To All the Boys I 've Loved Before ( 2018 ) Private Life ( 2018 ) Apostle ( 2018 ) The Highwaymen ( 2018 ) Velvet Buzzsaw ( 2018 ) Norway ( 2018 ) Outlaw King ( 2018 ) Untitled Noah Baumbach Project ( 2018 ) Bird Box ( 2018 ) Extinction ( 2018 ) Sierra Burgess Is a Loser ( 2018 ) The Land of Steady Habits ( 2018 ) The Other Side of the Wind ( 2018 ) Untitled Alex Lehmann Project ( 2018 ) Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle ( 2018 ) Roma ( 2018 ) Hold the Dark ( 2018 ) The Irishman ( 2019 ) Triple Frontier ( 2019 ) Anastasia ( TBA ) Brain on Fire ( TBA ) IO ( TBA ) Juanita ( TBA ) Nappily Ever After ( TBA ) Someone Great ( TBA ) The Dirt ( TBA ) The Last Laugh ( TBA ) Wine Country ( TBA ) Unreleased Gore Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Feel_at_Home_in_This_World_Anymore&oldid=833549701 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American drama films American crime films Directorial debut films Netflix original films Films shot in Oregon Films about revenge Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 08 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | i don't feel at home in this world anymore filming locations | [
"Principal photography began in April 2016, in Portland, Oregon.[6][7]"
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"Portland, Oregon"
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-8547141384536867652 | Notting Hill (film) | Notting Hill ( film ) - Wikipedia Notting Hill ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Notting Hill Theatrical release poster Directed by Roger Michell Produced by Duncan Kenworthy Written by Richard Curtis Starring Julia Roberts Hugh Grant Hugh Bonneville Emma Chambers James Dreyfus Rhys Ifans Tim McInnerny Gina McKee Music by Trevor Jones Cinematography Michael Coulter Edited by Nick Moore Production company PolyGram Filmed Entertainment Working Title Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date 21 May 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 21 ) Running time 124 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget US $42 million Box office US $364 million Notting Hill is a 1999 British romantic comedy film set in Notting Hill , London , released on 21 May 1999 . The screenplay was by Richard Curtis , who had written Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) , and the film was produced by Duncan Kenworthy and directed by Roger Michell . The film stars Hugh Grant , Julia Roberts , Rhys Ifans , Emma Chambers , Tim McInnerny , Gina McKee , and Hugh Bonneville . Notting Hill was well received by critics and became the highest grossing British film released that year . The film won a BAFTA , was nominated in two other categories , and won other awards , including a British Comedy Award and a Brit Award for the soundtrack . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Lists 5.3 Box office 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) William `` Will '' Thacker owns an independent book store , The Travel Book Co. in Notting Hill . He is divorced and shares his house with an eccentric , care - free Welshman named Spike and has a small , tight knit group of friends that includes his sister , Honey . Will encounters Hollywood actress Anna Scott when she enters his shop . Minutes later , they collide in the street and his drink spills on her clothes . Will offers his house nearby for Anna to change . Before leaving , she impulsively kisses him and then asks him not to mention what just occurred . Days later , Spike belatedly relays a message from Anna . Will calls and she invites him to visit her at the Ritz Hotel . On arrival , Will is mistaken for a journalist -- in a panic he claims he works for Horse & Hound -- and is made to interview not only Anna , but the entire cast of her new sci - fi film , which he knows nothing about . Anna calls him back in and says she has cleared her evening . Will is exhilarated , before remembering that he is expected at his sister Honey 's birthday party ; Anna surprises him by offering to be his date . At the house of Will 's friends Max and Bella , Anna fits in perfectly as they all share stories . Honey immediately recognizes Anna and declares them best friends instantly . She and Will share a private moment in a garden square as they walk back from the birthday party . The following evening they go to a restaurant , where Will overhears a group of patrons making crude remarks about Anna and attempts to defend her , before Anna steps in herself and humiliates them . As they walk back to her hotel , she invites Will up to her room . But when he arrives , she tells him he must leave immediately . Her American movie star boyfriend ( who was never mentioned until now ) appears and starts to bark orders at him , thinking he 's a member of the hotel staff , as well as make unflattering comments about Anna 's weight . Anna is apologetic and embarrassed , while a stunned Will leaves . Over the next six months , Max and Bella set Will up on a series of blind dates , trying to help him move on ; however Will , still hung up on Anna , does not connect with any of them . Much of the filming took place on Portobello Road . One day , a distraught Anna appears at Will 's doorstep ; some pre-stardom nude photos have been published in the tabloids ( along with reports of a video filmed without her permission ) , and she needs a place to hide from the fallout . Once she calms down , they spend some time on the rooftop patio rehearsing lines from Anna 's next film . She also apologizes for the previous incident , telling Will her boyfriend simply showed up out of the blue and the relationship had broken down long before then . When she sees a poster of the Marc Chagall painting La Mariée on his kitchen wall , Anna tells Will that `` it feels like how love should be '' . That night , Anna goes to him and they have sex . The next morning , the press ( inadvertently tipped off by Spike ) besiege Will 's house and get pictures of both him and Anna half - dressed . While packing to leave , a furious Anna accuses Will of exploiting the situation for his own benefit and declares that she regrets their time together , because the press will make sure it never goes away . Seasons pass and Will , though determined to forget Anna , remains miserable . Spike and Honey find the numbers to Anna 's New York and London agents , encouraging him to reach out , but Will decides to throw them away . At a dinner with his friends , Will discovers that Anna is now an Oscar winner and back in town making a period film . He visits her location shoot , where Anna sees him and invites him past security . Although things are not going well on set , she asks him to stay because there are `` things to say '' . He is surprised to find that it is a Henry James film , something he had previously suggested would be a good role for Anna . Given headphones to listen to the actors over their microphones , Will overhears Anna bantering with her rude co-star , until the co-star mentions seeing Will and Anna refers to him dismissively . Saddened , Will leaves the set . The next day , Anna comes to the bookshop with a present . Visibly nervous , she apologizes for her previous behavior and expresses a desire to rekindle their relationship . When Will points out her comments the previous day , she explains that she would never discuss her private life with `` the most indiscreet man in England . '' Believing it inevitable that they would break up , Will turns her down , as her superstar status would mean he could never really escape the pain of losing her , and having it happen a third time would crush him . Although saddened , Anna accepts his decision , but reminds him that underneath all the fame -- which is really just nonsense -- she is `` also just a girl , standing in front of a boy , asking him to love her . '' Will meets his friends in a restaurant with the opened gift -- the original La Mariée . They take turns supporting his decision to end the relationship by ( halfheartedly ) pointing out Anna 's flaws . When Spike enters and is told what happened , he promptly calls Will a `` daft prick '' . Will reiterates Anna 's last comment and realizes his mistake . They pile into Max 's car and race across London to Anna 's hotel , where they find that she has checked out and is holding a press conference at the Savoy Hotel . When Will arrives , Anna 's publicist is telling the crowd that Anna will be taking time off from making films and leaving the UK that night . Will , pretending to be a reporter again , admits he made the wrong decision and begs Anna to reconsider . After admitting she would , Anna announces that she will be staying in Britain `` indefinitely . '' Anna and Will smile at one another from across the room as the press goes into a frenzy . A montage shows their wedding and arrival at one of Anna 's movie premieres , before ending with them on a bench in the private garden , Will reading to a visibly pregnant Anna . Cast ( edit ) ( in credits order ) Julia Roberts as Anna Scott Hugh Grant as William `` Will '' Thacker Richard McCabe as Tony Rhys Ifans as Spike James Dreyfus as Martin Dylan Moran as Rufus , the thief Roger Frost as the Annoying Customer Henry Goodman as the Ritz Concierge Julian Rhind - Tutt as ' Time Out ' Journalist Lorelei King as Anna 's Publicist John Shrapnel as Anna 's UK press agent Clarke Peters as ' Helix ' Lead Actor Arturo Venegas as Foreign Actor Yolanda Vazquez as Interpreter Mischa Barton as 12 - year - old Actress in ' Helix ' Tim McInnerny as Max Gina McKee as Bella Emma Chambers as Honey Thacker Hugh Bonneville as Bernie Dorian Lough as Loud Man in Restaurant Sanjeev Bhaskar as Loud Man in Restaurant Paul Chahidi as Loud Man in Restaurant Matthew Whittle as Loud Man in Restaurant Melissa Wilson as Tessa Emma Bernard as Keziah Emily Mortimer as Perfect Girl Tony Armatrading as Security Man September Buckley as Third Assistant Director Phillip Manikum as Harry the Sound Man ( as Philip Manikum ) Samuel West as Anna 's Co-star ( as Sam West ) Dennis Matsuki as Japanese Businessman Patrick Barlow as the Savoy Concierge Andy de la Tour as Journalist Maureen Hibbert as Journalist Rupert Procter as Journalist ( as Rupert Proctor ) David Sternberg as Journalist Ann Beach as William 's Mother Uncredited cast Alec Baldwin as Jeff King Andrew Blackall as Journalist Ian Boo Khoo as Journalist Simon Callow as Himself in Film - within - Film Kenneth W Caravan as Film Crew Matthew Christian as Photographer Joe Cornish as Fan Receiving Anna 's Autograph Sean Cronin as Walk On Omid Djalili as Cashier at Coffee Shop Ray Donn as Journalist Michael Higgs as Man at Market Stuart D. Latham as Market Stall Holder Anthony Maddalena as Entertainment Journalist João Costa Menezes as Journalist Patrick Dempsey as Actor in Film - within - Film Taylor Murphy as Journalist Tim Packham as Reporter Sally Phillips as Caroline ( scenes deleted ) Moses Rockman as Wedding Guest Vivienne Soan as Bystander Leigh Tapper as Man in Market Richard Woolfenden as Press Photographer Casting notes Julia Roberts was the `` one and only '' choice for the role of Anna Scott , although Roger Michell and Duncan Kenworthy did not expect her to accept . Her agent told her it was `` the best romantic comedy she had ever read '' . Roberts said that after reading the script she decided she was `` going to have to do this '' . The decision to cast Hugh Grant as William Thacker was unanimous , as he and Richard Curtis had a `` writer / actor marriage made in heaven '' . Michell said that `` Hugh does Richard better than anyone else , and Richard writes Hugh better than anyone else '' , and that Grant is `` one of the only actors who can speak Richard 's lines perfectly '' . Mischa Barton appears as the child actor whom Will pretends to interview for Horse & Hound . The casting of Bonneville , McInnerny , McKee , Chambers , and Ifans as Will 's friends was `` rather like assembling a family '' . Michell explained that `` When you are casting a cabal of friends , you have to cast a balance of qualities , of types and of sensibilities . They were the jigsaw that had to be put together all in one go , and I think we 've got a very good variety of people who can realistically still live in the same world . '' Sanjeev Bhaskar has a cameo role as a loud and offensive restaurant patron ( who refers to Meg Ryan as the actress who has an orgasm every time she 's taken out for a cup of coffee ) in the restaurant Anna and Will visit . Alec Baldwin makes an uncredited appearance as Anna 's boyfriend , Jeff King . Production ( edit ) `` I would sometimes wonder what it would be like if I just turned up at my friends ' house , where I used to have dinner once a week , with the most famous person at that time , be it Madonna or whomever . It all sprang from there . How would my friends react ? Who would try and be cool ? How would you get through dinner ? What would they say to you afterwards ? '' -- Richard Curtis Richard Curtis developed the film from thoughts while lying awake at night . He described the starting point as `` the idea of a very normal person going out with an unbelievably famous person and how that impinges on their lives '' . Four Weddings and a Funeral director Mike Newell was approached but rejected it to work on Pushing Tin . He said that in commercial terms he had made the wrong decision , but did not regret it . The producer , Duncan Kenworthy , then turned to Roger Michell , saying that `` Finding someone as good as Roger , was just like finding the right actor to play each role . Roger shone out . '' Curtis chose Notting Hill as he lived there and knew the area , saying `` Notting Hill is a melting pot and the perfect place to set a film '' . This left the producers to film in a heavily populated area . Kenworthy noted `` Early on , we toyed with the idea of building a huge exterior set . That way we would have more control , because we were worried about having Roberts and Grant on public streets where we could get thousands of onlookers . '' In the end they decided to film in the streets . Michell was worried `` that Hugh and Julia were going to turn up on the first day of shooting on Portobello Road , and there would be gridlock and we would be surrounded by thousands of people and paparazzi photographers who would prevent us from shooting '' . The location team , and security personnel prevented this , as well as preventing problems the presence of a film crew may have caused the residents of Notting Hill , who Michell believes were `` genuinely excited '' about the film . The location manager Sue Quinn , described finding locations and getting permission to film as `` a mammoth task '' . Quinn and the rest of her team had to write to thousands of people in the area , promising to donate to each person 's favourite charity , resulting in 200 charities receiving money . `` The major problem we encountered was the size of our film unit . We could n't just go in and shoot and come out . We were everywhere . Filming on the London streets has to be done in such a way that it comes up to health and safety standards . There is no such thing as a road closure . We were very lucky in the fact that we had 100 % cooperation from the police and the Council . They looked favorably on what we were trying to do and how it would promote the area . '' -- Sue Quinn Stuart Craig , the production designer , was pleased to do a contemporary film , saying `` we 're dealing with streets with thousands of people , market traders , shop owners and residents which makes it really complex '' . Filming began on 17 April 1998 in West London and at Shepperton Studios . Will 's bookshop was on Portobello Road , one of the main areas in which filming took place . Other places within Notting Hill included Westbourne Park Road , Golborne Road , Landsdowne Road and the Coronet Cinema . Will 's house , 280 Westbourne Park Road , was owned by Richard Curtis and behind the entrance there is a grand house , not the flat in the film that was made up in the studios . The blue door was auctioned for charity . The current door is blue again . The Travel Book Store is located at 142 Portobello Road . After filming for six weeks in Notting Hill , filming moved to the Ritz Hotel , where work had to take place at night , the Savoy Hotel , the Nobu Restaurant , the Zen Garden of the Hempel Hotel and Kenwood House . One of the final scenes takes place at a film premiere , which presented difficulties . Michell wanted to film Leicester Square but was declined . Police had found fans at a Leonardo DiCaprio premiere problematic and were concerned the same might occur at the staged premiere . Through a health and safety act , the production received permission to film and constructed the scene in 24 hours . Interior scenes were the last to be filmed , at Shepperton Studios . The final cut was 3.5 hours long , 90 minutes edited out for release . The film features the 1950 Marc Chagall painting La Mariée . Anna sees a print of the painting in William 's home and later gives him what is presumably the original . Michell said in Entertainment Weekly that the painting was chosen because Curtis was a fan of Chagall 's work and because La Mariée `` depicts a yearning for something that 's lost . '' The producers had a reproduction made for the film , but had to get permission from the owner as well as clearance from the Design and Artists Copyright Society . Finally , according to Kenworthy , `` we had to agree to destroy it . They were concerned that if our fake was too good , it might float around the market and create problems . '' The article also noted that `` some experts say the real canvas could be worth between US $500,000 and US $1 million . '' The film features the book Istanbul : The Imperial City ( 1996 ) by John Freely . William recommends this book to Anna , commenting that ( unlike another book in the store ) the author has at least been to Istanbul . In reality , Freely taught at Boğaziçi University in Istanbul , and was the author of nine books about the city . In the very last scene of the movie , Will is shown reading the book Captain Corelli 's Mandolin by Louis de Bernières . Music ( edit ) Music was composed by Trevor Jones . Several additional songs written by other artists include Elvis Costello 's cover of the Charles Aznavour song `` She '' , Shania Twain 's remixed version of `` You 've Got A Way '' , as well as Ronan Keating 's specially recorded cover of `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ; the song reached number one in the British charts . Pulp recorded new song `` Born to Cry '' , which was released on the European version of the soundtrack album . The song played when Will strides down Portobello Road is `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' by Bill Withers . Tony and Bernie play `` Blue Moon '' on the piano at Tony 's restaurant on the night it closes . Originally , Charles Aznavour 's version of `` She '' was used in the film , but American test screening audiences did not respond to it . Costello was then brought in by Richard Curtis to record a cover version of the song . Both versions of the song appear in non-US releases . The soundtrack album was released by Island Records . US version track listing `` No Matter What '' -- Boyzone `` You 've Got a Way '' ( Notting Hill remix ) -- Shania Twain `` I Do ( Cherish You ) '' -- 98 Degrees `` She '' -- Elvis Costello `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' -- Bill Withers `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart ? '' -- Al Green `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' -- Spencer Davis Group `` When You Say Nothing at All '' - Ronan Keating `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' -- Lighthouse Family `` From the Heart '' - Another Level `` Everything About You '' - Steve Poltz `` Will and Anna '' -- Trevor Jones ( Score ) `` Notting Hill '' -- Trevor Jones ( Score ) The film score and original music was recorded and mixed by Gareth Cousins ( who also mixed all the songs used in the film ) and Simon Rhodes . Release ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) This article contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry . Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally - worded summary with appropriate citations . Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote . ( March 2018 ) The film had generally positive reviews , scoring an 83 % `` Certified fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 93 reviews with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 , the website 's critical consensus reads : `` Charming performances provide romance aplenty . '' . Variety 's Derek Elley said that `` It 's slick , it 's gawky , it 's 10 minutes too long , and it 's certainly not `` Four Weddings and a Funeral Part 2 '' in either construction or overall tone `` , giving it an overall positive review . Cranky Critic called it `` Bloody damned good '' , as well as saying that it was `` A perfect date flick . '' Nitrate said that `` Notting Hill is whimsical and light , fresh and quirky '' , with `` endearing moments and memorable characters '' . In his review of the film 's DVD John J. Puccio noted that `` the movie is a fairy tale , and writer Richard Curtis knows how much the public loves a fairy tale '' , calling it `` a sweet film '' . Desson Howe of The Washington Post gave the film a very positive review , particularly praising Rhys Ifans ' performance as Spike . James Sanford gave Notting Hill three and a half stars , saying that `` Curtis ' dialogue may be much snappier than his sometimes dawdling plot , but the first hour of Notting Hill is so beguiling and consistently funny it seems churlish to complain that the rest is merely good . '' Sue Pierman of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel stated that `` Notting Hill is clever , funny , romantic -- and oh , yes , reminiscent of Four Weddings and a Funeral '' , but that the film `` is so satisfying , it does n't pay to nitpick . '' Roger Ebert praised the film , saying `` the movie is bright , the dialogue has wit and intelligence , and Roberts and Grant are very easy to like . '' Kenneth Turan gave a good review , concluding that `` the film 's romantic core is impervious to problems '' . CNN reviewer Paul Clinton said that Notting Hill `` stands alone as another funny and heartwarming story about love against all odds '' . Widgett Walls of Needcoffee.com gave the film `` three and a half cups of coffee '' , stating that `` the humor of the film saves it from a completely trite and unsatisfying ( nay , shall I say enraging ) ending '' , but criticised the soundtrack . Dennis Schwartz gave the film a negative review with a grade of `` C - '' citing `` this film was pure and unadulterated balderdash '' . Some criticised the film for giving a `` sweetened unrealistic view of London life and British eccentricity . '' The Independent derided the film for being unrealistic . Lists ( edit ) Notting Hill was 95th on the British Film Institute 's `` list of the all - time top 100 films '' , based on estimates of each film 's British cinema admissions . Box Office ( edit ) The film had its premiere at the Odeon , Leicester Square , on 27 April 1999 . It earned US $116,089,678 as its overall domestic gross , with a worldwide gross of US $363,889,678 . It totalled US $27.7 million over its opening weekend , an American record , the biggest opening for a romantic comedy film , beating My Best Friend 's Wedding ( which also starred Julia Roberts ) . Notting Hill made another US $15 million the following week . One month after its release , Notting Hill lost its record for highest - grossing opening weekend for a romantic comedy film to Runaway Bride ( again starring Roberts ) . It was the sixteenth highest - grossing film of 1999 , and in February 2014 was the 215th highest - grossing film of all time . In 1999 , it became the then highest - grossing British film . It opened the same weekend as Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , which did not affect its box - office takings , as Notting Hill opened at number 2 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Notting Hill won the Audience Award for Most Popular Film at the BAFTAs in 2000 , and was nominated in the categories of The Alexander Korda Award for Outstanding British Film of the year , and Best Performance by an Actor in a supporting role for Rhys Ifans . The film won Best Comedy Film at the British Comedy Awards . The film 's soundtrack won Best Soundtrack at the Brit Awards , beating Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . The film won Best British Film , Best British Director for Roger Michell , and Best British Actor for Hugh Grant at the Empire Awards . The film received three nominations at the Golden Globes , in the categories Best Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical , Best Motion Picture Actor -- Comedy / Musical for Hugh Grant , and Best Motion Picture Actress -- Comedy / Musical for Julia Roberts . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About the Production '' . Notting Hill.com . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Romantic Comedy Dream Team '' . Notting Hill.com . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jane ( 12 May 2007 ) . `` Mischa Barton : Little Miss Sunshine '' . The Mail on Sunday . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 95 : NOTTING HILL '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Elley , Derek ( 30 April 1999 ) . `` Notting Hill '' . Variety . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind - the - Scenes '' . Notting Hill.com . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Chris Parry . `` The man who told Notting Hill to ' sod off ' '' . eFilm Critic . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notting Hill , the place , the movie location '' . Notting Hill.com . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Notting Hill -- Filming Locations '' . Movieloci.com . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Greg Dean Schmitz . `` Notting Hill ( 1999 ) '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Joe Dziemianowicz ; Clarissa Cruz ( 11 June 1999 ) . `` Flashes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Murat Taşçi ; Tunçel Gŭlsoy . `` John Freely Interview '' . Boğaziçi'nin Hafizasi alumni magazine . Scribd . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Notting Hill '' . Filmtracks.com . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` When You Say Nothing at All '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Darryl Chamberlain ( 20 July 1999 ) . `` Elvis alive and well in Notting Hill '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Notting Hill ( 1999 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Notting Hill '' . Cranky Critic . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Savada , Elias ( 28 May 1999 ) . `` Notting Hill '' . Nitrate . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ John J. Puccio . `` Notting Hill ( Ultimate Edition ) '' . DVD Town.com . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Desson Howe ( 28 May 1999 ) . `` ' Notting Hill ' : Easy to Love '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ James Sanford . `` Notting Hill '' . Kalamazoo Gazette . Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Sue Pierman ( 27 May 1999 ) . `` ' Notting Hill ' is perfect romantic fit for Roberts , Grant '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on 29 September 2000 . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 28 May 1999 ) . `` Notting Hill '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan ( 28 May 1999 ) . `` Notting Hill '' . Calendar Live . Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Paul Clinton ( 27 May 1999 ) . `` Review : Julia , Hugh a perfect match for ' Notting Hill ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Widgett Walls . `` Notting Hill ( 1999 ) '' . Needcoffee.com . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Dennis Schwartz ( 29 November 2000 ) . `` Notting Hill '' . Ozus ' World Movie Reviews . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom Brook ( 5 June 1999 ) . `` Money takes over the movies '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Orr , Deborah ( 20 May 1999 ) . `` It 's Notting Hill , but not as I know it '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Notting Hill premieres in Leicester Square '' . BBC News . 27 April 1999 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NOTTING HILL '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Notting Hill has The Force '' . BBC News . 2 June 1999 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Brandon Gray ( 2 June 1999 ) . `` Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Brandon Gray ( 7 June 1999 ) . `` Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Brandon Gray ( 21 June 1999 ) . `` Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Brandon Gray ( 3 August 1999 ) . `` Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Notting Hill breaks film record ... '' BBC News . 26 August 1999 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 British Academy of Film and Television Awards '' . infoplease.com . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta nominations in full '' . BBC News . 1 March 2000 . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Past Winners 1999 '' . British Comedy Awards . Archived from the original on 29 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brits 2000 : The winners '' . BBC News . 3 March 2000 . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` What are they doing ? '' . British Theatre Guide . 20 February 2000 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2007 . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Notting Hill '' . TheGoldenGlobes.com . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . 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1521771334870147729 | Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone | Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For other uses , see Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( disambiguation ) . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Cover for one of the earliest UK editions Author J.K. Rowling Illustrator Thomas Taylor ( UK Edition ) Jonny Duddle ( 2014 UK Edition ) Mary GrandPré ( US Edition ) Kazu Kibuishi ( 2013 US Edition ) Jim Kay ( Illustrated edition ) Series Harry Potter Release number 1st in series Genre Fantasy Publisher Bloomsbury ( UK ) ( Canada 2010 -- present ) Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic ( US ) Raincoast ( Canada 1998 -- 2010 ) Publication date 26 June 1997 ( UK ) 1 September 1998 ( US ) Pages 223 ( UK Edition ) 332 ( 2014 UK Edition ) 309 ( US Edition ) 336 ( 2013 US Edition ) 256 ( Illustrated Edition ) ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3269 - 9 Followed by Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and J. K. Rowling 's debut novel , first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury . It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998 . The plot follows Harry Potter , a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends and a few enemies in his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . With the help of his friends , Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort , who killed Harry 's parents , but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old . The novel won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US . The book reached the top of the New York Times list of best - selling fiction in August 1999 and stayed near the top of that list for much of 1999 and 2000 . It has been translated into at least seventy three other languages and has been made into a feature - length film of the same name , as have all six of its sequels . Most reviews were very favourable , commenting on Rowling 's imagination , humour , simple , direct style and clever plot construction , although a few complained that the final chapters seemed rushed . The writing has been compared to that of Jane Austen , one of Rowling 's favourite authors , Roald Dahl , whose works dominated children 's stories before the appearance of Harry Potter , and the Ancient Greek story - teller Homer . While some commentators thought the book looked backwards to Victorian and Edwardian boarding school stories , others thought it placed the genre firmly in the modern world by featuring contemporary ethical and social issues . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , along with the rest of the Harry Potter series , has been attacked by several religious groups and banned in some countries because of accusations that the novels promote witchcraft , but other religious commentators have written that the book exemplifies important viewpoints , including the power of self - sacrifice and the ways in which people 's decisions shape their personalities . The series has been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques , sociological analysis and marketing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Plot 1.2 Main characters 2 Development , publication and reception 2.1 Development 2.2 Publication and reception in the United Kingdom 2.3 U.S. publication and reception 2.4 Translations 3 Style and themes 4 Legacy 4.1 Sequels 4.2 Illustrated Version 4.3 Film version 4.4 Video games 4.5 Uses in education and business 5 Release history 6 Footnotes 6.1 Notes 6.2 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Plot ( edit ) As the main title suggests , the plot centres on a legendary alchemical substance which is believed by some to give immortality The most evil and powerful dark wizard in history , Lord Voldemort , murders James and Lily Potter but mysteriously disappears after failing to kill their infant son , Harry . While the wizarding world celebrates Voldemort 's apparent downfall , Professor Dumbledore , Professor McGonagall and half - giant Rubeus Hagrid place the one - year - old orphan in the care of his surly and cold Muggle uncle and aunt , Vernon and Petunia Dursley and their spoilt and bullying son , Dudley . For ten years , living at number Four Privet Drive , Harry is treated by the Dursleys more like a servant than a member of the family and is forced to live in a cupboard under the stairs . Shortly before his eleventh birthday , a series of letters addressed to Harry arrive , but Uncle Vernon destroys them before Harry can read them , leading to an influx of more and more letters . To evade the pursuit of these letters , Vernon first takes the family to a hotel , but when the letters arrive there too , he hires a boat out to a hut on a small island . It is Harry 's eleventh birthday and at midnight , Hagrid bursts through the door to deliver the letter and to tell Harry what the Dursleys have kept from him : Harry is a wizard and has been accepted into Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , where Hagrid is groundskeeper and Dumbledore is Headmaster . Hagrid takes Harry to a hidden London street called Diagon Alley , where he is surprised to discover how famous he is among the witches and wizards , who refer to him as `` the boy who lived . '' He also finds that his parents ' inheritance is waiting for him at Gringotts Wizarding Bank . Guided by Hagrid , he buys the equipment he will need for his first year at Hogwarts and as a birthday gift Harry receives a pet owl from Hagrid ( which he names `` Hedwig '' ) . A month later , Harry leaves the Dursleys ' home to catch the Hogwarts Express from King 's Cross railway station . There he meets the Weasley family , who show him how to pass through the magic wall to Platform 93⁄4 , where the train that will take them to Hogwarts is waiting . While on the train , Harry meets two fellow first years , Ron Weasley , who immediately becomes his friend , and Hermione Granger , with whom the ice is a bit slower to break . Harry also makes an enemy of yet another first - year , Draco Malfoy . Draco offers to advise Harry , but Harry dislikes Draco for his arrogance and prejudice and rejects his offer of `` friendship '' . At Hogwarts , the first - years are assigned by the magical Sorting Hat to houses that best suit their personalities . While Harry is being sorted , the Hat suggests that he be placed into Slytherin which is known to house potential dark witches and wizards , but when Harry objects , the Hat sends him to Gryffindor . Ron and Hermione are also sorted into Gryffindor . Draco is sorted into Slytherin , like his whole family before him . Harry starts classes at Hogwarts School , with lessons including Transfiguration with head of Gryffindor , Minerva McGonagall , Herbology with Head of Hufflepuff , Pomona Sprout , Charms with Head of Ravenclaw Filius Flitwick , and Defence Against the Dark Arts with Quirinus Quirrell . Harry 's least favourite class is Potions , taught by Severus Snape , the vindictive Head of Slytherin who seems to loathe Harry . Harry , Ron , and Hermione become far more interested by extracurricular matters within and outside the school , particularly after they discover that a huge three - headed dog is standing guard over a trap door in a forbidden corridor . They also become suspicious of Snape 's behaviour and become convinced that he is looking for ways to get past the trapdoor to whatever it 's hiding . Harry discovers an innate talent for flying on broomsticks and is appointed as Seeker on his House 's Quidditch team , a wizards ' sport played in the air . His first game goes well until his broomstick wobbles in mid-air and almost throws him off . Ron and Hermione suspect foul play from Snape , whom they saw behaving oddly . For Christmas , Harry receives an invisibility cloak from an anonymous source and begins exploring the school at night and investigating the hidden object further . He discovers the Mirror of Erised ( backwards for `` desire '' ) , in which the viewer sees his or her deepest desires becoming true . Thanks to an indiscretion from Hagrid , Harry and his friends work out that the object kept at the school is a Philosopher 's Stone , made by an old friend of Dumbledore named Nicolas Flamel , which grants its user immortality , as long as it 's constantly used . Harry is also informed by a centaur he meets in the forest that a plot to steal the Philosopher 's Stone is being orchestrated by none other than Voldemort himself , who would use it to be restored to his body and come back to power . When Dumbledore is lured from Hogwarts under false pretences , Harry and his friends fear that the theft is imminent and descend through the trapdoor themselves . They encounter a series of obstacles , each of which requires unique skills possessed by one of the three , and one of which requires Ron to sacrifice himself in a life - sized game of wizard 's chess . In the final room , Harry , now alone , finds Quirrell , who admits that he had tried to kill Harry at his Quidditch match against Slytherin . He also admits that he let a troll into Hogwarts . Snape had been trying to protect Harry all along rather than to kill him , and his suspicious behaviour came from his own suspicions about Quirrell . Quirrell is one of Voldemort 's followers , and is now partly possessed by him : Voldemort 's face has sprouted on the back of his own head , hidden by his turban . Voldemort needs Harry 's help to get past the final obstacle : the Mirror of Erised . When stood in front of it , the Mirror recognises Harry 's lack of greed for the Stone and surreptitiously deposits it in his pocket . Quirrell promptly tries to seize the Stone , but his flesh burns on contact with Harry , proving lethal for Quirrell . Harry passes out and awakens in the school hospital , where Dumbledore explains to him that he survived because his mother sacrificed her life to protect him , and this left a powerful protective charm on him . It is also revealed that the invisibility cloak was left by his father for Dumbledore to keep and give to Harry . Voldemort left Quirrell to die and is likely to return by some other means . The Stone has now been destroyed . The school year ends at the final feast , during which Gryffindor wins the House Cup . Harry returns to the Dursleys ' for the summer holiday but does not tell them that under - age wizards are forbidden to use magic outside of Hogwarts . Main characters ( edit ) Harry Potter is an orphan whom Rowling imagined as a `` scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did n't know he was a wizard . '' She developed the series ' story and characters to explain how Harry came to be in this situation and how his life unfolded from there . Apart from the first chapter , the events of this book take place just before and in the year following Harry 's eleventh birthday . Voldemort 's attack left a lightning bolt - shaped scar on Harry 's forehead , which produces stabbing pains whenever Voldemort is present . Harry has a natural talent for Quidditch and became the first person in decades to get on their team in their first year . Ronald Weasley is Harry 's age and Rowling describes him as the ultimate best friend , `` always there when you need him . '' He is freckled , red - haired and quite tall . He grew up in a fairly large pure - blood family as the sixth born of seven children . Although his family is quite poor , they still live comfortably and happily . His loyalty and bravery in the face of a game of Wizards Chess plays a vital part in finding the Philosopher 's Stone . Hermione Granger , the daughter of an all - Muggle family , is a bossy girl who has apparently memorised most of the textbooks before the start of term . Rowling described Hermione as a `` very logical , upright and good '' character with `` a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness '' . Despite her nagging efforts to keep Harry and Ron out of trouble , she becomes a close friend of the two boys after they save her from a troll , and her magical and analytical skills play an important role in finding the Philosopher 's Stone . She has bushy brown hair and rather large front teeth . Neville Longbottom is a plump , diffident boy , so forgetful that his grandmother gives him a Remembrall , although he can not remember why . Neville 's magical abilities are weak and appeared just in time to save his life when he was eight . Despite his timidity , Neville will fight anyone after some encouragement or if he thinks it is right and important . Rubeus Hagrid , a half - giant nearly 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) tall , with tangled black hair and beard , was expelled from Hogwarts and his wand was snapped in half ( resulting in him never to use a wand again ) , however Professor Dumbledore let him stay on as the school 's gamekeeper , a job which enables him to lavish affection and pet names on even the most dangerous of magical creatures . Hagrid is fiercely loyal to Dumbledore and quickly becomes a close friend of Harry , Ron and , later , Hermione , but his carelessness makes him unreliable . Professor Albus Dumbledore , a tall , thin man who wears half - moon spectacles and has silver hair and a beard that tucks into his belt , is the headmaster of Hogwarts , and thought to be the only wizard Voldemort fears . Dumbledore , while renowned for his achievements in magic , he shrugs off praise , he is aware of his own brilliance . Rowling described him as the `` epitome of goodness '' . Professor Minerva McGonagall , a tall , severe - looking woman with black hair tied in a tight bun , teaches Transfiguration , and sometimes transforms herself into a cat . She is Deputy Headmistress , and Head of Gryffindor House and , according to the author , `` under that gruff exterior '' is `` a bit of an old softy '' . Petunia Dursley , the sister of Harry 's mother Lily , is a thin woman with a long neck that she uses for spying on the neighbours . She regards her magical sister as a freak and tries to pretend that she never existed . Vernon Dursley is the husband of Petunia Dursley , is a heavily built man whose irascible bluster covers a narrow mind and a fear of anything unusual . Dudley Dursley is an overweight , spoiled bully , and cousin of Harry Potter ( who uses Harry as his punching bag ) . Draco Malfoy is a slim , pale boy who speaks in a bored drawl . He is arrogant about his skill in Quidditch , and despises anyone who is not a pure - blood wizard -- and wizards who do not share his views . His parents had supported Voldemort , but changed sides after the dark wizard 's disappearance , claiming they had been bewitched . Draco avoids direct confrontations , and tries to get Harry and his friends into trouble . Oliver Wood is Harry 's Quidditch captain for the Gryffindor Quidditch team . He plays as keeper . Professor Quirrell is a twitching , stammering man who teaches Defence Against the Dark Arts . Reputedly he was a brilliant scholar , but his nerve was shattered by an encounter with vampires . Quirrell wears a turban to conceal the fact that he is voluntarily possessed by Voldemort , whose face appears on the back of Quirrell 's head . Professor Severus Snape , who has a hooked nose , sallow complexion and greasy black hair , teaches Potions , but would prefer to teach Defence Against the Dark Arts . Snape praises pupils in Slytherin , his own House but seizes every opportunity to humiliate others , especially Harry . Several incidents , beginning with the shooting pain in Harry 's scar during the start - of - term feast , lead Harry and his friends to think Snape is a follower of Voldemort . Argus Filch , the school caretaker who knows the school 's secret passages better than anyone else except , possibly , the Weasley twins . His cat , Mrs. Norris , aids his constant hunt for misbehaving pupils . Other members of staff include the dumpy Herbology teacher and Head of Hufflepuff House Professor Sprout , Professor Flitwick , the tiny and excitable Charms teacher , and Head of Ravenclaw House , the soporific History of Magic teacher , Professor Binns , a ghost who does not seem to have noticed his own death ; and Madam Hooch , the Quidditch coach , who is strict , but a considerate and methodical teacher . The poltergeist Peeves wanders around the castle causing trouble wherever he can . In the book , Rowling introduces an eclectic cast of characters . The first character to be introduced is Vernon Dursley , Harry 's uncle . Most of the actions centre on the eponymous hero Harry Potter , an orphan who escapes his miserable childhood with the Dursley family . Rowling imagined him as a `` scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did n't know he was a wizard '' , and says she transferred part of her pain about losing her mother to him . During the book , Harry makes two close friends , Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger . Ron is described by Rowling as the ultimate best friend , `` always there when you need him '' . Rowling has described Hermione as a `` very logical , upright and good '' character with `` a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness '' . Rowling also imagined a supporting cast of adults . The headmaster of Hogwarts is the powerful , but kind wizard Albus Dumbledore , who becomes Harry 's confidant ; Rowling described him as `` epitome of goodness '' . His right hand is severe Minerva McGonagall , who according to the author `` under that gruff exterior '' is `` a bit of an old softy '' , the friendly half - giant Rubeus Hagrid , who saved Harry from the Dursley family , and the sinister Severus Snape . Professor Quirrell is also featured in the novel . The main antagonists are Draco Malfoy , an elitist , bullying classmate and Lord Voldemort , the most powerful evil wizard who becomes disembodied when he tries to kill baby Harry . According to a 1999 interview with Rowling , the character of Voldemort was created as a literary foil for Harry , and his backstory was intentionally not fleshed - out at first : The basic idea ... Harry , I saw Harry very very very clearly . Very vividly . And I knew he did n't know he was a wizard . ( ... ) And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was . ( ... ) When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry -- he tried to curse him . ( ... ) And -- so -- but for some mysterious reason , the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , who has been in hiding ever since . Development , publication and reception ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The book , which was Rowling 's debut novel , was written between approximately June 1990 and some time in 1995 . In 1990 Jo Rowling , as she preferred to be known , wanted to move with her boyfriend to a flat in Manchester and in her words , `` One weekend after flat hunting , I took the train back to London on my own and the idea for Harry Potter fell into my head ... A scrawny , little , black - haired , bespectacled boy became more and more of a wizard to me ... I began to write Philosopher 's Stone that very evening . Although , the first couple of pages look nothing like the finished product . '' Then Rowling 's mother died and , to cope with her pain , Rowling transferred her own anguish to the orphan Harry . Rowling spent six years working on Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , and after it was accepted by Bloomsbury , she obtained a grant of £ 8,000 from the Scottish Arts Council , which enabled her to plan the sequels . She sent the book to an agent and a publisher , and then the second agent she approached spent a year trying to sell the book to publishers , most of whom thought it was too long at about 90,000 words . Barry Cunningham , who was building a portfolio of distinctive fantasies by new authors for Bloomsbury Children 's Books , recommended accepting the book , and the eight - year - old daughter of Bloomsbury 's chief executive said it was `` so much better than anything else '' . Publication and reception in the United kingdom ( edit ) Imitation of the fictional Platform 93⁄4 at the real King 's Cross railway station , with a luggage trolley apparently halfway through the magical wall Bloomsbury accepted the book , paying Rowling a £ 2,500 advance , and Cunningham sent proof copies to carefully chosen authors , critics and booksellers in order to obtain comments that could be quoted when the book was launched . He was less concerned about the book 's length than about its author 's name , since the title sounded like a boys ' book to him , and he believed boys preferred books by male authors . Rowling therefore adopted the nom de plume J.K. Rowling just before publication . In June 1997 , Bloomsbury published Philosopher 's Stone with an initial print - run of 500 copies in hardback , three hundred of which were distributed to libraries . Her original name , `` Joanne Rowling '' , can be found in small print on the copyright page of this first British edition . ( The 1998 first American edition would remove reference to `` Joanne '' completely . ) The short initial print run was standard for first novels , and Cunningham hoped booksellers would read the book and recommend it to customers . Examples from this initial print run have sold for as much as US $33,460 in a 2007 Heritage Auction . Lindsey Fraser , who had supplied one of the blurb comments , wrote what is thought to be the first published review , in The Scotsman on 28 June 1997 . She described Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone as `` a hugely entertaining thriller '' and Rowling as `` a first - rate writer for children '' . Another early review , in The Herald , said , `` I have yet to find a child who can put it down . '' Newspapers outside Scotland started to notice the book , with glowing reviews in The Guardian , The Sunday Times and The Mail on Sunday , and in September 1997 Books for Keeps , a magazine that specialised in children 's books , gave the novel four stars out of five . The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' ; a view echoed by the Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are , this time , justified '' ) , while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' and The Scotsman said it had `` all the makings of a classic '' . In 1997 the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9 to 11 year - olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize . The Smarties award , which is voted for by children , made the book well - known within six months of publication , while most children 's books have to wait for years . The following year , Philosopher 's Stone won almost all the other major British awards that were decided by children . It was also shortlisted for children 's books awards adjudicated by adults , but did not win . Sandra Beckett comments that books which were popular with children were regarded as undemanding and as not of the highest literary standards -- for example the literary establishment disdained the works of Roald Dahl , an overwhelming favourite of children before the appearance of Rowling 's books . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 22 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone won two publishing industry awards given for sales rather than literary merit , the British Book Awards Children 's Book of the Year and the Booksellers ' Association / Bookseller Author of the Year . By March 1999 UK editions had sold just over 300,000 copies , and the story was still the UK 's best - selling title in December 2001 . A Braille edition was published in May 1998 by the Scottish Braille Press . Platform 93⁄4 , from which the Hogwarts Express left London , was commemorated in the real - life King 's Cross railway station with a sign and a trolley apparently passing through the wall . US publication and reception ( edit ) Original U.S. cover of Sorcerer 's Stone UK to American translation examples UK American mum , mam mom sherbet lemon lemon drop motorbike motorcycle chips fries crisp chip jelly Jell - O jacket potato baked potato jumper sweater Scholastic Corporation bought the U.S. rights at the Bologna Book Fair in April 1997 for US $105,000 , an unusually high sum for a children 's book . They thought that a child would not want to read a book with the word `` philosopher '' in the title and , after some discussion , the American edition was published in September 1998 under the title Rowling suggested , Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone . Rowling claimed that she regretted this change and would have fought it if she had been in a stronger position at the time . Philip Nel has pointed out that the change lost the connection with alchemy , and the meaning of some other terms changed in translation , for example from `` crumpet '' to `` muffin '' . While Rowling accepted the change from both the British English `` mum '' and Seamus Finnigan 's Irish variant `` mam '' to `` mom '' in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , she vetoed this change in the later books , which was then reversed in later editions of Philosopher 's Stone . However , Nel considered that Scholastic 's translations were considerably more sensitive than most of those imposed on British English books of the time , and that some other changes could be regarded as useful copyedits . Since the British editions of early titles in the series were published a few months earlier than the American versions , some American readers became familiar with the British English versions after buying them via the Internet . At first the most prestigious reviewers ignored the book , leaving it to book trade and library publications such as Kirkus Reviews and Booklist , which examined it only by the entertainment - oriented criteria of children 's fiction . However , more penetrating specialist reviews ( such as one by Cooperative Children 's Book Center Choices , which pointed out the complexity , depth and consistency of the world Rowling had built ) attracted the attention of reviewers in major newspapers . Although The Boston Globe and Michael Winerip in The New York Times complained that the final chapters were the weakest part of the book , they and most other American reviewers gave glowing praise . A year later the US edition was selected as an American Library Association Notable Book , a Publishers Weekly Best Book of 1998 , and a New York Public Library 1998 Best Book of the Year , and won Parenting Magazine 's Book of the Year Award for 1998 , the School Library Journal Best Book of the Year , and the American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults . In August 1999 , Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone topped the New York Times list of best - selling fiction , and stayed near the top of the list for much of 1999 and 2000 , until the New York Times split its list into children 's and adult sections under pressure from other publishers who were eager to see their books given higher placings . Publishers Weekly 's report in December 2001 on cumulative sales of children 's fiction placed Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone 19th among hardbacks ( over 5 million copies ) and 7th among paperbacks ( over 6.6 million copies ) . In May 2008 , Scholastic announced the creation of a 10th Anniversary Edition of the book that was released on 1 October 2008 to mark the tenth anniversary of the original American release . For the fifteenth anniversary of the books , Scholastic re-released Sorcerer 's Stone , along with the other six novels in the series , with new cover art by Kazu Kibuishi in 2013 . Translations ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter in translation By mid-2008 , official translations of the book had been published in 67 languages.By September 11 , 2017 , official translations of the book had been published in 74 languages . Bloomsbury have published translations in Latin and in Ancient Greek , and the latter was described as `` one of the most important pieces of Ancient Greek prose written in many centuries '' . Style and themes ( edit ) See also : Harry Potter influences and analogues Philip Nel highlighted the influence of Jane Austen , whom Rowling has greatly admired since the age of twelve . Both novelists encourage re-reading , because details that look insignificant foreshadow important events or characters much later in the story - line -- for example Sirius Black is briefly mentioned near the beginning of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , and then becomes a major character in the third to fifth books . Like Austen 's heroines , Harry often has to re-examine his ideas near the ends of books . Some social behaviour in the Harry Potter books is remininiscent of Austen , for example the excited communal reading of letters . Both authors satirise social behaviour and give characters names that express their personalities . However in Nel 's opinion Rowling 's humour is more based on caricature and the names she invents are more like those found in Charles Dickens 's stories , and Amanda Cockrell noted that many of these express their owners ' traits through allusions that run from ancient Roman mythology to eighteenth - century German literature . Rowling , like the Narnia series ' author C.S. Lewis , thinks there is no rigid distinction between stories for children and for adults . Nel also noted that , like many good writers for children , Rowling combines literary genres -- fantasy , young adult fiction , boarding school stories , Bildungsroman and many others . Some reviewers compared Philosopher 's Stone to the stories of Roald Dahl , who died in 1990 . Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor , but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and , in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of Philosopher 's Stone , seven of the ten most popular children 's books were by Dahl , including the one in top place . The only other really popular children 's author of the late 1990s was an American , R.L. Stine . Some of the story elements in Philosopher 's Stone resembled parts of Dahl 's stories ; for example , the hero of James and the Giant Peach lost his parents and had to live with a pair of unpleasant aunts -- one fat and one thin rather like Mr. and Mrs. Dursley , who treated Harry as a servant . However Harry Potter was a distinctive creation , able to take on the responsibilities of an adult while remaining a child inside . Librarian Nancy Knapp and marketing professor Stephen Brown noted the liveliness and detail of descriptions , especially of shop scenes such as Diagon Alley . Tad Brennan commented that Rowling 's writing resembles that of Homer : `` rapid , plain , and direct in expression . '' Stephen King admired `` the sort of playful details of which only British fantasists seem capable '' and concluded that they worked because Rowling enjoys a quick giggle and then moves briskly forward . Nicholas Tucker described the early Harry Potter books as looking back to Victorian and Edwardian children 's stories : Hogwarts was an old - style boarding school in which the teachers addressed pupils formally by their surnames and were most concerned with the reputations of the houses with which they were associated ; characters ' personalities were plainly shown by their appearances , starting with the Dursleys ; evil or malicious characters were to be crushed rather than reformed , including Filch 's cat Mrs Norris ; and the hero , a mistreated orphan who found his true place in life , was charismatic and good at sports , but considerate and protective towards the weak . Several other commentators have stated that the books present a highly stratified society including many social stereotypes . However Karin Westerman drew parallels with 1990s Britain : a class system that was breaking down but defended by those whose power and status it upheld ; the multi-ethnic composition of Hogwarts ' students ; the racial tensions between the various intelligent species ; and school bullying . Susan Hall wrote that there is no rule of law in the books , as the actions of Ministry of Magic officials are unconstrained by laws , accountability or any kind of legal challenge . This provides an opportunity for Voldemort to offer his own horrific version of order . As a side - effect Harry and Hermione , who were brought up in the highly regulated Muggle world , find solutions by thinking in ways unfamiliar to wizards . For example , Hermione notes that one obstacle to finding the Philosopher 's Stone is a test of logic rather than magical power , and that most wizards have no chance of solving it . Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional , status - conscious , materialistic Dursleys was Rowling 's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s , which treated the married heterosexual couple as the `` preferred norm '' , while the author was a single mother . Harry 's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty . This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley family throughout the series , and in his treatment of first Rubeus Hagrid and later Remus Lupin and Sirius Black as father - figures . Legacy ( edit ) Sequels ( edit ) The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , was originally published in the UK on July 2 , 1998 and in the US on June 2 , 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on July 8 , 1999 and in the US on September 8 , 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version . It was published worldwide in English on June 21 , 2003 . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on July 16 , 2005 and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release . The seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was published on July 21 , 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release : 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US . Illustrated version ( edit ) An illustrated version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was released in October 2015 , with illustrations by Jim Kay . The book carries over 100 illustrations and will be followed by illustrated versions of all seven books from the series by the same artist . Film version ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) In 1999 , Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( $1,982,900 ) . Rowling demanded that the principal cast be kept strictly British but allowed for the casting of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore and of foreign actors as characters of the same nationalities in later books . After extensive casting , filming began in September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London , with production ending in July 2001 . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was released in London on 14 November 2001 . Reviewers ' comments were positive , as reflected by an 80 % Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes and by a score of 64 % at Metacritic , representing `` generally favourable reviews '' . Video games ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( video game ) Five unique video games by different developers were released between 2001 and 2003 by Electronic Arts , loosely based on the film and book : Developer Release date Platform Genre GameRankings Metacritic Notes KnowWonder 15 November 2001 Microsoft Windows Adventure / puzzle 67.35 % 65 / 100 Argonaut PlayStation Action - adventure 66.98 % 64 / 100 Griptonite Game Boy Color Role - playing game 73 % N / A Game Boy Advance Action puzzle 68.37 % 64 / 100 Aspyr 28 February 2002 Mac OS X Adventure / puzzle N / A N / A Port of Windows version Warthog 9 December 2003 GameCube Action - adventure 63.31 % 62 / 100 PlayStation 2 57.90 % 56 / 100 Xbox 61.82 % 59 / 100 Uses in Education and business ( edit ) Writers on education and business subjects have used the book as an object lesson . Writing about clinical teaching in medical schools , Jennifer Conn contrasted Snape 's technical expertise with his intimidating behaviour towards students ; on the other hand Quidditch coach Madam Hooch illustrated useful techniques in the teaching of physical skills , including breaking down complex actions into sequences of simple ones and helping students to avoid common errors . Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first - year sociology class : `` sociological concepts including culture , society , and socialisation ; stratification and social inequality ; social institutions ; and social theory '' . Stephen Brown noted that the early Harry Potter books , especially Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , were a runaway success despite inadequate and poorly organised marketing . Brown advised marketing executives to be less preoccupied with rigorous statistical analyses and the `` analysis , planning , implementation , and control '' model of management . Instead he recommended that they should treat the stories as `` a marketing masterclass '' , full of enticing products and brand names . For example , a real - world analogue of Bertie Bott 's Every Flavour Beans was introduced under licence in 2000 by toymaker Hasbro . Release history ( edit ) Country Release date Edition ( Hardback / Paperback ) Publisher Pages Canada 1 December 1998 Hardback Children 's Edition Raincoast 223 Paperback Adult Edition ( Original ) 1 November 1999 Hardback Signature Special Edition 31 August 2000 Paperback Children 's Edition 16 October 2002 Paperback Magic Edition 4 October 2004 Hardback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 12 January 2011 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) Bloomsbury 223 Paperback Harry Potter Signature Edition 27 August 2013 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) United Kingdom 26 June 1997 Hardback Children 's Edition Paperback Children 's Edition 11 September 1998 Paperback Adult Edition ( Original ) 27 September 1999 Hardback Signature Special Edition 8 October 2001 Paperback Special Edition 10 July 2004 Hardback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 4 October 2004 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 223 1 November 2010 Paperback Harry Potter Signature Edition 18 July 2013 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 6 October 2015 Hardcover Illustrated Edition ( Illustrated by Jim Kay ) 256 United States 1 September 1998 Hardback Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic 309 8 September 1999 Paperback 1 November 2000 Hardback Collector 's Edition 1 November 2001 Mass Market Paperback 400 September 2008 Paperback ( Exclusive Scholastic School Market Edition ) 309 1 October 2008 Hardback 10th Anniversary Edition 27 August 2013 Paperback ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 6 October 2015 Hardcover Illustrated Edition ( Illustrated by Jim Kay ) 256 Footnotes ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling was christened Joanne Rowling , without a middle name , and adopted the nom de plume J.K. Rowling for publication . She says that she was always known as `` Jo '' The book 's copyright page gives her name as `` Joanne Rowling '' . Jump up ^ The Children 's Book Award , The Young Telegraph Paperback of the Year Award , the Birmingham Cable Children 's Book Award and the Sheffield Children 's Book Award . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone : J.K. Rowling : Bloomsbury Childrens '' . Bloomsbury . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling Official Site : Biography '' . J.K. Rowling. 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J.K. ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Interview with J.K. Rowling '' . The Diane Rehm Show ( Interview ) . Interview with Diane Rehm . Washington : Accio Quote . Retrieved 2 March 2009 -- via WAMU . I saw Harry very very very clearly ... And I knew he did n't know he was a wizard ... And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was ... When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry ... but for some mysterious reason , the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning bolt - shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , Voldemort , who has been in hiding ever since . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and Me '' . Accio Quote . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Lindsey ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . Accio Quote . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Evan ( 13 July 2000 ) . `` J.K. Rowling Interview '' . CBCNewsWorld Hot Type . Accio Quote . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Books : transcript of J.K. Rowling 's live interview on Scholastic.com '' . Scholastic.com . Accio Quote. 16 October 2000 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Riccio , Heather ( 1995 -- 2009 ) . `` Interview with JK Rowling , Author of Harry Potter '' . Hilary Magazine . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lydon , Christopher . J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection ( WBUR Radio ) . Accio Quote. 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Lydon , Christopher ( 12 October 1999 ) . `` J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection . Accio Quote . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC `` Red Nose Day '' Online Chat Transcript `` . BBC . MuggleNet. 12 March 2001 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Shelagh ( 23 October 2000 ) . `` Interview : J.K. Rowling '' . This Morning . Accio Quote . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( 1997 ) . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Bloomsbury . p. copyright notice . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3274 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Connie Ann ( 1 January 2003 ) . `` Early Career '' . J.K. Rowling : A Biography . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 62 . ISBN 0313322058 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eccleshare , Julia ( 2002 ) . `` The Publishing of a Phenomenon '' . A guide to the Harry Potter novels . Continuum International . pp. 7 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5317 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : the eight - year - old girl who saved Harry Potter '' . The Independent . London . 3 July 2005 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawless , John ( 29 May 2005 ) . `` Nigel Newton '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . McGraw - Hill . Retrieved 9 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Elisco , Lester . `` The Phenomenon of Harry Potter '' . TomFolio.com . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Mystery of the Author 's Name '' . Cotsen Children 's Library . Princeton University . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling : The Rare True First Edition of the First Harry Potter Book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . '' . Heritage Auctions. 26 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nel , Philip ( 2001 ) . `` Reviews of the Novels '' . J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter novels : a reader 's guide . Continuum International . pp. 53 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5232 - 9 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Knapp , N.F. ( 2003 ) . `` In Defense of Harry Potter : An Apologia '' ( PDF ) . School Libraries Worldwide . International Association of School Librarianship. 9 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 91 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . Arthur A. Levine Books . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Beckett , Sandra L. ( 2008 ) . `` Child - to - Adult Crossover Fiction '' . Crossover Fiction . Taylor & Francis . pp. 112 -- 115 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 98033 - X . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved 12 December 2013 Jump up ^ `` Children 's Books : Bestsellers '' . The Independent . UK . 27 March 1999 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Jury , J. ( 22 December 2001 ) . `` Harry Potter hides fall in number of books sold a downturn in book sales '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 7 July 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Scott ( 2007 ) . The Making of the Potterverse : A Month - by - Month Look at Harry 's First 10 Years . ECW Press . p. 5 . ISBN 1 - 55022 - 763 - 7 . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Platform alteration for Hogwarts Express as King 's Cross upgrade steps up a gear '' . London : Network Rail. 17 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Nel , Philip ( 2004 ) . `` You Say `` Jelly '' , I Say `` Jell - O '' ? `` . In Whited , Lana A . The ivory tower and Harry Potter . University of Missouri Press . pp. 261 -- 269 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Differences in the UK and US Versions of Four Harry Potter Books '' . University of Tampere. 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . The Harry Potter Lexicon. 2 April 2006 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Author J.K. Rowling '' . Scholastic Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Cowell , Alan ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Magic Stock ; A Children 's Book Series Helps Rejuvenate a British Publisher '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Unsworth , John M. `` 20th - Century American Bestsellers '' . UIUC Graduate School of Library and Information Science . Archived from the original on 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Winerip , Michael ( 14 February 1999 ) . `` Children 's Books '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Best Seller Number Ones Listing Fiction By Date '' . Hawes Publications . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . Publishers Weekly . 248 ( 51 ) . 17 December 2001 . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scholastic Reveals Sorcerer 's Stone Anniversary Edition '' . MuggleNet. 20 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , 10th Anniversary Edition '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` '' Harry Potter '' gets new book covers for 15th anniversary `` . CBS News . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scholastic Reveals New Book Cover For ' Harry Potter And The Sorcerer 's Stone ' '' . The Huffington Post . AOL Lifestyle. 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Liu , Jonathan ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` New Harry Potter Covers by Kazu Kibuishi '' . Wired Magazine . Archived from the original on 5 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling ' makes £ 5 every second ' '' . BBC . 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Dammann , Guy ( 18 June 2008 ) . `` Harry Potter breaks 400m in sales '' . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ; Needham , P. ( 2003 ) . Harrius Potter et Philosophi Lapis ( in Latin ) . Bloomsbury USA Children 's Books . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 825 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ; Wilson , A. ( 2004 ) . Άρειος Ποτηρ καὶ ἡ τοῦ φιλοσόφου λίθος ( in Ancient Greek ) . Bloomsbury USA Children 's Books . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 826 - X . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Tad ( 7 August 2005 ) . `` J.K. Rowling , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Translated into Ancient Greek by Andrew Wilson '' . Bryn Mawr Classical Review . Bryn Mawr College . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cockrell , Amanda ( 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Secret Password '' . In Whited , Lana A . The ivory tower and Harry Potter . University of Missouri Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Stephen ( 2002 ) . `` Marketing for Muggles : The Harry Potter way to higher profits '' . Business Horizons . 45 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / S0007 - 6813 ( 02 ) 80004 - 0 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 23 July 2000 ) . `` Wild About Harry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Nicholas ( December 1999 ) . `` The Rise and Rise of Harry Potter '' . Children 's Literature in Education . 30 ( 4 ) : 221 -- 234 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022438704330 . ^ Jump up to : Fields , Joyce W. ( 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter , Benjamin Bloom , and the Sociological Imagination '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education . 19 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 177 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Westman , Karin E. ( 2004 ) . `` Specters of Thatcherism '' . In Whited , Lana A . The ivory tower and Harry Potter . University of Missouri Press . pp. 306 -- 308 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Hall , Susan ( 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Rule of Law '' . In Anatol , Giselle Liza . Reading Harry Potter . Greenwood Publishing . pp. 147 -- 162 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32067 - 5 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Potter timeline for muggles '' . Toronto Star . 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter : Meet J.K. Rowling '' . Scholastic Inc . Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Speed - reading after lights out '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . 19 July 2000 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Amy ( 14 July 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Internet Pirates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Cassy , John ( 16 January 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the hottest day of summer '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` July date for Harry Potter book '' . BBC . 21 December 2004 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter finale sales hit 11 m '' . BBC News . 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling unveils last Potter date '' . BBC . 1 February 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter finale sales hit 11 m '' . BBC . 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.jimkay.co.uk/home/harry-potter/ Jump up ^ Vera , Ruel S. De . `` Illustrated edition offers ' Harry Potter ' fans a unique reading experience '' . lifestyle.inquirer.net . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` WiGBPd About Harry '' . The Australian Financial Review . Accio Quote. 19 July 2000 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . The Guardian . UK . 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson bring Harry , Ron and Hermione to life for Warner Bros. Pictures ' ' Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ' '' . Warner Brothers . 21 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Casts Spell at World Premiere '' . BBC News . 15 November 2001 . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 17 May 2000 ) . `` Bewitched Warner Bros. Delays Potter '' . IGN . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( PC ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for PlayStation '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( PSX ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for Game Boy Color '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for Game Boy Advance '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( GBA ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Mac ) '' . Future Publishing Limited . 15 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2009 . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for GameCube '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Cube ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for PlayStation 2 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( PS2 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for Xbox '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Xbox ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Conn , Jennifer J. ( 2002 ) . `` What can clinical teachers learn from Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ? '' . Medical Education . 36 ( 12 ) : 1176 -- 1181 . PMID 12472752 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2923.2002. 01376. x . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro Wins Wide Range of Rights for Harry Potter from Warner Bros. Consumer Products '' . Burbank , California : Time Warner . 11 February 2000 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone British Children 's Cloth Edition '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and Philosopher 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone : Deluxe Gift Edition '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Children 's Paperback Edition '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Magic Edition ) '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Philosopher 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Philosopher 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Philosopher 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Harry Potter Signature Edition ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Harry Potter 1 Adult Cover ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Illustrated Hardcover ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Kirkus Reviews . 1 September 1998 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Sorcerer 's Stone ( mm ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New cover for Sorcerer 's Stone paperback edition '' . MuggleNet. 29 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Muggles ' Guide to Harry Potter has a page on the topic of : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Harry Potter -- Wikipedia book Quotations related to Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone at Wikiquote Background information and storylines from the Harry Potter Lexicon Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone on Open Library at the Internet Archive The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Portal Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World VIAF : 277356519 LCCN : nr00008597 GND : 4615979 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone&oldid=800911941 '' Categories : Harry Potter books 1990s fantasy novels 1997 British novels Alchemy in fiction Bloomsbury Publishing books British Book Award - winning works British novels adapted into films Debut novels Scholastic Corporation books British children 's novels 1997 children 's books Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 uses Greek - language script ( el ) CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) Use dmy dates from February 2016 Use British English from August 2011 Good articles Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2017 Articles with Open Library links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 13 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does harry potter and the philosopher's stone take place | [
"Harry Potter is an orphan whom Rowling imagined as a \"scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy who didn't know he was a wizard.\"[2] She developed the series' story and characters to explain how Harry came to be in this situation and how his life unfolded from there.[3] Apart from the first chapter, the events of this book take place just before and in the year following Harry's eleventh birthday. Voldemort's attack left a lightning bolt-shaped scar on Harry's forehead,[3] which produces stabbing pains whenever Voldemort is present. Harry has a natural talent for Quidditch and became the first person in decades to get on their team in their first year."
] | [
"just before and in the year following Harry's eleventh birthday"
] |
665953288646401824 | The Great Gazoo | The Great Gazoo - wikipedia The Great Gazoo Jump to : navigation , search The Great Gazoo The Flintstones character The Great Gazoo First appearance `` The Great Gazoo '' Last appearance `` My Fair Freddy '' Created by Hanna - Barbera Portrayed by Harvey Korman Alan Cumming ( in Viva Rock Vegas ) Information Species Zetoxian Gender Male The Great Gazoo is a character from The Flintstones animated series . He first appeared on the show on October 29 , 1965 . The Great Gazoo was voiced by actor Harvey Korman . The voice of `` The Great Gazoo '' , Harvey Korman from his first appearance Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional biography 2 Reception 3 Other appearances 4 Appearances in other media 5 References Fictional biography ( edit ) The Great Gazoo is a tiny , green , floating alien who was exiled to Earth from his home planet Zetox as punishment for having invented a doomsday machine , a weapon of immense destructive power . His invention was a button which if pressed would destroy the universe in an explosive `` ZAM , '' though he insists he made it on a whim ( `` I wanted to be the first on my block to have one ! '' ) with no intent of using it . Gazoo was discovered by Fred and Barney when his flying saucer crashed ; Gazoo recognizes Fred and Barney 's world as prehistoric Earth , implying Zetox banished him through time as well as space . Due to the terms of his exile , he was required to do good deeds for whoever found him first , putting him reluctantly under Fred and Barney 's command . Gazoo refers to Fred and Barney as `` dum - dums '' and constantly causes problems for them . He can materialize and dematerialize objects , teleport , freeze time , travel through time , and perform other remarkable feats , but when he attempts to help out Fred and Barney , he usually ends up causing even more trouble . The only people who are able to see Gazoo are Fred , Barney , and the children ; animals also can see him . A running gag is that Fred argues with Gazoo while Wilma believes that he is talking to himself . When their daughter , Pebbles , says `` Gazoo '' , Wilma thinks Pebbles is sneezing . The plot point regarding Gazoo trying to return home is never resolved because of the cancellation of the original series . The character does not appear , nor is he referred to , in the immediate series follow - up The Man Called Flintstone ( 1966 ) or any of the later spin - off TV series or animated movies . Reception ( edit ) Because Gazoo is introduced into the show midway through the final season and is considered by some to be an absurd character who alters the premise and dynamic of the show , he is often cited by fans and critics of the show as being an example of the show 's having `` jumped the shark . '' In all , Gazoo appeared in 11 episodes . Other appearances ( edit ) Apart from the original TV series , he appears in many commercials for Pebbles Cereal . One particular one for Fruity Pebbles cereal commercial had him as part of a promotion for a contest where consumers would have to try to find boxes of all - orange cereal pieces , and more recently has become the mascot for Marshmallow Mania Pebbles cereal . He is also a character in Flintstones vitamins , and is a central character in the 1992 video game The Flintstones : The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy . Appearances in other media ( edit ) This article contains a list of miscellaneous information . Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles . ( May 2017 ) The Great Gazoo appears in The Flintstones : The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System , as well as the arcade game Fred Flintstone 's Memory Match . In `` Pavement '' , an episode of Space Ghost : Coast to Coast , the Great Gazoo makes a cameo appearance . After being introduced , he says the catchphrase `` Toodle - loo , dum - dums ! '' and disappears . The Great Gazoo had a major role in the second live - action film , The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas , which was a prequel , where he is played by Alan Cumming . Instead of being sent to Earth as punishment , he has to study humanity 's mating habits because he is the most expendable of his people . In this appearance , he is portrayed in more positive tone as a supporting protagonist who serves as an ally to Fred and Barney . The Great Gazoo appears in the video game , The Flintstones : Bedrock Bowling . Harvey Korman returned to voice him for this game . Charlton Comics published a comic book focusing on the character . The title ran for 20 issues , from August 1973 through January 1977 . The Great Gazoo is also referenced in The Simpsons episode `` The Simpsons Spin - Off Showcase '' , a metafictional episode looking at alleged future developments in the series that would never come to pass , which include Ozmodiar , a floating green alien that only Homer could see . Ozmodiar eventually appeared ( twice ) in The Simpsons episode `` HOMR '' . The Great Gazoo ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) appears in the Family Guy episode `` Wasted Talent '' . Gazoo also appeared in a sketch about Fred and Barney trying to enter a ( present - day ) nightclub in Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy . Gazoo also made a cameo appearance in the Looney Tunes short Duck Dodgers in : Attack of the Drones starring Daffy Duck . The Great Gazoo is mentioned in the novel Triggers , by Canadian author Robert J. Sawyer . Culture writer Nathan Rabin theorizes that Marlon Brando 's late career was heavily influenced by The Great Gazoo advising him . The Great Gazoo appears in the 2017 DC comic book series `` The Flintstones '' . In this appearance , he is human - sized and does not float , and was sent by bookie aliens to evaluate the human race . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harvey Korman of ' Burnett Show ' Dies at 81 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comic actor Harvey Korman dies at 81 '' . Edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harvey Korman on voicing The Great Gazoo on `` The Flintstones '' - EMMYTVLEGENDS.ORG `` . YouTube . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ The Christian Science Monitor . `` The Flintstones turns 50 : The five dumbest moments '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harvey Korman at Behind the Voice Actors '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . The Flintstones Characters The Flintstones Fred Flintstone Wilma Flintstone Pebbles Flintstone Dino The Rubbles Barney Rubble Betty Rubble Bamm - Bamm Rubble Other characters Pearl Slaghoople Captain Caveman The Frankenstones The Great Gazoo The Gruesomes Shmoo Locations Bedrock Television series The Flintstones ( 1960 -- 1966 ) The Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm Show ( 1971 -- 1972 ) The Flintstone Comedy Hour / The Flintstone Comedy Show ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Fred Flintstone and Friends ( 1977 -- 1978 ) The New Fred and Barney Show ( 1979 ) Fred and Barney Meet The Thing ( 1979 ) Fred and Barney Meet the Shmoo ( 1979 -- 1980 ) The Flintstone Comedy Show ( 1980 -- 1982 ) The Flintstone Funnies ( 1982 -- 1984 ) The Flintstone Kids ( 1986 -- 1988 ) The What a Cartoon ! Show Dino : Stay Out ! ( 1995 ) Dino : The Great Egg - Scape ( 1997 ) Cave Kids ( 1996 ) Television specials and films Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) The Flintstones on Ice ( 1973 ) Energy : A National Issue ( 1977 ) A Flintstone Christmas ( 1977 ) Hanna - Barbera 's All - Star Comedy Ice Revue ( 1978 ) The Flintstones : Little Big League ( 1978 ) The Flintstones Meet Rockula and Frankenstone ( 1979 ) The Flintstone Primetime Specials The Flintstones ' New Neighbors ( 1980 ) Fred 's Final Fling ( 1980 ) Wind - Up Wilma ( 1981 ) Jogging Fever ( 1981 ) Yogi 's First Christmas ( 1980 ) Yogi Bear 's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper ( 1982 ) The Flintstones ' 25th Anniversary Celebration ( 1986 ) The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones ( 1987 ) The Flintstone Kids ' `` Just Say No '' Special ( 1988 ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( 1989 ) I Yabba - Dabba Do ! ( 1993 ) Hollyrock - a-Bye Baby ( 1993 ) A Flintstone Family Christmas ( 1993 ) A Flintstones Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) The Flintstones : On the Rocks ( 2001 ) Theatrical films Animated The Man Called Flintstone ( 1966 ) Live - action The Flintstones ( 1994 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Direct - to - video films The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) Video games The Flintstones ( 1988 ) The Flintstones : The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy ( 1991 ) The Flintstones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones : Surprise at Dinosaur Peak ( 1993 ) The Flintstones : The Treasure of Sierra Madrock ( 1994 ) The Flintstones : Bedrock Bowling ( 2000 ) Comics The Flintstones ( 2016 ) Other media Meet the Flintstones Pinball Pebbles cereal Flintstones Chewable Vitamins The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera ( 1990 ) See also The Jetsons Hanna - Barbera Founders William Hanna Joseph Barbera Original productions The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show Birdman Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels CB Bears The Flintstones The Funky Phantom Grape Ape Hong Kong Phooey Huckleberry Hound Jabberjaw The Jetsons Jonny Quest Loopy De Loop Magilla Gorilla The Hanna - Barbera New Cartoon Series Peter Potamus Quick Draw McGraw The Ruff and Reddy Show Scooby - Doo Smurfs Snorks Space Ghost Tom and Jerry Top Cat Yogi Bear Wacky Races Amusement attractions Hanna -- Barbera Land The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera Comics Hanna - Barbera Beyond Other media Films Video games See also Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Gazoo&oldid=833459259 '' Categories : Ancient astronauts in fiction Fictional extraterrestrial characters Fictional characters who use magic Fictional characters who can turn invisible The Flintstones characters Fictional characters introduced in 1965 Male characters in animation Hidden categories : All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2016 Articles with trivia sections from May 2017 All articles with trivia sections Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 18 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the voice of the great gazoo | [
"The Great Gazoo is a character from The Flintstones animated series. He first appeared on the show on October 29, 1965. The Great Gazoo was voiced by actor Harvey Korman.[1][2][3]"
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1407171894112556842 | Presidency of George Washington | Presidency of George Washington - wikipedia Presidency of George Washington Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series about George Washington Early life Ancestry Military career Electoral history American Revolution Commander in Chief of the Continental Army Valley Forge Battle of Trenton Mount Vernon Conference 1787 Constitutional Convention President of the United States Presidency First term 1788 -- 89 election 1st inauguration Judiciary Act Whiskey Rebellion Thanksgiving Presidential title Coinage Act Residence Act District of Columbia Second term 1792 election 2nd inauguration Neutrality Act Jay Treaty Judicial appointments Farewell Address Legacy Legacy Monuments Depictions Slavery Papers Library Bibliography Washington ( 1796 ) The presidency of George Washington began on April 30 , 1789 , when Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States , and ended on March 4 , 1797 . Washington took office after the 1788 -- 89 presidential election , the nation 's first quadrennial presidential election , in which he was elected unanimously . Washington was re-elected unanimously in the 1792 presidential election , and chose to retire after two terms . He was succeeded by his vice president , John Adams of the Federalist Party . Washington had established his preeminence among the new nation 's Founding Fathers through his service as Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and as president of the 1787 Constitutional Convention . Once the Constitution was approved , it was widely expected that Washington would become the first President of the United States , despite his own desire to retire from public life . In his first inaugural address expressed both his reluctance to accept the presidency and his inexperience with the duties of civil administration , but Washington proved an able leader . Washington presided over the establishment of the new federal government -- appointing all of the high - ranking officials in the executive and judicial branches , shaping numerous political practices , and establishing the site of the permanent capital of the United States . He supported Alexander Hamilton 's economic policies whereby the federal government assumed the debts of the state governments and established the First Bank of the United States , the United States Mint , and the United States Customs Service . Congress passed the Tariff of 1789 , the Tariff of 1790 , and an excise tax on whiskey to fund the government and , in the case of the tariffs , address the trade imbalance with Britain . Washington personally led federal soldiers in suppressing the Whiskey Rebellion , which arose in opposition to the administration 's taxation policies . He directed the Northwest Indian War , which saw the United States establish control over Native American tribes in the Northwest Territory . In foreign affairs , he assured domestic tranquility and maintained peace with the European powers despite the raging French Revolutionary Wars by issuing the 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality . He also secured two important bilateral treaties , the 1794 Jay Treaty with Great Britain and the 1795 Treaty of San Lorenzo with Spain , both of which fostered trade and helped secure control of the American frontier . To protect American shipping from Barbary pirates and other threats , he re-established the United States Navy with the Naval Act of 1794 . Greatly concerned about the growing partisanship within the government and the detrimental impact political parties could have on the fragile unity holding the nation together , Washington struggled throughout his eight - year presidency to hold rival factions together . He was , and remains , the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party . In spite of his efforts , debates over Hamilton 's economic policy , the French Revolution , and the Jay Treaty deepened ideological divisions . Those that supported Hamilton formed the Federalist Party , while his opponents coalesced around Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and formed the Democratic - Republican Party . While criticized for furthering the partisanship he sought to avoid by identifying himself with Hamilton , Washington is nonetheless considered by scholars and political historians as one of the greatest presidents in American history , usually ranking in the top three with Abraham Lincoln and Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Election of 1788 -- 89 2 Start of first presidential and vice presidential terms 3 Administration 3.1 Cabinet 3.2 Vice presidency 3.3 First presidential veto 3.4 Salary 4 Judicial appointments 5 Domestic affairs 5.1 Selection of permanent U.S. capital 5.2 Economic policy 5.3 The Whiskey Rebellion 5.4 Rise of political parties 5.5 Constitutional amendments 5.6 Slave trade legislation 5.7 The Northwest Indian War 6 Foreign affairs 6.1 The French Revolution 6.1. 1 Public debate 6.1. 2 American neutrality 6.2 Relations with Great Britain 6.2. 1 Seizures and economic retaliation 6.2. 2 Jay Treaty 6.3 Barbary pirates 6.4 Relations with Spain 7 Election of 1792 8 Presidential residences and tours 8.1 Residences 8.2 Tours 9 States joining the Union 10 Farewell Address and election of 1796 10.1 Farewell Address 10.2 Election of 1796 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Works cited 15 Further reading 15.1 Foreign policy Election of 1788 -- 89 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 Following the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention of 1787 , a fatigued Washington returned to his estate , Mount Vernon . He seemed intent on resuming his retirement and letting others govern the nation with its new frame of government . The American public at large , however , wanted no one but Washington to be the nation 's first president . The first U.S. presidential campaign was in essence what today would be called a grassroots effort to convince Washington to accept the office . Letters poured into Mount Vernon informing him of public sentiment and imploring him to accept ; from former comrades in arms , and from across the Atlantic . Gouverneur Morris urged Washington to accept , writing `` ( Among the ) thirteen horses now about to be coupled together , there are some of every race and character . They will listen to your voice and submit to your control . You therefore must , I say must mount this seat . '' Alexander Hamilton was one of the most dedicated in his efforts to get Washington to accept the presidency , as he foresaw himself receiving a powerful position in the administration . The comte de Rochambeau urged Washington to accept , as did the Marquis de Lafayette , who exhorted Washington to `` not to deny your acceptance of the office of President for the first years . '' Washington replied `` Let those follow the pursuits of ambition and fame , who have a keener relish for them , or who may have more years , in store , for the enjoyment . '' In an August 1788 letter , Washington further expounded on his feelings regarding the election , stating , I should unfeignedly rejoice , in case the Electors , by giving their votes to another person would save me from the dreaded dilemma of being forced to accept or refuse ... If that may not be -- I am , in the next place , earnestly desirous of searching out the truth , and knowing whether there does not exist a probability that the government would be just as happily and effectually carried into execution without my aid . '' Less certain was the choice for the vice presidency , which contained little definitive job description in the constitution . The only official role of the vice president was as the president of the Senate , a duty unrelated to the executive branch . The Constitution stipulated that the position would be awarded to the runner - up in the presidential election , or the person with the second highest amount of electoral votes . Because Washington was from Virginia , many , including Washington himself ( who remained neutral on the candidates ) assumed that a vice president would be chosen from one of the northern states to ease sectional tensions . In an August 1788 letter , Thomas Jefferson wrote that he considered John Adams and John Hancock , both prominent citizens from Massachusetts , to be the top contenders . He suggested John Jay , James Madison , and John Rutledge as other possible candidates . In January 1789 , upon hearing that Adams would probably win the vice presidency , Washington wrote to Henry Knox , saying `` ( I am ) entirely satisfied with the arrangement for filling the second office . '' Each state 's presidential electors gathered in their state 's capital on February 4 , 1789 to cast their votes for the president . As the election occurred prior to ratification of the Twelfth Amendment , each elector cast two votes for the presidency , though the electors were not allowed to cast both votes for the same person . Under the terms of the constitution , the individual who won the most electoral votes would become president while the individual with the second-most electoral votes would become vice president . Each state 's votes were sealed and delivered to Congress to be counted . By the time the votes were cast , Washington had declared his willingness to serve , and was preparing to leave Mount Vernon for New York City , the nation 's capital . On April 6 , 1789 , the House and Senate , meeting in joint session , counted the electoral votes and certified that Washington had been elected President of the United States with 69 electoral votes . They also certified that Adams , with 34 electoral , had been elected as Vice President . The other 35 electoral votes were divided among : John Jay ( 9 ) , Robert H. Harrison ( 6 ) , John Rutledge ( 6 ) , John Hancock ( 4 ) , George Clinton ( 3 ) , Samuel Huntington ( 2 ) , John Milton ( 2 ) , James Armstrong ( 1 ) , Benjamin Lincoln ( 1 ) , and Edward Telfair ( 1 ) . Informed of his election on April 14 , Washington wrote in a letter to Edward Rutledge that in accepting the presidency , he had given up `` all expectations of private happiness in this world . '' Start of first presidential and vice presidential terms ( edit ) Main article : First inauguration of George Washington Washington 's first inauguration , April 30 , 1789 The first presidential term and the first vice presidential term both officially started on March 4 , 1789 , the date set by the Congress of the Confederation for the beginning of operations of the federal government under the new U.S. Constitution . However , due to the formidable difficulties of long - distance travel in 18th century America , they did not commence until several weeks later . Although the House of Representatives and the Senate convened on the prescribed date , both soon adjourned due to lack of a quorum . As a result , the presidential electoral votes could not be counted or certified . On April 1 , the House convened with a quorum present for the first time , and the representatives began their work . The Senate first achieved a quorum on April 6 . That is the date upon which the electoral votes were counted . Adams arrived in New York a few days before Washington , and first presided over the Senate on April 21 . Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States on April 30 , 1789 , at Federal Hall in New York , then the nation 's capitol . The presidential oath of office was administered by Robert Livingston , the Chancellor of the State of New York . Washington took the oath on the building 's second floor balcony , in view of throngs of people gathered on the streets . The Bible used in the ceremony was from St. John 's Lodge No. 1 , A.Y.M. , and was opened at random to Genesis 49 : 13 ( `` Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea ; and he shall be for an haven of ships ; and his border shall be unto Zidon '' ) . Afterward , Livingston shouted `` Long live George Washington , President of the United States ! '' Historian John R. Alden indicates that Washington added the words `` so help me God '' to the oath . In his inaugural address ( Full text ) , delivered in the Senate chamber after taking the oath , Washington again touched upon his reluctance to accept the presidency , Fellow - Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives : Among the vicissitudes incident to life no event could have filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by your order , and received on the 14th day of the present month . He also addressed the subject of amending the Constitution to include a Bill of Rights , urging Congress ... to decide how far an exercise of the occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature of objections which have been urged against the system , or by the degree of inquietude which has given birth to them . Instead of undertaking particular recommendations on this subject , in which I could be guided by no lights derived from official opportunities , I shall again give way to my entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public good ; for I assure myself that whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government , or which ought to await the future lessons of experience , a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen and a regard for the public harmony will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted . Administration ( edit ) Cabinet ( edit ) The Washington Cabinet Office Name Term President George Washington 1789 -- 1797 Vice President John Adams 1789 -- 1797 Secretary of Foreign Affairs John Jay 1789 Secretary of State John Jay 1789 -- 1790 Thomas Jefferson 1790 -- 1793 Edmund Randolph 1794 -- 1795 Timothy Pickering 1795 -- 1797 Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton 1789 -- 1795 Oliver Wolcott Jr . 1795 -- 1797 Secretary of War Henry Knox 1789 -- 1794 Timothy Pickering 1794 -- 1796 James McHenry 1796 -- 1797 Attorney General Edmund Randolph 1789 -- 1794 William Bradford 1794 -- 1795 Charles Lee 1795 -- 1797 File : WASHINGTON , George - President ( BEP engraved portrait ). jpg BEP engraved portrait of Washington as President The new Constitution empowered the president to appoint executive department heads with the consent of the Senate . Three departments had existed under the Articles of Confederation : the Department of War , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , and the Finance Office . The Department of War was retained , while the latter two departments became the Department of State and the Department of the Treasury , respectively . The leaders of these three departments constituted the initial positions in Washington 's cabinet . In September 1789 , Congress established the position of Attorney General to serve as the chief legal adviser to the president . Though the Attorney General did not oversee a department ( the United States Department of Justice would be established in 1870 ) , the position nonetheless became a part of the cabinet . Edmund Randolph became the first Attorney General , while Henry Knox retained his position as head of the Department of War and Thomas Jefferson served as the first Secretary of State . For the key post of Secretary of the Treasury , which would oversee economic policy , Washington chose Alexander Hamilton , after his first choice , Robert Morris , declined . Morris had recommended Hamilton instead , writing `` But , my dear general , you will be no loser by my declining the secrataryship of the Treasury , for I can recommend a far cleverer fellow than I am for your minister of finance in the person of your aide - de-camp , Colonel Hamilton . '' Washington 's initial cabinet consisted of one individual from New England ( Knox ) , one individual from the mid-Atlantic ( Hamilton ) , and two Southerners ( Jefferson and Randolph ) . Jefferson left the Cabinet at the end of 1793 . He was replaced by Randolph , while William Bradford took over as Attorney General . Knox left the cabinet in 1794 , and was replaced by Timothy Pickering . Hamilton left the cabinet in 1795 , as did Randolph . With their departure , Oliver Wolcott became Secretary of the Treasury , and Pickering succeeded Randolph as Secretary of State . James McHenry replaced Pickering as Secretary of War , while Charles Lee became Attorney General after the departure of Bradford . Hamilton and Jefferson had the greatest impact on cabinet deliberations during Washington 's first term . Their deep philosophical differences set them against each other from the outset , and they frequently sparred over economic and foreign policy issues . With Jefferson 's departure , Hamilton came to dominate the cabinet , and Washington continued to turn to him for advice even after Hamilton resigned from the Cabinet . Vice presidency ( edit ) During his two vice-presidential terms , Adams attended few cabinet meetings , and the president sought his counsel only infrequently . Nonetheless , the two men , according to Adams biographer , John E. Ferling , `` jointly executed many more of the executive branch 's ceremonial undertakings than would be likely for a contemporary president and vice-president . '' In the Senate , Adams played a more active role , particularly during his first term . On at least one occasion , he persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed , and he frequently lectured the body on procedural and policy matters . He supported Washington 's policies by casting 29 tie - breaking votes . His first incursion into the legislative realm occurred shortly after he assumed office , during the Senate debates over titles for the president and executive officers of the new government . Although the House of Representatives agreed in short order that the president should be addressed simply as `` George Washington , President of the United States , '' the Senate debated the issue at some length . Adams favored the adoption of the style of Highness ( as well as the title of Protector of Their ( the United States ' ) Liberties ) for the president . Others favored the variant of Electoral Highness or the lesser Excellency . '' Anti-federalists in the Senate objected to the monarchical sound of them all . In the end , Washington yielded to their objections and the House decided that the title of `` Mr. President '' would be used . While Adams brought energy and dedication to the presiding officer 's chair , he found the task `` not quite adapted to my character . '' Ever cautious about going beyond the constitutional limits of the vice-presidency or of encroaching upon presidential prerogative , Adams often ended up lamenting what he viewed as the `` complete insignificance '' of his situation . To his wife Abigail he wrote , `` My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man ... or his imagination contrived or his imagination conceived ; and as I can do neither good nor evil , I must be borne away by others and met the common fate . '' First presidential veto ( edit ) Washington exercised his presidential veto power for the first time on April 5 , 1792 to stop an apportionment act from becoming law . The legislation introduced a new plan for distributed seats in the House of Representatives among the various states in a way that the president deemed unconstitutional . After attempting but failing to override the veto , Congress swiftly crafted new legislation , the Apportionment Act of 1792 , which Washington signed into law on April 14 . Salary ( edit ) On September 24 , 1789 , Congress voted to pay the president a salary of $25,000 a year , and the vice president an annual salary of $5,000 . Washington 's salary was equal to two percent of the total federal budget in 1789 . Judicial appointments ( edit ) Main article : List of federal judges appointed by George Washington John Jay , first Chief Justice of the United States Through the Judiciary Act of 1789 , Congress established a six - member Supreme Court . The court was composed of one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices . It was given exclusive original jurisdiction over all civil actions between states , or between a state and the United States , as well as over all suits and proceedings brought against ambassadors and other diplomatic personnel ; and original , but not exclusive , jurisdiction over all other cases in which a state was a party and any cases brought by an ambassador . The Court was given appellate jurisdiction over decisions of the federal circuit courts as well as decisions by state courts holding invalid any statute or treaty of the United States ; or holding valid any state law or practice that was challenged as being inconsistent with the federal constitution , treaties , or laws ; or rejecting any claim made by a party under a provision of the federal constitution , treaties , or laws . As the first President , Washington was responsible for appointing the entire Supreme Court . Due to this , he filled more vacancies on the Court than any other president in American history . In September 1789 , Washington nominated John Jay as the first Chief Justice and nominated John Rutledge , William Cushing , James Wilson , John Blair , and Robert Harrison as Associate Justices . All were quickly confirmed by the Senate , but after Harrison declined the appointment , Washington appointed James Iredell in 1790 . The Court 's first term began on February 2 , 1790 , at the Royal Exchange in New York City . However , with no cases on the docket and little pressing business ( a few procedural matters decided and 26 attorneys and counselors admitted to the federal bar ) , the term lasted for only eight days . As Associate Justices left the court in subsequent years , Washington appointed Thomas Johnson , William Paterson , and Samuel Chase . Jay stepped down as Chief Justice in 1795 and was replaced by Rutledge , who received a recess appointment as Chief Justice . Rutledge served for six months but resigned after his nomination was rejected by the Senate in December 1795 . After the rejection of Rutledge 's nomination , Washington appointed Oliver Ellsworth as the third Chief Justice of the United States . The Judiciary Act also created 13 judicial districts within the 11 states that had then ratified the Constitution ; with Massachusetts and Virginia each being divided into two districts . Both North Carolina and Rhode Island were added as judicial districts in 1790 after they ratified the Constitution , as were the subsequent states that Congress admitted to the Union . Additionally , the act established circuit courts and district courts within these districts . The circuit courts , which were composed of a district judge and ( initially ) two Supreme Court justices `` riding circuit , '' had jurisdiction over more serious crimes and civil cases and appellate jurisdiction over the district courts , while the single - judge district courts had jurisdiction primarily over admiralty cases , along with petty crimes and lawsuits involving smaller claims . The circuit courts were grouped into three geographic circuits to which justices were assigned on a rotating basis . Washington appointed 28 judges to the federal district courts during his two terms in office . Domestic Affairs ( edit ) Selection of permanent U.S. capital ( edit ) Further information : History of Washington , D.C. and Timeline of Washington , D.C. The subject of a permanent capital for the United States was discussed numerous times during the years immediately following the Revolutionary War , however , the Continental Congress could never agree on a site due to regional loyalties and tensions . In September 1788 , the Congress of the Confederation selected New York City as the nation 's temporary capital under the incoming federal government . The framers of the Constitution granted the new U.S. Congress exclusive governing jurisdiction over a federal district , intentionally separate from not beholden to any state . The Constitution , however , said nothing about where it would be . Discussions during the 1st Congress about where to locate the permanent seat of government revolved around two locations : one site on the Potomac River near Georgetown ; and another site on the Susquehanna River near Wrights Ferry ( now Columbia , Pennsylvania ) . The Susquehanna River site was approved by the House in September 1789 , while legislation under consideration in the Senate specified a site on the Delaware River near Germantown , Pennsylvania . No agreement was reached , and the subject was deferred until the second session . Interest in attracting the capital grew as people realized the commercial benefits and prestige that were at stake . New York City and Philadelphia each built houses for the president . State officials in New York offered to cede Kingston , while Maryland officials offered to cede either Annapolis or Baltimore . Also , as had been the case in earlier debates during the 1780s , regional biases , state pride and local loyalties were potent forces and figured into the contest . There was much maneuvering by northern and southern factions in favor of certain sites , and by interstate coalitions that were formed and dissolved almost daily , as Congress debated the matter during the spring of 1790 . More than 20 sites were proposed publicly as candidates for the capital city . Washington , Jefferson , and James Madison , then a representative from Virginia , all supported a permanent capital on the Potomac ; Hamilton backed a temporary capital in New York City , and a permanent one in Trenton , New Jersey . At the same time , Hamilton 's funding proposal , a plan in which the federal government would assume debts incurred by states in waging the Revolutionary War was failing to garner enough support to pass . Jefferson , understanding that Hamilton needed southern votes to pass his funding plan , and keenly aware that the Potomac capital concept would fail without additional northern support , made use of an opportunity provided by a chance encounter with Hamilton to an informal dinner meeting at which interested parties could discuss a `` mutual accommodation . '' The deal subsequently struck , known as the Compromise of 1790 , cleared the way for passage , in July 1790 , of the Residence Act . The act transferred the federal capital to Philadelphia for 10 years , while a permanent capital along the Potomac was under construction . Hamilton 's debt assumption plan became law with the passage of the Funding Act of 1790 . The Residence Act authorized the president to select a specific site along the Potomac for the permanent seat of government . It also authorized him to appoint three commissioners to survey and acquire property for the federal city . Washington announced his selection of a site on January 24 , 1791 , and planning for the new city began afterward . Washington personally oversaw this effort through the end of his presidency . In September 1791 , the commissioners named the nascent city Washington , in the president 's honor , and the district Columbia , which was a poetic name for the United States commonly in use at that time . Construction on the White House ( then called the President 's House ) was begun in 1792 . Washington laid the cornerstone for the United States Capitol ( then called the Congress House ) on September 18 , 1793 . John Adams , Washington 's successor , moved into the White House in November 1800 ; that same month , Congress held its first session in the Capitol . The following February , Congress approved the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 , which officially organized the District of Columbia , and , in accordance with the Constitution , named Congress as its exclusive governing authority . Economic policy ( edit ) Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Among the many contentious issues facing the First Congress during its inaugural session was the issue of how to raise revenue for the federal government . There were both domestic and foreign Revolutionary War - related debts , as well as a trade imbalance with Great Britain that was crippling American industries and draining the nation of its currency . The first effort to begin addressing these issues resulted in the Tariff of 1789 , authorizing the collection of duties on imported goods . Signed into law by the president on July 4 , 1789 , the act established the United States Customs Service and its ports of entry . One year later , the Revenue - Marine was established when Washington signed legislation authorizing construction of ten cutters to enforce federal tariff and trade laws and to prevent smuggling . Until Congress established the Navy Department in 1798 , it served as the nation 's only armed force afloat . Renamed a century later as the Revenue Cutter Service , it and the U.S. Life - Saving Service were merged in 1915 to form the United States Coast Guard . Various other plans were considered to address the debt issues during the first session of Congress , but none were able to generate widespread support . In September 1789 , with no resolution in sight and the close of that session drawing near , Congress directed Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton to prepare a report on credit . In his Report on the Public Credit ( the first of three fiscal and economic policy reports ) , Hamilton called for the federal assumption of state debt and the mass issuance of federal bonds . Hamilton believed that these measures would restore the ailing economy , ensure a stable and adequate money stock , and make it easier for the federal government to borrow during emergencies such as wars . He also proposed redeeming the promissory notes issued by the Continental Congress during the American Revolution at full value . Many former soldiers had sold their notes at a fraction of face value , believing them to be worthless . He planned to buy back the promissory notes from their current holders . This idea drew loud objections from many who were of the opinion that the notes should be paid back either to the original holder or to both the current and original holder . Congressional delegations from the Southern states , which had lower or no debts , and whose citizens would effectively pay a portion of the debt of other states if the federal government assumed it , were disinclined to accept the proposal . Additionally , many in Congress argued that the plan was beyond the constitutional power of the new government . James Madison led the effort to block the provision and prevent the plan from gaining approval . Jefferson approved payment of the domestic and foreign debt at par , but not the assumption of state debts . After Hamilton and Jefferson reached the Compromise of 1790 , Hamilton 's assumption plan was adopted as the Funding Act of 1790 . Later in 1790 , Hamilton issued another set of recommendations in his Second Report on Public Credit . The report called for the establishment of a national bank and an excise tax on distilled spirits . Hamilton 's proposed national bank would provide credit to fledgling industries , serve as a depository for government funds , and oversee one nationwide currency . In response to Hamilton 's proposal , Congress passed the Bank Bill of 1791 , establishing the First Bank of the United States . The following year , it passed the Coinage Act of 1792 , establishing the United States Mint , and the United States dollar , and regulating the coinage of the United States . Historian Samuel Morison points to Hamilton 's Second Report as the event that precipitated Jefferson 's change of attitude toward Hamilton and his policies . Jefferson feared that the creation of the national bank would lead to political , economic , and social inequality , with Northern financial interests dominating American society much as aristocrats dominated European society . In December 1791 , Hamilton published the Report on Manufactures , which recommended numerous policies designed to protect U.S. merchants and industries in order to increase national wealth , induce artisans to immigrate , cause machinery to be invented , and employ women and children . Hamilton called for the federally - supervised infrastructure projects , the establishment of state - owned munitions factories and subsidies for privately owned factories , and the imposition of a protective tariff . Though Congress had adopted much of Hamilton 's earlier proposals , his manufacturing proposals fell flat , even in the more - industrialized North , as merchant - shipowners had a stake in free trade . There were also questions raised about the constitutionality of these proposals , and opponents such as Jefferson feared that Hamilton 's expansive interpretation of the Taxing and Spending Clause would grant Congress the power to legislate on any subject . In 1792 , with their relationship completely ruptured , Jefferson unsuccessfully tried to convince Washington to remove Hamilton , but Washington largely supported Hamilton 's ideas , believing that they had led to social and economic stability . Dissonance over Hamilton 's proposals also irrevocably broke the relationship between Washington and Madison , who had served as the president 's foremost congressional ally during the first year of his presidency . Opponents of Hamilton and the administration won several seats in the 1792 Congressional elections , and Hamilton was unable to win Congressional approval of his ambitious economic proposals afterward . The Whiskey Rebellion ( edit ) Main article : Whiskey Rebellion Despite the additional import duties imposed by the Tariff of 1790 , a substantial federal deficit remained -- chiefly due to the federal assumption of state revolution - related debts under the Funding Act . By December 1790 , Hamilton believed import duties , which were the government 's primary source of revenue , had been raised as high as was feasible . He therefore promoted passage of an excise tax on domestically distilled spirits . This was to be the first tax levied by the national government on a domestic product . Although taxes were politically unpopular , Hamilton believed the whiskey excise was a luxury tax that would be the least objectionable tax the government could levy . The tax also had the support of some social reformers , who hoped a `` sin tax '' would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol . The Distilled Spirits Duties Act , commonly known as the `` Whiskey Act '' , became law on March 3 , 1791 , and went into effect on June 1 . The tax on whiskey was bitterly and fiercely opposed on the frontier from the day it was passed . Western farmers considered it to be both unfair and discriminatory . As the Lower Mississippi River had been closed to American shipping for nearly a decade , farmers in western Pennsylvania were forced to turn their grain into whiskey . The substantial reduction in volume resulting from the distillation of grain into whiskey greatly reduced the cost to transport their crops to the populous east coast , which was the only place where there were markets for their crops . By the third quarter of 1794 , tensions reached a fevered pitch all along the western frontier as the settlers ' primary marketable commodity was threatened by the federal taxation measures . Finally the protests became an armed rebellion . The first shots were fired at the Oliver Miller Homestead in present - day South Park Township , Pennsylvania , about ten miles south of Pittsburgh . As word of the rebellion spread across the frontier , a whole series of loosely organized resistance measures were taken , including robbing the mail , stopping court proceedings , and the threat of an assault on Pittsburgh . One group disguised as women assaulted a tax collector , cropped his hair , coated him with tar and feathers , and stole his horse . Another group bombarded the estate of the tax collector John Neville , a friend of George Washington . In leading the militia against the Whiskey Rebellion , Washington became one of only two sitting U.S. presidents to exercise battlefield authority . Washington , alarmed by what appeared to be an armed insurrection in Western Pennsylvania , asked his cabinet for written opinions about how to deal with the crisis . The cabinet recommended the use of force , except for Secretary of State Randolph who urged reconciliation . Washington did both -- he sent commissioners to meet with the rebels while raising a militia army . When the final report of the commissioners recommended the use of the military to enforce the laws , the president invoked the Militia Law of 1792 to summon the militias of Pennsylvania , Virginia and several other states . The governors sent the troops and Washington took command as Commander - in - Chief , marching into the rebellious districts . Washington commanded a militia force of 13,000 men , roughly the same size of the Continental Army he had commanded during the Revolutionary War . Under the personal command of Washington , Hamilton and Revolutionary War hero General Henry `` Lighthorse Harry '' Lee , the army assembled in Harrisburg and marched into Western Pennsylvania ( to what is now Monongahela , Pennsylvania ) in October 1794 . The insurrection collapsed quickly with little violence , and the resistance movements disbanded . The men arrested for rebellion were imprisoned , where one died , while two were convicted of treason and sentenced to death by hanging . Later , Washington pardoned all the men involved . The suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion met with widespread popular approval . This was the first time the new government had been directly opposed , and through a clear show of federal authority , Washington established the principle that federal law is the supreme law of the land , and demonstrated that the federal government had both the ability and willingness to suppress violent resistance to the nation 's laws . The government 's response to the rebellion was , therefore , viewed by the Washington administration as a success , a view that has generally been endorsed by historians . This also was one of only two times in U.S. history that an incumbent president has personally commanded the military in the field ; James Madison would command an army in 1814 . Rise of political parties ( edit ) Federalists used a black and white Cockade as a symbol . Initially , Jefferson and Hamilton enjoyed a friendly working relationship . While never close , they seldom clashed during the first year in the Washington administration . Even so , deep philosophical differences soon caused a rift between them , and finally drove them apart . Hamilton believed that a vigorous use of the central government was essential for the task of nation building . He also believed that `` a flourishing merchant economy would sow opportunities for all , resulting in a more philanthropic , knowledgeable and enterprising people . '' In Jefferson 's view , centralized government was `` simply European - style tyranny waiting to happen again . '' He idealized the yeoman farmers , for they `` controlled their own destinies , and also a republic that , resting on the yeoman farmer , would keep ' alive that sacred fire ' of personal liberty and virtue . '' These differences gained their clearest expression in the debate about the Bank of the United States . Following their break with the administration , Jefferson and Madison began traveling to various former Anti-Federalist strongholds . At this point , their goal was not to form a political party or even generally oppose Washington , who they continued to admire , but rather to foment opposition to Hamilton 's policies . Most Congressmen aligned with either Hamilton or Jefferson during the 1792 elections , but local concerns dominated most campaigns . Hamilton began attacking Jefferson and his followers in the newspapers , calling Jefferson 's followers the `` Republican Party . '' The name implicitly accused Jefferson of engaging in partisan behavior , which was disdained by Americans . During this same period , though , Hamilton began to build his own political party . Over time , Jefferson 's followers formed the Democratic - Republican Party , while Hamilton 's supporters coalesced into the Federalist Party . Republicans used a red , white and blue cockade as a symbol . While economic policies were the original motivating factor in the growing partisan split , foreign policy also became a factor . Though most Americans supported the French Revolution prior to the Execution of Louis XVI , some of Hamilton 's followers began to fear the radical egalitarianism of the revolution as it became increasingly violent . Washington particularly feared British entrance into the war , as he worried that sympathy for France and hatred for Britain would propel the United States into the French Revolutionary Wars , to the ruin of the American economy . In 1793 , after Britain entered the French Revolutionary Wars , several Democratic - Republican Societies were formed . These societies , centered on the middle class of several eastern cities , opposed Hamilton 's economic policies and supported France . Conservatives came to fear these societies as populist movements that sought to re-make the class order . That same year , the British began attacking American ships that were trading with France , fanning the flames of anti-British sentiment . As Washington continued to seek peace with Great Britain , critics finally began to attack the president himself . After crushing the Whiskey Rebellion , Washington publicly blamed the Democratic - Republican Societies for the rebellion , and Jefferson began to view Washington as `` the head of a party '' rather than `` the head of a nation . '' Hamilton 's followers , who coalesced into the Federalist Party , were thrilled by Washington 's remarks , and the party sought to closely associate itself with Washington . The passage of the Jay Treaty further inflamed partisan warfare , resulting in a hardening of the divisions between the Federalists and the Democratic - Republicans . By 1795 -- 96 , election campaigns -- federal , state and local -- were waged primarily along partisan lines between the two national parties , although local issues continued to affect elections , and party affiliations remained in flux . Constitutional amendments ( edit ) Although some Anti-Federalists continued to call for a new federal constitutional convention and ridiculed them , Congress approved 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution on September 25 , 1789 , establishing specific constitutional guarantees of personal freedoms and rights , clear limitations on the government 's power in judicial and other proceedings , and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people , and submitted them to the state legislatures for ratification . By December 15 , 1791 , 10 of the 12 proposed amendments had been ratified by the requisite number of states ( then 11 ) , and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution ; collectively they are known as the Bill of Rights . On March 4 , 1794 , Congress approved an amendment to the United States Constitution clarifying judicial power over foreign nationals , and limiting the ability of citizens to sue states in federal courts and under federal law , and submitted it to the state legislatures for ratification . The Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states ( then 12 ) on February 7 , 1795 , to become part of the Constitution . Slave trade legislation ( edit ) Congress passed two acts related to the slave trade during the Washington administration : the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 , which made it a federal crime to assist an escaping slave , and established the legal system by which escaped slaves would be returned to their masters ; and the Slave Trade Act of 1794 , which limited the United States ' involvement in the transportation of slaves by prohibiting the export of slaves from the country The Northwest Indian War ( edit ) Main article : Northwest Indian War Chief Little Turtle ( mihšihkinaahkwa ) Major General Anthony Wayne Following adoption of the Land Ordinance of 1785 , American settlers began freely moving west across the Allegheny Mountains and into the Indian - occupied lands beyond -- land Great Britain had ceded to U.S. `` control '' at the end of the Revolutionary War ( the Northwest Territory ) . As they did , they encountered unyielding and often violent resistance from a confederation of tribes . In 1789 ( before Washington entered office ) , an agreement that was supposed to address the grievances of the tribes , the Treaty of Fort Harmar , was signed . This new treaty did almost nothing to stop the violence against American pioneers , however , and the following year , Washington directed the United States Army to enforce U.S. sovereignty . Secretary of War Henry Knox ordered Brigadier General Josiah Harmar to launch a major offensive against the Shawnee and Miami Indians living in the region . In October 1790 , his force of 1,453 men was assembled near present - day Fort Wayne , Indiana . Harmar committed only 400 of his men under Colonel John Hardin to attack an Indian force of some 1,100 warriors , who easily defeated Hardin 's forces . At least 129 soldiers were killed . Determined to avenge the defeat , the president ordered Major General Arthur St. Clair , who was serving as the governor of the Northwest Territory , to mount a more vigorous effort by the third quarter of 1791 . After considerable trouble finding men and supplies , St. Clair was finally ready . At dawn on November 4 , 1791 , his poorly trained force , accompanied by about 200 camp followers , was camped near the present - day location of Fort Recovery , Ohio , with poor defenses set up around their camp . An Indian force consisting of around 2,000 warriors led by Little Turtle , Blue Jacket , and Tecumseh , struck with swift and overwhelming displays of force , and , paralyzing the Americans with fear , soon overran their poorly prepared perimeter . St. Clair 's army was almost annihilated during the three - hour encounter . The American casualty rate included 632 of 920 soldiers and officers killed ( 69 % ) and 264 wounded . Nearly all of the 200 camp followers were slaughtered , for a total of about 832 . British officials in Upper Canada were delighted and encouraged by the success of the Indians , whom they had been supporting and arming for years , and in 1792 Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe proposed that the entire territory , plus a strip of New York and Vermont be erected into an Indian barrier state . While the British government did not take this proposal up , it did inform the Washington administration that it would not relinquish the Northwest forts , even if the U.S. paid its overdue debts . Also , early in 1794 , the British built a new garrison , Fort Miami , along the Maumee River -- about 100 miles ( 160 km ) southwest of Fort Detroit -- as a show of presence and support for the resistance . Outraged by news of the defeat , Washington urged Congress to raise an army capable of conducting a successful offense against the Indian confederacy , which it did in March 1792 -- establishing additional Army regiments ( the Legion of the United States ) , adding three - year enlistments , and increasing military pay . The following month the House of Representatives conducted investigative hearings into the debacle . This was the first Special Congressional investigation under the federal Constitution . Afterward , Congress passed two Militia Acts : the first empowered the president to call out the militias of the several states ; the second required that every free able - bodied white male citizen of the various states , between the ages of 18 and 45 , enroll in the militia of the state in which they reside . Next , Washington put General `` Mad '' Anthony Wayne in command of the Legion of the United States and ordered him to launch a new expedition against Western Confederacy . Wayne spent months training his troops at the army 's the first formal basic training facility in Legionville , Pennsylvania , in military skills , forest warfare tactics and discipline , then led them west . In late 1793 , the Legion began construction of Fort Recovery at the location of St. Clair 's defeat ; and , on June 30 -- July 1 , 1794 , successfully defended it from an Indian attack led by Little Turtle . Oil on canvas depiction of the Treaty of Greenville talks that ended the Northwest Indian War Taking the offensive , the legion marched north through the forest , and , upon reaching the confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee rivers -- about 45 miles ( 72 km ) southwest of Fort Miami -- on August 8 , built Fort Defiance , a stockade with blockhouse bastions . There he offered peace , which was rejected . Wayne 's soldiers advanced toward Fort Miami and on August 20 , 1794 encountered Indian confederacy forces led by Blue Jacket , in what has become known as the Battle of Fallen Timbers . The first assault on Wayne 's Legion was successful , but were able to regroup quickly and pressed the attack with a bayonet charge . The cavalry outflanked Blue Jacket 's warriors , who were easily routed . They fled towards Fort Miami , but were surprised to find the gates closed against them . The British commander of the fort refused to assist them , unwilling to start a war with the United States . Wayne 's army had won a decisive victory . The soldiers spent several days destroying the nearby Indian villages and crops , before withdrawing . With the door slammed shut on them by their old allies , Native American resistance quickly collapsed . Delegates from the various confederation tribes , 1130 persons total , gathered for a peace conference at Fort Greene Ville in June 1795 . The conference lasted for six weeks , resulting , on August 3 , 1795 in the Treaty of Greenville between the assembled tribes and the `` 15 fires of the United States . '' Under its terms , the tribes ceded most of what is now Ohio for American settlement , recognized the United States ( rather than Great Britain ) as the ruling power in the region , and turned ten chiefs over to the U.S. government as hostages until all white prisoners were returned in guarantee . This , along with the recently signed Jay Treaty , which provided for the British withdrawal from pre-Revolutionary War forts in the region it had not yet relinquished , solidified U.S. sovereignty over the Northwest Territory . Foreign Affairs ( edit ) The French revolution ( edit ) Public debate ( edit ) The storming of the Bastille on July 14 , 1789 , marked the beginning of the French Revolution . Washington kept the United States neutral during the conflict . With the Storming of the Bastille on July 14 , 1789 , the French Revolution erupted . The American public , remembering the French assistance during the Revolutionary War , was largely enthusiastic , and hoped for democratic reforms that would solidify the existing Franco - American alliance and transform France into a republican ally against aristocratic and monarchical Great Britain . Shortly after the Bastille fell , the main prison key was turned over to the Marquis de Lafayette , a Frenchman who had served under Washington in the American Revolutionary War . In an expression of optimism about the revolution 's chances for success , Lafayette sent the key to Washington , who displayed it prominently in the executive mansion . In the Caribbean , the revolution destabilized the French colony of Saint - Domingue ( present - day Haiti ) , as it split the government into royalist and revolutionary factions , and aroused the people to demand civil rights for themselves . Sensing an opportunity , the slaves of northern St. Domingue organized and planned a massive rebellion which began on August 22 , 1791 . Their successful revolution resulted in the establishment of the second independent country in the Americas ( after the United States ) . Soon after the revolt began , the Washington administration , at French request , agreed to send money , arms , and provisions to Saint - Domingue to assist distressed slave - owning colonists . Reacting to reports Haitian slaves slaughtering , many Southerners believed that a successful slave revolt in Haiti would lead to a massive race war in America . American aid to Saint - Domingue formed part of the US repayment of Revolutionary War loans , and eventually amounted to about $400,000 and 1,000 military weapons . From 1790 to 1794 , the French Revolution became increasingly radical . In 1792 the revolutionary government declared war on several European nations , including Great Britain , starting the War of the First Coalition . A wave of bloody massacres spread through Paris and other cities late that summer , leaving over one thousand people dead . On September 21 , 1792 , France declared itself a republic , and the deposed King Louis XVI was guillotined on January 21 , 1793 . Then followed a period labeled by some historians as the `` Reign of Terror , '' between the summer of 1793 and the end of July 1794 , during which 16,594 official death sentences were carried out against those accused of being enemies of the revolution . Among the executed were persons who had aided the American rebels during the Revolutionary War , such as the navy commander Comte D'Estaing . Lafayette , who was appointed commander - in - chief of the National Guard following the storming of the Bastille , fled France and ended up in captivity in Austria , while Thomas Paine , in France to support the revolutionaries , was imprisoned in Paris . The political debate in the U.S. over the nature of the revolution exacerbated pre-existing political divisions and resulted in the alignment of the political elite along pro-French and pro-British lines . Thomas Jefferson became the leader of the pro-French faction that celebrated the revolution 's republican ideals . Alexander Hamilton led the faction which viewed the revolution with skepticism and sought to preserve existing commercial ties with Great Britain . When news reached America that France had declared war on the British , people were divided on whether the U.S. should enter the war on the side of France . Jefferson and his faction wanted to aid the French , while Hamilton and his followers supported neutrality in the conflict . Jeffersonians denounced Hamilton , Vice President Adams , and even the president as friends of Britain , monarchists , and enemies of the republican values that all true Americans cherish . Hamiltonians warned that Jefferson 's Republicans would replicate the terrors of the French revolution in America -- `` crowd rule '' akin to anarchy , and the destruction of `` all order and rank in society and government . '' American Neutrality ( edit ) Although the president , who believed that the United States was too weak and unstable to fight another war with a major European power , wished to avoid any and all foreign entanglements , a sizable portion of the American public was ready to help the French and their fight for `` liberty , equality , and fraternity . '' In the days immediately following Washington 's second inauguration , the revolutionary government of France sent diplomat Edmond - Charles Genêt , called `` Citizen Genêt , '' to America . Genêt 's mission was to drum up support for the French cause . Genêt issued letters of marque and reprisal to American ships so they could capture British merchant ships . He attempted to turn popular sentiment towards American involvement in the French war against Britain by creating a network of Democratic - Republican Societies in major cities . Washington was deeply irritated by this subversive meddling , and when Genêt allowed a French - sponsored warship to sail out of Philadelphia against direct presidential orders , Washington demanded that France recall Genêt . However , by this time the revolution had taken a more violent approach and Genêt would have been executed had he returned to France . He appealed to Washington , and Washington allowed him to remain , making him the first political refugee to seek sanctuary in the United States . During the Genêt episode , Washington , after consulting his Cabinet , issued a Proclamation of Neutrality on April 22 , 1793 . In it he declared the United States neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and France . He also threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any of the warring countries . Washington eventually recognized that supporting either Great Britain or France was a false dichotomy . He would do neither , thereby shielding the fledgling U.S. from , in his view , unnecessary harm . The public had mixed opinions about Washington 's Proclamation of Neutrality . Those who supported Madison and Jefferson were far more likely to be in support of the French Revolution , as they saw it as an opportunity for a nation to achieve liberty from tyrannical rule . However , there were a number of merchants who were extremely happy that the President decided to remain impartial to the revolution . They believed that if the government took a stance on the war , it would ruin their trade relations with the British completely . This economic element was a primary reason for many federalist supporters wanting to avoid increased conflict with the British . Hamilton supported the Proclamation of Neutrality , defending it under the pseudonym `` Pacificus . '' He encouraged Washington to issue the proclamation , lecturing him about the need for a `` continuance of the peace , the desire of which may be said to be both universal and ardent . '' Relations with Great Britain ( edit ) Seizures and economic retaliation ( edit ) Upon going to war against France , the British Royal Navy began intercepting ships of neutral countries bound for French ports . The French imported large amounts of American foodstuffs , and the British hoped to starve the French into defeat by intercepting these shipments . In November 1793 the British government widened the scope of these seizures to include any neutral ships trading with the French West Indies , including those flying the American flag . By the following March , over 250 U.S. merchant ships had been seized and their crews impressed . Americans were outraged , and angry protests erupted in several cities . Many Jeffersonians in Congress demanded a declaration of war , but Congressman James Madison instead called for strong economic retaliation , including an embargo on all trade with Britain . Further inflaming anti-British sentiment in Congress , news arrived while the matter was under debate that the Governor General of British North America , Lord Dorchester , had made an inflammatory speech inciting the Indians in the Northwest Territory against the Americans . Congress responded to these `` outrages '' by passing a 30 - day embargo ( March 26 -- April 26 , 1794 ) on all shipping , foreign and domestic , in American harbors , which Washington signed into law . In the meantime , the British government had issued an order in council mitigating effects of the November order . This policy change did not defeat the whole movement for commercial retaliation , but it cooled passions somewhat . The embargo was later renewed for a second month , but then permitted to expire . The President 's strong inclination in response to British provocations was to seek a diplomatic solution . Taking advantage of the apparent change in British attitude , he named Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay as special envoy to Great Britain in an effort to head off war . This appointment provoked the ire of Jeffersonians . Although confirmed by a comfortable margin in the U.S. Senate ( 18 -- 8 ) , debate on the nomination was bitter . Jay Treaty ( edit ) Jay was instructed by Alexander Hamilton to seek compensation for seizure of American ships and to clarify the rules governing British seizure of neutral ships . He was also to insist that the British relinquish their posts in the Northwest . In return , the U.S. would take responsibility for pre-Revolution debts owed to British merchants and subjects . He also asked Jay , if possible , to seek limited access for American ships to the British West Indies . Jay and the British Foreign Secretary , Lord Grenville , began negotiations on July 30 , 1794 . The treaty that emerged several weeks later , commonly known as the Jay Treaty , was , in Jay 's words `` equal and fair . '' Both sides achieved many objectives ; several issues were sent to arbitration . For the British , America remained neutral and economically grew closer to Britain . The Americans also guaranteed favorable treatment to British imports . In return , the British agreed to evacuate the western forts , which they had been supposed to do by 1783 . They also agreed to open their West Indies ports to smaller American ships , allow small vessels to trade with the French West Indies , and set up a commission that would adjudicate American claims against Britain for seized ships , and British claims against Americans for debts incurred before 1775 . However , the treaty contained neither concessions on impressment nor statement of rights for American sailors . Another commission was later established to settle boundary issues . Cover of a 1795 pamphlet containing the text of the Jay Treaty Once the treaty arrived in Philadelphia in March 1795 , Washington -- who had misgivings about the treaty 's terms -- kept its contents confidential until June , when a special session of the Senate would convene to give its advice and consent . Peter Trubowitz writes that during these several months Washington wrestled with `` a strategic dilemma , '' balancing geopolitics and domestic politics . `` If he threw his support behind the treaty , he risked destroying his fragile government from within due to partisan rage . If he shelved the treaty to silence his political detractors , there would likely be war with Great Britain , which had the potential to destroy the government from the outside . '' Submitted on June 8 , debate on the treaty 's 27 articles was carried out in secret , and lasted for more than two weeks . Republican senators , who wanted to pressure Britain to the brink of war , denounced the Jay Treaty as an insult to American prestige , and a repudiation of the 1778 treaty and military support with France ; New York 's Aaron Burr argued point - by - point why the whole agreement should be renegotiated . On June 24 , the Senate approved the treaty by a vote of 20 -- 10 -- the precise two - thirds majority vote necessary for ratification . Although the Senate hoped to keep the treaty secret until Washington had decided whether or not to sign it , it was leaked to a Philadelphia editor who printed it in full on June 30 . Within a few days the whole the country knew the terms of the agreement , and , in the words of Samuel Morison , `` a howl or rage went up that Jay had betrayed his country . '' The reaction to the treaty was the most negative in the South . Southern planters , who owed the pre-Revolution debts to the British and who were now not going to collect for the slaves lost to them , viewed it as a great indignity . As a result , the Federalists lost most of the support they had among planters . Protests , organized by Republicans , included petitions , incendiary pamphlets , and a series of public meetings held in the larger cities , each of which addressed a memorial to the president . There was a temporary lull in the Jay Treaty furor after Washington signed it on August 24 . The following year , however , it flared up again , when the House of Representatives inserted itself into the debate . This time the fight was not only over the merits of the treaty , but also about whether the House had the power under the Constitution to refuse to appropriate the money necessary for a treaty already ratified by the Senate and signed by the president . Citing its constitutional fiscal authority ( Article I , Section 7 ) , the House requested that the president turn over all documents that related to the treaty , including his instructions to Jay , all correspondence , and all other documents relating to the treaty negotiations . He refused to do so , invoking what later became known as executive privilege , and insisted that the House did not have the Constitutional authority to block treaties . A contentious debate ensued , during which , Washington 's most vehement opponents in the House went so far as to publicly call for his impeachment . Through it all , Washington responded to his critics by using his prestige , political skills , and the power of office in a sincere and straightforward fashion to broaden public support for his stance . On April 30 , the House voted 51 -- 48 to approve the requisite treaty funding . Jeffersonians carried their campaign against the treaty and `` pro-British Federalist policies '' into the political campaigns ( both state and federal ) of 1796 , where the political divisions marking the First Party System became crystallized . Internationally , the treaty pushed American diplomatic relations away from France and towards Great Britain , as the French government concluded that it violated the Franco - American treaty of 1778 , and that the U.S. government had accepted the treaty against the overwhelming public sentiment against it . This set up a series of diplomatic and political conflicts over the ensuing four years , culminating in what became known as the Quasi-War . The Jay Treaty also helped ensure American control of its own frontier lands . After the signing of treaty , the British withdrew their support from several Native Americans tribes , while the Spanish , fearing that the Jay Treaty signaled the creation of an Anglo - American alliance , sought to appease the United States . Barbary pirates ( edit ) Following the end of the Revolutionary War the ships of the Continental Navy were gradually disposed of , and their crews disbanded . The frigate Alliance , which had fired the last shots of the war in 1783 , was also the last ship in the Navy . Many in the Continental Congress wanted to keep the ship in active service , but the lack of funds for repairs and upkeep , coupled with a shift in national priorities , eventually prevailed over sentiment . The ship was sold in August 1785 , and the navy disbanded . At around the same time American merchant ships in the Western Mediterranean and Southeastern North Atlantic began having problems with pirates operating from ports along North Africa 's so - called Barbary Coast -- Algiers , Tripoli , and Tunis . In 1784 -- 85 , Algerine pirate ships seized two American ships ( Maria and Dauphin ) and held their crews for ransom . Thomas Jefferson , then Minister to France , suggested an American naval force to protect American shipping in the Mediterranean , but his recommendations were initially met with indifference , as were later recommendations of John Jay , who proposed building five 40 - gun warships . Beginning late in 1786 , the Portuguese Navy began blockading Algerian ships from entering the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar , which provided temporary protection for American merchant ships . Piracy against American merchant shipping had not been a problem before 1776 , when ships from the Thirteen Colonies were protected by British warships and treaties ( nor was it a problem during the revolution , as the French Navy assumed the responsibility as part of the alliance treaty ) . Only after the U.S. achieved its independence did Barbary pirates begin capturing American ships , and demanding ransom or tribute . Additionally , once the French Revolution started , the British Navy began intercepting American merchant ships suspected of trading with France , and France began intercepting American merchant ships suspected of trading with Great Britain . Defenseless , the American government could do little to resist . Even given these events there was great resistance in Congress to formation of a naval force . Opponents asserted that payment of tribute to the Barbary states was a better solution than building a navy , which they argued would only lead to calls for a navy department , and the staff to operate it . This would then lead to more appropriations of funds , which would eventually spiral out of control , giving birth to a `` self - feeding entity . '' Then , in 1793 , a truce negotiated between Portugal and Algiers ended Portugal 's blockade of the Strait of Gibraltar , freeing the Barbary pirates to roam the Atlantic . Within months , they had captured 11 American vessels and more than a hundred seamen . The cumulation of all these events led Washington to request Congress to establish a standing navy . After a contentious debate , Congress passed the Naval Armament Act on March 27 , 1794 , authorizing construction of six frigates ( to be built by Joshua Humphreys ) . These ships were the first ships of what eventually became the present - day United States Navy . Soon afterward , Congress also authorized funds to obtain a treaty with Algiers and to ransom Americans held captive ( 199 were alive at that time , including a few survivors from the Maria and the Dauphin ) . Ratified in September 1795 , the final cost of the return of those held captive and peace with Algiers was $642,000 , plus $21,000 in annual tribute . The president was unhappy with the arrangement , but realized the U.S. had little choice but to agree to it . Treaties were also concluded with Tripoli , in 1796 , and Tunis in 1797 , each carrying with it an annual U.S. tribute payment obligation for protection from attack . The new Navy would not be deployed until after Washington left office ; the first two frigates completed were : United States , launched May 10 , 1797 ; and Constitution , launched October 21 , 1797 . Relations with Spain ( edit ) Pinckney 's Treaty ( effective August 3 , 1796 ) defined the border between the United States and Spanish Florida . With this agreement , Spain relinquished its claim upon a large swath of land north of that border line between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River . In the late 1780s the state of Georgia grew eager to firm up its trans - Appalachian land claim , and to fill the great demand for land to develop . The territory claimed by Georgia , which it called the `` Yazoo lands , '' ran west from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River , and included most of the present - day states of Alabama and Mississippi ( between 31 ° N and 35 ° N ) . The southern portion of this region was also claimed by Spain as part of Spanish Florida . One of Georgia 's efforts to accomplish its goals for the region , a 1794 plan developed by governor George Mathews and the Georgia General Assembly , became a major political scandal , known as the Yazoo land scandal . Spain had , since 1763 , controlled the lands west of the Mississippi River , Spanish Louisiana , plus New Orleans on its east bank . Great Britain , between 1763 and 1783 , controlled the lands east of the Mississippi , British Florida , north from the Gulf of Mexico . Spain gained possession of British Florida south of 31 ° N and claimed the rest of it -- north to 32 ° 22 ′ ( the junction of the Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers ) . Thereafter , Spain attempted to slow the migration of American settlers into the region , and to lure those already there to secede from the United States . Toward this end , in 1784 the Spanish closed New Orleans to American goods coming down the Mississippi , which was the only viable outlet for the goods produced by many American settlers , and also began selling weapons to the Indian tribes in the Yazoo . After Washington issued his 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality he became concerned that Spain , which later that year joined Britain in war against France , might work in consort to incite insurrection in the Yazoo against the U.S. , using the opening of trade on the Mississippi as an enticement . At that same time though , mid-1794 , Spain was attempting to extract itself from its alliance with the British , and to restore peace with France . As Spain 's prime minister , Manuel de Godoy , was attempting to do so , he learned of John Jay 's mission to London , and became concerned that those negotiations would result in an Anglo - American alliance and an invasion of Spanish possessions in North America . Sensing the need for rapprochement , Godoy sent a request to the U.S. government for a representative empowered to negotiate a new treaty ; Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to Spain in June 1795 . Eleven months after the signing of the Jay Treaty , the United States and Spain agreed to the Treaty of San Lorenzo , also known as Pinckney 's Treaty . Signed on October 27 , 1795 , the treaty established intentions of peace and friendship between the U.S. and Spain ; established the southern boundary of the U.S. with the Spanish colonies of East Florida and West Florida , with Spain relinquishing its claim on the portion of West Florida north of the 31st parallel ; and established the western U.S. border as being along the Mississippi River from the northern U.S. to the 31st parallel . Perhaps most importantly , Pinckney 's Treaty granted both Spanish and American ships unrestricted navigation rights along the entire Mississippi River , as well as duty - free transport for American ships through the Spanish port of New Orleans , opening much of the Ohio River basin for settlement and trade . Agricultural produce could now flow on flatboats down the Ohio River to the Mississippi and on to New Orleans and Europe . Spain and the United States further agreed to protect the vessels of the other party anywhere within their jurisdictions and to not detain or embargo the other 's citizens or vessels . The final treaty also voided Spanish guarantees of military support that colonial officials had made to Native Americans in the disputed regions , greatly weakening those communities ' ability to resist encroachment upon their lands . The treaty represented a major victory for Washington administration , and placated many of the critics of the Jay Treaty . It also enabled and encouraged American settlers to continue their movement west , by making the frontier areas more attractive and lucrative . The region that Spain relinquished its claim to through the treaty was organized by Congress as Mississippi Territory on April 7 , 1798 . Election of 1792 ( edit ) Main articles : United States presidential election , 1792 and Second inauguration of George Washington As the presidential election of 1792 approached , Washington , pleased with the progress his administration had made in establishing a strong , stable federal government , was planning to retire rather than seek a second term . He complained of old age , sickness , the in - fighting plaguing his cabinet , and the increasing hostility of the partisan press . However , the members of his cabinet -- especially Jefferson and Hamilton -- worked diligently through the summer and fall to persuade Washington not to retire . They apprised him of the potential impact the French Revolutionary Wars might have on the country , and insisted that only someone with his popularity and moderation could lead the nation effectively during the volatile times ahead . In the end , `` Washington never announced his candidacy in the election of 1792 , '' writes historian John Ferling , `` he simply never said that he would not consider a second term . '' Washington arriving at Congress Hall in Philadelphia , March 4 , 1793 The 1792 elections were the first ones in U.S. history to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis . In most states , the congressional elections were recognized in some sense as a `` struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest , '' to use the words of Jefferson strategist John Beckley . Because few doubted that Washington would receive the greatest number of electoral votes , the vice presidency became a focus of popular attention . The speculation here also tended to be organized along partisan lines -- Hamiltonians supported Adams and Jeffersonians favored New York governor George Clinton . Both however were technically candidates for president competing against Washington , as electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president . The recipient of the most votes would then become president , and the runner - up vice president . Washington was unanimously reelected president , receiving 132 electoral votes ( one from each elector ) , and Adams was reelected vice president , receiving 77 votes . The other 55 electoral votes were divided among : George Clinton ( 50 ) , Thomas Jefferson ( 4 ) , and Aaron Burr ( 1 ) . Washington 's second inauguration took place in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( the first at this site ) on March 4 , 1793 . The presidential oath of office was administered by Supreme Court associate justice William Cushing . Washington 's inaugural address was just 135 words , the shortest to date . This inauguration was brief and simple , a sharp contrast to the extravaganza four years earlier , which , in the eyes of many , had all the trappings of a monarchical coronation . Although his second term began simultaneously with Washington 's , John Adams was sworn into office for that term on December 2 , 1793 in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall . The vice presidential oath was administered by the president pro tempore of the Senate John Langdon . Presidential residences and tours ( edit ) Residences ( edit ) Washington lived in three executive mansions during his presidency : Residence and location Time span Notes Samuel Osgood House 3 Cherry Street New York , New York April 23 , 1789 -- February 23 , 1790 Congress leased the house from Samuel Osgood for a sum of $845 per year . Alexander Macomb House 39 -- 41 Broadway New York , New York February 23 , 1790 -- August 30 , 1790 The `` first family '' moved into this larger and more conveniently located house when Elénor - François - Elie , Comte de Moustier returned to France . President 's House 524 - 30 Market Street Philadelphia , Pennsylvania November 27 , 1790 -- March 10 , 1797 The owner of nine slaves , Washington circumvented Pennsylvania 's Gradual Abolition law by rotating them between Philadelphia and Mount Vernon . Tours ( edit ) Washington made three major tours around the country . The first was to New England ( 1789 ) , the second to Rhode Island and New York City ( 1790 ) , and the third to the Southern states ( 1791 ) . His first trip was to New England . His main goals were to educate himself about `` the principal character and internal circumstances '' of the different regions of the country , as well as meet `` well informed persons , who might give him useful information and advice on political subjects . '' In addition , he scouted out locations for canals and other internal improvements , as well as learning the popular opinion on multiple issues . His first stop along the trip was to New Haven , Connecticut . From New Haven , he traveled through Massachusetts on the way to Boston . In Boston , a large fanfare greeted him . From Boston , Washington traveled north , stopping in Marblehead and Salem , Massachusetts . About a week after being in Boston , he traveled north to Portsmouth , New Hampshire , and circled back to New York , stopping in Waltham and Lexington . The trip was a success , serving to consolidate his popularity and improve his health . After Rhode Island ratified the Constitution , Washington promptly took another tour to visit it . Along with Jefferson and New York governor George Clinton , he first stopped in Newport , Rhode Island , then traveled to Providence , Rhode Island . On August 22 , 1790 , Washington returned to New York City . In 1791 , Washington left on his third trip , to the South , largely to promote national unity amid uproar over Hamilton 's economic plan , as well as slavery . The trip began on March 20 , 1791 , when Washington and a small group of aides began sailing down the Severn River . After sailing through a large storm , they arrived in Annapolis . From Annapolis he traveled to Mount Vernon , and from there to Colchester , Virginia , to Richmond , Virginia . After leaving Richmond , he went to Petersburg , than Emporia , Virginia . He left Virginia and went to Craven County , North Carolina , then New Bern . Washington 's last stop in North Carolina was Wilmington , which upon leaving he promptly arrived in Georgetown , South Carolina , subsequently travelling to Charleston . After South Carolina , Washington arrived in Georgia , going to ( among others ) Augusta . In late May , Washington turned around , stopping at many Revolutionary War battle sites . On July 11 , 1791 , they arrived back at Mount Vernon . States joining the Union ( edit ) When the federal government began operations under the new form of government on March 4 , 1789 , two ( of the 13 ) states were ineligible to participate as they had not yet ratified the Constitution . Both did so while Washington was in office , thereby joining the new Union : North Carolina , November 21 , 1789 ; and Rhode Island , May 29 , 1790 . Three new states were admitted to the Union ( each on an equal footing with the existing states ) while Washington was in office : Vermont , March 4 , 1791 ; Kentucky , June 1 , 1792 ; and Tennessee , June 1 , 1796 Farewell address and election of 1796 ( edit ) Farewell address ( edit ) Main article : George Washington 's Farewell Address Washington 's Farewell Address As his second term entered its final year in 1796 , Washington was in poor health , exhausted from years of internal squabbling among members of his cabinet and external attacks in the press , and he was ready to retire to Mount Vernon . Although many Americans had been expecting or anticipating that Washington would serve a third term , that spring he decided not to , and began drafting his Farewell Address to `` friends and fellow - citizens . '' It was a momentous decision , as at that time in the history of western civilization national leaders rarely relinquished their titles voluntarily , In making the announcement and then following through on it , Washington established a precedent for the democratic transfer of executive power . His departure from office after two terms set a pattern for subsequent U.S. presidents , and provided future generations of elected leaders with a lesson in democratic conduct through both word and deed . In 1792 , when Washington had considered retiring after one term , he turned to James Madison for help composing a `` valedictory address '' to the public . Now , four years later , resolute about retiring , he turned to Alexander Hamilton for guidance . Over the course of several months , Hamilton and the president collaborated on the form and wording of the address . The final product , wrote Hamilton biographer Marie Hecht , `` was a true marriage of minds , the peak of amity and understanding between the two men . '' Most historians believe that while the language is primarily Hamilton 's , the ideas are essentially Washington 's . The address was published on September 19 , 1796 , in David Claypoole 's American Daily Advertiser . It was immediately reprinted in newspapers and as a pamphlet throughout the United States . Washington makes clear at the outset that he was not running for a third term , and then thanking his fellow citizens for the opportunity to serve as their president . He then writes about the preservation of the Union , the core of American nationhood , and which , along with the Constitution binds all Americans together and provides for the popular well being . Concerned about the obstacles and potential hazards that lay ahead for the nation , Washington urges the nation 's people to cherish and safeguard their hard - won system of republican government despite their many differences . The unity of government which constitutes you one people is also now dear to you . It is justly so ; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence , the support of your tranquility at home , your peace abroad , of your safety , of your prosperity , of that very liberty which you so highly prize . But as it is easy to foresee that , from different causes and from different quarters , much pains will be taken , many artifices employed , to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth ; as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively ( though often covertly and insidiously ) directed , it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national Union to your collective and individual happiness ; that you should cherish a cordial , habitual , and immovable attachment to it ; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity ; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety ; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned ; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest , or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts . Full text Most of the address is an extended policy statement about his eight years in office , with some pointed comments mixed in highlight certain points , in which he builds a case for the steps needed to perpetuate the union , a concept that began to germinate among and between the states during the Revolutionary War . In doing so he lifts up a well - formed and functioning Constitution ( the rule of law ) , along with the proper habits and dispositions ( both intellectual and religious ) of the people as essential . Washington also lays out the greatest threats he sees to the Union , warning Americans to : distrust the passions of political factionalism , be wary of foreign interference in the nation 's domestic affairs , and avoid an entangling foreign policy . After Washington 's death in 1799 , the address was reprinted in newspapers , and included in schoolbooks and collections of Washington 's writings and biographies throughout the country . A quarter - century later , both Jefferson and Madison placed it on the primary reading list at the University of Virginia , describing it as one of the `` best guides '' to the `` distinctive principles '' of American government . It became one of the `` great state papers of American history '' , often read in classrooms and public ceremonies into the 20th century . Its enduring importance is demonstrated each year in the U.S. Senate , which observes Washington 's Birthday ( February 22 ) each year by selecting one of its members , alternating parties , to read the address in legislative session . Today the address is primarily remembered for its words concerning non-involvement in European wars and politics . For much of the 19th century , the expanse of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans had made it possible for the U.S. to enjoy a kind of `` free security '' and remain largely detached from Old World conflicts , and social conventions made international travel by incumbent politicians taboo . This taboo began to erode and break down in the early 20th century , as policy makers at the federal level began to reevaluate the nation 's role in international affairs . The first international presidential trip was made in 1906 by Theodore Roosevelt , and subsequently , during World War I , Woodrow Wilson made a case for U.S. intervention in the conflict and a U.S. interest in maintaining a peaceful world order . Since then , the U.S. has signed numerous treaties of alliance with foreign nations . Election of 1796 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1796 Washington 's September 19 , 1796 announcement that he would not be a candidate for a third term was , in the words of congressman Fisher Ames , `` a signal , like dropping a hat , for the party racers to start . '' During the ensuing ten weeks partisans from both factions sprang into action in an intensive and focused effort to influence the outcome of the electoral vote . Like the previous two presidential elections , no candidates were put forward for voters to choose between in 1796 . The Constitution provided for the selection of electors , who would then elect a president . The clear favorite of Democratic - Republicans was Thomas Jefferson , although he was very reluctant to run . There was little doubt that John Adams would be the choice of a great majority of the Federalists . The Democratic - Republicans in Congress held a nominating caucus and named Jefferson and Aaron Burr as their presidential choices . Jefferson at first declined the nomination , but he finally agreed to run a few weeks later . Federalist members of Congress held an informal nominating caucus and named Adams and Thomas Pinckney as their candidates for president . The campaign , was , for the most part , unorganized and sporadic , confined to newspaper attacks , pamphlets and political rallies ; of the four contenders , only Burr actively campaigned . In early November , France 's ambassador to the U.S. , Pierre Adet , inserted himself into the political debate on behalf of Jefferson , publishing statements designed to arouse anti-British sentiment and to leave the impression that a Jefferson victory would result in improved relations with France . Then , late in the campaign , Alexander Hamilton , desiring `` a more pliant president than Adams , '' maneuvered to tip the election to Pinckney . He coerced South Carolina Federalist electors , pledged to vote for `` favorite son '' Pinckney , to scatter their second votes among candidates other than Adams . Hamilton 's scheme was undone , however , when several New England state electors heard of it , conferred , and agreed not to vote for Pinckney . The electoral votes were counted during a Joint Session of Congress on February 8 , 1797 ; Adams won the presidency by a narrow margin , garnering 71 electoral votes to 68 for Jefferson ( who became the vice president ) . The balance of the Electoral College votes were dispersed among : Thomas Pinckney ( 59 ) , Aaron Burr ( 30 ) , Samuel Adams ( 15 ) , Oliver Ellsworth ( 11 ) , George Clinton ( 7 ) , John Jay ( 5 ) , James Iredell ( 3 ) , John Henry ( 2 ) , Samuel Johnston ( 2 ) , George Washington ( 2 ) , and C.C. Pinckney ( 1 ) . See also ( edit ) Book : George Washington America 's Critical Period , for the period preceding Washington 's presidency Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution , covers pertinent events from 1785 to 1791 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Only ten of the thirteen states cast electoral votes in this election . North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate as they had not yet ratified the Constitution . The New York legislature failed to appoint its allotted electors in time , so there were no voting electors from New York . Jump up ^ Rutledge was the first Supreme Court nominee to be rejected , and is the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . Jump up ^ See Article I , Section 8 -- the Enumerated powers clause . Jump up ^ One of the two amendments not ratified in 1791 was later ratified , May 7 , 1992 , becoming the Twenty - seventh Amendment ; the other amendment is technically still pending before the states . Jump up ^ It was reported that in February 1794 , the Governor General of British North America , Lord Dorchester , told leaders of the Seven Nations of Canada that war between the U.S. and Britain was likely to break out before the year was out . He also stated that , due to American aggression in the region , the U.S. had forfeited the region ( south of the Great Lakes ) awarded by 1783 Treaty of Paris . Dorchester was officially reprimanded by the Crown for his strong and unsanctioned words . Jump up ^ While the Ineligibility Clause of Article I , Section 6 of the Constitution prohibits persons serving in a federal executive or judicial branch office from simultaneously serving in Congress , it does not ( nor does any other constitutional provision ) prohibit simultaneous service in executive branch and judicial branch offices . In addition to John Jay , Chief Justices Oliver Ellsworth and John Marshall also served dual executive and judicial offices in the early decades of the nation 's existence . More recently , Associate Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed to serve as U.S. Chief of Counsel for the prosecution of Nazi war criminals at the 1945 -- 46 Nuremberg trials , and Chief Justice Earl Warren was appointed as chairman of the 1964 commission formed to investigate the assassination of John F. Kennedy . Jump up ^ Vermont declared itself an independent republic on January 17 , 1777 , during the American Revolutionary War ; however its territory was claimed by the State of New York . Only when New York was induced to renounce its claim in exchange for financial remuneration ( 30,000 Dollars ; an agreement formally accepted by both jurisdictions as of October 28 , 1790 ) was Statehood possible . Jump up ^ Kentucky is one of 3 states that were set off from already existing states ( Maine and West Virginia are the others ) . The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18 , 1789 separating its `` District of Kentucky '' from the rest of the State and approving its statehood . Jump up ^ Tennessee was the first state created from a U.S. territory , the Territory South of the River Ohio ; previously , what would become Tennessee had been part of the State of North Carolina . Jump up ^ From 1789 to 1940 , U.S. presidents adhered to a self - imposed limit of two terms . The precedent was exceeded only once , by Franklin D. Roosevelt , who was elected to four terms , and served from 1933 through 1945 . The 22nd Amendment , proposed and ratified following Franklin Roosevelt 's presidency , provides that `` No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice . '' Jump up ^ In seven states presidential electors were chosen by voters . In the remaining nine states , they were chosen by the state 's legislature . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jamison , Dennis ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` George Washington 's views on political parties in America '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rating the Presidents of the United States , 1789 -- 2000 : A Survey of Scholars in History , Political Science , and Law '' . www.fed-soc.org . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ungar 2015 , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Knott , Stephen . `` George Washington : Campaigns and Elections '' . Charlottesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` From His Peaceful Retirement at Mount Vernon , Washington Answers `` The Call of His Country '' `` . Mount Vernon , Virginia : Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association , George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chernow 2010 , p. 548 Jump up ^ Conroy , Sarah Booth . `` First President 's Election Was the Last Thing He Wanted '' . Charlottesville , Virginia : Papers of George Washington Project at the University of Virginia . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chernow 2010 , p. 551 Jump up ^ Meacham 2012 , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Ferling 2009 , pp. 270 -- 274 ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Election of 1789 '' . Mount Vernon , Virginia : Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association , George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 438 ^ Jump up to : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 - 1996 '' . College Park , Maryland : Office of the Federal Register , National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chernow , Ron ( February 2011 ) . `` George Washington : The Reluctant President '' . Smithsonian . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 429 ^ Jump up to : Morison 1965 , p. 315 Jump up ^ Henry , Laurin L. ( October 1968 ) . `` The Awkward Interval '' . American Heritage . Vol. 19 no . 6 . Rockville , Maryland : American Heritage Publishing . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` March 4 : A forgotten huge day in American history '' . Philadelphia : National Constitution Center . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Inaugural Address '' . Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Journal '' . 1st Congress , 1st session . April 6 , 1789 . pp. 7 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vice Presidential Inaugurations '' . Washington , D.C. : Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to St. John 's Lodge No. 1 , A.Y.M. '' . St. John 's Lodge No. 1 Ancient York Masons F&AM . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 1st Presidential Inauguration : George Washington , April 30 , 1789 '' . Washington , D.C. : Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alden 1993 , p. 236 Jump up ^ McMaster 2006 , pp. 539 -- 540 ^ Jump up to : Morison 1965 , p. 319 Jump up ^ Chernow 2004 , p. 286 Jump up ^ Ferling 2009 , pp. 282 -- 284 Jump up ^ `` Biographies of the Secretaries of State : Thomas Jefferson ( 1743 -- 1826 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Historian , Bureau of Public Affairs , United States Department of State . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1974 , pp. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` How the Rivalry Between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton Changed History '' . A version of this piece appears in TIME 's special edition Alexander Hamilton : A Founding Father 's Visionary Genius -- and His Tragic Fate . New York City , New York : Time . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1974 , pp. 139 -- 140 Jump up ^ Ferling 2003 , pp. 406 -- 407 ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Senate document `` Vice President of the United States ( President of the Senate ) '' ( retrieved on July 23 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Hutson , James H. ( March 1968 ) . `` John Adams ' Title Campaign '' . The New England Quarterly . 41 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 39 . doi : 10.2307 / 363331 . Jump up ^ Bartoloni - Tuazon 2014 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Wood 2006 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Smith 1962 , p. 769 Jump up ^ Smith 1962 , p. 844 Jump up ^ `` April 05 , 1792 : Washington exercises first presidential veto '' . This Day In History . New York : A&E Networks . 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunsing , Mariah ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` The First Presidential Veto '' . teachingamericanhistory.org . Ashland , Ohio : Ashbrook Center , Ashland University . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James , Edmund J. ( January 1897 ) . `` The First Apportionment of Federal Representatives in the United States '' . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson - Signed Document Confirming Salaries for Washington and Adams Sells for $28,000 at Auction '' . Fine Books Notes . Chapel Hill North Carolina : Fine Books & Collections , OP Media . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries , 1789 + '' . University of Michigan . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Korch , Travers ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Cost of Living in George Washington 's Time '' . FOX News Network . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerber 1998 , pp. 1 -- 26 Jump up ^ Hodak , George ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` February 2 , 1790 : Supreme Court Holds Inaugural Session '' . abajournal.com . Chicago , Illinois : American Bar Association . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . www.senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary '' . Federal Judicial center . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chardavoyne 2012 , pp. 10 -- 12 Jump up ^ `` Judges of the United States Courts '' Archived July 30 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Biographical Directory of Federal Judges . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Allen 2001 , pp. 3 -- 6 Jump up ^ Casey , Lee A. `` Essays On Article I : Enclave Clause '' . The Heritage Guide to The Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reps 1992 , pp. 240 -- 242 Jump up ^ Elkins & McKitrick 1995 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Crew , Webb & Wooldridge 1892 , pp. 65 -- 70 Jump up ^ Elkins & McKitrick 1995 , pp. 133 -- 135 Jump up ^ Kativa , Hillary S. `` Capital of the United States ( Selection of Philadelphia ) '' . The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia . Camden , New Jersey : Mid-Atlantic Regional Center for the Humanities at Rutgers - Camden . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chernow 2004 , pp. 324 -- 331 ^ Jump up to : Morison 1965 , p. 329 Jump up ^ Grogg , Robert . `` Introduction : Where Oh Where Should the Capital Be ? '' . Washington , D.C. : The White House Historical Association . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crew , Webb & Wooldridge 1892 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Allen 2001 , pp. 13 -- 15 Jump up ^ `` Inside the White House : History '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Curator , The White House . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sep 18 , 1793 : Capitol cornerstone is laid '' . This Day In History . New York : A&E Networks . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nov 01 , 1800 : John Adams moves into White House '' . This Day In History . New York : A&E Networks . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` November 17 , 1800 : The Senate Moves to Washington '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Senate Historical Office . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . 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History of the United States Capitol -- A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Government Printing Office . ISBN 0 - 16 - 050830 - 4 . Bailey , David M. ; Kennedy , Lizabeth ; Cohen , Thomas A. ( 2006 ) . The American pageant : a history of the Republic ( 13th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 47927 - 9 . Barnes , Celia ( 2003 ) . Native American Power in the United States , 1783 - 1795 . Teaneck , Madison , New Jersey : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3958 - 5 . Bartoloni - Tuazon , Kathleen ( 2014 ) . For Fear of an Elective King : George Washington and the Presidential Title Controversy of 1789 . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 5298 - 7 . Beer , Samuel H. ( 1987 ) . `` Chapter 6 : The Idea of the Nation '' . In Goldwin , Robert A. ; Schambra , William A. How Federal is the Constitution ? . Volume five in the AEI series `` A Decade of Study of the Constitution '' . Washington , D.C. : American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research . ISBN 0 - 8447 - 3619 - 8 . Bellfy , Philip C. ( 2011 ) . Three Fires Unity : The Anishnaabeg of the Lake Huron Borderlands . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1348 - 7 . Boyd , Steven R. ( 1994 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The Whiskey Rebellion , Popular Rights , and the Meaning of the First Amendment '' . In Mainwaring , W. Thomas . The Whiskey Rebellion and the Trans - Appalachian Frontier . Washington , Pennsylvania : Washington and Jefferson College . OCLC 32005769 . Chardavoyne , David Gardner ( 2012 ) . United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan : People , Law , and Politics . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3720 - 1 . Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Penguin Books . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 009 - 2 . Chernow , Ron ( 2010 ) . Washington : A Life . London : Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 266 - 7 . Combs , Jerald A. ( 1970 ) . The Jay Treaty : Political Battleground of the Founding Fathers . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 01573 - 8 . LCCN 70 - 84044 . Craughwell , Thomas J. ; Phelps , M. William ( 2008 ) . Failures of the Presidents : From the Whiskey Rebellion and War of 1812 to the Bay of Pigs and War in Iraq . Fair Winds Press . Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John , eds. ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. : With Full Outline of the Natural Advantages , Accounts of the Indian Tribes , Selection of the Site , Founding of the City ... to the Present Time . Dayton , Ohio : United Brethern Publishing House . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Daughan , George C. ( 2008 ) . If By Sea : The Forging of the American Navy -- From the American Revolution to the War of 1812 . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01607 - 5 . OCLC 190876973 . Elkins , Stanley ; McKitrick , Eric ( 1995 ) . The Age of Federalism : The Early American Republic , 1788 - 1800 . New York City : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509381 - 0 . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 1996 ) . American Sphinx : The Character of Thomas Jefferson . Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0679764410 . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2000 ) . Founding Brothers : The Revolutionary Generation . Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40544 - 5 . Ellis , Joseph ( 2004 ) . His Excellency , George Washington . Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4031 - 0 . Hamilton , Alexander ( 1973 ) . The Papers of Alexander Hamilton . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 08917 - 3 . Ferling , John ( 2009 ) . The Ascent of George Washington : The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon . New York : Bloomsbury Press . ISBN 1 - 59691 - 465 - 3 . Ferling , John ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515924 - 1 . Fowler , William M. ( 1984 ) . Jack Tars and Commodores : The American Navy , 1783 - 1815 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 35314 - 9 . OCLC 10277756 . Gerber , Scott Douglas , ed. ( 1998 ) . Seriatim : The Supreme Court Before John Marshall . New York City : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 3114 - 7 . Harrison , Lowell H. ( 1992 ) . Kentucky 's Road to Statehood . The University of Kentucky Press . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1782 - 8 . Herring , George ( 2008 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507822 - 0 . Hoadley , John F. ( 1986 ) . Origins of American Political Parties : 1789 -- 1803 . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 5320 - 9 . Hogeland , William ( 2006 ) . The Whiskey Rebellion : George Washington , Alexander Hamilton , and the Frontier Rebels Who Challenged America 's Newfound Sovereignty . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5490 - 2 . Hunt , Alfred N. ( 1988 ) . Haiti 's Influence on Antebellum America : Slumbering Volcano in the Caribbean . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State Univ Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1370 - 0 . Ifft , Richard A. ( 1985 ) . `` Treason in the Early Republic : The Federal Courts , Popular Protest , and Federalism During the Whiskey Insurrection '' . In Boyd , Steven R . The Whiskey Rebellion : Past and Present Perspectives . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 24534 - 7 . OCLC 11291120 . Kent , Charles A. ( 1918 ) ( Reprinted from the Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society , v. 10 , no . 4 ) . The Treaty of Greenville August 3 , 1795 . Springfield , Illinois : Schnepp and Barnes . LCCN 19013726 . 13608 -- 50 . Kilpatrick , James J. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86854 - 7 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1974 ) . The Presidency of George Washington . American Presidency . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0359 - 6 . McMaster , John Bach ( 2006 ) . A History of the People of the United States : From the Revolution to the Civil War . Volume 1 . New York City : Cosimo . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59605 - 233 - 8 . Meacham , Jon ( 2012 ) . Thomas Jefferson : The Art of Power . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6766 - 4 . Miller , John C. ( 1960 ) . The Federalist Era , 1789 -- 1801 . New York : Harper & Brothers . LCCN 60 - 15321 -- via Universal Digital Library ( 2004 - 04 - 24 ) . Miller , Nathan ( 1997 ) . The U.S. Navy : A History ( 3rd ed . ) . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 595 - 0 . OCLC 37211290 . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . LCCN 65 - 12468 . Reps , John W. ( 1992 ) ( First published 1965 ) , `` Planning the National Capital '' , The Making of Urban America : A History of City Planning in the United States , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 00618 - 0 Schecter , Barnet ( 2010 ) . George Washington 's America . A Biography Through His Maps . New York : Walker & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1748 - 1 . Sharp , James Roger ( 1993 ) . American Politics in the Early Republic : The New Nation in Crisis . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06519 - 1 . Slaughter , Thomas P. ( 1986 ) . The Whiskey Rebellion : Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution . New York City : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505191 - 2 . Smith , Page ( 1962 ) . John Adams . Volume II 1784 -- 1826 . New York : Doubleday . LCCN 63 - 7188 . Spaulding , Matthew ( 2001 ) . `` Chapter 2 : The Command of its own Fortunes : Reconsidering Washington 's Farewell address '' . In Fishman , Ethan M. ; Pederson , William D. ; Rozell , Mark J. George Washington : Foundation of Presidential Leadership and Character . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96868 - 5 . LCCN 00 - 069857 . Ungar , Harlow ( 2015 ) . `` Mr. President '' : George Washington and the Making of the Nation 's Highest Office ( paperback ed . ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82353 - 4 . Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( Volume 1 : A-M ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2009 ) . Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 - 1815 . Oxford History of the United States . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503914 - 6 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2006 ) . Revolutionary Characters . Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 093 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of George Washington Bassett , John Spencer . The Federalist System , 1789 -- 1801 ( 1906 ) , old survey of politics online version , Cronin , Thomas F. , ed . Inventing the American Presidency . U. Press of Kansas , 1989 . 404 pp . Ellis , Joseph J. `` Inventing the Presidency . '' American Heritage 2004 55 ( 5 ) : 42 -- 48 , 50 , 52 -- 53 . ISSN 0002 - 8738 Fatovic , Clement . `` Constitutionalism and Presidential Prerogative : Jeffersonian and Hamiltonian Perspectives . '' American Journal of Political Science 2004 48 ( 3 ) : 429 -- 444 . ISSN 0092 - 5853 Fulltext in Swetswise , Ingenta , Jstor , Ebsco Fishman , Ethan M. ; William D. Pederson , Mark J. Rozell , eds . George Washington ( 2001 ) essays by scholars Freeman , Douglas S. George Washington : A Biography. 7 volumes , 1948 -- 1957 ; vol 6 -- 7 cover the presidency The standard scholarly biography , winner of the Pulitzer Prize . A single - volume abridgment by Richard Harwell appeared in 1968 Flaumenhaft ; Harvey . The Effective Republic : Administration and Constitution in the Thought of Alexander Hamilton Duke University Press , 1992 Grizzard , Frank E. , Jr . George Washington : A Biographical Companion . ABC - CLIO , 2002 . 436 pp. Comprehensive encyclopedia by leading scholar Gregg II , Gary L. and Matthew Spalding , eds . George Washington and the American Political Tradition . ISI ( 1999 ) , essays by scholars Higginbotham , Don , ed . George Washington Reconsidered. ( 2001 ) . 336 pp . Leibiger , Stuart . `` Founding Friendship : George Washington , James Madison , and the Creation of the American Republic . '' U. Press of Virginia , 1999 . 284 pp . Miller , John C. Alexander Hamilton : Portrait in Paradox ( 1959 ) , full - length scholarly biography ; online edition Nettels , Curtis P . The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) . Nordham , George W . The Age of Washington : George Washington 's Presidency , 1789 -- 1797 . ( 1989 ) . Riccards , Michael P. A Republic , If You Can Keep It : The Foundations of the American Presidency , 1700 -- 1800 . ( 1987 ) Sheehan , Colleen . `` Madison V. Hamilton : The Battle Over Republicanism And The Role Of Public Opinion '' American Political Science Review 2004 98 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 424 . Smith , Robert W. Keeping the Republic : Ideology and Early American Diplomacy. ( 2004 ) Spalding , Matthew . `` George Washington 's Farewell Address . '' The Wilson Quarterly v20 # 4 ( Autumn 1996 ) pp : 65 + . White , Leonard D . The Federalists : A Study in Administrative History ( 1956 ) , thorough analysis of the mechanics of government in the 1790s Wood , Gordon S . `` The Greatness of George Washington . '' Virginia Quarterly Review 1992 68 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 207 . ISSN 0042 - 675X Fulltext : in Ebsco Wright ; Robert E. Hamilton Unbound : Finance and the Creation of the American Republic Praeger ( 2002 ) Foreign policy ( edit ) Bradford Perkins . From Sea to Sea , 1776 -- 1865 , ( 1993 ) Estes , Todd . `` The Art of Presidential Leadership : George Washington and the Jay Treaty '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 2001 109 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 158 . ISSN 0042 - 6636 Fulltext online at Ebsco . Estes , Todd . The Jay Treaty Debate , Public Opinion , and the Evolution of Early American Political Culture . ( 2006 ) Harper , John Lamberton . American Machiavelli : Alexander Hamilton and the Origins of U.S. Foreign Policy . ( 2004 ) Daniel C. Lang . Foreign Policy in the Early Republic : The Law of Nations and the Balance of Power ( 1986 ) ; Malone , Dumas . Jefferson and the Rights of Man ( 1960 ) and Thomas Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty ( 1962 ) , vol 2 -- 3 of monumental biography Frank T. Reuter . Trials and Triumphs : George Washington 's Foreign Policy ( 1982 ) U.S. Presidential Administrations New office Washington Presidency 1789 -- 1797 Succeeded by J. 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About Wikipedia | how did the first president to choose federal officials | [
"The new Constitution empowered the president to appoint executive department heads with the consent of the Senate. Three departments had existed under the Articles of Confederation: the Department of War, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Finance Office. The Department of War was retained, while the latter two departments became the Department of State and the Department of the Treasury, respectively. The leaders of these three departments constituted the initial positions in Washington's cabinet. In September 1789, Congress established the position of Attorney General to serve as the chief legal adviser to the president. Though the Attorney General did not oversee a department (the United States Department of Justice would be established in 1870), the position nonetheless became a part of the cabinet. Edmund Randolph became the first Attorney General, while Henry Knox retained his position as head of the Department of War and Thomas Jefferson served as the first Secretary of State. For the key post of Secretary of the Treasury, which would oversee economic policy, Washington chose Alexander Hamilton, after his first choice, Robert Morris, declined. Morris had recommended Hamilton instead, writing \"But, my dear general, you will be no loser by my declining the secrataryship of the Treasury, for I can recommend a far cleverer fellow than I am for your minister of finance in the person of your aide-de-camp, Colonel Hamilton.\"[27] Washington's initial cabinet consisted of one individual from New England (Knox), one individual from the mid-Atlantic (Hamilton), and two Southerners (Jefferson and Randolph).[28]"
] | [
"with the consent of the Senate"
] |
-1913749355619333482 | A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series) | A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) - wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Lucy Punch Avi Lake Dylan Kingwell Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Jim Dooley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Neil Patrick Harris Rose Lam Barry Sonnenfeld Producer ( s ) Neil Patrick Harris Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch , Avi Lake , and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season . The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle , which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child , interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides Sunny 's babbling sound effects , the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor , who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire , Isadora 's brother . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring ( edit ) Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone . Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Lauren McGibbon as the perky member of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidextrous `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . David Burtka as Mr. Willums , a heckler with a pimpled chin who attends Caligari Carnival . He is based on The Man With Pimples On His Chin from `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' book . Jill Morrison as Mrs. Willums , the wife of Mr. Willums . Harper and Gideon Burtka - Harris as Trixie and Skip Willums , the children of Mr. Willums . Allison Williams as an as - yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail . The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom . 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . They try to warn Esmé of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . At the auction in Veblen Hall , the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which they believe contains the Quagmires . Though they win the item , they find the box contains only doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires , who are hidden inside a red herring statue . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police . Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow . While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator Babs , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name ; to find her , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for . Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Hal is left depressed over the loss of the Library of Records . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the burning hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune - teller , Madame Lulu , about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information . While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children 's parents surviving the fire , Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor , and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them . Meanwhile , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled , while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed . The next day , Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival as Lemony Snicket claims that she is someone he knows . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series . Casting ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming ( edit ) Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music ( edit ) In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , `` Look Away '' , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In the second season , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . `` Look Away '' , the theme song for the opening titles of the series , is performed by Neil Patrick Harris . In keeping with the tone of the book series , the song warns the viewer against continuing to watch the unpleasant story any further . The lyrics of one verse of the song change for each pair of episodes , comprising a brief synopsis of those episodes ' premise . Visual effects ( edit ) Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release ( edit ) All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 ( edit ) As with the first season , the second season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 13 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaires ' adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound . IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won Peabody Awards Children 's & Youth Programming A Series of Unfortunate Events Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 Cast & Character Guide '' . March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Walsh , Megan ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Harper & Gideon Make A Cameo On ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' In The Most Surprising Way '' . Romper.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris on What It Was Like Working with His Kids on A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . People . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Production '' . www.creativebc.com . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Film Production Update - October 2017 '' . www.vancouverfilm.net . ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Urges You to `` Look Away '' in the Series of Unfortunate Events Theme Song `` . Slate . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you 're watching Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events , ' do n't skip the opening credits '' . Business Insider . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlighting the Best Storytelling of 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . 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( TBA ) Quicksand ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Russian Doll ( TBA ) Sex Education ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Order ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Wave ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Turn Up Charlie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) V - Wars ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events_(TV_series)&oldid=843634134 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2017 American television series debuts A Series of Unfortunate Events 2010s American black comedy television series American children 's comedy television series American mystery television series Netflix original programming Television programs based on American novels Television series about orphans Television series by Paramount Television Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a series of unfortunate events season 2 release date 2018 | [
"The first season, which premiered on January 13, 2017, consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series. The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30, 2018. A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017, which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books."
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"March 30, 2018"
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5100943775138732594 | Sweet and Lowdown | Sweet and Lowdown - wikipedia Sweet and Lowdown Jump to : navigation , search For the 1944 Benny Goodman film , see Sweet and Low - Down . For the Dave Van Ronk album , see Sweet & Lowdown . Sweet and Lowdown Theatrical release poster Directed by Woody Allen Produced by Jean Doumanian Written by Woody Allen Starring Anthony LaPaglia Brian Markinson Gretchen Mol Samantha Morton Sean Penn Uma Thurman James Urbaniak John Waters Cinematography Zhao Fei Edited by Alisa Lepselter Production company Sweetland Films Distributed by Sony Pictures Classics Release date September 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 03 ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $4,197,015 Sweet and Lowdown is a 1999 American comedy - drama film written and directed by Woody Allen . Loosely based on Federico Fellini 's film La Strada , the film tells the fictional story , set in the 1930s , of a self - confident jazz guitarist Emmet Ray ( played by Sean Penn ) who falls in love with a mute woman ( Samantha Morton ) . The film also stars Uma Thurman and Anthony LaPaglia . Like several of Allen 's other films ( e.g. , Zelig ) , the film is occasionally interrupted by interviews with critics and biographers like Allen , Nat Hentoff , and Douglas McGrath , who comment on the film 's plot as if the characters were real - life people . Sweet and Lowdown is one of the better - received later works by Allen . Penn and Morton both received Oscar nominations , for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Emmet Ray ( Sean Penn ) is a jazz guitarist who achieved some acclaim in the 1930s with a handful of recordings for RCA Victor , but who faded from public view under mysterious circumstances . Though a talented musician , Ray 's personal life is a shambles . He is a spendthrift , womanizer and pimp who believes that falling in love will ruin his musical career . Due to his heavy drinking , he 's often late or even absent for performances with his quintet . After music , his favorite hobby is shooting rats at garbage dumps . Ray idolizes famed guitarist Django Reinhardt , and is said to have fainted in his presence and to have fled a nightclub performance with severe stage fright upon hearing a false rumor that Reinhardt was in the audience . On a double date with his drummer , Ray meets Hattie , a shy , mute laundress . After overcoming some initial frustration due to the difficulties of communication , Ray and Hattie form an affectionate and close relationship . She accompanies him on a cross-country trip to Hollywood , where he plays in a short film ; Hattie is spotted by a director and enjoys a brief screen career . However Ray is convinced that a musician of his stature should never settle down with one woman . On a whim , Ray marries socialite Blanche Williams ( Uma Thurman ) . However , Blanche sees Ray mainly as a colorful example of lower - class life and a source of inspiration for her literary writings . She reports that Ray is tormented by nightmares and shouts out Hattie 's name in his sleep . When Blanche cheats with mobster Al Torrio ( Anthony LaPaglia ) , Ray leaves her and locates Hattie . He assumes that she will take him back , but discovers that she is happily married and raising a family . Afterwards , on a date with a new woman , a despondent Ray plays a melody that Hattie adored and then smashes his guitar and forlornly repeats the phrase `` I made a mistake ! '' He angrily smashes his guitar to pieces as his date leaves him . Woody Allen and the rest of the documentary experts remarked that Ray 's final compositions were legendary , finally reaching the quality of Reinhardt 's . Cast ( edit ) Sean Penn as Emmet Ray Samantha Morton as Hattie Anthony LaPaglia as Al Torrio Uma Thurman as Blanche James Urbaniak as Henry John Waters as Mr. Haynes Gretchen Mol as Ellie Denis O'Hare as Jake Molly Price as Ann Brian Markinson as Bill Shields Tony Darrow as Ben Daniel Okrent as A.J. Pickman Brad Garrett as Joe Bedloe Woody Allen as Himself Ben Duncan as Himself Nat Hentoff as Himself Douglas McGrath as Himself Kaili Vernoff as Gracie Production ( edit ) Hot off his 1969 directing debut Take the Money and Run , Allen signed a contract to direct a series of films with United Artists . Told to `` write what you want to write , '' Allen ( a clarinetist and avid jazz enthusiast ) wrote The Jazz Baby , a dramatic screenplay about a jazz musician set in the 1930s . Allen said later that the United Artists executives were `` stunned ... because they had expected a comedy . ( They ) were very worried and told me , ' We realize that we signed a contract with you and you can do anything you want . But we want to tell you that we really do n't like this . ' '' Allen went along with United Artists , writing and directing Bananas instead . In 1995 , he dismissed The Jazz Baby as having been `` probably too ambitious . '' In 1998 , Allen returned to the project , rewriting the script and dubbing it Sweet and Lowdown . In the role of Emmet Ray , a jazz guitarist whom Allen had originally planned to play himself , the director cast Sean Penn ; Allen also considered Johnny Depp , but the actor was busy at the time . In regard to working with Sean Penn , who had a reputation for being difficult to work with , Allen later said , `` I had no problem with him whatsoever ... He gave it his all and took direction and made contributions himself ... a tremendous actor . '' In an October 26 , 2009 , appearance on Howard Stern 's radio program , Rosie O'Donnell claimed that Allen offered her the role of Hattie , despite the fact that she had been vocal in her disgust over Allen 's relationship with Soon - Yi Previn . When Stern asked if she were at all tempted to take the role despite her personal feelings , she replied that she was `` not for one minute tempted . '' The role went to Samantha Morton . Allen 's use of Penn ( and Morton ) paid off when Sweet and Lowdown was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Sean Penn ) and Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Samantha Morton ) . Morton 's nomination was especially notable , considering the fact that she does not utter a single word of dialogue in the film . Allen has said that he told Morton to `` play the part like Harpo Marx . And she said , ' Who is Harpo Marx ? ' and I realized how young she was . Then I told her about him ( and ) she went back and saw the films . '' In addition to her Oscar nomination , Morton 's performance was met with critical acclaim , with Salon.com critic Stephanie Zacharek saying that she `` quietly explodes ( the film ) ... Her performance is like nothing I 've seen in recent years . '' Sweet and Lowdown was filmed entirely in New York and New Jersey but set in the Chicago area and California . The film was the first of Allen 's that was edited by Alisa Lepselter , who has edited all of Allen 's films since . Lepselter succeeded Susan E. Morse , who edited Allen 's films for the previous twenty years . It was the first of three films where Allen collaborated with Chinese cinematographer Zhao Fei . Allen had first noticed Zhao with his award winning work on Raise the Red Lantern , some years earlier . Music ( edit ) The music for the film was arranged and conducted by Dick Hyman . All of the guitar solos are played by guitarist Howard Alden . Alden also coached Sean Penn on playing the guitar for his role in the film . Additional rhythm guitarists : Bucky Pizzarelli and James Chirillo -- Chirillo played rhythm guitar on the Sweet Georgia Brown track -- where the crescent moon cable breaks while Sean Penn is riding it . Pizzarelli did all other rhythm tracks . Reception ( edit ) Sweet and Lowdown received generally positive reviews ; it currently holds a 78 % ' fresh ' rating on Rotten Tomatoes , with the consensus , `` Critics praise Woody Allen 's Sweet and Lowdown for its charming , light - hearted comedy and quality acting . '' The film carries a 70 on Metacritic indicating generally favorable reviews . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sweet and Lowdown at Rotten Tomatoes ^ Jump up to : Bjorkman , Stig , ed . Woody Allen on Woody Allen : Revised Edition . London : Faber and Faber , 1995 , 2004 . p. 36 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorkman , Stig , ed . Woody Allen on Woody Allen : Revised Edition . London : Faber and Faber , 1995 , 2004 . p. 347 - 56 . Jump up ^ Davis , Tom . A Place For Troops , Troupes , Hoops : Teaneck Armory Still Vital , copy of article from The Record ( Bergen County ) , January 2 , 2002 . Accessed June 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sweet and Lowdown at Metacritic External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sweet and Lowdown Sweet and Lowdown on IMDb Sweet and Lowdown at AllMovie Sweet and Lowdown at Box Office Mojo Sweet and Lowdown at Rotten Tomatoes Sweet and Lowdown at Metacritic ( hide ) Woody Allen Filmography Bibliography Awards and nominations Feature films What 's Up , Tiger Lily ? ( 1966 ) Take the Money and Run ( 1969 ) Bananas ( 1971 ) Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex * ( * But Were Afraid to Ask ) ( 1972 ) Sleeper ( 1973 ) Love and Death ( 1975 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Interiors ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) Stardust Memories ( 1980 ) A Midsummer Night 's Sex Comedy ( 1982 ) Zelig ( 1983 ) Broadway Danny Rose ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Radio Days ( 1987 ) September ( 1987 ) Another Woman ( 1988 ) New York Stories ( segment `` Oedipus Wrecks '' , 1989 ) Crimes and Misdemeanors ( 1989 ) Alice ( 1990 ) Shadows and Fog ( 1991 ) Husbands and Wives ( 1992 ) Manhattan Murder Mystery ( 1993 ) Bullets over Broadway ( 1994 ) Do n't Drink the Water ( 1994 ) Mighty Aphrodite ( 1995 ) Everyone Says I Love You ( 1996 ) Deconstructing Harry ( 1997 ) Celebrity ( 1998 ) Sweet and Lowdown ( 1999 ) Small Time Crooks ( 2000 ) The Curse of the Jade Scorpion ( 2001 ) Hollywood Ending ( 2002 ) Anything Else ( 2003 ) Melinda and Melinda ( 2004 ) Match Point ( 2005 ) Scoop ( 2006 ) Cassandra 's Dream ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) Whatever Works ( 2009 ) You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger ( 2010 ) Midnight in Paris ( 2011 ) To Rome with Love ( 2012 ) Blue Jasmine ( 2013 ) Magic in the Moonlight ( 2014 ) Irrational Man ( 2015 ) Café Society ( 2016 ) Wonder Wheel ( 2017 ) Untitled Woody Allen project ( TBA ) Short films Men of Crisis : The Harvey Wallinger Story ( 1971 ) Sounds from a Town I Love ( 2001 ) Television series Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) Theatre From A to Z ( 1960 ) Do n't Drink the Water ( 1967 ) Play It Again , Sam ( 1969 ) God ( 1975 ) Death ( 1975 ) The Floating Light Bulb ( 1981 ) Honeymoon Motel ( 2011 ) Bullets Over Broadway ( 2014 ) Short story collections Getting Even ( 1971 ) Without Feathers ( 1975 ) Side Effects ( 1980 ) Mere Anarchy ( 2007 ) Related articles Inside Woody Allen Meetin ' WA Wild Man Blues Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_and_Lowdown&oldid=796273127 '' Categories : 1999 films English - language films 1990s comedy - drama films American films American comedy - drama films Films directed by Woody Allen Films about music and musicians Films set in the 1920s Films set in the 1930s Films shot in New York ( state ) Films shot in New Jersey Mockumentary films Sony Pictures Classics films Screenplays by Woody Allen Jazz films Films produced by Jean Doumanian Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2017 , at 18 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | movie deaf girl falls in love with musician | [
"Sweet and Lowdown is a 1999 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Woody Allen. Loosely based on Federico Fellini's film La Strada, the film tells the fictional story, set in the 1930s, of a self-confident jazz guitarist Emmet Ray (played by Sean Penn) who falls in love with a mute woman (Samantha Morton). The film also stars Uma Thurman and Anthony LaPaglia. Like several of Allen's other films (e.g., Zelig), the film is occasionally interrupted by interviews with critics and biographers like Allen, Nat Hentoff, and Douglas McGrath, who comment on the film's plot as if the characters were real-life people."
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"Sweet and Lowdown"
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1092087836992847600 | Wayne Rooney | Wayne Rooney - wikipedia Wayne Rooney Wayne Rooney Rooney with Manchester United in 2016 Full name Wayne Mark Rooney Date of birth ( 1985 - 10 - 24 ) 24 October 1985 ( age 33 ) Place of birth Croxteth , Liverpool , England Height 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Playing position Forward Attacking midfielder Club information Current team D.C. United Number 9 Youth career Liverpool Schoolboys Copplehouse Boys 1996 -- 2002 Everton Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2002 -- 2004 Everton 67 ( 15 ) 2004 -- 2017 Manchester United 393 ( 183 ) 2017 -- 2018 Everton 31 ( 10 ) 2018 -- D.C. United 20 ( 12 ) National team 2000 -- 2001 England U15 ( 2 ) 2001 -- 2002 England U17 12 ( 7 ) 2002 -- 2003 England U19 ( 0 ) 2003 -- 2016 England 119 ( 53 ) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 12 : 22 , 30 October 2018 ( UTC ) Wayne Mark Rooney ( born 24 October 1985 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Major League Soccer team D.C. United . He has played much of his career as a forward , and he has also been used in various midfield roles . He is the record goalscorer for the England national team and for Manchester United . At club level , he has won every honour available in English , European and Continental football , with the exception of the European Super Cup . Along with Michael Carrick , he is the only English player to win the Premier League , FA Cup , UEFA Champions League , League Cup , UEFA Europa League and FIFA Club World Cup . Rooney joined the Everton youth team at the age of 9 , and made his professional debut for the club in 2002 at the age of 16 . He spent two seasons at the Merseyside club , before moving to Manchester United for £ 25.6 million in the 2004 summer transfer window . He won 16 trophies with the club , including five Premier League titles , the FA Cup and the Champions League in 2008 . He scored 253 goals for United in all competitions to make him their top goalscorer of all time , with 183 Premier League goals being the most scored by a player for any single club . Rooney 's 208 Premier League goals make him the Premier League 's second top scorer of all time behind only Alan Shearer . He also has the third - highest number of assists in the Premier League , with 103 . Rooney made his senior international debut for England in February 2003 aged 17 , becoming the youngest player to represent England ( a record since broken by Theo Walcott ) and he is England 's youngest ever goalscorer . He played at UEFA Euro 2004 and scored four goals , briefly becoming the youngest goalscorer in the history of the European Championship . Rooney has since featured at the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 World Cups and was widely regarded as his country 's best player . He has won the England Player of the Year award four times , in 2008 , 2009 , 2014 and 2015 . With 53 goals in 119 international caps , Rooney is England 's all - time record goalscorer and second most - capped player , behind Peter Shilton . Along with David Beckham , Rooney is the most red - carded player for England , having been sent off twice . In 2009 -- 10 , Rooney was awarded the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and the FWA Footballer of the Year . He won the Premier League Player of the Month award five times , a record only bettered by Steven Gerrard and Harry Kane . His displays at the start of the decade saw him come fifth in the vote for the 2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or and he was named in the FIFA World XI for 2011 . Rooney has won the Goal of the Season award by the BBC 's Match of the Day poll on three occasions , with his bicycle kick against city rivals Manchester City winning the Premier League Goal of the 20 Seasons award . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Club career 2.1 Everton 2.1. 1 Youth squads 2.1. 2 First team breakthrough 2.2 Manchester United 2.2. 1 2004 -- 05 season 2.2. 2 2005 -- 07 2.2. 3 2007 -- 09 2.2. 4 2009 -- 10 season 2.2. 5 2010 -- 11 season 2.2. 6 2011 -- 12 season 2.2. 7 2012 -- 15 2.2. 8 2015 -- 17 2.3 Return to Everton 2.4 D.C. United 3 International career 3.1 Early international career and Euro 2004 3.2 2006 and 2010 World Cups 3.3 Euro 2012 3.4 2014 World Cup 3.5 Euro 2016 3.6 2018 World Cup qualification and retirement 4 Style of play 5 Personal life 5.1 Family 5.2 Commercial interests 5.3 Social media 5.4 Paul Stretford controversy 5.5 David Moyes 5.6 Allegations of infidelity 5.7 Drink - driving conviction 6 Career statistics 6.1 Club 6.2 International 7 Honours 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early life and Education Rooney was born in Croxteth , Liverpool , to Jeanette Marie ( née Morrey ) and Thomas Wayne Rooney . He is of Irish descent and was brought up as a Roman Catholic with younger brothers Graham and John ; all three attended Our Lady and St Swithin 's primary school and De La Salle School . He grew up supporting Everton . He admired Brazilian striker Ronaldo with Rooney stating `` as an out - and - out forward he was probably the best. `` Club career Everton Youth squads Rooney began playing for Liverpool Schoolboys and scored 72 goals in one season , a record which stood until May 2010 . At age nine , Rooney played for Copplehouse boys ' club in the local Walton and Kirkdale junior league and scored 99 goals in his final season before being spotted by Everton scout Bob Pendleton . Rooney joined Everton at age nine , and was the Everton mascot for the Merseyside derby against Liverpool as an 11 - year - old . In the 1995 -- 96 season , he scored 114 goals in 29 games for Everton 's under - 10s and 11s , and by the age of 15 , he was playing for the under - 19s . He scored eight goals in eight games during Everton 's run to the FA Youth Cup final in 2002 . This included one goal in the final defeat against Aston Villa and , upon scoring , he revealed a T - shirt that read , `` Once a Blue , always a Blue . '' Rooney was included in Everton 's first team squad for their training camp in Austria in the summer of 2002 and scored his first senior goal in a 3 -- 1 friendly victory over SC Weiz on 15 July . First team breakthrough `` Rooney is the biggest England talent I 've seen since I arrived in England . There has certainly not been a player under 20 as good as him since I became a manager here . '' Arsène Wenger on Rooney following his last - minute goal against Arsenal in October 2002 . Rooney was an unused substitute in Everton 's 1 -- 0 away win over Southampton on 20 April 2002 . He made his senior debut on 17 August in a 2 -- 2 home draw against Tottenham Hotspur , starting the match and assisting the first goal by Mark Pembridge . He became the second youngest first - team player in Everton history behind Joe Royle . In that match , he was booed by the Spurs fans who shouted `` Who are ya ? '' whenever he touched the ball . His first senior goals came on 2 October when he scored twice in a 3 -- 0 away win over Wrexham in the second round of the League Cup . These goals meant that Rooney was Everton 's youngest - ever goalscorer at the time . On 19 October , five days before his 17th birthday , Rooney scored a last - minute winning goal against Arsenal . The goal ended Arsenal 's 30 - match unbeaten run , and also made Rooney the youngest goalscorer in Premier League history , a record that has since been surpassed twice , by James Milner and James Vaughan . He scored in a 1 -- 0 away win over Leeds United 15 days later . In December , Rooney was named 2002 's BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year . Six days after claiming the award he scored the winning goal against Blackburn Rovers in a 2 -- 1 home win . His first career red card came on Boxing Day in a 1 -- 1 away draw against Birmingham City for a late challenge on Steve Vickers . In January 2003 , Rooney signed his first professional contract , which made him one of world football 's highest - paid teenagers . Rooney 's first goal of 2003 came on 23 March , netting Everton 's only goal in a 2 -- 1 loss at Arsenal . In April , he scored a goal in Everton 's 2 -- 1 home win over Newcastle United , before hitting a last - minute winner against Aston Villa in another 2 -- 1 home win . He ended his debut season with eight goals in 37 appearances in all competitions for the Toffees . Rooney scored his first goal of the 2003 -- 04 season in a 2 -- 2 away draw against Charlton Athletic on 26 August 2003 . He did not find the net again until December when he scored in a 2 -- 1 away win over Portsmouth , and a 3 -- 2 home win over Leicester City . His final goal of 2003 came on his 50th league appearance , netting in a 1 -- 0 home win over Birmingham City on 28 December . On 21 February 2004 , Rooney scored two goals in a Premier League game for the first time in a 3 -- 3 away draw against Southampton . He scored the sole goal in a 1 -- 0 win over Portsmouth on 13 March , before scoring in a 1 -- 1 away draw against Leicester City one week later . He scored his final goal of the season in a 1 -- 1 away draw against Leeds United on 13 April . Manchester United 2004 -- 05 season Rooney submitted a transfer request in August 2004 , despite Everton having made a new contract offer valued at £ 50,000 per week . Everton then rejected a bid of £ 20 million from Newcastle , and ultimately signed for Manchester United at the end of the month after a £ 25.6 million deal was reached . It was the highest fee ever paid for a player under 20 years old ; Rooney was still only 18 when he left Everton . Sir Alex Ferguson , then manager of United , said that `` There were plenty of eyebrows raised '' when he persuaded the club 's board of directors to sanction `` a multi-million pound '' move to try to sign Rooney from Everton . Rooney was given the number 8 shirt upon his arrival at Old Trafford . He made his United debut on 28 September in a 6 -- 2 home win over Fenerbahçe in the UEFA Champions League , scoring a hat - trick and laying on an assist . These goals made Rooney the youngest player to score a hat - trick in the Champions League aged 18 years 335 days . His first season with Manchester United , however , ended without winning a trophy as they could only manage a third - place finish in the league , and failed to progress to the last eight of the Champions League . United had more success in the cup competitions , but were edged out of the League Cup in the semi-finals by a Chelsea side who also won the Premier League title that season , and a goalless draw with Arsenal in the FA Cup final was followed by a penalty shoot - out defeat . Rooney was United 's top league scorer that season with 11 goals , and was credited with the PFA Young Player of the Year award . 2005 -- 07 Rooney during Manchester United 's 3 -- 1 Premier League win over Manchester City in the derby , in which he scored the game 's first goal . In September 2005 , Rooney was sent off in a goalless Champions League match against Villarreal of Spain for sarcastically clapping the referee , who had booked him for an unintentional foul on an opponent . His first trophy with United came in the 2005 -- 06 League Cup , and he was also named man of the match after scoring twice in the final as United won 4 -- 0 against Wigan Athletic . His club finished the season as Premier League runners up , with their title hopes ended in late April when they lost 3 -- 0 away to champions Chelsea . Rooney sustained a broken metatarsal in that game after a tackle from Paulo Ferreira . Rooney scored a total of 16 goals in 26 Premier League games in the 2005 -- 06 season . Rooney was sent off in an Amsterdam Tournament match against Porto on 4 August 2006 after hitting Porto defender Pepe with his elbow . He was punished with a three - match ban by the FA , following their receipt of a 23 - page report from referee Ruud Bossen that explained his decision . Rooney threatened to withdraw the FA 's permission to use his image if they did not revoke the ban , although the FA had no power to make such a decision . During the first half of the 2006 -- 07 season , Rooney endured a ten - game scoreless streak before scoring a hat - trick against Bolton Wanderers . He subsequently signed a two - year contract extension the following month that tied him to United until 2012 . In April 2007 , Rooney scored and assisted Chris Eagles in a crucial 4 -- 2 league win for Manchester United at his former club Everton , a game that also became notable for Rooney 's response to fans that once cheered him . ' Once a Blue , always a Blue ' . Wayne Rooney 's infamous t - shirt was supposed to declare his love for Everton but later fuelled the feeling of betrayal felt by some Everton supporters after his transfer to Manchester United . The boos rang out as loud as ever when Rooney and co . took on Everton at Goodison Park . On 50 minutes , with Everton 2 -- 0 up , it seemed the home fans would have the last laugh . However , United fought back and levelled before Rooney tapped in at the far post with 11 minutes to go -- and promptly kissed the badge of his United shirt . -- Sky Sports on Rooney 's goal celebration where he kissed the Manchester United badge when scoring against his boyhood club , April 2007 . In the same month , Rooney scored two goals in an 8 -- 3 aggregate Champions League quarter - final win over Roma and two more in the same competition at the end of April , in a 3 -- 2 semi-final first leg victory over Milan . Rooney collected his first Premier League title winner 's medal at the end of the 2006 -- 07 season . He scored 14 league goals that season . 2007 -- 09 Rooney in a February 2008 match against Arsenal In June 2007 , Rooney was given squad number 10 , last worn by Ruud van Nistelrooy . Rooney reasoned that he always loved that number . He fractured his left metatarsal in United 's opening - day goalless draw against Reading on 12 August , the same injury he had suffered to his right foot in 2004 . After being sidelined for six weeks , he returned and scored in United 's 1 -- 0 Champions League group stage win over Roma on 2 October . Rooney was again injured on 9 November , hurting his ankle during a training session and missing an additional two weeks . His next match after injury was against Fulham on 3 December , in which he played 70 minutes . Rooney missed ten games and finished the 2007 -- 08 season with 18 goals ( 12 of them in the league ) , as United clinched the Premier League . In the Champions League 's first - ever all - English final , United defeated league rivals Chelsea to win another trophy . Rooney takes on Andrés Iniesta and Sergio Busquets of Barcelona during the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final . Rooney played in 2008 UEFA Super Cup where United lost to Zenit Saint Petersburg and was unable to make an impact . On 4 October 2008 , in an away win over Blackburn , Rooney became the youngest player to make 200 Premier League appearances . On 18 December , Rooney scored twice in the 5 -- 3 semi-final victory over Japanese club Gamba Osaka in the FIFA Club World Cup , and , after scoring the winning goal as United beat LDU Quito 1 -- 0 in the final in Yokohama , was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player in the tournament . On 14 January after scoring 54 seconds into the 1 -- 0 win over Wigan , Rooney limped off with a hamstring injury in the eighth minute . On 25 April 2009 , Rooney scored his final league goals of the season against Tottenham ; United scored five goals in the second half to come from 2 -- 0 down to win 5 -- 2 ; Rooney scored two goals , set up two and provided the assist that led to the penalty for United 's first goal . On 27 May , Rooney played against Barcelona in the 2009 Champions League Final in Rome , with United losing 2 -- 0 . Rooney ended the season with 20 goals in all competitions . Once again , he managed 12 goals in the league . 2009 -- 10 season Rooney scored in the 90th minute of the season - opening 2009 Community Shield , although United lost the game to Chelsea on penalties . He then scored the only goal of the first league game of the 2009 -- 10 season against Birmingham City , taking his overall United tally to 99 . On 22 August , he became the 20th Manchester United player to score 100 goals for the club , when he found the net twice in a 5 -- 0 away win at Wigan . On 29 August , United played Arsenal at Old Trafford . Rooney scored a goal from the penalty spot to level the game after Andrey Arshavin had put the Gunners ahead . The game finished 2 -- 1 to Manchester United after Abou Diaby scored an own goal . On 28 November 2009 , Rooney scored his first hat - trick for three years in a 4 -- 1 away victory against Portsmouth , with two of the goals being penalties . On 27 December 2009 , he was awarded Man of the Match against Hull City . He was involved in all the goals scored in the game , hitting the opener and then giving away the ball for Hull 's equalising penalty . He then forced Andy Dawson into conceding an own goal and then set up Dimitar Berbatov for United 's third goal which gave them a 3 -- 1 victory . On 30 December 2009 , Rooney scored another goal as United beat Wigan 5 -- 0 in their final game of the decade . Rooney in a November 2009 Premier League match against Everton On 23 January 2010 , Rooney scored all four goals in Manchester United 's 4 -- 0 win over Hull ; three of the goals came in the last ten minutes of the match . This was the first time in his career that he registered four goals in a single match . On 27 January 2010 , he continued his scoring run by heading the winner in the second minute of stoppage time against derby rivals Manchester City . This gave United a 4 -- 3 aggregate win , taking them into the final ; it was his first League Cup goal since netting two in the 2006 final . On 31 January 2010 , Rooney scored his 100th Premier League goal in a 3 -- 1 win over Arsenal for the first time in the league at Emirates Stadium , notably his first Premier League goal also came against Arsenal . On 16 February 2010 , Rooney hit his first European goals of the season , scoring two headers in the 3 -- 2 away win against Milan in Manchester United 's first ever win against them at the San Siro . On 28 February 2010 , he scored another header against Aston Villa ( his fifth consecutive headed goal ) which resulted in Manchester United winning the League Cup final 2 -- 1 . In the second leg of United 's European tie against Milan , Rooney scored a brace in a resounding 4 -- 0 home victory , taking his tally of goals that season to 30 . He then added two more to his tally five days later at Old Trafford , in a 3 -- 0 league win over Fulham . On 30 March , during United 's Champions League quarter - final first leg defeat against Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena , Rooney crumpled when he twisted his ankle in the last minute , hobbling off while Bayern were producing the buildup that led to their second goal . There were fears that he had received serious ligament damage or even a broken ankle , but it was announced that the injury was only slight ligament damage , and that he would be out for two - to - three weeks , missing United 's crunch match with Chelsea and the return leg against Bayern the following week . The team list for second leg yielded a massive surprise when Rooney was given a starting place in the United line - up . Despite a 3 -- 0 lead by the 41st minute , Bayern snatched a goal back and United were later forced down to 10 men after Rafael was sent - off . Bayern won the match after netting a second away - goal and Rooney was substituted after re-damaging his ankle . On 25 April , Rooney was named the 2010 PFA Players ' Player of the Year . 2010 -- 11 season On 28 August 2010 , Rooney scored his first goal of the season as he netted a penalty in a 3 -- 0 home win over West Ham United . In October , Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson stated at a press conference that Rooney wanted to quit the club . This came after a period of dispute as to the extent of Rooney 's ankle injury , where Rooney had refuted Ferguson 's claim that the injury was the reason Rooney had been dropped to the bench . Rooney and his representatives released a statement regarding his decision to leave the club , insisting it was not down to money but ambition . Following this statement , Rooney made a dramatic U-turn and agreed a new five - year contract at Manchester United until June 2015 . `` It was stunning . Unbelievable . We 've had some fantastic goals here but in terms of execution ... you 'll never see that . '' Sir Alex Ferguson on Rooney 's bicycle kick match - winner against Manchester City . Rooney made his return to the first team as a substitute against Wigan on 20 November . Four days later , he returned to the starting line - up and scored a penalty in a 1 -- 0 away win over Rangers in the Champions League . He missed a penalty in a 1 -- 0 home win over Arsenal on 13 December . His first goal of the season from open play came on 1 January 2011 in a 2 -- 1 away win over West Bromwich Albion . On 1 February , Rooney scored twice and assisted Nemanja Vidić 's goal in a 3 -- 1 home win over Aston Villa . On 12 February , Rooney scored an overhead bicycle kick in the 78th minute of the Manchester derby , which proved to be the winning goal in their 2 -- 1 win over Manchester City . After the match , Rooney said it was the best goal of his career , before Sir Alex Ferguson described the strike as the best goal he had ever witnessed at Old Trafford . Two weeks later , he scored the third goal in a 4 -- 0 away win over Wigan , before opening the scoring in a 2 -- 1 away loss to Chelsea on 1 March . Rooney scored the second goal in a 2 -- 0 home win over Arsenal in an FA Cup tie on 12 March . Rooney preparing to take a free kick for Manchester United vs MLS All Stars at the Red Bull Arena in New Jersey , July 2011 On 2 April , United came from two goals down as Rooney scored his first hat - trick of the season in a 4 -- 2 away win over West Ham . This was his fifth hat - trick for Manchester United , whilst the second goal was his 100th in the Premier League for the club . He became the third Manchester United player to score 100 Premier League goals , joining Ryan Giggs and Paul Scholes . During Rooney 's celebrations following his third goal , he swore into a pitchside camera and was subsequently charged by the FA for using offensive language . Rooney accepted the charge , but not the automatic two - match ban which was handed to him . He appealed against the length of the suspension , calling it `` excessive '' , but failed to overturn the ban , which ruled him out of the FA Cup semi-final against Manchester City on 16 April . The following game on 6 April saw Rooney score in a 1 -- 0 away win against Chelsea in the Champions League quarter - final first leg . He followed this goal up with another strike in the semi-final first leg against German side Schalke 04 on 26 April , scoring the second of a 2 -- 0 away win . This was the first time Rooney had returned to the Veltins - Arena in Gelsenkirchen since his sending off during the 2006 FIFA World Cup against Portugal . On 14 May 2011 , Rooney scored a penalty for United to equalise in a 1 -- 1 draw against Blackburn at Ewood Park in the penultimate game of the Premier League season -- enough to secure a record 19th top division title for United , and giving Rooney his fourth Premier League title winner 's medal . 2011 -- 12 season Rooney started the season with a goal in the first league game at The Hawthorns against West Bromwich Albion . Rooney played a one - two with Ashley Young before a sharp turn and finish from outside the box which found the bottom corner of the goal . He also scored in the second game of the season , at home to Tottenham Hotspur , when he headed in a Ryan Giggs cross . In late August , Rooney scored his 150th goal for United , the first of a hat - trick , helping to beat Arsenal 8 -- 2 . Rooney won man of the match , scoring two free kicks , a penalty , and also contributing an assist for Nani . On 10 September , Rooney scored another hat - trick in a 5 -- 0 away win over Bolton Wanderers on 10 September , becoming only the fourth player in Premier League history to score a hat - trick in consecutive games . These goals brought him level with Bobby Charlton on seven United hat - tricks , joint fourth on the all - time list behind Denis Law , Jack Rowley and Dennis Viollet . After the fallout from his red card against Montenegro on international duty , Rooney was left out of the starting line - up against Liverpool on 15 October 2011 . He returned to action on 18 October 2011 , where he scored two goals in the Champions League group stage match against Oțelul Galați and surpassed his former teammate Paul Scholes as the highest - scoring Englishman in Champions League history . Rooney lines up a free kick against Sunderland on the final day of the 2011 -- 12 Premier League season . Despite Rooney 's winner , United lost out on the league title to Sergio Agüero 's last minute goal for Manchester City . On 10 December , Rooney ended an 8 - game goal drought with a brace against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a 4 -- 1 win at Old Trafford . On 18 December , Rooney continued his goal scoring form heading home the opening goal against Queens Park Rangers , making it Manchester United 's quickest goal of the season so far after just 52 seconds at Loftus Road . He was assisted by Antonio Valencia 's cross . On 21 December , Rooney scored his 130th Premier League goal in his 300th Premier League appearance against Fulham at Craven Cottage with a long - range effort that crashed in off the inside of the post in a 5 -- 0 win . On 8 January , Rooney scored two goals in the FA Cup third round 3 -- 2 away win against Manchester City at Etihad Stadium . His first goal was assisted by Antonio Valencia . With these goals , Rooney passed Mark Hughes in United 's all - time top goalscorers table , moving up to seventh place overall with 164 goals . On 14 January , Rooney made a big contribution to his team in a 3 -- 0 home win against Bolton . Although he missed a penalty , he did create two goals by assisting Paul Scholes for the first goal and Danny Welbeck for the second . On 5 February , Rooney scored twice from the penalty spot as United came back from a 3 -- 0 deficit to draw 3 -- 3 in a Premier League clash against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge . On 11 February 2012 , Rooney marked his 500th senior career game by scoring two goals as Manchester United beat rivals Liverpool 2 -- 1 at Old Trafford . This was also his 350th game for United in all competitions . On 4 March , Rooney scored the first goal in a 3 -- 1 away win against Tottenham at White Hart Lane and passed Joe Spence in Manchester United 's all - time top goalscorers table , moving up to sixth place overall with 169 goals . He scored another brace in his next game , against Atletico Bilbao in the UEFA Europa League . On 11 March , Rooney scored the two goals that brought United the victory against West Brom in a 2 -- 0 home win . On 15 March , Rooney scored in the second leg of the Europa League tie against Athletic Bilbao in Bilbao despite United losing 2 -- 1 on the night and 5 -- 3 on aggregate . In the final day of the season , Rooney put United ahead against Sunderland . Their rivals for the Premier League title , Manchester City , were losing 2 -- 1 in their game going into injury time , so Rooney 's winner looked like it would seal the title . However , Manchester City scored twice in injury time , the clincher a 94th - minute winner from Sergio Agüero , to take the trophy . 2012 -- 15 Despite starting the opening game of the 2012 -- 13 season against Everton , Rooney was dropped to the bench for the second game against Fulham in favour of new signing Robin van Persie . After coming on for Shinji Kagawa in the 68th minute , Rooney suffered a severe gash to his right leg caused by Fulham 's Hugo Rodallega that kept him out for four weeks . He made his comeback on 29 September in a 3 -- 2 loss against Tottenham . Rooney scored his first goals of the season in a 4 -- 2 league win at home to Stoke City on 20 October , where he reached his 200th club goal . On 7 November , he scored his first Champions League goal of the season , scoring a penalty in a 3 -- 1 win against Braga . He scored twice and assisted a goal in a 4 -- 3 win against Reading on 1 December . He scored a brace in the Manchester derby at the City of Manchester Stadium on 9 December 2012 which United won 3 -- 2 . On 16 January , he scored a goal against West Ham in the FA Cup . A fortnight later , he scored twice in a 2 -- 1 win against Southampton . He continued to score goals in FA Cup consecutive matches against Fulham and Chelsea . On 12 May , Sir Alex Ferguson announced , after United 's 2 -- 1 win against Swansea City , that Rooney had handed in his transfer request , a match in which Rooney also requested not to play . On 5 July 2013 , new United manager David Moyes announced that Rooney was not for sale , after speculation that Chelsea , Arsenal , Real Madrid and Paris Saint - Germain were among the clubs looking to sign him . On 17 July 2013 , Chelsea confirmed that they had made a bid for Rooney the previous day , thought to be in the region of £ 20 million , however it had been rejected by Manchester United . He suffered a head gash in training on 31 August after a collision with Phil Jones which kept him out of the match against Liverpool . He scored his first goal of the season with a free - kick in a 2 -- 0 win against Crystal Palace . On 17 September , Rooney scored twice in a 4 -- 2 win against Bayer Leverkusen in the Champions League , marking his 200th goal for United in the process . On 22 September , Rooney scored a wonderful free - kick at the 11th hour to grab a consolation goal in the 4 -- 1 thrashing against their neighbour , Manchester City , in the Manchester derby . He scored a brace against Tottenham at White Hart Lane in a 2 -- 2 draw on 1 December . He scored his 150th league goal for the club with a volley against Hull City on 26 December as United came back from 2 -- 0 deficit to win the match 3 -- 2 ; he also provided assists for the other two goals . On 21 February 2014 , Rooney signed a contract extension with Manchester United , which will keep him at Old Trafford until 2019 . Rooney provided one assist to Robin van Persie as Manchester United defeated Olympiacos in the second leg of Champions League round of 16 tie . On 22 March 2014 , Rooney scored two goals for United at West Ham , moving him to third place on the club 's all - time scoring list with 212 career goals . Rooney ended the season as both the top scorer and assist for Manchester United in the league with 17 goals and 10 assists . He also had the most assists in the 2013 -- 14 Champions League with eight , beating second - placed Ángel Di María who had six . `` Wayne has shown a great attitude towards everything he does . I have been very impressed by his professionalism and his attitude to training and to my philosophy . He is a great inspiration to the younger members of the team and I believe he will put his heart and soul into his captaincy role . '' Louis van Gaal on naming Rooney Manchester United captain . After the departure of Nemanja Vidić from Manchester United in July 2014 , Rooney was named club captain by new manager Louis van Gaal ahead of the 2014 -- 15 season . On the opening day of the Premier League season on 16 August , Rooney scored a bicycle kick to equalise against Swansea , although United eventually lost 1 -- 2 . On 27 September 2014 , Rooney became the third highest Premier League goalscorer , moving ahead of Thierry Henry with 176 goals after he netted a goal in a 2 -- 1 victory against West Ham . In the same match , he was sent off for a foul on Stewart Downing and received a three - game suspension . On 22 November 2014 , Rooney scored for United in a 2 -- 1 win against rivals Arsenal , their first away win of the season . He continued to score in the following match , in a 3 -- 0 win over Hull City . On 14 December , he scored the opening goal in a 3 -- 0 win over rivals Liverpool . On 26 December , Rooney scored two goals against Newcastle United , a match which his side won 3 -- 1 -- United 's 50th successive Boxing Day match . For his performances , Rooney was voted as United 's Player of the Month for December . During the season , Rooney was often deployed as a midfielder by Van Gaal . On 16 February 2015 , in an FA Cup match against Preston North End , Rooney was the subject of criticism for having dived to get a penalty ; United would go on to win the match 3 -- 1 . Replay seemed to have shown that Rooney had n't come in contact with the goalkeeper . England manager Roy Hodgson , however , defended Rooney , saying that he was forced to take evasive action . Rooney later apologised for his behaviour , saying , `` that was my chance to get a penalty . I had to use that . '' The penalty was also Rooney 's first goal in 2015 , ending a goalless run . On 28 February 2015 , he scored a brace in a 2 -- 0 victory over Sunderland , thus becoming the first player to score more than 10 goals in 11 successive seasons . On 15 March , Rooney scored the third goal in a 3 -- 0 win over Tottenham . Rooney was Manchester United 's top goalscorer for the 2014 -- 15 campaign , but his tally of 14 is the lowest by a leading scorer since 1982 . United 's total goals of 62 were also their second worst in the Premier League era . 2015 -- 17 Rooney playing for Manchester United in a UEFA Champions League match against CSKA Moscow in Russia , 21 October 2015 On 26 August 2015 , Rooney ended an 878 - minute scoreless streak by scoring a hat - trick in a 4 -- 0 win ( 7 -- 1 aggregate ) over Belgian side Club Brugge in the second leg of their Champions League play - off . It was his first treble in European competition since his United debut against Fenerbahçe in 2004 . He netted in a 3 -- 0 win away to Everton on 17 October , putting him on 187 Premier League goals , joint second with Andy Cole and behind only Alan Shearer . After an injury - related absence , Rooney returned to the starting line - up on 19 December , making his 500th Manchester United appearance in a 2 -- 1 home loss to Norwich City . On 2 January 2016 , Rooney scored in a 2 -- 1 win over Swansea to move ahead of Cole as the Premier League 's second top scorer of all time , and with 238 he surpassed Denis Law in United 's top scorers of all time , behind only Bobby Charlton 's 249 . Fifteen days later , he scored the only goal in a win against Liverpool at Anfield , his 176th league goal for United , taking Thierry Henry 's record for most goals for one club in the Premier League . After being ruled out since 13 February due to a knee injury , Rooney returned to the starting line - up in a 1 -- 0 home win over Aston Villa on 16 April . On 21 May , Rooney captained Manchester United in the 2016 FA Cup Final against Crystal Palace . He played the full 120 minutes in central midfield , winning the competition for the first time in his career after a 2 -- 1 extra time victory at Wembley Stadium . Rooney receiving an award for becoming Manchester United 's record goalscorer from previous record holder Sir Bobby Charlton in January 2017 On 7 August 2016 , Rooney set up Jesse Lingard 's opening goal in Manchester United 's 2 -- 1 victory over Leicester City in the 2016 FA Community Shield , lifting his second title as the club 's captain . On 6 November 2016 , Rooney became only the third player ever to achieve 100 Premier League assists , setting up both of Zlatan Ibrahimović 's goals in a 3 -- 1 away win against Swansea City . On 24 November , Rooney overtook Ruud van Nistelrooy to become Manchester United 's all - time leading scorer in European competitions with 39 goals , opening the scoring in a 4 -- 0 home win over Feyenoord in the Europa League . On 7 January 2017 , Rooney scored against Reading in the third round of the FA Cup to equal Bobby Charlton as Manchester United 's top goalscorer of all time . Rooney 's goal was his 249th in 543 games for Manchester United , reaching the landmark in 215 matches and four seasons quicker than Charlton . On 21 January 2017 , Rooney finally surpassed Charlton to become the outright leading scorer for Manchester United after scoring his 250th goal for the club and the equaliser from a free kick against Stoke City at the Bet365 Stadium in the game 's final minutes to secure a 1 -- 1 draw . On 29 January , prior to playing his part in the 4 -- 0 triumph in the FA Cup fourth round against Wigan Athletic , Rooney was presented with a commemorative Golden Boot to acknowledge him becoming the club 's all - time leading goal scorer . It was presented by Charlton whose record Rooney broke . Return to Everton Rooney ( pictured with Manchester United striker Romelu Lukaku in September 2017 ) retained the number 10 jersey at club level when he moved to Everton in July 2017 After much speculation over the previous few months , it was confirmed on 9 July 2017 that Rooney would return to his boyhood club , Everton , on a two - year contract , after Manchester United allowed him to leave on a free transfer . Rooney was assigned the number 10 shirt for the 2017 -- 18 campaign . He made his first official appearance on his return to the club in a 1 -- 0 win over MFK Ružomberok in the UEFA Europa League third qualifying round first leg on 27 July . He scored on his second Everton league debut on 12 August , when his club beat Stoke City 1 -- 0 at Goodison Park . Nine days later , Rooney scored his 200th Premier League goal in a 1 -- 1 away draw against Manchester City , becoming the second player to reach this landmark , Alan Shearer being the first . On 29 November , Rooney scored his first hat - trick for Everton in 4 -- 0 win over West Ham ; his third goal was a strike from inside his own side 's half of the field -- over 60 yards from goal -- scoring as goalkeeper Joe Hart left the penalty area to clear the ball . In a 3 -- 1 win against Swansea City on 18 December , Rooney scored a penalty and provided the assist for Gylfi Sigurðsson 's goal , which put him ahead of Frank Lampard as the player with the third - highest amounts of assists in the Premier League , with 103 . He appeared on Sky Sport 's Monday Night Football as a pundit in February 2018 , garnering praise from The Guardian writer Sachin Nakrani for being `` articulate , intelligent , insightful and honest '' . On the show he named Anfield , home of his deadliest rivals Liverpool , as his hardest test , with Rooney stating `` I never enjoyed playing there '' . DC United On 28 June 2018 , Rooney signed a three - and - a-half - year deal with D.C. United of Major League Soccer , and was given the number 9 jersey . He officially completed his move to the Washington - based team when the US mid-season transfer window opened on 10 July . On 14 July , in a 3 -- 1 win against the Vancouver Whitecaps , Rooney made his debut for United , coming on for Darren Mattocks in the 59th minute , and assisted a goal by Paul Arriola . Rooney 's debut came on the unveiling of DC United 's new $400 million stadium , Audi Field . After three games , Rooney was named captain by manager Ben Olsen . His first goal for the club came on 28 July in his first game with the armband , slotting past his former Manchester United teammate , goalkeeper Tim Howard , securing a 2 -- 1 win over the Colorado Rapids at Audi Field ; he left the game with a broken nose after a clash of heads with Axel Sjöberg . He was handed the captain 's armband after his first three matches , with the consent of the former captain , Steve Birnbaum . International career Rooney playing for England in 2006 See also : List of international goals scored by Wayne Rooney Early international career and Euro 2004 Rooney was eligible to represent the Republic of Ireland , through an Irish grandmother . In 2015 , he confirmed that he had rejected an approach from Ireland at the age of 16 , describing himself as `` English through and through '' . Rooney became the youngest player to play for England when he earned his first cap in a friendly defeat against Australia at the Boleyn Ground on 12 February 2003 at 17 years and 111 days , coming on at half - time as manager Sven - Göran Eriksson fielded a different team in each half . On 6 September of that year , aged 17 years and 317 days , he became the youngest player to score for England , equalising in a 2 -- 1 away victory over Macedonia in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match . His first tournament action was at UEFA Euro 2004 , in which he became the youngest scorer in competition history on 17 June 2004 , when he scored twice in England 's second group match against Switzerland , which ended in a 3 -- 0 victory ; however , this record was topped by Swiss midfielder Johan Vonlanthen four days later . Rooney added two more goals in the competition in England 's final group match on 21 June , a 4 -- 2 win over Croatia , but subsequently suffered an injury in the quarter - final match against hosts Portugal on 24 June , and England were eliminated on penalties . After scoring four goals in four matches , Rooney was named in UEFA 's Team of the Tournament . 2006 and 2010 World Cups Following a foot injury in an April 2006 Premier League match , Rooney faced a race to fitness for the 2006 FIFA World Cup . England attempted to hasten his recovery with the use of an oxygen tent , which allowed Rooney to enter a group match against Trinidad and Tobago and start the next match against Sweden . However , he never got back into game shape and went scoreless as England bowed out in the quarter - finals , again on penalty kicks . Rooney training with England in September 2009 Rooney was red - carded in the 62nd minute of the quarter - final for stamping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho as both attempted to gain possession of the ball , he seemed to be pulled back by Carvalho , and then trod on his opponent 's groin as the Chelsea defender was on the floor trying to win the ball , an incident that occurred right in front of the Argentine referee Horacio Elizondo . Portugal winger ( and Rooney 's Manchester United teammate ) Cristiano Ronaldo protested his actions , and was in turn pushed by Rooney . Elizondo sent Rooney off , after which Ronaldo was seen winking at the Portugal bench . Rooney denied intentionally targeting Carvalho in a statement on 3 July , adding , `` I bear no ill feeling to Cristiano but I 'm disappointed that he chose to get involved . I suppose I do , though , have to remember that on that particular occasion we were not teammates . '' Elizondo confirmed the next day that Rooney was dismissed solely for the infraction on Carvalho . Rooney was fined CHF 5,000 for the incident . Rooney top scored for England in their 2010 World Cup qualifying campaign with nine goals ; one behind the UEFA section 's overall top goalscorer , Theofanis Gekas of Greece . On 14 November 2009 , Rooney captained England for the first time in a pre-tournament friendly with Brazil . Rooney was given the England number 10 shirt by manager Fabio Capello ahead of the 2010 World Cup in South Africa . During the tournament , England drew 0 -- 0 in their second group match against Algeria on 18 June , and the England players were booed off the pitch by their supporters ; Rooney was at the centre of controversy when he criticised the England fans for booing the team after the match , and subsequently apologised for his actions . Rooney went scoreless throughout the tournament , and England were eliminated in the second round , following a 4 -- 1 defeat to Germany on 27 June . Euro 2012 Rooney taking on the Italian defence at UEFA Euro 2012 . The Euro 2012 qualification campaign went well for England , as they qualified at the top of their group , winning five and drawing three games . Rooney scored three goals , one against Switzerland and two against Bulgaria . In the last qualifier against Montenegro ( 2 -- 2 ) , Rooney was sent off for a tackle on Miodrag Džudović in the 74th minute . It was anticipated that Rooney would miss at least one match in the opening round of the first phase at Euro 2012 . After the game , Rooney sent a personal letter to UEFA in which he apologised and expressed regret for the tackle on Džudović which earned him the red card . Despite the letter , UEFA punished Rooney with a three - game ban , meaning that he could not play in any of the group stage matches . After UEFA 's announcement , Džudović stated that he believed the sentence for Rooney was too severe and that he would defend him if needed . He later asked the UEFA to pardon Rooney . The FA then decided they would appeal to UEFA against the ban . On 8 December 2011 , after the FA had appealed the ban , UEFA reduced the sentence to two matches . This meant that Rooney missed the matches against France and Sweden . He was able to play in the final match of the group stage against Ukraine on 19 June 2012 , scoring the only goal of the game , allowing England to progress to the quarter - finals . England were eventually knocked out in the quarter - finals against Italy , who , after a scoreless 120 minutes , won 4 -- 2 on penalties , although Rooney was able to net his spot - kick . After another international tournament in which the English media criticised Rooney 's performances , Fabio Capello claimed Rooney `` only plays well in Manchester . '' 2014 World Cup Rooney ( number 10 , in white ) playing for England against Uruguay at the 2014 FIFA World Cup On 12 October 2012 , Rooney became England 's 5th highest goalscorer of all time after scoring his 30th and 31st international goals in a 2014 World Cup qualifier against San Marino . Rooney captained England for the first time in a competitive match in the same game . On 6 February 2013 , Rooney scored in a 2 -- 1 win against five - time world champions Brazil at Wembley in a friendly . In March , he scored goals against San Marino and Montenegro in World Cup qualifying , before scoring against Brazil again in a 2 -- 2 draw on 2 June , in the official re-opening of the refurbished Maracanã Stadium . On 11 October 2013 , Rooney became England 's all - time top goalscorer in competitive internationals when he scored his 27th competitive goal in a 4 -- 1 World Cup qualifier against Montenegro . Rooney ended the 2014 World Cup qualification campaign as England 's top scorer with seven goals . At the 2014 World Cup , Rooney started in England 's first group match against Italy , setting up Daniel Sturridge 's temporary equaliser , in a 2 -- 1 loss . In England 's second 2014 World Cup group match against Uruguay at the Arena Corinthians , Rooney scored his first ever goal at a World Cup finals with a 75th - minute equaliser in a 2 -- 1 loss . England drew their final group match 0 -- 0 against Costa Rica , and were eliminated from the World Cup , finishing last in their group ; despite playing a part in both of England 's goals , Rooney was criticised by English pundits for his performance in the tournament . Euro 2016 Following Steven Gerrard 's international retirement after the 2014 World Cup , Roy Hodgson named Rooney as England 's new captain . On 3 September 2014 , in the first match of his captaincy , Rooney scored a penalty against Norway to give England a 1 -- 0 friendly win . Later on , he showed his leadership qualities by calling player - only meetings in September 2014 to reflect on the players ' performance and discuss how they can do better as a team . Rooney said , `` Obviously the manager gives us our game plan , but because we do n't spend that much time together as a team we need to know and feel confident in what we 're doing as a team together . In the meetings , you 're having the players speak up who would n't normally speak up when coaches are there . '' On 15 November 2014 , Rooney won his 100th England cap against Slovenia in a Euro 2016 qualifying match , scoring a penalty to equalise in a 3 -- 1 win . In another qualifier away to the same opponents on 14 June 2015 , Rooney scored the winner with four minutes remaining for a 3 -- 2 victory , his 48th international goal putting him joint second in England 's list alongside Gary Lineker , and one behind Bobby Charlton . In his 106th England appearance , he equalled Charlton 's record of 49 goals ( also in 106 matches ) on 5 September 2015 by scoring a penalty against San Marino . On 8 September 2015 , Rooney broke Charlton 's England goalscoring record , netting his 50th international goal from a penalty in a Euro 2016 qualifying match against Switzerland , at Wembley , in his 107th appearance for England , also equalling Ashley Cole as his country 's fifth - highest capped player ; this was also his 300th professional career goal . In England 's opening match of Euro 2016 against Russia at the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille on 11 June , Rooney was selected to start in central midfield and was named man of the match by the BBC after a 1 -- 1 draw . On 27 June , he scored the opening goal in a 2 -- 1 defeat to Iceland from a penalty in the round of 16 , which saw England eliminated from the tournament . 2018 World Cup qualification and retirement On 4 September 2016 , Rooney earned his 116th appearance for England in 1 -- 0 away win over Slovakia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers , making him the nation 's most - capped outfield player of all time , and England 's second highest appearance maker behind Peter Shilton . A few days earlier , he had confirmed that he would retire from international football after the finals in Russia . In March 2017 , Rooney had been left out of the England squad by England boss Gareth Southgate . Following Rooney 's return to Everton in July , which saw him put on a string of impressive performances , Southgate wanted to recall Rooney back to the England squad for the upcoming 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . However , Rooney announced his early retirement from international football with immediate effect on 23 August 2017 , snubbing Southgate 's recall . His final England appearance came on 11 November 2016 in a 3 -- 0 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium , in which he provided the assist for the third goal , scored by Gary Cahill . Style of play Rooney , pictured with Manchester United against Celtic in the UEFA Champions League , has been praised for his teamwork and commitment Rooney is a creative , energetic forward who combines technical skill with strength and physicality , while also excelling in the air despite being 5 ft 9 ins tall . He is a versatile attacker , capable of playing anywhere along the front line ; although his preferred role is as a striker . Rooney has also been used as a supporting forward , or even as a winger . In more recent years , as his pace and movement declined as he entered his thirties , he has been deployed in a deeper , more creative role , as an attacking midfielder , or even as a central or box - to - box midfielder under former manager Louis van Gaal , due to his vision , excellent range of passing , runs forward from midfield , and team - work . A prolific goalscorer in his prime at Manchester United , Rooney is a powerful striker of the ball and an accurate finisher , who is capable of scoring goals both inside and outside the penalty area , as well as from volleys . In addition to his offensive attributes , he has been praised for his work - rate and stamina by players , managers and the media , and is highly regarded for his dedication and willingness to press opponents when possession has been lost in order to win back the ball and start attacking plays . Due to his precocious displays as a teenager , Wayne Rooney was given the nicknames `` Wazza '' ( a reference to former England international Paul `` Gazza '' Gascoigne , who was also a gifted player troubled by off - field issues ) , `` The Wonder Boy '' , and `` The White Pelé '' . Rooney was a fast , agile player in his youth ; however , several injuries throughout his career have affected his speed and mobility in recent years , which has led to some in the game accusing him of not quite living up to his full potential , on occasion . Despite his reputation as one of the top strikers of his generation , and as one of England 's greatest ever players and all - time leading goalscorer , Rooney has been criticised for his behaviour and aggression on the pitch at times , which has led him to pick up unnecessary bookings . Personal life In addition to Everton , Rooney also supports Celtic . He is also a supporter of the Leeds Rhinos rugby league club . Rooney , originally a boxer , still pursues the sport recreationally for stress relief . A friend of boxer Ricky Hatton , in 2007 he carried one of Hatton 's belts into the ring in his world light - welterweight title fight against José Luis Castillo in Las Vegas . The decision of Hatton ( a Manchester City fan ) to have a Manchester United striker carry the belt prompted threats of a boycott among the many Manchester City supporters who made up Hatton 's fanbase . Hatton responded , `` Nobody hates United more than me . Just because I do n't support his team does n't mean I ca n't admire what he has done . '' Rooney has a number of tattoos , including one of a Celtic cross on his arm . Family Rooney 's wife , Coleen , in October 2006 Rooney met his wife , Coleen Rooney ( née McLoughlin ) , while both were at secondary school . They married on 12 June 2008 after six years of dating , during which Rooney admitted to soliciting prostitutes in Liverpool in 2004 . `` I was young and stupid . It was at a time when I was very young and immature and before I had settled down with Coleen . '' He has a tattoo of the words `` Just Enough Education to Perform '' , the title of an album by his favourite band , the Stereophonics ; Coleen arranged for the group to play at their wedding reception . The wedding ran into some controversy with the Catholic Church . The couple held a religious ceremony at the Abbey of Cervara , a converted monastery near Genoa , despite being warned by the local bishop 's office against the plan . The bishop 's office told the Rooneys that La Cervara is deconsecrated and not suitable for a wedding . It suggested a different church , five miles away . Nevertheless , the couple ignored the advice and Father Edward Quinn , their local Catholic priest from Croxteth , presided over the ceremony . Invited in the wedding to sing for the couple was Coleen 's favourite pop band Westlife . In April 2006 , Rooney was awarded £ 100,000 in libel damages from tabloids The Sun and News of the World , who had claimed that he had assaulted Coleen in a nightclub . Rooney donated the money to charity . Rooney 's wife gave birth to a son on 2 November 2009 , Kai Wayne . The couple 's second child , Klay Anthony , was born on 21 May 2013 . The couple 's third child , Kit Joseph , was born on 24 January 2016 . On 15 February 2018 , Rooney 's wife announced on her Twitter profile the birth of their fourth son Cass Mac Rooney . Rooney 's younger brother , John Rooney , is also a professional footballer who plays for Barrow . He has previously played with Guiseley , Macclesfield Town , Barnsley and Bury , and in January 2011 signed a contract to play in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) in the United States . John was selected by the New York Red Bulls in the second round of the 2011 MLS SuperDraft . Rooney 's cousin , Tommy , is also a footballer . Commercial interests Rooney has endorsement deals with Nike ( he is the face of their T90 Laser IV boots ) , Nokia , Ford , Asda , and Coca - Cola . He appeared on six consecutive UK - version covers of Electronic Arts ' FIFA video game series from FIFA 06 to FIFA 12 . His ' Knockout ' goal celebration -- a tongue in cheek celebration by Rooney inspired by getting knocked down by a teammate in his home -- appears in FIFA 18 . He has featured in Nike commercials , including Write the Future directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu in 2010 where he is knighted , and a tabloid shows his face carved into the Cliffs of Dover with the headline `` JUST ROO IT ! '' . In October 2010 , Rooney was dropped by Coca - Cola from an advertising campaign following issues surrounding his private life . In 2012 , Rooney 's reported income of US $ 32.6 million listed him as the world 's fifth highest - paid footballer , following Lionel Messi , David Beckham , Cristiano Ronaldo , and Samuel Eto'o . Mural depicting a caricature of Rooney at the San Siro , Milan In July 2011 , jerseys with Rooney 's name and number ( Rooney , 10 ) were the best - selling sports product under the auspices of the Premier League -- taking over top spot from Liverpool striker Fernando Torres ( Torres , 9 ) and becoming the first United player to top the list since Cristiano Ronaldo 's number 7 jersey in 2008 . During the 2009 -- 10 season , Manchester United sold between 1.2 million and 1.5 million shirts and it is estimated that of that , Rooney 's name was printed on several hundred thousand . The account is taken from official jerseys sales across the globe , not just in England . On 9 March 2006 , Rooney signed the largest sports book deal in publishing history with HarperCollins , who granted him a £ 5 million advance plus royalties for a minimum of five books to be published over a 12 - year period . The first , My Story So Far , an autobiography ghostwritten by Hunter Davies , was published after the 2006 World Cup . The second publication , The Official Wayne Rooney Annual , was aimed at the teenage market and edited by football journalist Chris Hunt . His third book , My Decade in the Premier League , was published in September 2012 . In July 2006 , Rooney 's lawyers went to the United Nations ' World Intellectual Property Organisation ( WIPO ) to gain ownership of the Internet domain names waynerooney.com and waynerooney.co.uk , both of which Welsh actor Huw Marshall registered in 2002 . Three months later , the WIPO awarded Rooney the rights to waynerooney.com . Social media In October 2014 , Rooney became the first Premier League footballer to reach ten million followers on social networking site Twitter . That same month , Rooney was the fifth most - followed footballer ( and sixth most - followed sportsperson ) globally on Twitter . In terms of top UK Twitter individuals , Rooney ranked at number 9 in October 2014 . Paul Stretford controversy In July 2002 , while Rooney was with Everton , agent Paul Stretford encouraged Rooney and his parents to enter the player into an eight - year contract with Proactive Sports Management . However , Rooney was already with another representation firm at the time , while Stretford 's transaction went unreported to the FA , and he was thus charged with improper conduct . Stretford alleged in his October 2004 trial that he had secretly recorded boxing promoter John Hyland and two other men threatening and attempting to blackmail him for an undisclosed percentage of Rooney 's earnings . Stretford 's case collapsed due to evidence that conflicted with his insistence that he had not signed Rooney , and on 9 July 2008 , he was found guilty of `` making of false and / or misleading witness statements to police , and giving false and / or misleading testimony '' . In addition , the contract to which Stretford had signed Rooney was two years longer than the limit allowed by the FA . Stretford was fined £ 300,000 and given an 18 - month ban as a football agent , a verdict he appealed . Stretford left Proactive in 2008 and took Rooney with him . Proactive later sued Rooney , claiming £ 4.3 million in withheld commissions . In July 2010 , Proactive was awarded £ 90,000 as restitution . David Moyes On 1 September 2006 , Everton manager David Moyes sued Rooney for libel after the tabloid newspaper the Daily Mail published excerpts from Rooney 's 2006 autobiography that accused the manager of leaking Rooney 's reasons for leaving the club to the press . The case was settled out of court for £ 500,000 on 3 June 2008 , and Rooney apologised to Moyes for `` false claims '' he had made in the book regarding the matter . Allegations of infidelity Helen Wood claims Rooney paid £ 1,000 for a threesome with her and Jennifer Thompson in a Manchester hotel while his wife was five months pregnant . It was reported his solicitors unsuccessfully tried to fight the allegations when they first surfaced in early August 2010 . Drink - driving conviction On 1 September 2017 , Rooney was arrested in Wilmslow by Cheshire police after being caught driving over the prescribed alcohol limit . He appeared at Stockport Magistrates ' Court on 18 September and pleaded guilty to drink driving . Rooney was fined £ 170 by the court and banned from driving for two years , and was ordered to complete 100 hours of unpaid work as part of a twelve - month community order ; Everton fined him two weeks ' wages in the region of £ 300,000 . Career statistics Club As of match played 21 October 2018 Club Season League National Cup League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Everton 2002 -- 03 Premier League 33 6 0 -- -- 37 8 2003 -- 04 34 9 0 0 -- -- 40 9 Manchester United 2004 -- 05 29 11 6 0 6 0 0 43 17 2005 -- 06 36 16 0 5 -- 48 19 2006 -- 07 35 14 7 5 0 12 -- 55 23 2007 -- 08 27 12 0 0 11 0 43 18 2008 -- 09 30 12 0 13 49 20 2009 -- 10 32 26 0 7 5 44 34 2010 -- 11 28 11 0 0 9 0 40 16 2011 -- 12 34 27 0 0 7 5 0 43 34 2012 -- 13 27 12 0 6 -- 37 16 2013 -- 14 29 17 0 0 0 9 0 0 40 19 2014 -- 15 33 12 0 0 -- -- 37 14 2015 -- 16 28 8 5 6 -- 41 15 2016 -- 17 25 5 0 7 0 39 8 Total 393 183 40 22 20 5 98 39 8 559 253 Everton 2017 -- 18 Premier League 31 10 0 0 7 -- 40 11 Total 98 25 5 0 7 7 -- 117 28 D.C. United 2018 MLS 19 12 0 0 -- -- -- 19 12 Career total 509 220 45 22 27 7 105 40 8 694 293 International Main article : List of international goals scored by Wayne Rooney As of match played 11 November 2016 England national team Year Apps Goals 2003 9 11 6 2005 8 2006 8 2007 2008 8 5 2009 9 6 11 2011 5 2012 5 2013 10 6 2014 13 8 2015 8 5 2016 10 Total 119 53 Honours Manchester United Premier League : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 FA Cup : 2015 -- 16 Football League Cup : 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 FA Community Shield : 2007 , 2010 , 2011 , 2016 UEFA Champions League : 2007 -- 08 UEFA Europa League : 2016 -- 17 FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Individual UEFA European Under - 17 Championship Golden Player : 2002 PFA Players ' Player of the Year : 2009 -- 10 PFA Young Player of the Year : 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 PFA Fans ' Player of the Year : 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 PFA Team of the Year : 2005 -- 06 Premier League , 2009 -- 10 Premier League , 2011 -- 12 Premier League FWA Footballer of the Year : 2009 -- 10 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year : 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 Manchester United Players ' Player of the Year : 2009 -- 10 BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year : 2002 Bravo Award : 2003 Golden Boy Award : 2004 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2004 FIFPro Young Player of the Year : 2004 -- 05 Premier League Player of the Season : 2009 -- 10 Premier League Player of the Month : February 2005 , December 2005 , March 2006 , October 2007 , January 2010 England Senior Men 's Player of the Year : 2008 , 2009 , 2014 , 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Most Valuable Player of the Final : 2008 FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2008 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2011 FIFA FIFPro World XI 4th team : 2013 FIFA FIFPro World XI 5th team : 2014 , 2015 Premier League 20 Seasons Awards ( 1992 -- 93 to 2011 -- 12 ) : Best Goal ( vs. Manchester City , 12 February 2011 ) Premier League Goal of the Month : November 2017 FWA Tribute Award : 2017 Premier League Milestones Award : 200 goals Records All - time top scorer of Manchester United All - time top scorer of the England national football team See also English football portal List of footballers with 50 or more international goals References Jump up ^ `` Premier League clubs submit squad lists '' ( PDF ) . 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Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` England v Italy , World Cup 2014 : as it happened '' . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` England 's World Cup all but over as they lose to Uruguay '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney fails to produce for England against Italy as other World Cup 2014 stars already have '' . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney captain , Hodgson names new boys '' . FIFA. 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` England 1 -- 0 Norway '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` England : Wayne Rooney calls player meetings to help team gel '' . BBC Sport. 10 September 2014 . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 15 November 2014 ) . `` England 3 -- 1 Slovenia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 14 June 2015 ) . `` Slovenia 2 -- 3 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Marino -- England '' . UEFA. 5 September 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Snowbal , Ben ( 8 September 2015 ) . `` Wayne Rooney scores record 50th goal for England '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bostock , Adam ( 8 September 2015 ) . `` Record breaker ! Wayne Rooney nets landmark 50th England goal '' . Manchester United F.C . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England 1 -- 1 Russia '' . BBC Sport. 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ MacLeary , John ; Bull , JJ ; Brown , Luke ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` ' Fragile ' Roy Hodgson accepts full responsibility for England 's shock Euro 2016 exit as inquest begins '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney : England midfield role debate an ' overreaction ' '' . BBC Sport. 5 September 2016 . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney confirms international retirement after 2018 World Cup '' . The Guardian . 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wayne Rooney 's England retirement : Out on his own terms '' . Sky Sports . 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney : I Want To Focus On Everton '' . Everton F.C. 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney : England striker retires from international football '' . BBC Sport. 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 November 2016 ) . `` England 3 -- 0 Scotland '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney is crowned king of the kopf '' . The Guardian . 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney , gioiello Ferguson Coraggio e tecnica pura '' ( Rooney , Fergunson 's jewel Courage and pure technique ) ( in Italian ) . La Repubblica. 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 24 April 2009 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson dazzled by the prospect of Wayne Rooney 's prime years at Man Utd '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney : I 'm happy to play anywhere '' . FourFourTwo. 5 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United striker Wayne Rooney chasing 20 goals next season '' . Sky Sports . 27 July 2015 . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man United 's Wayne Rooney still important for England -- Juan Mata '' . ESPN FC. 9 May 2016 . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Ben . `` Rooney on strike partnerships '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Bates , Steve ( 6 September 2014 ) . `` Wayne Rooney set to lead the line for England in Switzerland -- but Hodgson says midfield role beckons '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Scholes : England need Wayne Rooney in midfield against Switzerland '' . The Guardian . 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Crafton , Adam ( 27 December 2014 ) . `` Wayne Rooney finally fills Paul Scholes void as Manchester United star solves puzzle with deadly passing and lung - bursting runs '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 22 September 2014 ) . `` Louis van Gaal : Wayne Rooney to play in midfield for Manchester United '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN FC Player Profile : Wayne Rooney '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney stunner wins 20 Seasons Best Goal '' . Premier League . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capello : `` Rooney , il migliore insieme a C. Ronaldo e Messi '' '' ( Capello : `` Rooney , the best alongside C. Ronaldo and Messi '' ) ( in Italian ) . Milan News.it . Archived from the original on 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rooney dimentica le parolacce E scatena la rabbia su San Siro '' ( Rooney forget the curse words And unleash your anger upon the San Siro ) ( in Italian ) . Il Corriere della Sera. 7 March 2005 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` He used to be all the rage : Now Wayne Rooney ( and his baggage ) stands at career crossroads '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Is Wayne Rooney the white Pele ? There 's some way to go but he has the God - given potential '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Declining Rooney an asset to realise '' . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Michael Johnson could give Wayne Rooney his electric pace back '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney : are his best days behind him ? '' . The Guardian . 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man . United , Berbatov : `` Rooney il migliore di tutti '' '' ( Man . United , Berbatov : `` Rooney the best of all '' ) . Tutto Mercato Web.com . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 8 September 2015 ) . `` Wayne Rooney : England 's greatest ever striker ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 26 November 2010 ) . `` Rooney finally apologises to fans and says he would never have joined City '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Slater , Gary ( 14 February 2012 ) . `` Wayne Rooney backs Leeds Rhinos to defend Super League title ahead of World Club Challenge '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` Rooney reveals use of punch bag for excess anger '' . The Independent . Press Association . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belt up over Rooney , says Hatton '' . The Guardian . 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney for Celtic '' . Liverpool Echo. 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Wayne Rooney 's wife Coleen gives birth to baby boy The Guardian , 2 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` Rooney admits prostitute visits '' . BBC News . 22 April 2004 . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney gets Stereophonics tattoo '' . NME. 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Moore , Malcolm ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Wayne Rooney 's wedding to Coleen McLoughlin ' not valid ' , says Catholic Church '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Team , Cosmo ( 28 May 2008 ) . `` Coleen loves Westlife '' . Cosmopolitan . London . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Tryhorn , Chris ( 12 April 2006 ) . `` Rooney wins £ 100k damages '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Coleen Rooney gives birth to boy BBC News , 2 November 2009 Jump up ^ Lawless , Matt ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` Here comes the son : Rooney ' delighted ' after arrival of second child , Klay '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coleen and Wayne Rooney announce the birth of their new son '' . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/ColeenRoo/status/964014326704197632 Jump up ^ `` Exclusive interview with John Rooney '' . MLSSoccer.com. 28 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . Jump up ^ John Rooney Major League Soccer Archived 10 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Macc sign Rooney cousin '' . BBC Sport. 18 May 2004 . Retrieved 15 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney and the Nike T90 Laser IV '' . FootballBoots.co.uk. 15 September 2011 . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldinho is footballer with the world 's highest brand value '' . BBDO Germany . 30 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2006 . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Evening Standard : Analysis -- The marketing of Wayne Rooney David Rowan , 23 June 2004 Archived 30 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wayne 's world The Guardian , 10 October 2003 Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney `` deal '' for upmarket Asda `` . TalkingRetail.com. 15 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney talks FIFA World Cup TM '' . Coca - Cola . 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 07 '' . Electronic Arts . Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rooney ' continues to represent EA Sports , ' says EA Archived 27 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Video Gamer , 6 September 2010 Jump up ^ Wayne Rooney 's FIFA 11 Dream Team EA , 20 October 2010 Archived 10 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` How to do the 12 new FIFA 18 celebrations -- plus more of our favourites '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 11 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Vazquez , Paloma M. ( 21 May 2010 ) . `` Nike `` Writes the Future '' -- Just In Time For The World Cup `` . PSFK . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney dropped from Coca - Cola campaign '' . BBC Sport. 4 October 2010 . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer 's richest stars '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manchester United 's Wayne Rooney is king of the replica kit '' . The Guardian . London . 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Striker Rooney nets £ 5m book deal '' . BBC News . 10 March 2006 . Retrieved 7 June 2006 . Jump up ^ We want footie , not flimflam The Observer , 30 July 2006 Jump up ^ Brought to book : The ultimate guide to life inside ' the bubble ' The Independent , 7 October 2006 Jump up ^ Wayne Rooney : My Decade in the Premier League HarperSport Jump up ^ `` Rooney 's legal fight for website '' . BBC News . 23 July 2006 . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney wins his fight for website '' . BBC News . 13 October 2006 . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Nagle , Ben ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Wayne Rooney is the first Premier League footballer to reach 10 million Twitter followers '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wayne Rooney 's agent , Paul Stretford , banned '' . The Daily Telegraph . 22 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Manchester United 's Wayne Rooney wins court case brought by Proactive The Guardian , 15 July 2010 Jump up ^ Bandini , Paolo ( 1 September 2006 ) . `` Rooney book could be pulped '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney settles autobiography libel dispute '' . The Daily Telegraph . 3 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Rayner , Gordon ( 13 April 2011 ) . `` Leading actor 's gagging order over affair with Rooney prostitute '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matthew ( 5 September 2010 ) . `` Wayne Rooney ' slept with prostitute while wife Coleen was pregnant ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Luard , Elisabeth ( 12 September 2010 ) . `` Wayne Rooney made one mistake -- he got caught '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , Kevin ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Wayne Rooney charged with drink - driving after posing for selfie at bar '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney charged with drink - driving '' . BBC News . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wayne Rooney banned after admitting drink - driving '' . BBC News . 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney honours , awards & transfer info , Barclays Premier League '' . Premier League . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Endlar , Andrew . `` Wayne Rooney '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stats -- Wayne Rooney '' . officialwaynerooney.com . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` W. Rooney : Summary '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney , Wayne '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wayne Rooney : Overview '' . Premier League . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Player Profile '' . Man Utd official website . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ten talents who shone at a U17 EURO finals '' . UEFA. 28 April 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney is PFA player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 25 April 2010 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal striker Robin van Persie named PFA Player of the Year '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney nets writers ' player of the year award '' . BBC Sport. 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Williams , Josh ( 23 May 2010 ) . `` Alternative end - of - season awards '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Bravo '' Award `` . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney receives Golden Boy award '' . Manutdpics.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Dimond , Alex ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Manchester United Striker Wayne Rooney Named Barclays Premier League Player of the Season '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wayne Rooney scoops England Player of the Year award '' . The FA. 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Mewis , Joe ( 5 January 2016 ) . `` Rooney named as England 's Player of the Year -- but who would you have voted for ? '' . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2008 -- AWARDS '' . FIFA . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FifPro announces reserve Teams of the Year -- but Luis Suarez and Arjen Robben wo n't be laughing while Iker Casillas is somehow named the second best goalkeeper of 2013 '' . Independent.co.uk. 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World XI : the reserve teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 World XI : the Reserve Teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney wins Premier League Goal of the 20 Seasons award '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney wins November Carling Goal of the Month '' . Premier League . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney follows record - breaking goal with FWA tribute prize '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Milestones '' . Premier League . 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wayne Rooney . Official website Wayne Rooney profile at ManUtd.com Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk ( Official Manchester United statistics website ) Wayne Rooney at Soccerbase Wayne Rooney -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Wayne Rooney -- UEFA competition record D.C. United -- current squad 1 Ousted 2 Kemp 3 Odoi - Atsem 4 Canouse 5 Moreno 6 Opare 7 Arriola 8 Segura 9 Rooney 10 Acosta 11 Mattocks 12 Ellis 13 Brillant 14 DeLeon 15 Birnbaum 18 Stieber 20 Robinson 21 Durkin 22 Asad 23 Harkes 24 Hamid 25 Jeffrey 27 Vytas 28 Mora 29 Kelly 32 Miranda 48 Worra 91 Fisher Head Coach : Olsen Assistant Coach : Ashton Goalkeeping Coach : Thornton General Manager : Kasper England squads England squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 1 James 2 G. Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Terry 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 Lampard 12 Bridge 13 Robinson 14 P. Neville 15 King 16 Carragher 17 Butt 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Dyer 21 Heskey 22 Walker 23 Vassell Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Kelly 6 Terry 7 Walcott 8 Henderson 9 Carroll 10 Rooney 11 Young 12 Baines 13 Green 14 Jones 15 Lescott 16 Milner 17 Parker 18 Jagielka 19 Downing 20 Oxlade - Chamberlain 21 Defoe 22 Welbeck 23 Butland Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Hart 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Milner 5 Cahill 6 Smalling 7 Sterling 8 Lallana 9 Kane 10 Rooney ( c ) 11 Vardy 12 Clyne 13 Forster 14 Henderson 15 Sturridge 16 Stones 17 Dier 18 Wilshere 19 Barkley 20 Alli 21 Bertrand 22 Rashford 23 Heaton Coach : Hodgson Awards 2005 -- 06 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Given DF : Chimbonda DF : Terry DF : Carragher DF : Gallas MF : Ronaldo MF : Gerrard MF : Lampard MF : Cole FW : Henry FW : Rooney 2009 -- 10 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Hart DF : Ivanović DF : Vermaelen DF : Dunne DF : Evra MF : Valencia MF : Fàbregas MF : Fletcher MF : Milner FW : Rooney FW : Drogba 2011 -- 12 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Hart DF : Walker DF : Kompany DF : Coloccini DF : Baines MF : Silva MF : Touré MF : Parker MF : Bale FW : Van Persie FW : Rooney UEFA Euro 2004 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Petr Čech Antonios Nikopolidis Defenders Ashley Cole Sol Campbell Ricardo Carvalho Traianos Dellas Olof Mellberg Giourkas Seitaridis Gianluca Zambrotta Midfielders Michael Ballack Luís Figo Frank Lampard Maniche Pavel Nedvěd Theodoros Zagorakis Zinedine Zidane Forwards Milan Baroš Angelos Charisteas Henrik Larsson Ruud van Nistelrooy Cristiano Ronaldo Wayne Rooney Jon Dahl Tomasson Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year 1988 : McClair 1989 : Robson 1990 : Pallister 1991 : Hughes 1992 : McClair 1993 : Ince 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Kanchelskis 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Giggs 1999 : Keane 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Heinze 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Vidić 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Hernández 2012 : Valencia 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : De Gea 2015 : De Gea 2016 : De Gea 2017 : Herrera 2018 : De Gea PFA Young Player of the Year 1974 : Beattie 1975 : Day 1976 : Barnes 1977 : Gray 1978 : Woodcock 1979 : Regis 1980 : Hoddle 1981 : Shaw 1982 : Moran 1983 : Rush 1984 : Walsh 1985 : Hughes 1986 : Cottee 1987 : Adams 1988 : Gascoigne 1989 : Merson 1990 : Le Tissier 1991 : Sharpe 1992 : Giggs 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Cole 1995 : Fowler 1996 : Fowler 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Owen 1999 : Anelka 2000 : Kewell 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Bellamy 2003 : Jenas 2004 : Parker 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Fàbregas 2009 : Young 2010 : Milner 2011 : Wilshere 2012 : Walker 2013 : Bale 2014 : Hazard 2015 : Kane 2016 : Alli 2017 : Alli 2018 : Sané PFA Fans ' Player of the Year 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Meireles 2012 : Van Persie 2015 : Sánchez 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kane 2018 : Salah PFA Players ' Player of the Year 1974 : Hunter 1975 : Todd 1976 : Jennings 1977 : Gray 1978 : Shilton 1979 : Brady 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Wark 1982 : Keegan 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Reid 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Hughes 1990 : Platt 1991 : Hughes 1992 : Pallister 1993 : McGrath 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Ferdinand 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Terry 2006 : Gerrard 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Giggs 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Bale 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kanté 2018 : Salah FWA Footballer of the Year 1948 : Matthews 1949 : Carey 1950 : Mercer 1951 : Johnston 1952 : Wright 1953 : Lofthouse 1954 : Finney 1955 : Revie 1956 : Trautmann 1957 : Finney 1958 : Blanchflower 1959 : Owen 1960 : Slater 1961 : Blanchflower 1962 : Adamson 1963 : Matthews 1964 : Moore 1965 : Collins 1966 : R. Charlton 1967 : J. Charlton 1968 : Best 1969 : Book & Mackay 1970 : Bremner 1971 : McLintock 1972 : Banks 1973 : Jennings 1974 : Callaghan 1975 : Mullery 1976 : Keegan 1977 : Hughes 1978 : Burns 1979 : Dalglish 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Thijssen 1982 : Perryman 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Southall 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Nicol 1990 : Barnes 1991 : Strachan 1992 : Lineker 1993 : Waddle 1994 : Shearer 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Zola 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Pires 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Henry 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Parker 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Vardy 2017 : Kanté 2018 : Salah Premier League Player of the Season 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Schmeichel 1997 : Juninho 1998 : Owen 1999 : Yorke 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Vieira 2002 : Ljungberg 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Henry 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Vidić 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Vidić 2012 : Kompany 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Vardy 2017 : Kanté 2018 : Salah England Player of the Year 2003 : Beckham 2004 : Lampard 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Hargreaves 2007 : Gerrard 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Rooney 2010 : Cole 2011 : Parker 2012 : Gerrard 2013 : Award not given 2014 : Rooney 2015 : Rooney 2016 : Lallana 2017 : Kane Bravo Award 1978 : Case 1979 : Birtles 1980 : H. Müller 1981 : Wark 1982 : Shaw 1983 : Bonini 1984 : Righetti 1985 : Butragueño 1986 : Butragueño 1987 : van Basten 1988 : Ohana 1989 : Maldini 1990 : Baggio 1991 : Prosinečki 1992 : Guardiola 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Panucci 1995 : Kluivert 1996 : Del Piero 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Buffon 2000 : Casillas 2001 : Hargreaves 2002 : Metzelder 2003 : Rooney 2004 : C. Ronaldo 2005 : Robben 2006 : Fàbregas 2007 : Messi 2008 : Benzema 2009 : Busquets 2010 : T. Müller 2011 : Hazard 2012 : Verratti 2013 : Isco 2014 : Pogba 2015 : Berardi Golden Boy award winners 2003 : Van der Vaart 2004 : Rooney 2005 : Messi 2006 : Fàbregas 2007 : Agüero 2008 : Anderson 2009 : Pato 2010 : Balotelli 2011 : Götze 2012 : Isco 2013 : Pogba 2014 : Sterling 2015 : Martial 2016 : Sanches 2017 : Mbappé FIFPro Player of the Year awards World Player of the Year 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo Young Player of the Year 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Messi 2007 : Messi 2008 : Messi Alan Hardaker Trophy 1990 : Walker 1991 : Pearson 1992 : McClair 1993 : Merson 1994 : Richardson 1995 : McManaman 1996 : Townsend 1997 : Walsh 1998 : Wise 1999 : Nielsen 2000 : Elliott 2001 : Fowler 2002 : Friedel 2003 : Dudek 2004 : Zenden 2005 : Terry 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Drogba 2008 : Woodgate 2009 : Foster 2010 : Valencia 2011 : Foster 2012 : Downing 2013 : Dyer 2014 : Nasri 2015 : Terry 2016 : Kompany 2017 : Ibrahimović 2018 : Kompany UEFA European Under - 17 Championship awards Golden players 2002 : Rooney 2003 : Veloso 2004 : Fàbregas 2005 : Şahin 2006 : Kroos 2007 : Bojan 2008 : Aleksić 2009 : Götze 2010 : Wickham 2011 : Ebecilio 2012 : Meyer 2013 : Mitryushkin 2014 : Bergwijn 2015 : Édouard 2016 : Gomes 2017 : Sancho Top goalscorers 2002 : Soriano 2003 : Rodríguez 2004 : Ben Arfa , Gama , Paul & Pedraza 2005 : Köse 2006 : Fischer , Bojan & Necid 2007 : Kroos & Moses 2008 : Tafer 2009 : Castaignos & Thy 2010 : Alcácer 2011 : Ebecilio , Hope , Yeşil & Vilhena 2012 : Meyer 2013 : Slaninka & Kamber 2014 : Schuurman & Solanke 2015 : Édouard 2016 : Gomes 2017 : Gouiri FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball 2000 : Edílson 2005 : Rogério Ceni 2006 : Deco 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Messi 2010 : Eto'o 2011 : Messi 2012 : Cássio 2013 : Ribéry 2014 : Ramos 2015 : Suárez 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Modrić Match of the Day 's Goal of the Season Award 1970 -- 71 : Hunt 1971 -- 72 : Radford 1972 -- 73 : Osgood 1973 -- 74 : Mullery 1974 -- 75 : Walsh 1975 -- 76 : Francis 1976 -- 77 : McDermott 1977 -- 78 : Gemmill 1978 -- 79 : Kennedy 1979 -- 80 : Fashanu 1980 -- 81 : Morley 1981 -- 82 : Regis 1982 -- 83 : Dalglish 1983 -- 84 : D. Wallace 1984 -- 85 : Sharp 1985 -- 86 : Robson 1986 -- 87 : Houchen 1987 -- 88 : Aldridge 1988 -- 89 : Aldridge 1989 -- 90 : Wright 1990 -- 91 : Gascoigne 1991 -- 92 : Thomas 1992 -- 93 : Atkinson 1993 -- 94 : R. Wallace 1994 -- 95 : Le Tissier 1995 -- 96 : Yeboah 1996 -- 97 : Sinclair 1997 -- 98 : Bergkamp 1998 -- 99 : Giggs 1999 -- 2000 : Di Canio 2000 -- 01 : Bartlett 2001 -- 02 : Bergkamp 2002 -- 03 : Henry 2003 -- 04 : Hamann 2004 -- 05 : Rooney 2005 -- 06 : Gerrard 2006 -- 07 : Rooney 2007 -- 08 : Adebayor 2008 -- 09 : Johnson 2009 -- 10 : Figueroa 2010 -- 11 : Rooney 2011 -- 12 : Cissé 2012 -- 13 : Van Persie 2013 -- 14 : Wilshere 2014 -- 15 : Wilshere 2015 -- 16 : Alli 2016 -- 17 : Can 2017 -- 18 : Vardy Due to a transfer of broadcast rights , the entries for the 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 and 2003 -- 04 seasons were decided on ITV 's The Premiership . WorldCat Identities BIBSYS : 12050712 GND : 173858244 ISNI : 0000 0000 4417 8338 LCCN : no2004068293 NDL : 01097942 VIAF : 53863011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Rooney&oldid=866451138 '' Categories : 1985 births Living people Association football forwards England international footballers England youth international footballers English autobiographers English footballers English people of Irish descent English Roman Catholics Everton F.C. players Manchester United F.C. players D.C. United players Premier League players Footballers from Liverpool UEFA Euro 2004 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2014 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2016 players FIFA Century Club UEFA Champions League winning players UEFA Europa League winning players Designated Players ( MLS ) English expatriate footballers Expatriate soccer players in the United States English expatriates in the United States Major League Soccer players Association football players who received a testimonial Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) NFT template with ID same as Wikidata EngvarB from July 2018 Use dmy dates from October 2018 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people FIFA player template using Wikidata UEFA player template using Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük 吴语 粵語 中文 76 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 12 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many goals has rooney scored for dc | [
"Wayne Rooney\nRooney with Manchester United in 2016Personal informationFull name\nWayne Mark Rooney[1]Date of birth\n (1985-10-24) 24 October 1985 (age 33)Place of birth\nCroxteth, Liverpool, EnglandHeight\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)[2]Playing position\nForwardAttacking midfielderClub informationCurrent team\nD.C. UnitedNumber\n9Youth career\nLiverpool Schoolboys\nCopplehouse Boys1996–2002\nEvertonSenior career*Years\nTeam\nApps\n(Gls)2002–2004\nEverton\n67\n(15)2004–2017\nManchester United\n393\n(183)2017–2018\nEverton\n31\n(10)2018–\nD.C. United\n20\n(12)National team2000–2001\nEngland U15\n4\n(2)2001–2002\nEngland U17\n12\n(7)2002–2003\nEngland U19\n1\n(0)2003–2016\nEngland\n119\n(53)\n* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 12:22, 30 October 2018 (UTC)"
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6988855411164419317 | Ruby | Ruby - Wikipedia Ruby Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mineral or gem . For other uses , see Ruby ( disambiguation ) . Ruby Natural ruby crystals from Winza , Tanzania General Oxide mineral variety Formula ( repeating unit ) aluminium oxide with chromium , Al O : Cr Crystal system Trigonal Crystal class Hexagonal scalenohedral ( 3m ) H-M symbol : ( 3 2 / m ) Space group R3c Identification Color Near colorless through pink through all shades of red to a deep crimson Crystal habit Terminated tabular hexagonal prisms Cleavage No true cleavage Fracture Conchoidal , splintery Tenacity Brittle Mohs scale hardness 9.0 Luster Subadamantine , vitreous , pearly ( on partings ) Streak White Diaphaneity Transparent , translucent Specific gravity 3.97 -- 4.05 Optical properties Uniaxial - Refractive index n = 1.768 -- 1.772 n = 1.760 -- 1.763 Birefringence 0.008 Pleochroism Strong : purplish - red -- orangy - red Dispersion 0.018 Ultraviolet fluorescence Red under longwave References A ruby is a pink to blood - red colored gemstone , a variety of the mineral corundum ( aluminium oxide ) . Other varieties of gem - quality corundum are called sapphires . Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems , together with amethyst , sapphire , emerald , and diamond . The word ruby comes from ruber , Latin for red . The color of a ruby is due to the element chromium . The quality of a ruby is determined by its color , cut , and clarity , which , along with carat weight , affect its value . The brightest and most valuable shade of red called blood - red or pigeon blood , commands a large premium over other rubies of similar quality . After color follows clarity : similar to diamonds , a clear stone will command a premium , but a ruby without any needle - like rutile inclusions may indicate that the stone has been treated . Ruby is the traditional birthstone for July and is usually more pink than garnet , although some rhodolite garnets have a similar pinkish hue to most rubies . The world 's most valuable ruby is the Sunrise Ruby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical properties 1.1 Ruby vs. pink sapphire 2 Natural occurrence 3 Factors affecting value 4 Treatments and enhancements 5 Synthetic and imitation rubies 6 Records and famous rubies 7 Historical and cultural references 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Physical properties Crystal structure of rubies Rubies have a hardness of 9.0 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness . Among the natural gems only moissanite and diamond are harder , with diamond having a Mohs hardness of 10.0 and moissanite falling somewhere in between corundum ( ruby ) and diamond in hardness . Sapphire , ruby , and pure corundum are α - alumina , the most stable form of Al O , in which 3 electrons leave each aluminum ion to join the regular octahedral group of six nearby O ions ; in pure corundum this leaves all of the aluminum ions with a very stable configuration of no unpaired electrons or unfilled energy levels , and the crystal is perfectly colorless . When a chromium atom replaces an occasional aluminum atom , it too loses 3 electrons to become a chromium ion to maintain the charge balance of the Al O crystal . However , the Cr ions are larger and have electron orbitals in different directions than aluminum . The octahedral arrangement of the O ions is distorted , and the energy levels of the different orbitals of those Cr ions are slightly altered because of the directions to the O ions . Those energy differences correspond to absorption in the ultraviolet , violet , and yellow - green regions of the spectrum . Transmittance of ruby in optical and near - IR spectra . Note the two broad violet and yellow - green absorption bands and one narrow absorption band at the wavelength of 694 nm , which is the wavelength of the ruby laser . If one percent of the aluminum ions are replaced by chromium in ruby , the yellow - green absorption results in a red color for the gem . Additionally , absorption at any of the above wavelengths stimulates fluorescent emission of 694 - nanometer - wavelength red light , which adds to its red color and perceived luster . After absorbing short - wavelength light , there is a short interval of time when the crystal lattice of ruby is in an excited state before fluorescence occurs . If 694 - nanometer photons pass through the crystal during that time , they can stimulate more fluorescent photons to be emitted in - phase with them , thus strengthening the intensity of that red light . By arranging mirrors or other means to pass emitted light repeatedly through the crystal , a ruby laser in this way produces a very high intensity of coherent red light . All natural rubies have imperfections in them , including color impurities and inclusions of rutile needles known as `` silk '' . Gemologists use these needle inclusions found in natural rubies to distinguish them from synthetics , simulants , or substitutes . Usually , the rough stone is heated before cutting . These days , almost all rubies are treated in some form , with heat treatment being the most common practice . Untreated rubies of high quality command a large premium . Some rubies show a three - point or six - point asterism or `` star '' . These rubies are cut into cabochons to display the effect properly . Asterisms are best visible with a single - light source and move across the stone as the light moves or the stone is rotated . Such effects occur when light is reflected off the `` silk '' ( the structurally oriented rutile needle inclusions ) in a certain way . This is one example where inclusions increase the value of a gemstone . Furthermore , rubies can show color changes -- though this occurs very rarely -- as well as chatoyancy or the `` cat 's eye '' effect . Ruby vs. pink sapphire Generally , gemstone - quality corundum in all shades of red , including pink , are called rubies . However , in the United States , a minimum color saturation must be met to be called a ruby ; otherwise , the stone will be called a pink sapphire . Drawing a distinction between rubies and pink sapphires is relatively new , having arisen sometime in the 20th century . Often , the distinction between ruby and pink sapphire is not clear and can be debated . As a result of the difficulty and subjectiveness of such distinctions , trade organizations such as the International Colored Gemstone Association ( ICGA ) have adopted the broader definition for ruby which encompasses its lighter shades , including pink . Natural occurrence The Mogok Valley in Upper Myanmar ( Burma ) was for centuries the world 's main source for rubies . That region has produced some exceptional rubies , however in recent years few good rubies have been found . In central Myanmar , the area of Mong Hsu began producing rubies during the 1990s and rapidly became the world 's main ruby mining area . The most recently found ruby deposit in Myanmar is in Namya ( Namyazeik ) located in the northern state of Kachin . Historically , rubies have also been mined in Thailand , in the Pailin and Samlout District of Cambodia , as well as in Afghanistan , Australia , Brazil , Colombia , India , Namibia , Japan , and Scotland ; after the Second World War ruby deposits were found in Madagascar , Nepal , Pakistan , Tajikistan , Tanzania , and Vietnam . In Sri Lanka , lighter shades of rubies ( often `` pink sapphires '' ) are more commonly found . The Republic of Macedonia is the only country in mainland Europe to have naturally occurring rubies . They can mainly be found around the city of Prilep . Macedonian rubies have a unique raspberry color . The ruby is also included on the Macedonian coat of arms . A few rubies have been found in the U.S. states of Montana , North Carolina , South Carolina and Wyoming . Spinel , another red gemstone , is sometimes found along with rubies in the same gem gravel or marble . Red spinels may be mistaken for rubies by those lacking experience with gems . However , the finest red spinels can have values approaching that of an average ruby . Factors affecting value Rubies , as with other gemstones , are graded using criteria known as the four Cs , namely color , cut , clarity and carat weight . Rubies are also evaluated on the basis of their geographic origin . Color : In the evaluation of colored gemstones , color is the most important factor . Color divides into three components : hue , saturation and tone . Hue refers to color as we normally use the term . Transparent gemstones occur in the pure spectral hues of red , orange , yellow , green , blue , violet . In nature , there are rarely pure hues , so when speaking of the hue of a gemstone , we speak of primary and secondary and sometimes tertiary hues . Ruby is defined to be red . All other hues of the gem species corundum are called sapphire . Ruby may exhibit a range of secondary hues , including orange , purple , violet , and pink . A naturally occurring ruby crystal Natural ruby with inclusions A cut pink ruby Purple rubies Victorian ruby and diamond brooch The finest ruby is described as being a vivid medium - dark toned red . Secondary hues add an additional complication . Pink , orange , and purple are the normal secondary hues in ruby . Of the three , purple is preferred because it reinforces the red , making it appear richer . Purple also occupies a position on the color wheel halfway between red and blue . When a purplish - red ruby is set in yellow , the yellow neutralizes its complement blue , leaving the stone appearing to be pure red in the setting . Treatments and enhancements Improving the quality of gemstones by treating them is common practice . Some treatments are used in almost all cases and are therefore considered acceptable . During the late 1990s , a large supply of low - cost materials caused a sudden surge in supply of heat - treated rubies , leading to a downward pressure on ruby prices . Improvements used include color alteration , improving transparency by dissolving rutile inclusions , healing of fractures ( cracks ) or even completely filling them . The most common treatment is the application of heat . Most rubies at the lower end of the market are heat treated to improve color , remove purple tinge , blue patches , and silk . These heat treatments typically occur around temperatures of 1800 ° C ( 3300 ° F ) . Some rubies undergo a process of low tube heat , when the stone is heated over charcoal of a temperature of about 1300 ° C ( 2400 ° F ) for 20 to 30 minutes . The silk is partially broken , and the color is improved . Another treatment , which has become more frequent in recent years , is lead glass filling . Filling the fractures inside the ruby with lead glass ( or a similar material ) dramatically improves the transparency of the stone , making previously unsuitable rubies fit for applications in jewelry . The process is done in four steps : The rough stones are pre-polished to eradicate all surface impurities that may affect the process The rough is cleaned with hydrogen fluoride The first heating process during which no fillers are added . The heating process eradicates impurities inside the fractures . Although this can be done at temperatures up to 1400 ° C ( 2500 ° F ) it most likely occurs at a temperature of around 900 ° C ( 1600 ° F ) since the rutile silk is still intact . The second heating process in an electrical oven with different chemical additives . Different solutions and mixes have shown to be successful , however mostly lead - containing glass - powder is used at present . The ruby is dipped into oils , then covered with powder , embedded on a tile and placed in the oven where it is heated at around 900 ° C ( 1600 ° F ) for one hour in an oxidizing atmosphere . The orange colored powder transforms upon heating into a transparent to yellow - colored paste , which fills all fractures . After cooling the color of the paste is fully transparent and dramatically improves the overall transparency of the ruby . If a color needs to be added , the glass powder can be `` enhanced '' with copper or other metal oxides as well as elements such as sodium , calcium , potassium etc . The second heating process can be repeated three to four times , even applying different mixtures . When jewelry containing rubies is heated ( for repairs ) it should not be coated with boracic acid or any other substance , as this can etch the surface ; it does not have to be `` protected '' like a diamond . The treatment can identified by noting bubbles in cavities and fractures using a 10x loupe . Synthetic and imitation rubies Artificial ruby under a normal light ( top ) and under a green laser light ( bottom ) . Red light is emitted In 1837 , Gaudin made the first synthetic rubies by fusing potash alum at a high temperature with a little chromium as a pigment . In 1847 , Ebelmen made white sapphire by fusing alumina in boric acid . In 1877 , Frenic and Freil made crystal corundum from which small stones could be cut . Frimy and Auguste Verneuil manufactured artificial ruby by fusing BaF and Al O with a little chromium at red heat . In 1903 , Verneuil announced he could produce synthetic rubies on a commercial scale using this flame fusion process . By 1910 , Verneuil 's laboratory had expanded into a 30 furnace production facility , with annual gemstone production having reached 1,000 kilograms ( 2,000 lb ) in 1907 . Other processes in which synthetic rubies can be produced are through Czochralski 's pulling process , flux process , and the hydrothermal process . Most synthetic rubies originate from flame fusion , due to the low costs involved . Synthetic rubies may have no imperfections visible to the naked eye but magnification may reveal curves , striae and gas bubbles . The fewer the number and the less obvious the imperfections , the more valuable the ruby is ; unless there are no imperfections ( i.e. , a perfect ruby ) , in which case it will be suspected of being artificial . Dopants are added to some manufactured rubies so they can be identified as synthetic , but most need gemological testing to determine their origin . Synthetic rubies have technological uses as well as gemological ones . Rods of synthetic ruby are used to make ruby lasers and masers . The first working laser was made by Theodore H. Maiman in 1960 . Maiman used a solid - state light - pumped synthetic ruby to produce red laser light at a wavelength of 694 nanometers ( nm ) . Ruby lasers are still in use . Rubies are also used in applications where high hardness is required such as at wear exposed locations in modern mechanical clockworks , or as scanning probe tips in a coordinate measuring machine . Imitation rubies are also marketed . Red spinels , red garnets , and colored glass have been falsely claimed to be rubies . Imitations go back to Roman times and already in the 17th century techniques were developed to color foil red -- by burning scarlet wool in the bottom part of the furnace -- which was then placed under the imitation stone . Trade terms such as balas ruby for red spinel and rubellite for red tourmaline can mislead unsuspecting buyers . Such terms are therefore discouraged from use by many gemological associations such as the Laboratory Manual Harmonisation Committee ( LMHC ) . Records and famous rubies Rubies at the National Museum of Natural History , Washington , D.C. , USA The Smithsonian 's National Museum of Natural History in Washington , D.C. has some of the world 's largest and finest ruby gemstones . The 23.1 carats ( 4.62 g ) Burmese ruby , set in a platinum ring with diamonds , was donated by businessman and philanthropist Peter Buck in memory of his late wife Carmen Lúcia . This gemstone displays a richly saturated red color combined with an exceptional transparency . The finely proportioned cut provides vivid red reflections . The stone was mined from the Mogok region of Burma ( now Myanmar ) in the 1930s . In 2007 the London jeweler Garrard & Co featured on their website a heart - shaped 40.63 - carat ruby . On December 13 / 14 , 2011 Elizabeth Taylor 's complete jewellery collection was auctioned by Christie 's . Several ruby - set pieces were included in the sale , notably a ring set with an 8.24 ct gem that broke the ' price - per - carat ' record for rubies ( $512,925 per carat , i.e. over $4.2 million in total ) , and a necklace that sold for over $3.7 million . The Liberty Bell Ruby is the largest mined ruby in the world . It was stolen in a heist in 2011 . The Sunrise Ruby is the world 's most expensive ruby , most expensive coloured gemstone , and most expensive gemstone other than a diamond . In May 2015 , it sold at auction in Switzerland to an anonymous buyer for US $30 million . A synthetic ruby crystal became the gain medium in the world 's first optical laser , conceived , designed and constructed by Theodore H. `` Ted '' Maiman , on the 16th of May , 1961 at Hughes Research Laboratories . The concept of electromagnetic radiation amplification through the mechanism of stimulated emission had already been successfully demonstrated in the laboratory by way of the Maser , using other materials such as ammonia and , later , ruby , but the Ruby Laser was the first device to work at optical ( 694.3 nm ) wavelengths . Maiman 's prototype laser is still in working order . Historical and cultural references In Job 28 : 18 and Proverbs 3 : 15 , wisdom is more valuable than rubies . In Proverbs 31 : 10 , a wife of noble character is worth more than rubies . An early recorded transport and trading of rubies arises in the literature on the North Silk Road of China , wherein about 200 BC rubies were carried along this ancient trackway moving westward from China . Rubies have always been held in high esteem in Asian countries . They were used to ornament armor , scabbards , and harnesses of noblemen in India and China . Rubies were laid beneath the foundation of buildings to secure good fortune to the structure . See also Book : Gemstones Gemology and Jewelry portal Anyolite List of gemstones List of minerals Shelby Gem Factory Verneuil process References Jump up ^ Corundum data on Webmineral Archived October 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ruby on Gemdat.org Archived March 17 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Precious Stones Archived December 18 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Max Bauer , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Ruby : causes of color '' . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Matlins , Antoinette Leonard ( 2010 ) . Colored Gemstones . Gemstone Press . p. 203 . ISBN 0 - 943763 - 72 - X . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reed , Peter ( 1991 ) . Gemmology . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 337 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 6449 - 5 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wise , Richard G. `` Gemstone Connoisseurship ; The Finer Points , Part II '' . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Richard W. `` Walking the line in ruby & sapphire '' . ruby-sapphire.com . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Federman , David . `` Pink Sapphire '' . Modern Jeweler . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This is the New Coat of Arms of Republic of Macedonia - Independent.mk '' . Independent.mk . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wenk , Hans - Rudolf ; Bulakh , A.G. ( 2004 ) . Minerals : their constitution and origin . Cambridge , U.K. : Cambridge University Press . pp. 539 -- 541 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52958 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Wise , Richard W. ( 2006 ) . Secrets Of The Gem Trade , The Connoisseur 's Guide To Precious Gemstones . Brunswick House Press . pp. 18 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 9728223 - 8 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Heat Treatment of Ruby and Sapphire . Bangkok , Thailand : Gemlab Inc. 1992 . ISBN 0940965100 . Jump up ^ Vincent Pardieu Lead Glass Filled / Repaired Rubies Archived August 31 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences Gem Testing Laboratory . February 2005 Jump up ^ Richard W. Hughes ( 1997 ) , Ruby & Sapphire , Boulder , CO , RWH Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9645097 - 6 - 4 Jump up ^ Milisenda , CC ( 2005 ) . `` Rubine mit bleihaltigen Glasern gefullt '' . Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft ( in German ) . Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft. 54 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Lead Glass - Filled Rubies '' . GIA Global Dispatch . Gemological Institute of America . 2012 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bahadur : a Handbook of Precious Stones '' . 1943 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Maiman , T.H. ( 1960 ) . `` Stimulated optical radiation in ruby '' . Nature . 187 ( 4736 ) : 493 -- 494 . Bibcode : 1960Natur. 187 ... 493M . doi : 10.1038 / 187493a0 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Nicols : A Lapidary or History of Gemstones '' . 1652 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Carmen Lúcia Ruby '' . Exhibitions . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2008 . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Garrards -- Treasures ( large and important jewelry pieces ) '' . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Legendary Jewels , Evening Sale & Jewelry ( Sessions II and III ) Press Release Christie 's Archived January 29 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Christies.com ( 2011 - 12 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Taylor 's ruby and diamond necklace Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... News.yahoo.com ( 2011 - 09 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World 's most expensive coloured gem sells for $30 m '' . BBC . May 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Laser inventor Maiman dies ; tribute to be held on anniversary of first laser '' . Laser Focus World . May 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan , Silk Road , North China Archived October 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Megalithic Portal. 19 November 2007 Jump up ^ Smith , Henry G. ( 1896 ) . `` Chapter 2 , Sapphires , Rubies '' . Gems and Precious Stones . Charles Potter Government Printer , Australia . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ruby . International Colored Stone Association 's ruby overview page Webmineral crystallographic and mineral info Jewellery Forms Anklet Barrette Belt buckle Belly chain Bindi Bolo tie Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collar pin Crown Cufflink Earring Ferronnière Lapel pin Necklace Pectoral Pendant Ring Tiara Tie chain Tie clip Tie pin Toe ring Watch pocket strap Making People Bench jeweler Clockmaker Goldsmith Silversmith Jewelry designer Lapidary Watchmaker Processes Carving Casting centrifugal lost - wax vacuum Enameling Engraving Filigree Kazaziye Metal clay Plating Polishing Repoussé and chasing Soldering Stonesetting Wire sculpture Wire wrapped jewelry Tools Draw plate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers Materials Precious metals Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver Precious metal alloys Britannia silver Colored gold Crown gold Electrum Shakudō Shibuichi Sterling silver Tumbaga Base metals Brass Bronze Copper Mokume - gane Pewter Stainless steel Titanium Tungsten Mineral gemstones Aventurine Agate Amethyst Beryl Carnelian Chrysoberyl Diamond Diopside Emerald Garnet Jade Jasper Lapis lazuli Larimar Malachite Marcasite Moonstone Obsidian Onyx Opal Pearl Peridot Prasiolite Quartz Ruby Sapphire Sodalite Spinel Sunstone Tanzanite Tiger 's eye Topaz Tourmaline Turquoise Zircon Organic gemstones Abalone Amber Ammolite Copal Coral Ivory Jet Nacre Other natural objects Bog - wood Hair Shell jewelry Toadstone Terms Carat ( mass ) Carat ( purity ) Finding Millesimal fineness Art jewelry Related topics Body piercing Fashion Gemology Phaleristics Metalworking Wearable art Gemstones Gemmological Classifiactions by E. Ya . Kievlenko , 1980 , updated Jewelry stones 1st order Diamond Ruby Emerald Blue Sapphire Alexandrite Natural marine pearls 2nd order Pink sapphire Demantoid Tsavorite Spinel Precious Black Opal Tanzanite 3rd order Yellow , Green , Violet Sapphires Aquamarine Orange topaz ( Imperial ) Rubellite Precious White and Fire Opal 4th order Tourmaline -- Verdelite Indicolite , polychromous Beryl -- Heliodor , pink , yellow - green Topaz yellow , blue , pink Peridot Garnets -- Spessartine ( malaya ) , Rhodolite , Almandine , Pyrope Amethyst Citrine Blue Turquoise Jewelry - Industrial stones 1st order Lazurite Jadeite Nephrite Malachite Amber ( Baltic amber ) Chrysoprase Charoite 2nd order Agate Amazonite Rhodonite Colorless , smoky and pink quartz Hematite Common opal Opaque iridescent feldspars Industrial stones Jasper Graphic granite Petrified wood Cacholong ( Porouse opal ) Marble onyx Obsidian Listwanite ( green mica ) Jet Selenite Fluorite Serpentinite Aventurine quartzite Ophicalcite ( Serpentine / Calcite ) Pagodite ( Pyrophyllite / Talc ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby&oldid=823133470 '' Categories : Aluminium minerals Oxide minerals Superhard materials Trigonal minerals Luminescent minerals Corundum gemstones Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from September 2017 Pages with numeric Bible version references Use American English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Tools Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 13 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | red colour of ruby crystal is due to | [
"A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, together with amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond.[3] The word ruby comes from ruber, Latin for red. The color of a ruby is due to the element chromium."
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"the element chromium"
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2979999313836655666 | Van Halen discography | Van Halen Discography - wikipedia Van Halen Discography Van Halen discography Van Halen performing at the Bell Centre , Montreal on 10 November 2007 . From left to right : David Lee Roth , Wolfgang Van Halen , Eddie Van Halen and Alex Van Halen Studio albums 12 Live albums Compilation albums Video albums Singles 56 Van Halen is an American rock band , formed in Pasadena , California in 1972 , by the Dutch - born American brothers Eddie Van Halen ( guitar ) and Alex Van Halen ( drums ) , plus singer David Lee Roth and bassist Michael Anthony . The band 's discography consists of twelve studio albums , two live albums , two compilation albums , and 56 singles . The band signed a contract with Warner Bros. Records in 1977 , and in the following year released the album Van Halen . Over the next few years , the band alternated album releases , one per year between 1979 and 1982 , and touring to increasing commercial and critical acclaim and became one of the world 's most successful and influential bands . In 1984 , Van Halen released 1984 , which peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 and had the band 's sole No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , `` Jump '' . After the tour promoting that album , Roth left the band due to artistic and personal tensions with Eddie . To replace Roth , Eddie picked Sammy Hagar , formerly of Montrose and at that time a successful solo artist . Van Halen 's first album with Hagar , 1986 's 5150 , was the band 's first No. 1 on the Billboard 200 . The three studio albums that succeeded , OU812 , For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge and Balance , also topped the charts . In 1996 , Hagar left Van Halen amidst much tension with the Van Halen brothers . Roth rejoined briefly , and recorded two songs with the band for the 1996 compilation Best Of -- Volume I , but Van Halen eventually settled on Gary Cherone , frontman of the then defunct Boston - based band Extreme . Cherone 's sole release with the band was Van Halen III , released in 1998 to mixed reviews and diminishing sales , being the only Van Halen studio album not to get a platinum RIAA certification . Van Halen 's last release for Warner was the 2004 compilation Best of Both Worlds , which featured three new songs with Hagar . In 2011 , the band left the label and signed with Interscope Records . In February 2012 , Van Halen released its twelfth studio album and first for Interscope , A Different Kind of Truth , featuring Roth on the vocals and Eddie 's son Wolfgang Van Halen on bass guitar . The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , and became the band 's highest charting album on the UK Albums Chart with a sixth spot . As of 2007 , Van Halen has sold 75 million albums worldwide and have had thirteen No. 1 hits on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart . During the 1980s they also had more Billboard Hot 100 hits than any other hard rock or heavy metal band . According to the RIAA , Van Halen is the nineteenth best - selling band / artist of all time with sales of over 56 million albums in the US , and is one of five rock bands that have had two albums ( Van Halen and 1984 ) sell more than ten million copies in the US . Contents 1 Albums 1.1 Studio albums 1.2 Live albums 1.3 Compilation albums 2 Singles 3 Videos 4 Soundtrack appearances 5 References 6 External links Albums ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications ( sales thresholds ) US CAN AUS SWI AUT NLD DEN SWE FIN NOR GER NZ UK Van Halen Released : February 10 , 1978 Label : Warner Bros . Format : LP , 8 - Track , CS , CD , Digital 19 18 17 -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 22 34 US : Diamond CAN : 4 × Platinum FRA : Gold UK : Gold GER : Gold FIN : Gold NLD : Platinum Van Halen II Released : March 23 , 1979 Label : Warner Bros . Format : LP , CS , 8 - Track , CD , Digital 6 15 68 -- -- 11 -- 22 -- -- 24 -- 23 US : 5 × Platinum CAN : 2 × Platinum FRA : Gold NLD : Gold Women and Children First Released : March 26 , 1980 Label : Warner Bros . Format : LP , CS , 8 - Track , CD , Digital 6 12 128 -- -- -- 19 -- 23 19 48 15 US : 3 × Platinum CAN : 2 × Platinum FRA : Gold NLD : Gold Fair Warning Released : April 29 , 1981 Label : Warner Bros . Format : LP , CS , 8 - Track , CD , Digital 5 11 97 -- -- 13 -- 18 -- 27 37 -- 49 US : 2 × Platinum CAN : Platinum Diver Down Released : April 14 , 1982 Label : Warner Bros . Format : LP , CS , 8 - Track , CD , DVD - A , Digital 5 79 -- -- 28 -- 28 -- 19 65 37 36 US : 4 × Platinum CAN : Platinum 1984 Released : January 9 , 1984 Label : Warner Bros . Format : LP , CS , 8 - Track , CD , Digital 11 7 12 8 -- -- 12 11 15 15 US : Diamond CAN : 5 × Platinum UK : Gold FRA : Gold GER : Platinum 5150 Released : March 24 , 1986 Label : Warner Bros . Format : CD , CS , LP , Digital 5 16 13 30 -- -- 5 11 13 16 US : 6 × Platinum CAN : 3 × Platinum UK : Silver GER : Gold OU812 Released : May 24 , 1988 Label : Warner Bros . Format : CD , CS , LP , Digital 9 9 21 22 -- 9 -- 5 12 35 16 US : 4 × Platinum UK : Silver For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge Released : June 17 , 1991 Label : Warner Bros . Format : CD , CS , LP , Digital 5 11 21 24 -- 17 -- -- 6 25 12 US : 3 × Platinum CAN : Platinum UK : Silver Balance Released : January 24 , 1995 Label : Warner Bros . Format : CD , CS , LP , Digital 9 6 18 5 -- 5 -- 17 8 16 8 US : 3 × Platinum CAN : 3 × Platinum Van Halen III Released : March 17 , 1998 Label : Warner Bros . Format : CD , CS , LP , Digital 8 38 23 24 7 39 5 29 13 14 43 US : Gold A Different Kind of Truth Released : February 7 , 2012 Label : Interscope Format : CD , Digital , LP 6 17 12 8 9 8 14 6 CAN : Gold `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that country . Live albums ( edit ) Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications ( sales thresholds ) US CAN AUS SWI AUT NLD DEN SWE FIN NOR GER NZ UK Live : Right Here , Right Now Released : February 23 , 1993 Label : Warner Bros . Format : CD , CS , LP , DVD 5 15 7 18 30 8 -- 21 -- -- 30 25 24 US : 2 × Platinum CAN : Gold Tokyo Dome Live in Concert Release : March 31 , 2015 Label : Warner Bros . Format : CD , Digital , LP 20 -- 67 59 -- 48 -- -- -- -- 64 -- 74 `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that country . Compilation albums ( edit ) Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications ( sales thresholds ) US CAN AUS SWI AUT NLD DEN SWE FIN NOR GER NZ UK Best Of -- Volume I Released : October 22 , 1996 Label : Warner Bros . Format : CD , CS 11 26 16 12 5 19 36 7 45 US : 3 × Platinum CAN : 2 × Platinum AUS : Platinum FIN : Gold UK : Silver GER : Gold The Best of Both Worlds Released : July 20 , 2004 Label : Warner Bros . Format : CD 31 55 33 -- 25 12 17 28 9 15 US : Platinum UK : Gold `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that country . Singles ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions Album Certifications ( sales thresholds ) US US Main AUS CAN IRE NLD UK 1978 `` You Really Got Me '' 36 -- 12 49 -- -- -- Van Halen `` Runnin ' with the Devil '' 84 -- -- -- -- 8 52 `` Ai n't Talkin ' ' Bout Love '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Jamie 's Cryin ' '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` On Fire '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1979 `` Dance the Night Away '' 15 -- -- 28 -- -- -- Van Halen II `` Beautiful Girls '' 84 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Somebody Get Me a Doctor '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1980 `` And the Cradle Will Rock ... '' 55 -- -- 81 -- -- -- Women And Children First 1981 `` So This Is Love ? '' 110 15 -- 20 -- -- -- Fair Warning `` Mean Street '' -- 12 -- -- -- -- -- `` Push Comes to Shove '' ( airplay ) -- 29 -- -- -- -- -- `` Unchained '' -- 13 -- -- -- -- -- `` Hear About It Later '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1982 `` ( Oh ) Pretty Woman '' 12 59 5 -- 33 47 Diver Down `` Dancing in the Street '' 38 -- 15 -- -- -- `` Secrets '' -- 22 -- -- -- -- -- `` Little Guitars '' ( airplay ) -- 33 -- -- -- -- -- `` The Full Bug '' ( airplay ) -- 42 -- -- -- -- -- `` Where Have All the Good Times Gone '' ( airplay ) -- 17 -- -- -- -- -- 1984 `` Jump '' 29 7 1984 US : Gold UK : Silver `` I 'll Wait '' 13 -- 21 -- -- 85 `` Panama '' 13 74 15 30 -- 61 `` Hot For Teacher '' 56 24 89 83 -- -- 87 1986 `` Why Ca n't This Be Love '' 8 13 8 16 8 5150 `` Dreams '' 22 6 51 85 25 -- 62 `` Love Walks In '' 22 -- 75 -- -- -- `` Best of Both Worlds '' -- 12 -- -- -- -- -- `` Summer Nights '' ( promo ) -- 33 -- -- -- -- -- `` Black and Blue '' 34 -- 42 -- -- -- OU812 `` When It 's Love '' 5 23 21 23 -- 28 `` Finish What Ya Started '' 13 -- -- -- -- -- `` Cabo Wabo '' ( airplay ) -- 31 -- -- -- -- -- `` Mine All Mine '' ( airplay ) -- 50 -- -- -- -- -- `` Feels So Good '' 35 6 -- -- -- -- 63 1991 `` Poundcake '' -- 55 55 -- -- 74 For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge `` Runaround '' -- -- 50 -- -- -- `` Top of the World '' 27 -- 23 -- -- 63 `` The Dream Is Over '' ( airplay ) -- 7 -- -- -- -- -- `` Right Now '' 55 -- -- -- -- -- `` Man on a Mission '' ( airplay ) -- 21 -- -- -- -- -- 1993 `` Jump '' ( live ) -- -- 93 -- 13 17 26 Live : Right Here , Right Now `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again '' ( live ) -- -- 64 -- -- -- `` Dreams '' ( live ) 111 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1995 `` The Seventh Seal '' ( airplay ) -- 36 -- -- -- -- -- Balance `` Do n't Tell Me ( What Love Can Do ) '' -- -- 36 -- 34 27 `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' 30 -- -- -- 33 `` Not Enough '' 97 27 -- 6 -- -- -- `` Amsterdam '' -- 9 -- 46 -- -- 77 `` Humans Being '' -- -- 47 -- -- -- Best Of Volume I `` Me Wise Magic '' -- -- 14 -- -- -- 1997 `` Ca n't Get This Stuff No More '' -- 12 -- 38 -- -- -- 1998 `` Without You '' -- 56 55 -- -- -- Van Halen III `` One I Want '' -- 27 -- -- -- -- -- `` Fire in the Hole '' -- 6 -- 65 -- -- -- `` It 's About Time '' ( promo ) -- 6 -- -- -- -- -- The Best Of Both Worlds `` Up For Breakfast '' ( promo ) -- 33 -- -- -- -- -- 2012 `` Tattoo '' 67 13 -- 62 -- -- -- A Different Kind Of Truth `` She 's the Woman '' ( promo ) -- 23 -- -- -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that country . Notes A ^ - released in Japan . B ^ - released in some EU territories . C ^ - released in EU and Japan . D ^ - released in NLD . 1 ^ - 1980 re-release . Videos ( edit ) Year Title RIAA certification Vocalist Live Without a Net 2x Multi-Platinum Sammy Hagar 1993 Live : Right Here , Right Now Gold Sammy Hagar Video Hits Volume I Gold David Lee Roth , Sammy Hagar , and Gary Cherone Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) Year Title Song ( s ) Album 1979 Over the Edge `` You Really Got Me '' Van Halen 1985 Better Off Dead `` Everybody Wants Some ! ! '' Women and Children First Spaceballs `` Good Enough '' 5150 1995 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie `` Dreams '' 5150 Twister `` Humans Being '' * , `` Respect the Wind '' * Twister -- Motion Picture Soundtrack 1997 Private Parts `` Jamie 's Cryin ' '' Van Halen 1998 Lethal Weapon 4 `` Fire in the Hole '' Van Halen III 1999 Varsity Blues `` Hot for Teacher '' 1984 1999 Detroit Rock City `` Runnin ' with the Devil '' Van Halen 2000 Little Nicky `` Runnin ' with the Devil '' Van Halen Humans Being and Respect The Wind were composed for the film Humans Being was later included on Best Of -- Volume I References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Obrecht , Jas . `` A Legend is Born Eddie Van Halen 's First Interview '' . Musician 's Friend . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone . `` Van Halen Announce Album Release , Tour Dates Music News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 15 February 2012 ) . `` Adele 's ' 21 ' Hits 20th Week at No. 1 , Van Halen Debuts at No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 13 February 2012 ) . `` Official Chart Analysis : Lana Del Rey scores biggest - selling album of 2012 , Gotye shifts another 83k '' . Music Week . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Press Release Announcing 2004 Van Halen Concert Tour Jump up ^ `` 2005 statistics from the RIAA '' . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Christie , Ian ( 2009 ) Everybody Wants Some : The Van Halen Saga . `` When Van Halen reached RIAA diamond certification in August 1996 , marking over ten million copies sold , Van Halen became one of five rock bands with two albums selling over ten million , joining The Beatles , Led Zeppelin , Pink Floyd , and Def Leppard . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Van Halen -- Artist chart history '' . Billboard charts . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Van Halen Top Albums / CDs positions '' . RPM . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian charts portal '' . Australian charts . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . Tokyo Dome Live in Concert : Ryan , Gavin ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` ARIA Albums : Spirit Of The Anzacs Is No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Van Halen '' ( in German ) . Hit parade . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Van Halen '' ( in German ) . Austrian charts . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Van Halen '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch charts . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Van Halen '' ( in Danish ) . Danish charts . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Van Halen '' ( in Swedish ) . Swedish charts . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Van Halen '' ( in Finnish ) . Finnish charts . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Van Halen '' ( in Norwegian ) . Norwegian charts . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chartverfolgung Van Halen Longplay '' ( in German ) . Musicline . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Van Halen New Zealand Charting '' . ^ Jump up to : `` UK Top 40 Hit Database '' . Every hit . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold & Platinum -- January 17 , 2010 '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold Platinum Database : Van Halen '' . Canadian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold & Platinum -- January 17 , 2010 '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` British Phonographic Industry statistics '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Van Halen ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- January 17 , 2010 '' . IFPI . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` NVPI certifications '' . The Dutch Association of Producers and Importers of image - and sound - bearers . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1997 Albums '' . ARIA . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/artist/94066-Van-Halen?subtype=Singles-EPs&filter_anv=0&type=Releases&page=1 Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 2006 ) . Australian Chart Book 1993 -- 2005 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 45889 - 2 . Jump up ^ Canadian peaks Archived 2014 - 12 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . RPM -- Library and Archives Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.top40.nl/top40-artiesten/van-halen Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for videos by Van Halen External links ( edit ) Van Halen discography discography at Discogs Van Halen Eddie Van Halen Alex Van Halen David Lee Roth Wolfgang Van Halen Mark Stone Michael Anthony Sammy Hagar Gary Cherone Studio albums Van Halen Van Halen II Women and Children First Fair Warning Diver Down 1984 5150 OU812 For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge Balance Van Halen III A Different Kind of Truth Compilation albums Best Of -- Volume I The Best of Both Worlds Live albums Live : Right Here , Right Now Tokyo Dome Live in Concert Videography Live Without a Net Live : Right Here , Right Now Video Hits Volume I Concert tours Early days Van Halen 1978 World Tour Van Halen World Vacation Tour Van Halen World Invasion Tour Fair Warning Tour Hide Your Sheep Tour 1984 Tour Monsters of Rock Tour 1984 5150 Tour Monsters of Rock Tour 1988 OU812 Tour For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge Tour Right Here Right Now Tour The Balance `` Ambulance '' Tour III Tour Van Halen Summer Tour 2004 Van Halen 2007 -- 2008 North American Tour A Different Kind of Truth Tour Van Halen 2015 North American Tour Related Articles Discography Twister soundtrack Guitar Hero : Van Halen 5150 Studios Frankenstrat Van Halen Rising People Donn Landee Ted Templeman Bands The David Lee Roth Band Montrose Extreme Planet Us Chickenfoot The Circle Book Van Halen singles Van Halen `` You Really Got Me '' `` Runnin ' with the Devil '' `` Ai n't Talkin ' ' bout Love '' Van Halen II `` Dance the Night Away '' `` Beautiful Girls '' Women and Children First `` And the Cradle Will Rock ... '' Fair Warning `` So This Is Love ? '' `` Unchained '' Diver Down `` ( Oh ) Pretty Woman '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Where Have All the Good Times Gone ! '' 1984 `` Jump '' `` I 'll Wait '' `` Panama '' `` Hot for Teacher '' 5150 `` Why Ca n't This Be Love '' `` Dreams '' `` Love Walks In '' OU812 `` When It 's Love '' `` Black and Blue '' `` Finish What Ya Started '' For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge `` Poundcake '' `` Runaround '' `` Top of the World '' `` Right Now '' Live : Right Here , Right Now `` Jump '' ( live ) `` Dreams '' ( live ) `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again '' ( live ) Balance `` Do n't Tell Me ( What Love Can Do ) '' `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' `` Amsterdam '' Twister soundtrack `` Humans Being '' Best Of -- Volume I `` Me Wise Magic '' `` Ca n't Get This Stuff No More '' Van Halen III `` Without You '' `` Fire in the Hole '' A Different Kind of Truth `` Tattoo '' `` She 's the Woman '' Other `` It 's the Right Time '' ( feat . Mitch Malloy ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van_Halen_discography&oldid=865385549 '' Categories : Van Halen Discographies of American artists Rock music group discographies Heavy metal discographies Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 16 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many number 1 hits did van halen have | [
"As of 2007[update], Van Halen has sold 75 million albums worldwide[5] and have had thirteen No. 1 hits on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart. During the 1980s they also had more Billboard Hot 100 hits than any other hard rock or heavy metal band. According to the RIAA, Van Halen is the nineteenth best-selling band/artist of all time with sales of over 56 million albums in the US,[6] and is one of five rock bands that have had two albums (Van Halen and 1984) sell more than ten million copies in the US.[7]\n"
] | [
"thirteen"
] |
7101375672536755071 | List of Hell's Kitchen episodes | List of Hell 's Kitchen episodes - wikipedia List of Hell 's Kitchen episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American television show . For other uses , see Hell 's Kitchen ( disambiguation ) . Hell 's Kitchen is an American reality television cooking competition ( based on the British series of the same name ) broadcast on Fox and premiered on May 30 , 2005 . It is hosted by celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay . As of December 15 , 2017 , 260 episodes of Hell 's Kitchen have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2005 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2006 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2007 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2008 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2009 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2009 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2010 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 2010 ) 2.8. 1 Recaps 2.9 Season 9 ( 2011 ) 2.10 Season 10 ( 2012 ) 2.11 Season 11 ( 2013 ) 2.12 Season 12 ( 2014 ) 2.13 Season 13 ( 2014 ) 2.14 Season 14 ( 2015 ) 2.15 Season 15 ( 2016 ) 2.16 Season 16 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.17 Season 17 ( 2017 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 11 May 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 30 ) August 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 01 ) 11 June 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 12 ) August 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 14 ) 11 June 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 04 ) August 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 13 ) 15 April 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) July 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 08 ) 5 15 January 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 29 ) May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 6 15 July 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 21 ) October 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 13 ) 7 15 June 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 01 ) August 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 10 ) 8 15 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) December 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 15 ) 9 16 July 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 18 ) September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) 10 20 June 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 04 ) September 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) 11 22 March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) July 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) 12 20 March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) July 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) 13 16 September 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 14 16 March 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) June 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) 15 16 January 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 15 ) April 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) 16 16 September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 17 TBA September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` Day 1 '' May 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 30 ) `` Day 2 '' June 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 06 ) `` Day 3 '' June 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 13 ) `` Day 4 '' June 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 20 ) 5 5 `` Day 5 '' June 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 27 ) 6 6 `` Day 6 '' July 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 11 ) 7 7 `` Day 7 '' July 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 11 ) 8 8 `` Day 8 '' July 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 18 ) 9 9 `` Day 9 '' July 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 25 ) 10 11 10 11 `` Day 10 '' August 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 01 ) Season 2 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 12 `` 12 Chefs '' June 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 12 ) 13 `` 11 Chefs '' June 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 12 ) 14 `` 9 Chefs '' June 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 19 ) 15 `` 8 Chefs '' June 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 26 ) 16 5 `` 7 Chefs '' July 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 10 ) 17 6 `` 6 Chefs '' July 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 17 ) 18 7 `` 5 Chefs '' July 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 24 ) 19 8 `` 4 Chefs '' July 31 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 31 ) 20 9 `` 3 Chefs '' August 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 07 ) 21 22 10 11 `` Winner Announced '' August 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 14 ) Season 3 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 23 `` 12 Chefs Compete '' June 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 04 ) 24 `` 11 Chefs Compete '' June 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 11 ) 25 `` 10 Chefs Compete '' June 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 18 ) 26 `` 8 Chefs Compete '' June 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 25 ) 27 5 `` 7 Chefs Compete , Part 1 '' July 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 02 ) 28 6 `` 7 Chefs Compete , Part 2 '' July 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 09 ) 29 7 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' July 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 16 ) 30 8 `` 5 Chefs Compete '' July 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 23 ) 31 9 `` 3 Chefs Compete '' July 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 30 ) 32 10 `` 2 Chefs Compete '' August 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 06 ) 33 11 `` Winner Announced '' August 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 13 ) Season 4 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) Weekly rank 34 `` 15 Chefs Compete '' April 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) 12.55 16 35 `` 14 Chefs Compete '' April 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 08 ) 11.63 19 36 `` 13 Chefs Compete '' April 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) 11.08 16 37 `` 12 Chefs Compete '' April 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 22 ) 11.56 19 38 5 `` 11 Chefs Compete '' April 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 29 ) 12.26 16 39 6 `` 10 Chefs Compete '' May 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 06 ) 11.25 18 40 7 `` 9 Chefs Compete '' May 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) 12.40 17 41 8 `` 8 Chefs Compete '' May 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 20 ) 12.60 N / A 42 9 `` 7 Chefs Compete '' May 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 27 ) 9.50 N / A 43 10 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' June 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 03 ) 9.36 N / A 44 11 `` 5 Chefs Compete '' June 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 10 ) 8.81 N / A 45 12 `` 4 Chefs Compete '' June 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 17 ) 8.17 N / A 46 13 `` 3 Chefs Compete '' June 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 24 ) 7.70 N / A 47 14 `` 2 Chefs Compete '' July 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 01 ) 8.03 N / A 48 15 `` Winner Announced '' July 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 08 ) N / A N / A Season 5 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 49 `` 16 Chefs Compete '' January 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 29 ) 50 `` 15 Chefs Compete '' February 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 05 ) 51 `` 14 Chefs Compete '' February 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) 52 `` 13 Chefs Compete '' February 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 26 ) 53 5 `` 12 Chefs Compete '' March 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 05 ) 54 6 `` 11 Chefs Compete '' March 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) 55 7 `` 10 Chefs Compete '' March 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 19 ) 56 8 `` 9 Chefs Compete '' March 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) 57 9 `` 7 Chefs Compete '' April 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 02 ) 58 10 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' April 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) 59 11 `` 5 Chefs Compete '' April 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 16 ) 60 12 `` 4 Chefs Compete '' April 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 23 ) 61 13 `` 3 Chefs Compete '' April 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) 62 14 `` 2 Chefs Compete '' May 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) 63 15 `` 2 Chefs Compete : Part 2 '' May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) Season 6 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 64 `` 16 Chefs Compete '' July 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 21 ) 65 `` 15 Chefs Compete '' July 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 21 ) 66 `` 14 Chefs Compete '' July 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 28 ) 67 `` 13 Chefs Compete '' August 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 04 ) 68 5 `` 12 Chefs Compete '' August 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 11 ) 69 6 `` 11 Chefs Compete '' August 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 18 ) 70 7 `` 10 Chefs Compete '' August 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 25 ) 71 8 `` 9 Chefs Compete '' September 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 01 ) 72 9 `` 8 Chefs Compete '' September 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 08 ) 73 10 `` 7 Chefs Compete '' September 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 22 ) 74 11 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' September 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 22 ) 75 12 `` 5 Chefs Compete '' September 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 29 ) 76 13 `` 4 Chefs Compete '' October 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 06 ) 77 14 `` 3 Chefs Compete '' October 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 13 ) 78 15 `` 2 Chefs Compete '' October 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 13 ) Season 7 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 79 `` 16 Chefs Compete '' June 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 01 ) 6.20 80 `` 15 Chefs Compete '' June 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) 6.29 81 `` 13 Chefs Compete '' June 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 15 ) 4.84 82 `` 12 Chefs Compete Part 1 '' June 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 15 ) 6.22 83 5 `` 12 Chefs Compete Part 2 '' June 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 22 ) 5.68 84 6 `` 11 Chefs Compete '' June 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 22 ) 6.28 85 7 `` 10 Chefs Compete '' June 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 29 ) 5.70 86 8 `` 9 Chefs Compete '' June 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 29 ) 6.33 87 9 `` 8 Chefs Compete '' July 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 06 ) 6.29 88 10 `` 7 Chefs Compete '' July 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 06 ) 7.08 89 11 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' July 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 20 ) 5.98 90 12 `` 5 Chefs Compete '' July 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 20 ) 6.96 91 13 `` 4 Chefs Compete Part 1 '' July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) 6.25 92 14 `` 4 Chefs Compete Part 2 '' August 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 03 ) 7.07 93 15 `` 2 Chefs Compete '' August 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 10 ) 7.09 Season 8 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 8 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) Recap 94 `` 16 Chefs Compete '' September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 5.95 95 `` 14 Chefs Compete '' September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 7.19 96 `` 13 Chefs Compete '' September 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) 5.72 97 `` 12 Chefs Compete '' September 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) 6.55 98 5 `` 11 Chefs Compete '' October 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) 6.13 99 6 `` 10 Chefs Compete '' October 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) 7.03 100 7 `` 9 Chefs Compete Part 1 '' October 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) 5.98 101 8 `` 9 Chefs Compete Part 2 '' October 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) 7.16 102 9 `` 8 Chefs Compete '' November 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 10 ) 5.432 103 10 `` 7 Chefs Compete '' November 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 10 ) 5.786 104 11 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' November 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) 7.21 105 12 `` 5 Chefs Compete '' November 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 24 ) 6.24 106 13 `` 4 Chefs Compete '' December 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) 5.83 107 14 `` 4 Chefs Compete Again '' December 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 08 ) 6.446 108 15 `` 2 Chefs Compete '' December 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 15 ) 5.855 Recaps ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 16 Chefs Compete '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 14 Chefs Compete '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 13 Chefs Compete '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 12 Chefs Compete '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 11 Chefs Compete '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 10 Chefs Compete '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 9 Chefs Compete Part 1 '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 9 Chefs Compete Part 2 '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 8 Chefs Compete '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 7 Chefs Compete '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 6 Chefs Compete '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 5 Chefs Compete '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 4 Chefs Compete '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 4 Chefs Compete Again '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recaps -- Hell 's Kitchen on Fox -- 2 Chefs Compete -- Winner '' . Fox . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Season 9 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 9 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 109 `` 18 Chefs Compete '' July 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 18 ) 5.84 110 `` 16 Chefs Compete '' July 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) 5.77 111 `` 15 Chefs Compete '' July 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 25 ) 5.95 112 `` 14 Chefs Compete '' July 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ) 6.04 113 5 `` 13 Chefs Compete '' August 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 01 ) 5.60 114 6 `` 12 Chefs Compete '' August 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 02 ) 6.32 115 7 `` 11 Chefs Compete '' August 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 08 ) 6.51 116 8 `` 10 Chefs Compete '' August 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 09 ) 6.41 117 9 `` 9 Chefs Compete '' August 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 15 ) 6.99 118 10 `` 8 Chefs Compete '' August 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 22 ) 6.07 119 11 `` 7 Chefs Compete '' August 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 22 ) 6.42 120 12 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' August 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 29 ) 6.21 121 13 `` 5 Chefs Compete Part 1 '' September 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 05 ) 5.89 122 14 `` 5 Chefs Compete Part 2 '' September 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 12 ) 5.78 123 15 `` 4 Chefs Compete '' September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) 6.04 124 16 `` 2 Chefs Compete '' September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) 5.94 Season 10 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 10 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 125 `` 18 Chefs Compete '' June 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 04 ) 5.46 126 `` 17 Chefs Compete '' June 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) 4.87 127 `` 16 Chefs Compete '' June 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 11 ) 6.25 128 `` 15 Chefs Compete '' June 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) 5.32 129 5 `` 14 Chefs Compete '' June 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 18 ) 5.65 130 6 `` 13 Chefs Compete , Part 1 '' June 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 19 ) 5.34 131 7 `` 13 Chefs Compete , Part 2 '' June 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 25 ) 5.66 132 8 `` 12 Chefs Compete '' June 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 26 ) 5.51 133 9 `` 11 Chefs Compete Part 1 '' July 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 02 ) 5.83 134 10 `` 11 Chefs Compete Part 2 '' July 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 03 ) 5.07 135 11 `` 10 Chefs Compete '' July 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 09 ) 6.01 136 12 `` 9 Chefs Compete Part 1 '' July 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 16 ) 6.33 137 13 `` 9 Chefs Compete Part 2 '' July 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 17 ) 6.02 138 14 `` 8 Chefs Compete '' July 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 23 ) 6.46 139 15 `` 7 Chefs Compete '' July 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) 6.23 140 16 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) 6.58 141 17 `` 5 Chefs Compete '' August 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 20 ) 6.23 142 18 `` 4 Chefs Compete '' August 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) 6.87 143 19 `` 2 Chefs Compete '' September 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) 6.17 144 20 `` Winner Chosen '' September 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) 6.27 Season 11 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 11 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 145 `` 20 Chefs Compete Part 1 '' March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) 5.30 146 `` 20 Chefs Compete Part 2 '' March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) 5.78 147 `` 19 Chefs Compete '' March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 4.59 148 `` 17 Chefs Compete '' March 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 26 ) 4.68 149 5 `` 16 Chefs Compete Part 1 '' April 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 02 ) 4.91 150 6 `` 16 Chefs Compete Part 2 '' April 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 09 ) 4.53 151 7 `` 15 Chefs Compete '' April 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 16 ) 4.77 152 8 `` 14 Chefs Compete '' April 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 23 ) 4.83 153 9 `` 13 Chefs Compete '' April 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) 4.79 154 10 `` 12 Chefs Compete '' May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 4.71 155 11 `` 10 Chefs Compete '' May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) 4.19 156 12 `` 9 Chefs Compete '' May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) 3.89 157 13 `` 8 Chefs Compete '' May 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 23 ) 5.62 158 14 `` 7 Chefs Compete Part 1 '' May 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 30 ) 5.22 159 15 `` 7 Chefs Compete Part 2 '' June 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 06 ) 5.28 160 16 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' June 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 13 ) 5.14 161 17 `` 5 Chefs Compete Part 1 '' June 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 20 ) 5.19 162 18 `` 5 Chefs Compete Part 2 '' June 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 27 ) 5.54 163 19 `` 5 Chefs Compete Part 3 '' July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 5.25 164 20 `` 4 Chefs Compete '' July 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 18 ) 4.90 165 21 `` 2 Chefs Compete '' July 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) 5.29 166 22 `` Winner Chosen '' July 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) 5.61 Season 12 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 12 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 167 `` 20 Chefs Compete '' March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) 5.45 168 `` 19 Chefs Compete '' March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) 5.34 169 `` 18 Chefs Compete '' March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) 5.39 170 `` 17 Chefs Compete '' April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) 4.99 171 5 `` 16 Chefs Compete '' April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) 4.17 172 6 `` 15 Chefs Compete '' April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) 4.95 173 7 `` 14 Chefs Compete '' April 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 24 ) 4.92 174 8 `` 13 Chefs Compete '' May 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) 4.47 175 9 `` 12 Chefs Compete '' May 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 08 ) 4.30 176 10 `` 11 Chefs Compete '' May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 4.86 177 11 `` 10 Chefs Compete '' May 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 22 ) 4.34 178 12 `` 10 Chefs Again '' May 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 29 ) 4.54 179 13 `` 9 Chefs Compete '' June 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 05 ) 4.78 180 14 `` 8 Chefs Compete '' June 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ) 4.88 181 15 `` 7 Chefs Compete '' June 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 19 ) 5.13 182 16 `` 7 Chefs Again '' June 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 26 ) 4.95 183 17 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' July 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 03 ) 4.30 184 18 `` 5 Chefs Compete '' July 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 10 ) 4.79 185 19 `` 4 Chefs Compete '' July 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) 4.95 186 20 `` Winner Chosen '' July 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) 5.17 Season 13 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 13 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 187 `` 18 Chefs Compete '' September 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) 4.27 188 `` 17 Chefs Compete '' September 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) 4.21 189 `` 16 Chefs Compete '' September 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) 3.96 190 `` 15 Chefs Compete '' September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) 3.68 191 5 `` 14 Chefs Compete '' October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 3.89 192 6 `` 13 Chefs Compete '' October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 3.82 193 7 `` 12 Chefs Compete '' October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 3.67 194 8 `` 11 Chefs Compete , Part 1 '' November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3.62 195 9 `` 11 Chefs Compete , Part 2 '' November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3.75 196 10 `` 9 Chefs Compete '' November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3.98 197 11 `` 8 Chefs Compete '' November 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 26 ) 3.48 198 12 `` 7 Chefs Compete '' December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3.60 199 13 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3.86 200 14 `` 5 Chefs Compete '' December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3.86 201 15 `` 4 Chefs Compete '' December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 3.62 202 16 `` Winner Chosen '' December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 3.60 Season 14 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 14 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 203 `` 18 Chefs Compete '' March 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 4.09 204 `` 17 Chefs Compete '' March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 3.52 205 `` 16 Chefs Compete '' March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 3.79 206 `` 15 Chefs Compete '' March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3.77 207 5 `` 14 Chefs Compete '' March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 3.35 208 6 `` 13 Chefs Compete '' April 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) 3.50 209 7 `` 12 Chefs Compete '' April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 3.63 210 8 `` 11 Chefs Compete '' April 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 3.74 211 9 `` 9 Chefs Compete '' April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 3.25 212 10 `` 8 Chefs Compete '' May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 3.75 213 11 `` 8 Chefs Compete Again '' May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3.26 214 12 `` 7 Chefs Compete '' May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 3.51 215 13 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 3.51 216 14 `` 5 Chefs Compete '' May 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) 3.33 217 15 `` 4 Chefs Compete '' June 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 02 ) 3.28 218 16 `` Winner Chosen '' June 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) 3.42 Season 15 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 15 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 219 `` 18 Chefs Compete '' January 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 15 ) 3.41 220 `` 17 Chefs Compete '' January 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 22 ) 3.61 221 `` 16 Chefs Compete '' January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 4.16 222 `` 15 Chefs Compete '' February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 4.60 223 5 `` 14 Chefs Compete '' February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 4.40 224 6 `` 12 Chefs Compete '' February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 3.97 225 7 `` 11 Chefs Compete '' February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 4.23 226 8 `` 10 Chefs Compete '' March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) 3.38 227 9 `` 10 Chefs Again '' March 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) 3.76 228 10 `` 9 Chefs Compete '' March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) 3.57 229 11 `` 8 Chefs Compete '' March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 3.54 230 12 `` 7 Chefs Compete '' April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 2.61 231 13 `` 6 Chefs Compete '' April 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) 2.66 232 14 `` 5 Chefs Compete '' April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) 2.98 233 15 `` 3 Chefs Compete '' April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) 2.96 234 16 `` Winner Chosen '' April 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) 3.13 Season 16 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 16 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 235 `` When the Wall Comes Tumbling Down '' September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 3.37 236 `` Crepe Grand Prix '' September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) 3.28 237 `` The Yolks on Them '' October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 3.13 238 `` Surf Riding & Turf Riding '' October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 3.38 239 5 `` Walking the Plank '' October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) 3.38 240 6 `` Let the Catfights Begin '' November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) 3.38 241 7 `` Do n't Tell My Fiance '' November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 3.30 242 8 `` Dancing with the Chefs '' November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 3.14 243 9 `` Spoon Fed '' December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) 3.31 244 10 `` Dancing in the Grotto '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) 3.31 245 11 `` Aerial Maneuvers '' January 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 05 ) 3.66 246 12 `` Fusion Confusion '' January 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 05 ) 3.49 247 13 `` Black Jacket Lounge '' January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) 3.97 248 14 `` Playing Your Cards Right '' January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) 3.92 249 15 `` Tequila Shots ? '' January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 3.98 250 16 `` Leaving It on the Line '' February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 3.67 Season 17 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 17 ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 251 `` All - Stars Arrive '' September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 3.02 252 `` Raising the Bar '' October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 2.80 253 `` Tower of Terror '' October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.87 254 `` Just Letter Cook '' October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 2.86 255 5 `` Josh Josh Josh '' November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 3.10 256 6 `` A Little Slice of Hell '' November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 3.11 257 7 `` Trimming Fat '' November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 3.21 258 8 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 2.80 259 9 `` Catch of the Day '' December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 2.96 260 10 `` It 's All Gravy '' December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 3.04 261 11 `` Try to Pasta Test '' January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) TBD 262 12 TBA January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) TBD 263 13 TBA January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) TBD 264 14 TBA January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) TBD 265 15 TBA February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HELL 'S KITCHEN Debuts its First All - Stars Edition , Premiering Friday , 8 / 29 on FOX '' . BroadwayWorld . BroadwayWorld. 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Got Talent , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' debuts rise in ratings '' , The Hollywood Reporter ; section `` The Live Feed '' , June 02 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : Tuesday June 8 , 2010 ( Glee goes out on a ( Demo ) high note ! ) '' , TheTVAddict.com , June 9 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : Tuesday June 15 , 2010 ( NBA , Lakers Dominate ) '' , TheTVAddict.com , June 16 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : Tuesday June 22 , 2010 ( The only thing JILLIAN is losing is viewers ! ) '' , TheTVAddict.com , June 23 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : Tuesday June 29 , 2010 ( Reruns Rule on CBS ) '' , TheTVAddict.com , June 30 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : Tuesday July 6 , 2010 ( America loves its Reality , with TALENT , KITCHEN & WIPEOUT up across the board ) '' , TheTVAddict.com , July 7 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : Tuesday July 20 , 2010 ( Gordon Ramsay Scares Up a Demo Win ) '' , TheTVAddict.com , July 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : Tuesday July 27 , 2010 '' , TheTVAddict.com , July 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : Tuesday August 3 , 2010 ( FOX wipes out the Competition in the 18 - 49 year - old Department ) '' , TheTVAddict.com , August 4 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : Tuesday August 10 , 2010 ( Slightly more than 18 viewers tune into the CW 's Canadian Import 18 TO LIFE ) '' , TheTVAddict.com , August 11 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : Wednesday September 22 , 2010 ( MODERN FAMILY laughing all the way to the bank ) '' . The TV Addict . September 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : Wednesday September 29 , 2010 ( LAW & ORDER : LA Opens Big ) '' . TheTVAddict.com . September 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : Wednesday October 6 , 2010 ( LAW & ORDER Plunges ! COUGAR TOWN UP ! ) '' . TheTVAddict.com . October 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : Wednesday October 13 , 2010 '' , TheTVAddict.com , October 14 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Overnight ratings for Wednesday , November 10 , 2010 '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : America 's Next Top Model Adjusted Up '' , TVbytheNumbers.com , December 2 , 2010 Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/12/16/wednesday-final-ratings-criminal-minds-human-target-adjusted-up/75814/%7C title = Updated Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Human Target ' Adjusted Up Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelorette ' and ' MasterChef ' Adjusted Up '' . TvByTheNumbers.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' It 's Worth What ? ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ABC Tops Night in Unscrambled Finals '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' MasterChef ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MasterChef ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Monday : ' Bachelor Pad ' Premieres Even ; ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Up , Leads Night , ' MasterChef ' Steady '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' Wipeout ' Adjusted Up ; ' Combat Hospital ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; CBS Repeats Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; CBS Repeats Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adults 18 -- 49 Adjustments to ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' Bachelor Pad , ' or ' Dateline ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' Bachelor Pad ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Bachelor Pad ' Finale Adjusted Down Significantly For NFL Pre-Emptions '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' DWTS Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' and ' MasterChef ' Adjusted Up , Plus Stanley Cup Final Numbers '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Ninja Warrior ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' Love in the Wild ' Adjusted Down , Plus , NBA Finals Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Glass House ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Final NBA Ratings + ' MasterChef ' Adjusted Up , ' Catalina ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelorette , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Ninja Warrior ' , ' Glass House ' Adjusted Down Plus Olympics Trials Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' MasterChef ' Adjusted Up , Plus U.S. Olympic Trials Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' US Olympic Trials ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glass House ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' Love in the Wild ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' MasterChef ' , ' Fear Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Glass House ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' American Ninja Warrior ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Glass House ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Bachelor Pad ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' MasterChef ' , ' Love In The Wild ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Hotel Hell ' , ' Bachelor Pad ' or ' Grimm ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Grimm ' , ' Stars Earn Stripes ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bachelor Pad ' , ' The Glass House ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hotel Hell ' & ' Stars Earn Stripes ' Adjusted Up ; ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up Plus Final Numbers for DNC Day 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up + Unscrambled CBS Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Taste ' Adjusted Up ; ' Golden Boy ' & ' Betty White 's Off their Rockers ' Adjusted Down + ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl , ' NCIS ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smash ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , & ' Splash ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up , ' The New Normal ' ' Body of Proof ' & ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' The New Normal ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ready for Love ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ready for Love ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Body of Proof ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ready for Love ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' 90210 ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Motive ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Wipeout ' Adjusted Up ; ' Save Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' Does Someone Have to Go ? ' Adjusted Down + Final NBA Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Final NBA Numbers ; No Adjustments to ' Hannibal ' or ' Hell 's Kitchen ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up + Final NBA Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Wipeout ' & ' Rookie Blue ' Adjusted Up ; ' Does Someone Have to Go ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Winner Is ... ' ' Hollywood Game Night ' , ' Big Brother ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Wipeout ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' and ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up Plus Final NCAA Tournament Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2It . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy Adjusted Up + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2It . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Shark Tank ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2It . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2It . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2It . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Bad Teacher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Black Box ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustment for ' Gang Related ' or ' Last Comic Standing ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Gang Related ' & ' Black Box ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up + Final NBA Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Undateable ' Adjusted Down Plus Final NBA Finals Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Rookie Blue ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gang Related ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Rookie Blue ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Rookie Blue ' Adjusted Up ; ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Gang Related ' & ' Undateable ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gang Related ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' NY Med ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gang Related ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Extant ' Adjusted Up ; ' Taxi Brooklyn ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Under the Lights ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Extant ' & ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' , & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' black - ish ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' Encore Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving ' Rebroadcast Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' or ' The Sing - Off ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up . ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Forever ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` FEATURED Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Forever ' , ' New Girl ' or ' Weird Loners ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Undateable ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' One Big Happy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustement for ' iZombie ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' 500 Questions ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' , ' iZombie ' or ' Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up & Final NBA Finals Numbers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Reign ' and ' Dr. Ken ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Reign ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' hold at season highs '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Idol , ' ' Arrow ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Blackish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor , ' ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Carmichael Show ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' reruns adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago PD ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Grimm , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Originals ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' Grimm ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference 16.01. finals was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' adjust down , ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference 16.03 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Last Man Standing ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' adjusts up , all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex . `` ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Caught on Camera adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's Menendez brothers special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' premiere adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- hell 's kitchen on fox '' . Futon Critic. 9 September 2017 . ( hide ) Hell 's Kitchen United States Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 : All Stars Winners Rock Harper Christina Machamer United Kingdom Series Other versions Australia Brazil Finland Italy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hell%27s_Kitchen_episodes&oldid=815805164 '' Categories : Lists of food television series episodes Lists of reality television series episodes Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. TV series ) Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 07 : 18 . About Wikipedia | when do new episodes of hells kitchen air | [
"As of December 15, 2017[update], 260 episodes of Hell's Kitchen have aired."
] | [
"As of December 15, 2017"
] |
3847885142319460702 | Bethany Platt | Bethany Platt - wikipedia Bethany Platt Bethany Platt Lucy Fallon as Bethany Platt ( 2015 ) Coronation Street character Portrayed by Mia Cookson ( 2000 ) Amy and Emily Walton ( 2000 -- 2007 ) Lucy Fallon ( 2015 -- ) Duration 2000 -- 2007 , 2015 -- First appearance Episode 4833 4 June 2000 Introduced by Jane MacNaught ( 2000 ) Stuart Blackburn ( 2015 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Beautician Lap dancer Home 8 Coronation Street ( 2000 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2018 ) Milan ( 2007 -- 2015 ) 8 Victoria Court ( 2015 , 2018 -- ) One of the Walton twins as Bethany Platt ( 2007 ) show Family Father Neil Fearns Mother Sarah Platt Stepfather Jason Grimshaw Half - brothers Billy Platt Harry Platt Grandfathers Mr. Fearns Martin Platt ( adoptive ) Grandmothers Brenda Fearns Gail Rodwell Uncles Nick Tilsley David Platt First cousins Lily Platt Max Turner Other relatives Audrey Roberts Stephen Reid Bethany Platt is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera , Coronation Street . She was born on - screen during the episode broadcast on 4 June 2000 . She was played by Mia Cookson in 2000 and by twins Amy and Emily Walton from 2000 until 30 December 2007 when the character departed . The character was reintroduced with Lucy Fallon taking over the role and Bethany made her return on 20 March 2015 . Bethany is the daughter of Sarah Platt ( Tina O'Brien ) and her classmate Neil Fearns ( Paul Holowaty ) , half - sister of Billy and Harry Platt , granddaughter of Gail ( Helen Worth ) and Martin Platt ( Sean Wilson ) and great - granddaughter of Audrey Roberts ( Sue Nicholls ) . Bethany 's storylines have included her taking ecstasy tablets when her uncle , David Platt ( Jack P. Shepherd ) hid them in a toy . Bethany departed Weatherfield with her mother Sarah for a new life in Milan . Her return storyline saw her running away from home in Milan back to Weatherfield , and since then her storylines have included her infatuation with Callum Logan ( Sean Ward ) as well as being caught up with her family 's feud with Callum , being the victim of bullying , developing a crush on her mother 's boyfriend Gary Windass ( Mikey North ) , falling for older man Nathan Curtis ( Christopher Harper ) , being involved in a highly publicised child grooming and sexual exploitation storyline , which leads her to becoming a lapdancer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 2000 -- 2007 1.2 2015 -- 2 Casting 3 Development 3.1 Early development 3.2 Reintroduction ( 2015 ) 3.3 Feud with Callum Logan 3.4 Grooming and sexual exploitation 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Storylines ( edit ) 2000 -- 2007 ( edit ) When Sarah - Louise Platt begins to worry about gaining weight , she is horrified to discover she is five months pregnant just after her 13th birthday in February 2000.It is too late for an abortion , so after first considering giving her baby up for adoption and a plan for her mother Gail ( Helen Worth ) to pretend the baby is hers , Sarah decides to raise the baby herself and gives birth , on 4 June 2000 . Just hours after her birth , Bethany is kidnapped by Alison Webster ( Naomi Radcliffe ) , whose baby son Jake has just died . Alison and Bethany are found but Alison commits suicide by running in front of a lorry after handing Bethany over . Sarah originally plans to call her daughter Britney after her favourite pop star Britney Spears , but is persuaded not to by her grandmother , Audrey ( Sue Nicholls ) . Sarah tries to cope but , being little more than a child herself , relies heavily on her mother and once even leaves Bethany at home alone . Sarah struggles to find boyfriends who will accept that she is a teenage mother but things come to a head when she begins dating Aidan Critchley ( Dean Ashton ) in 2002 . When Aidan crashes the stolen car he is driving and Sarah is badly injured , she realises Bethany was nearly left motherless and resolves to put her first . However , more trauma is in store for the family . In March 2003 , Gail 's husband Richard Hillman ( Brian Capron ) , having been revealed as the killer of Maxine Peacock ( Tracy Shaw ) , tries to kill Bethany , Sarah , Gail , David ( Jack P. Shepherd ) and himself by driving the family car into the canal . Thanks to Gail handing Sarah a pair of nail scissors as she kissed her goodbye , Sarah is able to cut herself free , undo Bethany 's seat belt and swim to safety with her . The family escape , while Richard dies . When Sarah begins dating Todd Grimshaw ( Bruno Langley ) , he accepts Bethany as his own . Much to Gail 's disgust , Sarah and Bethany move in with Todd and his family , leading Gail to involving Social Services and causing a rift in the family . When Bethany 's father , Neil Fearns ( Paul Holowaty ) , is killed in a car accident in late 2003 , Sarah decides to take Bethany to the funeral . Neil 's mother , Brenda ( Julia Deakin ) , is pleased to meet Bethany and asks to be part of her life . Neil had decided when Bethany was born that he wanted nothing to do with his daughter . After Sarah and Gail fall out , Brenda invites Sarah and Bethany to live with her , even agreeing that Todd can move in too after some misgivings . However , when Brenda insists they sleep in separate rooms , Sarah worries Brenda is taking over and they leave . However , Brenda has become mentally unbalanced by her grief and kidnaps Bethany , planning to kill herself and Bethany so they can be with Neil . However , Emily Bishop ( Eileen Derbyshire ) finds them and manages to talk Brenda down . Despite the difficulty of looking after Bethany at such a young age , Sarah is persuaded by Todd into having another baby . However , Todd is secretly struggling with his sexuality and the shock of discovering his affair with Karl Foster ( Chris Finch ) , sends Sarah into premature labour . Bethany 's half - brother , Billy Platt , dies shortly after birth in June 2004 . Bethany gets a new father figure when Sarah begins dating Todd 's brother , Jason Grimshaw ( Ryan Thomas ) , soon after their split . Jason becomes very fond of Bethany but she is almost left fatherless once again when Jason panics about the responsibilities of marriage and parenthood and jilts Sarah at the altar . Sarah later forgives Jason and he becomes Bethany 's stepfather although David ruins the wedding by deliberately driving into the same part of the canal that Richard had the family into a few years earlier . When an increasingly off - the - rails David hides ecstasy tablets in one of Bethany 's dolls , Bethany finds them and swallows one , making David panic . He makes Bethany drink salt water , hoping to make her sick , but is later forced to admit the truth . Bethany makes a full recovery but Social Services become involved and the possibility of Bethany going into care is raised . As a result , Sarah tells Gail that either David moves out or she and Bethany will . Concerned about their safety , Gail tells David to leave . When Sarah 's uncle , Stephen Reid ( Todd Boyce ) offers David a job in Milan , Sarah gets revenge for her ruined wedding and Bethany 's trauma by planting ecstasy in his drawer at Audrey 's Salon . When Audrey finds the drugs , Stephen withdraws the job offer and Sarah persuades him to give it to her instead . Sarah plans to move to Italy with Jason and Bethany . However , at the train station , Sarah admits to a horrified Jason that she planted the drugs and he refuses to go with her . Sarah and Bethany then leave for Italy without him . 2015 -- ( edit ) A 15 - year - old Bethany returns to Weatherfield in 2015 and persuades Andy Carver ( Oliver Farnworth ) to buy her drinks in The Rovers , annoying Andy 's girlfriend , Steph Britton ( Tisha Merry ) . When Gail comes in , she reveals Bethany 's identity and age , horrifying landlady Michelle Connor ( Kym Marsh ) . Gail later phones Sarah and discovers Bethany has run away and stolen Sarah 's money to pay for the flight . Bethany pleads to stay , claiming she hates Milan and Sarah virtually ignores her in favour of work and her new boyfriend , but Gail still books a return flight for her . However , Bethany hides her uncle Nick Tilsley 's ( Ben Price ) car keys and runs away to ensure she misses her flight . Sarah returns to Weatherfield to take Bethany back to Milan but this ends in a heated argument and Bethany throwing an ornament at Sarah . The pair later reconcile and recall fond memories of their time in Milan , with Sarah agreeing they can stay a few days and that she will find her a new school when they return . However , Bethany is determined not to go back and manages to get Audrey on her side . Bethany causes further trouble when she shoplifts from a boutique , forcing Sarah to get help from David 's arch - enemy Callum Logan ( Sean Ward ) . Bethany then winds her mother up by regularly pointing out Sarah 's obvious attraction to Callum , while trying to convince Jason that Sarah wants him back . When Jason tells Sarah he is n't interested in her , the two play Bethany at her own game by pretending to reunite . Bethany eventually seems to be resigned to returning to Milan . However , when Stephen repeatedly chases Sarah to send him a report and she lies that her internet is down , Bethany spots her chance and sends him a casual email , proving there is nothing wrong with their internet access . A furious Sarah tells Bethany that she has finally got her way as Stephen has fired her . At Gail and Michael Rodwell 's ( Les Dennis ) wedding reception , Bethany gets tipsy so Nick sends her home . Bethany later develops feelings for Callum , despite him dating her mother , and begins spending more and more time at his flat . Callum convinces Bethany to deliver some drugs to a heavily tattooed man , who intimidates Bethany . She spends the next day with Callum and his friend , Gemma Winter ( Dolly - Rose Campbell ) , and offers to do another delivery for him . However , the police raid The Dog & Gun , Callum and Gemma 's local pub , which panics Bethany . She gives the drugs to Callum who gives them to Gemma and Callum is furious when Gemma is arrested . Bethany spitefully tells Sarah that Callum has been looking at other women inappropriately , upsetting Sarah and nearly results in the couple breaking up , but Callum talks his way out of the situation . Callum takes photos and videos of Bethany delivering his drugs and pretending to smoke cannabis which he uses to blackmail Sarah when she splits with him over his dangerous lifestyle . After learning that Callum and David 's wife Kylie Platt 's ( Paula Lane ) son , Max Turner ( Harry McDermott ) witnessed Callum beating up Jason in the ginnel , he drugs Sarah and forces Bethany to give him an alibi . Bethany tells the police that she was with Callum in his flat when Jason was attacked . She later retracts her statement when Callum orders his thugs to threaten Audrey and wreck No. 8 and the salon . Later , unknown to Bethany , Kylie murders Callum while he is attacking Sarah , with David and Sarah helping cover up the crime . Bethany and the rest of the family are told that he is on the run from a gangster but Sarah , wrecked with guilt , takes Bethany back to Milan for a few weeks . Bethany learns Sarah is pregnant by Callum after overhearing Todd , David and Kylie discuss it . She confronts Sarah in the Bistro and reveals to Gail and Audrey about Sarah 's pregnancy , who argue with Sarah . Months later , Sarah attends Bethany 's parents evening with David , but Bethany does n't turn up . Sarah and David learn from one of Bethany 's teachers that she has been skipping school by saying she is attending grief counselling . Sarah and David realise Bethany has intercepted letters and emails from the school about her absence to prevent her family from knowing about it . Sarah tries to contact Bethany with no response . When Bethany arrives at the pub , Sarah and Gail try to find out why she is playing truant . At school , Bethany is ganged up on by a group of girls , who make cruel remarks about her and Sarah and threaten her , pulling her hair . Bethany arrives at Sarah 's baby shower and throws the cake at the wall , snapping at Sarah and telling her to put the baby up for adoption as she is a terrible mother . Todd finds Bethany on the street and he encourages her to open up and later , Bethany apologises to Sarah . Bethany later receives cruel messages from Lauren ( Shannon Flynn ) and Shelley ( Natalie Davies ) , so Bethany breaks down in the alley . Bethany tries to skip school by telling Sarah she has a stomach ache , but she is forced to go to school . Bethany later receives another message from Lauren and Kylie notices her upset . Bethany confides in Kylie about the bullying and Kylie gives her advice on standing up for herself . Bethany is followed home by Lauren and her gang and they threaten her again . Luke Britton ( Dean Fagan ) intervenes and tells them to leave . Luke takes Bethany to Sarah , where she reveals all about the bullying . Sarah then visits Lauren at home , where she shouts at her and tells her mother what she 's been doing to Bethany . Bethany is followed home again by Lauren and her gang , but are chased off by Gemma , however , they steal her mobile phone . After Sarah gives birth , Bethany meets her half - brother and Sarah chooses Harry for a name from Bethany 's suggestions . David and Gail learn that Bethany is still being bullied when Gemma tells David she chased the bullies off , but Bethany pleads with them not to tell Sarah . After taking Harry for a walk , Bethany is stopped by Lauren and her gang , who insult Harry . Nick defends Bethany , but he loses his temper with Lauren and throws her schoolbag into the road . Lauren and her mother later visit the Platt household , but are eventually thrown out by David . When Lauren and her gang hassle Bethany outside school , Luke collects Bethany in a flash car . After Callum 's corpse is found underneath Gail 's annexe , Gail believes that Sarah is mentally ill , but Bethany refuses to believe this . When Sarah changes the locks and barricades herself in the house with Harry , Bethany persuades Sarah to open the door . Sarah is then taken to hospital when David phones for an ambulance . Bethany visits Sarah and Harry with Gail in a mother and baby unit . Bethany later intercepts a letter from her school and she confides in Gail that she has messed up her GCSEs and convinces Gail not to tell Sarah . When Bethany looks for a summer job in the café , Lauren arrives and apologises to her . Lauren learns Sarah is in a psychiatric ward and she tricks Bethany to go and look for summer jobs with her . However , Bethany realises Lauren has tricked her when she is later cornered by Lauren and her gang , who taunt her about Sarah and pull her hair . Lauren and her gang leave when Anna Windass ( Debbie Rush ) interrupts , and Bethany leaves in tears . Kylie comforts her when she finds out she is receiving text messages from Lauren and her gang . Bethany is later devastated when Kylie is stabbed and killed in the street . Bethany and David visit Sarah and tell her about Kylie 's death . Sarah wants to leave the unit , but Bethany persuades her to stay and get better for her and Harry . On a home visit , Sarah decides to discharge herself , despite advice from Bethany and Gail . Bethany takes diet pills after Craig Tinker ( Colson Smith ) takes a photo of her when she breaks a swing and posts it online . Bethany collapses at the gym and Gary Windass ( Mikey North ) confronts her over the diet pills . Bethany confides in Gary over her GCSE results and Sarah blames herself for Bethany not doing well . At the gym , Lauren arrives and makes cruel remarks , but Bethany hits Lauren , witnessed by Gary . Gary goes to Bethany 's school and reports the bullying . Sarah notices Gary with Bethany a lot and after confronting Gary , Bethany admits Gary has been helping her with Lauren and there is a meeting at school the following day . At the meeting , Lauren makes out Bethany is the bully and both Bethany and Lauren are suspended . Bethany helps David out at the salon and Lauren arrives and David gives Lauren a free treatment , but gets Bethany out of the way and threatens her to leave his family alone . Bethany returns to school and learns Lauren is being expelled after others came forward . Sarah finds out about Bethany going running and Bethany tearfully admits to Sarah she counts calories and runs to burn calories . Sarah finds Bethany 's diet pills and Bethany promises she no longer takes them . Bethany arranges for Gary to come to Nick 's empty flat after she overhears him talking to Alya Nazir ( Sair Khan ) about someone he 's met , thinking it 's her . Sarah and Gary end up together at the flat and presume Bethany knows of their relationship . Bethany witnesses Sarah and Gary kiss on the balcony . Bethany is taken to a gig by Gary with his sister , Faye Windass ( Ellie Leach ) . Bethany flirts with Gary and lays seductively on Gary 's bed and Faye catches her . Bethany gives Faye vodka to keep quiet , but Faye drops hints at dinner . Bethany admits to giving Faye the vodka when she is drunk . An emotional Bethany disappears after Gary rejects her and Sarah contacts the police . Gary accuses Luke of being the older man Bethany has a crush on after Norris witnesses them together . Bethany returns after spending time with a friend and she later takes diet pills . Sarah finds out about Bethany 's crush on Gary , but Bethany tries to get over it . She later collapses after taking more pills and is presumably kidnapped . The next day she wakes up in hospital and tells Sarah that Tyrone Dobbs ( Alan Halsall ) brought her in . Bethany is referred to a primary mental health team and Sarah splits up with Gary . Bethany tracks Nathan Curtis ( Christopher Harper ) , who found her . Nathan allows and encourages Bethany to use his salon to shoot a hairstyle tutorial and he suggests that Bethany should show more of her body in future . Bethany refuses to give Nathan a false alibi when he is arrested on suspicion of abduction . Bethany gets drunk at a bar with Mel Maguire ( Sonia Ibrahim ) and is picked up by Nathan and at his , Bethany has sex with Nathan . Bethany gets a contraceptive implant by persuasion from Mel . Gary and Sarah are introduced to Nathan and they are shocked that he 's twice Bethany 's age . Bethany later attends a party at Nathan 's , where she and Mel are the only females . Nathan takes a photo of a partially - dressed Bethany and sends it to his friend Neil Clifton ( Ben Cartwright ) . Bethany and Sarah argue over Bethany skipping school and wanting a Saturday job , resulting in Bethany moving in with Nathan and refuses to give into Sarah and Gary 's pleas to move home . Bethany unknowingly lets a man in the flat , who takes stuff and Nathan is initially angry , but gets Bethany to agrees to spend some time and flirt with Neil . Bethany confides in Mary Taylor ( Patti Clare ) that she thinks Sarah is moving on after seeing Sarah and Gary look at a house . Bethany is forced to have sex with Neil after he flirts with her and she is surprised by Nathan 's calm attitude . Bethany leaves with Nathan when he locates her into the flower shop and he ignores Bethany 's apologies , and they sleep apart . Bethany asks for forgiveness and Bethany accepts Nathan 's marriage proposal , which devastates Sarah , but she chooses to support Bethany . In Nathan 's absence , Sarah visits Bethany , who is drunk and passes out and she and Gary take Bethany home . Bethany agrees to move back home , but she goes into a rage when Sarah and Gary will not let her out , smashing things and stabs Gary in the arm , before running off . Craig finds Bethany under a railway bridge , bleeding , and takes her to hospital , urging her to call Sarah , but she opts to call Nathan . Neil turns out to be a police officer when Sarah and Gary contact the police . Bethany wants to press charges against Sarah and Gary for locking her in , but Bethany is persuaded not to and Nathan takes Bethany to Neil and Ian Yardley ( Anthony Bowers ) to thank them . Shona Ramsey ( Julia Goulding ) finds out who Bethany 's boyfriend is and orders Nathan to stay away from Bethany . At the party , Nathan continues to give Bethany spiked drinks and he gets angry with Bethany when she argues with a girl , Lara Cutler ( Niamh Blackshaw ) , also a victim of sexual exploitation , over a necklace . Nathan burns Bethany 's arm with a cigarette , but Bethany returns to the party . Bethany gives Nathan her engagement ring and three men are sent into a room where Bethany is to have sex with them . Shona , who is beat up by two men Nathan sent after her , leaves hospital and warns David that she is in trouble . Mel ignores Bethany 's pleas for help and David tells Sarah that Nathan has been grooming Bethany . Sarah , David , Gary and Shona race to the Salon and as they break into the flat , Nathan tries to clear the flat and Sarah finds Bethany upset and with her dress undone . Nathan is arrested for GBH and the sexual exploitation of a child . Bethany does not want to undergo a physical examination and wants to see Nathan , refusing to believe she was groomed . Bethany puts her engagement ring back on . The police visit the Platts and Bethany overhears the police explaining that the crime will be difficult to prove with Bethany being over the age of consent , but with her testimony , Nathan could be charged with rape or controlled prostitution for gain . Nathan breaks bail by seeing Bethany and Bethany keeps him updated as well as agreeing to keep Nathan 's connection with Neil quiet . Bethany makes a move on Peter Barlow ( Chris Gascoyne ) , but he rejects her and Sarah catches Bethany about to self - harm with a cigarette , believing she is in the wrong , not Nathan . Mary catches Bethany trying to leave with her belongings , who is planning to leave with Nathan , and Mary fails to talk Bethany out of going . Bethany finds out she is going to Belgium alone and Bethany asks a family to phone the police . Nathan is arrested and at the police station , Neil threatens Bethany to keep quiet about his involvement , which she does when she is interviewed . Sarah is told by the police that the CPS have dropped the case against Nathan due to lack of evidence , which Sarah passes onto Bethany . Bethany self - harms by picking at her cigarette burn after hearing this news . Sarah arranges for Neil to speak to Bethany and he reminds her to keep quiet , but Bethany finally reveals to Craig that Neil knows Nathan and was forced to have sex with him . Shona tries to talk to Bethany about Nathan , but Bethany believes nothing will change no matter who she talks to . Craig compliments Bethany over her handling of the situation , prompting her decision to get support over what she has been through . Craig gets a recording of Neil confessing to what he and Nathan did , sharing it with Bethany , Sarah and the police , who later inform Bethany the CPS have a case . Sarah and Bethany go to Weatherfield High to enrol Bethany in the sixth form , but Bethany is annoyed that she would have to retake Year 12 , so Audrey offers Bethany an apprentice as a beautician . Mel turns up unexpectedly and tells Bethany that she was one of Nathan 's victims , but can not go to the police and Bethany persuades her family to let Mel stay . Mel secretly contacts Nathan , who wants Mel to keep Bethany away from court and Mel pretends to give into Bethany 's persuasion to go to the police . Mel takes Bethany near train tracks and Bethany tries to persuade Mel that she is a victim of Nathan 's . Mel allows Bethany to go to court and Bethany becomes emotional when she is cross examined , feeling she has messed up . Craig , Nathan and Neil are cross examined and Bethany and Sarah are relieved that Nathan , Neil and the other perpetrators are found guilty . Bethany , Sarah and Gary go to Milan for a holiday , but Bethany stays on and later tells Sarah that she is staying for good . Bethany soon returns and Mary confides in Bethany about her feud with daughter - in - law Angie Appleton ( Victoria Ekanoye ) , who has accused her of harming her son George Appleton ( Romeo Cheetham - Karcz ) . Bethany goes to the hospital on Mary 's behalf and finds out about George 's condition . Bethany freaks out when Craig admits he has feelings for her , but Craig is delighted when Bethany agrees to try a relationship with him . Craig and his colleague , Jess Heywood ( Donnaleigh Bailey ) , are called to a lap dancing bar after a reported disturbance and he is shocked to find Bethany working there under the name of Madison . Craig attempts and fails to convince Bethany not to work there , but stands by her choice . Gary visits the club and when he tries to take her home , Bethany alleges assault and watches as security beat Gary up . She tells Sarah that she is working as a lapdancer and still refuses to give the job up as well as threatening Sarah that if she gets together with Gary , she will move out . Bethany is sacked from the club for being underage , but returns to the lapdancing club when it is under new management , quitting her apprenticeship with Audrey . When she is chosen to give a private dance for a stag party , she believes that one of the men is Nathan and smashes a bottle in his face when one of the men are rowdy . Bethany is arrested , interviewed with Sarah 's presence and charged with grievous bodily harm , and confesses to Sarah after breaking down that she needs help . Bethany returns to work at the salon . Casting ( edit ) Amy and Emily Walton shared the role of Bethany Platt from the character 's birth in 2000 until 2007 when Tina O'Brien chose to quit . Mia Cookson also played the role of Bethany alongside the Walton twins in 2000 . On 23 October 2014 , it was announced that Bethany , now 14 years old , would return to the show . Katie Redford was initially cast in the role , but was sacked just days later before filming began after it was revealed that she was 25 years old , not 19 as she and her management had claimed . On 29 January 2015 , Blackpool - born Lucy Fallon was confirmed as her replacement . She returned on 20 March 2015 . Development ( edit ) Early development ( edit ) Bethany is introduced in 2000 when the show tackled the controversial subject of teenage pregnancy , using the character of 13 - year - old Sarah - Louise Platt , recently recast to 16 - year - old Tina O'Brien . The storyline was praised by health minister Yvette Cooper , saying `` we need to make sure that young people themselves are aware of just how easy it is to get pregnant and just how hard it is to be a parent , if we are to get teenage pregnancy rates down '' and praised Granada TV `` on having the courage to include a storyline in Coronation Street about teenage pregnancy . '' In 2007 , a storyline involving David Platt planting ecstasy tablets in a toy of Bethany 's and Bethany accidentally taking drugs was revealed . Of the storyline , Jack P. Shepherd commented `` I was quite excited because I 've not really done emotional stuff before . I 've done little bits but this is a huge storyline . It 's a character change for David . The only way David knows how to get attention is by doing bad things . It 's the only time when people sit up and listen . '' Executive producer Kieran Roberts said `` We did n't set out to do a story about the danger of drugs , but we have got responsibilities and if we can send out a useful message , in this case that drugs can be very dangerous , then that is all well and good . '' Reintroduction ( 2015 ) ( edit ) With the announcement of Sarah 's return soon came the announcement of her daughter Bethany 's return with actress Katie Redford being cast in the role . Speaking of the announcement Redford said : `` Until I 'm actually on set , I genuinely do n't think it will sink in that I 'm joining the cast of Coronation Street . I know it sounds clichéd but it really feels like a dream come true . Bethany Platt is going to be such a fun and witty character to play and I hope everyone enjoys her return as much as I 'm going to ! '' It was later revealed that Redford would be replaced in the role of Bethany with Lucy Fallon taking over the role . Speaking of her casting , Fallon commented : `` Walking onto the set was surreal and nerve wracking , but everyone has been really welcoming and I am thrilled to have been given this great opportunity . '' Bethany made her return on screen on 20 March 2015 , and Sarah made her return on 30 March 2015 . Feud with Callum Logan ( edit ) In February 2015 , producer Stuart Blackburn revealed that Sarah would embark on a relationship with Callum Logan portrayed by Sean Ward who is the ex of David 's wife Kylie Platt portrayed by Paula Lane and an enemy of David 's . `` David 's got massive problems , because over the weeks Callum 's taken a real liking to Max and Max is actually his biological son , '' Blackburn told ITV . `` And he 's got almost as many rights to Max as David does . On the seemingly good news front is the return of Bethany and Sarah , but very quickly Callum takes a real liking to Sarah . It 's a liking that is returned , so huge problems for David ! '' Bethany also has a crush on Callum and Callum uses this to his advantage . Blackburn said `` Sarah Lou is involved with Callum and her daughter Bethany also has a crush on him . Callum will use this crush and Bethany will become his insurance policy if things go wrong . Bethany thinks she is grown up , but she is just a 15 - year - old kid . She is naive and she is going to get in a world of trouble because of her involvement with Callum . '' Grooming and sexual exploitation ( edit ) In December 2016 , it was announced that Bethany would be `` gradually groomed into a world of sexual exploitation '' after `` falling for charming '' Nathan Curtis , played by Christopher Harper , in a storyline starting in early 2017 . The storyline intends `` to raise awareness of the dangers out there as well as breaking the stereotypes of the perpetrators and victims that exist . '' Harper said that `` it 's very interesting to have someone as bright and cynical as Bethany be duped by this adult who is manipulating her '' and `` child exploitation is n't just about what is happening to young children -- that emotional hotpot we all remember of being 16 , 17 , 18 years of age , being clever , being open but also still vulnerable . And that 's where Bethany is . '' For the storyline , the show is working closely with child protection charities . Tina O'Brien discussed scenes when Sarah finds Bethany `` clearly drunk and dressed provocatively '' at Nathan 's flat `` . She added that Sarah `` has no idea about the extent '' of Bethany 's situation ( ... ) she would be horrified and devastated if she knew what was going on . '' O'Brien said Bethany `` reacts violently '' when Sarah and Sarah 's partner , Gary Windass ( Mikey North ) , manage to get her home and Bethany 's reaction `` is terrifying and upsetting ( ... ) Sarah does start to wonder if Bethany is in fact scared of Nathan . '' Fallon said that the storyline is `` so important that we do it , especially at this time , because we are targeting the people watching Coronation Street who are quite young . All the fans are quite young and they are the people we want to target . '' Fallon filmed a scene `` where Nathan takes Bethany to his flat where there are a lot of men '' and added it `` was so uncomfortable , it was horrible . '' Fallon discussed the situation where Bethany would be passed on to another man by Nathan for sex , saying although her character is n't raped , `` she agrees to have sex with the guy , but only because Nathan tells her it is normal and that this is what adult relationships are really like '' and that reading it `` made my ( Fallon ) skin crawl . It was horrible . '' Fallon maintains the storyline is `` really important '' and hopes girls in a similar situation might think `` what 's happening to me is n't normal '' or that `` parents might start talking to their daughters about a relationship . '' Fallon added `` the fact it 's such an important storyline makes it easier to do . '' Charities praised the storyline , with Barnardo 's saying they are `` shining a light on this serious but little discussed issue '' whilst a spokesperson for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children added `` Soaps play an important part in highlighting abuse and in giving victims the courage to speak out '' and they `` hope it will raise awareness of the signs of grooming and encourage more victims to come forward and seek help . '' Reception ( edit ) For her portrayal as Bethany , Fallon was shortlisted for `` Best Newcomer '' at the Inside Soap Awards 2015 and `` Best Actress '' at the British Soap Awards 2017 and the 2017 TV Choice Awards . In August 2017 , Fallon was longlisted for `` Best Actress '' at the Inside Soap Awards , while she and Colson Smith ( Craig Tinker ) were longlisted for `` Best Partnership '' . Both nominations made the viewer - voted shortlist . On 6 November 2017 , Fallon won the `` Best Actress '' accolade . Laura - Jayne Tyler of Inside Soap praised the character , saying `` she 's a little firecracker who has us in stitches every episode , and we 're not letting her go without a fight . '' On 23 January 2018 , Fallon won `` Best Serial Drama Performance '' at the National Television Awards 2018 . On 2 June 2018 , Fallon was awarded the `` Best Actress '' and `` Best Female Dramatic Performance '' accolades at The British Soap Awards 2018 . See also ( edit ) List of Coronation Street characters ( 2000 ) List of soap opera recasts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lindsay , Duncan ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Sarah - Louise Platt returns to Coronation Street : Her dramatic story so far '' . Metro . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Coronation Street : why must bereaved mums like Jenny Bradley turn into maniacs ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bethany 's agony and ecstasy '' . What 's On TV ? . 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Emma ( 24 October 2014 ) . `` Tina O'Brien announces her return to Corrie - and she is bringing a whole lot of baggage with her '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Caroline ( 26 November 2007 ) . `` Interview : Tina O'Brien of Coronation Street '' . This is Lancashire . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Awford , Jenny ( 29 January 2015 ) . `` Coronation Street 's Bethany Platt recast as 19 - year - old Lucy Fallon after first choice actress was fired for lying about her age '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting News : Sarah - Lou returns '' . itv.com. 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casting News : Here Comes Bethany ! '' . itv.com. 16 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/news/a622475/coronation-street-to-recast-bethany-platt-role-as-katie-redford-dropped.html#~p1OQEYXFrTHMDG Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 29 January 2015 ) . `` Coronation Street : Lucy Fallon cast as new Bethany Platt '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/spoilers/a633668/bethany-platt-returns-to-weatherfield.html#~p6V23dd2nOckEH Jump up ^ Hughes , Jonathon ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` Coronation Street : 13 things you had forgotten happened to Sarah Platt '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Street drama wins praise '' . BBC News . 1 March 2000 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 5 September 2007 ) . `` In Pictures : Corrie ecstasy horror '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Corrie in shock drugs warning '' . Manchester Evening News . 13 September 2007 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Jamie ( 16 January 2015 ) . `` Coronation Street reveals Sarah - Louise Platt 's daughter Bethany '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/spoilers/a633668/bethany-platt-returns-to-weatherfield.html#~p6V23dd2nOckEH Jump up ^ Coronation Street producer Stuart Blackburn teases trouble for Platt family - Coronation Street News - Soaps - Digital Spy Jump up ^ Lindsay , Duncan ( 2 July 2015 ) . `` Coronation Street spoilers : 15 - year - old Bethany Platt falls for Callum Logan and trouble follows '' . Metro . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Duncan ( 15 January 2017 ) . `` Coronation Street star reveals all on Bethany Platt 's sexual exploitation storyline at the hands of Nathan '' . Metro . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Laura ( 17 December 2016 ) . `` SEX RING SHOCKER Coronation Street schoolgirl Bethany Platt ' caught in a sex ring ' in shock new grooming storyline '' . The Sun . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Coronation Street 's Sarah Platt gets a horrifying glimpse of Bethany 's ordeal next week '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` Coronation Street star Lucy Fallon ca n't watch Bethany Platt 's child grooming storyline '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` Coronation Street 's Lucy Fallon reveals that Bethany 's story ' makes her skin crawl ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` Coronation Street praised for child grooming storyline '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed -- the shortlist for the Inside Soap Awards 2015 ! '' . Inside Soap. 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` British Soap Awards 2017 -- full shortlist sees EastEnders miss out in Best Actor Category '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Royal showdown as The Crown battles Victoria at TV Choice Awards '' . The Irish News . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Coronation Street , EastEnders , Emmerdale and Hollyoaks all make the Inside Soap Awards longlist '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 31 October 2017 ) . `` Inside Soap Awards 2017 shortlist revealed -- which Corrie , EastEnders , Emmerdale and Hollyoaks stars are up for prizes ? '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` Emmerdale wins best soap at the Inside Soap Awards for the third year running '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Laura - Jayne ( 25 April -- 1 May 2015 ) . `` Hits & misses ! '' . Inside Soap ( 16 ) : 98 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Susanna ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` National Television Awards 2018 : winners in full '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 2 June 2018 ) . `` The British Soap Awards 2018 winners : Find out who won a trophy at the 2018 awards ceremony '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Coronation Street characters hide Present and future characters Ken Barlow Rita Sullivan Peter Barlow Gail McIntyre Tracy Barlow Audrey Roberts Nick Tilsley Kevin Webster Jenny Bradley Sally Webster Sarah Platt Jim McDonald Liz McDonald Steve McDonald Rosie Webster David Platt Norris Cole Sophie Webster Roy Cropper Leanne Battersby Toyah Battersby Tyrone Dobbs Dev Alahan Eileen Grimshaw Maria Connor Kirk Sutherland Bethany Platt Adam Barlow Fiz Brown Simon Barlow Sean Tully Chesney Brown Amy Barlow Michelle Connor Ryan Connor Carla Connor Gary Windass Mary Taylor Lewis Archer Izzy Armstrong Faye Windass Eva Price Beth Tinker Tim Metcalfe Past characters Sunita Alahan Christine Appleby Shirley Armitage Katy Armstrong Owen Armstrong Danny Baldwin Frankie Baldwin Jamie Baldwin Mike Baldwin Deirdre Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Susan Barlow Des Barnes Natalie Barnes Janice Battersby Les Battersby Cilla Battersby - Brown Sheila Birtles Emily Bishop Natasha Blakeman Alan Bradley Renee Bradshaw Teresa Bryant Julie Carp Casey Carswell Matt Carter Paul Clayton Liam Connor Paul Connor Kelly Crabtree Hayley Cropper Trevor Dean Marcus Dent Jackie Dobbs Molly Dobbs Rob Donovan Jack Duckworth Terry Duckworth Tommy Duckworth Vera Duckworth Fred Elliott Anne Foster Frank Foster Alec Gilroy Tony Gordon Cheryl Gray Jason Grimshaw Todd Grimshaw Alma Halliwell Richard Hillman Charlotte Hoyle Blanche Hunt Mel Hutchwright Amber Kalirai Ray Langton Bet Lynch Tara Mandal Ciaran McCarthy Becky McDonald Karen McDonald Joe McIntyre Tina McIntyre Darryl Morton Jerry Morton Kayleigh Morton Mel Morton Lloyd Mullaney Karl Munro Hilda Ogden Stan Ogden Ashley Peacock Claire Peacock Pat Phelan Kylie Platt Martin Platt Sian Powers Stella Price Graeme Proctor Mark Redman Alf Roberts Maya Sharma Ena Sharples Kirsty Soames John Stape Jed Stone Candice Stowe Luke Strong Charlie Stubbs Percy Sugden Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Ivy Tilsley Vernon Tomlin Shelley Unwin Annie Walker Curly Watts Raquel Watts Bill Webster Betty Williams Violet Wilson Derek Wilton Mavis Wilton Anna Windass Eddie Windass Eddie Yeats Original characters David Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Ken Barlow Minnie Caldwell Ivan Cheveski Linda Cheveski Christine Hardman May Hardman Esther Hayes Harry Hewitt Lucille Hewitt Florrie Lindley Martha Longhurst Emily Nugent Concepta Riley Ena Sharples Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Annie Walker Jack Walker Lists of characters 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Platt&oldid=845600140 '' Categories : Coronation Street characters Fictional characters introduced in 2000 Child characters in television Fictional victims of bullies Fictional victims of kidnapping Fictional sexual assault victims Fictional child sexual abuse victims Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use British English from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 21 : 27 . 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"Bethany is the daughter of Sarah Platt (Tina O'Brien) and her classmate Neil Fearns (Paul Holowaty), half-sister of Billy and Harry Platt, granddaughter of Gail (Helen Worth) and Martin Platt (Sean Wilson) and great-granddaughter of Audrey Roberts (Sue Nicholls). Bethany's storylines have included her taking ecstasy tablets when her uncle, David Platt (Jack P. Shepherd) hid them in a toy. Bethany departed Weatherfield with her mother Sarah for a new life in Milan. Her return storyline saw her running away from home in Milan back to Weatherfield, and since then her storylines have included her infatuation with Callum Logan (Sean Ward) as well as being caught up with her family's feud with Callum, being the victim of bullying, developing a crush on her mother's boyfriend Gary Windass (Mikey North), falling for older man Nathan Curtis (Christopher Harper), being involved in a highly publicised child grooming and sexual exploitation storyline, which leads her to becoming a lapdancer."
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"Neil Fearns (Paul Holowaty)"
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-5676053316452925380 | Hamlet | Hamlet - wikipedia Hamlet Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the play by William Shakespeare . For other uses , see Hamlet ( disambiguation ) . The American actor Edwin Booth as Hamlet , ca . 1870 The Tragedy of Hamlet , Prince of Denmark , often shortened to Hamlet ( / ˈhæmlɪt / ) , is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602 . Set in Denmark , the play dramatises the revenge Prince Hamlet is called to wreak upon his uncle , Claudius , by the ghost of Hamlet 's father , King Hamlet . Claudius had murdered his own brother and seized the throne , also marrying his deceased brother 's widow . Hamlet is Shakespeare 's longest play , and is considered among the most powerful and influential works of world literature , with a story capable of `` seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others '' . It was probably one of Shakespeare 's most popular works during his lifetime , and still ranks among his most performed , topping the performance list of the Royal Shakespeare Company and its predecessors in Stratford - upon - Avon since 1879 . It has inspired many other writers -- from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charles Dickens to James Joyce and Iris Murdoch -- and has been described as `` the world 's most filmed story after Cinderella '' . The story of Shakespeare 's Hamlet was derived from the legend of Amleth , preserved by 13th - century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum , as subsequently retold by the 16th - century scholar François de Belleforest . Shakespeare may also have drawn on an earlier Elizabethan play known today as the Ur - Hamlet , though some scholars believe he himself wrote the Ur - Hamlet , later revising it to create the version of Hamlet we now have . He almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor , Richard Burbage , the leading tragedian of Shakespeare 's time . In the 400 years since its inception , the role has been performed by numerous highly acclaimed actors in each successive century . Three different early versions of the play are extant : the First Quarto ( Q1 , 1603 ) ; the Second Quarto ( Q2 , 1604 ) ; and the First Folio ( F1 , 1623 ) . Each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others . The play 's structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny . One such example is the centuries - old debate about Hamlet 's hesitation to kill his uncle , which some see as merely a plot device to prolong the action , but which others argue is a dramatisation of the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold - blooded murder , calculated revenge , and thwarted desire . More recently , psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet 's unconscious desires , while feminist critics have re-evaluated and attempted to rehabilitate the often maligned characters of Ophelia and Gertrude . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Plot 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 2.3 Act III 2.4 Act IV 2.5 Act V 3 Sources 4 Date 5 Texts 6 Analysis and criticism 6.1 Critical history 6.2 Dramatic structure 6.3 Length 6.4 Language 7 Context and interpretation 7.1 Religious 7.2 Philosophical 7.3 Psychoanalytic 7.4 Feminist 8 Influence 9 Performance history 9.1 Shakespeare 's day to the Interregnum 9.2 Restoration and 18th century 9.3 19th century 9.4 20th century 9.5 21st century 9.6 Film and TV performances 9.7 Stage pastiches 10 Notes and references 10.1 Notes 10.2 References 11 Sources 11.1 Editions of Hamlet 11.2 Secondary sources 12 External links 12.1 Texts 12.2 Analysis 12.3 Related works Characters ( edit ) Main article : Characters in Hamlet Hamlet -- Son of the late King and nephew of the present king . Claudius -- King of Denmark and Hamlet 's uncle Gertrude -- Queen of Denmark and Hamlet 's mother Polonius -- Chief counsellor to the king Ophelia -- Polonius 's daughter Horatio -- True friend to Hamlet Laertes -- Polonius 's son Voltimand and Cornelius -- Courtiers Rosencrantz and Guildenstern -- Courtiers , friends of Hamlet Osric -- a Courtier Marcellus -- an Officer Barnardo -- an Officer Francisco -- a Soldier Reynaldo -- Polonius 's servant Ghost of Hamlet 's Father Fortinbras -- Prince of Norway Gravediggers -- a Sexton Player King , Player Queen , Lucianus etc. -- Players Plot ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) The protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark , son of the recently deceased King Hamlet , and nephew of King Claudius , his father 's brother and successor . Claudius hastily married King Hamlet 's widow , Gertrude , Hamlet 's mother , and took the throne for himself . Denmark has a long - standing feud with neighboring Norway , in which King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle some years ago . Although Denmark defeated Norway , and the Norwegian throne fell to King Fortinbras 's infirm brother , Denmark fears that an invasion led by the dead Norwegian king 's son , Prince Fortinbras , is imminent . On a cold night on the ramparts of Elsinore , the Danish royal castle , the sentries Bernardo and Marcellus and Hamlet 's friend Horatio encounter a ghost that looks like the late King Hamlet . They vow to tell Prince Hamlet what they have witnessed . As the court gathers the next day , while King Claudius and Queen Gertrude discuss affairs of state with their elderly adviser Polonius , Hamlet looks on glumly . After the court exits , Hamlet despairs of his father 's death and his mother 's hasty remarriage . Learning of the ghost from Horatio , Hamlet resolves to see it himself . Horatio , Hamlet , and the ghost ( Artist : Henry Fuseli , 1789 ) As Polonius 's son Laertes prepares to depart for a visit to France , Polonius gives him contradictory advice that culminates in the ironic maxim `` to thine own self be true . '' Polonius 's daughter , Ophelia , admits her interest in Hamlet , but both Polonius and Laertes warn her against seeking the prince 's attention . That night on the rampart , the ghost appears to Hamlet , telling the prince that he was murdered by Claudius and demanding that Hamlet avenge him . Hamlet agrees and the ghost vanishes . The prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to `` put an antic disposition on , '' or act as though he has gone mad , and forces them to swear to keep his plans for revenge secret . Privately , however , he remains uncertain of the ghost 's reliability . Act II ( edit ) Soon thereafter , Ophelia rushes to her father , telling him that Hamlet arrived at her door the prior night half - undressed and behaving crazily . Polonius blames love for Hamlet 's madness and resolves to inform Claudius and Gertrude . As he enters to do so , the king and queen finish welcoming Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , two student acquaintances of Hamlet , to Elsinore . The royal couple has requested that the students investigate the cause of Hamlet 's mood and behavior . Additional news requires that Polonius wait to be heard : messengers from Norway inform Claudius that the King of Norway has rebuked Prince Fortinbras for attempting to re-fight his father 's battles . The forces that Fortinbras had conscripted to march against Denmark will instead be sent against Poland , though they will pass through a portion of Denmark to get there . Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlet 's behavior , and speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to uncover more information . Hamlet feigns madness but subtly insults Polonius all the while . When Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive , Hamlet greets his `` friends '' warmly , but quickly discerns that they are spies . Hamlet becomes bitter , admitting that he is upset at his situation but refusing to give the true reason why , instead commenting on `` what a piece of work '' humanity is . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern tell Hamlet that they have brought along a troupe of actors that they met while traveling to Elsinore . Hamlet , after welcoming the actors and dismissing his friends - turned - spies , plots to stage a play featuring a death in the style of his father 's murder , thereby determining the truth of the ghost 's story , as well as Claudius 's guilt or innocence , by studying Claudius 's reaction . Act III ( edit ) Polonius forces Ophelia to return Hamlet 's love letters and tokens of affection to the prince while he and Claudius watch from afar to evaluate Hamlet 's reaction . Hamlet is walking alone in the hall as the King and Polonius await Ophelia 's entrance , musing whether `` to be or not to be '' . When Ophelia enters and tries to return Hamlet 's things , Hamlet accuses her of immodesty and cries `` get thee to a nunnery , '' though it is unclear whether this , too , is a show of madness or genuine distress . His reaction convinces Claudius that Hamlet is not mad for love . Shortly thereafter , the court assembles to watch the play Hamlet has commissioned . After seeing the Player King murdered by his rival pouring poison in his ear , Claudius abruptly rises and runs from the room : for Hamlet , proof positive of his uncle 's guilt . Hamlet mistakenly stabs Polonius ( Artist : Coke Smyth , 19th century ) . Gertrude summons Hamlet to her room to demand an explanation . Meanwhile , Claudius talks to himself about the impossibility of repenting , since he still has possession of his ill - gotten goods : his brother 's crown and wife . He sinks to his knees . Hamlet , on his way to visit his mother , sneaks up behind him , but does not kill him , reasoning that killing Claudius while he is praying will send him straight to heaven while his father 's ghost is stuck in purgatory . In the queen 's bedchamber , Hamlet and Gertrude fight bitterly . Polonius , spying on the conversation from behind a tapestry , makes a noise . Hamlet , believing it is Claudius , stabs wildly , killing Polonius , but pulls aside the curtain and sees his mistake . In a rage , Hamlet brutally insults his mother for her apparent ignorance of Claudius 's villainy , but the ghost enters and reprimands Hamlet for his inaction and harsh words . Unable to see or hear the ghost herself , Gertrude takes Hamlet 's conversation with it as further evidence of madness . After begging the queen to stop sleeping with Claudius , Hamlet leaves , dragging Polonius 's corpse away . Act IV ( edit ) Hamlet jokes with Claudius about where he has hidden Polonius 's body , and the king , fearing for his life , sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet to England with a sealed letter to the English king requesting that Hamlet be executed immediately . Demented by grief at Polonius 's death , Ophelia wanders Elsinore . Laertes arrives back from France , enraged by his father 's death and his sister 's madness . Claudius convinces Laertes that Hamlet is solely responsible , but a letter soon arrives indicating that Hamlet has returned to Denmark , foiling Claudius ' plan . Claudius switches tactics , proposing a fencing match between Laertes and Hamlet to settle their differences . Laertes will be given a poison - tipped foil , and Claudius will offer Hamlet poisoned wine as a congratulation if that fails . Gertrude interrupts to report that Ophelia has drowned , though it is unclear whether it was suicide or an accident exacerbated by her madness . The gravedigger scene ( Artist : Eugène Delacroix , 1839 ) Act v ( edit ) Horatio has received a letter from Hamlet , explaining that the prince escaped by negotiating with pirates who attempted to attack his England - bound ship , and the friends reunite offstage . Two gravediggers discuss Ophelia 's apparent suicide while digging her grave . Hamlet arrives with Horatio and banters with one of the gravediggers , who unearths the skull of a jester from Hamlet 's childhood , Yorick . Hamlet picks up the skull , saying `` alas , poor Yorick '' as he contemplates mortality . Ophelia 's funeral procession approaches , led by Laertes . Hamlet and Horatio initially hide , but when Hamlet realizes that Ophelia is the one being buried , he reveals himself , proclaiming his love for her . Laertes and Hamlet fight by Ophelia 's graveside , but the brawl is broken up . Back at Elsinore , Hamlet explains to Horatio that he had discovered Claudius 's letter with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's belongings and replaced it with a forged copy indicating that his former friends should be killed instead . A foppish courtier , Osric , interrupts the conversation to deliver the fencing challenge to Hamlet . Hamlet , despite Horatio 's pleas , accepts it . Hamlet does well at first , leading the match by two hits to none , and Gertrude raises a toast to him using the poisoned glass of wine Claudius had set aside for Hamlet . Claudius tries to stop her , but is too late : she drinks , and Laertes realizes the plot will be revealed . Laertes slashes Hamlet with his poisoned blade . In the ensuing scuffle , they switch weapons and Hamlet wounds Laertes with his own poisoned sword . Gertrude collapses and , claiming she has been poisoned , dies . In his dying moments , Laertes reconciles with Hamlet and reveals Claudius 's plan . Hamlet rushes at Claudius and kills him . As the poison takes effect , Hamlet , hearing that Fortinbras is marching through the area , names the Norwegian prince as his successor . Horatio , distraught at the thought of being the last survivor and living whilst Hamlet does not , says he will commit suicide by drinking the dregs of Gertrude 's poisoned wine , but Hamlet begs him to live on and tell his story . Hamlet dies in Horatio 's arms , proclaiming `` the rest is silence '' . Fortinbras , who was ostensibly marching towards Poland with his army , arrives at the palace , along with an English ambassador bringing news of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's deaths . Horatio promises to recount the full story of what happened , and Fortinbras , seeing the entire Danish royal family dead , takes the crown for himself , and orders a military funeral to honor Hamlet . Sources ( edit ) Main article : Sources of Hamlet A facsimile of Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus , which contains the legend of Amleth Hamlet - like legends are so widely found ( for example in Italy , Spain , Scandinavia , Byzantium , and Arabia ) that the core `` hero - as - fool '' theme is possibly Indo - European in origin . Several ancient written precursors to Hamlet can be identified . The first is the anonymous Scandinavian Saga of Hrolf Kraki . In this , the murdered king has two sons -- Hroar and Helgi -- who spend most of the story in disguise , under false names , rather than feigning madness , in a sequence of events that differs from Shakespeare 's . The second is the Roman legend of Brutus , recorded in two separate Latin works . Its hero , Lucius ( `` shining , light '' ) , changes his name and persona to Brutus ( `` dull , stupid '' ) , playing the role of a fool to avoid the fate of his father and brothers , and eventually slaying his family 's killer , King Tarquinius . A 17th - century Nordic scholar , Torfaeus , compared the Icelandic hero Amlodi and the Spanish hero Prince Ambales ( from the Ambales Saga ) to Shakespeare 's Hamlet . Similarities include the prince 's feigned madness , his accidental killing of the king 's counsellor in his mother 's bedroom , and the eventual slaying of his uncle . Many of the earlier legendary elements are interwoven in the 13th - century `` Life of Amleth '' ( Latin : Vita Amlethi ) by Saxo Grammaticus , part of Gesta Danorum . Written in Latin , it reflects classical Roman concepts of virtue and heroism , and was widely available in Shakespeare 's day . Significant parallels include the prince feigning madness , his mother 's hasty marriage to the usurper , the prince killing a hidden spy , and the prince substituting the execution of two retainers for his own . A reasonably faithful version of Saxo 's story was translated into French in 1570 by François de Belleforest , in his Histoires tragiques . Belleforest embellished Saxo 's text substantially , almost doubling its length , and introduced the hero 's melancholy . Title page of The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd According to one theory , Shakespeare 's main source is an earlier play -- now lost -- known today as the Ur - Hamlet . Possibly written by Thomas Kyd or even William Shakespeare , the Ur - Hamlet would have existed by 1589 , and would have incorporated a ghost . Shakespeare 's company , the Chamberlain 's Men , may have purchased that play and performed a version for some time , which Shakespeare reworked . However , since no copy of the Ur - Hamlet has survived , it is impossible to compare its language and style with the known works of any of its putative authors . Consequently , there is no direct evidence that Kyd wrote it , nor any evidence that the play was not an early version of Hamlet by Shakespeare himself . This latter idea -- placing Hamlet far earlier than the generally accepted date , with a much longer period of development -- has attracted some support . The upshot is that scholars can not assert with any confidence how much material Shakespeare took from the Ur - Hamlet ( if it even existed ) , how much from Belleforest or Saxo , and how much from other contemporary sources ( such as Kyd 's The Spanish Tragedy ) . No clear evidence exists that Shakespeare made any direct references to Saxo 's version . However , elements of Belleforest 's version which are not in Saxo 's story do appear in Shakespeare 's play . Whether Shakespeare took these from Belleforest directly or through the Ur - Hamlet remains unclear . Most scholars reject the idea that Hamlet is in any way connected with Shakespeare 's only son , Hamnet Shakespeare , who died in 1596 at age eleven . Conventional wisdom holds that Hamlet is too obviously connected to legend , and the name Hamnet was quite popular at the time . However , Stephen Greenblatt has argued that the coincidence of the names and Shakespeare 's grief for the loss of his son may lie at the heart of the tragedy . He notes that the name of Hamnet Sadler , the Stratford neighbour after whom Hamnet was named , was often written as Hamlet Sadler and that , in the loose orthography of the time , the names were virtually interchangeable . Scholars have often speculated that Hamlet 's Polonius might have been inspired by William Cecil ( Lord Burghley ) -- Lord High Treasurer and chief counsellor to Queen Elizabeth I. E.K. Chambers suggested Polonius 's advice to Laertes may have echoed Burghley 's to his son Robert Cecil . John Dover Wilson thought it almost certain that the figure of Polonius caricatured Burghley . A.L. Rowse speculated that Polonius 's tedious verbosity might have resembled Burghley 's . Lilian Winstanley thought the name Corambis ( in the First Quarto ) did suggest Cecil and Burghley . Harold Jenkins considers the idea that Polonius might be a caricature of Burghley is a conjecture , and may be based on the similar role they each played at court , and also on the fact that Burghley addressed his Ten Precepts to his son , as in the play Polonius offers `` precepts '' to Laertes , his son . Jenkins suggests that any personal satire may be found in the name `` Polonius '' , which might point to a Polish or Polonian connection . G.R. Hibbard hypothesised that differences in names ( Corambis / Polonius : Montano / Raynoldo ) between the First Quarto and other editions might reflect a desire not to offend scholars at Oxford University . Date ( edit ) John Barrymore as Hamlet ( 1922 ) `` Any dating of Hamlet must be tentative '' , cautions the New Cambridge editor , Phillip Edwards . The earliest date estimate relies on Hamlet 's frequent allusions to Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar , itself dated to mid-1599 . The latest date estimate is based on an entry , of 26 July 1602 , in the Register of the Stationers ' Company , indicating that Hamlet was `` latelie Acted by the Lo : Chamberleyne his servantes '' . In 1598 , Francis Meres published his Palladis Tamia , a survey of English literature from Chaucer to its present day , within which twelve of Shakespeare 's plays are named . Hamlet is not among them , suggesting that it had not yet been written . As Hamlet was very popular , Bernard Lott , the series editor of New Swan , believes it `` unlikely that he ( Meres ) would have overlooked ... so significant a piece '' . The phrase `` little eyases '' in the First Folio ( F1 ) may allude to the Children of the Chapel , whose popularity in London forced the Globe company into provincial touring . This became known as the War of the Theatres , and supports a 1601 dating . Katherine Duncan - Jones accepts a 1600 -- 1 attribution for the date Hamlet was written , but notes that the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , playing Hamlet in the 3000 - capacity Globe , were unlikely to be put to any disadvantage by an audience of `` barely one hundred '' for the Children of the Chapel 's equivalent play , Antonio 's Revenge ; she believes that Shakespeare , confident in the superiority of his own work , was making a playful and charitable allusion to his friend John Marston 's very similar piece . A contemporary of Shakespeare 's , Gabriel Harvey , wrote a marginal note in his copy of the 1598 edition of Chaucer 's works , which some scholars use as dating evidence . Harvey 's note says that `` the wiser sort '' enjoy Hamlet , and implies that the Earl of Essex -- executed in February 1601 for rebellion -- was still alive . Other scholars consider this inconclusive . Edwards , for example , concludes that the `` sense of time is so confused in Harvey 's note that it is really of little use in trying to date Hamlet '' . This is because the same note also refers to Spenser and Watson as if they were still alive ( `` our flourishing metricians '' ) , but also mentions `` Owen 's new epigrams '' , published in 1607 . Texts ( edit ) Title page of the 1605 printing ( Q2 ) of Hamlet Three early editions of the text have survived , making attempts to establish a single `` authentic '' text problematic and inconclusive . Each surviving edition differs from the others : First Quarto ( Q1 ) : In 1603 the booksellers Nicholas Ling and John Trundell published , and Valentine Simmes printed , the so - called `` bad '' first quarto . Q1 contains just over half of the text of the later second quarto . Second Quarto ( Q2 ) : In 1604 Nicholas Ling published , and James Roberts printed , the second quarto . Some copies are dated 1605 , which may indicate a second impression ; consequently , Q2 is often dated `` 1604 / 5 '' . Q2 is the longest early edition , although it omits about 77 lines found in F1 ( most likely to avoid offending James I 's queen , Anne of Denmark ) . First Folio ( F1 ) : In 1623 Edward Blount and William and Isaac Jaggard published the First Folio , the first edition of Shakespeare 's Complete Works . Other folios and quartos were subsequently published -- including John Smethwick 's Q3 , Q4 , and Q5 ( 1611 -- 37 ) -- but these are regarded as derivatives of the first three editions . The first page of the First Folio printing of Hamlet , 1623 Early editors of Shakespeare 's works , beginning with Nicholas Rowe ( 1709 ) and Lewis Theobald ( 1733 ) , combined material from the two earliest sources of Hamlet available at the time , Q2 and F1 . Each text contains material that the other lacks , with many minor differences in wording : scarcely 200 lines are identical in the two . Editors have combined them in an effort to create one `` inclusive '' text that reflects an imagined `` ideal '' of Shakespeare 's original . Theobald 's version became standard for a long time , and his `` full text '' approach continues to influence editorial practice to the present day . Some contemporary scholarship , however , discounts this approach , instead considering `` an authentic Hamlet an unrealisable ideal ... there are texts of this play but no text '' . The 2006 publication by Arden Shakespeare of different Hamlet texts in different volumes is perhaps evidence of this shifting focus and emphasis . Other editors have continued to argue the need for well - edited editions taking material from all versions of the play . Colin Burrow has argued that `` most of us should read a text that is made up by conflating all three versions ... it 's about as likely that Shakespeare wrote : `` To be or not to be , ay , there 's the point '' ( in Q1 ) , as that he wrote the works of Francis Bacon . I suspect most people just wo n't want to read a three - text play ... ( multi-text editions are ) a version of the play that is out of touch with the needs of a wider public . '' Traditionally , editors of Shakespeare 's plays have divided them into five acts . None of the early texts of Hamlet , however , were arranged this way , and the play 's division into acts and scenes derives from a 1676 quarto . Modern editors generally follow this traditional division , but consider it unsatisfactory ; for example , after Hamlet drags Polonius 's body out of Gertrude 's bedchamber , there is an act - break after which the action appears to continue uninterrupted . Comparison of the ' To be , or not to be ' soliloquy in the first three editions of Hamlet , showing the varying quality of the text in the Bad Quarto , the Good Quarto and the First Folio The discovery in 1823 of Q1 -- whose existence had been quite unsuspected -- caused considerable interest and excitement , raising many questions of editorial practice and interpretation . Scholars immediately identified apparent deficiencies in Q1 , which was instrumental in the development of the concept of a Shakespearean `` bad quarto '' . Yet Q1 has value : it contains stage directions ( such as Ophelia entering with a lute and her hair down ) that reveal actual stage practices in a way that Q2 and F1 do not ; it contains an entire scene ( usually labelled 4.6 ) that does not appear in either Q2 or F1 ; and it is useful for comparison with the later editions . The major deficiency of Q1 is in the language : particularly noticeable in the opening lines of the famous `` To be , or not to be '' soliloquy : `` To be , or not to be , aye there 's the point . / To die , to sleep , is that all ? Aye all : / No , to sleep , to dream , aye marry there it goes . '' However , the scene order is more coherent , without the problems of Q2 and F1 of Hamlet seeming to resolve something in one scene and enter the next drowning in indecision . New Cambridge editor Kathleen Irace has noted that `` Q1 's more linear plot design is certainly easier ( ... ) to follow ( ... ) but the simplicity of the Q1 plot arrangement eliminates the alternating plot elements that correspond to Hamlet 's shifts in mood . '' Q1 is considerably shorter than Q2 or F1 and may be a memorial reconstruction of the play as Shakespeare 's company performed it , by an actor who played a minor role ( most likely Marcellus ) . Scholars disagree whether the reconstruction was pirated or authorised . It is suggested by Irace that Q1 is an abridged version intended especially for travelling productions , thus the question of length may be considered as separate from issues of poor textual quality . Editing Q1 thus poses problems in whether or not to `` correct '' differences from Q2 and F. Irace , in her introduction to Q1 , wrote that `` I have avoided as many other alterations as possible , because the differences ... are especially intriguing ... I have recorded a selection of Q2 / F readings in the collation . '' The idea that Q1 is not riddled with error but is instead eminently fit for the stage has led to at least 28 different Q1 productions since 1881 . Other productions have used the probably superior Q2 and Folio texts , but used Q1 's running order , in particular moving the to be or not to be soliloquy earlier . Developing this , some editors such as Jonathan Bate have argued that Q2 may represent `` a ' reading ' text as opposed to a ' performance ' one '' of Hamlet , analogous to how modern films released on disc may include deleted scenes : an edition containing all of Shakespeare 's material for the play for the pleasure of readers , so not representing the play as it would have been staged . Analysis and criticism ( edit ) Main article : Critical approaches to Hamlet Critical History ( edit ) From the early 17th century , the play was famous for its ghost and vivid dramatisation of melancholy and insanity , leading to a procession of mad courtiers and ladies in Jacobean and Caroline drama . Though it remained popular with mass audiences , late 17th - century Restoration critics saw Hamlet as primitive and disapproved of its lack of unity and decorum . This view changed drastically in the 18th century , when critics regarded Hamlet as a hero -- a pure , brilliant young man thrust into unfortunate circumstances . By the mid-18th century , however , the advent of Gothic literature brought psychological and mystical readings , returning madness and the ghost to the forefront . Not until the late 18th century did critics and performers begin to view Hamlet as confusing and inconsistent . Before then , he was either mad , or not ; either a hero , or not ; with no in - betweens . These developments represented a fundamental change in literary criticism , which came to focus more on character and less on plot . By the 19th century , Romantic critics valued Hamlet for its internal , individual conflict reflecting the strong contemporary emphasis on internal struggles and inner character in general . Then too , critics started to focus on Hamlet 's delay as a character trait , rather than a plot device . This focus on character and internal struggle continued into the 20th century , when criticism branched in several directions , discussed in context and interpretation below . Dramatic structure ( edit ) Hamlet departed from contemporary dramatic convention in several ways . For example , in Shakespeare 's day , plays were usually expected to follow the advice of Aristotle in his Poetics : that a drama should focus on action , not character . In Hamlet , Shakespeare reverses this so that it is through the soliloquies , not the action , that the audience learns Hamlet 's motives and thoughts . The play is full of seeming discontinuities and irregularities of action , except in the `` bad '' quarto . At one point , as in the Gravedigger scene , Hamlet seems resolved to kill Claudius : in the next scene , however , when Claudius appears , he is suddenly tame . Scholars still debate whether these twists are mistakes or intentional additions to add to the play 's themes of confusion and duality . Hamlet also contains a recurrent Shakespearean device , a play within the play , a literary device or conceit in which one story is told during the action of another story . Length ( edit ) Hamlet is Shakespeare 's longest play . The Riverside edition constitutes 4,042 lines totaling 29,551 words , typically requiring over four hours to stage . It is rare that the play is performed without some abridgments , and only one film adaptation has used a full - text conflation : Kenneth Branagh 's 1996 version , which runs slightly more than four hours . Language ( edit ) Hamlet 's statement that his dark clothes are the outer sign of his inner grief demonstrates strong rhetorical skill ( artist : Eugène Delacroix 1834 ) . Much of Hamlet 's language is courtly : elaborate , witty discourse , as recommended by Baldassare Castiglione 's 1528 etiquette guide , The Courtier . This work specifically advises royal retainers to amuse their masters with inventive language . Osric and Polonius , especially , seem to respect this injunction . Claudius 's speech is rich with rhetorical figures -- as is Hamlet 's and , at times , Ophelia 's -- while the language of Horatio , the guards , and the gravediggers is simpler . Claudius 's high status is reinforced by using the royal first person plural ( `` we '' or `` us '' ) , and anaphora mixed with metaphor to resonate with Greek political speeches . Of all the characters , Hamlet has the greatest rhetorical skill . He uses highly developed metaphors , stichomythia , and in nine memorable words deploys both anaphora and asyndeton : `` to die : to sleep -- / To sleep , perchance to dream '' . In contrast , when occasion demands , he is precise and straightforward , as when he explains his inward emotion to his mother : `` But I have that within which passes show , / These but the trappings and the suits of woe '' . At times , he relies heavily on puns to express his true thoughts while simultaneously concealing them . His `` nunnery '' remarks to Ophelia are an example of a cruel double meaning as nunnery was Elizabethan slang for brothel . His very first words in the play are a pun ; when Claudius addresses him as `` my cousin Hamlet , and my son '' , Hamlet says as an aside : `` A little more than kin , and less than kind . '' An unusual rhetorical device , hendiadys , appears in several places in the play . Examples are found in Ophelia 's speech at the end of the nunnery scene : `` Th'expectancy and rose of the fair state '' and `` And I , of ladies most deject and wretched '' . Many scholars have found it odd that Shakespeare would , seemingly arbitrarily , use this rhetorical form throughout the play . One explanation may be that Hamlet was written later in Shakespeare 's life , when he was adept at matching rhetorical devices to characters and the plot . Linguist George T. Wright suggests that hendiadys had been used deliberately to heighten the play 's sense of duality and dislocation . Pauline Kiernan argues that Shakespeare changed English drama forever in Hamlet because he `` showed how a character 's language can often be saying several things at once , and contradictory meanings at that , to reflect fragmented thoughts and disturbed feelings '' . She gives the example of Hamlet 's advice to Ophelia , `` get thee to a nunnery '' , which is simultaneously a reference to a place of chastity and a slang term for a brothel , reflecting Hamlet 's confused feelings about female sexuality . Hamlet 's soliloquies have also captured the attention of scholars . Hamlet interrupts himself , vocalising either disgust or agreement with himself , and embellishing his own words . He has difficulty expressing himself directly and instead blunts the thrust of his thought with wordplay . It is not until late in the play , after his experience with the pirates , that Hamlet is able to articulate his feelings freely . Context and interpretation ( edit ) Religious ( edit ) John Everett Millais ' Ophelia ( 1852 ) depicts Lady Ophelia 's mysterious death by drowning . In the play , the gravediggers discuss whether Ophelia 's death was a suicide and whether she merits a Christian burial . Written at a time of religious upheaval , and in the wake of the English Reformation , the play is alternately Catholic ( or piously medieval ) and Protestant ( or consciously modern ) . The ghost describes himself as being in purgatory , and as dying without last rites . This and Ophelia 's burial ceremony , which is characteristically Catholic , make up most of the play 's Catholic connections . Some scholars have observed that revenge tragedies come from traditionally Catholic countries , such as Spain and Italy , where they present a contradiction of motives , since according to Catholic doctrine the duty to God and family precedes civil justice . Hamlet 's conundrum , then , is whether to avenge his father and kill Claudius , or to leave the vengeance to God , as his religion requires . Much of the play 's Protestant tones derive from its setting in Denmark -- both then and now a predominantly Protestant country , though it is unclear whether the fictional Denmark of the play is intended to portray this implicit fact . Dialog refers explicitly to Wittenberg , where Hamlet , Horatio , and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern attend university , implying where Martin Luther in 1517 first proposed his 95 theses and thereby initiated the Protestant Reformation . Philosophical ( edit ) Philosophical ideas in Hamlet are similar to those of the French writer Michel de Montaigne , a contemporary of Shakespeare 's ( artist : Thomas de Leu , fl. 1560 -- 1612 ) . Hamlet is often perceived as a philosophical character , expounding ideas that are now described as relativist , existentialist , and sceptical . For example , he expresses a subjectivistic idea when he says to Rosencrantz : `` there is nothing either good or bad , but thinking makes it so '' . The idea that nothing is real except in the mind of the individual finds its roots in the Greek Sophists , who argued that since nothing can be perceived except through the senses -- and since all individuals sense , and therefore perceive things differently -- there is no absolute truth , but rather only relative truth . The clearest alleged instance of existentialism is in the `` to be , or not to be '' speech , where Hamlet is thought by some to use `` being '' to allude to life and action , and `` not being '' to death and inaction . Hamlet reflects the contemporary scepticism promoted by the French Renaissance humanist Michel de Montaigne . Prior to Montaigne 's time , humanists such as Pico della Mirandola had argued that man was God 's greatest creation , made in God 's image and able to choose his own nature , but this view was subsequently challenged in Montaigne 's Essais of 1580 . Hamlet 's `` What a piece of work is a man '' seems to echo many of Montaigne 's ideas , and many scholars have discussed whether Shakespeare drew directly from Montaigne or whether both men were simply reacting similarly to the spirit of the times . Psychoanalytic ( edit ) Freud suggested that an unconscious Oedipal conflict caused Hamlet 's hesitations ( artist : Eugène Delacroix 1844 ) . In the first half of the 20th century , when psychoanalysis was at the height of its influence , its concepts were applied to Hamlet , notably by Sigmund Freud , Ernest Jones , and Jacques Lacan , and these studies influenced theatrical productions . In his The Interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ) , Freud 's analysis starts from the premise that `` the play is built up on Hamlet 's hesitations over fulfilling the task of revenge that is assigned to him ; but its text offers no reasons or motives for these hesitations '' . After reviewing various literary theories , Freud concludes that Hamlet has an `` Oedipal desire for his mother and the subsequent guilt ( is ) preventing him from murdering the man ( Claudius ) who has done what he unconsciously wanted to do '' . Confronted with his repressed desires , Hamlet realises that `` he himself is literally no better than the sinner whom he is to punish '' . Freud suggests that Hamlet 's apparent `` distaste for sexuality '' -- articulated in his `` nunnery '' conversation with Ophelia -- accords with this interpretation . John Barrymore 's long - running 1922 performance in New York , directed by Thomas Hopkins , `` broke new ground in its Freudian approach to character '' , in keeping with the post-World War I rebellion against everything Victorian . He had a `` blunter intention '' than presenting the genteel , sweet prince of 19th - century tradition , imbuing his character with virility and lust . Beginning in 1910 , with the publication of `` The Œdipus - Complex as an Explanation of Hamlet 's Mystery : A Study in Motive '' Ernest Jones -- a psychoanalyst and Freud 's biographer -- developed Freud 's ideas into a series of essays that culminated in his book Hamlet and Oedipus ( 1949 ) . Influenced by Jones 's psychoanalytic approach , several productions have portrayed the `` closet scene '' , where Hamlet confronts his mother in her private quarters , in a sexual light . In this reading , Hamlet is disgusted by his mother 's `` incestuous '' relationship with Claudius while simultaneously fearful of killing him , as this would clear Hamlet 's path to his mother 's bed . Ophelia 's madness after her father 's death may also be read through the Freudian lens : as a reaction to the death of her hoped - for lover , her father . She is overwhelmed by having her unfulfilled love for him so abruptly terminated and drifts into the oblivion of insanity . In 1937 , Tyrone Guthrie directed Laurence Olivier in a Jones - inspired Hamlet at The Old Vic . Olivier later used some of these same ideas in his 1948 film version of the play . In the 1950s , Lacan 's structuralist theories about Hamlet were first presented in a series of seminars given in Paris and later published in `` Desire and the Interpretation of Desire in Hamlet '' . Lacan postulated that the human psyche is determined by structures of language and that the linguistic structures of Hamlet shed light on human desire . His point of departure is Freud 's Oedipal theories , and the central theme of mourning that runs through Hamlet . In Lacan 's analysis , Hamlet unconsciously assumes the role of phallus -- the cause of his inaction -- and is increasingly distanced from reality `` by mourning , fantasy , narcissism and psychosis '' , which create holes ( or lack ) in the real , imaginary , and symbolic aspects of his psyche . Lacan 's theories influenced literary criticism of Hamlet because of his alternative vision of the play and his use of semantics to explore the play 's psychological landscape . In the Bloom 's Shakespeare Through the Ages volume on Hamlet , editors Bloom and Foster express a conviction that the intentions of Shakespeare in portraying the character of Hamlet in the play exceeded the capacity of the Freudian Oedipus complex to completely encompass the extent of characteristics depicted in Hamlet throughout the tragedy : `` For once , Freud regressed in attempting to fasten the Oedipus Complex upon Hamlet : it will not stick , and merely showed that Freud did better than T.S. Eliot , who preferred Coriolanus to Hamlet , or so he said . Who can believe Eliot , when he exposes his own Hamlet Complex by declaring the play to be an aesthetic failure ? '' The book also notes James Joyce 's interpretation , stating that he `` did far better in the Library Scene of Ulysses , where Stephen marvelously credits Shakespeare , in this play , with universal fatherhood while accurately implying that Hamlet is fatherless , thus opening a pragmatic gap between Shakespeare and Hamlet . '' Joshua Rothman has written in The New Yorker that `` we tell the story wrong when we say that Freud used the idea of the Oedipus complex to understand Hamlet '' . Rothman suggests that `` it was the other way around : Hamlet helped Freud understand , and perhaps even invent , psychoanalysis '' . He concludes , `` The Oedipus complex is a misnomer . It should be called the ' Hamlet complex ' . '' In the essay `` Hamlet Made Simple '' , David P. Gontar turns the tables on the psychoanalysts by suggesting that Claudius is not a symbolic father figure but actually Prince Hamlet 's biological father . The hesitation in killing Claudius results from an unwillingness on Hamlet 's part to slay his real father . If Hamlet is the biological son of Claudius , that explains many things . Hamlet does n't become King of Denmark on the occasion of the King 's death inasmuch as it is an open secret in court that he is Claudius 's biological son , and as such he is merely a court bastard not in the line of succession . He is angry with his mother because of her long standing affair with a man Hamlet hates , and Hamlet must face the fact that he has been sired by the man he loathes . That point overturns T.S. Eliot 's complaint that the play is a failure for not furnishing an `` objective correlative '' to account for Hamlet 's rage at his mother . Gontar suggests that if the reader assumes that Hamlet is not who he seems to be , the objective correlative becomes apparent . Hamlet is suicidal in the first soliloquy not because his mother quickly remarries but because of her adulterous affair with the despised Claudius which makes Hamlet his son . Finally , the ghost 's confirmation of an alternative fatherhood for Hamlet is a fabrication that gives the prince a motive for revenge . Feminist ( edit ) Ophelia is distracted by grief . Feminist critics have explored her descent into madness ( artist : Henrietta Rae 1890 ) . In the 20th century , feminist critics opened up new approaches to Gertrude and Ophelia . New Historicist and cultural materialist critics examined the play in its historical context , attempting to piece together its original cultural environment . They focused on the gender system of early modern England , pointing to the common trinity of maid , wife , or widow , with whores outside of that stereotype . In this analysis , the essence of Hamlet is the central character 's changed perception of his mother as a whore because of her failure to remain faithful to Old Hamlet . In consequence , Hamlet loses his faith in all women , treating Ophelia as if she too were a whore and dishonest with Hamlet . Ophelia , by some critics , can be seen as honest and fair ; however , it is virtually impossible to link these two traits , since ' fairness ' is an outward trait , while ' honesty ' is an inward trait . Hamlet tries to show his mother Gertrude his father 's ghost ( artist : Nicolai A. Abildgaard , ca . 1778 ) . Carolyn Heilbrun 's 1957 essay `` The Character of Hamlet 's Mother '' defends Gertrude , arguing that the text never hints that Gertrude knew of Claudius poisoning King Hamlet . This analysis has been praised by many feminist critics , combating what is , by Heilbrun 's argument , centuries ' worth of misinterpretation . By this account , Gertrude 's worst crime is of pragmatically marrying her brother - in - law in order to avoid a power vacuum . This is borne out by the fact that King Hamlet 's ghost tells Hamlet to leave Gertrude out of Hamlet 's revenge , to leave her to heaven , an arbitrary mercy to grant to a conspirator to murder . This view has not been without objection from some critics . Ophelia has also been defended by feminist critics , most notably Elaine Showalter . Ophelia is surrounded by powerful men : her father , brother , and Hamlet . All three disappear : Laertes leaves , Hamlet abandons her , and Polonius dies . Conventional theories had argued that without these three powerful men making decisions for her , Ophelia is driven into madness . Feminist theorists argue that she goes mad with guilt because , when Hamlet kills her father , he has fulfilled her sexual desire to have Hamlet kill her father so they can be together . Showalter points out that Ophelia has become the symbol of the distraught and hysterical woman in modern culture . Influence ( edit ) See also : Literary influence of Hamlet Hamlet is one of the most quoted works in the English language , and is often included on lists of the world 's greatest literature . As such , it reverberates through the writing of later centuries . Academic Laurie Osborne identifies the direct influence of Hamlet in numerous modern narratives , and divides them into four main categories : fictional accounts of the play 's composition , simplifications of the story for young readers , stories expanding the role of one or more characters , and narratives featuring performances of the play . Actors before Hamlet by Władysław Czachórski ( 1875 ) , National Museum in Warsaw . English poet John Milton was an early admirer of Shakespeare , and took evident inspiration from his work . As John Kerrigan discusses , Milton originally considered writing his epic poem Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) as a tragedy . While Milton did not ultimately go that route , the poem still shows distinct echoes of Shakespearean revenge tragedy , and of Hamlet in particular . As scholar Christopher N. Warren argues , Paradise Lost 's Satan `` undergoes a transformation in the poem from a Hamlet - like avenger into a Claudius - like usurper , '' a plot device that supports Milton 's larger Republican internationalist project . The poem also reworks theatrical language from Hamlet , especially around the idea of `` putting on '' certain dispositions , as when Hamlet puts on `` an antic disposition , '' similarly to the Son in Paradise Lost who `` can put on / ( God 's ) terrors . '' Henry Fielding 's Tom Jones , published about 1749 , describes a visit to Hamlet by Tom Jones and Mr Partridge , with similarities to the `` play within a play '' . In contrast , Goethe 's Bildungsroman Wilhelm Meister 's Apprenticeship , written between 1776 and 1796 , not only has a production of Hamlet at its core but also creates parallels between the ghost and Wilhelm Meister 's dead father . In the early 1850s , in Pierre , Herman Melville focuses on a Hamlet - like character 's long development as a writer . Ten years later , Dickens 's Great Expectations contains many Hamlet - like plot elements : it is driven by revenge - motivated actions , contains ghost - like characters ( Abel Magwitch and Miss Havisham ) , and focuses on the hero 's guilt . Academic Alexander Welsh notes that Great Expectations is an `` autobiographical novel '' and `` anticipates psychoanalytic readings of Hamlet itself '' . About the same time , George Eliot 's The Mill on the Floss was published , introducing Maggie Tulliver `` who is explicitly compared with Hamlet '' though `` with a reputation for sanity '' . L. Frank Baum 's first published short story was `` They Played a New Hamlet '' ( 1895 ) . When Baum had been touring New York State in the title role , the actor playing the ghost fell through the floorboards , and the rural audience thought it was part of the show and demanded that the actor repeat the fall , because they thought it was funny . Baum would later recount the actual story in an article , but the short story is told from the point of view of the actor playing the ghost . In the 1920s , James Joyce managed `` a more upbeat version '' of Hamlet -- stripped of obsession and revenge -- in Ulysses , though its main parallels are with Homer 's Odyssey . In the 1990s , two novelists were explicitly influenced by Hamlet . In Angela Carter 's Wise Children , To be or not to be is reworked as a song and dance routine , and Iris Murdoch 's The Black Prince has Oedipal themes and murder intertwined with a love affair between a Hamlet - obsessed writer , Bradley Pearson , and the daughter of his rival . There is the story of the woman who read Hamlet for the first time and said , `` I do n't see why people admire that play so . It is nothing but a bunch of quotations strung together . '' -- Isaac Asimov , Asimov 's Guide to Shakespeare , pg vii , Avenal Books , 1970 Performance History ( edit ) Main articles : Hamlet in performance and Shakespeare in performance The day we see Hamlet die in the theatre , something of him dies for us . He is dethroned by the spectre of an actor , and we shall never be able to keep the usurper out of our dreams . Maurice Maeterlinck in La Jeune Belgique ( 1890 ) . Shakespeare 's day to the Interregnum ( edit ) Shakespeare almost certainly wrote the role of Hamlet for Richard Burbage . He was the chief tragedian of the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , with a capacious memory for lines and a wide emotional range . Judging by the number of reprints , Hamlet appears to have been Shakespeare 's fourth most popular play during his lifetime -- only Henry IV Part 1 , Richard III and Pericles eclipsed it . Shakespeare provides no clear indication of when his play is set ; however , as Elizabethan actors performed at the Globe in contemporary dress on minimal sets , this would not have affected the staging . Firm evidence for specific early performances of the play is scant . What is known is that the crew of the ship Red Dragon , anchored off Sierra Leone , performed Hamlet in September 1607 ; that the play toured in Germany within five years of Shakespeare 's death ; and that it was performed before James I in 1619 and Charles I in 1637 . Oxford editor George Hibbard argues that , since the contemporary literature contains many allusions and references to Hamlet ( only Falstaff is mentioned more , from Shakespeare ) , the play was surely performed with a frequency that the historical record misses . All theatres were closed down by the Puritan government during the Interregnum . Even during this time , however , playlets known as drolls were often performed illegally , including one called The Grave - Makers based on Act 5 , Scene 1 of Hamlet . Restoration and 18th century ( edit ) Title page and frontispiece for Hamlet , Prince of Denmark : A Tragedy . As it is now acted at the Theatres - Royal in Drury - Lane and Covent - Garden . London , 1776 The play was revived early in the Restoration . When the existing stock of pre-civil war plays was divided between the two newly created patent theatre companies , Hamlet was the only Shakespearean favourite that Sir William Davenant 's Duke 's Company secured . It became the first of Shakespeare 's plays to be presented with movable flats painted with generic scenery behind the proscenium arch of Lincoln 's Inn Fields Theatre . This new stage convention highlighted the frequency with which Shakespeare shifts dramatic location , encouraging the recurrent criticism of his failure to maintain unity of place . In the title role , Davenant cast Thomas Betterton , who continued to play the Dane until he was 74 . David Garrick at Drury Lane produced a version that adapted Shakespeare heavily ; he declared : `` I had sworn I would not leave the stage till I had rescued that noble play from all the rubbish of the fifth act . I have brought it forth without the grave - digger 's trick , Osrick , & the fencing match '' . The first actor known to have played Hamlet in North America is Lewis Hallam . Jr. , in the American Company 's production in Philadelphia in 1759 . David Garrick 's iconic hand gesture expresses Hamlet 's shock at the first sight of the ghost ( artist : unknown ) . John Philip Kemble made his Drury Lane debut as Hamlet in 1783 . His performance was said to be 20 minutes longer than anyone else 's , and his lengthy pauses provoked the suggestion by Richard Brinsley Sheridan that `` music should be played between the words '' . Sarah Siddons was the first actress known to play Hamlet ; many women have since played him as a breeches role , to great acclaim . In 1748 , Alexander Sumarokov wrote a Russian adaptation that focused on Prince Hamlet as the embodiment of an opposition to Claudius 's tyranny -- a treatment that would recur in Eastern European versions into the 20th century . In the years following America 's independence , Thomas Apthorpe Cooper , the young nation 's leading tragedian , performed Hamlet among other plays at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia , and at the Park Theatre in New York . Although chided for `` acknowledging acquaintances in the audience '' and `` inadequate memorisation of his lines '' , he became a national celebrity . 19th century ( edit ) A poster , ca . 1884 , for an American production of Hamlet ( starring Thomas W. Keene ) , showing several of the key scenes From around 1810 to 1840 , the best - known Shakespearean performances in the United States were tours by leading London actors -- including George Frederick Cooke , Junius Brutus Booth , Edmund Kean , William Charles Macready , and Charles Kemble . Of these , Booth remained to make his career in the States , fathering the nation 's most notorious actor , John Wilkes Booth ( who later assassinated Abraham Lincoln ) , and its most famous Hamlet , Edwin Booth . Edwin Booth 's Hamlet at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in 1875 was described as `` ... the dark , sad , dreamy , mysterious hero of a poem. ... ( acted ) in an ideal manner , as far removed as possible from the plane of actual life '' . Booth played Hamlet for 100 nights in the 1864 / 5 season at The Winter Garden Theatre , inaugurating the era of long - run Shakespeare in America . In the United Kingdom , the actor - managers of the Victorian era ( including Kean , Samuel Phelps , Macready , and Henry Irving ) staged Shakespeare in a grand manner , with elaborate scenery and costumes . The tendency of actor - managers to emphasise the importance of their own central character did not always meet with the critics ' approval . George Bernard Shaw 's praise for Johnston Forbes - Robertson 's performance contains a sideswipe at Irving : `` The story of the play was perfectly intelligible , and quite took the attention of the audience off the principal actor at moments . What is the Lyceum coming to ? '' In London , Edmund Kean was the first Hamlet to abandon the regal finery usually associated with the role in favour of a plain costume , and he is said to have surprised his audience by playing Hamlet as serious and introspective . In stark contrast to earlier opulence , William Poel 's 1881 production of the Q1 text was an early attempt at reconstructing the Elizabethan theatre 's austerity ; his only backdrop was a set of red curtains . Sarah Bernhardt played the prince in her popular 1899 London production . In contrast to the `` effeminate '' view of the central character that usually accompanied a female casting , she described her character as `` manly and resolute , but nonetheless thoughtful ... ( he ) thinks before he acts , a trait indicative of great strength and great spiritual power '' . In France , Charles Kemble initiated an enthusiasm for Shakespeare ; and leading members of the Romantic movement such as Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas saw his 1827 Paris performance of Hamlet , particularly admiring the madness of Harriet Smithson 's Ophelia . In Germany , Hamlet had become so assimilated by the mid-19th century that Ferdinand Freiligrath declared that `` Germany is Hamlet '' . From the 1850s , the Parsi theatre tradition in India transformed Hamlet into folk performances , with dozens of songs added . 20th century ( edit ) Apart from some western troupes ' 19th - century visits , the first professional performance of Hamlet in Japan was Otojirō Kawakami 's 1903 Shimpa ( `` new school theatre '' ) adaptation . Tsubouchi Shōyō translated Hamlet and produced a performance in 1911 that blended Shingeki ( `` new drama '' ) and Kabuki styles . This hybrid - genre reached its peak in Tsuneari Fukuda 's 1955 Hamlet . In 1998 , Yukio Ninagawa produced an acclaimed version of Hamlet in the style of Nō theatre , which he took to London . Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craig -- two of the 20th century 's most influential theatre practitioners -- collaborated on the Moscow Art Theatre 's seminal production of 1911 -- 12 . While Craig favoured stylised abstraction , Stanislavski , armed with his ' system , ' explored psychological motivation . Craig conceived of the play as a symbolist monodrama , offering a dream - like vision as seen through Hamlet 's eyes alone . This was most evident in the staging of the first court scene . The most famous aspect of the production is Craig 's use of large , abstract screens that altered the size and shape of the acting area for each scene , representing the character 's state of mind spatially or visualising a dramaturgical progression . The production attracted enthusiastic and unprecedented worldwide attention for the theatre and placed it `` on the cultural map for Western Europe '' . Hamlet is often played with contemporary political overtones . Leopold Jessner 's 1926 production at the Berlin Staatstheater portrayed Claudius 's court as a parody of the corrupt and fawning court of Kaiser Wilhelm . In Poland , the number of productions of Hamlet has tended to increase at times of political unrest , since its political themes ( suspected crimes , coups , surveillance ) can be used to comment on a contemporary situation . Similarly , Czech directors have used the play at times of occupation : a 1941 Vinohrady Theatre production `` emphasised , with due caution , the helpless situation of an intellectual attempting to endure in a ruthless environment '' . In China , performances of Hamlet often have political significance : Gu Wuwei 's 1916 The Usurper of State Power , an amalgam of Hamlet and Macbeth , was an attack on Yuan Shikai 's attempt to overthrow the republic . In 1942 , Jiao Juyin directed the play in a Confucian temple in Sichuan Province , to which the government had retreated from the advancing Japanese . In the immediate aftermath of the collapse of the protests at Tiananmen Square , Lin Zhaohua staged a 1990 Hamlet in which the prince was an ordinary individual tortured by a loss of meaning . In this production , the actors playing Hamlet , Claudius and Polonius exchanged roles at crucial moments in the performance , including the moment of Claudius 's death , at which point the actor mainly associated with Hamlet fell to the ground . Mignon Nevada as Ophelia , 1910 Notable stagings in London and New York include Barrymore 's 1925 production at the Haymarket ; it influenced subsequent performances by John Gielgud and Laurence Olivier . Gielgud played the central role many times : his 1936 New York production ran for 132 performances , leading to the accolade that he was `` the finest interpreter of the role since Barrymore '' . Although `` posterity has treated Maurice Evans less kindly '' , throughout the 1930s and 1940s he was regarded by many as the leading interpreter of Shakespeare in the United States and in the 1938 / 9 season he presented Broadway 's first uncut Hamlet , running four and a half hours . Evans later performed a highly truncated version of the play that he played for South Pacific war zones during World War II which made the prince a more decisive character . The staging , known as the `` G.I. Hamlet '' , was produced on Broadway for 131 performances in 1945 / 46 . Olivier 's 1937 performance at The Old Vic was popular with audiences but not with critics , with James Agate writing in a famous review in The Sunday Times , `` Mr. Olivier does not speak poetry badly . He does not speak it at all . '' . In 1937 Tyrone Guthrie directed the play at Elsinore , Denmark with Laurence Olivier as Hamlet and Vivien Leigh as Ophelia . In 1963 , Olivier directed Peter O'Toole as Hamlet in the inaugural performance of the newly formed National Theatre ; critics found resonance between O'Toole's Hamlet and John Osborne 's hero , Jimmy Porter , from Look Back in Anger . Richard Burton received his third Tony Award nomination when he played his second Hamlet , his first under John Gielgud 's direction , in 1964 in a production that holds the record for the longest run of the play in Broadway history ( 137 performances ) . The performance was set on a bare stage , conceived to appear like a dress rehearsal , with Burton in a black v - neck sweater , and Gielgud himself tape - recorded the voice for the ghost ( which appeared as a looming shadow ) . It was immortalised both on record and on a film that played in US theatres for a week in 1964 as well as being the subject of books written by cast members William Redfield and Richard L. Sterne . Other New York portrayals of Hamlet of note include that of Ralph Fiennes 's in 1995 ( for which he won the Tony Award for Best Actor ) -- which ran , from first preview to closing night , a total of one hundred performances . About the Fiennes Hamlet Vincent Canby wrote in The New York Times that it was `` ... not one for literary sleuths and Shakespeare scholars . It respects the play , but it does n't provide any new material for arcane debates on what it all means . Instead it 's an intelligent , beautifully read ... '' Stacy Keach played the role with an all - star cast at Joseph Papp 's Delacorte Theatre in the early 70s , with Colleen Dewhurst 's Gertrude , James Earl Jones 's King , Barnard Hughes 's Polonius , Sam Waterston 's Laertes and Raúl Juliá 's Osric . Sam Waterston later played the role himself at the Delacorte for the New York Shakespeare Festival , and the show transferred to the Vivian Beaumont Theatre in 1975 ( Stephen Lang played Bernardo and other roles ) . Stephen Lang 's Hamlet for the Roundabout Theatre Company in 1992 received mixed reviews and ran for sixty - one performances . David Warner played the role with the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in 1965 . William Hurt ( at Circle Rep Off - Broadway , memorably performing `` To Be Or Not to Be '' while lying on the floor ) , Jon Voight at Rutgers , and Christopher Walken ( fiercely ) at Stratford CT have all played the role , as has Diane Venora at the Public Theatre . Off Broadway , the Riverside Shakespeare Company mounted an uncut first folio Hamlet in 1978 at Columbia University , with a playing time of under three hours . In fact , Hamlet is the most produced Shakespeare play in New York theatre history , with sixty - four recorded productions on Broadway , and an untold number Off Broadway . Ian Charleson performed Hamlet from 9 October to 13 November 1989 , in Richard Eyre 's production at the Olivier Theatre , replacing Daniel Day - Lewis , who had abandoned the production . Seriously ill from AIDS at the time , Charleson died eight weeks after his last performance . Fellow actor and friend , Sir Ian McKellen , said that Charleson played Hamlet so well it was as if he had rehearsed the role all his life ; McKellen called it `` the perfect Hamlet '' . The performance garnered other major accolades as well , some critics echoing McKellen in calling it the definitive Hamlet performance . 21st century ( edit ) Benedict Cumberbatch began playing Hamlet at the Barbican Theatre starting in August 2015 . Hamlet continues to be staged regularly , with actors such as Simon Russell Beale , Ben Whishaw , David Tennant , Angela Winkler , Samuel West , Christopher Eccleston , Maxine Peake , Rory Kinnear , Oscar Isaac , Christian Camargo and Andrew Scott , performing the lead role . In May 2009 , Hamlet opened with Jude Law in the title role at the Donmar Warehouse West End season at Wyndham 's Theatre . The production officially opened on 3 June and ran through 22 August 2009 . A further production of the play ran at Elsinore Castle in Denmark from 25 -- 30 August 2009 . The Jude Law Hamlet then moved to Broadway , and ran for 12 weeks at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York . In 2013 , American actor Paul Giamatti won critical acclaim for his performance on stage in the title role of Hamlet , performed in modern dress , at the Yale Repertory Theater , at Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut . The Globe Theatre of London initiated a project in 2014 to perform Hamlet in every country in the world in the space of two years . Titled Globe to Globe Hamlet , it began its tour on 23 April 2014 , the 450th anniversary of Shakespeare 's birth . As of 23 February 2016 , the project had performed in 170 countries . Benedict Cumberbatch played the role for a 12 - week run in a production at the Barbican Theatre , opening on 25 August 2015 . The play was produced by Sonia Friedman , and directed by Lyndsey Turner , with set design by Es Devlin . It was called the `` most in - demand theatre production of all time '' and sold out in seven hours after tickets went on sale 11 August 2014 , more than a year before the play opened . It was announced that Tom Hiddleston will play the role for a three - week run at Vanbrugh Theatre , opening September 1 , 2017 and directed by Kenneth Branagh . Film and TV performances ( edit ) Main article : Hamlet on screen The earliest screen success for Hamlet was Sarah Bernhardt 's five - minute film of the fencing scene , which was produced in 1900 . The film was an early attempt at combining sound and film , music and words were recorded on phonograph records , to be played along with the film . Silent versions were released in 1907 , 1908 , 1910 , 1913 , 1917 , and 1920 . In the 1921 film Hamlet , Danish actress Asta Nielsen played the role of Hamlet as a woman who spends her life disguised as a man . In 1942 Ernst Lubitsch directed a motion picture titled To Be or Not To Be . The story is a comedy about a troupe of Polish actors in the Nazi era . A key plot point revolves around the famous soliloquy . The story was remade in 1983 in a film starring ( and produced by ) Mel Brooks . Laurence Olivier 's 1948 moody black - and - white Hamlet won Best Picture and Best Actor Oscars , and is still , as of 2017 , the only Shakespeare film to have done so . His interpretation stressed the Oedipal overtones of the play , and cast 28 - year - old Eileen Herlie as Hamlet 's mother , opposite himself , at 41 , as Hamlet . In 1953 , actor Jack Manning performed the play in 15 - minute segments over two weeks in the short - lived late night DuMont series Monodrama Theater . New York Times TV critic Jack Gould praised Manning 's performance as Hamlet . Renowned Shakespearean actor - directors Sir John Gielgud , Sir Laurence Olivier and Sir Kenneth Branagh consider the definitive rendition of the play to be the 1964 Soviet film Gamlet ( Russian : Гамлет ) based on a translation by Boris Pasternak and directed by Grigori Kozintsev , with a score by Dmitri Shostakovich . Innokenty Smoktunovsky was cast in the role of Hamlet . John Gielgud directed Richard Burton in a Broadway production at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre in 1964 -- 5 , the longest - running Hamlet in the U.S. to date . A live film of the production was produced using `` Electronovision '' , a method of recording a live performance with multiple video cameras and converting the image to film . Eileen Herlie repeated her role from Olivier 's film version as the Queen , and the voice of Gielgud was heard as the ghost . The Gielgud / Burton production was also recorded complete and released on LP by Columbia Masterworks . Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet , with Yorick 's skull ( photographer : James Lafayette , c. 1885 -- 1900 ) . The first Hamlet in color was a 1969 film directed by Tony Richardson with Nicol Williamson as Hamlet and Marianne Faithfull as Ophelia . In 1990 Franco Zeffirelli , whose Shakespeare films have been described as `` sensual rather than cerebral '' , cast Mel Gibson -- then famous for the Mad Max and Lethal Weapon movies -- in the title role of his 1990 version ; Glenn Close -- then famous as the psychotic `` other woman '' in Fatal Attraction -- played Gertrude , and Paul Scofield played Hamlet 's father . In contrast to Zeffirelli , whose Hamlet was heavily cut , Kenneth Branagh adapted , directed , and starred in a 1996 version containing every word of Shakespeare 's play , combining the material from the F1 and Q2 texts . Branagh 's Hamlet runs for just over four hours . Branagh set the film with late 19th - century costuming and furnishings , a production in many ways reminiscent of a Russian novel of the time ; and Blenheim Palace , built in the early 18th century , became Elsinore Castle in the external scenes . The film is structured as an epic and makes frequent use of flashbacks to highlight elements not made explicit in the play : Hamlet 's sexual relationship with Kate Winslet 's Ophelia , for example , or his childhood affection for Yorick ( played by Ken Dodd ) . In 2000 , Michael Almereyda 's Hamlet set the story in contemporary Manhattan , with Ethan Hawke playing Hamlet as a film student . Claudius ( played by Kyle MacLachlan ) became the CEO of `` Denmark Corporation '' , having taken over the company by killing his brother . The 2002 The Simpsons episode `` Tales from the Public Domain '' features a retelling of the play . There have also been several films that transposed the general storyline of Hamlet or elements thereof to other settings . There have also been many films which included performances of scenes from Hamlet as a play - within - a-film . Stage pastiches ( edit ) There have been various `` derivative works '' of Hamlet which recast the story from the point of view of other characters , or transpose the story into a new setting or act as sequels or prequels to Hamlet . This section is limited to those written for the stage . The best - known is Tom Stoppard 's 1966 play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead , which retells many of the events of the story from the point of view of the characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and gives them a backstory of their own . Several times since 1995 , the American Shakespeare Center has mounted repertories that included both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , with the same actors performing the same roles in each ; in their 2001 and 2009 seasons the two plays were `` directed , designed , and rehearsed together to make the most out of the shared scenes and situations '' . W.S. Gilbert wrote a short comic play titled Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , in Hamlet 's play is presented as a tragedy written by Claudius in his youth of which he is greatly embarrassed . Through the chaos triggered by Hamlet 's staging of it , Guildenstern helps Rosencrantz vie with Hamlet to make Ophelia his bride . Lee Blessing 's Fortinbras is a comical sequel to Hamlet in which all the deceased characters come back as ghosts . The New York Times reviewed the play , saying it is `` scarcely more than an extended comedy sketch , lacking the portent and linguistic complexity of Tom Stoppard 's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead . Fortinbras operates on a far less ambitious plane , but it is a ripping yarn and offers Keith Reddin a role in which he can commit comic mayhem '' . Caridad Svich 's 12 Ophelias ( a play with broken songs ) includes elements of the story of Hamlet but focuses on Ophelia . In Svich 's play , Ophelia is resurrected and rises from a pool of water , after her death in Hamlet . The play is a series of scenes and songs , and was first staged at public swimming pool in Brooklyn . David Davalos ' Wittenberg is a `` tragical - comical - historical '' prequel to Hamlet that depicts the Danish prince as a student at Wittenberg University ( now known as the University of Halle - Wittenberg ) , where he is torn between the conflicting teachings of his mentors John Faustus and Martin Luther . The New York Times reviewed the play , saying , `` Mr. Davalos has molded a daft campus comedy out of this unlikely convergence , '' and Nytheatre.com 's review said the playwright `` has imagined a fascinating alternate reality , and quite possibly , given the fictional Hamlet a back story that will inform the role for the future . '' Mad Boy Chronicle by Canadian playwright Michael O'Brien is a dark comedy loosely based on Hamlet , set in Viking Denmark in 999 A.D. Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The gravedigger scene is in Hamlet 5.1. 1 -- 205 . Jump up ^ In his 1936 book The Problem of Hamlet : A Solution Andrew Cairncross asserted that the Hamlet referred to in 1589 was written by Shakespeare ; Peter Alexander , Eric Sams and , more recently , Harold Bloom have agreed . However Harold Jenkins , the editor of the second series Arden edition of the play , considers that there are not grounds for thinking that the Ur - Hamlet is an early work by Shakespeare , which he then rewrote . Jump up ^ Polonius was close to the Latin name for Robert Pullen , founder of Oxford University , and Reynaldo too close for safety to John Rainolds , the President of Corpus Christi College . Jump up ^ MacCary suggests 1599 or 1600 ; James Shapiro offers late 1600 or early 1601 ; Wells and Taylor suggest that the play was written in 1600 and revised later ; the New Cambridge editor settles on mid-1601 ; the New Swan Shakespeare Advanced Series editor agrees with 1601 ; Thompson and Taylor , tentatively ( `` according to whether one is the more persuaded by Jenkins or by Honigmann '' ) suggest a terminus ad quem of either Spring 1601 or sometime in 1600 . Jump up ^ The whole conversation between Rozencrantz , Guildenstern and Hamlet concerning the touring players ' departure from the city is at Hamlet F1 2.2. 324 -- 360 . Jump up ^ The Arden Shakespeare third series published Q2 , with appendices , in their first volume , and the F1 and Q1 texts in their second volume . The RSC Shakespeare is the F1 text with additional Q2 passages in an appendix . The New Cambridge Shakespeare series has begun to publish separate volumes for the separate quarto versions that exist of Shakespeare 's plays . Jump up ^ Also used in Love 's Labour 's Lost and A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Jump up ^ This compares with about two to three hours for a typical Elizajacobean play . ^ Jump up to : The `` Nunnery Scene '' is Hamlet 3.1. 87 -- 160 . Jump up ^ This interpretation is widely held , but has been challenged by , among others , Harold Jenkins . He finds the evidence for a precedent for that interpretation to be insufficient and inconclusive , and considers the literal interpretation to be better suited to the dramatic context . Jump up ^ In the New Testament , see Romans 12 : 19 : `` ' vengeance is mine , I will repay ' sayeth the Lord '' . Jump up ^ See the articles on the Reformation in Denmark -- Norway and Holstein and Church of Denmark for details . Jump up ^ The `` Closet Scene '' is Hamlet 3.4 . Jump up ^ `` There is a recent ' Be kind to Gertrude ' fashion among some feminist critics ... '' Jump up ^ Hamlet has 208 quotations in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations ; it takes up 10 of 85 pages dedicated to Shakespeare in the 1986 Bartlett 's Familiar Quotations ( 14th ed. 1968 ) . For examples of lists of the greatest books , see Harvard Classics , Great Books , Great Books of the Western World , Harold Bloom 's The Western Canon , St. John 's College reading list , and Columbia College Core Curriculum . Jump up ^ Hattaway asserts that `` Richard Burbage ... played Hieronimo and also Richard III but then was the first Hamlet , Lear , and Othello '' and Thomson argues that the identity of Hamlet as Burbage is built into the dramaturgy of several moments of the play : `` we will profoundly misjudge the position if we do not recognise that , whilst this is Hamlet talking about the groundlings , it is also Burbage talking to the groundlings '' . See also Thomson on the first player 's beard . Jump up ^ Samuel Pepys records his delight at the novelty of Hamlet `` done with scenes '' . Jump up ^ Letter to Sir William Young , 10 January 1773 , quoted by Uglow . Jump up ^ George Bernard Shaw in The Saturday Review on 2 October 1897 . Jump up ^ Sarah Bernhardt , in a letter to the London Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ For more on this production , see the MAT production of Hamlet article . Craig and Stanislavski began planning the production in 1908 but , due to a serious illness of Stanislavski 's , it was delayed until December , 1911 . Jump up ^ On Craig 's relationship to Symbolism , Russian symbolism , and its principles of monodrama in particular , see Taxidou ; on Craig 's staging proposals , see Innes ; on the centrality of the protagonist and his mirroring of the ' authorial self ' , see Taxidou and Innes . Jump up ^ The first court scene is Hamlet 1.2. 1 -- 128 . Jump up ^ A brightly lit , golden pyramid descended from Claudius 's throne , representing the feudal hierarchy , giving the illusion of a single , unified mass of bodies . In the dark , shadowy foreground , separated by a gauze , Hamlet lay , as if dreaming . On Claudius 's exit - line the figures remained but the gauze was loosened , so that they appeared to melt away as if Hamlet 's thoughts had turned elsewhere . For this effect , the scene received an ovation , which was unheard of at the MAT . Jump up ^ According to the Internet Broadway Database Romeo and Juliet is the second most - produced Shakespeare play on Broadway , with thirty - four different productions , followed by Twelfth Night , with thirty . Jump up ^ The `` Fencing Scene '' is Hamlet 5.2. 203 -- 387 . References ( edit ) All references to Hamlet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare Q2 . Under their referencing system , 3.1. 55 means act 3 , scene 1 , line 55 . References to the First Quarto and First Folio are marked Hamlet Q1 and Hamlet F1 , respectively , and are taken from the Arden Shakespeare Hamlet : the texts of 1603 and 1623 . Their referencing system for Q1 has no act breaks , so 7.115 means scene 7 , line 115 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 74 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Crystal & Crystal 2005 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.4 . Jump up ^ Trilling 2009 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 5.1. 1 -- 205 Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 36 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 16 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 5 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 25 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , pp. 82 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Cairncross 1975 . Jump up ^ Alexander 1964 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1991 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2001 , pp. xiii , 383 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 84 n4 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 66 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt 2004a , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt 2004b . Jump up ^ Chambers 1930 , p. 418 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1932 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Rowse 1963 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Winstanley 1977 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Cecil 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , pp. 74 -- 5 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Shapiro 2005 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Wells & Taylor 1988 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lott 1970 , p. xlvi . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 58 -- 9 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 337 . Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 324 -- 360 Jump up ^ Duncan - Jones 2001 , pp. 143 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hattaway 1987 , pp. 13 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1923b , pp. 486 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Halliday 1964 , pp. 204 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 465 . ^ Jump up to : Halliday 1964 , p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , pp. 22 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Hattaway 1987 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006b . Jump up ^ Bate & Rasmussen 2007 , p. 1923 . ^ Jump up to : Irace 1998 . Jump up ^ Burrow 2002 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.4 and 4.1 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 543 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Hamlet Q1 14 . Jump up ^ Irace 1998 , pp. 1 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1986 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 85 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006b , pp. 36 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Bate & Rasmussen 2008 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Crowl 2014 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 . Jump up ^ Kirsch 1969 . Jump up ^ Vickers 1974a , p. 447 . Jump up ^ Vickers 1974b , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , p. 184 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Vickers 1974c , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Wofford 1994 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg 1992 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 67 -- 72 , 84 . Jump up ^ Kermode 2000 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Evans 1974 . Jump up ^ Hirrel 2010 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 84 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.2. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 87 -- 160 Jump up ^ OED 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Kiernan 2007 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins 1982 , pp. 493 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 2.1. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 151 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 154 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 87 -- 8 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 91 -- 3 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 37 -- 8 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 247 -- 248 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 47 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 55 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : MacCary 1998 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Knowles 1999 , pp. 1049 , 1052 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 73 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Freud 1900 , pp. 367 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Britton 1995 , pp. 207 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Morrison 1997 , pp. 4 , 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Cotsell 2005 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Jones 1910 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.4 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 104 -- 7 , 113 -- 16 . Jump up ^ de Grazia 2007 , pp. 168 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom & Foster 2008 , p. xii . Jump up ^ Rothman 2013 . Jump up ^ Gontar 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 4.5 . Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , pp. 199 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Howard 2003 , pp. 411 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Heilbrun 1957 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , pp. 58 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 . Jump up ^ Showalter 1985 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 111 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Osborne 2007 , pp. 114 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Kerrigan 1996 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Warren 2016 , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Warren 2016 , p. 379 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 123 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Welsh 2001 , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 126 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Novy 1994 , pp. 62 , 77 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 55 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Braun 1982 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2002 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Banham 1998 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Hattaway 1982 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Thomson 1983 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Thomson 1983 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2002 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 53 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1930 , p. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson 2002 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Pitcher & Woudhuysen 1969 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Holland 2007 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , pp. 21 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 1996 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1989 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 98 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Uglow 1977 , p. 473 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Gay 2002 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , pp. 185 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 232 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 235 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Winter 1875 . ^ Jump up to : Morrison 2002 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Schoch 2002 , pp. 58 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Shaw 1961 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ O'Connor 2002 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Gay 2002 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Holland 2002 , pp. 203 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 188 . ^ Jump up to : Gillies et al. 2002 , pp. 259 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Benedetti 1999 , pp. 188 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Benedetti 1999 , pp. 189 , 195 . Jump up ^ Taxidou 1998 , pp. 38 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Innes 1983 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Taxidou 1998 , p. 181 , 188 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.2. 1 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , pp. 165 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , pp. 140 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Burian 2004 . Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , pp. 224 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gillies et al. 2002 , pp. 267 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 247 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Blum 1981 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Tanitch 1985 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ National Theatre n.d. Jump up ^ Canby 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Gussow 1992 . Jump up ^ Guernsey & Sweet 2000 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Panagako 1978 . Jump up ^ McKellen et al. 1990 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2005 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Davison 1999 , pp. 170 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Billington 2001 . Jump up ^ Gardner 2002 . Jump up ^ Billington 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown 2016 . Jump up ^ Shenton 2007 . Jump up ^ Broadwayworld 2009 . Jump up ^ Daily Mirror 2009 . Jump up ^ Law 2009 , 53 : 55 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff 2009 . Jump up ^ Fine 2013 . Jump up ^ Globe to Globe Hamlet n.d. Jump up ^ Stewart 2014 . Jump up ^ Calia 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulcas 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 5.2. 203 -- 387 . ^ Jump up to : Brode 2001 , pp. 117 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Davies 2000 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Fox 2009 . Jump up ^ Brennan n.d. Jump up ^ Guntner 2000 , pp. 120 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 125 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Cartmell 2000 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Guntner 2000 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Crowl 2000 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Starks 1999 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Keyishian 2000 , pp. 78 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Burnett 2003 . Jump up ^ Warren n.d. Jump up ^ Gilbert 1892 , pp. 349 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Schultz 2008 . Jump up ^ Grode 2011 . Jump up ^ Todoroff 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandes 2001 . Sources ( edit ) Editions of Hamlet ( edit ) Bate , Jonathan ; Rasmussen , Eric , eds. ( 2007 ) . Complete Works . The RSC Shakespeare . New York : Royal Shakespeare Company . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64295 - 1 . Bate , Jonathan ; Rasmussen , Eric , eds. ( 2008 ) . Hamlet . The RSC Shakespeare . The Royal Shakespeare Company . ISBN 978 - 0230217867 . Edwards , Phillip , ed. ( 1985 ) . Hamlet , Prince of Denmark . New Cambridge Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521293662 . Evans , G. Blakemore , ed. ( 1974 ) . The Riverside Shakespeare . The Riverside Shakespeare . Houghton Mifflin for Riverside Shakespeare Company . ISBN 9780395044025 . Hibbard , G.R. , ed. ( 1987 ) . Hamlet . Oxford World 's Classics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283416 - 9 . Irace , Kathleen O. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The First Quarto of Hamlet . New Cambridge Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65390 - 8 . Jenkins , Harold , ed. ( 1982 ) . Hamlet . The Arden Shakespeare , second series . London : Methuen . ISBN 1 - 903436 - 67 - 2 . Lott , Bernard , ed. ( 1970 ) . Hamlet . New Swan Shakespeare , Advanced series ( New ed . ) . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 52742 - 2 . Thompson , Ann ; Taylor , Neil , eds. ( 2006 ) . Hamlet . The Arden Shakespeare , third series . 1 . London : Cengage Learning . ISBN 1 - 904271 - 33 - 2 . Thompson , Ann ; Taylor , Neil , eds. ( 2006 ) . Hamlet : The Texts of 1603 and 1623 . The Arden Shakespeare , third series . 2 . London : Cengage Learning . ISBN 1 - 904271 - 80 - 4 . Wells , Stanley ; Taylor , Gary , eds. ( 1988 ) . The Complete Works . The Oxford Shakespeare ( Compact ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 871190 - 5 . Secondary sources ( edit ) Alexander , Peter ( 1964 ) . Alexander 's Introductions to Shakespeare . London : Collins . OCLC 257743100 . Banham , Martin , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge Guide to Theatre . Cambridge Guides . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43437 - 8 . Barratt , Mark ( 2005 ) . Ian Mckellen : An Unofficial Biography . Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 1852272517 . Benedetti , Jean ( 1999 ) ( 1988 ) . Stanislavski : His Life and Art ( Revised ed . ) . London : Methuen . ISBN 0 - 413 - 52520 - 1 . Billington , Michael ( 4 May 2001 ) . `` Hamlet -- Royal Shakespeare Theatre , Stratford Upon Avon '' . Theatre . The Guardian . London . Billington , Michael ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` Hamlet -- Courtyard , Stratford - upon - Avon '' . Theatre . The Guardian . London . Bloom , Harold ( 2001 ) . Shakespeare : The Invention of the Human ( Open Market ed . ) . Harlow , Essex : Longman . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 751 - X . Bloom , Harold ( 2003 ) . Hamlet : Poem Unlimited . Edinburgh : Canongate . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 461 - 6 . Bloom , Harold ; Foster , Brett , eds. ( 2008 ) . Hamlet . Bloom 's Shakespeare through the ages . Bloom 's Literary Criticism . ISBN 9780791095928 . Blum , Daniel C. ( 1981 ) . A Pictorial History of the American Theatre , 1860 - 1980 ( 5th ed . ) . Crown Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0517542620 . 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External links ( edit ) Library resources about Hamlet Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Hamlet '' dated 2011 - 10 - 14 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Hamlet at the British Library Hamlet at the Internet Broadway Database Hamlet at the Internet off - Broadway Database Hamlet public domain audiobook at LibriVox Texts ( edit ) Hamlet Complete text on one page with definitions of difficult words and explanations of difficult passages . Hamlet -- Digital text by the Folger Shakespeare Library Hamlet at the Internet Shakespeare Editions -- Transcripts and facsimiles of Q1 , Q2 and F1 . Shakespeare Quartos Archive -- Transcriptions and facsimiles of thirty - two copies of the five pre-1642 quarto editions . Hamlet at Open Source Shakespeare -- A complete text of Hamlet based on Q2 . Hamlet -- Annotated text aligned to Common Core standards . Analysis ( edit ) Hamlet on the Ramparts -- The MIT 's Shakespeare Electronic Archive . Hamletworks.org -- Scholarly resource with multiple versions of Hamlet , commentaries , concordances , and more . Depictions and commentary of Hamlet paintings Clear Shakespeare Hamlet -- A word - by - word audio guide through the play . Related works ( edit ) The Danish History ( Books I - IX ) by Saxo Grammaticus at The Online Medieval & Classical Library ( public domain translation into English of the Gesta Danorum ) . William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet Had an Uncle Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) War Highlander II : The Quickening The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! `` The Conscience of the King '' `` Born to Be King '' Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Twelfth Night / Uncle Vanya ( 2003 ) Mourning Becomes Electra ( 2004 ) Hamlet ( 2005 ) Hedda Gabler ( 2006 ) The Crucible ( 2007 ) Saint Joan ( 2008 ) The Histories ( 2009 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 2010 ) After the Dance ( 2011 ) Anna Christie ( 2012 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2013 ) Ghosts ( 2014 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2015 ) Ma Rainey 's Black Bottom ( 2016 ) Yerma ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Portals Access related topics Shakespeare portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource VIAF : 176993890 LCCN : n80008522 GND : 4099350 - 4 SUDOC : 027294773 BNF : cb11936813g ( data ) BNE : XX2961793 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamlet&oldid=818182380 '' Categories : Hamlet 1600s plays English Renaissance plays Fratricide in fiction Ghosts in popular culture Metafictional plays British plays adapted into films Plays adapted into operas Plays adapted into radio programs Plays adapted into television programs Plays adapted into video games Plays set in Denmark Regicide in fiction Revenge plays Suicide in fiction Works based on Gesta Danorum Works set in castles Familicide in fiction Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Russian - language text Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with login required references or sources Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with LibriVox links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bislama Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 02 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does hamlet kill first in the play | [
"Hamlet, believing it is Claudius, stabs wildly, killing Polonius, but pulls aside the curtain and sees his mistake. In a rage, Hamlet brutally insults his mother for her apparent ignorance of Claudius's villainy, but the ghost enters and reprimands Hamlet for his inaction and harsh words. Unable to see or hear the ghost herself, Gertrude takes Hamlet's conversation with it as further evidence of madness. After begging the queen to stop sleeping with Claudius, Hamlet leaves, dragging Polonius's corpse away."
] | [
"Polonius"
] |
-2088376989582104739 | I Wanna Be Bad | I Wanna Be Bad - Wikipedia I Wanna Be Bad Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with I Wanna Be Bad ( Jessica Sutta song ) . `` I Wanna Be Bad '' Single by Willa Ford featuring Royce da 5'9 '' from the album Willa Was Here Released May 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 29 ) Format CD single Recorded Genre Pop / dance Length 3 : 04 Label Lava Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Willa Ford Ryan Montgomery Brian Kierulf Josh Schwartz Producer ( s ) Josh Schwartz , Brian Kierulf Willa Ford singles chronology `` I Wanna Be Bad '' ( 2001 ) `` Did Ya ' Understand That '' ( 2001 ) `` I Wanna Be Bad '' ( 2001 ) `` Did Ya ' Understand That '' ( 2001 ) Royce da 5'9 '' singles chronology `` You Ca n't Touch Me '' ( 2000 ) You Ca n't Touch Me 2000 `` I Wanna Be Bad '' ( 2001 ) I Wanna Be Bad2001 `` Rock City '' ( 2002 ) Rock City 2002 `` I Wanna Be Bad '' is a dance - pop song by Willa Ford and the first single from her album Willa Was Here . The single sold over 250,000 copies and peaked at number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 on August 4 , 2001 ( after reaching the Top 40 on July 7 , 2001 ) . This song was featured in the films What a Girl Wants , Undercover Brother , and Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star . It was also used as a campaign song of 7UP and TV commercial of Six Flags Magic Mountain on which Willa herself appeared . The rap is performed by Royce da 5'9 `` . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song 2 Music video 3 Track listings 4 Charts 5 References 6 External links Song ( edit ) The song went along with Ford 's `` Bad Girl '' image . `` It 's about a girl coming into her own and becoming a woman . It 's a freedom song for me ( Willa ) . '' `` I Wanna Be Bad '' has been in a few movies : What a Girl Wants , Undercover Brother , Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star and a TV commercial of Six Flags Magic Mountain on which Willa herself appeared . It was also featured in 7UP campaign . Rapper Royce da 5'9 '' makes a short cameo in this song as well as in the video . Music video ( edit ) `` I Wanna Be Bad '' had two similar video versions : one ' edited ' and one more ' explicit ' version . Both videos were directed by Chris Applebaum and edited by Jeff Selis . Willa herself came up with the treatment for the video . On the album Willa Was Here there is a hyperlink that leads to the video . Track listings ( edit ) Single May 29 , 2001 ( 1 ) 1 . I Wanna Be Bad ( No rap with vocoder ) 3 : 08 2 . I Wanna Be Bad ( With Rap And With Vocoder ) 3 : 04 Maxi - CD July 17 , 2001 ( 2 ) 1 . I Wanna Be Bad ( Mike Rizzo Club Mix ) 6 : 39 2 . I Wanna Be Bad ( Sal `` Parm '' Club Mix ) 9 : 14 3 . I Wanna Be Bad ( Mike Rizzo Hyper Vocal Mix ) 6 : 09 4 . I Wanna Be Bad ( Sal `` Parm '' Dub ) 7 : 14 5 . I Wanna Be Bad ( Sal `` Parm '' Radio Edit ) 3 : 59 Charts ( edit ) Chart Peak position Australian Singles Chart 52 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) 19 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard ; August 4 , 2001 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Billboard ; July 7 , 2001 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Willa Ford on `` I Wanna Be Bad '' Archived 2011 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020221-0000/www.aria.com.au/issue603.pdf Jump up ^ `` Willa Ford Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willa Was Here - Willa Ford Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willa Ford Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Top40 - charts link Rock On The Net link Totally Hits 2001 link MTV : The Best of TRL Pop link What a Girl Wants ( Soundtrack ) link Willa Ford Albums Willa Was Here ( 2001 ) Singles `` I Wanna Be Bad '' `` Did Ya ' Understand That '' `` A Toast to Men '' Royce da 5'9 '' Discography Studio albums Rock City Death Is Certain Independent 's Day Street Hop Success Is Certain Layers Book of Ryan Collaborations Slaughterhouse Slaughterhouse EP Hell : The Sequel On the House Welcome to : Our House House Rules PRhyme PRhyme 2 Singles `` Boom '' `` You Ca n't Touch Me '' `` Rock City '' `` Hip Hop '' `` Writer 's Block '' `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' Featured singles `` I Wanna Be Bad '' Related articles Bad Meets Evil Slaughterhouse D12 PRhyme Shady Records Game Recordings E1 Music This 2000s pop single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Be_Bad&oldid=809687581 '' Categories : 2001 singles Willa Ford songs Debut singles Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum Song recordings produced by Brian Kierulf Song recordings produced by Josh Schwartz Songs written by Brian Kierulf Songs written by Royce da 5'9 '' Songs written by Josh Schwartz 2001 songs Lava Records singles 2000s pop single stubs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 19 : 28 . About Wikipedia | i wanna be bad song in movie | [
"\"I Wanna Be Bad\" is a dance-pop song by Willa Ford and the first single from her album Willa Was Here. The single sold over 250,000 copies and peaked at number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 on August 4, 2001[1] (after reaching the Top 40 on July 7, 2001).[2] This song was featured in the films What a Girl Wants, Undercover Brother, and Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star. It was also used as a campaign song of 7UP and TV commercial of Six Flags Magic Mountain on which Willa herself appeared. The rap is performed by Royce da 5'9\".",
"\"I Wanna Be Bad\" is a dance-pop song by Willa Ford and the first single from her album Willa Was Here. The single sold over 250,000 copies and peaked at number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 on August 4, 2001[1] (after reaching the Top 40 on July 7, 2001).[2] This song was featured in the films What a Girl Wants, Undercover Brother, and Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star. It was also used as a campaign song of 7UP and TV commercial of Six Flags Magic Mountain on which Willa herself appeared. The rap is performed by Royce da 5'9\".",
"\"I Wanna Be Bad\" is a dance-pop song by Willa Ford and the first single from her album Willa Was Here. The single sold over 250,000 copies and peaked at number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 on August 4, 2001[1] (after reaching the Top 40 on July 7, 2001).[2] This song was featured in the films What a Girl Wants, Undercover Brother, and Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star. It was also used as a campaign song of 7UP and TV commercial of Six Flags Magic Mountain on which Willa herself appeared. The rap is performed by Royce da 5'9\"."
] | [
"What a Girl Wants",
"Undercover Brother",
"Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star"
] |
5260182072814207356 | Northern Railway zone | Northern Railway zone - Wikipedia Northern Railway zone Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the northernmost zone of the Indian Railways . For other uses , see Northern Railway ( disambiguation ) . Northern Railway उत्तर रेलवे 1 - Northern Railway Dates of operation April 14 , 1952 ; 66 years ago ( 1952 - 04 - 14 ) -- Track gauge Mixed Headquarters New Delhi railway station Website www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in The Northern Railway ( abbreviated NR and उरे ) is one of the 17 Railway zones of India and the northernmost zone of the Indian Railways . Its headquarter is New Delhi Baroda House near India Gate . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Divisions 3 Infrastructure 4 Jurisdiction 5 Background 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) See also : Indian railway history , NWR history , NCR history , and NER history Extent of the Indian railway network in 1909 Officially notified as a new railway zone on 14 April 1952 , its origin goes back to 3 March 1859 . On 14 April 1952 , the Northern Railway zone was created by merging Jodhpur Railway , Bikaner Railway , Eastern Punjab Railway and three divisions of the East Indian Railway north - west of Mughalsarai ( Uttar Pradesh ) . On 3 March 1859 , Allahabad - Kanpur , the first passenger railway line in North India was opened , which falls under Northern Railway zone . In 1864 , a broad gauge track from Calcutta to Delhi was laid . In 1864 , the railway line between Old Delhi and Meerut City railway station was constructed . Meerut Cantt railway station was established by British India government around 1865 after the sepoy mutiny of 1857 . In 1866 , through trains started running on the East Indian Railway Company 's Howrah - Delhi line . In 1870 , the Sind , Punjab and Delhi railway completed the 483 km ( 300 mi ) long Amritsar - Ambala - Jagadhri - Saharanpur - Ghaziabad line connecting Multan ( now in Pakistan ) with Delhi . In 1872 , Sarai Rohilla railway station was established when the metre gauge railway line from Delhi to Jaipur and Ajmer was being laid . It was a small station just outside Delhi as Delhi was confined to walled city then . All the metre gauge trains starting from ( and terminating at ) Delhi to Rewari , Punjab , Rajasthan and Gujarat passed through this station . The track from Delhi to Sarai Rohilla was double . The single track from Sarai Rohilla to Rewari was doubled up to Rewari , from where single tracks diverged in five directions . In 1876 , metre gauge track from Delhi to Rewari and further to Ajmer was laid in 1873 by Rajputana State Railway . In 1879 , the Sind , Punjab and Delhi railway completed the 483 - kilometre - long ( 300 mi ) Amritsar -- Ambala -- Saharanpur -- Ghaziabad line connecting Multan ( now in Pakistan ) with Delhi . In 1884 , the Rajputana - Malwa Railway extended the 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 ⁄ in ) wide metre gauge Delhi - Rewari line to Bathinda . The Bathinda - Rewari metre gauge line was converted to 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) wide broad gauge in 1994 . On 9 March 1885 , the first train ran from Jodhpur Junction railway station to Luni . The New Jodhpur Railway was later combined with Bikaner Railway to form Jodhpur - Bikaner Railway in 1889 . A Railway line was completed between Jodhpur and Bikaner in 1891 . Later in 1900 , it combined with Jodhpur - Hyderabad Railway ( some part of this railway is in Pakistan ) leading to connection with Hyderabad of Sindh Province . Later in 1924 Jodhpur and Bikaner Railways worked as independent Railways . After Independence , a part of Jodhpur Railway went to West Pakistan . In 1891 , the Delhi - Panipat - Ambala - Kalka line was opened . In 1891 , the Delhi - Panipat - Ambala - Kalka line was opened The 610 mm ( 2 ft ) wide narrow gauge Kalka - Shimla Railway was constructed by Delhi - Panipat - Ambala - Kalka Railway Company and opened for traffic in 1903 . In 1905 the line was regauged to 762 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) wide narrow gauge . In 1897 , the Southern Punjab Railway Co. opened the Delhi - Bhatinda - Samasatta line in 1897 . The line passed through Muktasar and Fazilka tehsils and provided direct connection through Samma Satta ( now in Pakistan ) to Karachi . In 1900 , the present building of the Delhi Junction railway station was built with 2 platforms and opened for public in 1903 . In 1900 , the Ghaziabad - Moradabad link was established by Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway . In 1901 - 02 , the metre gauge Jodhpur - Bikaner line was extended to Bathinda by Jodhpur - Bikaner Railway . It was subsequently converted to broad gauge . Old Delhi Junction Delhi railway station In 1904 the Agra - Delhi line was opened . Six railway lines then entered Delhi . East Indian Railway , North - Western Railway , and Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway entered from Ghaziabad crossing the Yamuna river . Delhi - Ambala Cantonment - Kalka Railway ran northwards from Delhi , and the Rajputana - Malwa Railway traversed the Delhi district for a short distance in the direction of Gurgaon and Rewari Junction . Delhi Railway Station was built in red stone to give the effect of nearby historic Red Fort . The station building had six clock towers and tower 4 is still in use as a water tank . The station was remodelled in 1934 -- 35 , when its platforms were extended and power signals were introduced . A new entrance from Kashmere Gate side was created in 1990s and new platforms were added . The platforms were renumbered in September 2011 . The numbers that started from Kashmere Gate entrance as 1A and ended at 18 near the main entrance were renumbred starting as 1 from the main entrance and ending at 16 at Kashmere Gate entrance and some platforms were merged to form long platforms to accommodate trains of 24 coaches . The station building was renovated in 2012 - 13 . Delhi earlier handled both broad and meter gauge trains . Since 1994 , it is a purely broad gauge station , meter gauge traffic having been shifted to Delhi Sarai Rohilla Station . In 1926 , New Delhi railway station opened ahead of the inauguration of the New Delhi as city in 1931 . Agra - Delhi railway track cut through the site earmarked for the hexagonal War Memorial ( now called India Gate ) and Kingsway ( now called Rajpath ) . East Indian Railway Company shifted the line along the Yamuna river and opened the new track in 1924 . Before the new imperial capital New Delhi was established after 1911 , the Old Delhi Railway Station served the entire city and the Agra - Delhi railway line cut through what is today called Lutyens ' Delhi and the site earmarked for the hexagonal All - India War Memorial ( now India Gate ) and Kingsway ( now Rajpath ) . The railway line was shifted along Yamuna river and opened in 1924 to make way for the new capital . Minto ( now Shivaji ) and Hardinge ( now Tilak ) rail bridges came up for this realigned line . The East Indian Railway Company , that overlooked railways in the region , sanctioned the construction of a single story building and a single platform between Ajmeri Gate and Paharganj in 1926 . This was later known as New Delhi Railway station . The government 's plans to have the new station built inside the Central Park of Connaught Place was rejected by the Railways as it found the idea impractical . In 1927 -- 28 , New Delhi Capital Works project involving construction of 4.79 miles ( 7.71 km ) of new lines was completed . The Viceroy and royal retinue entered the city through the new railway station during the inauguration of New Delhi in 1931 . New structures were added to the railway station later and the original building served as the parcel office for many years . In 1975 - 76 The Tundla - Aligarh - Ghaziabad trackwas electrified . In 1976 - 77 , the Ghaziabad - Nizamuddin - New Delhi - Delhi track was electrified . On 1 July 1987 , Ambala railway division was created by transferring 639 km tracks from Delhi Division and 348 km from Firozpur Division , and it became completely operational from 15 August 1988 . 62 % its are lies Punjab and the rest in Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , Rajasthan and Chandigarh . It has 141 stations , including UNESCO World Heritage Kalka Shimla Railway . In 1992 - 1995 , Sabjimandi - Karnal sector was electrified . In 1994 December , the Delhi - Rewari railway line had double metre gauge tracks and one of the tracks was converted to broad gauge as a part of conversion of Ajmer - Delhi line . Within a few years , both the tracks from Sarai Rohilla to Delhi railway station were converted to broad gauge and all metre gauge trains stopped operating from Delhi station . In 1998 - 99 , Ambala - Chandigarh sector was electrified . In 1999 - 2000 , Chandigarh - Kalka . In 2003 , Anand Vihar Terminal railway station 's was announced as new station to be built , foundation stone laid on 25 January 2004 . construction commenced in October 2006 , and opened on 20 October 2009 . The city of Delhi heavily depends on the Rail transport to cater for the increasing load of passengers to their destinations . The long - distance trains from Delhi used to ply from three stations namely Delhi Junction ( Old Delhi ) , New Delhi and Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway Stations . These stations lacked the infrastructure facilities to handle such high passenger rush . Also , Delhi is the connecting station for the cities in the Northern states Punjab , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand and Jammu and Kashmir . With increasing passenger pressure at the existing stations , the requirement of additional major passenger terminals was identified by the Northern Railways . The East - bound trains from Delhi to the states of Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Orissa , Jharkhand West Bengal and other North - eastern states had to cross the bridge over River Yamuna as all the three stations are located on the other side of the river . Thus , the area of Anand Vihar was selected in the trans - Yamuna region to construct a mega-railway terminal . In 2010 - 11 Rail Budget , Panipat - Meerut line 104 km survey was announced and the project implementation was approved in 2017 - 18 budget with an outlay of INR948 crore . In 2013 , Chandigarh - Sahnewal line ( also referred to as Ludhiana - Chandigarh rail link ) was inaugurated . In 2013 , the foundation stone for the shifting of Rohtak - Makrauli section of Rohtak - Gohana - Panipat line was laid . In May 2013 , a tender was awarded to enable free Wi - Fi connectivity at the new Delhi railway station , at an approximate cost of ₹ 8 million ( US $120,000 ) and service became functional later in the year . By September 2006 , the second metre gauge track from Sarai Rohilla to Rewari was also converted to broad gauge and all metre gauge trains stopped operating between Rewari and Sarai Rohilla ( though the converted track was opened for public use only in October 2007 ) . In 2015 to 2016 , work of doubling of Meerut - Muzaffarnagar - Saharanpur tracks was completed In January 2016 , the 140 - kilometre long ( 87 mi ) Ghaziabad - Moradabad line was completely electrified . The Ghaziabad - Meerut - Muzaffarnagar - Saharanpur - Roorkee - Haridwar line is also open to electric trains with effect from March 2016 . In 2016 , Vivaan Solar , a Gwalior based company won the contract to install 2.2 MW of rooftop solar project at the Delhi Junction railway station in late 2016 . The solar power project to be set up under Public Private Partnership will be executed on design , build , finance , operate and transfer ( DBFOT ) basis . The company will also be responsible for maintenance of the plant for a period of 25 years . In 2016 - 17 Rail Budget , Yamunanagar - chandigarh line re-survey for this INR875 crore line was announced at the cost of INR 25 crore . In 2017 - 18 , Indian Railway approved Panipat - Jind line and Panipat - Rohtak line electrification for Rs 980 crore and new rail line Panipat - Shamli - Baghpat - Meerut for Rs 2200 crore . In 2017 December , National Capital Region Transport Corporation signed agreements with Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias ( Spain 's state owned company ) and Société nationale des chemins de fer français ( France 's state owned company ) to cooperate on the development of rapid rail smart projects , including Delhi - Meerut Smart Line , Delhi - Panipat Smart Line and Delhi - Alwar Smart Line have been prioritised for implementation in the first phase of NCR RRTS where these three lines will operate from Sarai Kale Khan in Delhi . Designed with 180 kmph design speed , 160 kmph operational speed , and 100 kmph average speed , of six - car trains carrying 1,154 passengers running every 5 to 10 minutes on either underground or elevated point - to - point tracks where passengers will not have to change trains . 35 - 40 % funding will be equity from Centre and state governments and the remaining 60 % will come from multilateral funding agencies . In 2017 December , National Capital Region Transport Corporation signed agreements with Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias ( Spain 's state owned company ) and Société nationale des chemins de fer français ( France 's state owned company ) to cooperate on the development of rapid rail smart projects , including Delhi - Meerut Smart Line , Delhi - Panipat Smart Line and Delhi - Alwar Smart Line have been prioritised for implementation in the first phase of NCR RRTS where these three lines will operate from Sarai Kale Khan in Delhi . NCRTC has commissioned a traffic pattern study by the Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System ( DIMTS ) that will determine rote and the design of stations depending on the traffic . INR32 , 598 crore Delhi - Ghaziabad - Meerut RRTS will be implemented first , ground clearance is underway in December 2017 , construction will commence by June 2018 and completed by 2024 , for which pre-construction activities including geo - technical investigations , detailed design , utility - shifting planning and traffic diversion planning are in progress . INR 30,000 crore Delhi - Panipat Smart Line and 180.5 km will cost around Rs 37,539 crore Delhi - Alwar Smart Line are awaiting DPR approval , construction to commence by the end of 2018 and completed before 2025 . Delhi - Alwar line will have 19 stations , 9 underground stations from ISBT Kashmere Gate to Kherki Daula and 10 elevated stations on 124.5 km route . By December 2017 , railways for the first time installed 6,095 GPS - enabled `` Fog Pilot Assistance System '' railway signalling devices in four most affected zones , Northern Railway zone , North Central Railway zone , North Eastern Railway zone and North Western Railway zone , by doing away with the old practice of putting firecrackers on train tracks to alter train divers running trains on snail 's pace . With these devices , train pilots precisely know in advance , about the location of signals , level - crossing gates and other such approaching markers . Divisions ( edit ) The Zonal Headquarters Office of Northern Railways is at Baroda House , New Delhi , and five divisional headquarters are located at : Ambala railway division at Ambala ( Haryana ) , Delhi railway division at Delhi , Firozpur railway division at Firozpur ( Punjab ) , Lucknow railway division at Lucknow ( Uttar Pradesh ) and Moradabad railway division at Moradabad ( Uttar Pradesh ) . The first passenger railway line in North India opened from Allahabad to Kanpur on 3 March 1859 . This was followed in 1889 , by the Delhi -- Ambala -- Kalka line . Northern Railways previously consisted of eight divisional zones : Allahabad , Bikaner , Jodhpur , Delhi , Moradabad , Ferozpur , Ambala , and Lucknow , spanning most of North India . With the re-organisation of zones by the Indian Railways , Northern Railway zone came to its present form on 14 April 1952 and it now consists of five divisional zones . Infrastructure ( edit ) On 19 February 1986 , Northern Railways was the first zone to introduce the computerized passenger reservation system and was the first zone to do so . To facilitate the Unreserved travellers to also plan their journey ahead , Northern Railway introduced the Unreserved Ticketing System ( UTS ) whereby the unreserved rail passenger can purchase an unreserved ticket three days in advance from the current booking counters . The first diesel and electric locomotive simulators in India at the Tughlaqabad and Kanpur locomotive sheds were introduced by Northern Railways . These help upgrading the skills of the working and new drivers , providing them training for high - speed train operation . All workshops , Diesel sheds and Air brake freight departments are ISO 9000 certified . Diesel shed , Tughlaqabad has the distinction of being the first diesel shed to get ISO 14000 certification on the Indian Railway . There are eight workshops operated by Northern Railways Workshop Location State Locomotive Workshop Charbagh Railway Station , Lucknow Uttar Pradesh Carriage & Wagon Workshop Alambagh , Lucknow Uttar Pradesh Carriage & Wagon Workshop Yamunanagar - Jagadhari Railway Station , Yamunanagar Haryana Carriage & Wagon Workshop Kalka Haryana Bridge Workshop Jalandhar Cantonment Punjab Bridge Workshop Lucknow Uttar Pradesh Engineering workshop Jalandhar Punjab Signal & Telecom Workshop Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh Zonal Railway Training Institute ( ZRTI ) at Chandausi , Moradabad UP is the oldest ( and North India 's only ) Railway Training Institute , where group C railway employees like Driver , Guard , Ticket Checker , Station Master , Traffic Inspector , Commercial Inspector , JE ( signal & Telecom ) etc. are trained for initial , promotional and refresher courses . ZRTI is an ISO 9001 Institute . Applicants pass All India Railway Examinations to get admission into the institute . ZRTI is headed by a senior Civil Services Officer . Jurisdiction ( edit ) Northern Railways is one of nine old zones of Indian Railways and also the biggest in terms of network having 6807 kilometre route . It covers the states of Jammu and Kashmir , Punjab , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh and the Union territories of Delhi and Chandigarh . Background ( edit ) Northern Railways implemented the Route Relay Interlocked system ( RRI ) at New Delhi Railway Station which is a modern signaling system for enhancing efficiency and safety in the operations . This Route Relay Interlocked system at New Delhi is one of the world 's largest route relay interlocking system certified by the Guinness Book of Records . Northern Railway is equipped with 40 Route Relay Interlocking systems including the system at Delhi Main . Delhi Suburban Railway services is a commuter rail service operated by Northern Railway . It covers the city state of Delhi , along with the adjoining districts of Faridabad , Ghaziabad and other adjoining places in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh . These services are mostly run using EMU and MEMU rakes . In 2009 Ladies Special trains were introduced between New Delhi and Palwal . Two more ladies special trains will be connecting from the city to Ghaziabad and Panipat . Starting with a part of Firozpur division of the Northern Railway zone , the line has been under construction since 1983 ; the Jammu Udhampur Srinagar Baramulla Railway Link ( JUSBRL ) of the Jammu -- Baramulla line is under construction in perhaps the most difficult terrain on the Indian subcontinent . The Northern Railway reached another landmark achievement by extending rail services in the Kashmir Valley on 28 October 2009 by commencing rail services between Anantnag and Qazigund of the Qazigund - Baramula rail project . Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel , the 10.96 km long railway tunnel , passes through the Pir Panjal Range of middle Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir . It is a part of its Udhampur -- Srinagar -- Baramulla rail link project , opened in October 2011 , India 's longest and Asia 's second longest railway tunnel and reduced the distance between Quazigund and Banihal to only 11 km . Northern Railways in keeping the objective to achieve the target under National Solar Mission to maximize the use of solar power selected Vivaan Solar , a Gwalior based company to install a total of five MW rooftop solar power project in 4 major railway stations of NCR namely Anand Vihar , New Delhi , Old Delhi and Hazrat Nizamuddin respectively . The Public Private Partnership to install rooftop solar project was signed in late 2016 . The solar power project is to be executed on design , build , finance , operate and transfer ( DBFOT ) basis and expected to be operational by August 2017 . The company will also be responsible for maintaining the respective solar power plants with break up of 1.1 MW , 1.1 MW , 2.2 MW , and 0.6 MW respectively for a period of 25 years . See also ( edit ) Railways in India portal All India Station Masters ' Association ( AISMA ) Zones and divisions of Indian Railways New Delhi Railway Station Delhi Railway Junction Sarai Rohilla Railway Station Lucknow NR References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Asiatradehub.com.com . `` India -- Infrastructure Railways '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Delhi District : Trade and communications '' . The Imperial Gazetteer of India , Vol. 11 . Oxford at Clarendon Press . 1909 . p. 229 . Jump up ^ `` Meerut Cantonment Railway Station - Wikimapia '' . wikimapia.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Meerut '' . Triposo . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IR History : Early History ( 1832 - 1869 ) '' . IRFCA . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ R.P. Saxena . `` Indian Railway History Time line '' . Irse.bravehost.com . Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IR History : Early Days II ( 1870 - 1899 ) '' . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gazetteer of India , Haryana , Hisar '' ( PDF ) . Communications , page 135 . Haryana Government . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rajputana Malwa State Railway '' . fibis . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Bikaner Division '' ( PDF ) . Indian Railways . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IR History : Part - 2 ( 1870 -- 1900 ) '' . IRFCA . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jodhpur bikaner railway '' . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jodhpur jn Railway Station '' . Jump up ^ `` Engineer '' journal article , circa 1915 , reprinted in Narrow Gauge & Industrial Railway Modelling Review , no . 75 , July 2008 Jump up ^ `` Chapter VII Communications '' . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway '' ( PDF ) . Management E-books6 . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jodhpur - Bikaner Railway '' . fibis . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IR History : Part II ( 1870 - 1899 ) '' . IRFCA . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Railway line along Indian border '' . Press Information Bureau , Govt. of India , 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A fine balance of luxury and care '' . Hindustan Times . 21 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` When Railways nearly derailed New Delhi '' . Hindustan Times . 18 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Confusion after Old Delhi railway station reverses order of platforms Jump up ^ `` Northern Railways / Indian Railways Portal '' . www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` CP 's blueprint : Bath 's Crescent '' . Hindustan Times . 8 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A fine balance of luxury and care '' . Hindustan Times . 21 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` When Railways nearly derailed New Delhi '' . Hindustan Times . 18 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Electrification '' . IRFCA . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ambala Division map and history . Jump up ^ `` History of Electrification '' . IRFCA . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ IRFCA ) Indian Railways FAQ : IR History : Part 5 Ajmer - Delhi MG railway line converted to BG ^ Jump up to : Press Information Bureau English Releases ^ Jump up to : `` History of Electrification '' . IRFCA . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Shruti Kohli ( 28 February 2003 ) . `` With rly station , Anand Vihar is prime property '' . cities.expressindia.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Railway Minister to lay foundation for Anand Vihar Coaching Terminal '' . pib.nic.in. 23 January 2004 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Railway has begun construction of a new station at Anand Vihar in Delhi '' . Highbeam.com. 1 October 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Anand Vihar railway terminal set for launch in 2 weeks ' time '' . DNAIndia.com. 6 December 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Anand Vihar railway terminal to open this month '' . The Hindu . 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Haryana gets much less than expected in rail budget , Jagran , 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Rail Link '' . The Tribune , 19 April 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minister for Railways Sh . Mallikarjun Kharge lays the foundation stones of ' Rohtak - Meham - Hansi new line and shifting of Rohtak - Makrauli section of Rohtak - Gohana - Panipat section today '' . Northern Railway . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Delhi Railway Station To Offer Free WiFi Service ; Yet Another Pilot ? - MediaNama '' . medianama.com . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Free Wi - Fi connectivity at Delhi railway station soon Business Line '' . thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi - Haryana rail link gets better '' . The Hindu . 8 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NORTHERN RAILWAYS TO INSTALL 5 MW ROOFTOP SOLAR IN FOUR OF ITS STATIONS '' . Jump up ^ Haryana gets much less than expected in rail budget , Jagran , 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On track : Direct trains on high - speed rail corridor to and from most NCR towns '' , Hindustan Times , 28 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` High speed rail link by 2023 to cut journey time to 30 minutes at 100 km / h between Kashmere Gate and Gurgaon '' , The Economic Times , 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railways to use GPS - enabled devices to fight fog this season '' , The Economic Times , 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Northern Railway Carriage and wagon Workshop Lucknow Jump up ^ http://www.zrti.in Jump up ^ iloveindia.com . `` Northern Indian Railway '' . Jump up ^ Sify.com . `` Tracking Jammu and Kashmir 's rail history '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's longest railway tunnel unveiled in Jammu & Kashmir '' . The Times of India . 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NORTHERN RAILWAYS TO INSTALL 5 MW ROOFTOP SOLAR IN FOUR OF ITS STATIONS '' . External links ( edit ) Northern Railway , Official website Indian Railway , Official website Railways in Northern India National network / trunk lines Howrah -- Delhi main line New Delhi -- Chennai main line New Delhi -- Mumbai main line Howrah -- Gaya -- Delhi line Delhi -- Jaipur line Jaipur -- Ahmedabad line Branch lines / sections Agra -- Bhopal section Ambala -- Attari line Amritsar -- Pathankot line Bathinda -- Rewari line Bilaspur -- Manali -- Leh line Chandigarh -- Sahnewal line Delhi -- Fazilka line Delhi -- Kalka line Delhi -- Meerut -- Saharanpur line Delhi -- Moradabad line Jalandhar -- Firozpur line Jalandhar -- Jammu line Jammu -- Baramulla line Jammu -- Poonch line Jodhpur -- Bathinda line Kanpur -- Delhi section Lucknow -- Moradabad line Ludhiana -- Fazilka line Ludhiana -- Jakhal line Marwar Junction -- Munabao line Moradabad -- Ambala line Mughalsarai -- Kanpur section Rewari -- Rohtak line Srinagar -- Kargil -- Leh line Varanasi -- Lucknow main line Varanasi -- Rae Bareli -- Lucknow line Urban and suburban rail transport Delhi Suburban Railway Delhi Metro ( Blue line Green line Red line Violet line Yellow line ) Rapid Metro Gurgaon Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway Barabanki -- Lucknow Suburban Railway Delhi -- Meerut RRTS Heritage railways Kalka -- Shimla Railway Monorails Patiala State Monorail Trainways Defunct lines Jammu -- Sialkot line Manufacturing units and workshops Diesel Locomotive Works Rail Coach Factory , Kapurthala Rail Coach Factory , Raebareli Railway companies Northern Railway North Eastern Railway North Central Railway North Western Railway East Indian Railway Company Kangra Valley Railway Rajputana -- Malwa Railway Tirhut Railway Oudh and Tirhut Railway Indian Branch Railway Company Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway Cawnpore -- Burhwal Railway Cawnpore -- Barabanki Railway Lucknow -- Bareilly Railway Bengal and North Western Railway Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway Mashrak -- Thawe Extension Railway Lucknow -- Sitapur -- Seramow Provincial State Railway Bareilly -- Pilibheet Provincial State Railway Segowlie -- Raxaul Railway Delhi Metro Rail Corporation National Capital Region Transport Corporation See also Indian Railways Bholu ( mascot ) 1974 railway strike in India Railways in India portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Railway_zone&oldid=830537004 '' Categories : Zones of Indian Railways Northern Railway Zone 1952 establishments in India Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Use Indian English from December 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2014 India articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা മലയാളം मराठी தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 13 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name the headquarters of northern railway zone of india | [
"The Northern Railway (abbreviated NR and उरे) is one of the 17 Railway zones of India and the northernmost zone of the Indian Railways. Its headquarter is New Delhi Baroda House near India Gate."
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"New Delhi Baroda House near India Gate"
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-5080267320039394719 | Strontium-90 | Strontium - 90 - wikipedia Strontium - 90 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical isotope . For the band , see Strontium 90 ( band ) . Strontium - 90 Full table General Name , symbol Strontium - 90 , Sr Neutrons 52 Protons 38 Nuclide data Natural abundance syn Half - life 28.79 years Decay products Y Decay mode Decay energy Beta decay 0.546 MeV Strontium - 90 ( 90 Sr ) is a radioactive isotope of strontium produced by nuclear fission , with a half - life of 28.8 years . It undergoes β decay into yttrium - 90 , with a decay energy of 0.546 MeV . Strontium - 90 has applications in medicine and industry and is an isotope of concern in fallout from nuclear weapons and nuclear accidents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Radioactivity 2 Fission product 3 Biological effects 3.1 Biological activity 4 Uses 4.1 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators ( RTGs ) 4.2 Industrial applications 4.3 Medical applications 5 Sr contamination in the environment 6 References 7 External links Radioactivity ( edit ) Naturally occurring strontium is nonradioactive and nontoxic at levels normally found in the environment , but Sr is a radiation hazard . Sr undergoes β decay with a half - life of 28.79 years and a decay energy of 0.546 MeV distributed to an electron , an anti-neutrino , and the yttrium isotope Y , which in turn undergoes β decay with half - life of 64 hours and decay energy 2.28 MeV distributed to an electron , an anti-neutrino , and Zr ( zirconium ) , which is stable . Note that Sr / Y is almost a pure beta particle source ; the gamma photon emission from the decay of Y is so infrequent that it can normally be ignored . Sr has a specific activity of 5.21 TBq / g . Medium - lived fission products Prop : Unit : t ( a ) Yield ( % ) Q * ( keV ) βγ * Eu 4.76 0.0803 252 βγ Kr 10.76 0.2180 687 βγ Cd 14.1 0.0008 316 β Sr 28.9 4.505 2826 β Cs 30.23 6.337 1176 βγ Sn 43.9 0.00005 390 βγ Sm 96.6 0.5314 77 β Fission product ( edit ) Sr is a product of nuclear fission . It is present in significant amount in spent nuclear fuel and in radioactive waste from nuclear reactors and in nuclear fallout from nuclear tests . For thermal neutron fission as in today 's nuclear power plants , the fission product yield from U-235 is 5.7 % , from U-233 6.6 % , but from Pu - 239 only 2.0 % . Biological effects ( edit ) Biological activity ( edit ) Strontium - 90 is a `` bone seeker '' that exhibits biochemical behavior similar to calcium , the next lighter group 2 element . After entering the organism , most often by ingestion with contaminated food or water , about 70 -- 80 % of the dose gets excreted . Virtually all remaining strontium - 90 is deposited in bones and bone marrow , with the remaining 1 % remaining in blood and soft tissues . Its presence in bones can cause bone cancer , cancer of nearby tissues , and leukemia . Exposure to Sr can be tested by a bioassay , most commonly by urinalysis . The biological half - life of strontium - 90 in humans has variously been reported as from 14 to 600 days , 1000 days , 18 years , 30 years and , at an upper limit , 49 years . The wide ranging published biological half life figures are explained by strontium 's complex metabolism within the body . However , by averaging all excretion paths , the overall biological half life is estimated to be about 18 years . The elimination rate of strontium - 90 is strongly affected by age and sex , due to differences in bone metabolism . Together with the caesium isotopes Cs , Cs , and iodine isotope I it was among the most important isotopes regarding health impacts after the Chernobyl disaster . As strontium has an affinity to the calcium - sensing receptor of parathyroid cells that is similar to that of calcium , the increased risk of liquidators of the Chernobyl power plant to suffer from primary hyperparathyroidism could be explained by binding of strontium - 90 . Uses ( edit ) Radioisotope thermoelectric generators ( RTGs ) ( edit ) The radioactive decay of strontium - 90 generates a significant amount of heat , 0.536 W / g in the form of pure strontium metal or approximately 0.256 W / g as strontium titanate and is cheaper than the alternative Pu . It is used as a heat source in many Russian / Soviet radioisotope thermoelectric generators , usually in the form of strontium titanate . It was also used in the US `` Sentinel '' series of RTGs . Industrial applications ( edit ) Sr finds use in industry as a radioactive source for thickness gauges . Medical applications ( edit ) Sr finds extensive use in medicine as a radioactive source for superficial radiotherapy of some cancers . Controlled amounts of Sr and Sr can be used in treatment of bone cancer . It is also used as a radioactive tracer in medicine and agriculture . Sr contamination in the environment ( edit ) Strontium - 90 is not quite as likely as caesium - 137 to be released as a part of a nuclear reactor accident because it is much less volatile , but is probably the most dangerous component of the radioactive fallout from a nuclear weapon . A study of hundreds of thousands of deciduous teeth , collected by Dr. Louise Reiss and her colleagues as part of the Baby Tooth Survey , found a large increase in Sr levels in through the 1950s and early 1960s . The study 's final results showed that children born in St. Louis , Missouri in 1963 had levels of Sr in their deciduous teeth that was 50 times higher than that found in children born in 1950 , before the advent of large - scale atomic testing . Commentators on the study said that the fallout was likely to cause increased cases of diseases in those who absorb strontium - 90 into their bones . An article with the study 's initial findings was circulated to U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1961 , and helped convince him to sign the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with the United Kingdom and Soviet Union , ending the above - ground nuclear weapons testing that placed the greatest amounts of nuclear fallout into the atmosphere . The Chernobyl disaster released roughly 10 PBq , or about 5 % of the core inventory , of strontium - 90 into the environment . The Fukushima Daiichi disaster released 0.1 - 1 PBq of strontium - 90 in the form of contaminated cooling water into the Pacific Ocean . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Table of Isotopes decay data '' . Lund University . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Strontium Radiation Protection US EPA '' . EPA . 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR STRONTIUM ( PDF ) , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , April 2004 , retrieved 2014 - 10 - 13 Jump up ^ Decay data from National Nuclear Data Center at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the US . Jump up ^ Delacroix , D. ; Guerre , J.P. ; Leblanc , P. ; Hickman , C. ( 2002 ) . Radionuclide and Radiation Protection Data Handbook 2002 ( 2nd ed . ) . Nuclear Technology Publishing . ISBN 1 - 870965 - 87 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Livechart - Table of Nuclides - Nuclear structure and decay data '' . IAEA . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NRC : Glossary -- Bone seeker '' . US Nuclear Regulatory Commission . 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tiller , B.L. ( 2001 ) , `` 4.5 Fish and Wildlife Surveillance '' , Hanford Site 2001 Environmental Report ( PDF ) , DOE , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 Jump up ^ Driver , C.J. ( 1994 ) , Ecotoxicity Literature Review of Selected Hanford Site Contaminants ( PDF ) , DOE , doi : 10.2172 / 10136486 , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 Jump up ^ `` Freshwater Ecology and Human Influence '' . Area IV Envirothon . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Radioisotopes That May Impact Food Resources '' ( PDF ) . Epidemiology , Health and Social Services , State of Alaska . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Human Health Fact Sheet : Strontium '' ( PDF ) . Argonne National Laboratory . October 2001 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Biological Half - life '' . HyperPhysics . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Glasstone , Samuel ; Dolan , Philip J. ( 1977 ) . `` XII : Biological Effects '' . The effects of Nuclear Weapons ( PDF ) . p. 605 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Shagina , NB ; Bougrov , NG ; Degteva , MO ; Kozheurov , VP ; Tolstykh , EI ( 2006 ) . `` An application of in vivo whole body counting technique for studying strontium metabolism and internal dose reconstruction for the Techa River population '' . Journal of Physics : Conference Series . 41 : 433 -- 440 . ISSN 1742 - 6588 . doi : 10.1088 / 1742 - 6596 / 41 / 1 / 048 . Jump up ^ Boehm BO , Rosinger S , Belyi D , Dietrich JW ( August 2011 ) . `` The Parathyroid as a Target for Radiation Damage '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 365 ( 7 ) : 676 -- 678 . PMID 21848480 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMc1104982 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris , Dale ; Epstein , Joseph ( 1968 ) , Properties of Selected Radioisotopes ( PDF ) , NASA Jump up ^ Standring , WJF ; Selnæs , ØG ; Sneve , M ; Finne , IE ; Hosseini , A ; Amundsen , I ; Strand , P ( 2005 ) , Assessment of environmental , health and safety consequences of decommissioning radioisotope thermal generators ( RTGs ) in Northwest Russia ( PDF ) ( StrålevernRapport 2005 : 4 ) , Østerås : Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority Jump up ^ `` Power Sources for Remote Arctic Applications '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Congress , Office of Technology Assessment . June 1994 . OTA - BP - ETI - 129 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Fission Fragments '' . HyperPhysics . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneir , Walter ( April 25 , 1959 ) . `` Strontium - 90 in U.S. Children '' . The Nation. 188 ( 17 ) : 355 -- 357 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis . `` Dr. Louise Reiss , Who Helped Ban Atomic Testing , Dies at 90 '' , The New York Times , January 10 , 2011 . Accessed January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` II : The release , dispersion and deposition of radionuclides '' , Chernobyl : Assessment of Radiological and Health Impacts ( PDF ) , NEA , 2002 Jump up ^ Povinec , P.P. ; Aoyama , M. ; Biddulph , D. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Cesium , iodine and tritium in NW Pacific waters -- a comparison of the Fukushima impact with global fallout '' . Biogeosciences. 10 ( 8 ) : 5481 -- 5496 . Bibcode : 2013BGeo ... 10.5481 P. ISSN 1726 - 4189 . doi : 10.5194 / bg - 10 - 5481 - 2013 . External links ( edit ) NLM Hazardous Substances Databank -- Strontium , Radioactive Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strontium-90&oldid=800540061 '' Categories : Fission products Isotopes of strontium Radioisotope fuels Radioactive contamination Talk Contents About Wikipedia Чӑвашла Čeština فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 04 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the element 90sr undergoes beta decay to form which isotope | [
"Strontium-90 (90Sr) is a radioactive isotope of strontium produced by nuclear fission, with a half-life of 28.8 years. It undergoes β− decay into yttrium-90, with a decay energy of 0.546 MeV.[1] Strontium-90 has applications in medicine and industry and is an isotope of concern in fallout from nuclear weapons and nuclear accidents.[2]"
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"yttrium-90"
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-862764413168558023 | Right to silence | Right to silence - wikipedia Right to silence The right to silence is a legal principle which guarantees any individual the right to refuse to answer questions from law enforcement officers or court officials . It is a legal right recognized , explicitly or by convention , in many of the world 's legal systems . The right covers a number of issues centered on the right of the accused or the defendant to refuse to comment or provide an answer when questioned , either prior to or during legal proceedings in a court of law . This can be the right to avoid self - incrimination or the right to remain silent when questioned . The right usually includes the provision that adverse comments or inferences can not be made by the judge or jury regarding the refusal by a defendant to answer questions before or during a trial , hearing or any other legal proceeding . This right constitutes only a small part of the defendant 's rights as a whole . In the United States , informing suspects of their right to remain silent and of the consequences for giving up that right forms a key part of the Miranda warning . Contents 1 History 2 Worldwide 2.1 Australia 2.1. 1 New South Wales 2.1. 2 Queensland 2.2 Bangladesh 2.3 Canada 2.4 China 2.5 Czech Republic 2.6 European Union 2.6. 1 European Convention on Human Rights 2.7 France 2.8 Germany 2.9 Hong Kong 2.10 India 2.11 Israel 2.12 Latvia 2.13 Netherlands 2.14 New Zealand 2.15 Norway 2.16 Pakistan 2.17 Philippines 2.18 Republic of Ireland 2.19 Russian Federation 2.20 South Africa 2.21 Spain 2.22 Switzerland 2.23 Thailand 2.24 Ukraine 2.25 United Kingdom 2.25. 1 England and Wales 2.25. 1.1 History 2.25. 2 Northern Ireland 2.25. 3 Scotland 2.26 United States 2.26. 1 Uniform Code of Military Justice 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Neither the reasons nor the history behind the right to silence are entirely clear . The Latin brocard nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare ( ' no man is bound to accuse himself ' ) became a rallying cry for religious and political dissidents who were prosecuted in the Star Chamber and High Commission of 16th - century England . People coming before these tribunals were forced to make the ex officio oath by which they swore to truthfully answer the questions to be put before them without knowing of what they were being accused . This created what has been termed the cruel trilemma whereby these accused were forced to choose between committing the mortal sin of perjury ( if they lied under oath to protect themselves ) , harsh punishment for contempt of court ( if they refused to answer ) , or betraying their `` natural '' duty of self - preservation ( if they told the truth to honour their oath ) . After the parliamentary revolutions of the late 17th century , according to some historical accounts , the right to silence became established in the law as a reaction of the people to the excesses of the royal inquisitions in these courts . The rejection of the procedures of the Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission eventually resulted in the emergence of the principle , according to US jurist and law of evidence expert John Henry Wigmore , `` that no man is bound to incriminate himself , on any charge ( no matter how properly instituted ) , or in any Court ( not merely in the ecclesiastical or Star Chamber tribunals ) '' . It was extended during the English Restoration ( from 1660 on ) to include `` an ordinary witness , and not merely the party charged '' . However , the right to silence was not always a practical reality for all accused in the English courts for some period afterwards . With limited access to legal counsel ( often depending on the social status of the accused ) , a shifting standard of proof , and a system generally distrustful of silent defendants , a criminal accused who remained silent was often believed to be guilty and got sentenced . Nevertheless , it remained a basic right available to the accused and has been an accepted practice over the past few centuries . In England , the practice of judicial questioning of accused persons at trial ( as distinct from questioning prior to trial ) , did not really disappear until well into the 18th century , but by the 19th century , the accused were not allowed to give evidence on oath even if they wanted to -- also said to be a reaction to the inequities of the Star Chamber and High Commission . In countries formerly part of the British Empire ( such as Commonwealth nations , the United States and the Republic of Ireland ) the right to silence has remained enshrined in the common - law tradition inherited from England , although it no longer applies in England and Wales , where remaining silent can be considered a sign of guilt by juries . NB Scots law , which is not derived from English law but wholly separate , still upholds the full right to silence . In the US , the right existed prior to the American Revolution . However , it was considered one of the most important safeguards protecting citizens against arbitrary actions of the state , and was enshrined in the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution , along with the words `` due process '' , which was first mentioned in a statute of Edward III in 1354 and contains similar wording to the Fifth Amendment . The right to silence spread to many nations of the British Empire . The two different but diverging paths along which these rights evolved and operate in Anglo - American jurisprudence ( one through rights expressed in an entrenched constitution , the other in Acts of Parliament specifying rights or protections at common law ) can be seen today in Commonwealth nations like Australia and New Zealand , where police officers are still required at common law to issue `` Miranda - style '' warnings ( but which are completely unrelated to the US Miranda warning ruling ) and inform arrested persons that they do not have to answer any questions but that whatever they do say ( or do ) can be used in court as evidence . The police must also determine whether the arrested persons understand these rights . Any failure to do so can jeopardize a criminal prosecution . While differing slightly from the wording used in the US , the intent is identical and comes from the inherited tradition of law . However , in Australia for instance , anything said by the accused under police questioning while in custody will generally not be accepted into evidence unless it is corroborated , generally by audio or video record . As in the US , suspects in some Commonwealth countries are also entitled to have counsel present during questioning . In the United Kingdom , laws introduced , while still supporting the presumption of innocence , have the suspects told they have the right to remain silent , but are now also cautioned that anything they do not reveal in questioning , but later rely upon in court may harm their defence . In other words , in some cases inferences can be drawn . The right to counsel , which also became increasingly entrenched in the US following the American Revolution , gave defendants a practical method of mounting a defense while remaining silent , and the development of the modern police force in the early 19th century opened up the question of pretrial silence for the first time . The key American case of Bram v. United States paved the way for the right to be extended to pretrial questioning , and the practice of `` Miranda warnings '' became established in the US and elsewhere following the case of Miranda v. Arizona in 1966 . While initially alien to inquisitorial justice systems , the right to silence spread across continental Europe , in some form , throughout the late 20th century , due to developments in international law which had an increasing universalisation of certain due process protections . Worldwide ( edit ) Warnings of a right to remain silence are given in approximately 108 nations around the world . Australia ( edit ) Australia has no constitutional protection for the right to silence , but it is broadly recognized by State and Federal Crimes Acts and Codes and is regarded by the courts as an important common law right and a part of the privilege against self - incrimination . In general , criminal suspects in Australia have the right to refuse to answer questions posed to them by police before trial and to refuse to give evidence at trial . However a person must answer questions related to their name and place of residence if asked to by police . As a general rule judges can not direct juries to draw adverse inferences from a defendant 's silence ( Petty v R ) but there are exceptions to this rule , most notably in cases which rely entirely on circumstantial evidence which it is only possible for the defendant to testify about ( Weissensteiner v R ) . This exception has been abolished in Victoria by sections 42 and 44 of the Jury Directions Act 2015 . The right does not apply to corporations ( EPA v Caltex ) . Within Australia , the right to silence derives from common law . The basic position amongst the states is that neither the judge nor the jury is permitted to draw any adverse inference about the defendant 's culpability , where he / she does not answer police questions ( RPS v R ( 2000 ) 199 CLR 620 ... overturning Jones v Dunkel ( 1959 ) 101 CLR 298 ) . While this is the common law position , it is buttressed by various legislative provisions within the states . For instance s. 464J of the Crimes Act 1958 ( Vic ) and s. 89 of the Evidence Act 1995 ( NSW ) . However , s89A of the Evidence Act ( NSW ) operates to allow adverse inferences to be drawn from a failure to mention , when questioned , something which the subject later relies upon in Court and which he / she ought reasonably have been aware of at the time of questioning . This inference can only be drawn if the subject has been given the special caution , which is a caution in addition to the usual caution and the subject consults with an Australian Legal practitioner in persona so as to fully understand the effect of the special caution . In NSW a subject has the right to a lawyer being present in a police interrogation but they do not have the right to have a lawyer provided for them , therefore a lawyer will only attend if the subject can afford private legal counsel . Therefore , the subject can prevent the invocation of s89A by receiving legal advice over the phone or choosing not to have a lawyer present ( assuming they can afford one ) . It has also been upheld by the High Court in the case of Petty v R ( 1991 ) 173 CLR 95 . However , where a defendant answers some police questions , but not others , an inference may sometimes be drawn about the questions he refused to answer . ( See Coldrey , below . ) Where a defendant refuses to speak to the police , but then speaks to an undercover member of the police , the court is likely to exclude that evidence to ensure that the police do not avoid their limitations . However , if a defendant speaks to a person who is not a member of the police , and who is fitted with a listening device , that evidence would be admitted. ( Queen v Swaffield ; Pavic v The Queen ( 1998 ) 192 CLR ) Australian research indicates that very few suspects actually refuse to speak . Stevenson 's research ( see below for citation ) indicates that only 4 % of suspects who are subsequently charged and tried in the District Court of New South Wales in Sydney remain silent during interviews . The Victorian DPP found that 7 -- 9 % of suspects refused to answer police questions . A number of states have conducted enquiries into the adoption of the English changes set out in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 . All states have rejected such change . As the NSW Report said : It is reasonable that innocent persons faced with a serious accusation might wish to consider their situations carefully before making any disclosure , especially where the circumstances appear suspicious but it can not be assumed that they are rational and articulate . In many cases , suspects may be emotional , perhaps panicked , inarticulate , unintelligent , easily influenced , confused or frightened or a combination of these . They may be unable to do themselves justice . Such persons may be well advised to hold their peace , at least at an early stage . They may , of course , have something to hide , but that something may simply be shameful and not a crime , or it may implicate others for whom they feel responsible . The supposition that only a guilty person has a reason for not speaking freely to investigating police is an unreasonable assumption . It is also important to note that anything said to an Australian police member should be corroborated , especially by way of video or audio tape . If it is not so corroborated it will be admitted only under exceptional circumstances , S. 464H ( 2 ) ( a ) of the Crimes Act 1958 ( Vic ) , and where the circumstances , on the balance of probabilities , justify the reception of the evidence , S. 464H ( 2 ) ( b ) of the Crimes Act 1958 ( Vic ) . While initially the police were insulted by this ruling most have now come to find it useful as a way of proving that they did not invent a false , verbal confession , never made by an accused ( a practice called `` verballing '' an accused ) . There are numerous statutory abrogations of the right , particularly in the area of bankruptcy . It is also not available to witnesses testifying before a Royal Commission . There are also abrogations of the right in recent Federal anti-terrorism and Victorian organised crime Acts . Each of these acts set up coercive questioning regimes which operate outside the normal criminal processes . Direct testimonial evidence gained from this coercive questioning can not be used in any subsequent criminal trial of the person providing the evidence , however a witness who testifies in his defense at a subsequent criminal trial who provides a different testimony to that during the questioning may face prosecution for perjury . New South Wales ( edit ) The state of New South Wales passed the Evidence Amendment ( Evidence of Silence ) Act 2013 which allows the judiciary to direct the jury to draw unfavourable inferences against a defendant who failed or refused to mention a fact during police questioning that they later rely on in court in a bid to be found not guilty . The law strictly applies to those over the age of 18 and who have an Australian legal practitioner physically present and available at the time of questioning . The change is designed to reflect reforms made in the United Kingdom in 1994 and only applies to indictable offences that carry a penalty of five or more years imprisonment . The introduction of the Evidence Amendment ( Evidence of Silence ) Act 2013 sparked some controversy and concern amongst legal scholars and practitioners . The current caution used in New South Wales is : You are not obliged to say or do anything unless you wish to do so , but whatever you say or do may be used in evidence . Do you understand ? Queensland ( edit ) The current caution used in Queensland is : Before I ask you any questions I must tell you that you have the right to remain silent . This means you do not have to say anything , answer any question or make any statement unless you wish to do so . However , if you do say something or make a statement , it may later be used as evidence . Do you understand ? Bangladesh ( edit ) Article 33 of the Constitution of Bangladesh discusses the rights of the arrested and detained ; no right to silence is mentioned either in the Constitution or the Bangladesh Penal Code , except in Article 35 ( 4 ) of the Constitution , which protects individuals from self - implication . To facilitate protection from self - implication , Bangladesh Penal Code makes an exception in cases of confessions , in which case , the Magistrate obtaining a confession under Section 164 must explain the confessor 's right to silence , and must attest to the fact that the rights of the confessor were read out to him and explained , and the confessor waived his right of silence . Article 33 of the Constitution of Bangladesh compels arresting authorities to inform the accused of the accusations brought against him before he is detained if he is male , and that the detained must be presented to the nearest court within 24 hours . Exceptions to this rule include preventive detention and the arrest of an enemy alien . Right to counsel is an inalienable right , but the arresting officer need not explicitly state it to the detained . Article 35 ( 4 ) of the Constitution protects individuals from self - implication . Therefore , warnings must be read out to the detained man ( but not to women ) if he wants to voluntarily confess to the charges ; in this case , a Magistrate must read and explain the confessor 's right to silence and protection from self - implication , and attest to the fact that the rights of the confessor were read out to him and explained , and the confessor waived his right of silence . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , the right to silence is protected under section 7 and section 11 ( c ) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . The accused may not be compelled as a witness against himself in criminal proceedings , and therefore only voluntary statements made to police are admissible as evidence . Prior to an accused being informed of their right to legal counsel , any statements they make to police are considered involuntarily compelled and are inadmissible as evidence . After being informed of the right to counsel , the accused may choose to voluntarily answer questions and those statements would be admissible . These rights to silence exist only when the suspect is knowingly dealing with a person in authority . When the subject is unaware he is dealing with the police , such as in the case of an undercover operation , these protections do not exist . Statements made to police officers during undercover operations are almost always allowed into evidence unless the conduct of the police was deemed so egregious that it would shock the community . Under the Charter , an arrested person has the right : To be informed promptly of the reasons therefor . To retain and instruct counsel without delay and be informed of that right . To have the validity of the detention determined by way of habeas corpus and to be released if the detention is not lawful . The Canadian Charter warning reads ( varies by police service ) : `` You are under arrest for _________ ( charge ) ; do you understand ? You have the right to retain and instruct counsel without delay . We will provide you with a toll - free telephone lawyer referral service , if you do not have your own lawyer . Anything you do say can and will be used in court as evidence . Do you understand ? Would you like to speak to a lawyer ? '' ( See : R. v. Hebert ( 1990 ) 2 S.C.R. 151 . ) A more detailed version : I am arresting you for ( charge ) . It is my duty to inform you that you have the right to retain and instruct counsel without delay . You may call any lawyer you want . There is a 24 - hour telephone service available which provides a legal aid duty lawyer who can give you legal advice in private . This advice is given without charge and the lawyer can explain the legal aid plan to you . If you wish to contact a legal aid duty lawyer , I can provide you with a telephone number . Do you understand ? Do you want to call a lawyer ? You are not obliged to say anything , but anything you do say may be given in evidence in court . ( See : Brydgesa fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal ( s . 11 ( d ) . ) Section 14 of the Charter further provides that a translator must be made available so that the person can understand the proceedings against them . This right to a translator extends to the deaf . In Quebec , the Charter warning is read in Canadian French . In New Brunswick , and Ottawa the warning is read in either English or French , and the officer is required to ask the person 's language of preference before issuing the warning . While Section 7 of the Charter guarantees the right to remain silent , Canadian law does not entitle the criminal suspect to have counsel present during the course of an interrogation . Once a suspect has asserted their right to counsel , the police are obliged to hold off in attempting to obtain evidence until the suspect has had a reasonable opportunity to contact legal counsel . Also , in Canada even if the suspect emphatically asserts his decision to remain silent , the police may continue to interrogate him . Although this may give the suspect the impression that his claim of the right to silence is meaningless or that he has no such right , it is perfectly legal . In R. v. Singh ( 2007 SCC 48 ) , the suspect invoked his right to remain silent 18 times and the police nevertheless continued to question him after each assertion of his right , but the Supreme Court of Canada found this consistent with Canada 's Charter rights protections . One case in relation to the right to silence is the Hodgson decision ( R. v. Hodgson , ( 1998 ) 2 S.C.R. 449 ) . In this case the subject was confronted by the victim and her parents . He confessed to them and was subsequently held at knife point until the police arrived . The court found that his confession was admissible because the complainant and her parents were not deemed to be ' persons in authority ' . The subject was convicted based in large part in his confessions made at that time . In R. v. Singh ( 163 C.R.R. ( 2d ) 280 ) , a person in police custody invoked his right to silence 18 times , and after each invocation , the police continued to browbeat the detained subject with further questioning , implying that his claim of a right to silence was either ineffective or meaningless . The Canadian Supreme Court ruled that this police behavior did not violate the right to silence , so the evidence obtained could be admitted . It is important to note that most rights in Canada can be limited by s . 1 of the Charter , which permits rights to be reduced if they interfere with substantial government interests , or by s . 24 of the Charter . Although an accused has the right to remain silent and may not be compelled to testify against himself , where an accused freely chooses to take the witness box and testify , there is no further right to silence and no general restriction on what kinds of questions they may be required to answer . Section 13 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees that witnesses may not have any incriminating evidence they gave as testimony used against them in separate proceedings . In effect , a person can be compelled to give involuntary self - incriminating evidence , but only where that evidence is to be used against a third party . In the past most cases , except for certain sex offences or where the victims were children , spouses could not be compelled to testify against each other , however after Bill C - 32 , The Victim 's Bill of Rights Act , this is no longer the case . However , spouses retain the right to assert privilege , and to refuse to answer questions about communications during the marriage . China ( edit ) The right of silence is not guaranteed by law in China . Article 93 of the Criminal Procedure Law states that `` The criminal suspect shall answer the investigators ' questions truthfully , but he shall have the right to refuse to answer any questions that are irrelevant to the case . '' But since the 1996 amendments to the Criminal Procedure Law , Article 15 states that `` It shall be strictly prohibited to extort confessions by torture , gather evidence by threat , enticement , deceit , or other illegal means , or force anyone to commit self - incrimination . '' In 2012 the law was also re-amended to include clauses that protect human rights . China has recognized the right against self - incrimination and forced confessions are prohibited by law . However , in reality as human rights violations in China continue to exist , it is still common practice for police to torture suspects to obtain forced confessions . The signing of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1998 , also guarantees Chinese citizens the right against self - incrimination , however the treaty has not been ratified in China . Czech Republic ( edit ) The Czech Republic protects the right to silence by two clauses in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms . Article 37 , clause 1 states that `` everyone has the right to refuse a statement if he / she would cause risk of prosecution of himself / herself or a close person '' . In Article 40 , clause 4 , it is stated that `` an accused person has the right to refuse a statement ; he / she must not be deprived of this right in any way '' . European Union ( edit ) Within the European Union , a gradual process of harmonising the laws of all the states of the Union has resulted in the adoption a common letter of rights that will apply to everyone across the European Union . The agreed law -- also known as `` the Reding Rights '' taking the name of the EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding , who has proposed and negotiated the measure to become law across the entire European Union -- will mean that suspects in the European Union will once detained receive a ' letter of rights listing their basic rights during criminal proceedings . The European law ensures that people suspected of a criminal offence receive adequate information about their basic rights during criminal proceedings . These are the right to a lawyer ; to be informed of the charge ; to interpretation and translation for those who do not understand the language of the proceedings ; the right to remain silent and to be brought promptly before a court following arrest . In particular , the law includes five innovations : Suspects will be informed of their rights following the arrest ; They will be given a `` letter of rights '' spelling out their rights in writing ; The letter of rights will be easy to understand , without legal jargon ; It will be made available in a language the suspect understands ; It will contain practical details about the person 's rights . These rights are contained in a letter of rights -- `` the Reding Rights '' -- a printed document given to suspects after they are detained and before interrogation . The European Union law , proposed in July 2010 by the European Commission , was adopted by the European Parliament and Council in December 2011 . The European Union Directive was published officially on June 1 , 2012 in the Official Journal of the European Union L 142 , June 1 , 2012 . It became operational across the European Union by June 2 , 2014 . European convention on human rights ( edit ) The concept of right to silence is not specifically mentioned in the European Convention on Human Rights but the European Court of Human Rights has held that the right to remain silent under police questioning and the privilege against self - incrimination are generally recognized international standards which lie at the heart of the notion of a fair procedure under Article 6 . France ( edit ) In France , any person brought in police custody ( `` Garde à vue '' ) must be informed of the maximal duration of the custody , and a number of rights , in a language that this person understands . Among these rights are : the possibility of warning a relative or employer of the custody , that of asking to be examined by a physician , and that of discussing the case with an attorney . The French Code of Criminal Procedure ( art . L116 ) makes it compulsory that when an investigating judge hears a suspect , he must warn him that he has the right to remain silent , to make a statement , or to answer questions . A person against which suspicions lay can not legally be interrogated by justice as an ordinary witness . At the actual trial , a defendant can be compelled to make a statement . However , the code also prohibits hearing a suspect under oath ; thus , a suspect may say whatever he feels fit for his defense , without fear of sanction for perjury . This prohibition is extended to the suspect 's spouse and members of his close family ( this extension of the prohibition may be waived if both the prosecution and the defence counsel agree to the waiver ) . Since April 15 , 2011 , any person held by the police has new rights : The person is immediately informed by a police officer , or in the presence of one , in a language that he can understand , that ( Article 3 ) : he has the right to ask assistance of a lawyer ( 63 - 3 - 1 à 63 - 4 - 3 of Penal Procedure code ) ; he has the right , after answering questions about his identity , to answer other questions or to remain silent . From the beginning of custody , the person can ask for the assistance of a lawyer ( Article 6 ) . The conversation with the lawyer has to remain confidential ( Article 7 ) . The lawyer has the right to access some of the documents related to the procedure and to be present at any police interview of the suspect made by the police ( Article 8 ) . Witnesses under indictment ( or who are cited as suspects ) can not be heard under oath , and thus do not risk prosecution for perjury . Such witnesses must be assisted by an attorney , and must be informed of these rights when heard by the judiciary . Suspects brought before a Juge d'instruction must be informed of their right to remain silent , to make statements , or to answer questions . In all cases , an attorney can be designated by the head of the bar if necessary . Germany ( edit ) According to § 136 Strafprozessordnung ( StPO , i.e. Criminal Procedure Code ) a suspect , arrested or not , has to be informed before any interrogation about their right to remain silent . Though the police and courts may not draw inference from the complete silence of the accused in any stage of criminal proceedings , inference may be drawn if the accused is selectively silent . Suspects can not be heard under oath . Before any interrogation begins a suspect , arrested or not , must be informed : Of the crime for which he is charged About his right to remain silent About his right to consult an attorney before the interview About his right to name any evidence in his favour Foreign suspects have the following additional rights : Translation assistance , and Consular assistance A person against which exist plausible causes of suspicion can be interrogated as an ordinary witness in criminal proceedings against another person . However , in this case according to § 55 StPO , the witness can refuse to answer questions which could incriminate themselves ( or one of their relatives ) . The suspicious witness also must be cautioned about the right to remain silent . Suspicious witnesses can not be heard under oath . However , the German constitutional court has decided that the much more strict UK laws , in which complete silence of the accused can be used against him depending on additional evidence , are compatible with the German constitution . Thus , Germany may extradite persons to the UK . It also implies that changing the German laws towards those of the UK would not violate the German constitution . Hong Kong ( edit ) The right to silence is protected according to common law . The `` Rules and Directions for the Questioning of Suspects and the Taking of Statements '' ( Rules and Directions ) , promulgated by the then Secretary for Security in 1992 , stipulate that the caution to be used to remind a suspect of his right to remain silent when he is questioned . The statement can be read in English and Cantonese : English : `` You are not obliged to say anything unless you wish to do so but what you say may be put into writing and given in evidence . '' This is the same caution given in England and Wales Prior to the passage of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 . India ( edit ) The Constitution of India guarantees every person right against self incrimination under Article 20 ( 3 ) : `` No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself '' . It is well established that the Right to Silence has been granted to the accused by virtue of the pronouncement in the case of Nandini Sathpathy vs P.L. Dani , no one can forcibly extract statements from the accused , who has the right to keep silent , but only in the court of law . It is not clear if the accused can exercise his right to silence during interrogation by public servants . Interrogation techniques like narco - analysis , brain mapping and lie detection nullify the validity and legitimacy of the Right to Silence . But in 2010 The Supreme court found that narco - analysis , brain mapping and lie detector tests violate of Article 20 ( 3 ) . Israel ( edit ) In Israel , according to Sections 28 ( Hearing arguments of the detainee ) and Section 31 ( Explanation of rights to the detainee ) of the Criminal Procedure Law ( Enforcement Authority -- Arrests ) 1996 , an officer interrogating / arresting a suspect must duly warn him first that he does not have to say any thing that may incriminate him , and that any thing he will say may be used against him . According to Israeli law , the exercise of the right to remain silent may be considered as supplemental evidence in most cases , and this fact also needs to be explained to the suspect . Also the officer needs to inform the suspect that he has the right to notify a family member or acquaintance and a lawyer of his arrest , his right for counsel , and the duration he can be held before he is released or brought before a judge . Israeli law has not adopted the `` Fruits of the Poisoned Tree '' doctrine , and flaws in the process of collecting it affect only the weight of tainted evidence . However , in Criminal Appeal 5121 / 98 , Issaharov v . The Military Prosecutor , a court of nine ruled that the defendant 's confession , given without proper warning regarding the right of representation , was not considered as given with consent and free will , and was not accepted by the court . Latvia ( edit ) In Latvia , the Criminal procedure law ( Kriminālprocesa likums ) ( sections 60.2 , 150 , 265 and more ) sets out a right for anyone against whom criminal proceedings has been initiated or suspicions raised to remain silent . Upon arrest and before first interrogation of a person against whom any ( official or unofficial ) suspicion has been raised in a criminal case , such person must be warned of his or her right to remain silent , and that everything such person says may be used against that person in a criminal proceedings . Witnesses , victims and persons who ` s property rights has been affected by criminal proceedings has a right not to incriminate oneself and his or her relatives and not to give any information that is directly or indirectly self - incriminating or may incriminate such persons ` relatives . Refusal to testify or answer all or any questions on the basis of right against self - incrimination can ` t be used against such person in any way or be used as evidence of guilt . No judge , prosecutor , investigator or any other public body may draw adverse inferences about a person from exercising a right against self - incrimination . Outside criminal proceedings right against self - incrimination is honored as long - standing unwritten general principle of law in all quasi-criminal ( such as administrative offense law ) and public proceedings , which has been repeatedly upheld by legal precedent and case law . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands , each accused suspect has the right to remain silent to questions of the police and the prosecutor , during interrogation or investigation at the hearing . According to Dutch law , only the police officer will read the rights of the suspect in the police station . Security guards have the right to put somebody under arrest , but they have to hand over the suspect immediately to the police officer who will read the rights of the suspect later in the station . The rights are : to remain silent , the right to have an attorney , the right to have access to some files coming from the criminal dossier , and the right to make contact to an attorney . There is an exception : The accused must co-operate when there is `` een aan de wil van de verdachte onafhankelijk goed '' ( material which has an existence independent of the will of a suspect ) and a legal obligation for the suspect to hand over such material exists . For example , a suspect has to co-operate with giving a blood sample ( with a suspicion of alcohol in traffic ) . Or the defendant must co-operate in handing over mucus , dandruff or hair for a DNA test . Such a DNA test can only be done at the request of the Prosecutor and ordered by the judge . There also have to be serious objections against the accused . And temporary detention has to be applicable . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , the right of persons arrested to refrain from making a statement and to be informed of that right is contained in the Bill of Rights Act 1990 , as further reflected in a practice note on police questioning issued in 2006 , by then Chief Justice Sian Elias ... The Evidence Act 2006 explicitly prohibits the inference of guilt in a criminal proceeding from a defendant exercising their right to silence . At common law the leading case is Taylor v New Zealand Poultry Board where Justice Cooke held , `` The starting point ... ( is ) , unless an Act of Parliament imposes or authorises the imposition of a duty to the contrary , every citizen has in general a right to refuse to answer questions from anyone , including an official . '' The obligation to caution arises when : a suspect is in custody ; when police have enough evidence to believe the person has committed an offence ; when detained , such as for the execution of a statutory or common law power of search or in the execution of drink driving investigations ; other situations as dictated by statute or case law . The caution to be given to adults ( 17 and over ) is : I am speaking to you about / You have been detained for / You have been arrested for ( offence ) . You have the right to remain silent . You do not have to make any statement . Anything you say will be recorded and may be given in evidence in court . You have the right to speak with a lawyer without delay and in private before deciding to answer any questions . Police have a list of lawyers you may speak to for free . The caution to be given to children and young persons under 17 is : I am speaking to you about / You have been detained for / You have been arrested for ( offence ) . You have the right to remain silent . You do not have to make any statement or answer any questions . If you agree to make a statement and / or answer any questions you can change your mind and stop at any time . Anything you say will be recorded and may be given in evidence in court -- this means if you are taken to court for ( offence ) what you say to me may be retold to the judge or jury . You have the right to speak with a lawyer and / or any person nominated by you without delay and in private before deciding whether to make any statement or answer any questions . You have the right to have your lawyer and / or nominated person with you while you make any statement or answer any questions . Police have a list of lawyers you may speak to for free . Norway ( edit ) According to Straffeprosessloven ( Criminal Procedures Code ) , a defendant can not be obliged to testify ( § 90 ) . Further ; no promises , inaccurate information , threats or coercion can be used . The same applies to any means which reduces the defendants consciousness or his ability to self - determination . Any interrogation must not have as a goal to wear out the defendant ( § 92 ) . However , if the defendant decides not to testify , the judge may advise him that it may in certain circumstances be held against him ( § 93 ) . In general , anyone is required to appear before the courts and give testimony , except dictated otherwise by the law ( § 108 ) There are some notable exceptions : § 119 : The court may not hear evidence from a priest in the Norwegian Church , or indeed any priest or similar in any registered faith , lawyers , defence attorneys , arbitrators in marriage affairs , medical doctors , psychologists , nurses , midwives or apothecaries , except with the explicit permission of the person entitled to silence , concerning anything they have learnt during the performance of their function . The above does not apply if testimony is required to prevent someone from being wrongfully convicted ( § 119 ) . Catholic priests have refused to testify about information obtained in confession even in these cases , and the Supreme Court has not sanctioned this . § 121 : Even if the relationship is not regulated by § 119 , the courts may relieve a witness of the duty to testify concerning information obtained in counseling , social work , medical care , judicial assistance `` or similar '' . § 122 : A defendants spouse , relatives in directly ascending or descending order , siblings and their spouses are not required to give testimony . The same applies to separated or divorced spouses , or people living in a `` marriage like '' relationship , e.g. common - law marriages . The court may extend this right to fiancees , foster - parents / children / siblings . § 123 : A witness may refuse to answer questions leading to self - incrimination either for the witness itself , or for anyone related to the witness as described by § 122 . § 124 : A witness may refuse to answer questions relating to business secrets . The court may oblige the witness to testify after consideration . § 125 : The editor of a printed magazine / newspaper may refuse to divulge the writer of any articles in his journal , or sources for its content . Pakistan ( edit ) Article 13 of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan protects a person , when accused of an offence , from self - incrimination . Philippines ( edit ) Article 3 , Section 12 of the 1987 Constitution states that `` Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice . If the person can not afford the services of counsel , he must be provided with one . These rights can not be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel . '' The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines , in section 12 ( 1 ) of Article 3 ( Bill of Rights ) , states : Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice . If the person can not afford the services of counsel , he must be provided with one . These rights can not be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel . This was expanded into a caution during arrest under Republic Act 7438 . Previously , informing arrested persons of their rights occurred long after arrest , if it ever occurred at all . Any public officer or employee , or anyone acting under his order or his place , who arrests , detains or investigates any person for the commission of an offense shall inform the latter , in a language known to and understood by him , of his rights to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel , preferably of his own choice , who shall at all times be allowed to confer privately with the person arrested , detained or under custodial investigation . If such person can not afford the services of his own counsel , he must be provided with a competent and independent counsel by the investigating officer . -- Section 2 ( b ) , RA7438 Punishments for law enforcement officers who fail to read suspects their rights , under RA7438 , are severe : besides a fine of 6,000 Philippine pesos , officials may be jailed for between eight and ten years . In the 1999 case People vs Mahinay , G.R. No. 122485 , the Supreme Court of the Philippines was asked to consider the case of Larry Mahinay y Amparado , a man convicted of the rape and murder of a 12 - year - old girl , the neighbor of his employer . Mahinay confessed but later retracted his confession , claiming that he made it due to fear surrounding his imprisonment and not actual guilt . Mahinay claimed that the police officers attacked him and threatened to kill him if he would not confess , and they did not inform him of his right to remain silent until after he had already confessed and all that remained was to sign the confession . There was no physical evidence to back up Mahinay 's claims , and his attorney claimed that Mahinay was read his rights before he confessed . In its decision to affirm Mahinay 's conviction , the court declared : There being no evidence presented to show that said confession were obtained as a result of violence , torture , maltreatment , intimidation , threat or promise of reward or leniency nor that the investigating officer could have been motivated to concoct the facts narrated in said affidavit ; the confession of the accused is held to be true , correct and freely or voluntarily given . But the court also declared the following , which has since become a landmark decision in the rights of the accused in the Philippines , and is sometimes referred to as the Mahinay doctrine : It is high - time to educate our law - enforcement agencies who neglect either by ignorance or indifference the so - called Miranda rights which had become insufficient and which the Court must update in the light of new legal developments : The person arrested , detained , invited or under custodial investigation must be informed in a language known to and understood by him of the reason for the arrest and he must be shown the warrant of arrest , if any ; Every other warnings , information or communication must be in a language known to and understood by said person ; He must be warned that he has a right to remain silent and that any statement he makes may be used as evidence against him ; He must be informed that he has the right to be assisted at all times and have the presence of an independent and competent lawyer , preferably of his own choice ; He must be informed that if he has no lawyer or can not afford the services of a lawyer , one will be provided for him ; and that a lawyer may also be engaged by any person in his behalf , or may be appointed by the court upon petition of the person arrested or one acting in his behalf ; ... No court or legislature has as yet determined the exact wording of the caution to be presented to arrested persons . As such , the Philippine National Police has created their own version . According to the 2010 edition of the official PNP manual , `` every police officer , either on board a mobile car , motorcycle or on foot patrol must always carry with him a police notebook , a pen and the Miranda Warning card . The notebook , which is approximately pocket - sized , will be used to inscribe important events that transpire during his tour of duty . '' The version in use by the PNP reads : English Filipino Miranda warning You are arrested for the crime of _________ ( or by virtue of Warrant of Arrest , showing him the warrant as it is practicable ) You have the right to remain silent . Any statement you make may be used against you in a court of law in the Philippines . You have the right to have a competent and independent counsel preferably of your own choice . If you can not afford the services of a counsel , the government will provide you one . Do you understand these rights ? Ikaw ay inaaresto sa salang _________ ( o sa pamamagitan ng kautusan ng pag - aresto , ipakita ito kung nararapat ) . Ikaw ay may karapatang manahimik o magsawalang kibo . Anuman ang iyong sabihin ay maaring gamitin pabor o laban sa iyo sa anumang hukuman . Ikaw ay mayroon ding karapatang kumuha ng tagapagtanggol na iyong pinili at kung wala kang kakayahan , ito ay ipagkakaloob sa iyo ng pamahalaan . Nauunawaan mo ba ito ? Anti-torture warning You have the right to demand physical examination by an independent and competent doctor of your choice . If you can not afford the services of a doctor , the state shall provide one for you . Ikaw ay may karapatang magpatingin sa isang mapagkakatiwalaang doktor na sarili mong pinili . Kung wala kang kakayahang kumuha ng iyong doktor , ikaw ay pagkakalooban ng libre ng estado o pamahalaan . Various regional offices of the PNP use translations in other languages spoken in the Philippines depending on the jurisdiction of the office . In 2012 , the International Committee of the Red Cross donated 15,000 cards to the PNP , and commissioned the translation of the warning into two more languages , Visaya and Cebuano , shown on the front of the card along with the Filipino version above . Due to the increasing numbers of arrests of foreign nationals during President Rodrigo Duterte 's Oplan Double Barrel , the Human Rights Affairs Office ( PNP - HRAO ) of the Philippine National Police in Camp Crame , Quezon City has further translated the Miranda warning into four foreign languages : Chinese , Japanese , Korean , and Taiwanese . Distribution of the translated warnings to law enforcement officers will occur via a publicly available mobile app , according to the officer - in - charge of PNP - HRAO , Sr. Supt . Dennis Siervo . According to the website of the Philippine National Police Regional Office 13 , at Camp Rafael C Rodriguez in Butuan City , failure to recite either the Miranda or anti-torture warnings above can result in `` dismissal of the case against the suspect and filing of administrative case for the arresting police ( officer ) . '' Republic of Ireland ( edit ) In the Republic of Ireland , the Supreme Court held that the right was not only a common law right but also a constitutional right which might however be validly limited by legislation ( O'Leary v AG ( 1995 ) 1 IR 254 ) . In this jurisdiction , a number of statutory measures have re-interpreted the right to silence , such as the Criminal Justice Act 1984 , the Criminal Justice ( Drug Trafficking ) Act , 1998 and the Offences Against the State ( Amendment ) Act , 1998 . The general effect of some of these measures is to provide for adverse inferences to be drawn against a suspect who declines to answer questions while being questioned in Garda custody . The Criminal Justice Act 2006 also affects the right to silence , in that it permits inferences to be drawn from silence where no solicitor is present . Russian federation ( edit ) Clause 1 of the article 51 of the Russian Constitution grants everyone the right to not witness against either themselves or against their spouses and close relatives . As the decision whether or not an answer to a particular question would lead to ( self ) incrimination is left to the discretion of the person being questioned , this clause allows to remain silent at any time . South Africa ( edit ) The Constitution of South Africa requires that any arrested person be informed of their right to remain silent and the consequences of not remaining silent , their right to choose and consult with a legal practitioner , and their right to have a legal practitioner assigned to the detained person by the state and at state expense if substantial injustice would otherwise result . The South African Police Service rules prescribe that arrested people be given a Form 14A `` Notice of Rights in Terms of the Constitution '' which describes these and other rights of arrested people . According to Section 35 of the Constitution of 1996 ( `` Arrested , detained and accused persons '' ) states : Everyone who is arrested for allegedly committing an offence has the right to remain silent ; to be informed promptly of the right to remain silent ; and of the consequences of not remaining silent ; not to be compelled to make any confession or admission that could be used in evidence against that person ; and later in the section : Every accused person has a right to a fair trial , which includes the right ... not to be compelled to give self - incriminating evidence ; Spain ( edit ) In Spain , according to the Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal ( Penal procedure code ) article 520.2 , the suspect must be informed of the charges leading to his / her detention , as well as the reasons for being deprived of his / her freedom . Additionally , the individual must be advised of the following rights : Right to remain silent , to answer only questions of his / her choosing , or to express their desire to make a statement only in front of a judge . Right not to give evidence against him / herself , as well as not to confess his / her guilt . Right to legal representation by a private or state - funded attorney , which will assist him during hearings and procedures . Right to inform a member of his / her family or a person of his / her choosing regarding the detention as well as their location , at any moment of the proceedings . Foreigners have the right to contact their consulate in Spain . Right to request the services of an interpreter , at no cost , when the foreign national does not speak Spanish . Right to undergo a medical examination by the forensic doctor . Switzerland ( edit ) Article 158 of the unified Swiss code of criminal procedure , which entered into force in 2011 , establishes that the results of an interrogation may not be used unless the accused has been informed that : he / she is the subject of a criminal investigation for some specific infractions , he / she has the right to remain silent and not to cooperate with police , he / she has the right to legal representation by a private or state - funded attorney , and he / she has the right to request the services of an interpreter . The cantonal codes of procedure , which remain in force until 2011 , generally contain similar provisions . Thailand ( edit ) Sections 83 and 84 of the Thai Code of Criminal Procedure , which have been amended by the Act Amending the Criminal Procedure Code ( No. 22 ) , BE 2547 ( 2004 ) , require the police officers who conduct the arrests to inform the arrestees of the Miranda rights . Paragraph two of section 83 reads : In cases an arrest is conducted by an officer , the officer must inform the arrestee of the charge , produce to him a warrant of arrest , if any , and enlighten him that he has the right to remain silent , that anything he says can and will be used as evidence in a trial , and that he also has the right to meet and confer with a counsel or person to become his counsel . If the arrestee wishes to inform his relative or intimate of his arrest and the fulfillment of his wish would not be difficult and not be disruptive to his arrest or restraint or detrimental to any person , the officer shall allow the arrestee to so fulfill to the extent reasonable according to the circumstances . In this respect , the arresting officer shall also draw up a record of arrest . While paragraph one of section 84 prescribes : An officer or private citizen conducting an arrest must without delay bring the arrestee to the judicial police office under section 83 . Upon arriving there , the arrestee must be delivered to an administrative or police officer thereof to further be dealt with as follows : ( 2 ) In cases the arrest is conducted by a private citizen , the administrative or police officer receiving the arrestee shall draw up a record of the name , occupation and address of the citizen , including the information and circumstances as to the arrest as well , and require the citizen to sign such record . The officer shall then inform the male arrestee of the charge and detailed grounds for his arrest , and enlighten him that he has the right to remain silent and anything he says can and will be used as evidence in a trial . Ukraine ( edit ) Section 4 of Article 29 of Constitution of Ukraine reads : Everyone arrested or detained shall be informed without delay of the reasons for his or her arrest or detention , apprised of his or her rights , and from the moment of detention shall be given the opportunity to personally defend himself or herself , or to have the legal assistance of a defender . Article 63 of Constitution of Ukraine reads : A person shall not bear responsibility for refusing to testify or to explain anything about himself or herself , members of his or her family or close relatives in the degree determined by law . A suspect , an accused , or a defendant has the right to a defense . A convicted person enjoys all human and citizens ' rights , with the exception of restrictions determined by law and established by a court verdict . The Criminal Process Code of Ukraine has some regulations on how the rights of suspects and accused . Section 2 of Article 21 reads : Inquirer , investigator , prosecutor , judge , and court , before the first examination of the suspect , accused , and defendant , are required to advise them of the right to have a defense counsel and draw up an appropriate record thereon , as well as provide the suspect , accused , and defendant the possibility to defend themselves with legal remedies from the charge brought and ensure protection of their personal and property rights . Article 43 - 1 , Section 1 gives the following definition of `` suspect '' : The following person is considered to be a suspect : 1 ) a person apprehended on the suspicion of having committed a crime ; 2 ) a person in whose respect a measure of restraint has been imposed before the decision to prosecute him / her has been made . Consequently , the list of suspect 's rights follows : The suspect has the right to : know what he / she is suspected of ; give testimonies or refuse testifying and answering questions ; have a defense counsel and meet him / her before the first examination ; produce evidence ; submit motions and propose disqualifications ; request that the court or prosecutor verify legality of the apprehension ; submit complaints against actions and decisions of the officer who conducts operational - detective activities , inquirer , investigator , and prosecutor , and , with appropriate grounds present , have his / her security ensured . The fact that the suspect was advised of his / her rights is entered into the record of apprehension or decision to impose a measure of restraint . Article 53 contains the following regulation : Court , prosecutor , investigator and the inquirer are required to advice participants to the case of their rights and to ensure the possibility to enjoy such rights . However , there are no clear regulations on how the rights should be announced . This is commonly made by reading them out when announcing the decision on instituting criminal proceedings or arrest and then requiring a suspect or arrestee to sign the list of these rights . United Kingdom ( edit ) The right to silence is different depending upon which jurisdiction of the United Kingdom the suspect is questioned in . In England and Wales it is possible for an adverse inference to be drawn from an accused person 's silence during questioning . The same is true for Northern Ireland under the Criminal Evidence ( Northern Ireland ) Order 1988 , but no adverse inference may be drawn in Scotland under Scots law . England and Wales ( edit ) Main article : Right to silence in England and Wales The right to silence has a long history in England and Wales , first having been codified in the Judges ' Rules in 1912 . A defendant in a criminal trial has a choice whether or not to give evidence in the proceedings . Further , there is no general duty to assist the police with their inquiries . At common law , and particularly following the passing of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 under Code C adverse inferences may be drawn in certain circumstances where the accused : fails to mention any fact which he later relies upon and which in the circumstances at the time the accused could reasonably be expected to mention ; fails to give evidence at trial or answer any question ; fails to account on arrest for objects , substances or marks on his person , clothing or footwear , in his possession , or in the place where he is arrested ; or fails to account on arrest for his presence at a place . There may be no conviction based wholly on silence . Where inferences may be drawn from silence , the court must direct the jury as to the limits to the inferences which may properly be drawn from silence . In respect of those questioned by the Serious Fraud Office , the right to silence has been reduced by virtue of Section 2 of the Criminal Justice Act 1987 . The right has also been reduced for those accused of terrorist offences . UK has some of the strictest Key disclosure laws of the western world . Under Section 49 and Section 53 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 ( RIPA ) , it is an offence to fail to disclose when requested the key to encrypted data ( with a penalty of two years in prison , or five years with regards to child sex abuse cases ) . Schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000 has been used to convict people who have refused to disclose their password to customs . The caution in England and Wales does not explicitly require that a suspect affirm they understand the caution . In addition the caution need not be explicitly stated if it is obvious that the suspect is already aware of his rights , for example if he is a police officer , as long as the suspect is definitely aware that he is under caution . Furthermore , the invoking of that right does not prohibit officers from asking further questions . History ( edit ) Warnings regarding the right against self - incrimination may have originated in England and Wales . In 1912 , the judges of the King 's Bench issued the Judges ' Rules . These provided that , when a police member had admissible evidence to suspect a person of an offence and wished to question that suspect about an offence , the officer should first caution the person that he was entitled to remain silent . However , the warning about the possibility of anything the male suspect said being potentially used against him predates even that : it appears for example in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's novel A Study in Scarlet , published in 1887 : The official was a white - faced unemotional man , who went through his duties in a dull mechanical way . `` The prisoner will be put before the magistrates in the course of the week , '' he said ; `` in the mean time , Mr. Jefferson Hope , have you anything that you wish to say ? I must warn you that your words will be taken down , and may be used against you . '' `` I 've got a good deal to say , '' our prisoner said slowly . `` I want to tell you gentlemen all about it . '' `` Had n't you better reserve that for your trial ? '' asked the Inspector . '' In G.K. Chesterton 's novel The Ball and the Cross , published in 1909 ( Chapter X : `` The Swords Rejoined '' ) : `` No , sir , '' said the sergeant ; `` though most of the people talk French . This is the island called St. Loup , sir , an island in the Channel . We 've been sent down specially from London , as you were such specially distinguished criminals , if you 'll allow me to say so . Which reminds me to warn you that anything you say may be used against you at your trial . '' The pre-trial operation of the privilege against self - incrimination was further buttressed by the decision in Ibrahim v R ( 1914 ) AC 599 that an admission or confession made by the accused to the police would only be admissible in evidence if the prosecution could establish that it had been voluntary . An admission or confession is only voluntary if made in the exercise of a free choice about whether to speak or remain silent : In R v Leckey ( 1943 ) CAR 128 the Court of Criminal Appeal said : ... an innocent person might well , either from excessive caution or for some other reason , decline to say anything when charged and cautioned , and if it were possible to hold that out to a jury as a ground on which they might find a man guilty , it is obvious that innocent persons might be in great peril . Therefore , a caution of the form of : You have the right to remain silent , but anything you do say will be taken down and may be used in evidence . was used . Major reform to the questioning and treatment of suspected offenders occurred in 1984 when the Police and Criminal Evidence Act came into force . Under Code C the right to silence was amended by allowing adverse inferences to be drawn at a court hearing in cases where a suspect refuses to explain something , and then later produces an explanation ( see right to silence in England and Wales ) . In other words , the jury is entitled to infer that the accused fabricated the explanation at a later date , as he refused to provide the explanation during police questioning . The jury is also free to make no such inference . The new caution is : You do not have to say anything , but it may harm your defence if you do not mention , when questioned , something which you later rely on in court . Anything you do say may be given in evidence . If questioning is forthcoming , `` when questioned '' may be replaced with `` now '' . In cases in which the suspect has clearly nothing to gain by failing to remain silent : Anything you do say may , and will , be given in evidence . or : You do not have to say anything unless you wish to do so , but I must warn you that if you fail to mention any fact which you rely on in your defence in court , your failure to take this opportunity to mention it may be treated in court as supporting any relevant evidence against you . If you do wish to say anything , what you say may be given in evidence . or even ( in circumstances where no adverse inference can be drawn from silence ) : You do not have to say anything , but anything you do say may be given in evidence . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The Criminal Evidence ( Northern Ireland ) Order 1988 provided for adverse inferences being drawn for failure to mention something prior to being charged to an offence . The Criminal Procedure ( Amendment ) Rules 2009 / 2087 which came into effect on 5 October 2009 , and replaced the Criminal Procedure Rules 2005 , Pt 24 provides for post-charge questioning . This can be applied for failure to mention facts after a suspect has been charged with an offence . The scope of Emergency Legislation in Northern Ireland includes limitations on the right to silence , extended police detention powers and limitations on a suspect 's right to legal counsel at time of arrest which can all impact upon a suspects right to a fair trial . In John Murray v United Kingdom , the ECHR declared that the fair trial guarantee encompassed the entire legal process from the moment of arrest through to conviction . The ECHR addressed this issue in a limited context in Murray v UK ( 1996 ) ; `` To deny access to a lawyer for the first 48 hours of police questioning , in a situation where the rights of the defense may well be irretrievably prejudiced , is -- whatever the justification for such denial -- incompatible with the rights of the accused under Article 6 . '' Scotland ( edit ) In Scotland , Scots law , unlike that of England and Wales , has not curtailed the right to silence . The caution upon questioning reads `` You are going to be asked questions about ( give a brief description of all the suspected offences ) . You are not bound to answer but if you do your answers ( will be noted ) ( will be tape recorded and may be noted ) and may be used in evidence . Do you understand ? '' No adverse inference can be drawn by an accused person 's silence when they are interviewed under caution . A statutory basis is given to the right to silence in Section 14 of the Criminal Procedure ( Scotland ) Act 1995 , which states , * ( 9 ) A person detained under subsection ( 1 ) above ( at a police station ) shall be under no obligation to answer any question other than to give the information mentioned in subsection ( 10 ) below , and a constable shall so inform him both on so detaining him and on arrival at the police station or other premises . ( 10 ) That information is -- ( a ) the person 's name ; ( b ) the person 's address ; ( c ) the person 's date of birth ; ( d ) the person 's place of birth ( in such detail as a constable considers necessary or expedient for the purpose of establishing the person 's identity ) ; and ( e ) the person 's nationality . -- Section 14 ( 9 ) and ( 10 ) , Criminal Procedure ( Scotland ) Act 1995 United states ( edit ) Main article : Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that no person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself or herself . At trial , the prosecution can neither call the defendant as a witness , nor comment on the defendant 's failure to testify . Whether to testify or not is exclusively the privilege of the defendant . Outside the context of lawful detention or arrest , a person has no duty to answer any questions of the police . If judicial compulsion is sought by the State , the person can still invoke his or her Fifth Amendment right against compulsory self - incrimination , and refuse to testify if answers to questions posed are potentially self - incriminating . Only if granted immunity by the state , in a formal proceeding , from having any testimony or evidence derived from the testimony used against him or her , can a person be compelled to answer over an assertion of this right . If police detain ( or arrest ) a person , they must advise him or her that he or she has a right to remain silent , and the right to an attorney , among other rights . ( This is known as the Miranda warning . ) If the detained person invokes these rights , all interrogation must cease , and ordinarily nothing said by the defendant in violation of this rule may be admitted against him or her at trial . On June 17 , 2013 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Salinas v. Texas that , prior to being arrested , an individual must specifically invoke the Fifth Amendment right to `` remain silent '' , otherwise silence can be used against him or her in court . Uniform Code of Military Justice ( edit ) Members of the United States Armed Forces are covered by the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ ) . Under the UCMJ , sworn military personnel , whether of enlisted , warrant or commissioned rank , have a right to remain silent that was established 16 years before the Miranda v. Arizona ruling . There are significant protections against coercive self incrimination in Article 31 , UCMJ , but it does differ somewhat from the Miranda warning , and in essence provides greater protections . This is one difference between civilian and military justice in the United States , and many other nations have similar corollary rules regarding military justice vs. civilian justice . See also ( edit ) Privilege ( evidence ) Taking the Fifth Miranda warning Presumption of innocence References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bram v. United States Archived 5 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Warning Equivalents Abroad '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Azzopardi v R ( 2001 ) HCA 25 ; 205 CLR 50 ; 179 ALR 349 ; 75 ALJR 931 ( 3 May 2001 ) '' . www.austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Australian Law Reform Commission , `` Traditional Rights and Freedoms - Encroachments by Commonwealth Law '' ( ALRC Interim Report 127 ) Jump up ^ Report 95 ( 2000 ) -- The right to silence . Archived March 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Right to Silence : An Examination of the Issues , June 1998 . Jump up ^ Northern Territory Law Reform Committee Report on The Right to Silence . Jump up ^ Major Crime ( Investigative Powers ) Act 2004 Jump up ^ `` Evidence Amendment ( Evidence of Silence ) Act 2013 No 9 '' . www.austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ See s89A of the Evidence Act 1995 ( NSW ) . See also O'Farrell , Barry ( 14 August 2012 ) . `` Media Release : Crime Crackdown : `` Right to Silence Law Toughened '' '' ( PDF ) . NSW Government . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon and Cowdery , David and Nicholas ( 2013 ) . `` Silence Rights '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution of Bangladesh : Chapter III '' . Prime Minister 's Office . Archived from the original on 24 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Human Rights in Eleven Asian Nations -- 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Asian Human Rights Commission . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Azad , Mak ( 3 October 2007 ) . `` Do citizens get the protection provided by the constitution ? '' . The Daily Star . Archived from the original on 29 October 2007 . 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Quezon City : Philippine National Police . pp. 69 -- 70 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 October 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda rights cards to be distributed to cops '' . ABS - CBN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Nagrampa , Hershey B. `` HRAO to translate Miranda Warning and Anti-Torture Act in Four Foreign Languages '' . hrao.pnp.gov.ph . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Felipe , Cecille Suerte ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` PNP translating Miranda Rights into 4 foreign languages '' . The Philippine STAR . Jump up ^ `` Глава 2 . Права и свободы человека и гражданина - Конституция Российской Федерации '' . www.constitution.ru . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of South Africa , 1996 , section 35 . Jump up ^ SAPS 14A Jump up ^ `` Section 35 of the South African constitution '' . Info.gov.za. 19 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Medienmitteilung EJDP , 10.09. 2008 Archived 24 July 2012 at Archive.is . Jump up ^ `` ใน กรณี ที่ เจ้าพนักงาน เป็น ผู้ จับ ต้อง แจ้ง ข้อ กล่าวหา ให้ ผู้ ถูก จับ ทราบ หาก มี หมายจับ ให้ แสดง ต่อ ผู้ ถูก จับ พร้อม ทั้ง แจ้ง ด้วยว่า ผู้ ถูก จับ มี สิทธิ ที่ จะ ไม่ ให้ การ หรือ ให้ การ ก็ได้ และ ถ้อยคํา ของ ผู้ ถูก จับ นั้น อาจ ใช้ เป็น พยาน หลักฐาน ใน การ พิจารณา คดี ได้ และ ผู้ ถูก จับ มี สิทธิ ที่ จะ พบ และ ปรึกษา ทนายความ หรือ ผู้ ซึ่ง จะ เป็น ทนายความ ถ้า ผู้ ถูก จับ ประสงค์ จะ แจ้ง ให้ ญาติ หรือ ผู้ ซึ่ง ตน ไว้ วางใจ ทราบ ถึง การ จับกุม ที่ สามารถ ดําเนิน การ ได้ โดย สะดวก และ ไม่ เป็นการ ขัดขวาง การ จับ หรือ การ ควบคุม ผู้ ถูก จับ หรือ ทําให้ เกิด ความ ไม่ ปลอดภัย แก่ บุคคล หนึ่ง บุคคล ใด ก็ ให้ เจ้าพนักงาน อนุญาต ให้ ผู้ ถูก จับ ดําเนิน การ ได้ ตาม สมควร แก่ กรณี ใน การ นี้ ให้ เจ้าพนักงาน ผู้ จับ นั้น บันทึก การ จับ ดัง กล่าว ไว้ ด้วย Jump up ^ `` เจ้าพนักงาน หรือ ราษฎร ผู้ ทําการ จับ ต้อง เอา ตัวผู้ ถูก จับ ไป ยัง ที่ทําการ ของ พนักงานสอบสวน ตาม มาตรา ๘๓ โดย ทันที และ เมื่อ ถึง ที่ นั้น แล้ว ให้ ส่ง ตัวผู้ ถูก จับ แก่ พนักงาน ฝ่าย ปกครอง หรือ ตํารวจ ของ ที่ทําการ ของ พนักงานสอบสวน ดัง กล่าว เพื่อ ดําเนิน การ ดัง ต่อ ไป นี้ ( ๑ ) ใน กรณี ที่ เจ้าพนักงาน เป็น ผู้ จับ ให้ เจ้าพนักงาน ผู้ จับ นั้น แจ้ง ข้อ กล่าวหา และ ราย ละเอียด เกี่ยว กับ เหตุ แห่ง การ จับ ให้ ผู้ ถูก จับ ทราบ ถ้า มี หมายจับ ให้ แจ้ง ให้ ผู้ ถูก จับ ทราบ และ อ่าน ให้ ฟัง และ มอบ สําเนา บันทึก การ จับ แก่ ผู้ ถูก จับ นั้น ( ๒ ) ใน กรณี ที่ ราษฎร เป็น ผู้ จับ ให้ พนักงาน ฝ่าย ปกครอง หรือ ตํารวจ ซึ่ง รับ มอบตัว บันทึก ชื่อ อาชีพ ที่ อยู่ ของ ผู้ จับ อีก ทั้ง ข้อความ และ พฤติการณ์ แห่ง การ จับ นั้น ไว้ และ ให้ ผู้ จับ ลง ลายมือชื่อ กํากับ ไว้ เป็น สําคัญ เพื่อ ดําเนิน การ แจ้ง ข้อ กล่าวหา และ ราย ละเอียด แห่ง การ จับ ให้ ผู้ ถูก จับ ทราบ และ แจ้ง ให้ ผู้ ถูก จับ ทราบ ด้วยว่า ผู้ ถูก จับ มี สิทธิ ที่ จะ ไม่ ให้ การ หรือ ใ ห้ การ ก็ได้ และ ถ้อยคํา ของ ผู้ ถูก จับ อาจ ใช้ เป็น พยาน หลักฐาน ใน การ พิจารณา คดี ได้ '' Jump up ^ Constitution of Ukraine -- Wikisource ^ Jump up to : Criminal Process Code of Ukraine ( unofficial translation ) ^ Jump up to : `` Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Section 34 : The National Archives . 3 November 1994 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adverse Inferences '' . Crown Prosecution Service . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . A court can draw an adverse inference from a defendant 's silence in circumstances as set out in sections 34 to 37 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 . Section 34 allows an inference to be drawn when a suspect is silent when questioned under caution prior to charge ( section 34 ( 1 ) ( a ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Criminal Evidence ( Northern Ireland ) Order 1988 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Section 3 : The National Archives . 14 November 1988 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lord Carloway , Colin ( 17 November 2011 ) . `` Carloway Review '' . Scottish Government . Adverse Inference : Carloway Review . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . No adverse inference can be drawn at trial from a suspect 's silence when questioned or charged by the police . Inferences from silence during police interview are prohibited , especially where a suspect has been cautioned . The terms of the caution deprive a failure to respond of any evidential value . Jump up ^ See the specimen direction Archived 16 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . of the Judicial Studies Board . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Justice Act 1987 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 , s . 49 '' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 , s . 53 '' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` PACE Code C 2008 '' . Homeoffice.gov.uk . May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ UK Parliament . Criminal Procedure ( Scotland ) Act 1995 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Bill of Rights : A Transcription '' . America 's Founding Documents . National Archive . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Aaron ( 1 August 2016 ) . `` What Are The Most Important Constitutional Rights In Criminal Cases ? '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffin v. California , 380 U.S. 609 ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Tague , Peter W. ( 1989 ) . `` The Fifth Amendment : If an Aid to the Guilty Defendant , an Impediment to the Innocent One '' . Georgetown Law Journal . 78 : 1 -- 70 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris v. N.Y. , 401 U.S. 222 , 225 ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ `` Your Rights if Questioned , Stopped or Arrested by the Police '' . Ohio State Bar . 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Janet L. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` The Privilege Against Self - Incrimination in Civil Proceedings '' ( PDF ) . Litigation Journal . 24 ( 1 ) : 18 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kastigar v. United States , 406 U.S. 441 , 462 ( 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Henning , Peter J. ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Fifth Amendment Makes it Hard to Build a Case Against Flynn '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Miranda v. Arizona , 384 US 436 , 448 -- 50 , 455 ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Joest , D. ( 1974 ) . `` The Impeachment Exception : Decline of the Exclusionary Rule '' . Indiana Law Review . 8 : 865 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salinas v. Texas , 133 S. Ct. 2174 , 186 L. Ed . 2d 376 ( 2013 ) '' . Google Scholar . Google . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Military Justice 101 -- Part 5 , Right to Remain Silent ( Article 31 Rights ) '' . Usmilitary.about.com. 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ ) -- ART. 31 . COMPULSORY SELF - INCRIMINATION PROHIBITED '' . Usmilitary.about.com. 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Military Judicial Rules of Procedure , Uniform Code of Military Justice -- 1951 as amended External links ( edit ) Do n't Talk to the Police -- Lecture by Law Professor James Duane of the Regent University School of Law and Officer George Bruch from the Virginia Beach police department . Criminal procedure ( investigation ) Criminal investigation Arrest warrant Search warrant Probable cause Knock - and - announce Exigent circumstance Reasonable suspicion Search and seizure Search of persons Arrest Detention Right to silence Miranda warning Arguido Suspect Criminal prosecution Statute of limitations Nolle prosequi Bill of attainder Precognition Grand jury Indictment Ex post facto law Criminal jurisdiction Deferred prosecution agreement Extradition Habeas corpus Bail Inquisitorial system Adversarial system Charges and pleas Alford plea Arraignment Information Indictment Plea Peremptory plea Nolo contendere Plea bargain Presentence investigation Related areas Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Legal abuse Criminal justice portal Law portal Wiktionary Wikibooks Wikiquote WikiSource Wikinews Wikiversity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_to_silence&oldid=851889379 '' Categories : Evidence law Criminal procedure Legal communication Criminal law Silence Australian criminal law Bangladeshi law Canadian criminal law Criminal law of the United Kingdom French criminal law German criminal law Hong Kong law Indian criminal law Prisoners and detainees of the Netherlands Pakistani criminal law South African criminal law Law enforcement in the Czech Republic United States law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template archiveis links EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 07 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which section of the charter governs the right to silence | [
"In Canada, the right to silence is protected under section 7 and section 11(c) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The accused may not be compelled as a witness against himself in criminal proceedings, and therefore only voluntary statements made to police are admissible as evidence. Prior to an accused being informed of their right to legal counsel, any statements they make to police are considered involuntarily compelled and are inadmissible as evidence. After being informed of the right to counsel, the accused may choose to voluntarily answer questions and those statements would be admissible.\n",
"In Canada, the right to silence is protected under section 7 and section 11(c) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The accused may not be compelled as a witness against himself in criminal proceedings, and therefore only voluntary statements made to police are admissible as evidence. Prior to an accused being informed of their right to legal counsel, any statements they make to police are considered involuntarily compelled and are inadmissible as evidence. After being informed of the right to counsel, the accused may choose to voluntarily answer questions and those statements would be admissible.\n"
] | [
"section 7",
"section 11(c)"
] |
6872930417571366034 | Guardians of the Galaxy (film) | Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) - wikipedia Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 '' redirects here . For the first volume of the comic book series , see Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1969 team ) . Guardians of the Galaxy Theatrical release poster Directed by James Gunn Produced by Kevin Feige Written by James Gunn Nicole Perlman Based on Guardians of the Galaxy by Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Starring Chris Pratt Zoe Saldana Dave Bautista Vin Diesel Bradley Cooper Lee Pace Michael Rooker Karen Gillan Djimon Hounsou John C. Reilly Glenn Close Benicio del Toro Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Ben Davis Edited by Fred Raskin Craig Wood Hughes Winborne Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $232.3 million ( gross ) $195.9 million ( net ) Box office $773.3 million Guardians of the Galaxy ( retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 ) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , Bradley Cooper , Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact . Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post-production was finished on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 . It was released in theaters on August 1 , 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 , as well as the third highest - grossing film of 2014 . The film garnered praise for its humor , action , soundtrack , visual effects , direction , musical score , and acting . A sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , was released on May 5 , 2017 , with a third film , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 , scheduled to be released in 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.1. 1 Merchandise 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 7.1 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 7.2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , following his mother 's death , a young Peter Quill is abducted from Earth by the Ravagers , a group of space pirates led by Yondu Udonta . Twenty - six years later on the planet Morag , Quill steals an orb but is attacked by Korath , a subordinate to the fanatical Kree , Ronan . Although Quill escapes with the orb , Yondu discovers his theft and issues a bounty for his capture , while Ronan sends the assassin Gamora after the orb . When Quill attempts to sell the orb on Xandar , capital of the Nova Empire , Gamora ambushes him and steals it . A fight ensues , drawing in a pair of bounty hunters : the genetically and cybernetically modified raccoon Rocket , and the tree - like humanoid Groot . Nova Corps officers capture the four , detaining them in the Kyln . A powerful inmate there , Drax , attempts to kill Gamora due to her association with Ronan , who killed his family . Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan to him , though Gamora reveals that she has betrayed Ronan , unwilling to let him use the orb 's power . Learning that Gamora has a buyer for the orb , Quill , Rocket , Groot , and Drax work with her to escape the Kyln in Quill 's ship , the Milano . Ronan meets with Gamora 's adoptive father , Thanos , to discuss her betrayal . Quill 's group flee to Knowhere , a remote criminal outpost in space built in the giant severed head of a Celestial . A drunken Drax summons Ronan while the rest of the group meet Gamora 's contact , the collector Taneleer Tivan . Tivan opens the orb , revealing an Infinity Stone , an item of immeasurable power that destroys all but the most powerful beings who wield it . Tivan 's tormented assistant Carina grabs the Stone , triggering an explosion that engulfs Tivan 's archive . Ronan arrives and easily defeats Drax , while the others flee by ship , pursued by Ronan 's followers and Gamora 's adoptive sister Nebula . Nebula destroys Gamora 's ship , leaving her floating in space , and Ronan 's fighters capture the orb . Quill contacts Yondu before following Gamora into space , giving her his helmet to survive ; Yondu arrives and retrieves the pair . Rocket , Drax , and Groot threaten to attack Yondu 's ship to rescue them , but Quill negotiates a truce , promising the orb to Yondu . Quill 's group agrees that facing Ronan means certain death , but that they can not let him use the Infinity Stone to destroy the galaxy . On Ronan 's flagship , the Dark Aster , Ronan embeds the Stone in his warhammer , taking its power for himself . He contacts Thanos , threatening to kill him after first destroying Xandar ; hateful of her adoptive father , Nebula allies with Ronan . The Ravagers and Quill 's group join with the Nova Corps to confront the Dark Aster at Xandar , with Quill 's group breaching the Dark Aster with the Milano . Ronan uses his empowered warhammer to destroy the Nova Corps fleet . Gamora fights and defeats Nebula , who then escapes , but the group find themselves outmatched by Ronan 's power until Rocket crashes a Ravager ship through the Dark Aster . The damaged Dark Aster crash - lands on Xandar , with Groot sacrificing himself to shield the group . Ronan emerges from the wreck and prepares to destroy Xandar , but Quill distracts him , allowing Drax and Rocket to destroy Ronan 's warhammer . Quill grabs the freed Stone , and with Gamora , Drax , and Rocket sharing its burden , they use it to destroy Ronan . In the aftermath , Quill tricks Yondu into taking a container supposedly containing the Stone , and gives the real Stone to the Nova Corps . As the Ravagers leave Xandar , Yondu remarks that it turned out well that they did not deliver Quill to his father per their contract . Quill 's group , now known as the Guardians of the Galaxy , have their criminal records expunged , and Quill learns that he is only half - human , his father being part of an ancient , unknown species . Quill finally opens the last present he received from his mother : a cassette tape filled with her favorite songs . The Guardians leave in the rebuilt Milano along with a sapling cut from Groot . In a post-credits scene , Tivan sits in his destroyed archive with two of his living exhibits : a canine cosmonaut and an anthropomorphic duck . Cast ( edit ) The cast of Guardians of the Galaxy promoting the film at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . From top to bottom : Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , Hounsou , and del Toro . ( Scrollable image ) Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - alien leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Missouri as a child in 1988 and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . About the character , Pratt said , `` He had a hard time as a kid , and now he goes around space , making out with hot alien girls and just being a rogue and a bit of a jerk , and through teaming up with these guys , finds a higher purpose for himself . '' He also added that the character is a mix of Han Solo and Marty McFly . Pratt , who was mostly known for playing supporting characters , including Andy Dwyer on the television series Parks and Recreation , initially turned down the role . Pratt had lost weight to portray fit characters in films such as Moneyball and Zero Dark Thirty , and had given up ambitions to play the lead role in action films after humbling auditions for Star Trek and Avatar . Casting director Sarah Finn suggested Pratt to Gunn , who dismissed the idea despite struggling to cast that role . Despite this , Finn arranged for a meeting between the two , at which point Gunn was immediately convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role . Pratt also won over Feige , despite having gained weight again for Delivery Man . Prior to filming , Pratt underwent a strict diet and training regimen to lose 60 lb ( 27 kg ) in six months . Pratt signed a multi-film contract with Marvel , and was granted a temporary leave from his work on Parks and Recreation in order to accommodate his participation in the film . Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Quill . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : An orphan from an alien world who seeks redemption for her past crimes . She was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin . Saldana said that she became Gamora through make - up rather than computer generated imagery ( CGI ) or performance capture . On taking the role , Saldana said , `` I was just excited to be asked to join by James Gunn and to also play someone green . I 've been blue before ( in Avatar ) . '' Saldana described Gamora as `` ... a warrior , she 's an assassin and she 's very lethal but what saves her is the same thing that can doom her . She has a sense of righteousness . She 's a very righteous individual . '' Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A warrior who seeks to avenge his family 's death at the hands of Ronan . On relating to the character , Bautista said , `` I can just relate to Drax so much it 's not even funny . Just the simple things that we have in common . Simple things like the tattoos , the tragedy -- because you know , I had a bit of tragedy in my life as well . So it 's really easy for me to pull from that . '' Bautista also said that there was `` a lot of comic relief to Drax '' , but the character was not aware of it . Bautista stated that he did not do much preparation for the role , because `` Luckily , for me , I 'm a lifelong athlete and I adapted real quick . '' Bautista 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply , though it could be removed in just 90 minutes . Drax has various scarring patterns on his body , which replace the simple tattoos from the comics , each having a specific story . Additionally , his skin tone was changed from the bright green in the comics to a muddier grey , to avoid visual similarities to the Hulk . Vin Diesel as Groot : A tree - like humanoid who is the accomplice of Rocket . Diesel stated that he provided the voice and motion capture for Groot , after originally being in talks to star in a new Phase Three Marvel film . Diesel also provided Groot 's voice for several foreign - language releases of the film . Krystian Godlewski portrayed the character on set , though his acting was not used in the final character CGI . On the character , which Gunn based on his dog , Gunn said , `` All the Guardians start out the movie as bastards -- except Groot . He 's an innocent . He 's a hundred percent deadly and a hundred percent sweet . He 's caught up in Rocket 's life , really . '' Gunn added that the design and movement of Groot took `` the better part of a year '' to create . Gunn added , `` The ways in which Vin Diesel says , ' I am Groot , ' I am astounded . All of the ' I am Groots ' that were earlier voices did n't sound very good at all ... Vin came in and in one day , laid down all these ' I am Groot ' tracks , and he 's a perfectionist . He made me explain to him with ever ( sic ) ' I am Groot , ' exactly what he was saying ... It was amazing when we first put that voice in there how much the character changed and how much he influenced the character . '' Regarding the limited words used by Groot , Diesel said in many ways this was , `` ... the most challenging thing to ask an actor to do . '' Diesel found an emotional note in his performance , invoking the death of his friend and Fast and Furious co-star Paul Walker , saying , `` This was in December ( 2013 ) , and the first time I came back to dealing with human beings after dealing with death , so playing a character who celebrates life in the way Groot does was very nice . '' Groot 's form and size - changing abilities are seen , with Gunn stating that he has the ability to grow in the film . Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A genetically engineered raccoon - like bounty hunter and mercenary who is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Gunn worked with live raccoons to get the correct feel for the character , and to make sure it was `` not a cartoon character '' , saying , `` It 's not Bugs Bunny in the middle of the Avengers , it 's a real , little , somewhat mangled beast that 's alone . There 's no one else in the universe quite like him , he 's been created by these guys to be a mean - ass fighting machine . '' Gunn also based the character on himself . Describing Rocket in relation to the rest of the Guardians , Cooper said , `` I think Rocket is dynamic . He 's the sort of Joe Pesci in Goodfellas guy . '' Cooper voiced Rocket , while Sean Gunn ( James ' younger brother ) stood in for the character during filming . James Gunn said that for the role of Rocket , some physical movement from Cooper , including facial expressions and hand movements , was recorded as potential reference for the animators , though much of Sean Gunn 's acting is used throughout the film . Before Cooper was cast , James Gunn said that it was a challenge finding a voice for Rocket , that he was looking for someone that could balance `` the fast - talking speech patterns that Rocket has , but also can be funny , because he is really funny . But also has the heart that Rocket has . Because there are actually some pretty dramatic scenes with Rocket . '' Lee Pace as Ronan the Accuser : A Kree radical who agrees to retrieve an artifact for Thanos in exchange for eradicating his mortal enemies , the Xandarians . Ronan and his Sakaaran army hunt down the Guardians when they interfere with his goals . Describing Ronan , Gunn said , `` He is the primary villain , and he is a really twisted guy , he has a really religious bent in this film . He has a very sick and twisted view of what morality is ; strength is virtue and weakness is sin and that is what he lives by , and I think he is very scary because of his beliefs , which are real to him . '' Pace , who originally auditioned for Peter Quill , described Ronan as a `` psycho '' and a `` monster '' . Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta : A blue - skinned bandit who is the leader of the Ravagers and a paternal figure to Quill . Yondu helps Quill to steal the orb before Quill betrays him , leaving Yondu and the Ravagers to chase the Guardians . On the character , Rooker said , he has `` some interesting issues -- not a good guy , not a bad guy . There 's hope and there 's a heart inside Yondu . '' Gunn created the film 's version of the character specifically with Rooker in mind , while borrowing the character 's mohawk and use of a whistle - controlled arrow from the comics . Rooker fully committed to the role once he knew his role on the TV series The Walking Dead would be ending . Rooker 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings and is a loyal lieutenant in the employ of Ronan and Thanos . About the character , Gillan said , `` She is the female villain of the film ... She is very sadistic and evil , but I like to think for a very valid reason . '' She also added , `` I think she 's a really interesting character . What I like to play around with is how jealous she is . She 's Gamora 's sister , and there 's a lot of sibling rivalry . That 's the most interesting aspect to me , because jealousy can consume you and turn you bitter , and ugly . And she 's a total sadist , so that 's fun too . '' Gillan researched the ancient Spartans , shaved off her hair , and trained for two months for the role . The character 's makeup took approximately four and a half hours to be applied . Djimon Hounsou as Korath : A Kree ally of Ronan who is a feared intergalactic hunter . As to why he took the role Hounsou said , `` I have a four - year old son who loves superheroes from Spider - Man to Iron Man to Batman . He 's got all the costumes . One day he looks at me and says ' Dad , I want to be light - skinned so I could be Spider - Man . Spider - Man has light skin . ' That was sort of a shock . This is why I am excited to be a part of the Marvel Universe , so I could hopefully provide that diversity in the role of the superhero . '' John C. Reilly as Rhomann Dey : A corpsman in the Nova Corps , the Nova Empire 's military and police force . Glenn Close as Irani Rael : The leader of the Nova Corps , known as Nova Prime , whose mission is to protect the citizens of the Nova Empire and keep peace . Close stated that she `` had always wanted to be in a movie like ( Guardians of the Galaxy ) , and that it would be `` the most fun to play something like the Judi Dench ( as M or ) Samuel L. Jackson ( as Nick Fury ) role '' . She said that she took the role because she `` love ( s ) to do stuff that 's different '' and wanted to show that she `` ( has ) always been up for anything . '' She also stated that her contract has `` several '' films on it , and that she would be open to working on other Marvel Studios films in addition to returning for Guardians sequels . Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : An obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species in the galaxy who operates out of a place in space named Knowhere . Describing del Toro 's performance , Gunn said , `` He 's like an outer - space Liberace . That 's what it says in the script , which he 's kind of doing . '' On bringing the character to life , del Toro said , `` What James ( Gunn ) wanted , that I found out little by little as I was doing it , is that he wanted me to explore and just keep pushing the character and keep creating ( him ) as I was in front of the camera . '' Additionally , Josh Brolin appears , uncredited , as Thanos through voice acting and performance capture . Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos during filming and portrays Kraglin , Yondu 's first mate in the Ravagers . Alexis Denisof reprises his role as Thanos 's vizier , `` The Other '' , from The Avengers . Ophelia Lovibond plays Carina , the Collector 's slave ; Peter Serafinowicz plays Denarian Garthan Saal , a Nova Corps officer ; Gregg Henry plays Quill 's grandfather ; Laura Haddock plays Quill 's mother , Meredith ; Melia Kreiling plays Bereet ; Christopher Fairbank plays The Broker ; Mikaela Hoover plays Nova Prime 's assistant ; Marama Corlett plays a pit boss at the bar , The Boot ; Emmett J. Scanlan plays a Nova riot guard ; Alexis Rodney plays Moloka Dar ; Tom Proctor plays Horuz , a Ravager ; and Spencer Wilding plays a prison guard who confiscates Quill 's Walkman . Canine actor Fred appears as Cosmo . Stephen Blackehart had a supporting role . Naomi Ryan also had a supporting role in the film , though it was cut in the final version . Cameos in the film include : James Gunn as a Sakaaran ; Stan Lee as a Xandarian Ladies ' Man ; Lloyd Kaufman as an inmate ; Nathan Fillion as the voice of an inmate ; Rob Zombie as the voice of the Ravager Navigator ; composer Tyler Bates as a Ravager pilot ; and Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` I think anybody ... who would have said that this would make a great main movie would have been laughed off . It 's such an unlikely thing to do . So I think it 's lovely to work on something and expose its potential to the point where a company like Marvel will say , ' Yes , this makes sense . ' '' -- Dan Abnett , co-writer of the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy relaunch , on the project Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , stating , `` There are some obscure titles , too , like Guardians of the Galaxy . I think they 've been revamped recently in a fun way in the ( comic ) book . '' Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly , saying , `` There 's an opportunity to do a big space epic , which Thor sort of hints at , in the cosmic side '' of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Feige added , should the film be made , it would feature an ensemble of characters , similar to X-Men and The Avengers . Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International during the Marvel Studios panel , with an intended release date of August 1 , 2014 . He stated that the film 's titular team would consist of the characters Star - Lord , Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , Groot , and Rocket Raccoon . Two pieces of concept art were also displayed , one of Rocket Raccoon , and one featuring the entire team . In August 2012 , James Gunn entered talks to direct the film , beating out other contenders , including Peyton Reed and the duo Ryan Fleck and Anna Boden . The Avengers director Joss Whedon , who signed a deal to creatively consult on all of the films leading up to The Avengers sequel , was enthusiastic about the selection of Gunn to direct , saying `` James ( Gunn ) is what makes me think it will work ... He is so off the wall , and so crazy , but so smart , such a craftsman and he builds from his heart . He loves the raccoon . Needs the raccoon ... He has a very twisted take on it , but it all comes from a real love for the material . It 's going to be hard for ( the human characters ) to keep up . '' Writing ( edit ) Nicole Perlman , who was enrolled in Marvel 's screenwriting program in 2009 , was offered several of their lesser known properties to base a screenplay on . Out of those , Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning 's Guardians of the Galaxy , due to her interest in space and science fiction , adding , `` I think ( Marvel ) were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians , because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic - comedy writer or something like that . '' Perlman spent two years writing a draft , immersing herself in the Guardians universe , and was asked in late 2011 to create another draft , before Gunn was brought in in early 2012 to contribute to the script . Gunn eventually rewrote the script entirely because `` it did n't work '' for him ; he would use the film The Dirty Dozen as a reference to convey his ideas of the film to Marvel . Gunn later explained that Perlman 's draft was very different from the script he used during filming , including a different story , character arcs and no Walkman ; he stated , `` In Nicole 's script everything is pretty different ... it 's not about the same stuff . But that 's how the WGA works . They like first writers an awful lot . '' In August 2012 , Marvel Studios hired writer Chris McCoy to rewrite Perlman 's script , however , it is unclear what contribution he had to the final script , since he did not receive production credit . Gunn revealed that character introductions were the `` hardest scenes to crack '' , with Thanos ' introduction being the most difficult . He felt that `` having Thanos be in that scene was more helpful to the ( MCU ) than it was to Guardians of the Galaxy , '' yet he still wanted Thanos in the film , without `` ( belittling ) the actual antagonist of the film , which is Ronan . '' To solve his dilemma , Gunn chose to have Ronan kill `` The Other '' , Thanos ' vizier , saying , `` I thought that was interesting , because we 've had the Other , who 's obviously very powerful even in comparison to Loki , and then we see Ronan wipe his ass with him . So that I liked , but even that was sort of difficult , because it played as funnier when I first wrote it , and the humor did n't work so much . '' Pre-production ( edit ) In September 2012 , Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script . By the end of November , Joel Edgerton , Jack Huston , Jim Sturgess , and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill , as did Lee Pace , which he confirmed a week later in early December . Other actors who were considered for the role included Thor : The Dark World 's Zachary Levi , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , Michael Rosenbaum , and John Gallagher Jr . Chris Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013 , as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel . Gunn promoting the film at 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International In January 2013 , filming was scheduled to take place at Shepperton Studios in London , United Kingdom , and Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D . Victoria Alonso , an executive producer on the film , said that filming would begin in June . She also said that both Rocket Raccoon and Groot would be created through a combination of CGI and motion capture , going on to say that `` You ca n't do any motion capture with a raccoon -- they wo n't let you put the suit on . But we will do rotomation , probably , for some of the behavior ... we definitely will have performers to emulate what James Gunn will lead to be , the behavior and the performance . He 's very clear on where he wants to take the characters . '' In March 2013 , Feige discussed Guardians of the Galaxy in relation to the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` It 's much more of a standalone film . It takes place in the same universe . And when we 've been on the other side of that universe in other movies , you might see those characteristics in Guardians , but the Avengers are not involved with what 's happening out there at this time . '' Feige also stated that 95 % of the film would take place in space . In mid-March , Dave Bautista was signed to play Drax the Destroyer . Other actors who had been considered for the role included Isaiah Mustafa , Brian Patrick Wade and Jason Momoa . By the following week , sculptor Brian Muir , who sculpted Darth Vader 's mask for the Star Wars films , was revealed to be working on the film . In early April 2013 , Zoe Saldana entered into negotiations to star as Gamora in the film , and it was confirmed she had been cast later that month . Also in April , Michael Rooker joined the film 's cast as Yondu , and it was announced that Ophelia Lovibond had been cast in a supporting role . By this point in time , Lee Pace was in final negotiations to play the villain of the film . In May , Marvel offered John C. Reilly the role of Rhomann Dey . At the same time , it was disclosed that filmmakers were looking at actors including Hugh Laurie , Alan Rickman , and Ken Watanabe , for another role , and that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely were providing finishing touches to the script . A few days later , Glenn Close was cast as the head of the Nova Corps in the film , followed shortly by the casting of Karen Gillan as the film 's lead female villain . By June 2013 , Benicio del Toro was cast in the film , as part of a multi-film deal with Marvel Studios . Later in the month , it was confirmed that Reilly had been cast as Rhomann Dey . Special effects makeup designer David White took head and body casts of actors , such as Bautista , to experiment with materials used to create the characters . White said , `` James always pushed for practical and makeup effects . He wanted , like me , to see the real deal there on set . '' White was careful not to use `` modern '' creature designs to ensure they did not fall short in Gunn 's uniquely envisioned world . White and his team created upwards of 1,000 prosthetic makeup applications and 2,000 molds of different colored aliens . For the specific aesthetic look to the film , Gunn wanted to create `` a colorful science - fiction world '' , and include elements of 1950s and 60s pulp movies , citing the Ravagers ' spaceships , which he compared to muscle cars , as an example of the latter . Science fiction artist Chris Foss inspired and helped design the final look of some of the spacecrafts that appear in the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began around July 6 , 2013 in London , United Kingdom , under the working title of Full Tilt . Filming took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios . Later in July , Gunn and the film 's cast flew from London to attend San Diego Comic - Con International , where it was revealed that Pace would play Ronan the Accuser , Gillan would be Nebula , del Toro as The Collector , and that Djimon Hounsou had been cast as Korath . Close was later revealed to play Nova Prime Irani Rael . Also at San Diego Comic - Con , Feige stated that Thanos would be a part of the film as the `` mastermind '' . On August 11 , 2013 , filming began at London 's Millennium Bridge , which was selected as a double for Xandar . In August 2013 , Marvel announced that Bradley Cooper would voice Rocket . On September 3 , 2013 , Gunn said that filming was `` a little over half ( way ) '' complete . Also in September , Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot . However , Marvel did not confirm Diesel 's involvement in the film at the time . On October 12 , 2013 , Gunn announced on social media that filming had completed . Director of photography Ben Davis used Arri Alexa XT cameras for the film , saying , `` I 'm traditionally a photochemical fan , but going with the digital format was the right way for this movie ... the Alexa ( provided ) the right look for this particular film . '' During the opening scenes in the 1980s , Davis chose JDC Cooke Xtal ( Crystal ) Express anamorphic prime lenses because they `` had more anamorphic artifacts and aberrations , which ( he ) felt added something . '' Davis used spherical Panavision Primos for the rest of the film . Additionally , Davis worked closely with production designer Charles Wood in order to achieve the correct lighting looks for each scene . Dealing with two fully CGI characters forced Davis to shoot scenes multiple times , usually once with the references for the characters and once without them in the shot . Gunn revealed that his brother , Sean Gunn , took on multiple roles during the filming process , such as standing in for Rocket , which he noted was beneficial for the other actors , including Saldana , Pratt , and Bautista , who responded positively to Sean and his on - set performances . Special effects makeup designer David White made two life - size versions of Rocket and a bust of Groot as aids for visual effects , with White saying , `` it gives ( the filmmakers ) a good indication of where visual effects needs to pick up and whether Rocket can actually reach certain things or use certain devices . '' These busts were also used to see how the on - set lighting would affect the characters , to assist with the visual effects lighting process . In January 2015 , Disney revealed that the film came in `` slightly over the agreed budget '' at $232.3 million , with Disney receiving a rebate of $36.4 million from the British government . It was previously estimated to have had a $170 million budget . Post-production ( edit ) In November 2013 , Gunn stated that he attempted to use as many practical effects as possible while filming to aid the use of CGI and motion capture during post-production , saying , `` Our sets are enormous . We have a prison that is 350,000 pounds of steel . Anybody who knows me knows I love the mix of practical and CGI effects ... I ca n't wait for people to see it , because it 's astonishingly beautiful . '' After the release of Thor : The Dark World , Feige stated that the Infinity Stones would be a focus in the film , as well as going forward into the Phase Three slate of films within the MCU . In a separate interview for The Dark World in November , Feige added that a third , unknown Infinity Stone would be seen in the film , referred to as the `` Power Stone '' by the Collector . The mid-credits scene in The Dark World revealed Lovibond 's role as the Collector 's aide , later named Carina . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Diesel would voice Groot . A few weeks of additional filming , involving the film 's main cast and crew , occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . In April 2014 , Gunn described Thanos as the `` head of the snake '' in the film , and confirmed he would appear via performance capture . In May 2014 , Gunn stated that the film features an `` enormous '' amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe , adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date . Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying , `` We really , really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy . We visit five planets , we see a hundred different races . '' The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran , who act as Ronan 's mercenaries , as a replacement to the Badoon , as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox . By the end of May , Josh Brolin was revealed as the voice of Thanos , with Feige confirming in July that Brolin also provided the performance capture for the character . Thanos communicates via hologram for much of the film , though he does appear in a scene with Ronan and Nebula . In June 2014 , Feige added that Thanos and his followers are `` the biggest piece of connective tissue that will eventually lead us back into Avengers films in the future . '' On casting Brolin , Feige said , We reached out to him and it was one of those things that does not happen all the time but when it does it 's very nice , where he was totally intrigued . He was a fan of what we did , he met with Jeremy Latcham in a hotel in London and learned about the characters a little bit . I spoke to him on the phone a few times . We ran it by James who loved it , ran it by Joss ( Whedon ) who loved it because Thanos is in this universe because of Avengers . Then we shot him and recorded for it . On July 7 , 2014 , Gunn announced on social media that he had completed work on the film . In August , regarding the post-credit scene , Gunn revealed that the scene did not involve Howard the Duck when it was originally filmed , rather he was added during post-production , a decision made by `` some combination of ( Gunn ) and the editor Fred Raskin '' . As the decision to add the character was made late in the post-production process , he had to be designed that day , before being handed off to Sony Pictures Imageworks to animate . Also in August , regarding the pre-credit scene of Groot dancing , Gunn stated that he himself danced to provide motion reference for the animators , and that the decision was made to place the scene before the credits , rather than during or after them , because of positive responses from a test audience , which made Marvel and Gunn feel that they did not want `` people walking out and missing this thing '' . Marvel used design firm Sarofsky once again for the film 's title sequences , after liking their work for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Sarofsky developed a custom typeface based on the font used in the teaser posters for the opening credits , which was tinted orange to offer a better contrast to the film 's blue and grey imagery . One of the typography solutions offered before the final product wound up being repurposed as the locator cards seen throughout the film . Visual effects ( edit ) The Gardens by the Bay ( top ) in Singapore helped inspire the look of the planet Xandar ( bottom ) . The film featured 2,750 visual effects shots , which make up approximately 90 % of the film . The visual effects were created by : Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) , who worked on creating Groot , as well as Morag , Xandar , the Dark Aster and the final battle on Xandar ; Framestore , who worked on creating Rocket , extending the Kyln prison set and constructing Knowhere ; Luma Pictures , who worked on Thanos ; Method Studios , who worked on creating the Orb opening and revealing its powers , as well as the holographic displays at the Nova Corps command center ; Lola VFX ; Cantina Creative ; Sony Pictures Imageworks , who worked on Howard the Duck and creating the Dark Aster shots with MPC ; CoSA VFX ; Secret Lab ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; and Technicolor VFX . Pre - and post-visualizations were done by Proof and The Third Floor , with Proof also contributing to the creation of Rocket and Groot . Producer Nik Korda noted how helpful it was to have Sean Gunn and Krystian Godlewski portray Rocket and Groot on set , as it provided references for lighting and on - set performances to the animators . When creating Groot , MPC realized early on that his eyes would be essential in maintaining the character 's human qualities , as his face could n't move in the way that humans ' do . MPC visual effects supervisor Nicolas Aithadi explained that , `` When you look at humans what makes the eyes interesting is the imperfections -- trying to make these two irises not aimed at the same place -- trying to make them strange and look more human . '' Textures for Groot came from a number of sources , including inspiration from a botanical garden in London , and the character was modeled as individual branches , rigged individually , to simulate a muscle system for the character . One of the major challenges for Framestore in creating Rocket was his fur . Framestore 's Rachel Williams explained that , since `` raccoon fur is made up from a layer of short fine hair and a layer of longer thicker hairs '' , these layers were separated and animated individually , removing the need to use `` guide hairs '' to control the movements of thick sections of fur . Framestore and MPC worked closely sharing assets , to ensure shots of Rocket at MPC would match the Rocket created by Framestore , and vice versa for when Groot was needed by the other studio . In order to give Thanos `` the performance and the weight that he deserved '' , Luma Pictures created a new facial animation system to re-create Josh Brolin as a fully CG character , using his `` eyes , some of his cheek , how his muscles move when he talks '' . The character 's large jaw , and the deep groves that run down his face , had `` to be carefully planned out with the movement of his face . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( soundtrack ) In August 2013 , Gunn revealed that Tyler Bates would be composing the film 's score . Gunn stated that Bates would write some of the score first so that he can film to the music , as opposed to scoring to the film . In February 2014 , Gunn revealed that the film would incorporate songs from the 1960s and 1970s , such as `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , on a mixtape in Quill 's Walkman , which acts as a way for him to stay connected to the Earth , home , and family he lost . In May 2014 , Gunn added that using the songs from the 60s and 70s were `` cultural reference points '' , saying , `` It 's striking the balance throughout the whole movie , through something that is very unique , but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time . The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that , yeah , ( Quill ) is a real person from planet Earth who 's just like you and me . Except that he 's in this big outer space adventure . '' When choosing the songs , Gunn revealed he `` started the process by reading the Billboard charts for all of the top hits of the ' 70s '' , downloading `` a few hundred '' songs that were `` semi-familiar -- ones you recognize but might not be able to name off the top of your head '' and creating a playlist for all the songs that would fit the film tonally . He added that he `` would listen to the playlist on my speakers around the house -- sometimes I would be inspired to create a scene around a song , and other times I had a scene that needed music and I would listen through the playlist , visualizing various songs , figuring out which would work the best . '' Most of the songs were played on set to help `` the actors and the camera operators find the perfect groove for the shot '' , with David Bowie 's `` Moonage Daydream '' the only song chosen and added during post-production . Gunn also said that the opening scenes were designed with `` Hooked on a Feeling '' in mind ; however once Gunn discovered `` Come and Get Your Love '' , the song used in the sequence , Gunn felt it was a `` better fit . '' Three albums were released by Hollywood Records on July 29 , 2014 : The film 's score , Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) , which features the music composed by Bates for the film ; Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , which comprises the twelve songs from Quill 's mixtape ; and a deluxe edition featuring both albums . By August 2014 , the album which mirrored Quill 's mixtape had reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart , becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart . Hollywood Records also released a cassette version of the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack on November 28 , 2014 , as an exclusive to Record Store Day participants . The cassette , which is the first cassette Disney Music Group has released since 2003 , comes with a digital download version of the album . Release ( edit ) Karen Gillan at the London premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy . The world premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy was held on July 21 , 2014 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood . The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in the United States on August 1 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was released in 4,080 theaters in the United States , making it the widest August release , breaking the five year record held by G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 4,007 theatres ) . The breakdown of venues was : 354 IMAX screens , 3,200 3D screens , 350 large format screens and 240 D - Box screens . In its sixth weekend , Guardians of the Galaxy was playing in 69 territories , its most . In June 2014 , Gunn stated that the film had always been planned as a 3D film , and `` Unlike many directors , I 've been actively involved with converting every shot to 3D , making sure it works perfectly for the story and the film , making sure it 's spectacular and immersive without being silly , distracting , or overly showy . '' Gunn also revealed that the IMAX 3D version would include shifting aspect ratios , to make the viewing experience `` even fuller and more encompassing . I 've personally chosen all the places where the changes occur ... The changing aspect ratios in this case are actually a part of the storytelling . '' In July 2014 , Gunn revealed that there were multiple scenes he had cut from the film , and he was investigating how to release them , either in an extended cut of the film , or as bonus features on the film 's home media release . Marketing ( edit ) The cast and crew of Guardians of the Galaxy at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . ( L-R : producer Kevin Feige , Bautista , director James Gunn , del Toro , Saldana , Hounsou , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , and Pratt ) At Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2013 , Feige presented footage first revealed at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2013 . The first trailer for the film debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on February 18 , 2014 , with a special introduction by Chris Pratt . The Los Angeles Times said the trailer delivered `` some spirited alien action , with exploding spaceships and muscled bad guys , not to mention a few purely comedic moments , '' while spotlighting `` a number of the offbeat characters . '' Total Film noted the similarity of the trailer 's opening clip to the 1981 film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , which Gunn stated was a big influence for Guardians , and made note of the `` edgy '' humor used throughout . Total Film also noted the similarity of the trailer to the one debuted at Comic - Con and D23 , with a few new shots featuring Nebula and the Collector . Social media response to the trailer was strong , with 88,000 mentions across Twitter , Facebook and various blogs in a 12 - hour period . Those numbers were comparable to trailers for other superhero films like Man of Steel and The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , and noteworthy for the late night time period in which it premiered . The trailer received 22.8 million views in the 24 hours after it debuted . After the debut of the trailer , Blue Swede 's version of `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , which was prominently used throughout the trailer , went up 700 % in sales the following day . The line from Serafinowicz 's character , `` What a bunch of A-holes . '' , was only intended to be featured in the trailers , but due to its positive reception , was included in the final cut of the film . Gunn noted that a different teaser was almost released `` that was very cheesy ( and ) sold the movie as something different than what it was '' , as it tested better than the version that was ultimately released . Gunn credited the marketing teams at Marvel and Disney for having faith in the latter version , despite how it tested , over choosing the version that would have mis - marketed the film . In March 2014 , the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' introduced the Kree race to the MCU , which began a storyline that recurs throughout the series and involves finding a hidden Kree city . Also in March , ABC aired a one - hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Guardians of the Galaxy . Starting in April 2014 , a two - part comic was released , titled Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude . Written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning , with art by Wellington Alves , the first issue focused on the background of Nebula and her bond with Thanos ; the second issue featured the adventures of Rocket and Groot before they join forces with the other Guardians . In June 2014 , Mike Pasciullo , senior VP of Marvel Studios , described the marketing approach for Guardians of the Galaxy by saying that Marvel had `` built a robust marketing program for the theatrical release that carefully integrates traditional advertising , social media , digital marketing , strategic promotional partnerships , organic entertainment integrations ( and ) publicity . '' In July 2014 , Marvel launched a viral marketing campaign for the film called `` Galaxy Getaways '' , a fictional travel website that allows users to book passage to some of the planets depicted in the film , including Xandar , Morag , and Knowhere . Beginning July 4 , 2014 , a sneak peek of the film was presented at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Magic Eye and ABC Sound Studio theaters , respectively . Approximately 14 minutes of the film was screened on July 7 , 2014 , in IMAX 3D in the United States , and 3D theaters and IMAX 3D in Canada , along with two trailers . The screening was met with positive reviews , praising the humor , the 3D and IMAX conversion , and Cooper 's portrayal of Rocket . However , it was criticized for beginning partway through the film , not allowing viewers to easily acclimate to the film 's tone , and for how the general audience might respond to a film within the MCU without established characters making appearances . On July 12 , 2014 , Gunn and the actors from the film promoted Guardians of the Galaxy at the Lido 8 Cineplex in Singapore . On July 17 , 2014 , Disney Interactive released an action RPG video game titled Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon for iOS , Android and Windows devices . The game 's original story was written by Dan Abnett , and was meant to complement the film . On July 21 , Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel and Cooper appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! to promote the film and debut some additional exclusive content . On July 29 , Pratt and Saldana rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange as part of the film 's marketing strategy . On August 14 , Marvel released the scene of Groot dancing , which was shortly followed by an announcement from Funko that they were releasing a toy `` Dancing Groot '' . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the quick release of the scene from Marvel two weeks after the film 's theatrical release , along with the rush announcement from Funko , indicated the popularity of both the character and the scene . The scene also produced the word `` grooting '' , coined by Michael Rooker , in which a person dances similar to Groot , with the word entering the social media lexicon . Also in August , Marvel held a special screening of the film at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles , where Pratt dressed as Star - Lord to entertain the patients . Merchandise ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel filed eleven trademark applications for Guardians of the Galaxy , covering a variety of consumer products , from video games to cosmetics . Disney Consumer Products partnered with Mad Engine , C - Life , New Era , Hasbro , Disguise , Rubies , Sideshow Collectibles , Lego , KIDdesigns , iHome , Funko , Freeze , Fast Forward , and Innovative Designs to produce merchandise for the film , with releases starting in June 2014 . Mad Engine and C - Life were partnered as the core apparel outfitters , producing a line of T - shirts and fleece jackets , while New Era produced headwear and hats . Hasbro produced toys for the film ; Disguise and Rubies produced the costumes ; and Sideshow Collectibles was given charge of the collectibles . Lego announced three toy sets based on scenes from the film , while iHome created character speakers , Funko made vinyl bobble heads , Freeze crafted 1980s - inspired apparel , and backpacks and stationery were made by Fast Forward and Innovative Designs . Despite first films in a potential new franchise usually being off - limits to licensees , Marvel used Iron Man 's success as evidence of unknown characters becoming hits with audiences to attract partnerships . Licensees embraced Rocket as the film 's potential breakout character , with Drax and Gamora being used for older demographics ; Star - Lord 's obsession with 1980s nostalgia , including his `` Awesome Mix Vo. 1 '' cassette , has also served as a basis for tie - in products . In August 2014 , Funko announced a toy based on `` Dancing Groot '' , while in October 2014 , Marvel and KID designs announced a replica of dancing Groot , for release in December 2014 . In December 2014 , Disney made a second marketing push , to coincide with the film 's home media release with additional merchandise . Merchandise partners included : KID designs with its replica dancing Groot ; Funko 's Fabrikations line with a plush Rocket ; Mattel 's Hot Wheels character cars ; C - Life , Hybrid - Jem Sportswear , Freeze , MZ Berger , Accutime , AME and Her Universe with apparel ; ThinkGeek with jewelry and watches ; American Greetings with cards ; Jay Franco with homegoods ; and Vandor with drinkware . Additional partners included Mad Engine , Just Play and Dragon Models . Paul Gitter , senior vice president of Marvel licensing at Disney Consumer Products said , `` The demand for Guardians of the Galaxy merchandise has been truly out of this world . Our merchandising and retail partners are doing a tremendous job of providing creative and innovative ways for fans to continue interacting with these popular characters and showcase their fandom year round . '' Home media ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 18 , 2014 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and DVD on November 24 , 2014 , in the United Kingdom and on December 9 in the United States . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , and an exclusive preview of Avengers : Age of Ultron . As of October 4 , 2015 , the film has earned over $118 million in sales in the US . The film was also included in the 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $333.2 million in North America and an estimated $440.2 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $773.3 million . The film became the third highest - grossing film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , behind The Avengers and Iron Man 3 . It was the third highest - grossing 2014 film ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ) and the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 . It had a worldwide opening weekend of $160.7 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit for the film to be $204.2 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it fifth on their list of 2014 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $11.2 million on its Thursday night pre-opening , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's gross ( $10.2 million ) for the biggest Thursday evening start for a movie in 2014 . IMAX accounted for 17 % of the total gross ( $1.9 million ) , which was the biggest August pre-release in IMAX format . On its opening day , the film earned $37.8 million , including the Thursday night earnings . Guardians of the Galaxy was the number one movie during its opening weekend and grossed $94.3 million , setting an August weekend record . During the opening weekend , IMAX earnings amounted to $11.7 million and 3 - D showings accounted for 45 % of ticket sales . The film 's success was partially attributed to its appeal to both genders : the opening weekend audience was 44 % female , which is the biggest proportion ever for a MCU film ; 55 % of the opening - weekend audience was over the age of 25 . Although the film fell to second place in its second and third weekends , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the film was number one in its fourth , fifth and sixth weekend . By doing so , it became the first film in 2014 to top the domestic box office in non-consecutive weeks , the first film of the summer ( May -- August ) to be the number one film in three weekends and the first MCU film to be the top film for four weeks , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier and The Avengers , both of which were number one for three weeks , and tied The Dark Knight for the most weeks at number one among comic book - based films . Phil Contrino , vice president and chief analyst of BoxOffice.com felt Guardians success was `` unconventional '' and was `` shattering expectations '' . The film remained in the top 10 for ten weekends . The film was the top grossing film of summer 2014 ( ahead of Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , first of 2014 to pass $300 million for its domestic gross , and was the third highest - grossing domestic film of 2014 ( behind American Sniper and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ) . The film was said to have `` injected life '' into an otherwise lower than normal summer box office . Outside North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released in 42 international markets and grossed $66.4 million on its opening weekend . The biggest debuts came from Russia ( $13 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $10.8 million ) , Mexico ( $6.5 million ) , Brazil ( $6.5 million ) and South Korea ( $4.7 million ) . The film topped the weekend box office two times , in its first and second weekends . In its eleventh weekend , the film opened in China , earning $29.8 million , its largest , and became the third highest opening in the country for any Disney release , behind Iron Man 3 and Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and was an all - time industry record opening in October . The following weekend saw an additional $21.3 million from China , making China the highest grossing market with $69 million . The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were : China ( $96.5 million ) ; the UK ( $47.4 million ) ; and Russia ( $37.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 based on 288 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is just as irreverent as fans of the frequently zany Marvel comic would expect -- as well as funny , thrilling , full of heart , and packed with visual splendor . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 52 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore audiences gave Guardians of the Galaxy an `` A '' grade rating on an A+ to F scale , while earning an `` A + '' among under - 18 and 25 - to 34 - year - old viewers . Scott Foundas of Variety said `` James Gunn 's presumptive franchise - starter is overlong , overstuffed and sometimes too eager to please , but the cheeky comic tone keeps things buoyant -- as does Chris Pratt 's winning performance '' , and praised the film 's look created by cinematographer Ben Davis , production designer Charles Wood , and special effects makeup designer David White . Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the film 's look , and felt `` A well - matched ensemble rises to the challenge of launching a heroic origin film with distinctive style , abundant thrills and no shortage of humor . '' The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin said , `` A brand new summer family blockbuster this may be , but it plays by old , half - forgotten rules ; trimming out the clutter and cross-referencing for snappy , streamlined , Saturday - cartoon fun '' . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` Blessed with a loose , anarchic B - picture soul that encourages you to enjoy yourself even when you 're not quite sure what 's going on , the scruffy Guardians is irreverent in a way that can bring the first Star Wars to mind , in part because it has some of the most unconventional heroes this side of the Mos Eisley Cantina . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , `` While Guardians takes you down one after another crazy narrative turn , it also pulls you into -- and , for the most part , keeps you in -- a fully realized other world . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is a late summer treat -- a mostly lighthearted and self - referential comic - book movie with loads of whiz - bang action , some laugh - out - loud moments and a couple of surprisingly beautiful and touching scenes as well , '' calling it `` a refreshing confection of entertainment . '' Jim Starlin , creator of Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , and Thanos , said it `` might be Marvel 's best movie yet '' . Jake Coyle of the Associated Press was more critical of the film , calling it `` terribly overstuffed and many of the jokes get drowned out by the special effects ... The pervasive movie references detract from the stab at freshness , and Guardians depends all too much on the whimsy of ' 70s anthems for an original beat . '' He also felt that Close , Reilly and del Toro were underused in the film . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said , `` In place of wit , Guardians offers a sort of generalized willingness to be amusing , an atmosphere of high spirits that feels like lots of people pumping air into a tire that has a hole in it . Everyone is clearly working , but nothing is really happening -- and yet the effort is so evident that there 's an impulse to reward it . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post also had a negative response to the film , comparing it to Howard the Duck and Green Lantern , and criticizing the dialogue , villains , soundtrack , lack of suspense , and the characters of Quill , Rocket , and Drax . The film received mixed reviews in China , where viewers complained that the film 's `` poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it , but also made it difficult to understand its humor . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2014 CinemaCon Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Chris Pratt Won Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Guardians of the Galaxy Won Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Blockbuster Award Guardians of the Galaxy Won Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Chris Pratt Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Actor in an Action Movie Chris Pratt Nominated Best Actress in an Action Movie Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Makeup David White Won Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Karen Gillan Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Contemporary Hair Styling in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Nominated Best Contemporary Make - Up in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Make - Up Effects in Feature Length Motion Picture David White Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actress Zoe Saldana Nominated MTV Movie Awards Movie of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Male Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Duo Bradley Cooper and Vin Diesel Nominated Best Shirtless Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best Musical Moment Chris Pratt Nominated Best Comedic Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Transformation Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Hero Chris Pratt Nominated Satellite Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Top 10 Films of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Ensemble Acting Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Live Action Family Film Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Awards Best Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Poster Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Charles Wood Won Writers Guild of America Awards Best Adapted Screenplay James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Paul Corbould , Jonathan Fawkner , Nicolas Aithadi Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Director James Gunn Won Best Writing James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated Best Actor Chris Pratt Won Best Editing Fred Raskin , Craig Wood and Hughes Winborne Nominated Best Production Design Charles Wood Nominated Best Costume Alexandra Byrne Nominated Best Make - up David White and Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Hugo Awards ( Science Fiction Achievement Awards ) Best Dramatic Presentation ( Long Form ) James Gunn ( director , screenplay ) , Nicole Perlman ( screenplay ) Won Sequels ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on May 5 , 2017 , again written and directed by James Gunn . Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel , Cooper , Rooker , Gillan , and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film , and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha , Chris Sullivan as Taserface , and Kurt Russell as Quill 's father Ego . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( edit ) In April 2017 , Gunn announced he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . It is scheduled to be released in 2020 . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Identified offscreen as Cosmo the Spacedog and Howard the Duck . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( IMAX ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians Of The Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Original Guardians Of The Galaxy Ending Was Removed For Being Too Sad '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diabolique Magazine ( November 28 , 2013 ) . NYCC 2013 : Laura Haddock on Da Vinci 's Demons , Season 2 . YouTube . Event occurs at 2 : 37 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Posting this one as I land in Singapore . It 's @ meliakreiling as Bereet and @ prattprattpratt as I think you know by now . Thanks for all your kind messages about the 17 minute preview . Glad you all enjoyed it ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knight , Chris ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , reviewed : Marvel 's new film franchise is off to a promising start '' . National Post . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Happy Birthday to one of my very best friends ( and Nova Prime 's assistant ) @ mikaelahoover ! Love you lots , Mikaela ! Follow her ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- Plenty Had To Be Removed From The Final Cut '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scanlan , Emmett J. ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Myself & the brilliant @ KarenGillan2 in @ JamesGunn AWESOME LOOKING # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` '' Constantine '' Brings Jim Corrigan To Television `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gunn , James ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Also # FF AMAZING # gotg supporting cast @ Thejudgegunn @ MaramaCorlett @ AlexisRodney @ Melia_Kreiling @ GreggHenry88 @ BigSpenWilding '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodney , Alexis ( August 30 , 2014 ) . `` Great unseen image from Guardians of the Galaxy featuring myself as ( Moloka Dar ) . From the dude himself ... '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians Tom Headshot '' . TomProctor.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bussey , Ben ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Teases Deleted Guardians Of The Galaxy Musical Scene '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Filming a scene with my old pal @ blackehart , who is unfortunately about to tangle with Drax the Destroyer @ DaveBautista . # gotg '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Says He Will Cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Cannes Interview : Lloyd Kaufman on Nuke ' Em High '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday I was grateful when my old boss , the president of Troma Entertainment , @ lloydkaufman , came to London to do a cameo in the film -- as a prisoner in the Kyln . Lloyd taught me more than anyone else about making films . One of the things that keeps me sane in this business is staying true to my roots -- whether with friends , family , or co-workers . As the world around me changes it 's nice to have some consistency in my personal life ( even if that consistency is as crazy as @ michael_rooker ) . Have a great day , folks ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotgFollow '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to make cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( July 21 , 2014 ) . Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Red Carpet Premiere . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning : A cosmic odyssey from `` Legion '' to `` Guardians '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Considering ' Iron Fist ' & ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Movies , ' Black Panther ' & ' Guardians of the Galaxy , ' Too ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel 's next 5 movies after The Avengers could include some weird surprises '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` The Marvel Panel : Ant - Man Smackdown , Iron Man 's Downfall , and Rocket Raccoon ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn in Talks to Direct Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Mastermind Believes In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Sharan ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Who Deserves Credit for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Great Script ? '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Nicole Perlman Writes the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` How Nicole Perlman Became the First Woman to Write a Marvel Movie '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Badass Interview : James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Badass Digest . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madison , Charles ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 -- the promise of Nebula , Yondu and Peter Quill 's father '' . Film Divider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Hires Three - Time Black List Writer for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ; Buchanan , Kyle ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Toughest Scene I Wrote : James Gunn on Writing Thanos Into Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn Confirmed to Direct and Rewrite Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Testing Short List of Actors For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Leader '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' tests male leads '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Joseph Gordon - Levitt Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Race '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Smallville 's Michael Rosenbaum Up for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn on ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : ' It 's a Richer , More Emotional Film ' '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , Andreas ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy due to land at Shepperton '' . Screen International . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America & Guardians Coming in 3D '' . Marvel.com . January 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` How The Avengers Made A Motion Capture Hulk And Snagged An Oscar Nomination '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` SFX 233 Preview : Marvel Boss On Phase 2 '' . SFX . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Signs WWE 's Dave Bautista for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Man Who Carved Darth Vader 's Mask Is Busy on the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana in Talks to Star in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace in Final Negotiations to Play Villain in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McWeeny , Drew ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` Will John C. Reilly join the Marvel Universe for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ? '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Star Joins Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Under the Skin of `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' With Makeup FX Wizard David White `` . Fast Company Co. Create . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is n't weird ( and the sequel he 'd like to make ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Foss Designed Spaceships For Guardians of the Galaxy ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Head Talks Thanos & Ultron -- Comic - Con 2013 . IGN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shahid , Sharnaz ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` PHOTOS : Guardians Of The Galaxy Cast Get Physical In London Shoot '' . Entertainmentwise . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Filming Schedule Passes Halfway Mark '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige Says Vin Diesel 's ' Guardians ' Role Is ' Close ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` And after our last shot with @ DaveBautista that 's a full wrap on # GotG ! It 's been a long strange wonderful trip ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tracking for $60 Million Opening '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians : Thanos , SFX & More '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin Feige on Thor and Marvel 's Future '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` / Film Interview : ' Thor : The Dark World ' Producer Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Much Thanos Will You See in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Diente , Tanya ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Spoilers : Thanos , Gamora And The Infinity Stones '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Vin Diesel to Voice Groot in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dwarves at Twilight . Disney lot , additional shooting , early as hell . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Wrapping additional photography on # GotG with @ prattprattpratt @ Michael_Rooker & @ Thejudgegunn -- 3 dudes I love working with . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saldana , Zoe ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` Seriously , do you guys like @ Guardians trailer ? We shot some more stuff last weekend . @ JamesGunn @ prattprattpratt @ DaveBautista @ KarenGillan2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tilly , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Reasons To Get Excited About Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige updates on Guardians Of The Galaxy , Thanos , Ant - Man , TV shows and Doctor Strange '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Just Finished Work on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Benicio Del Toro may not know he 's in a scene with you - know - who '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Story Behind Howard The Duck 's Credit Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Pre-Credits Dancing Was Performed By James Gunn Himself '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy : Erin Sarofsky -- President , Owner And Executive Creative Director -- Sarofsky '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` The VFX of Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Fxguide . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Exec Talks ' Avengers 2 ' and Why the Studio `` Wants to Make Movies in L.A. '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` SHH 's Exclusive Interview with James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Foundas , Scott ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holman , Jordyn ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Method Studios Taps VFX Veteran Marc Weigert to Spearhead Growth '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( August 2013 ) . `` James Gunn On ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Composer Tyler Bates ' Approach '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Star Lord 's Walkman '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suskind , Alex ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Director James Gunn on How He Chose the Music in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Original Score '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Records And Marvel Set To Release Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Deluxe Soundtrack , Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 1 And Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Digital Score Soundtrack '' . Digital Journal via PR Newswire . July 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Becomes First Soundtrack in History Without New Songs to Land No. 1 Spot '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Guardians ' Soundtrack To Be Released On Cassette Tape '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` On the Red Carpet at the ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Premiere '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Hilary ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast to Appear on ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office Friday : Summer Savior As ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' $92.2 M to $95.5 M ; ' Get On Up ' Down Low With $14.7 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Intl Box Office : ' Lucy ' Tops Chart ; ' Expendables 3 ′ In China ; Pics From Korea , Spain , Argentina Get A Look - In ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` First `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' TV Spot Released , Gunn Hypes 3D Experience `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 : Disney Brings Out Angelina Jolie for ' Maleficent , ' Screens New Footage of ' Saving Mr. Banks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ; McIntyre , Gina ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' trailer : Marvel unveils cosmic action comedy '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Indiana Jones ' Influence '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Edgy Humour '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Nebula 's introduction '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : The Collector '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer a Social Media Smash , Bigger Than ' Man of Steel ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Despite leak , ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' trailer breaks Marvel record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer Sends ' Hooked On a Feeling ' Sales Through the Roof '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- ' What A Bunch Of A-Holes ' Was Originally Only Meant For The Trailer '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn on Trailer Pressures and Nearly Shelving the First ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Teaser '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Blue Alien Confirmed As Kree '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to air Marvel special with ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' sneak peek -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning Put the Band Back Together for Guardians of the Galaxy Movie Prequel '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Does n't Scare Licensing Partners '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Offers Fans Interstellar Travel Via Galaxy Getaways '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sneak Peek Landing in Disney Parks July 4 '' . DisneyParks Blog . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get an Early Look at Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy in IMAX July 7 '' . Marvel.com . June 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Missed Guardians Of The Galaxy Sneak Peek ? Here 's a New Trailer ! '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Evan ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Footage Review : Evan 's Reaction to Marvel Screening 17 Minutes of Footage '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Screened 17 Minutes Of Guardians Of The Galaxy And This Is What We Saw '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Hooked On A Preview : `` Guardians '' Sneak Preview Footage Is Deliriously Fun `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` 17 Minute ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' IMAX 3D Presentation Elicits Cheers And Some Confusion ; Watch An Extended Clip '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leong , John ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians of the Galaxy '' cast thrill fans in Singapore `` . Channel NewsAsia . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Play Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon '' . Marvel . July 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Mobile Game ? You 're Welcome '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt and Zoe Saldana Join Marvel Entertainment Executives To Ring The Opening Bell at the NYSE to Promote the Highly - Anticipated Summer Film , Marvel s Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Stock Exchange . July 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Polowy , Kevin ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Here 's That Clip of Dancing Baby Groot in All Its Galactic Glory '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Dancing Groot Is the Breakout Character of Summer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grooting ' has entered the lexicon '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt Visits Children 's Hospital Los Angeles in Costume as Star - Lord From Guardians of the Galaxy '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Ramps Up Guardians of the Galaxy Trademarks '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Rallies New Merchandise Partners Around ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krupa , Daniel ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy LEGO Toy Sets Coming Soon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Lego Sets Officially Unveiled '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dancing Baby Groot of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' to Hit Shelves in December '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` New Wave of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Merchandise Launches Around Homevideo Release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel UK ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy comes to 3D / 2D Blu - ray & DVD in the UK November 24 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' on Blu - Ray 12 / 9 with Deleted Scenes , Audio Commentary and More ; Digital HD in November '' . Stitch Kingdom . October 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - DVD and Blu - ray Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Guardians ' Now 3rd Biggest Marvel Movie Ever ; ' Dracula Untold ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Annabelle ' Hold Well ; Action In France , Mexico ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office FINAL : ' Happy New Year ' Uncorks Record Bollywood Bow ; ' Annabelle ' Still A Doll With $26.2 M ; ' Lucy ' Outmuscles ' Hercules ' In China ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : Milestones For ' Godzilla ' , ' 22 Jump Street ' , ' Transformers ' + ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $67.4 M ; Local Pics Make Waves In Asia ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` No. 5 ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Soars to Biggest Thursday Box Office Opening of the Year '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $37.8 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suber , Ray ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Obliterates August Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Nets $65 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( August 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles ' tops ' Expendables 3 , ' ' Let 's Be Cops ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brett ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Back on Top , ' Sin City 2 ′ Flops '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tops Weak Labor Day Box Office , Summer Stumbles to Close '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Wins Cold U.S. Box Office with $10.2 Million , ' The Identical ' Tanks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , Joe ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Becomes Only Summer Movie To Top Box Office For Three Weekends '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Among Marvel Titles , ' Guardians ' Has The Most No. 1 Weekends '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gone Girl ' Edges Out ' Annabelle ' In Race That Energizes Box Office : Monday Actuals '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians ' Becomes Biggest Movie of the Summer '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office End of Summer : Some Profitable Hits In An Overall Blah Season '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Hits $600 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' retakes box office , passes ' Transformers ' for summer 's top film '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 -- via U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : ' Turtles ' Kicks In $29 M Opening ; ' Guardians ' At $313 M WW ; ' Maleficent ' Tops $500 M ; ' InBetweeners 2 ′ Smashes UK Records '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Annabelle ' Wins Over ' Gone Girl ' At Overseas Box Office In Hair - Pulling Race ; ' Dracula ' Drinks Up $34 M+ ; ' Guardians ' Strong In China ; More -- Int'l B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Zooms to $37.8 M Friday for Likely $92 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Zooms To $94 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Justin ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , review : ' a pop - culture gem ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turran , Kenneth ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy 's ' heroes are n't what you 'd expect '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Yee - Ha ! Space Cowboy Rides to the Rescue '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : A giddy space oddity makes the summer sunnier '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Greg ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Is Marvel 's Best Movie Yet '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' relaxes Marvel 's seriousness , but not enough '' . Associated Press via Star Tribune . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' review : Space jaunt no marvel '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is space junk '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poor subtitles may deal blow to superhero film '' . China Daily . October 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaCon honour for Chris Pratt '' . Screen Daily . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2014 : And the winners are ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Picture ; ' Birdman ' Leads With 7 Nods '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2015 Live Blog '' . empireonline.com . Jump up ^ O'Mally , Zach ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Grammy Nominees 2015 : The Full List '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grand Budapest ' , ' Guardians ' , ' AHS : Freak Show ' Top Make - Up & Hair Stylists Awards '' . Deadline.com . Deadline Hollywood . February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2014 Awards '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Announce Nominees '' . AwardsDaily . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman ' , ' Foxcatcher ' Among Art Directors Guild Nominees '' . Deadline.com . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild Awards Nominations : ' Whiplash ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Guardians ' On Diverse List '' . Deadline.com . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Leads With 11 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations Unveiled -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Marvel.com . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Compton 's Neil Brown Jr . Signs On For ' Sand Castle ' ; Pom Klementieff Joins ' Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 3 ' : James Gunn Returning to Write and Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 Coming In 2020 , According To Gunn '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) . Official website Guardians of the Galaxy on IMDb Guardians of the Galaxy at AllMovie Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first guardians of the galaxy movie come out | [
"The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21, 2014. It was released in theaters on August 1, 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats. The film became a critical and commercial success, grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest-grossing superhero film of 2014, as well as the third highest-grossing film of 2014. The film garnered praise for its humor, action, soundtrack, visual effects, direction, musical score, and acting. A sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, was released on May 5, 2017, with a third film, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, scheduled to be released in 2020."
] | [
"August 1, 2014"
] |
-3095566032321537146 | A Clean, Well-Lighted Place | A Clean , Well - Lighted Place - wikipedia A Clean , Well - Lighted Place Jump to : navigation , search `` A Clean , Well - Lighted Place '' Author Ernest Hemingway Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Short story Publication type Periodical Media type Print Publication date 1933 `` A Clean , Well - Lighted Place '' is a short story by American author Ernest Hemingway , first published in Scribner 's Magazine in 1933 ; it was also included in his collection Winner Take Nothing ( 1933 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Historical reaction by other authors 3 Trivia 4 References 5 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) Late at night , a deaf old man is the sole patron in a cafe . Nearby , two waiters , one young , the other older , talk about him . When the old man orders another brandy , the young waiter purposefully overfills his glass . The waiters speculate about the old man 's recent suicide attempt . The young waiter wants the patron to go home , and complains that he never gets to bed before three o'clock , while the older waiter is more understanding of the old man 's plight . Again the old man asks for another brandy , but this time the young man tells him the cafe is closed . After he leaves , the waiters resume their discussion . The young waiter wants to hurry home to his wife ; the older waiter is more thoughtful . He muses on youth and observes that he is now one `` of those who like to stay late in the cafe , '' likening himself to the old man . He mentions the importance to some people of having `` a clean , well - lighted place '' in which they can spend time . After the young waiter leaves , the older waiter reflects on the emptiness of his own life and returns to his home and his insomnia . Historical reaction by other authors ( edit ) James Joyce once remarked : `` He ( Hemingway ) has reduced the veil between literature and life , which is what every writer strives to do . Have you read ' A Clean Well - Lighted Place ' ? ... It is masterly . Indeed , it is one of the best short stories ever written ... '' Trivia ( edit ) In A.E. Hotchner 's biography Papa Hemingway , Hemingway is quoted saying that this might be his favourite story . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lost Generation '' Jump up ^ Hotchner , A.E. ( 1966 ) . Papa Hemingway . London : Mayflower Books . p. 141 . External links ( edit ) `` The Contentious Emendation of Hemingway 's ' A Clean , Well - Lighted Place ' '' , article in the Hemingway Review about the dispute over the two versions of the story . Ernest Hemingway Bibliography Novels The Torrents of Spring ( 1926 ) The Sun Also Rises ( 1926 ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1929 ) To Have and Have Not ( 1937 ) For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1940 ) Across the River and into the Trees ( 1950 ) The Old Man and the Sea ( 1952 ) Non-fiction Death in the Afternoon ( 1932 ) Green Hills of Africa ( 1935 ) Posthumous A Moveable Feast ( 1964 ) Islands in the Stream ( 1970 ) The Dangerous Summer ( 1985 ) The Garden of Eden ( 1986 ) True at First Light ( 1999 ) Under Kilimanjaro ( 2005 ) Short stories `` Indian Camp '' ( 1925 ) `` The Doctor and the Doctor 's Wife '' ( 1925 ) `` The End of Something '' ( 1925 ) `` The Three - Day Blow '' ( 1925 ) `` The Battler '' ( 1925 ) `` A Very Short Story '' ( 1925 ) `` Soldier 's Home '' ( 1925 ) `` The Revolutionist '' ( 1925 ) `` Mr. and Mrs. Elliot '' ( 1925 ) `` Cat in the Rain '' ( 1925 ) `` Out of Season '' ( 1925 ) `` Cross Country Snow '' ( 1925 ) `` My Old Man '' ( 1925 ) `` Big Two - Hearted River '' ( 1925 ) `` A Clean , Well - Lighted Place '' ( 1926 ) `` A Canary for One '' ( 1926 ) `` Fifty Grand '' ( 1927 ) `` Hills Like White Elephants '' ( 1927 ) `` The Killers '' ( 1927 ) `` The Undefeated '' ( 1927 ) `` Che Ti Dice La Patria ? '' ( 1927 ) `` In Another Country '' ( 1927 ) `` On the Quai at Smyrna '' ( 1930 ) `` Fathers and Sons '' ( 1932 ) `` A Day 's Wait '' ( 1933 ) `` The Gambler , the Nun , and the Radio '' ( 1933 ) `` A Way You 'll Never Be '' ( 1933 ) `` The Snows of Kilimanjaro '' ( 1936 ) `` The Capital of the World '' ( 1936 ) `` The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber '' ( 1936 ) Short story collections Three Stories and Ten Poems ( 1923 ) In Our Time ( 1925 ) Men Without Women ( 1927 ) Winner Take Nothing ( 1933 ) The Fifth Column and the First Forty - Nine Stories ( 1938 ) The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1961 ) The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War ( 1969 ) The Nick Adams Stories ( 1972 ) The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway ( 1987 ) Ernest Hemingway : The Collected Stories ( 1995 ) Story fragments `` On Writing '' Poetry 88 Poems ( 1979 ) Complete Poems Letters and journalism Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917 -- 1961 ( 1981 ) Dateline : Toronto ( 1985 ) The Cambridge Edition of the Letters of Ernest Hemingway ( 2011 ) Adaptations The Sun Also Rises 1957 film 1984 film Opera The Select ( The Sun Also Rises ) Ballet `` The Killers '' 1946 film 1956 film 1964 film Bukowski short story A Farewell to Arms 1932 film 1957 film 1966 TV series To Have and Have Not 1944 film The Breaking Point ( 1950 ) The Gun Runners ( 1958 ) Captain Khorshid ( 1987 ) For Whom the Bell Tolls 1943 film 1965 TV series Metallica song The Old Man and the Sea 1958 film 1990 miniseries 1999 film Other film adaptations The Macomber Affair ( 1947 ) The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1952 ) Hemingway 's Adventures of a Young Man ( 1962 ) Islands in the Stream ( 1977 ) See also Nick Adams Michigan cottage Idaho house Key West home Hotel Ambos Mundos , Havana home Finca Vigía , Cuba home Pilar ( boat ) The Spanish Earth ( 1937 film ) Bacall to Arms ( 1946 cartoon ) Hello Hemingway ( 1990 film ) In Love and War ( 1996 film ) Hemingway & Gellhorn ( 2012 film ) Cooper & Hemingway : The True Gen ( 2013 documentary ) Papa : Hemingway in Cuba ( 2015 film ) Hemingway Foundation / PEN Award Kennedy Library Hemingway collection Family Elizabeth Hadley Richardson ( first wife ) Jack Hemingway ( son ) Pauline Pfeiffer ( second wife ) Patrick Hemingway ( son ) Gregory Hemingway ( son ) Martha Gellhorn ( third wife ) Mary Welsh Hemingway ( fourth wife ) Grace Hall Hemingway ( mother ) Leicester Hemingway ( brother ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Clean,_Well-Lighted_Place&oldid=828242220 '' Categories : 1933 short stories Short stories by Ernest Hemingway Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 11 : 40 . About Wikipedia | when was a clean well lighted place written | [
"\"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place\" is a short story by American author Ernest Hemingway, first published in Scribner's Magazine in 1933; it was also included in his collection Winner Take Nothing (1933)."
] | [
"1933"
] |
2571882591251217476 | Neon Steeple | Neon Steeple - wikipedia Neon Steeple Jump to : navigation , search Neon Steeple Studio album by Crowder Released May 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 27 ) Genre CCM , EDM , folktronica , contemporary worship music Length 51 : 58 Label Sparrow / sixsteps ( Capitol CMG ) Producer Ed Cash , David Crowder , Jared Fox , Will Hunt , Solomon Olds , Christian Paschall , Gabe Scott , Christopher Stevens Crowder chronology Neon Steeple ( 2014 ) Neon Porch Extravaganza ( 2015 ) Neon Porch Extravaganza 2015 Singles from Neon Steeple `` I Am '' Released : November 25 , 2013 `` Come As You Are '' Released : August 26 , 2014 `` Lift Your Head Weary Sinner ( Chains ) '' Released : July 14 , 2015 Neon Steeple is the debut studio album from the mononymously known Christian musician Crowder . It was released on May 27 , 2014 by Sparrow Records and sixstepsrecords , and the producers were Ed Cash , David Crowder , Jared Fox , Will Hunt , Solomon Olds , Christian Paschall , Gabe Scott and Christopher Stevens . The album sold 22,000 copies in its opening week of sales , causing it to debut at No. 9 on the Billboard 200 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Artwork 3 Critical reception 4 Awards and accolades 5 Commercial performance 6 Track listing 7 Chart performance 8 References Background ( edit ) After a long stint at the helm of David Crowder Band , Crowder and his band mates disbanded . Neon Steeple is his first solo musical foray and was released on May 27 , 2014 by Sparrow Records and sixstepsrecords . The album was produced by the following producers ; Ed Cash , David Crowder , Jared Fox , Will Hunt , Solomon Olds , Christian Paschall , Gabe Scott and Christopher Stevens . Artwork ( edit ) The artwork for the physical copy of the album uses a Kinegram to animate the text on the album 's cover and liner notes . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating 365 Days of Inspiring Media AllMusic Christian Music Review Christianity Today CM Addict The Front Row Report HM Magazine Jesus Freak Hideout New Release Tuesday Worship Leader Neon Steeple met with a positive reception from music critics . Andrea Hunter of Worship Leader rated the album a perfect five stars , indicating saying Crowder `` never settles into predictability '' and displays `` the edge of emotion in glistening pop '' . She called the material `` raw , yet prodigiously conceived and crafted perfection . '' At New Release Tuesday , Caitlin Elizabeth Lassiter rated the album four - and - a-half stars , stating `` the folk elements and the computer side came together brilliantly '' . Nathaniel Key of HM Magazine rated the album four stars out of five , calling it `` a fresh , relevant and innovative debut release '' . At AllMusic , Thom Jurek rated the album three stars out of five , noting the music and the musician for its `` quirkiness ( ... ) quotient '' . John Brandon of Christianity Today rated the album three stars out of five , remarking that not everything works well on the album , yet states `` ' Neon Steeple ' is a throwback and a step forward at the same time '' , which is why `` Crowder 's ready to lead us there '' into a new era of `` Christian worship '' . Piet Levy of Milwaukee Journal Sentinel gave Neon Steeple a positive review , comparing the music to Avicii 's `` Wake Me Up '' saying `` Crowder sticks to folktronica , which blends the warm - hearted , rustic feel of folk with a little cinematic , synthesizer atmosphere . '' In addition , Levy said `` If these songs were less explicitly religious , they 'd likely do well on mainstream radio . '' Jesus Freak Hideout gave three reviews of the album , which were done by Ryan Barbee , Scott Fryberger and Mark Rice . Respectively , their ratings were five stars , four - and - a-half stars and four stars out of five . Barbee stated Crowder is back and `` better than ever . '' Fryberger wrote that `` Crowder is no stranger to experimentation , and he pulls it off amazingly with Neon Steeple . '' Rice said that `` Neon Steeple brings forth some of the most creative Crowder concepts yet and excecutes ( sic ) it to a T '' . He called the release `` everything we could have hoped from Crowder 's first endeavor apart from his former band . '' Christian Music Review 's April Covington rated Neon Steeple a perfect five stars , writing that she was `` amazed '' by Crowder 's `` crazy , awesome style '' of music . At CM Addict , Andrew Funderburk rated the album a perfect five stars , saying the release `` shines brightly '' and that `` every bit of this project is designed with beautiful artistry and fine detail . '' Jonathan Andre of 365 Days of Inspiring Media rated the album four out of five , remarking say it features `` some of the best songs of ( Crowder 's ) whole entire career so far ! '' The Front Row Report 's Reggie Edwards rated the album eight - and - a-half out of ten , stating that Neon Steeple `` should be an instant hit with fans and it wo n't be long until worship teams everywhere are using some of the songs for their own services . '' Andrew Greenhalgh at The Sound Opinion gave a positive review of the album , saying `` The fusion of the old and the new comes across as effortless in the artist 's hands '' , and that Crowder `` reasserts himself as a musical tour de force , making music that is as artistically successful as it is lyrically . '' At BREATHEcast , Kristen Solis gave a positive review of the album , saying `` Only a musical and worship filled creative mind such as David Crowder could pull such an album like this and make it work . '' Ryan Brymer of Faith Village gave a positive review of the album , saying `` This is a good record , but I would just encourage you to leave your expectations at the door . '' Awards and accolades ( edit ) This album was No. 4 on the Worship Leader 's Top 20 Albums of 2014 list . The song , `` I Am '' , was No. 8 on the Worship Leader 's Top 20 Songs of 2014 list . Commercial performance ( edit ) For the Billboard charting week of June 14 , 2014 , Neon Steeple debuted at No. 9 on the Billboard 200 , and it sold 22,000 copies . It debuted at No. 1 on the Christian Albums chart . Track listing ( edit ) Standard edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Neon Intro '' David Crowder 0 : 35 2 . `` My Beloved '' Crowder , Ed Cash , Seth Philpott 4 : 25 3 . `` I Am '' Crowder , Cash 4 : 07 4 . `` Come Alive '' Crowder , Hank Bentley , Gareth Gilkenson , Chris Llewellyn 3 : 15 5 . `` Lift Your Head Weary Sinner ( Chains ) '' Crowder , Cash , Philpott 3 : 45 6 . `` Come as You Are '' Crowder , Ben Glover , Matt Maher 4 : 50 7 . `` Hands of Love '' Crowder , Philpott 5 : 09 8 . `` Jesus Is Calling '' Charlie Monroe , Hank Williams 2 : 05 9 . `` My Sweet Lord '' ( featuring Emmylou Harris ) Seth James , Steve Littleton 4 : 03 10 . `` This I Know '' Crowder , Philpott 4 : 05 11 . `` Ai n't No Grave '' Crowder , Bentley , Philpott 3 : 42 12 . `` You Are '' Crowder , Bentley , Cash 3 : 32 13 . `` Here 's My Heart '' Louie Giglio , Jason Ingram , Chris Tomlin 6 : 58 14 . `` Steeple Outro '' Crowder , Bentley 1 : 27 Total length : 51 : 58 ( show ) Deluxe edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 15 . `` All This Glory '' Crowder , Solomon Olds , Christopher Stevens 4 : 51 16 . `` Because He Lives '' ( ( Remix ) featuring Bill Gaither ) Bill Gaither , Gloria Gaither 5 : 17 17 . `` How He Loves '' ( Live from Passion ) John Mark McMillan 5 : 26 Total length : 67 : 32 Chart performance ( edit ) Album Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 9 US Christian Albums ( Billboard ) Singles Year Single Peak chart positions US Christian 2013 `` I Am '' 2014 `` My Beloved '' 41 `` Come As You Are '' 2015 `` Lift Your Head Weary Sinner ( Chains ) '' 16 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` R&R : : Going For Adds : : Christian AC '' . Radio & Records . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` R&R : : Going For Adds : : Christian AC '' . Radio & Records . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Reggie ( May 25 , 2014 ) . `` Crowder : Neon Steeple review '' . The Front Row Report . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Barbee , Ryan ( May 25 , 2014 ) . `` Crowder , `` Neon Steeple '' Review `` . Jesus Freak Hideout . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greer , Andrew ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Making of ... Neon Steeple '' ( PDF ) . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISSN 1524 - 7848 . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Neon Steeple album page '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Just a preview of what the physical cover can do '' . Crowder Facebook . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andre , Jonathan ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Crowder -- Neon Steeple '' . 365 Days of Inspiring Media . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jurek , Thom . `` Neon Steeple - Crowder Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Covington , April ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Crosder ' Neon Steeple ' '' . Christian Music Review . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brandon , John ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Crowder Goes Hog Wild '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Funderburk , Andrew ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Review of Neon Steeple by Crowder '' . CM Addict . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Key , Nathaniel ( June 7 , 2014 ) . `` Crowder -- Neon Steeple '' . HM . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fryberger , Scott ( May 24 , 2014 ) . `` Crowder , `` Neon Steeple '' Review : Second Staff Opinion `` . Jesus Freak Hideout . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Mark ( May 25 , 2014 ) . `` Crowder , `` Neon Steeple '' Review : JFH Staff 's Additional 2 Cents `` . Jesus Freak Hideout . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lassiter , Caitlin Elizabeth ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Folktronica Fusion '' . New Release Tuesday . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Andrea ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` Neon Steeple '' . Worship Leader . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moss , Iain ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` Crowder 's Worldwide Solo Debut `` Neon Steeple '' Available Now `` . Jesus Wired . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Piet ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` CD Reviews : Mariah Carey ; Sharon Van Etten ; Crowder ; Kelly Willis and Bruce Robison ; Spanish Gold ; Little Barrie ; Darrell Webb Band '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenhalgh , Andrew ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Crowder , Neon Steeple '' . The Sound Opinion . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Solis , Kristen ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Crowder 's ' Neon Steeple ' Aims to Make Listeners Whole in Christ Using Old Church Songs with New School Sounds ( REVIEW ) '' . BREATHEcast . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brymer , Ryan ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` Does Crowder 's ' Neon Steeple ' Meet Its Lofty Expectations ? '' . Faith Village . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Worship Leader . `` Top 20 Albums of 2014 '' . Worship Leader . p. 67 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Worship Leader . `` Top 20 Songs of 2014 '' . Worship Leader . p. 64 -- 5 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Coldplay Chills For Second Week At No. 1 , Mariah Carey Debuts At No. 3 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crowder Chart History - Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crowder Chart History - Christian Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crowder Chart History - Christian Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs chart , week of August 22 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neon_Steeple&oldid=774493540 '' Categories : 2014 debut albums Crowder ( musician ) albums Sparrow Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 April 2017 , at 20 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote come as you are by crowder | [
"\n6.\n\"Come as You Are\"\nCrowder, Ben Glover, Matt Maher\n4:50\n",
"\n6.\n\"Come as You Are\"\nCrowder, Ben Glover, Matt Maher\n4:50\n",
"\n6.\n\"Come as You Are\"\nCrowder, Ben Glover, Matt Maher\n4:50\n"
] | [
"Crowder",
"Ben Glover",
"Matt Maher"
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-2095861554490396208 | Maggie Pierce | Maggie Pierce - wikipedia Maggie Pierce For other people named Maggie Pierce , see Maggie Pierce ( disambiguation ) . Maggie Pierce Grey 's Anatomy character The season thirteen promotional photograph of Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce First appearance `` Everything I Try to Do , Nothing Seems to Turn Out Right '' ( 10.23 ) May 8 , 2014 ( as guest star ) `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' ( 11.11 ) February 12 , 2015 ( as series regular ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Kelly McCreary Information Gender Female Occupation Attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Diane Pierce ( adoptive mother , deceased ) Bill Pierce ( adoptive father ) Ellis Grey ( biological mother , deceased ) Richard Webber ( biological father ) Meredith Grey ( maternal half - sister ) Significant other ( s ) Dean ( ex-fiancé ) Ethan Boyd Andrew DeLuca Jackson Avery Relatives Derek Shepherd ( brother - in - law , deceased ) Zola Grey Shepherd ( niece ) Bailey Shepherd ( nephew ) Ellis Shepherd ( niece ) Nationality American Margaret `` Maggie '' Pierce , M.D. is a fictional character from the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actress Kelly McCreary from the tenth season 's penultimate episode onwards . It is revealed in the season ten finale , Maggie 's biological parents are Richard Webber ( James Pickens Jr . ) and Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton ) , making her Meredith 's half - sister . McCreary was upgraded to a series regular in the eleventh episode of the eleventh season . Pierce has been described as `` perky '' and `` chatty '' , as well as focusing mostly on her academic career rather than social life . She graduated from high school and medical school early , and becomes the head of her department at the young age of 31 years old . Contents 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 2.3 Introduction 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Maggie is first introduced in the penultimate episode of the tenth season . Cristina Yang interviews various different candidates to replace her as the head of her department in Cardiothoracic surgery . Maggie , having finished high school and medical school early , becomes head of her department at 31 years old . It is revealed in the season 10 finale `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' that Maggie 's biological mother was Ellis Grey . Richard Webber is shocked by this , knowing he is her biological father . Throughout the eleventh season , Webber struggles to deal with the revelation and keeps it from Maggie . Maggie explains that 2 years prior , she looked for her birth mom and needed to go to the court for the records . She found out that she was dead , but got her name , and discovered that she was an amazing surgeon that worked at the Seattle Grace Hospital . She stated that that 's not why she took the job , but it 's `` a little bit '' why she took the interview . When Maggie identifies Meredith Grey , her half - sister , she attempts to bond with her . However , Meredith attempts to take charge and conflicts with her on a case . After several arguments , Maggie tells Meredith that she is her half - sister . Meredith , in disbelief , points out that she would know that her mother would be pregnant when she was five years old , as Maggie is five years younger than her . Meredith works with Alex Karev to decide whether Maggie is lying or if she is wrong . They discover she is correct . Meredith gets flashes back to the time of her mother 's crisis at five years old , and remembers being at a hospital and hearing a screaming baby . After several weeks , Webber admits to Maggie that he is her father . Maggie is angry at him . Later , when he comes to apologize for not being there as a father , Maggie corrects him and says he is not her father , as she has adoptive parents she loves , and that she is only angry because of his dishonesty and making her look foolish and naive for weeks . Derek and Meredith decide to have Maggie come over to their house for dinner , to get to know Maggie better . After Maggie says yes , Derek decides it is a good idea to ask Richard as well . Richard reluctantly agrees . The night of the dinner , Maggie and Richard show up , but no - one answers . Maggie leaves him after that . Maggie develops a relationship with radiologist , Ethan Boyd . She admits her awkwardness in relationships , having ended her previous engagement to Dean , who she was unable to sleep in the same bed with . Meredith ends up in a bind with no one to watch her kids , so Maggie offers to watch them . Richard and Maggie eventually come to good terms , and Maggie 's helping with Meredith 's kids help her integrate into her family home more . Maggie learns about the histories of Meredith , Alex and Callie Torres as they commemorate their dead friend , George O'Malley . After Derek 's death , Meredith abandons Seattle for a year , leaving Maggie a note . Maggie is shocked by this , and admits she felt abandoned by Meredith right when they were starting to become a family . She invites Webber to a Christmas party , noticing his loneliness . Meredith eventually returns home , hugging Maggie and re-integrating into her old family home . While Maggie and her colleagues are busy dealing with Keith Gardner after a tunnel collapse , Maggie gets a phone call that her parents are getting a divorce . Her mother confesses to her that she 'd been having an affair with their car serviceman for eleven years and they had only stayed together for her sake , but were getting a divorce now that she was out on her own . Maggie is emotional about this , but she does n't want to bother her colleagues about it . Later , she confides in Meredith over the issue , but feels it is silly in comparison to her husband 's death . Meredith , however , says she can tell her anything and she should come to her whenever she is having a problem . After Meredith buys her house back from Alex , she invites Maggie and Amelia Shepherd to move in with her . They assist Meredith in caring for her kids . Maggie also often mediates between Meredith and Amelia , who frequently get into fights over little things . She often helps with Meredith 's three kids , with each `` sister '' in charge of getting one kid ready for the day . In the twelfth season , Maggie develops a relationship with intern Andrew DeLuca . Maggie and DeLuca keep their relationship private to avoid difficulties at work . DeLuca grows frustrated with their secrecy , so Maggie abruptly decides to go public . When this happens , DeLuca becomes uncomfortable with the way he is viewed by others because he is dating an attending , and does n't want others to think he is getting special treatment . He also feels intimidated by her authority and ultimately ends things with her . Maggie attempts to move on and develops an interest in Nathan Riggs . However , she is unaware that Meredith has a sexual relationship with him . She confides in Meredith about her feelings at Amelia 's wedding to Owen Hunt . In the thirteenth season , Maggie is hurt when she discovers that Meredith had been lying to her about Alex 's actions assaulting DeLuca . She tells her to never lie to her again , but Meredith continues to hide her relationship with Riggs . Riggs tells Meredith that she needs to tell Maggie and Maggie works up the courage to ask Riggs out , but Meredith told him to say no . Maggie 's mother Diane also comes to the hospital and is treated by Jackson Avery for what turns out to be cancer . Before Diane succumbs to her illness , she encourages Maggie to live a fuller life outside of her career . Jackson is there for Maggie as she grieves , and the two grow closer . It is n't until Jackson 's ex-wife April Kepner points out their bond that Jackson and Maggie realize their feelings for one another . In the fourteenth season , Maggie and Jackson initially try to bury their feelings , but Jackson decides to pursue her . They eventually begin a romantic relationship and attend Alex and Jo Wilson 's wedding together . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) McCreary on the role When I auditioned , all they told me was that the character might recur a little bit into Season 11 ; they did not tell me it was Meredith 's sister and there was long - term potential . I had no idea the scope of it in terms of how ( she ) fit into the mythology of the series . Her character ties into a lot of things that have already occurred in these people 's lives . Benjamin Lindsay , Backstage 2015 On April 5 , 2014 , TVLine reported that Kelly McCreary best known for her series regular role on The CW 's short lived medical drama Emily Owens , M.D. and recent guest appearances on Scandal had been cast in a guest star role . McCeary was slated to debut on the May 8 , 2015 episode . On October 23 , 2014 , it was announced that McCreary was promoted to series regular after being credited as guest - starring until the eleventh episode . It was a couple of months after McCreary wrapped her stint on Scandal that she was invited to audition for Grey 's . McCeary revealed that she originally auditioned for the character of `` Claudette '' with dummy sides , unbeknownst to her . The only information McCeary had about the character was `` that she was adopted , that she would recur , and she was going to be a very important storyline . '' Just before the script reading for the season 10 finale , Rhimes summoned McCeary to inform her of Maggie 's true identity . `` I was really psyched '' McCeary revealed when Rhimes informed her of Maggie 's lineage . `` I felt really honored to be the one to accept the challenge . '' However , it was n't until McCeary experienced the reactions to Maggie 's existence from her fellow cast mates that McCeary realized just how big of a deal the character would be . The character 's potential existence was first referenced in the press in February 2009 when Michael Ausiello hinted at the possibility of Meredith having a half - sibling , the product of her mother 's affair with Richard . Initial speculation pointed to Jesse Williams ' Jackson Avery as the child , but the actor refuted those rumors . Shonda Rhimes revealed that the character had always been a part of the original story plans , but the character 's existence was not set in stone until season 4 . Characterization ( edit ) Kelly McCeary expressed her excitement about how special Maggie in an interview with BuddyTV . `` I just feel like it 's a rare opportunity to be able to play somebody that is so complex and fully realized and smart and fierce and compassionate and awkward and the whole thing . '' Maggie is very good at her job so she can find a place in a professional capacity , but in her personal life , she `` gets more than she bargained for '' McCreary said . `` I think she 's a really good doctor '' McCeary said of Maggie . `` She 's obviously super-bright . She 's very young to be as high in her field as she is . '' McCeary further described Maggie as a `` really great problem - solver . '' Maggie is `` very compassionate '' and at the same time can `` keep a clear head and do the right thing medically all the time . '' McCeary further described Maggie as `` so dynamic . '' While Maggie initially `` came across as all business , '' Kelly McCeary relishes in playing `` Maggie 's neurotic , existential , meltdown side . '' `` Maggie also wo n't really back down from a fight ; she 's very decisive . '' Introduction ( edit ) Further information : Puzzle With a Piece Missing and Got to Be Real ( Grey 's Anatomy ) Kate Aurthur noted that until Maggie 's introduction , Grey 's was not `` known for dropping in stories that it planted seasons before -- it 's never been filled with twisty mythology . '' Rhimes insisted that the timing was n't right for Maggie 's introduction in previous seasons . In season 3 , the series introduced Meredith 's paternal half - sister Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) and it was at that time that Maggie became a serious topic of discussion . Though Lexie was killed off in the season 8 finale , `` Flight , '' Rhimes felt it was still too soon for Maggie 's arrival . The scribe even thought the show might end without the character ever being introduced . `` Then we hit this moment in time and I remember walking into the writers ' room and going , ' You guys , it 's time . ' '' When Maggie makes the sudden revelation that she is Ellis ' child to Richard , viewers are left to wonder about her history . The second episode of the season puts Maggie front and center . The episode appropriately titled `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing , '' focuses on Maggie 's struggle to fit in throughout her life , even with her own adoptive parents whom she is very different from . Though she is very close with her parents , and they get along very well , she 's grown up `` still feeling like something 's missing . '' Kelly McCreary said `` That 's what 's really compelling to me about Maggie : that sort of dark underbelly of this person who seems to really have it all together . '' Maggie struggles to build relationships with her colleagues . She unknowingly shares confidential information about Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) and she gets she also insults the hospital board when she tries to prop up Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . Though she 's got the `` best intentions , '' things backfire . Maggie also serves as a `` mentor '' to Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) . As Maggie discovers she has several things in common with Richard , the stage is set for Maggie to learn that Richard is her father . `` I think people will relate to the awkwardness of being the new kid at school '' McCeary said of the episode 's comedic tone . Despite so many different interactions , the episode highlights `` Maggie 's loneliness . '' The Maggie - centric episode also featured Kelly McCreary stepping into the coveted role of narrator for the episode , which was usually reserved for Ellen Pompeo 's Meredith , and on occasion other veteran cast members . `` It was overwhelming and very surprising '' McCeary said of being the center of attention so early into her Grey 's tenure . She continued , `` I felt terrified and also really grateful that they trusted me with the institution about of Grey 's Anatomy for a whole episode . '' McCeary relished in finally learning the character 's history . `` ( It ) was a huge gift to have 65 pages worth of material telling me exactly who she is . It was great ! '' Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) Critics responded positively to the development of Pierce in her centric episode `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' . Fempop gave a largely positive review writing , `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing is a funny and insightful look both into this latest interloper and the established characters of Grey 's . '' praising the new addition , `` Thankfully she 's ( Pierce ) her own person , confident and happy to bring the thunder and put everyone , from interns to the chief of surgery , into their places . '' Entertainment Weekly lauded the episode stating , `` Coming into the second week without Cristina Yang , Grey 's was smart to focus all of its attention on the newcomer . With most other main characters only making occasional cameos , it made it more difficult to feel Yang 's absence . And by showing Maggie 's side of the story , it made her more relatable . It was a win - win . '' adding on McCreary 's character , `` this episode is about how Maggie is her own , very likable person . '' On her character TV Fanatic wrote , Overall , we got to know Maggie a little better and it 's nice to see that she 's made some friends . It was a fair episode that showed Maggie 's basically a work in progress . Maybe she 'll grow on us eventually . '' For the thirteenth season , Vulture writer , Maggie Fremont spoke positively about the character : `` It 's never easy for a long - running series to introduce a new character , especially when that character is meant to immediately fit in with the rest of the ensemble . But when Maggie Pierce arrived in season ten , that 's exactly what Grey 's Anatomy did . It could 've been easy to dislike her -- she showed up to take over cardio as Cristina Yang was leaving , for chrissakes ! She was yet another one of Meredith 's long - lost sisters . The cards were really stacked against Maggie Pierce . Yet , thanks to the writers and Kelly McCreary 's terrific performance , Maggie was immediately endearing . She is weird and neurotic and cheerful . She is nothing like Cristina , but she fills a void that Meredith needs filled in order to function . Can you really imagine Grey 's without Maggie Pierce ? '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/greys-anatomy-11-big-developments-735827 Jump up ^ Writer : William Harper ; Director : Tony Phelan ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 10 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Lindsay , Benjamin ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` How Kelly McCreary of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Finds Catharsis in Emotional Scenes '' . Backstage . Backstage , LLC . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Ill - Fated Scandal Guest Star Resurrected on Grey 's Anatomy '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Kelly McCreary Upped to Series Regular '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Kelly McCreary Upped to Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Promotes Kelly McCreary to Series Regular '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Kelly McCreary to series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Greco , Patti ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' Newbie Kelly McCreary on What 's Next for Meredith and Maggie `` . Cosmopolitan . Hearst . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aurthur , Kate ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Everything You Need To Know About The Woman Who Plays Meredith Grey 's Sister On `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed Inc . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nelli , Victoria ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Maggie 's Anatomy : Kelly McCreary Dishes on Joining GREY 'S ANATOMY and Previews Tonight 's Flashback Fun '' . The TV Addict . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's Kelly McCreary : There 's a Lot Maggie Does n't Know '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' exclusive : Does Mer have another MIA sibling ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jesse Williams Addresses Meredith 's Brother Rumor '' . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Shonda Rhimes Teases Half - Sister Twist , Possible New Romance '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Meredith ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Exclusive Interview : Kelly McCreary on ' Clashing ' with Meredith and a ' Shift ' with Richard '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Tease Season 11 : New Love , Board Drama and Meddling Meredith '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes : Season 11 to Focus on Meredith , Explore Callie and Arizona 's ' Band - Aid ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' sneak peek : Things get even worse between Meredith and Maggie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Liz ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Newcomer Kelly McCreary : Maggie and Meredith Are Like `` Oil and Water '' `` . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bucksbaum , Sydney ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Maggie 's Grey 's Anatomy Secret Wo n't Stay Hidden for Long ! Kelly McCreary Gives the Scoop '' . E !. NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Postmortem : ' Meredith Will Delve Deep Into the Past ' to Uncover the Truth '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Samson , Janalen ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Maggie Opens Pandora 's Box '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Cranz . `` Review : Grey 's Anatomy - ' Puzzle With a Missing Piece ' '' . FemPop Magazine . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy recap : ' Puzzle With A Piece Missing ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tran , Christina . `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fremont , Maggie . `` Grey 's Anatomy Recap : Oh , Mother '' . Vulture . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Television portal Maggie Piece at ABC.com Maggie Pierce on IMDb Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maggie_Pierce&oldid=851840159 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional African - American people Fictional characters from Seattle Fictional storytellers Fictional characters introduced in 2014 Fictional surgeons Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from February 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 23 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does maggie come in grey's anatomy | [
"Maggie is first introduced in the penultimate episode of the tenth season. Cristina Yang interviews various different candidates to replace her as the head of her department in Cardiothoracic surgery. Maggie, having finished high school and medical school early, becomes head of her department at 31 years old. It is revealed in the season 10 finale \"Fear (of the Unknown)\" that Maggie's biological mother was Ellis Grey.[2] Richard Webber is shocked by this, knowing he is her biological father. Throughout the eleventh season, Webber struggles to deal with the revelation and keeps it from Maggie. Maggie explains that 2 years prior, she looked for her birth mom and needed to go to the court for the records. She found out that she was dead, but got her name, and discovered that she was an amazing surgeon that worked at the Seattle Grace Hospital. She stated that that's not why she took the job, but it's \"a little bit\" why she took the interview.\n"
] | [
"the penultimate episode of the tenth season"
] |
5769619357084934810 | Smartphone | Smartphone - wikipedia Smartphone Jump to : navigation , search `` Smartphones '' redirects here . For the song by Trey Songz , see SmartPhones ( song ) . Not to be confused with telephone . Two smartphones shown in picture : a Samsung Galaxy J5 ( left ) and an iPhone 6S ( right ) A smartphone is a handheld personal computer with a mobile operating system and an integrated mobile broadband cellular network connection for voice , SMS , and Internet data communication ; most if not all smartphones also support Wi - Fi . Smartphones are typically pocket - sized , as opposed to tablets , which are much larger . They are able to run a variety of software components , known as `` apps '' . Most basic apps ( e.g. event calendar , camera , web browser ) come pre-installed with the system , while others are available for download from places like the Google Play Store or Apple App Store . Apps can receive bug fixes and gain additional functionality through software updates ; similarly , operating systems are able to update . Modern smartphones have a touchscreen color display with a graphical user interface that covers the front surface and enables the user to use a virtual keyboard to type and press onscreen icons to activate `` app '' features . Mobile payment is now a common theme amongst most smartphones . Today , smartphones largely fulfill most people 's needs for a telephone , digital camera and video camera , GPS navigation , a media player , clock , news , calculator , web browser , handheld video game player , flashlight , compass , an address book , note - taking , digital messaging , an event calendar , etc . Typical smartphones will include one or more of the following sensors : magnetometer , proximity sensor , barometer , gyroscope , or accelerometer . Since 2010 , smartphones adopted integrated virtual assistants , such as Apple Siri , Amazon Alexa , Google Assistant , Microsoft Cortana , BlackBerry Assistant and Samsung Bixby . Most smartphones produced from 2012 onward have high - speed mobile broadband 4G LTE capability . In 1999 , the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country . Smartphones became widespread in the late 2000s . In the third quarter of 2012 , one billion smartphones were in use worldwide . Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Forerunner 1.2 Early integration of data signals with telephony 1.3 PDA / phone hybrids 1.4 Mass adoption in Japan 1.5 Early smartphones outside Japan 1.6 Form factor shift 1.7 Technological developments in the 2010s 1.8 Future possible developments 2 Hardware 2.1 Display 2.2 Accessories 2.3 Battery 3 Software 3.1 Mobile operating systems 3.1. 1 Android 3.1. 2 iOS 3.1. 3 Tizen 3.1. 4 Sailfish OS 3.1. 5 Discontinued operating systems 3.1. 5.1 BlackBerry OS 3.1. 5.2 Windows Mobile 3.1. 5.3 Symbian 3.1. 5.4 Firefox OS 3.1. 5.5 Bada 3.1. 5.6 webOS 3.1. 5.7 Palm OS 3.1. 5.8 MeeGo / Maemo / Moblin 3.1. 5.9 Ubuntu Touch 3.1. 5.10 Other Linux 3.1. 5.11 Windows 10 Mobile 3.1. 5.12 BlackBerry 10 3.2 Mobile app 3.3 Application stores 4 Sales 4.1 By manufacturer 4.2 By operating system 4.2. 1 Historical sales figures , in millions 5 Use 5.1 Social 5.2 While driving 5.3 Legal 5.4 Medical 5.5 Security 5.6 Sleep 6 Terminology 7 See also 8 References History ( edit ) Forerunner ( edit ) IBM Simon and charging base ( 1994 ) . The first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a `` smartphone '' began as a prototype called `` Angler '' developed by Frank Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated in November of that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show . A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator . In addition to placing and receiving cellular calls , the touch screen - equipped Simon could send and receive faxes and emails . It included an address book , calendar , appointment scheduler , calculator , world time clock and notepad , as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps , stock reports and news . The term `` smart phone '' or `` smartphone '' was not coined until a year after the introduction of the Simon , appearing in print as early as 1995 , describing AT&T 's PhoneWriter Communicator . Early integration of data signals with telephony ( edit ) The first caller identification receiver ( 1971 ) . The first integration of data signals with telephony was conceptualized by Nikola Tesla in 1909 and pioneered by Theodore Paraskevakos beginning in 1968 with his work on transmission of electronic data through telephone lines . In 1971 , while he was working with Boeing in Huntsville , Alabama , Paraskevakos demonstrated a transmitter and receiver that provided additional ways to communicate with remote equipment . This formed the original basis for what is now known as caller ID . The first caller ID equipment was installed at Peoples ' Telephone Company in Leesburg , Alabama and was demonstrated to several telephone companies . The original and historic working models are still in the possession of Paraskevakos . PDA / phone hybrids ( edit ) Main article : Personal digital assistant In the mid-late 1990s , many people who had mobile phones carried a separate dedicated PDA device , running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS , Newton OS , Symbian or Windows CE / Pocket PC . These operating systems would later evolve into early mobile operating systems . Most of the `` smartphones '' in this era were hybrid devices that combined these existing familiar PDA OSes with basic phone hardware . The results were devices that were bulkier than either dedicated mobile phones or PDAs , but allowed a limited amount of cellular Internet access . The trend at the time , however , that manufacturers competed on in both mobile phones and PDAs was to make devices smaller and slimmer . The bulk of these smartphones combined with their high cost and expensive data plans , plus other drawbacks such as expansion limitations and decreased battery life compared to separate standalone devices , generally limited their popularity to `` early adopters '' and business users who needed portable connectivity . In March 1996 , Hewlett - Packard released the OmniGo 700LX , a modified HP 200LX palmtop PC with a Nokia 2110 mobile phone piggybacked onto it and ROM - based software to support it . It had a 640 × 200 resolution CGA compatible four - shade gray - scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls , and to create and receive text messages , emails and faxes . It was also 100 % DOS 5.0 compatible , allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles , including early versions of Windows . The Nokia 9000 Communicator ( right ) and the updated 9110 model ( left ) In August 1996 , Nokia released the Nokia 9000 Communicator , a digital cellular PDA based on the Nokia 2110 with an integrated system based on the PEN / GEOS 3.0 operating system from Geoworks . The two components were attached by a hinge in what became known as a clamshell design , with the display above and a physical QWERTY keyboard below . The PDA provided e-mail ; calendar , address book , calculator and notebook applications ; text - based Web browsing ; and could send and receive faxes . When closed , the device could be used as a digital cellular telephone . In June 1999 Qualcomm released the `` pdQ Smartphone '' , a CDMA digital PCS smartphone with an integrated Palm PDA and Internet connectivity . Subsequent landmark devices included : The Ericsson R380 ( 2000 ) by Ericsson Mobile Communications . The first device marketed as a `` smartphone '' , it was the first Symbian - based phone , with PDA functionality and limited Web browsing on a resistive touchscreen utilizing a stylus . Users could not install their own software on the device , however . The Kyocera 6035 ( early 2001 ) , a dual - nature device with a separate Palm OS PDA operating system and CDMA mobile phone firmware . It supported limited Web browsing with the PDA software treating the phone hardware as an attached modem . Handspring 's Treo 180 ( 2002 ) , the first smartphone that fully integrated the Palm OS on a GSM mobile phone having telephony , SMS messaging and Internet access built in to the OS . The 180 model had a thumb - type keyboard and the 180g version had a Graffiti handwriting recognition area , instead . Mass adoption in Japan ( edit ) In 1999 , the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country . These phones ran on i - mode , which provided data transmission speeds up to 9.6 kbit / s . Unlike future generations of wireless services , NTT DoCoMo 's i - mode used cHTML , a language which restricted some aspects of traditional HTML in favor of increasing data speed for the devices . Limited functionality , small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to use the slower data speeds available . The rise of i - mode helped NTT DoCoMo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001 . It was also ranked first in market capitalization in Japan and second globally . This power would later wane in the face of the rise of 3G and new phones with advanced wireless network capabilities . Early smartphones outside Japan ( edit ) Several BlackBerry smartphones , which were highly popular in the mid-late 2000s . Smartphones were still rare outside Japan until the introduction of the Danger Hiptop in 2002 , which saw moderate success among U.S. consumers as the T - Mobile Sidekick . Later , in the mid-2000s , business users in the U.S. started to adopt devices based on Microsoft 's Windows Mobile , and then BlackBerry smartphones from Research In Motion . American users popularized the term `` CrackBerry '' in 2006 due to the BlackBerry 's addictive nature . Outside the U.S. and Japan , Nokia was seeing success with its smartphones based on Symbian , originally developed by Psion for their personal organisers , and it was the most popular smartphone OS in Europe during the middle to late 2000s . Initially , Nokia 's Symbian smartphones were focused on business with the Eseries , similar to Windows Mobile and BlackBerry devices at the time . From 2006 onwards , Nokia started producing consumer - focused smartphones , popularized by the entertainment - focused Nseries . In Asia , with the exception of Japan , the trend was similar to that of Europe . Until 2010 , Symbian was the world 's most widely used smartphone operating system . Form factor Shift ( edit ) The original Apple iPhone . Its introduction contributed to the steady rise of smartphones that feature large touchscreen interfaces without physical keypads . In the early to mid 2000s , it was common for smartphones to have a physical T9 numeric keypad or QWERTY keyboard in either a candybar or sliding form factor . At that time , many smartphones had resistive touchscreens , which allowed for input with a stylus in addition to fingers , thus allowing the entry of Asian characters . In 2007 , the LG Prada was the first mobile phone released with a large capacitive touchscreen . Later that year , Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone , which uses a multi-touch capacitive touch screen . Such phones were notable for abandoning the use of a stylus , keyboard , or keypad typical for smartphones at the time , in favor of a capacitive touchscreen for direct finger input as its only input type . The iPhone was `` not a smartphone by conventional terms , being that a smartphone is a platform device that allows software to be installed , '' until the opening of Apple 's App Store a year later , which became a common means for smartphone software distribution and installation . In October 2008 , the first phone to use Google 's Android operating system called the HTC Dream ( also known as the T - Mobile G1 ) was released . It was also a smartphone with a large multi-touch touchscreen , but still retained a slide - out physical keyboard . Later versions of Android added and then improved on - screen keyboard support , and physical keyboards on Android devices quickly became rare . Although Android 's adoption was relatively slow at first , it started to gain widespread popularity in 2010 , and in early 2012 dominated the smartphone market share worldwide , which continues to this day . The iPhone and Android phones with their capacitive touchscreens popularized the smartphone form factor based on a large capacitive touchscreen and led to the decline of earlier , keyboard - and keypad - focused platforms . Microsoft , for instance , discontinued Windows Mobile and started a new touchscreen - oriented OS from scratch , called Windows Phone . Nokia abandoned Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its smartphones . Windows Phone became the third-most - popular smartphone OS , before being replaced by Windows 10 Mobile , which declined in share to become `` largely irrelevant '' at less than 0.5 % of the smartphone market . Palm replaced their Palm OS with webOS , which was bought by Hewlett - Packard and later sold to LG Electronics for use on LG smart TVs . BlackBerry Limited , formerly known as Research In Motion , made a new platform based on QNX , BlackBerry 10 , with which it was possible to control a device without having to press any physical buttons ; this platform was later discontinued . By the mid 2010s , almost all smartphones were touchscreen - only , and Android and iPhone smartphones dominated the market . Technological developments in the 2010s ( edit ) In 2013 , Fairphone launched its first `` socially ethical '' smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing . In late 2013 , QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed entirely around security , encryption and identity protection . Some companies began to release smartphones incorporating flexible displays to create curved form factors , such as the Samsung Galaxy Round and LG G Flex . In October 2013 , Motorola Mobility announced Project Ara , a concept for a modular smartphone platform that would allow users to customize and upgrade their phones with add - on modules that attached magnetically to a frame . Ara was retained by Google following its sale of Motorola Mobility to Lenovo , but was shelved in 2016 . That year , LG and Motorola both unveiled smartphones featuring a limited form of modularity for accessories ; the LG G5 allowed accessories to be installed via the removal of its battery compartment , while the Moto Z utilizes accessories attached magnetically to the rear of the device . By 2014 , 1440p displays began to appear on high - end smartphones . In 2015 , Sony released the Xperia Z5 Premium , featuring a 4K resolution display , although only images and videos could actually be rendered at that resolution ( all other software is upscaled from 1080p ) . Microsoft , expanding upon the concept of Motorola 's short - lived `` Webtop '' , unveiled functionality for its Windows 10 operating system for phones that allows supported devices to be docked for use with a PC - styled desktop environment . Other major technologies began to trend in 2016 , including a focus on virtual reality and augmented reality experiences catered towards smartphones , the newly introduced USB - C connector , and improving LTE technologies . As of 2015 , the global median for smartphone ownership was 43 % . Statista has forecast that 2.87 billion people will own smartphones in 2020 . Future possible developments ( edit ) An example of a flexible display Foldable OLED smartphones have been anticipated for years but have failed to materialize because of the relatively high failure rate when producing these screens . Creating a battery that can be folded is another hurdle . Hardware ( edit ) Display ( edit ) Main article : Display device A smartphone touchscreen One of the main characteristics of smartphones is their screen . It fills some of the device 's front surface ( about 70 % ) , however , with the newest smartphones like the Galaxy S8 and iPhone X , most of the available space on the front is dedicated to the display in a style referred to as `` edge - to - edge . '' Many of the displays have an aspect ratio of 16 : 9 ; some are 4 : 3 or other ratios . They are measured in diagonal inches , starting from 2.45 inches . Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called `` phablets . '' Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches commonly are difficult to use with only a single hand , since most thumbs can not reach the entire screen surface ; they may need to be shifted around in the hand , held in one hand and manipulated by the other , or used in place with both hands . Liquid - crystal displays are the most common ; others are IPS , LED , OLED , AMOLED and E Ink displays . In the 2010s , Braille screens , which can be used by visually impaired people are being developed . It is expected that Braille screens will use some type of microfluidics technology . In addition , some displays are integrated with pressure - sensitive digitizers , such as those developed by Wacom and Samsung . Wacom 's models allows users to have greater precision when drawing . Starting with the iPhone 6S , Apple released pressure sensitivity for their mobiles under the name 3D Touch . Apple 's 3D Touch uniquely utilizes the digitizer by giving users the availability to display additional menus and options by applying pressure to specified icons . Accessories ( edit ) A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones , including cases , screen protectors , power charging cables , wireless power stations , USB On - The - Go adapters ( for connecting USB drives and or , in some cases , a HDMI cable to an external monitor ) , add - on batteries , headphones , combined headphone - microphones ( which , for example , allow a person to privately conduct calls on the device without holding it to the ear ) , and Bluetooth - enabled powered speakers that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly . Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive , heavy - duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell . Some cases have a `` book '' - like form , with a cover that the user opens to use the device ; when the cover is closed , it protects the screen . Some `` book '' - like cases have additional pockets for credit cards , thus enabling people to use them as wallets . Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers . Battery ( edit ) A high - capacity portable battery charger . Smartphone battery life , nowadays , is generally adequate , however , earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones ' computer systems and color screens . There is a trend towards using batteries that the user can not replace . To extend talktime , smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home , at work , and in cars and by buying portable external `` battery packs '' . External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable and custom - made models that `` piggyback '' onto a smartphone 's case . Most recently , Samsung had to recall millions of the Galaxy Note 7 smartphones due to an explosive battery issue . For consumer convenience , wireless charging stations have been introduced in some hotels , bars , and other public spaces . Software ( edit ) Mobile operating systems ( edit ) Main article : Mobile operating system Android ( edit ) Main article : Android ( operating system ) Several Samsung smartphones ( 2015 - 2016 ) running Android OS Android is a mobile operating system founded by Andy Rubin , now owned and developed by Google , and backed by an industry consortium known as the Open Handset Alliance . It is an open source platform with optional proprietary components , including a suite of flagship software for Google services , and the application and content storefront Google Play . Android was officially introduced via the release of its inaugural device , the HTC Dream ( T - Mobile G1 ) on 20 October 2008 . As an open source product , Android has also been the subject of third - party development . Development groups have used the Android source code to develop and distribute their own modified versions of the operating system , such as CyanogenMod ( now LineageOS ) , to add features to the OS and provide newer versions of Android to devices that no longer receive official updates from their vendor . Forked versions of Android have also been adopted by other vendors , such as Amazon.com , who used its `` Fire OS '' on a range of tablets and the Fire Phone . As it is a non-proprietary platform that has shipped on devices covering a wide range of market segments , Android has seen significant adoption . Gartner Research estimated that 325 million Android smartphones were sold during the fourth quarter of 2015 , leading all other platforms . Samsung Electronics , who produces Android devices , was also the top smartphone vendor across all platforms in the same period of time . Android is the top - selling smartphone OS in 2016 . Android Pay is available on Android software . IOS ( edit ) Main article : iOS iOS ( formerly iPhone OS ) is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. primarily for its iPhone product line . The iPhone was first unveiled in January 2007 . The device introduced the use of multi-touch gestures for navigation . In 2008 , Apple introduced the App Store , a centralized storefront for purchasing new software for iPhone devices . iOS can also integrate with Apple 's desktop music program iTunes to sync media to a personal computer . The dependency on a PC was removed with the introduction of iCloud on later versions of iOS , which provides synchronization of user data via internet servers between multiple devices . The iPhone line 's early dominance was credited with helping make Apple one of the world 's most valuable publicly traded companies by 2011 . However , the iPhone and iOS have generally been in second place in worldwide market share . Tizen ( edit ) Main article : Tizen Tizen is a Linux - based operating system for devices , including smartphones , tablets , in - vehicle infotainment ( IVI ) devices , smart TVs , laptops and smart cameras . Tizen is a project within the Linux Foundation and is governed by a Technical Steering Group ( TSG ) composed of Samsung and Intel among others . In April 2014 , Samsung released the Samsung Gear 2 and the Gear 2 Neo , running Tizen . The Samsung Z1 is the first smartphone produced by Samsung that runs Tizen ; it was released in the Indian market on January 14 , 2015 . Sailfish OS ( edit ) Main article : Sailfish OS The Sailfish OS is based on the Linux kernel and Mer . Additionally Sailfish OS includes a partially or completely proprietary multi-tasking user interface programmed by Jolla . This user interface differentiate Jolla smartphones from others . Sailfish OS is intended to be a system made by many of the MeeGo team , which left Nokia to form Jolla , utilizing funding from Nokia 's `` Bridge '' program which helps establish and support start - up companies formed by ex-Nokia employees . Discontinued operating systems ( edit ) BlackBerry OS ( edit ) Main article : BlackBerry OS In 1999 , RIM released its first BlackBerry devices , providing secure real - time push - email communications on wireless devices . Services such as BlackBerry Messenger provide the integration of all communications into a single inbox . In September 2012 , RIM announced that the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped . As of September 2014 , there were around 46 million active BlackBerry service subscribers . In the early 2010s , RIM underwent a platform transition , changing its company name to BlackBerry Limited and releasing devices on a new platform named `` BlackBerry 10 '' . Windows mobile ( edit ) Main article : Windows Mobile Windows Mobile was based on the Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system . Throughout its lifespan , the operating system was available in both touchscreen and non-touchscreen formats . It was supplied with a suite of applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API and was designed to have features and appearance somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows . Third parties could develop software for Windows Mobile with no restrictions imposed by Microsoft . Software applications were eventually purchasable from Windows Marketplace for Mobile during the service 's brief lifespan . Windows Mobile was eventually phased out in favor of Windows Phone OS . Symbian ( edit ) Main article : Symbian A Nokia N70 smartphone ( 2005 ) running Symbian OS , which was highly popular in Europe and Asia in the 2000s Symbian was originally developed by Psion as EPOC32 . It was the world 's most widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010 , though the platform never gained popularity in the U.S. , as it did in Europe and Asia . The first Symbian phone , the touchscreen Ericsson R380 Smartphone , was released in 2000 , and was the first device marketed as a `` smartphone '' . It combined a PDA with a mobile phone . Variants of Symbian OS began to emerge , most notably Symbian UIQ , MOAP and S60 , each supported by different manufacturers . With the creation of Symbian Foundation in 2008 , Symbian OS was unified under one variant under the stewardship of Nokia . In February 2011 , Nokia announced that it would replace Symbian with Windows Phone as the operating system on all of its future smartphones , with the platform being abandoned over the following few years . Firefox OS ( edit ) Main article : Firefox OS Firefox OS was demonstrated by Mozilla in February 2012 . It was designed to have a complete community - based alternative system for mobile devices , using open standards and HTML5 applications . The first commercially available Firefox OS phones were ZTE Open and Alcatel One Touch Fire . As of 2014 , more companies had partnered with Mozilla including Panasonic ( which was making a smart TV with Firefox OS ) and Sony . In December 2015 , Mozilla announced that it would phase out development of Firefox OS for smartphones , and would reposition the project to focus on other forms of Internet - connected devices . Bada ( edit ) Main article : Bada The Bada operating system for smartphones was announced by Samsung in November 2009 . The first Bada - based phone was the Samsung Wave S8500 , released in June 2010 . Samsung shipped 4.5 million phones running Bada in Q2 of 2011 . In 2013 , Bada merged with a similar platform called Tizen . WebOS ( edit ) Main article : webOS webOS is a proprietary mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel , initially developed by Palm , which launched with the Palm Pre . After being acquired by HP , two phones ( the Veer and the Pre 3 ) and a tablet ( the TouchPad ) running webOS were introduced in 2011 . On August 18 , 2011 , HP announced that webOS hardware was to be discontinued but would continue to support and update webOS software and develop the webOS ecosystem . HP released webOS as open source under the name Open webOS , and plans to update it with additional features . On February 25 , 2013 HP announced the sale of WebOS to LG Electronics , who used the operating system for its current `` smart '' or Internet - connected TVs , but not smartphones . In January 2014 , Qualcomm has announced that it has acquired technology patents from HP , which includes all the WebOS patents . Palm OS ( edit ) Main article : Palm OS A Palm Treo 300 smartphone ( 2002 ) In late 2001 , Handspring launched the Springboard GSM phone module with limited success . In May 2002 , Handspring released the Palm OS Treo 270 smartphone , which did not support Springboard , with both a touchscreen and a full keyboard . The Treo had wireless web browsing , email , calendar , a contact organizer and mobile third - party applications that could be downloaded or synced with a computer . Handspring was purchased by Palm , Inc which released the Treo 600 and continued releasing Treo devices with a few Treo devices using Windows Mobile . MeeGo / Maemo / Moblin ( edit ) Main articles : MeeGo , Maemo , and Moblin MeeGo is an operating system created from the source code of Moblin ( produced by Intel ) and Maemo ( produced by Nokia ) . Before that , Nokia used Maemo on some of its smartphones and internet tablets ( such as Nokia N810 and N900 ) . MeeGo was originally envisioned to power a variety of devices from netbooks , tablets to smartphones and smart TVs . However , the only smartphones which used MeeGo was the Nokia N9 and Nokia N950 ( MeeGo v1. 2 Harmattan ) . Following Nokia 's decision to move to Windows Phone OS in 2011 and to cease MeeGo development , the Linux Foundation canceled MeeGo in September 2011 in favor of the development of Tizen . Ubuntu Touch ( edit ) Main article : Ubuntu Touch Ubuntu Touch ( also known as Ubuntu Phone ) is a mobile version of the Ubuntu operating system developed by Canonical UK Ltd and Ubuntu Community . It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers . Other Linux ( edit ) In 2003 , Motorola launched the first smartphone to use Linux , the A760 handset . While the initial release was limited to a single high - end handset only available in the Asia - Pacific region , the maker 's intention was to eventually use Linux on most of its handsets , including the lower - end models . Further models to use Linux such as the Motorola Ming A1200i in 2005 and several successors to the Ming line would be unveiled through 2010 . In late 2009 , Motorola released the Motorola Cliq , the first of Motorola 's smartphones to run the Linux - based Android operating system . Subsequently , Motorola stopped developing phones based on other Linux variants . Windows 10 mobile ( edit ) Main article : Windows 10 Mobile Windows 10 Mobile ( formerly known as Windows Phone ) is from Microsoft . It is closed source and proprietary . It has the third largest installed base on smartphones behind Android and iOS . Unveiled on February 15 , 2010 , Windows Phone includes a user interface inspired by Microsoft 's Metro Design Language . It is integrated with Microsoft services such as OneDrive and Office , Xbox Music , Xbox Video , Xbox Live games and Bing , but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as Facebook and Google accounts . Windows Phone devices are made primarily by Microsoft Mobile / Nokia , and also by HTC and Samsung . In January 2015 , Microsoft announced that its Windows Phone brand will be phased out and replaced with Windows 10 Mobile , bringing tighter integration and unification with its PC counterpart Windows 10 , and provide a platform for smartphones and tablets with screen sizes under 8 inches . Windows Mobile smartphone series has had poor adoption , that also led to a decrease in third - party applications , and some vendors ended their support for Windows Mobile altogether . As of 2016 , Windows 10 Mobile global market share dropped below 0.6 % . BlackBerry 10 ( edit ) Main article : BlackBerry 10 In the early 2010s , BlackBerry Limited started making new devices on a new platform named `` BlackBerry 10 '' , which is based on their BlackBerry Tablet OS , to replace the BlackBerry OS . In 2015 , BlackBerry said there would be no new devices with BB10 but they will still support the OS for existing devices . In 2016 , BlackBerry Limited ceased making smartphones and licensed TCL Communication to manufacture them under the name BlackBerry Mobile . BlackBerry Mobile smartphones abandoned BlackBerry 10 in favor of the Android operating system , beginning with the 2017 BlackBerry KEYone . The first BlackBerry phone to ship with Android , however , was BlackBerry Limited 's Priv . Mobile app ( edit ) Main article : Mobile app Application stores ( edit ) Main article : List of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices The introduction of Apple 's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer - hosted online distribution for third - party applications ( software and computer programs ) focused on a single platform . There are a huge variety of apps , including video games , music products and business tools . Up until that point , smartphone application distribution depended on third - party sources providing applications for multiple platforms , such as GetJar , Handango , Handmark , and PocketGear . Following the success of the App Store , other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores , such as Google 's Android Market ( now Google Play Store ) and RIM 's BlackBerry App World in April 2009 . In February 2014 , 93 % of mobile developers were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development . Sales ( edit ) Since 1996 , smartphone shipments have had positive growth . In November 2011 , 27 % of all photographs created were taken with camera - equipped smartphones . In September 2012 , a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online . Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013 . Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013 , up 38 % from 2012 's 725 million , while comprising a 55 % share of the mobile phone market in 2013 , up from 42 % in 2012 . In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent year on year . The situation was caused by the maturing China market . By manufacturer ( edit ) Worldwide Smartphones Vendors Market Share Source Date Samsung Apple Inc . Huawei Oppo Vivo Others Reference Gartner Q1 2017 20.7 % 13.7 % 9.0 % 8.1 % 6.8 % 41.7 % IDC Q1 2017 23.3 % 14.7 % 10.0 % 7.5 % 5.5 % 39.0 % In 2011 , Samsung had the highest shipment market share worldwide , followed by Apple . In 2013 , Samsung had 31.3 % market share , a slight increase from 30.3 % in 2012 , while Apple was at 15.3 % , a decrease from 18.7 % in 2012 . Huawei , LG and Lenovo were at about 5 % each , significantly better than 2012 figures , while others had about 40 % , the same as the previous years figure . Only Apple lost market share , although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9 percent ; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92 percent . In Q1 2014 , Samsung had a 31 % share and Apple had 16 % . In Q4 2014 , Apple had a 20.4 % share and Samsung had 19.9 % . In Q2 2016 , Samsung had a 22.3 % share and Apple had 12.9 % . In Q1 2017 , IDC reported that Samsung was first placed , with 80 million units , followed by Apple with 50.8 million , Huawei with 34.6 million , Oppo with 25.5 million and Vivo with 22.7 million . Samsung 's mobile business is half the size of Apple 's , by revenue . Apple business has been increasing very rapidly over the past 4 years . By operating system ( edit ) Worldwide operating system market share for smartphones Source Date Android iOS Others Reference Gartner Q1 2017 86.1 % 13.7 % 0.2 % The market has been dominated by the Android operating system since 2010 . Android 's market share ( measured by units shipment ) rose from 33.2 % in Q4 2011 to 81.7 % of the market in Q4 2016 . Apple 's market share oscillated between 18 % and 12.5 % during the same period . Windows Phone market share also oscillated between 1.5 % and 0.3 % during the same time frame . As of the end of Q4 2016 , Android was the most popular operating system sold with new smartphones with an 81.7 % market share , followed by iOS with 17.9 % , Windows 10 Mobile with 0.3 % and other OSes at 0.1 % . Historical sales figures , in millions ( edit ) Year Android ( Google ) iOS ( Apple ) Windows Mobile / Phone ( Microsoft ) BlackBerry ( formerly RIM ) Symbian ( Nokia ) Palm / WebOS ( Palm / HP ) Bada ( Samsung ) Other Total 2007 3.3 14.7 11.77 77.68 1.76 109.21 2008 11.42 16.5 23.15 72.93 2.51 126.51 2009 6.8 24.89 15.03 34.35 80.88 1.19 163.14 67.22 46.6 12.38 47.45 111.58 285.23 2011 219.52 89.26 8.77 51.54 93.41 9.6 14.24 486.34 2012 451.62 130.13 16.94 34.21 15.9 47.20 696.00 2013 758.72 150.79 30.84 18.61 18.82 977.78 2014 1,004.68 191.43 35.13 7.91 5.75 1,244.90 Use ( edit ) Social ( edit ) Main article : Mobile phone overuse A 2012 University of Southern California study found that unprotected adolescent sexual activity was more common among owners of smartphones . A study conducted by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 's ( RPI ) Lighting Research Center ( LRC ) concluded that smartphones , or any backlit devices , can seriously affect sleep cycles . Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices . A `` smombie '' ( a combination of `` smartphone '' and `` zombie '' ) is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk , possibly risking an accident in the process , an increasing social phenomenon . The issue of slow - moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a `` mobile lane '' for walking in Chongqing , China . The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of Augsburg , Germany to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement . While driving ( edit ) Main article : Mobile phones and driving safety Main article : Texting while driving A New York City driver holding two phones . A user consulting a mapping app on a phone . Mobile phone use while driving -- including talking on the phone , texting , playing media , web browsing , gaming , using mapping apps or operating other phone features -- is common but controversial , since it is widely considered dangerous due to what 's known as distracted driving . Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents . In September 2010 , the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones . In March 2011 a US insurance company , State Farm Insurance , announced the results of a study which showed 19 % of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving . Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving . In Egypt , Israel , Japan , Portugal and Singapore , both handheld and hands - free calling on a mobile phone ( which uses a speakerphone ) is banned . In other countries including the UK and France and in many US states , only the use of calling on handheld phones is banned , while hands - free use is permitted . A 2011 study reported that over 90 % of college students surveyed text ( initiate , reply or read ) while driving . The scientific literature on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone , or texting while driving , is limited . A simulation study at the University of Utah found a sixfold increase in distraction - related accidents when texting . Due to the complexity of smartphones , this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices . This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands - free usage , rather than those which ban handheld use only , as officials can not easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver . This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when , in fact , they were using the device legally , for example , when using the phone 's incorporated controls for car stereo , GPS or satnav . A sign along Bellaire Boulevard in Southside Place , Texas ( Greater Houston ) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7 : 30 am to 9 : 30 am and from 2 : 00 pm to 4 : 15 pm A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while cycling and its effects on behavior and safety . In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four . A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones , such as using phones while driving . Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a call on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding . In the United Kingdom , from 27 February 2007 , motorists who are caught using a hand - held phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £ 60 . This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law . Japan prohibits all use of phones while driving , including use of hands - free devices . New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009 . Many states in the United States have banned text messaging on phones while driving . Illinois became the 17th American state to enforce this law . As of July 2010 , 30 states had banned texting while driving , with Kentucky becoming the most recent addition on July 15 . Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the United States . This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992 , when first law was passed through December 1 , 2010 . The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous , continuous or categorical variables including , for example , activities regulated ( e.g. , texting versus talking , hands - free versus handheld calls , web browsing , gaming ) , targeted populations , and exemptions . Legal ( edit ) Main article : Smartphone wars A `` patent war '' between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original Galaxy S Android phone copied the interface -- and possibly the hardware -- of Apple 's iOS for the iPhone 3GS . There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving Sony Mobile , Google , Apple Inc. , Samsung , Microsoft , Nokia , Motorola , HTC , Huawei and ZTE , among others . The conflict is part of the wider `` patent wars '' between multinational technology and software corporations . To secure and increase market share , companies granted a patent can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers . Since 2010 the number of lawsuits , counter-suits , and trade complaints based on patents and designs in the market for smartphones , and devices based on smartphone OSes such as Android and iOS , has increased significantly . Initial suits , countersuits , rulings , license agreements , and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market grew more rapidly . Medical ( edit ) Main article : Mobile app With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place , government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications . These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice . Security ( edit ) Main articles : Mobile security , Malware , Mobile virus , and Media Transfer Protocol Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store . Often malware is hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps , which are then distributed through third - party app stores . Malware risk also comes from what 's known as an `` update attack '' , where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component , which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated . As well , one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone . An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install kill switches in their devices . In 2014 , Apple 's `` Find my iPhone '' and Google 's `` Android Device Manager '' can disable phones that have been lost / stolen . With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3. 2 , devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry 's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account . Sleep ( edit ) Main article : Electronic media and sleep Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep , due to the brightly lit screen affecting melatonin levels and sleep cycles . In an effort to alleviate these issues , several apps that change the color temperature of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated have been developed for Android , while iOS 9.3 integrated similar , system - level functionality known as `` Night Shift '' . Amazon released a feature known as `` blue shade '' in their Fire OS `` Bellini '' 5.0 and later . It has also been theorized that for some users , addicted use of their phones , especially before they go to bed , can result in `` ego depletion '' . Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks , which can also lead to loss of sleep . Terminology ( edit ) `` Phablet '' , a portmanteau of the words phone and tablet , describes smartphones with larger screens . `` Superphone '' is also used by some companies to market phones with unusually large screens and other expensive features . `` Ultra Premium '' is a term used to identify a smartphone which has top of the line materials . See also ( edit ) Internet portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smartphone . Tablet Comparison of smartphones List of mobile software distribution platforms Media Transfer Protocol Mobile broadband Mobile Internet device Portable media player Second screen Smartphone zombie E-reader References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Budmar , Patrick ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` Why Japanese smartphones never went global '' . PC World . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Reisinger ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Worldwide smartphone user base hits 1 billion '' . CNet . 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Jump up ^ Rick Noack ( April 25 , 2016 ) This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that smartphone users do n't have to look up The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quit Googling yourself and drive : About 20 % of drivers using Web behind the wheel , study says '' . Los Angeles Times . March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Atchley , Paul ; Atwood , Stephanie ; Boulton , Aaron ( January 2011 ) . `` The Choice to Text and Drive in Younger Drivers : Behaviour May Shape Attitude '' . Accident Analysis and Prevention . 43 : 134 -- 142 . doi : 10.1016 / j. aap. 2010.08. 003 . Jump up ^ `` Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril '' . Jump up ^ de Waard , Dick ; Schepers , Paul ; Ormel , Wieke ; Brookhuis , Karel ( January 2010 ) . `` Mobile phone use while cycling : Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety '' . Ergonomics. 53 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 00140130903381180 . PMID 20069479 . 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Computer sizes Classes of computers Microcomputer , personal computer Stationary Workstation Desktop Home Personal supercomputer SFF Nettop Plug Portable Tabletop Game arcade cabinet System board Home console Microconsole Interactive kiosk Smart TV Smart speaker Mobile Laptop Desktop replacement 2 - in - 1 Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Ultrabook Ultra-mobile PC Tablet Ultra-mobile PC 2 - in - 1 Mobile Internet device Tabletop Phablet Information appliance Handheld PC Palm - size PC Pocket PC Pocket computer Palmtop PC PDA Electronic organizer EDA Mobile phone Feature phone Smartphone Phablet PMP DAP E-reader Handheld game console Portable / Mobile data terminal Calculator Scientific Programmable Graphing Wearable Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Server Minicomputer Supermini Large Super Mainframe Minisuper Others Microcontroller Nanocomputer Pizza box form factor Single - board computer Smartdust Wireless sensor network Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G Mobile operating systems Linux kernel Android Pixel UI Samsung Experience LineageOS Bada EZX Linux Firefox OS KaiOS Maemo Maemo Leste MeeGo Mer Sailfish OS Moblin MotoMagx OpenEmbedded Ångström KaeilOS QtMoko SHR postmarketOS Tizen Ubuntu Touch UBports WebOS LuneOS XNU iOS QNX BlackBerry 10 BlackBerry Tablet OS Windows Windows Mobile Windows Phone Windows XP Tablet PC Edition Windows RT Windows 10 Mobile Zircon Fuchsia Other BlackBerry OS EPOC GEOS Nintendo DSi Nintendo 3DS S30 S30+ S40 Nokia Asha platform PalmDOS Palm OS PSP PS Vita Symbian Comparison of mobile operating systems List of mobile app distribution platforms Open Handset Alliance Open Mobile Alliance Mobile app development Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the first smart phone in the world | [
"The first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a \"smartphone\" began as a prototype called \"Angler\" developed by Frank Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated in November of that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show.[5][6][7] A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. In addition to placing and receiving cellular calls, the touch screen-equipped Simon could send and receive faxes and emails. It included an address book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock and notepad, as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps, stock reports and news.[8] The term \"smart phone\" or \"smartphone\" was not coined until a year after the introduction of the Simon, appearing in print as early as 1995, describing AT&T's PhoneWriter Communicator.[9][non-primary source needed]"
] | [
"a prototype called \"Angler\" developed by Frank Canova in 1992 while at IBM"
] |
-2843137346417800759 | Austin Reed (Days of Our Lives) | Austin Reed ( Days of Our Lives ) - wikipedia Austin Reed ( Days of Our Lives ) Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article does not follow Wikipedia 's guidelines on the use of different tenses . Please consider copy editing to past tense if historic , present tense if not time - based ( e.g. fiction ) , or future tense if upcoming . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Austin Reed Austin Peck as Austin Reed Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Patrick Muldoon ( 1992 -- 95 , 2011 -- 12 ) Austin Peck ( 1995 -- 2006 , 2017 ) Duration 1992 -- 2002 2005 -- 06 2011 -- 12 2017 First appearance July 7 , 1992 Last appearance February 16 , 2017 Created by Sheri Anderson Introduced by Ken Corday and Tom Langan ( 1992 ) Ken Corday and Stephen Wyman ( 2005 ) Ken Corday , Noel Maxam and Greg Meng ( 2011 ) Classification Former , recurring Profile Occupation Forensic accountant Accounting professor Business Executive Boxer Pianist Residence Zurich , Switzerland Patrick Muldoon as Austin Reed ( show ) Family Family Roberts Parents Curtis Reed Kate Roberts Stepfather Victor Kiriakis ( 1993 -- 94 ) Roman Brady ( 2003 -- 05 ) Stefano DiMera ( 2009 -- 12 ) André DiMera ( 2017 - 18 ) Siblings Billie Reed Lucas Horton Rex Brady Cassie Brady Philip Kiriakis Spouse Sami Brady ( 1995 -- 97 ) Carrie Brady Reed ( 1997 -- 99 , 2006 -- ) Sons Noah Reed Nieces and nephews Chelsea Brady Will Horton Allie Horton Tyler Kiriakis Austin Reed is a fictional character from the soap opera , Days of Our Lives originated by actor Patrick Muldoon from 1992 to 1995 , and again from 2011 to 2012 . The role was also portrayed by Austin Peck from 1995 to 2002 , and again from 2005 to 2006 . Austin 's birth name is unknown , when his father , Curtis , took the children , he changed their names to prevent Kate Roberts from finding them . All that is known is that his original surname was Brown . Muldoon 's return , however , was short - lived . In April 2012 , it was announced that Muldoon , along with Christie Clark , had been let go from the series . Muldoon tweeted : `` # DAYS been great 2 us . It will always be home . We all feel sick '' . On September 15 , 2016 , it was announced that Peck would again reprise his portrayal as Austin , alongside Clark 's Carrie , on January 11 , 2017 . Peck and Clark departed on February 16 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 's background 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Character 's background ( edit ) In July 1992 an aspiring boxer named Austin Reed came to Salem , and his troubled sister Billie Reed followed weeks later . He was instantly smitten with Carrie Brady . Carrie gave Billie a place to stay , which led to the two of them spending a lot of time together . Carrie and Austin were doing great until Sami came to town in January 1993 and Austin did n't throw a fight , which drew the ire of a lot of bad people . Due to this , acid was thrown on Carrie 's face , scarring her . Carrie went through reconstructive surgery , while Austin dealt with the murder of his father , Curtis . Billie was the prime suspect . At the trial , both Billie and Austin learned that Kate Roberts was their biological mother -- making Lucas Roberts their half - brother . Meanwhile , Carrie 's half - sister Sami Brady was obsessed with Austin and plotting any way she could to get him . After Alan and Sami 's relationship came to an end , and Carrie and Austin broke up , Sami went so far as to drug and rape Austin , making him believe she was Carrie in January 1995 . The following morning , Austin was horrified to awaken and find Sami in his bed . Austin rejected Sami and she fled Salem . Carrie and Austin attempted to find Sami , traveling to Los Angeles , where they reunited . Carrie and Austin managed to survive all the drama and returned to Salem . Austin soon proposed and Carrie and Austin planned their wedding . Sami ruined their happiness by announcing that she was pregnant with Austin 's child , who was later named Will , in July 1995 . Austin decided the right thing would be to stay with Sami and try to make a go of it , even though his heart would always be with Carrie . In June 1996 , Kate and Jamie Caldwell ( Sami 's BFF ) exposed that Sami drugged Austin and he and Carrie reunited . In August 1996 , Will was abducted by a neighbor of Sami 's and whisked off to France . Sami was able to get Austin to marry her in order to bring Will home in September 1996 . The marriage was annulled shortly afterwards . In December 1996 , Sami was in a dangerous car accident on News Year 's Eve . Austin blamed himself as he had told Sami he hated her shortly beforehand . The accident rendered Sami with no memory of the previous 3 years . As Austin took care of Sami , he decided it would be best for her and Will if they would remarry . Over the course of time , Sami regained her memory as well as learned -- due to seeing medical records -- that Wil was n't Austin 's son , and a told only Lucas . The wedding was set to take place in September 1997 . However , the wedding ceremony was interrupted by Carrie , who exposed the truths that Lucas was Will 's actual father and that Sami had been faking amnesia . Austin , heartbroken , left Sami at the altar and married Carrie that same day . Sami left Salem for a while , but unfortunately Carrie and Austin 's married bliss did n't last long . Sami returned months later , fought for custody of Will , and fell in love and became engaged to Franco Kelly . In September 1998 , Franco was murdered by Lucas Roberts , and wanting revenge on Sami , Kate covered up the murder and made it look like Sami committed the murder . Austin fled town with Sami to help her , but Sami was caught , tried and set to be executed for the murder . At the last moment , the truth came out . Because Austin had spent so much time with Sami in a misguided attempt to help her , Carrie felt their relationship was falling apart . Mike Horton stepped in to fill the void as he was attracted to Carrie , and eventually Carrie and Austin broke up . Carrie moved to Israel with Mike on November 19 , 1999 . Austin then rekindles his romance with Sami later that same year , and despite a brief fling with Greta and Nicole , Austin and Sami remain on and off before becoming engaged in the spring of 2002 . However , Sami blackmails Victor into transferring Austin 's job to Hawaii to escape Lucas and when Austin finds out , he leaves Sami at the altar and leaves Salem . In 2005 , Austin returned to Salem for his half - brother Lucas and Sami 's next attempt at tying the knot . The wedding did n't happen and Austin was there for Sami when no one else was . With no place to stay in Salem , Austin moved in with Sami . They formed a company along with Nicole called Austin Reed and Company , or ARC . The company took over High Style , a company that was run by Carrie . Austin did not know Carrie was back in the United States and did not know High Style was her company . Lucas found out the company Austin was taking over was indeed Carrie 's but did not tell Austin . Lucas knew that once Carrie and Austin saw each other , they would get back together . Lucas had fallen for Carrie and wanted her to himself for several years , and knew Carrie would not get back with Austin if Austin took over her company , so he allowed it to happen . Carrie was furious with Austin for taking over her company , and Lucas stepped in to comfort her ; they began a relationship . Sami and Lucas deviously worked together to help Lucas further his relationship with Carrie . Sami 's motive was to make sure Carrie was not available romantically for Austin , as Sami wanted Austin for herself . Eventually Carrie and Lucas married , and Austin and Sami were a couple and were planning yet another wedding . To ensure that Carrie would no longer want to be with Austin , Sami was also able to blackmail Dr. Lexie Carver after finding out about Lexie 's affair with young detective Tek Kramer . Lexie thought up of a bogus story to tell Carrie , which was that Austin and Carrie shared rare genetic markers and if they ever had children , the child would suffer extreme birth defects that could result in death . Carrie then moved on romantically with Lucas , and even became engaged . She soon believed she was pregnant due to an inaccurate pregnancy test , causing her and Lucas to rush their wedding date . When Carrie found out there was no baby , and had a `` hysterical pregnancy '' , she was distraught and cheated on Lucas with Austin ( who was still engaged to Sami ) on the roof of their apartment building . Carrie was extremely relieved when Austin did not marry Sami . Prior to the ceremony she had expressed to Marlena that she was still in love with Austin , and admitted to loving Lucas but not being in love with him . After secretly meeting with Austin to make love and comfort one another , Lucas and Sami came to the roof and caught them . After a bitter tirade on Sami and Lucas ' part , Carrie was kicked out of their apartment . Soon after , Carrie handed Lucas annulment papers and Lucas was more than willing to sign them in order to immediately get Carrie out of his life . However , minutes later , the Gloved Hand slid a note under Sami 's apartment door and Lucas , Carrie and Austin discovered the truth behind Sami 's blackmailing of Lexie . After Sami finally admitted the truth about her misdeeds , a furious Carrie attacked her . The two sisters fought and Carrie swore she would make public what Sami had done to Lexie . Later , Carrie ran into Lexie and revealed to her that she knew the truth behind Sami 's blackmail . Although Lexie tried to plea her case , Carrie did n't care and promised to get even with Lexie by reporting her to the hospital board and the AMA . After showing up with Dr. Finch to keep her promise , Lexie was immediately fired and Carrie felt that her stay in Salem was nearly complete . During dinner , Austin suggested that they move to Switzerland , where he can work at the Mythic Communications division there and Carrie can reclaim Highstyle . Carrie agreed on one condition -- that they get married first . The two immediately went to the Justice of the Peace with their signed marriage licenses and got married ( but not before being briefly interrupted by a drunk Sami and Carrie disowning her ) . After saying their goodbyes to John , Kate , Marlena and Roman , Austin and Carrie took a plane and left Salem . In June 2010 , Carrie also briefly returned to town and told Sami that she and Austin were happy and trying to start a family . On September 26 , 2011 , Austin and Carrie returned to Salem . It was revealed that Austin had become a Forensic Accountant after Mythic Communications had been forced to close down . In October 2015 , Austin could n't attend his nephew Will 's funeral . See also ( edit ) Reed / Roberts Family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( Executive producers ) ; Dena Higley and Ryan Quan ( Head writers ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 52 . Episode 13008 . Days of Our Lives Transcript Monday 1 / 23 / 17 . NBC . Jump up ^ Dena Higley and Ryan Quan ( Head writers ) ; Sonia Blangiardo ( Director ) ; David Cherrill ( Script writer ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 52 . Episode 13008 . NBC . Jump up ^ Revealed on - air in 1992 / 1993 . Jump up ^ Soap Opera Digest ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) . `` DAYS Bloodbath '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Soap Opera Digest ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) . `` DAYS Stars React to Exit '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! DAYS STARS RETURN ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Going '' . Comings and Goings . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 8 ) : 12 -- 13 . February 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Austin at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Brady Black John Black Tate Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Xander Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin_Reed_(Days_of_Our_Lives)&oldid=833448056 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional characters introduced in 1992 Fictional musicians Fictional boxers Fictional professors Fictional accountants Fictional sexual assault victims Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with incorrect tenses Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 16 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played austin on days of our lives | [
"Austin Reed is a fictional character from the soap opera, Days of Our Lives originated by actor Patrick Muldoon from 1992 to 1995, and again from 2011 to 2012. The role was also portrayed by Austin Peck from 1995 to 2002, and again from 2005 to 2006. Austin's birth name is unknown, when his father, Curtis, took the children, he changed their names to prevent Kate Roberts from finding them. All that is known is that his original surname was Brown.[3]",
"Austin Reed is a fictional character from the soap opera, Days of Our Lives originated by actor Patrick Muldoon from 1992 to 1995, and again from 2011 to 2012. The role was also portrayed by Austin Peck from 1995 to 2002, and again from 2005 to 2006. Austin's birth name is unknown, when his father, Curtis, took the children, he changed their names to prevent Kate Roberts from finding them. All that is known is that his original surname was Brown.[3]"
] | [
"Patrick Muldoon from 1992 to 1995, and again from 2011 to 2012",
"Austin Peck from 1995 to 2002, and again from 2005 to 2006"
] |
1147622587029324279 | Mount Pinatubo | Mount Pinatubo - wikipedia Mount Pinatubo Jump to : navigation , search Mount Pinatubo The eruption column of Mount Pinatubo on June 12 , 1991 , three days before the climactic eruption . Highest point Elevation 1,486 m ( 4,875 ft ) ( current ) 1,745 m ( 5,725 ft ) ( before 1991 eruption ) Listing Active volcano Coordinates 15 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 120 ° 21 ′ 00 '' E / 15.14167 ° N 120.35000 ° E / 15.14167 ; 120.35000 Coordinates : 15 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 120 ° 21 ′ 00 '' E / 15.14167 ° N 120.35000 ° E / 15.14167 ; 120.35000 Naming Pronunciation / ˌpiːnəˈtuːboʊ / Geography Mount Pinatubo Location within the Philippines Location Luzon Country Philippines Region Central Luzon Provinces Pampanga Tarlac Zambales Parent range Zambales Mountains Geology Age of rock Between 635,000 ± 80,000 and 1.1 ± 0.09 million years Mountain type Caldera - stratovolcano Last eruption 1991 Part of a series on the History of the Philippines Prehistory ( pre-900 ) ( show ) Paleolithic age Awidon Mesa Formation Callao Limestone Formation Neolithic age Callao and Tabon peoples Arrival of the Negritos Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal - lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Iron age Sa Huyun Culture Society of the Igorot Ancient barangays Events / Artifacts Balangay grave goods Manunggul Jar Prehistoric gems Sa Huyun - Kalanay Complex Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery Archaic epoch ( 900 -- 1521 ) ( show ) Historically Documented City - states / Polities ( by geography from North to South ) Samtoy chieftaincy Caboloan Tondo Namayan Rajahnate of Maynila Ma - i Kedatuan of Madja - as Chiefdom of Taytay Rajahnate of Cebu Kedatuan of Dapitan Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Maguindanao Lanao confederacy Sultanate of Sulu Legendary Suwarnapumi Chryse Ophir Tawalisi Wāḳwāḳ Sanfotsi Zabag kingdom Ten Bornean Datus Events / Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription - c. 900 AD . Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs Batanes citadels Golden Tara Gold Kinnara Ticao Stone Inscription Butuan Silver Paleograph Buddhist art Majapahit conflict - 1365 Brunei War 1500 Colonial period ( 1521 -- 1946 ) ( show ) Spanish era Battle of Mactan Sandugo Spanish capture of Manila New Spain Captaincy General Spanish East Indies Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Chinese invasion Castilian War Sulu Sea pirates Doctrina Christiana Dutch invasions Brunei Civil War Bohol secession British Invasion Florante at Laura Propaganda Movement Gomburza Noli me tangere La Solidaridad El filibusterismo La Liga Filipina Katipunan Philippine Revolution Spanish -- American War American capture of Manila Declaration of Independence First Republic Philippine -- American War American colonial period Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Moro Rebellion Insular Government Bayan Ko Commonwealth Japanese occupation Second Republic Destruction of Manila Post-colonial period ( 1946 -- 1986 ) ( show ) Treaty of Manila Third Republic Cold War Hukbalahap Rebellion SEATO Bandung Conference North Borneo dispute Marcos dictatorship ASEAN Declaration CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Moro Conflict Spratly islands dispute Vietnamese boat people Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr . Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) ( show ) People Power Revolution 1986 -- 90 coup attempts Pinatubo eruption 1997 Asian financial crisis Second EDSA Revolution War on Terror South China Sea disputes Super Typhoon Yolanda Philippine Drug War By topic ( show ) Arts Languages Demographic Ancient religions Rulers List of Queen consorts Military History Honorifics Military Science and technology Political Communications Transportation Timeline Archaeology Philippines portal Mount Pinatubo ( Sambal : Bakil nin Pinatubu ; Kapampangan : Bunduk / Bulkan ning Pinatubu , Bunduk ning Apu Malyari ; Pangasinan : Palandey / Bulkan na Pinatubu ; Ilokano : Bantay Pinatubo ; Tagalog : Bundok / Bulkang Pinatubo ) is an active stratovolcano in the Zambales Mountains , located on the tripoint boundary of the Philippine provinces of Zambales , Tarlac and Pampanga , all in Central Luzon on the northern island of Luzon . Its eruptive history was unknown to most before the pre-eruption volcanic activities of 1991 , just before June . Pinatubo was heavily eroded , inconspicuous and obscured from view . It was covered with dense forests which supported a population of several thousand indigenous Aetas . The volcano 's Ultra Plinian eruption on June 15 , 1991 , produced the second - largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century after the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in the Alaska Peninsula . Complicating the eruption was the arrival of Typhoon Yunya ( Diding ) , bringing a lethal messy mix of ash and rain to towns and cities surrounding the volcano . Predictions at the onset of the climactic eruption led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from the surrounding areas , saving many lives . Surrounding areas were severely damaged by pyroclastic surges , ash falls , and subsequently , by the flooding lahars caused by rainwater re-mobilizing earlier volcanic deposits . This caused extensive destruction to infrastructure and changed river systems for years after the eruption . The effects of the eruption were felt worldwide . It ejected roughly 10,000,000,000 tonnes ( 1.1 × 10 short tons ) or 10 km ( 2.4 cu mi ) of magma , and 20,000,000 tonnes ( 22,000,000 short tons ) of SO , bringing vast quantities of minerals and toxic metals to the surface environment . It injected more particulate into the stratosphere than any eruption since Krakatoa in 1883 . Over the following months , the aerosols formed a global layer of sulfuric acid haze . Global temperatures dropped by about 0.5 ° C ( 0.9 ° F ) in the years 1991 -- 93 , and ozone depletion temporarily increased substantially . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview of the area 2 History 2.1 Ancestral Pinatubo 2.2 Modern Pinatubo 2.2. 1 Possible precursor in 1990 2.2. 2 1991 activities leading to the eruption 2.2. 3 Evacuations 2.3 1991 eruption 2.3. 1 Climactic eruption buildup 2.3. 2 The climactic eruption 2.3. 3 The eruption effects on aircraft 2.4 Aftermath of the 1991 eruption 2.4. 1 Explosivity of the eruption 2.4. 2 Death toll 2.4. 3 Effects on agriculture 2.4. 4 Local economic and social effects 2.4. 5 Lahars 2.4. 6 Military impact 2.4. 7 Global environmental effects 2.4. 8 Impact on the indigenous people of Pinatubo 2.4. 9 Aftermath of the eruptions in pictures 3 Humanitarian aid 3.1 Local 3.1. 1 Government 3.1. 2 Asian Disaster Reduction Center 3.1. 2.1 Resettlement 3.1. 2.2 Livelihood 3.1. 2.3 Social services 3.1. 2.4 Infrastructure 3.1. 2.5 Land use and environmental management 3.1. 2.6 Science and technology 3.2 International 3.2. 1 United Nations 3.2. 2 Others 4 Activity since 1991 4.1 Lake Pinatubo 4.2 Recent activity 5 Cultural history 5.1 History among Aetas 6 Aetas granted ownership of Pinatubo 7 Pinatubo in popular culture 8 Hiking activity 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Overview of the area ( edit ) The location of Mount Pinatubo and the regional ash fallout from the 1991 eruption . The volcano is 87 km ( 54 mi ) northwest of Manila , the capital of the Philippines . Near Mount Pinatubo , the United States maintained two large military bases in the region . The U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay was 37 km ( 23 mi ) south of Pinatubo , and the extent of Clark Air Base was just 14 km ( 8.7 mi ) east of the volcano 's summit . The volcano is near to about 6 million people . History ( edit ) Mount Pinatubo 's summit before the 1991 eruption was 1,745 m ( 5,725 ft ) above sea level , only about 600 m ( 2,000 ft ) above nearby plains , and only about 200 m ( 660 ft ) higher than surrounding peaks , which largely obscured it from view . It is part of a chain of volcanoes which lie along the western side of the island of Luzon called the Zambales Mountains . Pinatubo belongs to the Cabusilan sub-range of the Zambales Mountains , which consists of Mt . Cuadrado , Mt . Negron , Mt . Mataba and Mt . Pinatubo . They are subduction volcanoes , formed by the Eurasian Plate sliding under the Philippine Mobile Belt along the Manila Trench to the west . Mount Pinatubo and the other volcanoes on this volcanic belt arise due to magmatic occlusion from this subduction plate boundary . Pinatubo is flanked on the west by the Zambales Ophiolite Complex , which is an easterly - dipping section of Eocene oceanic crust uplifted during the late Oligocene . The Tarlac Formation north , east and southeast of Pinatubo consists of marine , nonmarine and volcanoclastic sediments formed in the late Miocene and Pliocene . The most recent study of Mount Pinatubo before the activities of 1991 was the overall geological study in 1983 and 1984 made by F.G. Delfin for the Philippine National Oil Company as part of the surface investigations of the area before exploratory drilling and well testing for geothermal energy sources in 1988 to 1990 . He recognized two life histories of the mountain , which he classified as `` ancestral '' and `` modern '' Pinatubo . Ancestral Pinatubo ( edit ) Pinatubo in April 1991 , a few months before the eruption . Activity of Ancestral Pinatubo seems to have begun about 1.1 million years ago and probably ended tens of thousands of years or more before the birth of `` modern '' Pinatubo . Much of the rugged land around the present volcano consists of remnants of `` ancestral '' Pinatubo . It was an andesite and dacite stratovolcano whose eruptive activity was much less explosive than modern Pinatubo . Its center was roughly where the current volcano is . The projected height of the mountain is up to 2,300 m ( 7,500 ft ) , 1.43 miles above sea level if it were a lone peak , based on a profile fitting to the remaining lower slopes , or lower if it had more than one peak . The old volcano is exposed in the walls of an old 3.5 km × 4.5 km ( 2.2 mi × 2.8 mi ) wide caldera , referred to as Tayawan Caldera by Delfin . Some of the nearby peaks are the remnants of ancestral Pinatubo , left behind when the softer parts of the old mountain slopes were eroded by weathering . Ancestral Pinatubo is a somma volcano with modern Pinatubo as the new cone . Mount Dorst , to the east , is part of the dip slope of the ancestral Pinatubo . Several mountains near modern Pinatubo are old satellite vents of ancestral Pinatubo , forming volcanic plugs and lava domes . These satellite vents were probably active around the same time as the ancestral volcano and include the domes of Mount Negron , Mount Cuadrado , Mount Mataba and the Bituin and Tapungho plugs . Modern Pinatubo ( edit ) c. 33,000 BC : After a long period of dormancy , Modern Pinatubo was born in Ancestral Pinatubo 's cataclysmic and most explosive eruptions , estimated to be five times larger than the June 1991 eruption . It deposited all around the volcano up to 25 km ( 6.0 cu mi ) of pyroclastic surge material up to 100 metres ( 330 ft ) thick . The total volume of volcanic material ejected during the eruptions is unknown . The removal of so much material from the underlying magma chamber resulted in the Tayawan caldera . The violent eruptive period started by the eruption is referred to by Delfin as the Inararo Eruptive Period , named after a village that was destroyed in the 1991 eruption . Later eruptions of modern Pinatubo occurred episodically and lasted for periods much shorter than the repose intervals between them . Subsequent eruptions and eruptive period occurred about : c. 15,000 BC ( Sacobia Eruptive Period ) c. 7000 BC ( Pasbul Eruptive Period ) . Its eruptions were as energetic , if not as voluminous as the Inararo eruptions . c. 4000 -- 3000 BC ( Crow Valley Eruptive Period ) . This and the Mara - unot period 's eruptions were smaller than the Inararo eruptions but about 2 to 3 times as big as that of 1991 based on the pyroclastic flow runout distances and depths of valley filling . c. 1900 -- 300 BC ( Maraunot Eruptive Period ) c . AD 1500 ( Buag Eruptive Period ) . Its eruptions were roughly the same size as those of 1991 . Each of these eruptions seems to have been very large , ejecting more than 10 km3 of material and covering large parts of the surrounding areas with pyroclastic flow deposits . Some eruptive periods have lasted decades and perhaps as much as several centuries and might appear to include multiple large explosive eruptions . The maximum size of eruptions in each eruptive period though has been getting smaller through the more than 35,000 - year history of modern Pinatubo , but this might be an artifact of erosion and burial of older deposits . The oldest eruption of modern Pinatubo , Inararo , was also its largest . The 1991 eruption was among the smallest documented in its geologic record . The volcano has never grown very large between eruptions , because it produces mostly unwelded , easily erodible deposits and periodically destroys the viscous domes that fill its vents . After the Buag eruption ( c. 1500 AD ) , the volcano lay dormant , its slopes becoming completely covered in dense rainforest and eroded into gullies and ravines . The c. 500 - year repose though between the Buag and present eruptive periods is among the shorter repose periods recognized in its geologic history . Possible precursor in 1990 ( edit ) On July 16 , 1990 , the major 1990 Luzon earthquake of magnitude 7.7 struck northern Central Luzon and the Cordilleras . This was the largest earthquake recorded in 1990 , comparable in size to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 2008 Sichuan earthquake . Its epicenter was in the municipality of Rizal , Nueva Ecija , about 100 km northeast of Pinatubo , and faulted northwest - southeast through three provinces . It also followed the Philippine Fault System west as far as Baguio City , which was devastated , and is located about 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) north - northeast of Pinatubo , leading volcanologists to speculate that it might ultimately have triggered the 1991 eruption , although this is impossible to prove conclusively . Two weeks after the earthquake , local residents reported steam coming from the volcano , but scientists who visited there in response found only small rockslides rather than any pre-eruptive activity . 1991 activities leading to the eruption ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On March 15 , 1991 , a succession of earthquakes was felt by villagers on the northwestern side of the volcano . Further earthquakes of increasing intensity were felt over the next two weeks , and it became clear some kind of volcanic activity was likely . On April 2 , the volcano awoke , with phreatic eruptions occurring near the summit along a 1.5 km ( 0.93 mi ) long fissure . Over the next few weeks , small eruptions continued , dusting the surrounding areas with volcanic ash . Seismographs recorded hundreds of small earthquakes every day . Scientists immediately installed monitoring equipment and analyzed the volcano for clues as to its previous eruptive history . Radiocarbon dating of charcoal found in old volcanic deposits revealed the last three major explosive eruption periods in recent millennia , about 5500 , 3500 and 500 years ago . Geological mapping showed that much of the surrounding plains were formed by lahar flood deposits from previous eruptions . Volcanic activity increased throughout May . Measurements of sulfur dioxide emissions showed a rapid increase from 500 t ( 550 short tons ) per day by May 13 to 5,000 t ( 5,500 short tons ) per day by May 28 . This implied that there was a rising column of fresh magma beneath the volcano . After May 28 , the amount of SO being emitted decreased substantially , raising fears that the degassing of the magma had been blocked somehow , leading to a pressure build - up in the magma chamber and a high likelihood of violent explosive eruptions . The first magmatic eruptions occurred on June 3 , and the first large blast on June 7 generated ash columns 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) high . The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology ( PHIVOLCS ) immediately issued a warning indicating the possibility of a major eruption within two weeks . Evacuations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A map of Mt Pinatubo showing nearby peaks and the evacuation zones . Given all the signs that a very large eruption was imminent , PHIVOLCS -- assisted by the U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) -- worked to convince local inhabitants of the high severity of the threat . A false warning might have led to cynicism about any later warnings , but delaying a warning until an eruption began might lead to thousands of deaths , so the volcanologists were under some pressure to deliver a timely and accurate assessment of the volcanic risk . Three successive evacuation zones were defined , the innermost containing everything within 10 kilometers of the volcano 's summit , the second extending 10 -- 20 kilometers from the summit , and the third extending from 20 -- 40 km ( 12 -- 25 mi ) from the summit ( Clark Air Base and Angeles City were in this zone ) . The 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) and 10 -- 20 km ( 6.2 -- 12.4 mi ) zones had a total population of about 40,000 inhabitants , while some more 331,000 inhabitants lived in the 20 -- 40 km ( 12 -- 25 mi ) zone . Five stages of volcanic alert were defined , from level 1 ( low level seismic disturbances ) up to level 5 ( major eruption in progress ) . Daily alerts were issued stating the alert level and associated danger area , and the information was announced in major regional and national newspapers , on radio and television stations , by nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) and directly to the endangered inhabitants . Many of the Aetas who lived on the slopes of the volcano left their villages of their own volition when the first blasts began in April , gathering in a village about 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) from the summit . They moved to increasingly distant settlements as the eruptions escalated , some Aetas moving up to nine times in the two months before the colossal eruption . The first formal evacuations were ordered for the 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) zone on April 7 . Evacuation of the 10 -- 20 km ( 6.2 -- 12.4 mi ) zone was ordered when a level 4 alert was issued on June 7 . A level 5 alert triggered evacuation of the 20 -- 40 km ( 12 -- 25 mi ) zone on June 13 , and in all some 60,000 people had left the area within 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) of the volcano before June 15 . Most people temporarily relocated to Metro Manila , with some 30,000 using the Amoranto Velodrome in Quezon City as an evacuee camp . 1991 eruption ( edit ) 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption The eruption cloud shortly before the colossal climactic eruption . Date June 15 , 1991 Type Ultra-Plinian Location Central Luzon Region , Luzon , Philippines VEI 6 Impact About 20,000 people evacuated Approximately 800 people were killed and 10,000 people left homeless Huge destruction left in surrounding areas Release of 17 megatons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere , causing global cooling by 0.5 ° C ( 0.9 ° F ) between 1991 -- 1993 The second - largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century , and by far the largest eruption to affect a densely populated area , occurred at Mount Pinatubo on June 15 , 1991 . The eruption produced high - speed avalanches of hot ash and gas , massive lahar floods and huge clouds of superheated volcanic material hundreds of kilometers across . Climactic eruption buildup ( edit ) In early June , tiltmeter measurements had shown that the volcano was gradually inflating , evidently due to fast - growing amounts of magma filling the reservoir beneath the summit . At the same time , seismic activity , previously concentrated at a depth of a few kilometers below a point about 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) northwest of the summit , shifted to shallow depths just below the summit . On June 7 , the first magmatic eruptions took place with the formation of a lava dome at the summit of the volcano . The dome grew substantially over the next five days , reaching a maximum diameter of about 200 m ( 660 ft ) and a height of 40 m ( 130 ft ) . Timely forecasts of an eruption by scientists from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and the U.S. Geological Survey enabled people living near the volcano to quickly evacuate to safer distances , saving at least 5,000 lives . A small blast at 03 : 41 PST on June 12 marked the beginning of a new , more violent phase of the eruption . A few hours later the same day , massive blasts lasting about half an hour generated big eruption columns , which quickly reached heights of over 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) and which generated large pyroclastic surges extending up to 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) from the summit in some river valleys . Fourteen hours later , a 15 - minute blast hurled volcanic matter to heights of 24 km ( 15 mi ) . Friction in the up - rushing ash column generated abundant lightning . A third large eruption began at 08 : 41 on June 13 , after an intense swarm of small earthquakes over the previous two hours . It lasted about five minutes , and the eruption column once again reached 24 kilometres . After three hours of quiet , seismic activity began , growing more and more intense over the next 24 hours , until a three - minute eruptive blast generated a 21 km ( 13 mi ) high eruption column at 13 : 09 on June 14 . Tephra fall from these four large eruptions was extensive to the southwest of the volcano . Two hours after the last of these four explosions , a series of eruptions began which lasted for the next 24 hours , and which saw the production of much larger pyroclastic flows and surges which travelled several kilometres down river valleys on the flanks of the volcano . Dacite was the dominant igneous rock making up the tephra in these eruptions and in the following climactic event . The most abundant phenocryst minerals were hornblende and plagioclase , but an unusual phenocryst mineral was also present -- the calcium sulfate called anhydrite . The dacite magma was more oxidized than most magmas , and the sulfur - rich nature of the eruption was probably causally related to the redox state . The climactic eruption ( edit ) On June 15 , 1991 , the eruption plume minutes after the climactic eruption . The final massive eruption of Mount Pinatubo began at 13 : 42 PST on June 15 . It caused numerous major earthquakes due to the collapse of the summit and the creation of a caldera 2.5 km ( 1.6 mi ) in diameter , reducing the peak from 1,745 m ( 5,725 ft ) to 1,485 m ( 4,872 ft ) . All the seismographs close to Clark Air Base had been rendered completely inoperative by 14 : 30 , mostly by super-massive pyroclastic surges . Intense atmospheric pressure variation was also recorded . On the same day , Typhoon Yunya , locally named Diding , struck the island , with its center passing about 75 km ( 47 mi ) north of the volcano . The typhoon rains mostly obscured the eruption , but measurements showed that ash was ejected to 34 km ( 21 mi ) high by the most violent phase of the eruption , which lasted about three hours . Pyroclastic surges poured from the summit , reaching as far as 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) away from their origin point . Typhoon rains mixed with the ash deposits causing a messy rain of mud and massive lahars . The volcanic column from the crater covered an area of some 125,000 km ( 48,000 sq mi ) , bringing total darkness to much of Central Luzon . Almost all of the island received some wet ash fall , which formed a heavy , rain - saturated snow - like blanket . Tephra fell over most of the South China Sea and ash falls were recorded as far away as Vietnam , Cambodia , Singapore , Malaysia and Indonesia . Twelve days after the first magmatic eruptions of June 3 , on June 15 , 1991 , by about 22 : 30 , and about nine hours after the onset of the most recent climactic phase , atmospheric pressure waves had decreased to the pre-eruption levels . No seismic records were available at this time , but volcanologists believe 22 : 30 PST marked the end of the climactic eruption . Vast quantities of minerals and metals were brought to the surface . Overall , introduced to the surface environment was an estimated 800,000 t ( 880,000 short tons ) of zinc , 600,000 t ( 660,000 short tons ) of copper , 550,000 t ( 610,000 short tons ) of chromium , 300,000 t ( 330,000 short tons ) of nickel , and massive amounts of toxic heavy metals such as 100,000 t ( 110,000 short tons ) of lead , 10,000 t ( 11,000 short tons ) of arsenic , 1,000 t ( 1,100 short tons ) of cadmium , and 800 t ( 880 short tons ) of mercury . The eruption effects on aircraft ( edit ) At least 16 commercial aircraft made damaging in - flight encounters with the ash cloud ejected by the June 15 eruption , as did other aircraft on the ground . The encounters caused loss of power to one engine on each of two aircraft . 10 engines were damaged and replaced , including all three engines of one DC - 10 . Longer term damage to aircraft and engines was reported , including accumulation of sulphate deposits on engines . The eruption also irreparably damaged the Philippine Air Force 's recently retired fleet of Vought F - 8s , as these were in open storage at Basa Air Base at the time . Aftermath of the 1991 eruption ( edit ) The summit caldera as seen on Aug. 1 , 1991 . Explosivity of the eruption ( edit ) The June 15 eruption had a volcanic explosivity index ( VEI ) of 6 , and came some 450 -- 500 years after the volcano 's last known eruptive activity . The eruption ejected about 10 km ( 2.4 cu mi ) of material , making it the largest eruption since that of Novarupta in 1912 and some ten times larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . Ejected material such as tephra fallout and pyroclastic flow deposits are much less dense than magma , and the volume of ejected material was equivalent to about 4 km ( 0.96 cu mi ) of unerupted material . The former summit of the volcano was obliterated and replaced by a caldera 2.5 km ( 1.6 mi ) wide . The highest point on the caldera rim now stood 1,485 m ( 4,872 ft ) above sea level , some 260 m ( 850 ft ) lower than the pre-eruption summit . Death toll ( edit ) A reported 847 people were killed by the eruption , mostly by roofs collapsing under the severe weight of accumulated volcanic matter , a hazard amplified by the simultaneous arrival of Typhoon Yunya . The evacuation in the days before the eruption certainly saved tens of thousands of lives , and has been hailed as a great success for volcanology and eruption prediction . After the eruption , about 500,000 people continue to live within 40 km ( 25 mi ) of the volcano , with population centers including the 150,000 in Angeles City and 30,000 at Clark Freeport Zone . Effects on agriculture ( edit ) Many reforestation projects were destroyed in the eruption , with a total area of 150 km ( 37,000 acres ) valued at 125 million pesos destroyed . Agriculture was heavily disrupted , with 800 km ( 200,000 acres ) of rice - growing farmland destroyed , and almost 800,000 head of livestock and poultry killed , destroying the livelihoods of thousands of farmers . The cost to agriculture of eruption effects was estimated to be 1.5 billion pesos . Many farmers near Pinatubo began growing crops such as peanuts , cassava and sweet potatoes , which are quick - ripening and could be harvested before the threat of lahar floods during the late summer rainy season . A Space Shuttle ( Mission STS - 43 ) photograph of the Earth over South America taken on August 8 , 1991 , showing double layer of Pinatubo aerosol cloud ( dark streaks ) above high cumulonimbus tops . Local economic and social effects ( edit ) In total , 364 communities and 2.1 million people were affected by the eruption , with livelihoods and houses being damaged and destroyed . More than 8,000 houses were completely destroyed , and a further 73,000 were damaged . In addition to the severe damage sustained by these communities , roads and communications were damaged or destroyed by pyroclastic surges and lahar floods throughout the areas surrounding the volcano . Total losses in 1991 and 1992 alone were estimated at 10.6 and 1.2 billion pesos respectively , including damage to public infrastructure estimated at 3.8 billion pesos ( c . US $92,000,000 ) . Education for thousands of children was seriously disrupted by the destruction of schools in the eruption . The eruption of Pinatubo severely hampered the economic development of the surrounding areas . The gross regional domestic product of the Pinatubo area accounted for about 10 % of the total Philippine gross domestic product . The GRDP had been growing at 5 % annually before the eruption , but fell by more than 3 % from 1990 to 1991 . In 1991 , damage to crops and property was estimated at $374 million , to which continuing lahar floods added a further $69 million in 1992 . 42 percent of the cropland around the volcano was affected by more lahar floods , dealing a severe blow to the agricultural economy in the region . Lahars ( edit ) Before and after the eruption : a river valley filled in by pyroclastic flow deposits . Since the eruption , each heavy rain has brought massive lahars from the volcano , displacing thousands of people and inflicting extensive damage to buildings and infrastructure costing billions to repair . A large supply of funds were spent in constructing dikes and dams to control the post-eruption lahar flows . Several important river systems stem from Mount Pinatubo , the major rivers being the Abacan , Tarlac , Pasig - Potrero , Sta . Lucia , Bucao , Santo Tomas , Maloma , Tanguay , Ashley and Kileng rivers . Before the eruption , these river systems were important ecosystems , but the eruption filled many valleys with deep pyroclastic deposits . Since 1991 , the rivers have been clogged with sediment , and the valleys have seen frequent lahars which continued for years after the eruption . Studies show that the river systems will take decades to recover from the June 1991 eruption . On September 3 , 1995 , a lahar buried San Guillermo Parish Church to half its 12 - meter height . Military Impact ( edit ) The United States Air Force initiated a massive airlift effort to evacuate American service members and their families from the two affected bases during and immediately following the eruption , named Operation Fiery Vigil . Most personnel were initially relocated to Guam , Okinawa and Hawaii , although some returned to the continental United States . Clark Air Base was ultimately abandoned by the United States military , and Subic Bay reverted to Philippine control the next year following the breakdown of lease negotiations . Global environmental effects ( edit ) The powerful eruption of such an enormous volume of lava and ash injected significant quantities of aerosols and dust into the stratosphere . Sulfur dioxide oxidized in the atmosphere to produce a haze of sulfuric acid droplets , which gradually spread throughout the stratosphere over the year following the eruption . The injection of aerosols into the stratosphere is thought to have been the largest since the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 , with a total mass of SO of about 17,000,000 t ( 19,000,000 short tons ) being injected -- the largest volume ever recorded by modern instruments ( see chart and figure ) . Satellite measurements of ash and aerosol emissions from Mount Pinatubo . This very large stratospheric injection resulted in a reduction in the normal amount of sunlight reaching the Earth 's surface by roughly 10 % ( see figure ) . This led to a decrease in northern hemisphere average temperatures of 0.5 -- 0.6 ° C ( 0.9 -- 1.1 ° F ) and a global fall of about 0.4 ° C ( 0.7 ° F ) . At the same time , the temperature in the stratosphere rose to several degrees higher than normal , due to absorption of radiation by the aerosol . The stratospheric cloud from the eruption persisted in the atmosphere for three years after the eruption . While not directly responsible , the eruption may have played a part in the formation of the 1993 Storm of the Century . The eruption had a significant effect on ozone levels in the atmosphere , causing a large increase in the destruction rate of ozone . Ozone levels at middle latitudes reached their lowest recorded levels , while in the southern hemisphere winter of 1992 , the ozone hole over Antarctica reached its largest ever size until then , with the fastest recorded ozone depletion rates . The eruption of Mount Hudson in Chile in August 1991 also contributed to southern hemisphere ozone destruction , with measurements showing a sharp decrease in ozone levels at the tropopause when the aerosol clouds from Pinatubo and Hudson arrived . Impact on the indigenous people of Pinatubo ( edit ) The Aeta people were the hardest hit by the eruption . After the areas surrounding the volcano were declared safe , many Aetas returned to their old villages only to find them destroyed by pyroclastic and lahar deposits . Some were able to return to their former way of life , but most moved instead to government - organized resettlement areas . Conditions on these were poor , with each family receiving only small plots of land not ideal for growing crops . Many Aeta found casual labor working for lowland farmers , and overall Aeta society became much more fragmented , and reliant on and integrated with lowland culture . Aftermath of the eruptions in pictures ( edit ) Explosive eruption , late June 1991 Snow - like ashfall caused by heavy rain mixing with ash columns Erosional dissection of ash deposits on Pinatubo Aircraft hangars at Clark Air Base destroyed by ashfall Lahars from Pinatubo volcano fill the broad Santo Tomás River valley SW of the volcano Ashes from the eruption of Pinatubo cover the U.S. Naval Base in Subic Bay , Zambales A McDonnell - Douglas DC - 10 owned by World Airways rests on its tail due to heavy ashfall deposited by the eruption at Cubi Point Naval Air Station Humanitarian aid ( edit ) Humanitarian aid received due to the eruption is as follows : Local ( edit ) Government ( edit ) The government implemented several rehabilitative and reconstructive programs . Projects that will help deal with the aftermath brought about by lahar were also implemented . Among these is the construction of mega dikes . Moreover , to hasten the implementation of the basic services for the afflicted , private sectors , including the NGOs , took part in offering relief . They provided support and coordinated on the services that were deemed lacking from the side of the government . 1 . Resettlement For whom Amount ( in pesos ) Highlanders ( Aetas ) 349 million Lowlanders 1.689 billion 2 . Livelihood programs focused on agriculture and industry ( quick - generating income opportunities to affected families ) Program Amount ( in pesos ) Bamboo Development Project 80 million Agricultural Rehabilitation Program 197.4 million Agricultural Development Program 615 million Productivity Centers 1.12 Billion Integrated Cattle Fattening Program 120 million Integrated Poultry Livelihood Program 40 million Deep Sea Fishing 58 million Financing Programs 3.718 billion 3 . Basic social services Program Amount ( in pesos ) Relief Services 370.5 million Health and Nutrition Service 367 million Agricultural Development Program 615 million 4 . Infrastructure rehabilitation and reconstruction Program Amount ( in pesos ) River Systems Rehabilitation and Improvement Project 2.9 billion Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Roads and Bridges 1.5 billion Development of Alternate Routes in Capas - Botolan Road 537 million San Fernando Dinalupihan Road 1.4 billion Angeles - Porac - Floridablanca Dinalupihan Road 169 million Rehabilitation of Damaged Schools and Public Buildings 982 million Mobile Health Facilities 40 million Repair and Rehabilitation of Damaged National and Communal Irrigation Systems 228.6 million Rehabilitation of Railway Facilities 70 million Asian Disaster reduction center ( edit ) The Asian Disaster Reduction Center was founded in Kobe , Hyogo prefecture , in 1998 , with a mission to improve disaster resilience of its fifty member countries , to build safe communities , and to create a society where there is an achievable sustainable development . The Center works to build and to establish networks among countries through many programs such as personnel exchanges in this field . The Center addresses this issue from a global perspective in cooperation with various UN agencies and international organizations including the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ( ISDR ) , the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) , the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) , the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ( ESCAP ) , the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) , and the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific ( WHO / WPRO ) . The Asian Disaster Reduction Center focuses mainly on the following forms of aid : Resettlement ( edit ) After the eruption , many of the homes were destroyed and many of the areas affected by lahar were deemed uninhabitable . There was need to resettle the people particularly the Aetas and lowlanders . Resettlement for these two need to take into consideration the factors of their socio - cultural and socioeconomic differences . Livelihood ( edit ) Faced with the destruction of many of the farmlands and the displacement of farmers and other workers the government had to search for a long term solution to address the issue . Agricultural based industries were also greatly affected . Closure of Clark Air base also raised an issue of finding short term livelihoods and the need to use the base lands to cushion the repercussions of the worker 's displacement . Social services ( edit ) The destruction brought about by the incident pressured social service sectors to continue their efforts in providing assistance in terms of health , social welfare and education . The services offered are not limited to the victims within the evacuation centers but also offered to the others affected . While the event happened during the opening of a school year , classes were needed to be push back as school facilities were destroyed . Providing resettlement for the evacuees was also a major concern . Social services was also provided in the prospective resettlement areas to prepare the victims when settling down . Infrastructure ( edit ) Destruction of many infrastructures was mostly due to the wet ash after the explosion . The region 's roads , bridges , public buildings , facilities , communication and structures for river and flood control were some of the great concerns of the government . A need to establish measures for the flash floods and the threat caused by lahar also became an imperative demand to the government . Land use and environmental Management ( edit ) The aftereffects of the eruption damaged not only man - made structures but also farmlands , forestlands and watershed . River systems and overall environment of the affected region are also heavily damaged by the heavy lahar flow . To address this careful replanning of the land area region is necessary . Science and technology ( edit ) This event showed the need to engage in scientific studies to reassess the current policies and knowledge on areas with risk of eruption . Studies should also be allocated on possible application for the ash fall for industrial and commercial purposes . The significance of this concern affects both the government and private sectors . International ( edit ) Even before the Philippine government officially appealed for international assistance , the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance ( USAID / OFDA ) shipped shelter material for victims of the floods and lahars in late July 1992 . In the following month , they provided $375 000 to be used for relief and rehabilitation projects . The Department of Social Welfare and Development had claimed during an informal donors ' meeting with representatives from mostly international agencies who compose the donor community that the national government was still well - equipped and had sufficient resources to aid the victims . The UN-Disaster Management Team ( DMT ) and the United Nations ' Department of Humanitarian Affairs / United Nations Disaster Relief Organization ( DHA / UNDRO ) continued cooperating with the national government to monitor the situation and formulate ideas for further assistance . It was not until the then - President Fidel V. Ramos had declared the affected provinces and areas to be in a state of emergency that the national government officially requested for international assistance and for aid in projects for rehabilitation and relief provisions in the aforementioned areas . In response to this , the DHA / UNDRO reached out to the international community to respond to the appeal , and continued their operations , coordinating with the government . Among the countries that extended humanitarian relief assistance are United States , Canada , UK , Germany , Japan , China , Singapore , Saudi Arabia , Netherlands , Norway , Sweden , Spain , New Zealand , Finland , France , Italy , Denmark , Belgium , Australia , India , South Korea , Thailand , Indonesia , Malaysia , Malta , and Myanmar . International organizations which includes WHO , UNDP , UNICEF , UNDRO , and WFP also offered assistance . Relief assistance from these organizations and countries were in the form of either cash donation or relief items such as food packs , medicines , and shelter materials . United Nations ( edit ) Contributions made by the different systems of the United Nations ( UN ) are as follows : UN system Type of Contribution Amount ( in USD ) United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) Cash for local purpose 50,000 United Nations International Children 's Emergency Fund ( UNICEF ) Cash from regular programme funds Cash from general resources 72,000 150,000 World Health Organisation ( WHO ) One ( 1 ) emergency health kit 10,000 World Food Programme ( WFP ) Food items 50,000 Contributions made by participating countries in the UN are as follows : Country Type of contribution Amount ( in USD ) Australia Food , relief goods , medicines , and medicinal supplies Cash ( AUD 250,000 ) through Department of Social Welfare and Development ( DSWD ) 7,142 178,571 Denmark Cash ( DK 250,000 ) 45,872 Germany Cash ( DM 100,000 ) through non-government organization ( NGO ) Cash ( DM 100,000 ) through German Embassy ) 70,922 70,922 Netherlands Cash through UNICEF 675,000 Spain 40 tents , 100 kits of kitchen utensils ( including air transport ) 54,644 Sweden Cash ( SEK 500,000 ) through non-government organization 97,087 United Kingdom Cash through SCF / Philippine Business for Social Progress ( NGO ) 89,108 United States Cash 1,000 boxes plastic sheeting ( including air transport ) Cash through Philippine Business for Social Progress Cash through Jamie Ongpin Foundation Cash through A. Soriano Foundation 25,000 726,800 189,000 175,000 262,500 Others ( edit ) Some specific projects under the auspices of the DPWH , which were made possible by foreign assistance , included : ADB - funded Mt . Pinatubo Damage Rehabilitation Project German Bank for Reconstruction - funded Mt . Pinatubo Emergency Aide Project Japan International Cooperation Agency ( JICA ) - funded Mt . Pinatubo Relief and Rehab Project USAID - funded United States Army Corps of Engineers ' Mt . Pinatubo recovery action Dutch - funded dredging of the Pasac - Guagua - San Fernando Waterway Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund ( OECF ) - funded Pinatubo Hazard Urgent Mitigation Project German Centrum for International Migration ( CIM ) - funded technical assistance for Mount Pinatubo Emergency - PMO JICA - funded grant aid for water supply in Mt . Pinatubo resettlement areas and study on flood and mudflow control for Sacobia Bamban / Abacan Rivers IBRD - funded technical assistance for Mt . Pinatubo and Rehabilitation Works Swiss Disaster Relief - funded technical assistance for Mt . Pinatubo Rehabilitation JBIC Yen Loan Package - funded Pinatubo hazard Urgent Mitigation Project Activity since 1991 ( edit ) Lake Pinatubo , the crater lake resulting from the 1991 eruption , pictured here in 2008 An aerial view of Mt . Pinatubo and Lake Pinatubo in 2006 Following the climactic eruption of June 15 , 1991 , activity at the volcano continued at a much lower level , with continuous ash eruptions lasting until August 1991 and episodic eruptions continuing for another month . Activity then remained low until July 1992 when a new lava dome started growing in the caldera . Volcanologists suspected that further violent eruptions could be possible , and some areas were evacuated . However , the eruption was only minor , and since that episode , the volcano has been quiet . Lake Pinatubo ( edit ) The 1991 caldera afterwards filled with water from annual monsoon rains and a crater lake , Lake Pinatubo , was formed . In 1992 , a growing lava dome formed an island , which was eventually submerged by the lake . Initially , the lake was hot and highly acidic , with a minimum pH of 2 and a temperature of about 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) . Subsequent rainfall cooled and diluted the lake , lowering the temperature to 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) and raising the pH to 5.5 by 2003 . The lake deepened by about 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) per month on average , eventually submerging the lava dome , until September 2001 , when fears that the walls of the crater might be unstable prompted the Philippine government to order a controlled draining of the lake . An estimated 9,000 people were once again evacuated from surrounding areas in case a large flood was accidentally triggered . Workers cut a 5 m ( 16 ft ) notch in the crater rim and drained about a quarter of the lake 's volume . The crater of Mount Pinatubo in 2012 Recent activity ( edit ) On July 10 , 2002 , the west wall of the crater collapsed , slowly releasing approximately 160 million cubic meters of water and sediments into the Maraunot River in Botolan , Zambales . On July 26 , 2011 , a 5.9 magnitude earthquake struck close to Pinatubo ; however , no major damages or casualties were reported . Cultural history ( edit ) The word pinatubo could mean `` fertile place where one can make crops grow '' , or could mean `` made to grow '' , in Sambal and Tagalog , which may suggest a knowledge of its previous eruption in about 1500 AD . There is a local oral tradition suggestive of a folk memory of earlier large eruptions . An ancient legend tells of Bacobaco , a terrible spirit of the sea , who could metamorphose into a huge turtle and throw fire from his mouth . In the legend , when being chased by the spirit hunters , Bacobaco flees to the mountain and digs a great hole in its summit showering the surrounding land with rock , mud , dust and fire for three days ; howling so loudly that the earth shakes . History among Aetas ( edit ) Aeta elders tell many stories about the history of the mountain , the best known being that it was once a Batung Mabye ( Kapampangan language for `` living stone '' ) . It was said to have been planted on a kingdom by a displeased sorcerer but relocated by a hero . The mountain was soon turned into the abode of Apo Namalyari ( `` The lord of happenings / events '' ) , the pagan deity of the Sambal , Aetas and Kapampangans living on the Zambales range . It was said to comprise the whole mountain range until Sinukuan of Mount Arayat ( the god of the Kapampangans ) became a strong rival of Namalyari . Their fight , which took place over the center plains , shattered the mountain into smaller bodies and Mount Arayat lost its center peak . Other versions have it that Pinatubo 's peak shattered because of Namalyari 's immense fury in an attempt to teach humans the meaning of fear and show how misdeeds will be punished . According to the native elders , Apo Namalyari induced the June 1991 eruption because of displeasure toward illegal loggers and Philippine National Oil Company executives who performed deep exploratory drilling and well testing on the volcano looking for geothermal heat from 1988 to 1990 . Discouraging results from the wells forced the abandonment of the prospect 13 months before the April 2 , 1991 explosions . Aetas granted ownership of Pinatubo ( edit ) After being driven away by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo , in May 2009 some 454 Aeta families in Pampanga were given the first clean ancestral land ownership on Mount Pinatubo with the Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title ( CADT ) by the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples ( NCIP ) , the government agency that deals with issues concerning indigenous people of the Philippines . The approved and declared net land area of 7,440.1 ha ( 18,385 acres ) covers the barangays of Mawakat and Nabuklod in Floridablanca , Pampanga , plus a portion of San Marcelino , Zambales , and a portion of Barangay Batiawan in Subic , Zambales . On January 14 , 2010 , some 7,000 Aeta families from Zambales were officially granted the Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title ( CADT ) covering the Zambales side of Pinatubo which includes the summit and Lake Pinatubo , officially becoming their lutan tua ( ancestral land ) . The ancestral domain title covers 15,984 ha ( 39,500 acres ) and includes the villages of Burgos , Villar , Moraza and Belbel in Botolan and portions of the towns of Cabangan , San Felipe and San Marcelino . Having the land title will protect them from others -- including foreigners -- exploiting their land without compensation and consent to the indigenous tribes . In the past , the Aetas had to contend with mining companies , loggers , and recently , tourist companies who earn from Mount Pinatubo but do not compensate the local tribes . Ancestral domain titles are awarded to a certain community or indigenous group who have occupied or possessed the land continuously in accordance with their customs and traditions since time immemorial . They have the legal right to collectively possess and to enjoy the land and its natural resources to the exclusion of others . Pinatubo in popular culture ( edit ) Hiking to Mount Pinatubo 's Crater 4x4 Ride to the Hiking Spot Long before Mt . Pinatubo became famous for its cataclysmic eruption , Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay , a native of Zambales , named his C - 47 presidential plane `` Mt . Pinatubo '' . The plane crashed in Mount Manunggal in Cebu province in 1957 , killing the President and 24 others on board . Hiking activity ( edit ) The caldera formed and Lake Pinatubo has since become a tourist attraction with the preferred route through Barangay Santa Juliana in Capas , Tarlac . See also ( edit ) List of active volcanoes in the Philippines List of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines List of volcanic eruptions by death toll List of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines Timeline of volcanism on Earth Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pinatubo , Global Volcanism Program . Jump up ^ `` Pinatubo Volcano '' . The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology ( PHIVOLCS ) . Jump up ^ `` Tarlac map '' . University of Texas in Austin Library . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Philippine Commission to the President , 1901 Vol . III '' , pg. 141 . Government Printing Office , Washington , 1901 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo , Philippines '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rodolfo , Umbal , and Alonso . `` Two Years of Lahars on the Western Flank of Mount Pinatubo : Initiation , Flow Processes , Deposits , and Attendant Geomorphic and Hydraulic Changes '' . USGS Publications . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Stephen Self ; Jing - Xia Zhao ; Rick E. Holasek ; Ronnie C. Torres & Joey McTaggart ( 1999 ) . `` The Atmospheric Impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mt . Pinatubo 's cloud shades global climate '' . Science News . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Tactical Pilotage Chart , Sheet K - 11B , Defense Mapping Agency , Department of Defense , 1982 . Jump up ^ Philippine Census Archived 2013 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pinatubo , Philippines Archived 2008 - 12 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Central Luzon Mountaineer Jump up ^ U.S. War Department . `` Report of the Philippine Commission , 1901 Vol . III '' ) , pg. 141 . Government Printing Office , Washington . Jump up ^ Topinka , Lyn ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Description : Mount Pinatubo , Philippines '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Newhall , Christopher G. ; Punongbayan , Raymundo S. , eds. ( 1996 ) . `` Eruptive history of Mount Pinatubo '' . FIRE and MUD : Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo , Philippines . Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology ; University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 97585 - 7 . Jump up ^ Delfin , F.G. ; Villarosa , H.G. ; and Layugan , D.B. `` Geothermal Exploration of the pre-1001 Mount Pinatubo Hydrothermal System '' . United States Geological Survey Publications . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Photographic Record , Mount Pinatubo Jump up ^ http://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/punong1/fig2a.jpg Jump up ^ USGS . `` Earthquake Information for 1990 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy Archived 2016 - 05 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Factoran , Fulgencio Jr . S. ( 2001 ) . `` The July 16 Luzon Earthquake : A Technical Monograph '' . Inter-Agency Committee for Documenting and Establishing Database on the July 1990 Earthquake . Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo , Philippines '' . U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113 - 97 . U.S. Geologic Survey . 1997 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matt . `` Mount Pinatubo Eruption -- The Volcanic Mount Pinatubo Eruption of 1991 that Cooled the Planet '' . Jump up ^ Mount Pinatubo Eruption -- By Matt Rosenberg Geography Expert . http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/pinatubo.htm Jump up ^ Garret , R.G. ( November 2000 ) . `` Natural sources of metals in the environment '' . Human and Ecological Risk Assessment : an International Journal . 6 ( 6 ) : 945 -- 963 . doi : 10.1080 / 10807030091124383 . Jump up ^ `` In 1991 , it was Pinatubo '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer. April 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Philippine Air Force . `` Philippine Air Force : F - 8 Crusader '' . Philippine Air Force . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mt . Pinatubo , Luzon , Philippines '' . National Geophysical Data Center ( U.S. NOAA ) . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ CoolGeography -- Mount Pinatubo Jump up ^ `` Ashfall , Pyroclastic Flow , Lahar : The Aftermath '' . Pinatubu Volcano : The Sleeping Giant Awakens . expo.edu.ph . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly 2009 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Joan Martí ; Gerald Ernst ( 2005 ) . Volcanoes and the environment . Cambridge University Press . pp. 450 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59254 - 3 . Jump up ^ Reilly 2009 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Ward , Peter L. ( 2 April 2009 ) . `` Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways '' ( PDF ) . Thin Solid Films. 517 ( 11 ) : 3188 -- 3203 . Bibcode : 2009TSF ... 517.3188 W . doi : 10.1016 / j. tsf. 2009.01. 005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stevens , William ( March 14 , 1993 ) . `` THE BLIZZARD OF ' 93 : Meteorology ; 3 Disturbances Became a Big Storm '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shimizu , Hiromu ( 2002 ) , Struggling for Existence after the Pinatubo Eruption 1991 : Catastrophe , Suffering and Rebirth of Ayta Communities . Paper presented inter-congress of the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences , Tokyo , Japan . Retrieved from the original on August 15 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in June 1991 ^ Jump up to : Philippines Mt Pinatubo Volcanic Eruption Aug 1992 UN DHA Situation Reports 1 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` Philippines Mt Pinatubo Volcanic Eruption Aug 1992 UN DHA Situation Reports 1 -- 8 '' . ReliefWeb. 1992 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Filipinos return as volcano lake drains '' . BBC News . September 7 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Timelines Page @ glassiris.info Jump up ^ Gonzaga , Robert and Orejas , Tonette ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ) . `` 5.9 - magnitude quake jolts households in Luzon , Metro areas '' . Inquirer News . Jump up ^ Rodolfo , K.S. & Umbal , J.V. ( 2008 ) `` A prehistoric lahar - dammed lake and eruption of Mount Pinatubo described in a Philippine aborigine legend '' , J. Volcanol . Geotherm . Res. , 176 , 432 -- 437 ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Loeb , Vernon ( 1991 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Natives Who Worship Pinatubo Feel Its Wrath '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Delfin Jr. , F.G. , Villarosa , H.G. . `` Geothermal Exploration of the pre-1991 Mount Pinatubo Hydrothermal System '' . USGS . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 2009 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Aetas in Pampanga awarded first clean title of ancestral domain '' . Scribd . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Orejas , Tonette ( 2009 - 11 - 27 ) . `` It 's official : Pinatubo is now owned by Aetas '' Archived 2011 - 11 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... PIPLinks ( originally from Philippine Daily Inquirer ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Valdez , Katrina Mennen A. ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Aetas to receive title to domain at Mt . Pinatubo '' Archived 2013 - 04 - 15 at Archive.is . Preda Foundation . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dominico C. Moneva ( 2006 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Speak out : Magsaysay 's death '' . Sun Star Cebu . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Trekking - Mt - Pinatubo '' . inquirer.net. 2010 - 05 - 29 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . References ( edit ) Chakraborty P , et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Volcanic mesocyclones '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 458 : 495 -- 500 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 458 ... 497C . doi : 10.1038 / nature07866 . PMID 19325632 . Decker , R. and Decker , B. ( 1997 ) Volcanoes , 3rd edition , WH Freeman , New York . McCormick , M. Patrick ; et al. ( 1995 ) . `` Atmospheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruption '' . Nature . 373 ( 6513 ) : 399 -- 404 . Bibcode : 1995Natur. 373 ... 399M . doi : 10.1038 / 373399a0 . Rantucci , Giovanni ( 1994 ) . Geological Disasters In The Philippines : The July 1990 Earthquake And The June 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo . Description , effects and lessons learned . Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology ( PHIVOLCS ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 2075 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 15 . Reilly , Benjamin ( 2009 ) . Disaster and human history : case studies in nature , society and catastrophe . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3655 - 2 . Self S. ; Zhao , Jing - Xia ; Holasek , R.E. ; Torres , R.C. ; King , A.J. ( 1998 ) . Newhall , C.G. , Punongbayan , R.S. , eds . `` Fire and Mud , Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo , Philippines '' . Washington : Smithsonian Institution -- Global Volcanism Program : 1126 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . The atmospheric impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Scaillet , B. and Evans , B.W. ( 1999 ) The June 15 , 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo . I. Phase Equilibria and Pre-eruption P -- T -- fO2 -- fH2O Conditions of the Dacite Magma . Journal of Petrology , v. 40 , 381 -- 411 . Stimac J.A. , Goff F. , Counce D. , Larocque A.C.L. , Hilton D.R. ( 2003 ) , The crater lake and hydrothermal system of Mount Pinatubo , Philippines : evolution in the decade after eruption , Bulletin of Volcanology , v. 66 , p. 149 -- 167 Wiesner , M.G. , Wetzel , A. Catane , S.G. , Listanco , E.L. and Mirabueno , H.T. ( 2004 ) Grain size , areal thickness distribution and controls on sedimentation of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo tephra layer in the South China Sea . Bulletin of Volcanology , v. 66 , 226 -- 242 . Dhot , S. Mt Pinatubo Safety . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Pinatubo . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Mount Pinatubo '' dated 2006 - 01 - 31 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Mount Pinatubo Mount Pinatubo page Fire and Mud . Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo , United States Geological Survey site Weather effects of the 1991 eruption EOS Volcanology . The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo , Philippines . United States Geological Survey site Pinatubo , Philippines ( volcanic images ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Pinatubo&oldid=826399446 '' Categories : 1991 natural disasters 20th - century volcanic events Active volcanoes of the Philippines 1991 disasters in the Philippines Crater lakes Mountains of the Philippines Natural disasters in the Philippines Stratovolcanoes of the Philippines Subduction volcanoes VEI - 6 volcanoes Calderas of Southeast Asia Volcanic events Volcanoes of Luzon Landforms of Pampanga Landforms of Tarlac Landforms of Zambales Climate forcing agents Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Sambal - language text Articles containing Kapampangan - language text Articles containing Pangasinan - language text Articles containing Ilokano - language text Articles containing Tagalog - language text Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the first sign that mt. pinatubo had awoken | [
"On March 15, 1991, a succession of earthquakes was felt by villagers on the northwestern side of the volcano. Further earthquakes of increasing intensity were felt over the next two weeks, and it became clear some kind of volcanic activity was likely. On April 2, the volcano awoke, with phreatic eruptions occurring near the summit along a 1.5 km (0.93 mi) long fissure. Over the next few weeks, small eruptions continued, dusting the surrounding areas with volcanic ash. Seismographs recorded hundreds of small earthquakes every day."
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"March 15, 1991"
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-3195921190312267084 | Free Willy | Free Willy - wikipedia Free Willy Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Free Willy ( disambiguation ) . Free Willy Theatrical release poster Directed by Simon Wincer Produced by Lauren Shuler Donner Jennie Lew Tugend Screenplay by Keith A. Walker Corey Blechman Story by Keith A. Walker Starring Jason James Richter Lori Petty Jayne Atkinson August Schellenberg Michael Madsen Music by Basil Poledouris Cinematography Robbie Greenberg Edited by O. Nicholas Brown Production company StudioCanal Regency Enterprises Alcor Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Release date July 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 16 ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $153.6 million Free Willy is a 1993 American family drama film directed by Simon Wincer , produced by Lauren Shuler Donner and Jennie Lew Tugend , and written by Keith A. Walker and Corey Blechman from a story by Walker . The film stars Jason James Richter as a foster boy who befriends a captive orca . The film received positive attention from critics and was a commercial success , grossing $153.6 million over $20 million , and has a small cult following . It eventually grew into a small franchise , spawning three sequels and a video game companion . Michael Jackson produced and performed `` Will You Be There '' , the theme for the film , which can be heard during the film 's credits . The song won the MTV Movie Award for `` Best Song in a Movie '' in 1994 . It was also included on Jackson 's album , Dangerous , and All Time Greatest Movie Songs , released by Sony in 1999 . Jackson also performed songs for the film 's first sequel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office performance 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 6 Keiko 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The film begins with a pod of orcas swimming near the coastline of the Pacific Northwest . The pod is tracked down by a group of whalers , and one of them , Willy , is trapped and sent to an amusement park . Sometime later in Seattle , Washington , Jesse , a 12 - year - old boy abandoned by his mother six years before , is caught by the police for stealing food and vandalizing the theme park . Jesse 's social worker Dwight earns him a reprieve by finding him a foster home and having him clean up the graffiti at the theme park as part of his probation . His foster parents are the supportive and kind Annie and Glen Greenwood , but Jesse is initially unruly and hostile to them . While working at the park , Jesse encounters Willy . Willy is regarded as surly and uncooperative by the park staff , including his trainer Rae Lindley , but he saves Jesse from drowning , starting a bond , and becomes friendly with his keeper , Haida native Randolph Johnson . Jesse teaches tricks to Willy , and is offered a permanent job at the theme park after probation . Jesse also warms into his new home . The owner of the amusement park , Dial , sees the talent Jesse and Willy have together and makes plans to host `` The Willy Show '' in hopes of finally making money from Willy , who has thus far been a costly venture for him . On the day of the first performance , Willy is antagonized by the children banging constantly on his underwater observation area and refuses to perform . Willy smashes against the tank , damaging it . Jesse storms off in tears and plans to run away . Later , while at the tank , Jesse notices Willy 's family calling to him and Dial 's assistant Wade and other men sneaking into the underwater observation area . They damage the tank enough that the water will gradually leak out in an effort to kill Willy and claim his $1,000,000 insurance policy . Jesse , Randolph , and Rae hatch a plan to release Willy back into the ocean . They use equipment at the park to load Willy onto a trailer , and Jesse and Randolph use Glen 's truck to tow Willy to a marina . They try to stay on the back roads to avoid being spotted , but eventually get stuck in the mud . Wade meanwhile informs Dial that Willy is missing , and begins a search to find Willy . Unable to move the trailer himself , Jesse calls Glen and Annie using a CB radio in Glen 's truck . Annie and Glen show up and help free the truck , and continue on to the marina to release Willy . Dial knows where they are headed , and when they show up , he , Wade , and his henchmen are blocking the gate . Glen charges at them full speed in the truck , forcing the henchmen to scatter . Glen turns the truck around and backs Willy into the water , flooding the truck in the process . Willy is finally released into the water , but Dial and his goons attempt to stop them . During the struggle , Jesse gets Willy to swim away while the whaling ships close in with their nets . Jesse runs towards the seawall , calling for Willy to follow him , steering him away from the boats . Jesse goes to the edge and tells Willy that if he makes the jump , it will be his highest , and he 'll be free . Jesse says a tearful goodbye , but pulls himself together and goes back to the top . He recites a Haida prayer Randolph had taught him , before giving Willy a signal . Willy makes the jump and is finally free to return to his family . Jesse goes back to Glen and Annie , who hug him as they look out into the sea . Willy calls out to Jesse in the distance , and both say their farewell . Cast ( edit ) Jason James Richter as Jesse Keiko the Orca as Willy Lori Petty as Rae Lindley Jayne Atkinson as Annie Greenwood August Schellenberg as Randolph Johnson Michael Madsen as Glen Greenwood Michael Ironside as Dial Mykelti Williamson as Dwight Mercer Danielle Harris as Gwenie Richard Riehle as Wade Michael Bacall as Perry Production ( edit ) Most close - up shots involving limited movement by Willy , such as when Willy is in the trailer and the sequences involving Willy swimming in the open water , make use of an animatronic stand - in . Walt Conti , who supervised the effects for the orcas , estimated that half of the shots of the orca used animatronic stand - ins . Conti stated that the smaller movements of a real Orca actually made things difficult in some ways for him and his crew ; they had to concentrate on smaller nuances in order to make the character seem alive . The most extensive use of CGI in the film is the climax , filmed in Astoria , Oregon , where Willy jumps over Jesse and into the wild . All stunts with the orca were performed by the young orca trainer Justin Sherbert ( known additionally by his stage name , Justin Sherman ) . Release ( edit ) Box office performance ( edit ) The film was released by Warner Bros. on July 16 , 1993 and grossed $7,868,829 domestically in its opening weekend . It went on to make $76 million in its foreign release for a total of $153,698,625 worldwide . Upon its initial release , Free Willy ranked number 5 at the box office before moving to number 4 by the following weekend . Afterward , its rank in the box office began to gradually decline , with the exception of a three - day weekend ( September 3 to September 6 ) , in which gross revenue increased by 33.6 % . Critical response ( edit ) The film has received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Free Willy currently holds a 57 % rating on the Rotten Tomatoes website , based on 22 reviews , indicating mixed reviews . The film on Metacritic has a 79 out of 100 rating . Accolades ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Free Willy : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 1993 ( 1993 ) Length 59 : 26 Label Epic Producer Joel Sill Gary LeMel Jerry Greenberg Singles from Free Willy : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Will You Be There '' Released : June 28 , 1993 `` Right Here ( Human Nature Remix ) '' Released : July 10 , 1993 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The soundtrack to Free Willy was released in 1993 by Epic Records . It features songs by Michael Jackson , New Kids on the Block , and SWV . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Will You Be There '' Michael Jackson 5 : 53 2 . `` Keep on Smilin ' '' New Kids on the Block 4 : 36 3 . `` Did n't Mean to Hurt You '' 3T 5 : 47 4 . `` Right Here '' ( Human Nature Remix ) SWV 3 : 50 5 . `` How Can You Leave Me Now '' Funky Poets 5 : 43 6 . `` Main Title '' ( Score ) Basil Poledouris 5 : 07 7 . `` Connection '' ( Score ) Basil Poledouris 1 : 44 8 . `` The Gifts '' ( Score ) Basil Poledouris 5 : 19 9 . `` Friends Montage '' ( Score ) Basil Poledouris 3 : 40 10 . `` Auditon '' ( Score ) Basil Poledouris 2 : 04 11 . `` Farewell Suite : Jessie Says Goodbye / Let 's Free Willy ! / Return to Freedom '' ( Score ) Basil Poledouris 12 : 01 12 . `` Will You Be There '' ( Reprise ) Michael Jackson 3 : 42 Total length : 59 : 26 Keiko ( edit ) Main article : Keiko ( orca ) The aquatic star of the film was an orca named Keiko . The huge national and international success of this film inspired a letter writing campaign to get Keiko released from his captivity as an attraction in the amusement park Reino Aventura in Mexico City ; this movement was called `` Free Keiko '' . Keiko was moved to The Oregon Coast Aquarium in Oregon by flying in a UPS C - 130 cargo plane . In Oregon , he was returned to health with the hopes of being able to return to the wild . In 1998 , Keiko was moved to Iceland via a US Air Force C - 17 to learn to live in the wild . After working with handlers , he was released from a sea pen in the summer of 2002 and swam to Norway following a pod of wild orcas . His subsequent return to humans for food and for company , and his inability to integrate with a pod of orcas , however , confirms that the project had failed according to a scientific study published in the journal Marine Mammal Science ( July 2009 ) . Keiko eventually died of pneumonia in a Norwegian bay on December 12 , 2003 . A decade later in 2013 , a New York Times video reviewed Keiko 's release into the wild . Reasons cited for Keiko 's failure to adapt include his early age at capture , the long history of captivity , prolonged lack of contact with other orcas , and strong bonds with humans . See also ( edit ) Free Willy 2 : The Adventure Home Free Willy 3 : The Rescue Free Willy : Escape from Pirate 's Cove References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rickitt , Richard ( 2006 ) . Designing Movie Creatures and Characters : Behind the Scenes With the Movie Masters . Focal Press . pp. 161 -- 65 . ISBN 0 - 240 - 80846 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Free Willy '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Free Willy '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Free Willy ( 1993 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Free Willy - Original Soundtrack - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Sage . `` What The Whale From ' Free Willy ' Taught Us About Orcas , Long Before ' Blackfish ' Hit Theaters '' . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurth , Linda Moore ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` Keiko 's Story : A Killer Whale Goes Home '' . Millbrook Press . Retrieved 11 September 2017 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC - Earth News - Killer whales : What to do with captive orcas ? '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , M. `` From captivity to the wild and back : An attempt to release Keiko the killer whale '' . Marine Mammal Science . 25 : 693 -- 705 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 7692.2009. 00287. x . Jump up ^ Winerip , Michael ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Retro Report : The Whale Who Would Not Be Freed '' ( video ( 11 : 43 ) ) . New York Times . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.orcanetwork.org/nathist/simon2009keiko.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Free Willy Free Willy on IMDb Free Willy at Rotten Tomatoes Free Willy at Metacritic Free Willy at Box Office Mojo The Whale Who Would Not Be Freed . ( New York Times Video , September 16 , 2013 ) Free Willy Films Free Willy Free Willy 2 : The Adventure Home Free Willy 3 : The Rescue Free Willy : Escape from Pirate 's Cove TV series Free Willy Films directed by Simon Wincer Snapshot ( 1979 ) Harlequin ( 1980 ) Phar Lap ( 1983 ) D.A.R.Y.L. ( 1985 ) The Lighthorsemen ( 1987 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Quigley Down Under ( 1990 ) Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man ( 1991 ) Free Willy ( 1993 ) Lightning Jack ( 1994 ) Operation Dumbo Drop ( 1995 ) The Phantom ( 1996 ) Flash ( 1997 ) The Echo of Thunder ( 1998 ) Crossfire Trail ( 2001 ) Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles ( 2001 ) Monte Walsh ( 2003 ) The Young Black Stallion ( 2003 ) The Cup ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Willy&oldid=812330066 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films 1990s adventure films 1990s drama films Estudios Churubusco films Warner Bros. films Regency Enterprises films StudioCanal films Fictional killer whales Films scored by Basil Poledouris Films adapted into television programs Films set in Washington ( state ) Films shot in Oregon Films directed by Simon Wincer Films about dolphins Films about whales Films about orphans Films about Native Americans Films about animal rights Films set in amusement parks Films set in Astoria , Oregon Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 07 : 23 . About Wikipedia | what city does free willy take place in | [
"Sometime later in Seattle, Washington, Jesse, a 12-year-old boy abandoned by his mother six years before, is caught by the police for stealing food and vandalizing the theme park. Jesse's social worker Dwight earns him a reprieve by finding him a foster home and having him clean up the graffiti at the theme park as part of his probation. His foster parents are the supportive and kind Annie and Glen Greenwood, but Jesse is initially unruly and hostile to them."
] | [
"Seattle, Washington"
] |
-4217433867539652706 | North Dakota | North Dakota - wikipedia North Dakota This article is about the U.S. state of North Dakota . For other uses , see North Dakota ( disambiguation ) . State of North Dakota Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Peace Garden State , Roughrider State , Flickertail State Motto ( s ) : Liberty and Union , Now and Forever , One and Inseparable Demonym North Dakotan Capital Bismarck Largest city Fargo Largest metro Fargo metropolitan area Area Ranked 19th Total 70,762 sq mi ( 183,843 km ) Width 211 miles ( 340 km ) Length 335 miles ( 539 km ) % water 2.4 Latitude 45 ° 56 ′ N to 49 ° 00 ′ N Longitude 96 ° 33 ′ W to 104 ° 03 ′ W Population Ranked 47th Total 755,393 ( 2017 est . ) Density 11.70 / sq mi ( 3.83 / km ) Ranked 47th Median household income $57,415 ( 25th ) Elevation Highest point White Butte 3,508 ft ( 1069 m ) Mean 1,900 ft ( 580 m ) Lowest point Red River of the North at Manitoba border 751 ft ( 229 m ) Before statehood Dakota Territory Admission to Union November 2 , 1889 ( 39th or 40th ) Governor Doug Burgum ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Brent Sanford ( R ) Legislature Legislative Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators John Hoeven ( R ) Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) U.S. House delegation Kevin Cramer ( R ) ( list ) Time zones most of state Central : UTC - 6 / - 5 southwest Mountain : UTC - 7 / - 6 ISO 3166 US - ND Abbreviations ND , N.D. , N. Dak. , Nodak Website www.nd.gov show North Dakota state symbols The Flag of North Dakota The Seal of North Dakota Living insignia Bird Western meadowlark Fish Northern pike Flower Wild prairie rose Grass Western wheatgrass Insect Western honeybee Mammal Nokota horse Tree American Elm Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk Dance Square dance Fossil Teredo petrified wood Song `` North Dakota Hymn '' Other Chokecherry ( state fruit ) State route marker State quarter Released in 2006 Lists of United States state symbols North Dakota ( / - dəˈkoʊtə / ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States . It is the nineteenth largest in area , the fourth smallest by population , and the fourth most sparsely populated of the 50 states . North Dakota was admitted as the 39th state to the Union on November 2 , 1889 . Its capital is Bismarck , and its largest city is Fargo . In the 21st century , North Dakota 's natural resources have played a major role in its economic performance , particularly with the oil extraction from the Bakken formation , which lies beneath the northwestern part of the state . Such development has led to population growth and reduced unemployment . North Dakota contains the tallest human - made structure in the Western Hemisphere , the KVLY - TV mast . Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Climate 2 History 3 Demographics 3.1 Population 3.2 Birth data 3.3 Migration 3.4 Ancestry 3.5 Religion 3.6 Languages 4 Culture 4.1 American Indian Nations 4.2 Pow wows 4.3 Norwegian and Icelandic influences 4.4 Germans from Russia 4.5 Fine and performing arts 4.6 Entertainment 4.7 Cuisine 4.8 Sports 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Energy 5.3 Tourism 5.4 Health care 6 Emergency services 7 Transportation 8 Governance 8.1 Executive 8.2 Legislative 8.3 Judicial 8.4 Indian tribes and reservations 8.5 Federal 8.6 Politics 8.7 State taxes 8.8 Awards and recognition 9 Major cities 10 Education 10.1 Higher education 11 State symbols 12 Media 13 Notable people 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 16.1 Primary sources 17 External links Geography ( edit ) View of western North Dakota Köppen climate types of North Dakota Main article : Geography of North Dakota See also : List of North Dakota counties Map of North Dakota Moose in North Dakota Theodore Roosevelt National Park , North Dakota North Dakota is in the U.S. region known as the Great Plains . The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota to the east . South Dakota is to the south , Montana is to the west , and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north . North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a stone marker in Rugby , North Dakota marking the `` Geographic Center of the North American Continent '' . With an area of 70,762 square miles ( 183,273 km ) , North Dakota is the 19th largest state . The western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains as well as the northern part of the Badlands , which are to the west of the Missouri River . The state 's high point , White Butte at 3,506 feet ( 1,069 m ) , and Theodore Roosevelt National Park are in the Badlands . The region is abundant in fossil fuels including natural gas , crude oil and lignite coal . The Missouri River forms Lake Sakakawea , the third largest artificial lake in the United States , behind the Garrison Dam . The central region of the state is divided into the Drift Prairie and the Missouri Plateau . The eastern part of the state consists of the flat Red River Valley , the bottom of glacial Lake Agassiz . Its fertile soil , drained by the meandering Red River flowing northward into Lake Winnipeg , supports a large agriculture industry . Devils Lake , the largest natural lake in the state , is also found in the east . Eastern North Dakota is overall flat ; however , there are significant hills and buttes in western North Dakota . Most of the state is covered in grassland ; crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west . Natural trees in North Dakota are found usually where there is good drainage , such as the ravines and valley near the Pembina Gorge and Killdeer Mountains , the Turtle Mountains , the hills around Devil 's Lake , in the dunes area of McHenry County in central North Dakota , and along the Sheyenne Valley slopes and the Sheyenne delta . This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of North Dakota North Dakota has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters . The temperature differences are quite significant because of its far inland position and being in the center of the Northern Hemisphere , with roughly equal distances to the North Pole and the Equator . As such , summers are almost subtropical in nature , but winters are cold enough to ensure plant hardiness is very low . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in North Dakota Location July ( ° F ) July ( ° C ) January ( ° F ) January ( ° C ) Fargo 82 / 59 28 / 15 18 / 0 − 7 / − 17 Bismarck 84 / 57 29 / 14 23 / 2 − 5 / − 16 Grand Forks 81 / 56 27 / 13 16 / − 3 − 8 / − 19 Minot 81 / 58 27 / 14 21 / 3 − 6 / − 16 Williston 84 / 56 29 / 13 22 / 0 − 5 / − 17 Dickinson 83 / 55 28 / 12 26 / 6 − 3 / − 14 Mandan 84 / 57 29 / 14 20 / − 1 − 6 / − 18 History ( edit ) Main articles : Dakota Territory and History of North Dakota See also : North Dakota oil boom Early Indian treaty territories in North Dakota . Map and overview Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site Native American peoples lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the coming of Europeans . The known tribes included the Mandan people ( maybe from around the 11th century ) , while the first Hidatsa group arrived a few hundred years later . They both assembled in villages on tributaries to Missouri River in what would become the west central North Dakota . Crow Indians travelled the plains from the west to visit and trade with the related Hidatsas after the split between them - probably in the 17th century . Later came divisions of the Dakota people - the Lakota , the Santee and the Yanktonai . The Assiniboine and the Plains Cree undertook southward journeys to the village Indians , either for trade or for war . The Shoshone Indians in present - day Wyoming and Montana may have carried out attacks on Indian enemies as far east as the Missouri . A group of Cheyennes lived in a village of earth lodges at the lower Sheyenne River ( Biesterfeldt Site ) for decades in the 18th century . Due to attacks by Crees , Assiniboines and Chippewas armed with fire weapons , they left the area around 1780 and crossed the Missouri some time after . A band of the few Sotaio Indians lived east of Missouri River and met the uprooted Cheyennes before the end of the century . They soon followed the Cheyennes across the Missouri and lived among them south of Cannonball River . Eventually the Cheyenne and the Sutaio became one tribe and turned into mounted buffalo hunters with ranges mainly outside North Dakota . Before the middle of the 19th century , the Arikara entered the future state from the south and joined the Mandan and Hidatsa . With time , a number of Indians entered into treaties with the United States . Many of the treaties defined the territory of a specific tribe ( see the map ) . The first European to reach the area was the French - Canadian trader Pierre Gaultier , sieur de La Vérendrye , who led an exploration and trading party to the Mandan villages in 1738 . guided by Assiniboine Indians . From 1762 to 1802 the region formed part of Spanish Louisiana . European Americans settled in Dakota Territory only sparsely until the late 19th century , when railroads opened up the region . With the advantage of grants of land , they vigorously marketed their properties , extolling the region as ideal for agriculture . Congress passed an omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota , South Dakota , Montana , and Washington , titled the Enabling Act of 1889 , on February 22 , 1889 during the administration of President Grover Cleveland . His successor , Benjamin Harrison , signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2 , 1889 . The rivalry between the two new states presented a dilemma of which was to be admitted first . Harrison directed Secretary of State James G. Blaine to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first . The actual order went unrecorded , thus no one knows which of the Dakotas was admitted first . However , since North Dakota alphabetically appears before South Dakota , its proclamation was published first in the Statutes At Large . Unrest among wheat farmers , especially among Norwegian immigrants , led to a populist political movement centered in the Non Partisan League ( `` NPL '' ) around the time of World War I . The NPL ran candidates on the Republican ticket ( but merged into the Democratic Party after World War II ) . It tried to insulate North Dakota from the power of out - of - state banks and corporations . In addition to founding the state - owned Bank of North Dakota and North Dakota Mill and Elevator ( both still in existence ) , the NPL established a state - owned railroad line ( later sold to the Soo Line Railroad ) . Anti-corporate laws virtually prohibited a corporation or bank from owning title to land zoned as farmland . These laws , still in force today , after having been upheld by state and federal courts , make it almost impossible to foreclose on farmland , as even after foreclosure , the property title can not be held by a bank or mortgage company . Furthermore , the Bank of North Dakota , having powers similar to a Federal Reserve branch bank , exercised its power to limit the issuance of subprime mortgages and their collateralization in the form of derivative instruments , and so prevented a collapse of housing prices within the state in the wake of 2008 's financial crisis . The original North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck burned to the ground on December 28 , 1930 . It was replaced by a limestone - faced art - deco skyscraper that still stands today . A round of federal investment and construction projects began in the 1950s , including the Garrison Dam and the Minot and Grand Forks Air Force bases . Western North Dakota saw a boom in oil exploration in the late 1970s and early 1980s , as rising petroleum prices made development profitable . This boom came to an end after petroleum prices declined . In recent years the state has had lower rates of unemployment than the national average , and increased job and population growth . Much of the growth has been based on development of the Bakken oil fields in the western part of the state . Estimates as to the remaining amount of oil vary , with some estimating over 100 years worth of oil remaining in the area . For decades , North Dakota 's annual murder rate and violent crime rate was regularly the lowest recorded in the United States . In recent years however , whilst still below the national average , crime has risen sharply . In 2016 , the violent crime rate was three times higher than in 2004 with the rise mostly occurring in the late 2000s , coinciding with the oil boom era . This happened at a time when the overall US violent crime rate declined slightly . Workers in the oil boom towns have been blamed for much of the increase in crime . Demographics ( edit ) Population ( edit ) North Dakota population density The United States Census Bureau estimates North Dakota 's population was 755,393 on July 1 , 2017 , a 12.3 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . This makes North Dakota the U.S. state with the largest percentage in population growth since 2011 . The fourth least - populous state in the country , only Alaska , Vermont , and Wyoming have fewer residents . From fewer than 2,000 people in 1870 , North Dakota 's population grew to near 680,000 by 1930 . Growth then slowed , and the population has fluctuated slightly over the past seven decades , hitting a low of 617,761 in the 1970 census , with 642,200 in the 2000 census . Except for Native Americans , the North Dakota population has a lesser percentage of minorities than in the nation as a whole . As of 2011 , 20.7 % of North Dakota 's population younger than age 1 were minorities . The center of population of North Dakota is in Wells County , near Sykeston . Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1870 2,405 -- 1880 36,909 1,434.7 % 1890 190,983 417.4 % 1900 319,146 67.1 % 1910 577,056 80.8 % 1920 646,872 12.1 % 1930 680,845 5.3 % 1940 641,935 − 5.7 % 1950 619,636 − 3.5 % 1960 632,446 2.1 % 1970 617,761 − 2.3 % 1980 652,717 5.7 % 1990 638,800 − 2.1 % 2000 642,200 0.5 % 672,591 4.7 % Est. 2017 755,393 12.3 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 Estimate Birth Data ( edit ) Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live Births by Single Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 2016 White : 8,940 ( 84.3 % ) 9,509 ( 83.7 % ) 9,354 ( 82.7 % ) ... > Non-Hispanic White 8,531 ( 80.5 % ) 9,036 ( 79.5 % ) 8,796 ( 77.7 % ) 8,486 ( 74.5 % ) American Indian 1,021 ( 9.6 % ) 1,032 ( 9.1 % ) 985 ( 8.7 % ) 875 ( 7.7 % ) Black 375 ( 3.5 % ) 504 ( 4.4 % ) 640 ( 5.6 % ) 612 ( 5.4 % ) Asian 263 ( 2.5 % ) 314 ( 2.8 % ) 344 ( 3.0 % ) 303 ( 2.7 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 436 ( 4.1 % ) 480 ( 4.2 % ) 580 ( 5.1 % ) 584 ( 5.1 % ) Total North Dakota 10,599 ( 100 % ) 11,359 ( 100 % ) 11,314 ( 100 % ) 11,383 ( 100 % ) Since 2016 , data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected , but included in one Hispanic group ; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race . Migration ( edit ) Throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century , North Dakota , along with most of the midwest , experienced a mass influx of newcomers , from both the eastern United States and immigrants from Europe . North Dakota was a known popular destination for immigrant farmers and general laborers and their families , mostly from Norway , Sweden , Germany and the United Kingdom . Much of this settlement gravitated throughout the western side of the Red River Valley , as was similarly seen in South Dakota and in a parallel manner in Minnesota . This area is well known for its fertile lands . By the outbreak of the First World War , this was among North America 's richest farming regions . But a period of higher rainfall ended , and many migrants were n't successful in the arid conditions . Many family plots were too small to farm successfully . From the 1930s until the end of the 20th century , North Dakota 's population gradually declined , interrupted by a couple of brief increases . Young adults with university degrees were particularly likely to leave the state . With the advancing process of mechanization of agricultural practices , and environmental conditions requiring larger landholdings for successful agriculture , subsistence farming proved to be too risky for families . Many people moved to urban areas for jobs . Since the late 20th century , one of the major causes of migration from North Dakota is the lack of skilled jobs for college graduates . Expansion of economic development programs has been urged to create skilled and high - tech jobs , but the effectiveness of such programs has been open to debate . During the first decade of the 21st century , the population increased in large part because of jobs in the oil industry related to development of shale - oil fields . Elsewhere , the Native American population has increased as some reservations have attracted people back from urban areas . Immigration North Dakota is one of the top resettlement locations for refugees proportionally . According to the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement , in 2013 -- 2014 `` more than 68 refugees '' per 100,000 North Dakotans were settled in the state . In fiscal year 2014 , 582 refugees settled in the state . Fargo Mayor Mahoney said North Dakota accepting the most refugees per capita should be celebrated given the benefits they bring to the state . In 2015 , Lutheran Social Services of North Dakota , the state 's only resettlement agency , was `` awarded $458,090 in federal funding to improve refugee services . '' Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 3,323 people , and migration within the country produced a net loss of 21,110 people . Of the residents of North Dakota , 69.8 % were born in North Dakota , 27.2 % were born in a different state , 0.6 % were born in Puerto Rico , U.S. Island areas , or born abroad to American parent ( s ) , and 2.4 % were born in another country . The age and gender distributions approximate the national average . Ancestry ( edit ) According to the 2010 Census , the racial and ethnic composition of North Dakota was as follows : White American : 90.0 % ( 88.7 % non-Hispanic white ) Native American : 5.4 % Black or African American : 1.2 % Asian : 1.0 % Pacific Islander : 0.1 % Some other race : 0.5 % Multiracial American : 0.2 % North Dakota Racial Breakdown of Population hide Racial composition 1990 2000 White 94.6 % 92.4 % 90.0 % Native American 4.1 % 4.9 % 5.4 % Black 0.6 % 0.6 % 1.2 % Asian 0.5 % 0.6 % 1.0 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1 % Other race 0.3 % 0.4 % 0.5 % Two or more races -- 1.2 % 1.8 % Throughout the mid-19th century , Dakota Territory was still dominated by Native Americans . Warfare and disease reduced their population at the same time Europeans and Americans were settling in the state . In the 21st century , most North Dakotans are of Northern European descent . As of 2009 , the seven largest European ancestry groups in North Dakota are : German : 47.2 % ( 305,322 ) Norwegian : 30.8 % ( 199,154 ) Irish : 7.7 % ( 49,892 ) Swedish : 4.7 % ( 30,194 ) Russian : 4.1 % ( 26,642 ) French : 4.1 % ( 26,320 ) English : 3.9 % ( 25,331 ) Hispanic or Latino ( of any racial groups ) : 2.0 % Religion ( edit ) Religion in North Dakota ( 2014 ) religion percent Protestant 51 % Catholic 26 % Muslim 1 % Other faiths 2 % No religion 20 % Vang Evangelical Lutheran Church in Manfred North Dakota has the most churches per capita of any state . Additionally , North Dakota has the highest percentage of church - going population of any state . A 2001 survey indicated 35 % of North Dakota 's population was Lutheran , and 30 % was Catholic . Other religious groups represented were Methodists ( 7 % ) , Baptists ( 6 % ) , the Assemblies of God ( 3 % ) , Presbyterians ( 1.27 % ) , and Jehovah 's Witnesses ( 1 % ) . Christians with unstated or other denominational affiliations , including other Protestants and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) , totaled 3 % , bringing the total Christian population to 86 % . There were an estimated 920 Muslims and 730 Jews in the state in 2000 . Three percent of respondents answered `` no religion '' on the survey , and 6 % declined to answer . The largest church bodies by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 167,349 ; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 163,209 ; and the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod with 22,003 . Languages ( edit ) In 2010 , 94.86 % ( 584,496 ) of North Dakotans over 5 years old spoke English as their primary language . 5.14 % ( 31,684 ) of North Dakotans spoke a language other than English . 1.39 % ( 8,593 ) spoke German , 1.37 % ( 8,432 ) spoke Spanish , and 0.30 % ( 1,847 ) spoke Norwegian . Other languages spoken included Serbo - Croatian ( 0.19 % ) , Chinese and Japanese ( both 0.15 % ) , and Native American languages and French ( both 0.13 % ) . In 2000 , 2.5 % of the population spoke German in addition to English , reflecting early 20th century immigration . Culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) American Indian nations ( edit ) Paul Kane witnessed and participated in the annual bison hunt of the Métis in June 1846 on the prairies in Dakota . In the 21st century , North Dakota has an increasing population of Native Americans , who in 2010 made up 5.44 % of the population . By the early 19th century the territory was dominated by Siouan - speaking peoples , whose territory stretched west from the Great Lakes area . The word `` Dakota '' is a Sioux ( Lakota / Dakota ) word meaning `` allies '' or `` friends '' . The primary historic tribal nations in or around North Dakota , are the Lakota and the Dakota ( `` The Great Sioux Nation '' or `` Oceti Sakowin , '' meaning the seven council fires ) , the Blackfoot , the Cheyenne , the Chippewa ( known as Ojibwe in Canada ) , and the Mandan . The federally recognized tribes have Indian reservations in the state , where as sovereign nations and enjoy a political status higher than the state of North Dakota . Pow wows ( edit ) Social gatherings known as `` powwows '' ( or wacipis in Lakota / Dakota ) continue to be an important part of Native American culture , and are held regularly throughout the state . Throughout Native American history , powwows were held , usually in the spring , to rejoice at the beginning of new life and the end of the winter cold . These events brought Native American tribes together for singing and dancing and allowed them to meet with old friends and acquaintances , as well as to make new ones . Many powwows also held religious significance for some tribes . Today , powwows are still a part of the Native American culture , and are attended by Native and non-Natives alike . In North Dakota , the United Tribes International Powwow , held each September in the capital of Bismarck , is one of the largest powwows in the United States . A pow wow is an occasion for parades and Native American dancers in regalia , with many dancing styles presented . It is traditional for male dancers to wear regalia decorated with beads , quills and eagle feathers ; male grass dancers wear colorful fringe regalia ; and male fancy dancers wear brightly colored feathers . Female dancers dance much more subtly than the male dancers . Fancy female dancers wear cloth , beaded moccasins and jewelry , while the jingle dress dancer wears a dress made of metal cones . Inter-tribal dances during the pow wow , allow everyone ( even spectators ) can take part in the dancing . Norwegian and Icelandic influences ( edit ) Norwegian settlers in front of their sod house in North Dakota in 1898 Around 1870 many European immigrants from Norway settled in North Dakota 's northeastern corner , especially near the Red River . Icelanders also arrived from Canada . Pembina was a town of many Norwegians when it was founded ; they worked on family farms . They started Lutheran churches and schools , greatly outnumbering other denominations in the area . This group has unique foods such as lefse and lutefisk . The continent 's largest Scandinavian event , Norsk Høstfest , is celebrated each September in Minot 's Scandinavian Heritage Park , a local attraction featuring art , architecture , and cultural artifacts from all five Scandinavian countries . The Icelandic State Park in Pembina County and an annual Icelandic festival reflect immigrants from that country , who are also descended from Scandinavians . Old World folk customs have persisted for decades in North Dakota , with revival of techniques in weaving , silver crafting , and wood carving . Traditional turf - roof houses are displayed in parks ; this style originated in Iceland . A stave church is a landmark in Minot . Ethnic Norwegians constitute nearly one - third or 32.3 % of Minot 's total population and 30.8 % of North Dakota 's total population . Germans from Russia ( edit ) See also : Germans from Russia Ethnic Germans who had settled in Russia for several generations grew dissatisfied in the nineteenth century because of economic problems and because of the revocation of religious freedoms for Mennonites and Hutterites . By 1900 , about 100,000 immigrated to the U.S. , settling primarily in North Dakota , South Dakota , Kansas and Nebraska . The south - central part of North Dakota became known as `` the German - Russian triangle '' . By 1910 , about 60,000 ethnic Germans from Russia lived in Central North Dakota . They were Lutherans and Roman Catholics who had kept many German customs of the time when their ancestors immigrated to Russia . They were committed to agriculture . Traditional iron cemetery grave markers are a famous art form practiced by ethnic Germans . Fine and performing Arts ( edit ) North Dakota 's major fine art museums and venues include the Chester Fritz Auditorium , Empire Arts Center , the Fargo Theatre , North Dakota Museum of Art , and the Plains Art Museum . The Bismarck - Mandan Symphony Orchestra , Fargo - Moorhead Symphony Orchestra , Greater Grand Forks Symphony Orchestra , Minot Symphony Orchestra and Great Plains Harmony Chorus are full - time professional and semi-professional musical ensembles that perform concerts and offer educational programs to the community . Entertainment ( edit ) See also : Music of North Dakota North Dakotan musicians of many genres include blues guitarist Jonny Lang , country music singer Lynn Anderson , jazz and traditional pop singer and songwriter Peggy Lee , big band leader Lawrence Welk , and pop singer Bobby Vee . The state is also home to Indie rock June Panic ( of Fargo , signed to Secretly Canadian ) . Ed Schultz is known around the country as the host of progressive talk radio show , The Ed Schultz Show , and The Ed Show on MSNBC . Shadoe Stevens hosted American Top 40 from 1988 to 1995 . Josh Duhamel is an Emmy Award - winning actor known for his roles in All My Children and Las Vegas . Nicole Linkletter and CariDee English were winning contestants of Cycles 5 and 7 , respectively , of America 's Next Top Model . Kellan Lutz has appeared in movies such as Stick It , Accepted , Prom Night , and Twilight . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Cuisine of North Dakota Sports ( edit ) Bismarck was home of the Dakota Wizards of the NBA Development League , and currently hosts the Bismarck Bucks of the Champions Indoor Football . NCAA has two NCAA Division I teams , the North Dakota Fighting Hawks and North Dakota State Bison , and two Division II teams , the Mary Marauders and Minot State Beavers . The North Dakota High School Activities Association features over 25,000 participants . Outdoor activities such as hunting and fishing are hobbies for many North Dakotans . Ice fishing , skiing , and snowmobiling are also popular during the winter months . Residents of North Dakota may own or visit a cabin along a lake . Popular sport fish include walleye , perch , and northern pike . The western terminus of the North Country National Scenic Trail is on Lake Sakakawea , where it abuts the Lewis and Clark Trail . Economy ( edit ) See also : List of North Dakota companies and North Dakota locations by per capita income Sunflowers in Traill County , North Dakota Agriculture is North Dakota 's largest industry , although petroleum , food processing , and technology are also major industries . It is the fastest - growing state in U.S. by GDP . Its growth rate is about 8.3 % . The economy of North Dakota had a gross domestic product of $36.8 billion in 2013 . The per capita income in 2013 was $50,899 , ranked 16th in the nation . The three - year median household income from 2002 -- 2004 was $39,594 , ranking 37th in the U.S. According to Gallup data , North Dakota led the U.S. in job creation in 2013 and has done so since 2009 . The state has a Job Creation Index score of 40 , nearly 10 points ahead of its nearest competitors . North Dakota has added 56,600 private - sector jobs since 2011 , creating an annual growth rate of 7.32 percent . According to statistics released on March 25 , 2014 by the Bureau of Economic Analysis , North Dakota 's personal income grew 7.6 percent in 2013 to $41.3 billion . The state has recorded the highest personal income growth among all states for the sixth time since 2007 . North Dakota 's personal income growth is tied to various private business sectors such as agriculture , energy development , and construction . `` Just over 21 % of North Dakota 's total 2013 gross domestic product ( GDP ) of $49.77 billion comes from natural resources and mining . '' The state levies a 5 % production tax on the gross value at the wellhead of all oil produced in the state , with some exceptions . The state also levies an oil extraction ( excise ) tax on produced oil . In 2012 the state collected $1.68 billion in oil revenues , up 71.4 % over its 2011 collections . Oil taxes provide 42.3 % of the state 's total net revenues , nearly four times the individual income tax and more than eight times the revenue received from corporate income taxes . The state 's 5 % oil production tax is split between state and county governments . The state treasurer takes 20 % that it then allocates to cities and to an impact grant program . The remaining 80 % is split between the state and county governments according to a mandated formula . -- Auskick 2014 The state created a legacy fund in 2010 -- similar to a sovereign wealth fund in foreign nations -- to salt away some of the state 's revenues from oil and gas production . By law , 30 % of the state 's oil and gas taxes ( after some mandated distributions ) are deposited in the legacy fund . This has resulted in oil and gas tax collections of $446.3 million for fiscal year 2012 , $824.7 million for fiscal year 2013 and $926.6 million for fiscal year 2014 . -- Auskick 2014 North Dakota is the only state with a state - owned bank , the Bank of North Dakota in Bismarck , and a state - owned flour mill , the North Dakota Mill and Elevator in Grand Forks . These were established by the NPL before World War II . Fargo is home to the second - largest campus of Microsoft with 1,700 employees , and Amazon.com employs several hundred in Grand Forks . As of May 2014 , the state 's unemployment rate is the lowest in the nation at 2.6 % . It has not reached 5 percent since 1987 . At end of 2010 , the state per capita income was ranked 17th in the nation , the biggest increase of any state in a decade from rank 38th . The reduction in the unemployment rate and growth in per capita income is attributable to the oil boom in the state . Due to a combination of oil - related development and investing in technology and service industries , North Dakota has had a budget surplus every year since the 2008 market crash . North Dakota highest unemployment rate since the late 20th century was 6.8 % , recorded in 1983 . That is below the current unemployment rate of the majority of states . Agriculture ( edit ) North Dakota 's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture . Although less than 10 % of the population is employed in the agricultural sector , it remains a major part of the state 's economy . With industrial - scale farming , it ranks 9th in the nation in the value of crops and 18th in total value of agricultural products sold . Large farms generate the most crops . The share of people in the state employed in agriculture is comparatively high : as of 2008 , only approximately 2 -- 3 percent of the population of the United States is directly employed in agriculture . North Dakota has about 90 % of its land area in farms with 27,500,000 acres ( 111,000 km ) of cropland , the third - largest amount in the nation . Between 2002 and 2007 , total cropland increased by about one million acres ( 4,000 km ) ; North Dakota was the only state showing an increase . Over the same period , 1,800,000 acres ( 7,300 km ) were shifted into soybean and corn monoculture production , the largest such shift in the United States . Agriculturalists are concerned about too much monoculture , as it makes the economy at risk from insect or crop diseases affecting a major crop . In addition , this development has adversely affected habitats of wildlife and birds , and the balance of the ecosystem . North Dakota Mill and Elevator postcard , ca . 1922 The state is the largest producer in the U.S. of many cereal grains , including barley ( 36 % of U.S. crop ) , durum wheat ( 58 % ) , hard red spring wheat ( 48 % ) , oats ( 17 % ) , and combined wheat of all types ( 15 % ) . It is the second leading producer of buckwheat ( 20 % ) . As of 2007 , corn became the state 's largest crop produced , although it is only 2 % of total U.S. production . The Corn Belt extends to North Dakota , but is situated more on the edge of the region instead of in its center . Corn yields are high in the southeast part of the state and smaller in other parts of the state . Most of the cereal grains are grown for livestock feed . An increasing number of livestock are being fed corn . The state is the leading producer of many oilseeds , including 92 % of the U.S. canola crop , 94 % of flax seed , 53 % of sunflower seeds , 18 % of safflower seeds , and 62 % of mustard seed . Canola is suited to the cold winters and it matures fast . Processing of canola for oil production produces canola meal as a by - product . The by - product is a high - protein animal feed . Soybeans are also an increasingly important crop , with 400,000 acres ( 1,600 km ) additional planted between 2002 and 2007 . Soybeans are a major crop in the eastern part of the state , and cultivation is common in the southeast part of the state . Soybeans were not grown at all in North Dakota in the 1940s , but the crop has become especially common since 1998 . In North Dakota soybeans have to mature fast , because of the comparatively short growing season . Soybeans are grown for livestock feed . North Dakota is the second leading producer of sugarbeets , which are grown mostly in the Red River Valley . The state is also the largest producer of honey , dry edible peas and beans , lentils , and the third - largest producer of potatoes . North Dakota 's economy is aided by nearly $1 billion in federal agricultural subsidies annually . North Dakota 's Top Agricultural Commodities ( according to the USDA as of 2011 ) 2011 rank in the U.S Commodity Percent of Nation 's production Beans , dry edible , all 25 % Beans , navy 35 % Beans , pinto 46 % Canola 83 % Flaxseed 87 % Honey 22 % Sunflower , oil 40 % Wheat , durum 36 % Wheat , spring 37 % Sunflower , all 38 % Sunflower , non-oil 24 % Wheat , all 10 % Barley 11 % Lentils 17 % Oats 8 % Peas , dry edible 21 % Sugarbeets 16 % Safflower 1 % 6 Hay , alfalfa 6 % 6 Potatoes 4 % 8 Hay , all 4 % 10 Soybeans 4 % 12 Corn for grain 2 % 17 Hay , other 2 % 26 Wheat , winter 1 % 21 Sheep and lambs 1 % 17 Cattle and calves 2 % 15 Wool production 2 % Energy ( edit ) Oil well in western North Dakota The energy industry is a major contributor to the economy . North Dakota has both coal and oil reserves . Shale gas is also produced . Lignite coal reserves in Western North Dakota are used to generate about 90 % of the electricity consumed , and electricity is also exported to nearby states . North Dakota has the second largest lignite coal production in the U.S. However , lignite coal is the lowest grade coal . There are larger and higher grade coal reserves ( anthracite , bituminous coal and subbituminous coal ) in other U.S. states . Oil was discovered near Tioga in 1951 , generating 53 million barrels ( 8,400,000 m ) of oil a year by 1984 . Recoverable oil reserves have jumped dramatically recently . The oil reserves of the Bakken Formation may hold up to 400 billion barrels ( 6.4 × 10 m ) of oil , 25 times larger than the reserves in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge . A report issued in April 2008 by the U.S. Geological Survey estimates the oil recoverable by current technology in the Bakken formation is two orders of magnitude less , in the range of 3 billion barrels ( 480 × 10 ^ m ) to 4.3 billion barrels ( 680 × 10 ^ m ) , with a mean of 3.65 billion barrels ( 580 × 10 ^ m ) . North - Western North Dakota is the center of an oil boom : the Williston , Tioga , Stanley and Minot - Burlington communities are having rapid growth that strains housing and local services . As of 2012 , the state is the 2nd - largest oil producer in the U.S. , with an average of 575,490 barrels per day . The Great Plains region , which includes the state of North Dakota , has been referred to as `` the Saudi Arabia of wind energy . '' Development of wind energy in North Dakota has been cost effective because the state has large rural expanses and wind speeds seldom go below 10 mph . Tourism ( edit ) North Dakota is considered the least visited state , owing , in part , to its not having a major tourist attraction . Nonetheless , tourism is North Dakota 's third largest industry , contributing more than $3 billion into the state 's economy annually . Outdoor attractions like the 144 - mile Maah Daah Hey Trail and activities like fishing and hunting attract visitors . The state is known for the Lewis & Clark Trail and being the winter camp of the Corps of Discovery . Areas popular with visitors include Theodore Roosevelt National Park in the western part of the state . The park often exceeds 475,000 visitors each year . Regular events in the state that attract tourists include Norsk Høstfest in Minot , billed as North America 's largest Scandinavian festival ; the Medora Musical ; and the North Dakota State Fair . The state also receives a significant number of visitors from the neighboring Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan , particularly when the exchange rate is favorable . Health care ( edit ) See also : List of hospitals in North Dakota North Dakota has six level - II trauma centers , 44 hospitals , 52 rural health clinics , and 80 nursing homes . Major provider networks include Sanford , PrimeCare , Trinity , and Altru . Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Dakota is the largest medical insurer in the state . North Dakota expanded Medicaid in 2014 , and its health insurance exchange is the federal site , HealthCare.gov . North Dakota law requires pharmacies , other than hospital dispensaries and pre-existing stores , to be majority - owned by pharmacists . Voters rejected a proposal to change the law in 2014 . Emergency Services ( edit ) The North Dakota Department of Emergency Services provides 24 / 7 communication and coordination for more than 50 agencies . In addition , `` it administers federal disaster recovery programs and the Homeland Security Grant Program '' . In 2011 , the Department selected Geo - Comm , Inc. `` for the Statewide Seamless Base Map Project , '' which will facilitate `` identifying locations 9 -- 1 -- 1 callers '' and route emergency calls based on locations . In 1993 the state adopted the Burkle addressing system numbering rural roads and buildings to aid in the delivery of emergency services . Transportation ( edit ) See also : List of North Dakota numbered highways , List of North Dakota railroads , and Aviation in North Dakota Interstate 94 in North Dakota , near Gladstone . Transportation in North Dakota is overseen by the North Dakota Department of Transportation . The major Interstate highways are Interstate 29 and Interstate 94 , with I - 29 and I - 94 meeting at Fargo , with I - 29 oriented north to south along the eastern edge of the state , and I - 94 bisecting the state from east to west between Minnesota and Montana . A unique feature of the North Dakota Interstate Highway system is virtually all of it is paved in concrete , rather than blacktop , because of the extreme weather conditions it must endure . The largest rail systems in the state are operated by BNSF and the Canadian Pacific Railway . Many branch lines formerly used by BNSF and Canadian Pacific Railway are now operated by the Dakota , Missouri Valley and Western Railroad and the Red River Valley and Western Railroad . North Dakota 's principal airports are the Hector International Airport ( FAR ) in Fargo , Grand Forks International Airport ( GFK ) , Bismarck Municipal Airport ( BIS ) , Minot International Airport ( MOT ) and Sloulin Field International Airport ( ISN ) in Williston . Amtrak 's Empire Builder runs through North Dakota , making stops at Fargo ( 2 : 13 am westbound , 3 : 35 am eastbound ) , Grand Forks ( 4 : 52 am westbound , 12 : 57 am eastbound ) , Minot ( around 9 am westbound and around 9 : 30 pm eastbound ) , and four other stations . It is the descendant of the famous line of the same name run by the Great Northern Railway , which was built by the tycoon James J. Hill and ran from St. Paul to Seattle . Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound and Jefferson Lines . Public transit in North Dakota includes daily fixed - route bus systems in Fargo , Bismarck - Mandan , Grand Forks , and Minot , paratransit service in 57 communities , along with multi-county rural transit systems . Governance ( edit ) As with the federal government of the United States , political power in North Dakota state government is divided into three branches : executive , legislative , and judicial . The Constitution of North Dakota and the North Dakota Century Code form the formal law of the state ; the North Dakota Administrative Code incorporates additional rules and policies of state agencies . Executive ( edit ) See also : List of Governors of North Dakota , List of Lieutenant Governors of North Dakota , List of Secretaries of State of North Dakota , and List of Attorneys General of North Dakota John Burke , 10th Governor of North Dakota The executive branch is headed by the elected governor . The current governor is Doug Burgum , a Republican who took office December 15 , 2016 after his predecessor , Jack Dalrymple did not seek reelection . The current Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota is Brent Sanford , who is also the President of the Senate . The offices of governor and lieutenant governor have four - year terms , which are next up for election in 2020 . The governor has a cabinet consisting of appointed leaders of various state government agencies , called commissioners . The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state , attorney general , state auditor , and state treasurer . Legislative ( edit ) The North Dakota Legislative Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives . The state has 47 districts . Each district has one senator and two representatives . Both senators and representatives are elected to four - year terms . The state 's legal code is named the North Dakota Century Code . Judicial ( edit ) North Dakota 's court system has four levels . Municipal courts serve the cities , and most cases start in the district courts , which are courts of general jurisdiction . There are 42 district court judges in seven judicial districts . Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the North Dakota Court of Appeals , consisting of three - judge panels . The five - justice North Dakota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the district courts and the Court of Appeals . Indian tribes and reservations ( edit ) Historically , North Dakota was populated by the Mandan , Hidatsa , Lakota , and Ojibwe , and later by the Sanish and Métis . Today , five federally recognized tribes within the boundaries of North Dakota have independent , sovereign relationships with the federal government and territorial reservations : Mandan , Hidatsa , and Arikara Nation , Fort Berthold Reservation ; Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate , Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ; Standing Rock Sioux , Standing Rock Indian Reservation ; Spirit Lake Tribe , Spirit Lake Reservation ; and Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians , Turtle Mountain Reservation . Federal ( edit ) See also : List of United States Senators from North Dakota and List of Presidential visits to North Dakota North Dakota 's United States Senators are John Hoeven ( R ) and Heidi Heitkamp ( D - NPL ) . The state has one at - large congressional district represented by Representative Kevin Cramer ( R ) . Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota , which holds court in Bismarck , Fargo , Grand Forks , and Minot . Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals based in St. Louis , Missouri . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of North Dakota Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . See also : Political party strength in North Dakota and List of political parties in North Dakota North Dakota Senator Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) North Dakota Senator John Hoeven ( R ) The major political parties in North Dakota are the Democratic - NPL and the Republican Party . As of 2007 , the Constitution Party and the Libertarian Party are also organized parties in the state . At the state level , the governorship has been held by the Republican Party since 1992 , along with a majority of the state legislature and statewide officers . Dem - NPL showings were strong in the 2000 governor 's race , and in the 2006 legislative elections , but the League has not had a major breakthrough since the administration of former state governor George Sinner . The Republican Party presidential candidate usually carries the state ; in 2004 , George W. Bush won with 62.9 % of the vote . Of all the Democratic presidential candidates since 1892 , only Grover Cleveland ( 1892 , one of three votes ) , Woodrow Wilson ( 1912 and 1916 ) , Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1932 and 1936 ) , and Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1964 ) received Electoral College votes from North Dakota . On the other hand , Dem - NPL candidates for North Dakota 's federal Senate and House seats won every election between 1982 and 2008 , and the state 's federal delegation was entirely Democratic from 1987 to 2011 . State taxes ( edit ) North Dakota has a slightly progressive income tax structure ; the five brackets of state income tax rates are 1.1 % , 2.04 % , 2.27 % , 2.64 % , and 2.90 % as of 2017 . In 2005 North Dakota ranked 22nd highest by per capita state taxes . The sales tax in North Dakota is 5 % for most items . The state allows municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes , such as the 1.75 % supplemental sales tax in Grand Forks . Excise taxes are levied on the purchase price or market value of aircraft registered in North Dakota . The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within North Dakota . Owners of real property in North Dakota pay property tax to their county , municipality , school district , and special taxing districts . The Tax Foundation ranks North Dakota as the state with the 20th most `` business friendly '' tax climate in the nation . Tax Freedom Day arrives on April 1 , 10 days earlier than the national Tax Freedom Day . In 2006 , North Dakota was the state with the lowest number of returns filed by taxpayers with an Adjusted Gross Income of over $1 M -- only 333 . Awards and recognition ( edit ) In 2014 , North Dakota was named the `` best - run state in the country '' according to 24 / 7 Wall Street , a financial news organization . `` The group notes North Dakota 's 2.9 percent unemployment rate in 2013 as well as the highest rise in gross domestic product at 9.7 percent . '' Major cities ( edit ) See also : List of cities in North Dakota Downtown Fargo in 2007 North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck , North Dakota 56.54 % of North Dakota 's 757,952 people live in one the top ten most populated cities . 10 largest cities in North Dakota City Population County Land area ( sq. mi . ) Year established Map Fargo 120,762 Cass 48.82 1871 Bismarck 72,417 Burleigh 31.23 1872 Grand Forks 57,339 Grand Forks 20.09 1881 Minot 48,743 Ward 17.45 1887 West Fargo 34,858 Cass 14.72 1926 Williston 26,426 Willams 7.56 1887 Dickinson 22,993 Stark 10.03 1881 Mandan 21,769 Morton 11.13 1881 Jamestown 15,440 Stutsman 12.87 1872 Wahpeton 7,830 Richland 5.29 1869 Fargo is the largest city in North Dakota and is the economic hub for the region . Bismarck , in south - central North Dakota along the banks of the Missouri River , has been North Dakota 's capital city since 1883 , first as capital of the Dakota Territory , and then as state capital since 1889 . Minot is a city in northern North Dakota and is home of the North Dakota State Fair and Norsk Høstfest . A few miles west of Bismarck on the west side of the Missouri River , the city of Mandan was named for the Mandan Indians who inhabited the area at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . New Salem is the site of the world 's largest statue of a holstein cow ; the world 's largest statue of a bison is in Jamestown . Grand Forks and Devils Lake are in scenic areas of North Dakota . West Fargo , the fifth largest city in North Dakota , is one of the fastest growing cities. and was recognized as a Playful City USA by the KaBOOM ! Foundation in 2011 . Williston is near the confluence of the Missouri River and the Yellowstone River near Montana . Medora in the North Dakota Badlands hosts the Medora Musical every summer and is the gateway to Theodore Roosevelt National Park . Fort Yates , along the Missouri River on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation , claims to host the final resting place of Hunkpapa Lakota leader Sitting Bull ( Mobridge , South Dakota also claims his gravesite ) . Education ( edit ) Higher education ( edit ) Main article : List of colleges and universities in North Dakota The state has 11 public colleges and universities , five tribal community colleges , and four private schools . The largest institutions are North Dakota State University and the University of North Dakota . The higher education system consists of the following institutions : North Dakota University System ( public institutions ) : Bismarck State College in Bismarck Dickinson State University in Dickinson Lake Region State College in Devils Lake Mayville State University in Mayville Minot State University in Minot Dakota College at Bottineau in Bottineau North Dakota State University in Fargo North Dakota State College of Science in Wahpeton & Fargo University of North Dakota in Grand Forks Valley City State University in Valley City Williston State College in Williston Tribal institutions : Cankdeska Cikana Community College in Fort Totten Fort Berthold Community College in New Town Sitting Bull College in Fort Yates Turtle Mountain Community College in Belcourt United Tribes Technical College in Bismarck Private institutions : University of Jamestown in Jamestown Rasmussen College in Fargo and Bismarck Trinity Bible College in Ellendale University of Mary in Bismarck State symbols ( edit ) Main article : List of North Dakota state symbols The wild prairie rose State bird : western meadowlark , Sturnella neglecta State fish : northern pike , Esox lucius State horse : Nokota horse State flower : wild prairie rose , Rosa arkansana State tree : American elm , Ulmus americana State fossil : teredo petrified wood State grass : western wheatgrass , Pascopyrum smithii State nicknames : Roughrider State , Flickertail State , Peace Garden State , Sioux state . State mottos : ( Great Seal of North Dakota ) Liberty and Union , Now and Forever , One and Inseparable ( Coat of arms of North Dakota ) Strength from the Soil ( Latin Motto of North Dakota , effective August 1 , 2011 ) Serit ut alteri saeclo prosit ( One sows for the benefit of another age . ) State slogan : Legendary State song : `` North Dakota Hymn '' State dance : square dance State fruit : chokecherry State march : `` Flickertail March '' State beverage : milk State art museum : North Dakota Museum of Art State license plate : see the different types over time `` The Flickertail State '' is one of North Dakota 's nicknames and is derived from Richardson 's ground squirrel ( Spermophilus richardsonii ) , a very common animal in the region . The ground squirrel constantly flicks its tail in a distinctive manner . In 1953 , legislation to make the ground squirrel the state emblem was voted down in the state legislature . Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in North Dakota , List of radio stations in North Dakota , and List of television stations in North Dakota The state has 10 daily newspapers , the largest being The Forum of Fargo - Moorhead . Other weekly and monthly publications ( most of which are fully supported by advertising ) are also available . The most prominent of these is the alternative weekly High Plains Reader . The state 's oldest radio station , WDAY - AM , was launched on May 23 , 1922 . North Dakota 's three major radio markets center around Fargo , Bismarck , and Grand Forks , though stations broadcast in every region of the state . Several new stations were built in Williston in the early 2010s . North Dakota has 34 AM and 88 FM radio stations . KFGO in Fargo has the largest audience . Broadcast television in North Dakota started on April 3 , 1953 , when KCJB - TV ( now KXMC - TV ) in Minot started operations . North Dakota 's television media markets are Fargo - Grand Forks , ( 117th largest nationally ) , including the eastern half of the state , and Minot - Bismarck ( 152nd ) , making up the western half of the state . There are currently 31 full - power television stations , arranged into 10 networks , with 17 digital subchannels . Public broadcasting in North Dakota is provided by Prairie Public , with statewide television and radio networks affiliated with PBS and NPR . Public access television stations open to community programming are offered on cable systems in Bismarck , Dickinson , Fargo , and Jamestown . Notable people ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of people from North Dakota . Lynn Anderson , country music singer . Sam Anderson , actor . Brian Bohrer , minister and author . James F. Buchli , former NASA astronaut . Quentin N. Burdick , former U.S. Senator , third longest - serving Senator among current members of this body . Warren Christopher , former U.S. Secretary of State , diplomat and lawyer . Shannon Curfman , American blues - rock guitarist and singer . Angie Dickinson , Golden Globe - winning television and film actress . Josh Duhamel , Emmy Award - winning actor and former male fashion model . Carl Ben Eielson , aviator , bush pilot and explorer . CariDee English , winner of Cycle 7 on America 's Next Top Model . Host of Pretty Wicked . Louise Erdrich , Native American author of novels , poetry , and children 's books . Darin Erstad , MLB all - star and World Series Champion . Travis Hafner , MLB Designated Hitter for the Cleveland Indians . Richard Hieb , former NASA astronaut . Clint Hill , United States Secret Service agent who was in the presidential motorcade during the assassination of John F. Kennedy . Virgil Hill , former WBA World Cruiserweight champion and Olympic boxer . David C. Jones , 9th chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff . Gordon Kahl , tax protestor best known for the Medina shootout in 1983 . Chuck Klosterman , writer , journalist , critic , humorist , and essayist whose work often focuses on pop culture . Louis L'Amour , author of primarily Western fiction . Jonny Lang , Grammy - winning blues guitarist and singer . Peggy Lee , jazz and traditional pop singer and songwriter . Nicole Linkletter , winner of Cycle 5 on `` America 's Next Top Model '' . Kellan Lutz , actor who portrays Emmett Cullen in Twilight and New Moon . Former male fashion model . Roger Maris , right fielder in Major League Baseball and former single season home run record holder . Cara Mund , Miss America 2018 . Phil Jackson , former basketball coach who won 11 NBA championships in his coaching career . Thomas McGrath , poet and political activist . Michael H. Miller , 61st Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy Mancur Olson , economist . Alan Ritchson , participant in 3rd season of American Idol , singer , model and actor . Sakakawea , who joined Lewis and Clark on their expedition . Ed Schultz , host of The Ed Schultz Show . Eric Sevareid , CBS news journalist . Ann Sothern , Oscar nominated film and television actress . Richard St. Clair , Harvard - educated composer of modern classical music . Shadoe Stevens , host of American Top 40 . Bobby Vee , pop music singer . Lawrence Welk , musician , accordion player , bandleader , and television impresario . Wiz Khalifa , hip hop artist . Carson Wentz , professional football player for the Philadelphia Eagles . See also ( edit ) North Dakota portal Index of North Dakota - related articles Outline of North Dakota -- organized list of topics about North Dakota References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Shactman , Brian ( August 28 , 2011 ) . `` Unemployed ? Go to North Dakota '' . CNBC . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fernando , Vincent ; Jin , Betty ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` 10 States With Ridiculously Low Unemployment -- And Why '' . Business Insider . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shaffer , David ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` N. Dakota population growth is tops in U.S '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and figures '' . infoplease.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Land and Water Area of States , 2000 '' . Information Please . 2006 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt National Park Virtual Tour '' . The Real North Dakota Project . 2007 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History of Lake Sakakawea State Park '' . North Dakota Parks & Recreation Department . 2003 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Glacier , A Lake , A Valley and Soil for the Future '' . University of Minnesota . 1979 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Facts and Trivia '' . 50States.com. 2007 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Flora of North Dakota : Checklist '' . ashipunov.info . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota climate averages '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , W. Raymond and Thomas D. Thiessen : Early Fur Trade On The Northern Plains . Canadian Traders Among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians , 1738 - 1818 . Norman and London , 1987 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Ahler , Stanley A. , T.D. Thiessen and M.K. Trimble : People of the Willows . The Prehistory and Early History of the Hidatsa Indians . Grand Forks , 1991. , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Wood , W. Raymond : Notes on the Crow - Hidatsa Schism . Plains Anthropologist , Vol. 22 ( 1977 ) , pp. 83 - 100 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Milloy , John S. : The Plains Cree. Trade , Diplomacy and War , 1790 - 1870 . Winnipeg , 1988 , pp. 47 - 66 . Jump up ^ Wood , W. Raymond : The Earliest Map of the Mandan Heartland : Notes on the Jarvis and Mackay 1791 Map . Plains Anthropologist . Vol. 55 , No. 216 ( Nov. 2010 ) , pp. 255 - 276 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Hyde , George E. : Life of George Bent . Written From His Letters . Norman , 1987 . pp. 9 - 15 . Jump up ^ Wood , W. Raymond : The Earliest Map of the Mandan Heartland : Notes on the Jarvis and Mackay 1791 Map . Plains Anthropologist . Vol. 55 , No. 216 ( Nov. 2010 ) , pp. 255 - 276 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Roy W. : The Village Indians of the Upper Missouri . The Mandans , Hidatsas , and Arikaras . Lincoln and London , 1977 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Audio Transcript of Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye 1738 '' . The Atlas of Canada . 2003 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase - History , Facts , & Map '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Enabling Act '' . Washington State Legislature . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Coin of the Month '' . The United States Mint . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota 's Boundaries '' . North Dakota Geological Survey . 2002 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Port , Rob ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Why Not Just End North Dakota 's Corporate Farming Law ? '' . SayAnythingBlog . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 10 - 06.1 Corporate or Limited Liability Company Farming '' ( PDF ) . State of North Dakota . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harkinson , Josh ( March 27 , 2009 ) . `` How the Nation 's Only State - Owned Bank Became the Envy of Wall Street '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota State Capitol Building & Grounds Virtual Tour Map '' . The Real North Dakota Project . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Timeline '' . WorldAtlas.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Dakota History : Overview and Summary '' . State Historical Society of North Dakota . 1999 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Perry , Mark ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Bakken oil boom in North Dakota might last for 100 years '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Effgen , Christopher . `` United States Crime Rates 1960 - 2016 '' . www.disastercenter.com . Jump up ^ `` Crime In North Dakota 's Oil Boom Towns Is So Bad That The FBI Is Stepping In '' . Jump up ^ Effgen , Christopher . `` North Dakota Crime Rates 1960 - 2016 '' . www.disastercenter.com . Jump up ^ Bureau , U.S. Census . `` American FactFinder - Results '' . factfinder.census.gov . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Historical Population '' . North Dakota State University . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Jump up ^ `` statecenters '' . U.S. Census Bureau . 2000 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Resident Population Data . `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf Jump up ^ `` Leading Population Trends in North Dakota '' . North Dakota State University . 2007 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Agenda 2003 -- Saving North Dakota '' . The Forum of Fargo - Moorhead. 2002 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Oil boom turbocharges North Dakota population growth '' , The Denver Post , Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Where refugees go in America '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fiscal Year 2014 Refugee Arrivals - Office of Refugee Resettlement - Administration for Children and Families '' . Acf.hhs.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota leads nation in refugee resettlement per capita '' . Inforum.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal funding issued for refugee resettlement '' . Inforum.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Population Change for the United States , Regions and States : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2015 ( NST - EST2008 - 04 ) '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' Archived August 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ 2010 Census Data . `` 2010 Census Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Census Viewer '' . Censusviewer.com . January 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2010 Census Data . `` 2010 Census Data '' . Census.gov . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/north-dakota/ ^ Jump up to : `` American Religious Identification Survey '' . Exhibit 15 . The Graduate Center , City University of New York . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2006 . Retrieved November 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Presbytery of the Northern Plains '' . Presbytery of the Northern Plains . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota -- Religions '' . City-data.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . Thearda.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most Spoken Language in North Dakota in 2010 '' . Modern Language Association . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US Census 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ William Charles Sherman , Playford V. Thorson , Warren A. Henke , Plains Folk : North Dakota 's Ethnic History ( North Dakota Institute for Regional Studies , 1986 ) pp 189 , 242 , 256 Jump up ^ Elwyn B. Robinson , History of North Dakota ( 1966 ) pp. 285 -- 87 , 557 Jump up ^ `` Germans from Russia Heritage Collection '' . Library.ndsu.edu . September 1 , 2002 . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Duhamel '' . IMDb. 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fish Species '' . North Dakota Game and Fish Department . 2007 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Economy of North Dakota '' . NetState . June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) by State '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . October 26 , 2006 . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Economic Accounts '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` United States and States -- R2001 . Median Household Income '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Adam ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` N. Dakota Again Tops Job - Creation List , D.C. Second '' . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Governors and jobs : How governors rank for job creation in their states '' . The Business Journals . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saad , Lydia ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` North Dakota Leads in Job Creation for Fifth Straight Year '' . Gallup . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nowatzki , Mike ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` N.D. leads nation in personal income growth again '' . Prairie Business . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ND records nation 's highest personal income growth '' . Yahoo News . March 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graeber , Daniel ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Economy in oil - rich North Dakota booming '' . UPI . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Will $60 Oil Ruin North Dakota 's Economy ? '' . 247wallst.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to Expand Customer Service Center in Grand Forks , ND '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gunderson , Dan . `` With Microsoft , Hitachi to open software business in Fargo '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics Home Page '' . Bls.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cauchon , Dennis ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` North Dakota economy booms , population soars '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Canova , Timothy . `` The Public Option : The Case for Parallel Public Banking Institutions '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Current Unemployment Rates for States and Historical Highs / Lows '' . Bls.gov . August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota -- DP - 3 . Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics : 2000 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Extension '' . Csrees.usda.gov. April 19 , 2011 . 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Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Lauren ( June 20 , 2006 ) . `` North Dakota may be bigger oil player than Alaska '' . Bismarck Tribune . Jump up ^ `` 3 to 4.3 Billion Barrels of Technically Recoverable Oil Assessed in North Dakota and Montana 's Bakken Formation -- 25 Times More Than 1995 Estimate '' . U.S. Geological Survey . April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Drilling and Production Statistics '' . Dmr.nd.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crude Oil Production '' . Eia.doe.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota becomes US 's 2nd - leading oil producer - Economic Times '' . July 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 -- via Archive.is . Jump up ^ `` Earth Policy Reader '' . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . 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Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Health Resources . Ndhealth.gov . Retrieved on May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Health Resources . Ndhealth.gov . Retrieved on May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Health Resources . Ndhealth.gov . Retrieved on May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Licensed and Non-Licensed Affiliates '' . BCBSND . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Department of Human Services '' . Nd.gov . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Health Insurance Marketplace for Individuals '' . HealthCare.gov . March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blair , Whitney ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Why Walgreens In Fargo , N.D. , Ca n't Fill Your Prescriptions '' . Npr.org . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State - Election Night Results - November 8th , 2016 '' . results.sos.nd.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ND Department of Emergency Services : Welcome '' . Nd.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` State Government '' . State of North Dakota . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Administrative Code North Dakota Legislative Branch '' . Legis.nd.gov . July 1 , 1978 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` District Courts '' . North Dakota Supreme Court . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` All District Judges '' . North Dakota Supreme Court . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Judicial System '' . North Dakota Supreme Court . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Tax Tables for Form ND - 1 '' ( PDF ) . Office of State Tax Commissioner , North Dakota . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` States Ranked by Total State Taxes and Per Capita Amount : 2005 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sales and Use '' . Office of State Tax Commissioner , Tax Department , North Dakota . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Forks : Economy -- Major Industries and Commercial Activity '' . City-Data.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Property '' . Office of State Tax Commissioner , Tax Department , North Dakota . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tax Research Areas > North Dakota '' . The Tax Foundation . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ IRS -- Tax Stats at a Glance Archived August 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , Nick . `` North Dakota named best - run state for third year '' . Bismarcktribune.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Redistricting Data ( Public Law 94 - 171 ) Summary File '' . American FactFinder . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` City of West Fargo Official Website '' . Westfargond.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` INFORUM - Fargo , ND '' . April 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Official Portal for North Dakota State Government '' . nd.gov . June 16 , 1957 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` License Plates of North Dakota ( United States ) '' . Worldlicenceplates.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ S.D. Senate Bill No. 134 . Jump up ^ `` First Stations in Each State '' . National Radio Club . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ AM Query Results -- Audio Division ( FCC ) USA . Transition.fcc.gov . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ FM Query Results -- Audio Division ( FCC ) USA . Transition.fcc.gov . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ FM Query Results -- Audio Division ( FCC ) USA . Transition.fcc.gov . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Radio Online ® . Ratings.radio-online.com ( June 8 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota 's First Television Station '' . Prairie Public . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Media 2011 -- 2012 Local Market Estimates '' . TVJobs.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of North Dakota history Arends , Shirley Fischer . The Central Dakota Germans : Their History , Language , and Culture . ( 1989 ) . 289 pp . Berg , Francie M. , ed . Ethnic Heritage in North Dakota . ( 1983 ) . 174 pp . Blackorby , Edward C. Prairie Rebel : The Public Life of William Lemke ( 1963 ) , radical leader in 1930s online edition Collins , Michael L. That Damned Cowboy : Theodore Roosevelt and the American West , 1883 -- 1898 ( 1989 ) . Cooper , Jerry and Smith , Glen . Citizens as Soldiers : A History of the North Dakota National Guard . ( 1986 ) . 447 pp . Crawford , Lewis F. History of North Dakota ( 3 vol 1931 ) , excellent history in vol 1 ; biographies in vol. 2 -- 3 Danbom , David B. `` Our Purpose Is to Serve '' : The First Century of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station . ( 1990 ) . 237 pp . Eisenberg , C.G. History of the First Dakota - District of the Evangelical - Lutheran Synod of Iowa and Other States . ( 1982 ) . 268 pp . Ginsburg , Faye D. Contested Lives : The Abortion Debate in an American Community . ( 1989 ) . 315 pp. the issue in Fargo Hargreaves , Mary W.M. Dry Farming in the Northern Great Plains : Years of Readjustment , 1920 -- 1990 . ( 1993 ) . 386 pp . Howard , Thomas W. , ed . The North Dakota Political Tradition. ( 1981 ) . 220 pp . Hudson , John C. Plains Country Towns. ( 1985 ) . 189 pp. geographer studies small towns Junker , Rozanne Enerson . The Bank of North Dakota : An Experiment in State Ownership. ( 1989 ) . 185 pp . Lamar , Howard R. Dakota Territory , 1861 -- 1889 : A Study of Frontier Politics ( 1956 ) . Lounsberry , Clement A. Early history of North Dakota ( 1919 ) excellent history by editor of Bismarck Tribune ; 645pp online edition Lysengen , Janet Daley and Rathke , Ann M. , eds . The Centennial Anthology of `` North Dakota History : Journal of the Northern Plains . '' ( 1996 ) . 526 pp. articles from state history journal covering all major topics in the state 's history Morlan , Robert L. Political Prairie Fire : The Nonpartisan League , 1915 -- 1922 . ( 1955 ) . 414 pp. NPL comes to power briefly Peirce , Neal R . The Great Plains States of America : People , Politics , and Power in the Nine Great Plains States ( 1973 ) excerpt and text ssearch , chapter on North Dakota Robinson , Elwyn B. , D. Jerome Tweton , and David B. Danbom . History of North Dakota ( 2nd ed. 1995 ) standard history , by leading scholars ; extensive bibliography Robinson , Elwyn B. History of North Dakota ( 1966 ) First edition online Schneider , Mary Jane . North Dakota Indians : An Introduction . ( 1986 ) . 276 pp . Sherman , William C. and Thorson , Playford V. , eds . Plains Folk : North Dakota 's Ethnic History . ( 1988 ) . 419 pp . Sherman , William C. Prairie Mosaic : An Ethnic Atlas of Rural North Dakota . ( 1983 ) . 152 pp . Smith , Glen H. Langer of North Dakota : A Study in Isolationism , 1940 -- 1959 . ( 1979 ) . 238 pp. biography of influential conservative Senator Snortland , J. Signe , ed . A Traveler 's Companion to North Dakota State Historic Sites. ( 1996 ) . 155 pp . Stock , Catherine McNicol . Main Street in Crisis : The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains. ( 1992 ) . 305pp . online edition Tauxe , Caroline S. Farms , Mines and Main Streets : Uneven Development in a Dakota County . ( 1993 ) . 276 pp. coal and grain in Mercer county Tweton , D. Jerome and Jelliff , Theodore B. North Dakota : The Heritage of a People . ( 1976 ) . 242 pp. textbook history Wilkins , Robert P. and Wilkins , Wynona Hutchette . North Dakota : A Bicentennial History . ( 1977 ) 218 pp. popular history Wishart , David J. ed . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains , University of Nebraska Press , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4787 - 7 . complete text online ; 900 pages of scholarly articles Young , Carrie . Prairie Cooks : Glorified Rice , Three - Day Buns , and Other Reminiscences. ( 1993 ) . 136 pp . Primary sources ( edit ) Benson , Bjorn ; Hampsten , Elizabeth ; and Sweney , Kathryn , eds. Day In , Day Out : Women 's Lives in North Dakota . ( 1988 ) . 326 pp . Maximilian , Prince of Wied . Travels in the Interior of North America in the rears 1832 to 1834 ( Vols . XXII - XXIV of `` Early Western Travels , 1748 -- 1846 , '' ed. by Reuben Gold Thwaites ; 1905 -- 1906 ) . Maximilian spent the winter of 1833 -- 1834 at Fort Clark . University of North Dakota , Bureau of Governmental Affairs , ed. , A Compilation of North Dakota Political Party Platforms , 1884 -- 1978 . ( 1979 ) . 388 pp . WPA . North Dakota : A Guide to the Northern Prairie State ( 2nd ed. 1950 ) , the classic guide online edition External links ( edit ) Find more aboutNorth Dakotaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website USGS real - time , geographic , and other scientific resources of North Dakota U.S. Census Bureau facts of North Dakota North Dakota State Facts -- USDA North Dakota at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geographic data related to North Dakota at OpenStreetMap Preceded by Colorado List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Admitted on November 2 , 1889 ( 39th ) Succeeded by South Dakota hide Topics related to North Dakota The Peace Garden State hide State of North Dakota Bismarck ( capital ) Topics Bibliography Climate Colleges and universities Cuisine Delegations Geography Governors History LGBT history in North Dakota Music People Tourist attractions Seal of North Dakota Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Badlands Coteau du Missouri Drift Prairie Red River Valley Turtle Mountains Larger cities pop . over 5,000 Bismarck Devils Lake Dickinson Fargo Grand Forks Jamestown Mandan Minot Valley City Wahpeton West Fargo Williston Smaller cities pop . 1,000 -- 5,000 Beach Beulah Bottineau Bowman Burlington Cando Carrington Casselton Cavalier Cooperstown Crosby Ellendale Garrison Grafton Hankinson Harvey Hazen Hettinger Hillsboro Horace Kenmare Langdon Larimore Lincoln Linton Lisbon Mayville New Rockford New Town Oakes Park River Rolla Rugby Stanley Thompson Tioga Velva Walhalla Washburn Watford City Wishek Counties Adams Barnes Benson Billings Bottineau Bowman Burke Burleigh Cass Cavalier Dickey Divide Dunn Eddy Emmons Foster Golden Valley Grand Forks Grant Griggs Hettinger Kidder LaMoure Logan McHenry McIntosh McKenzie McLean Mercer Morton Mountrail Nelson Oliver Pembina Pierce Ramsey Ransom Renville Richland Rolette Sargent Sheridan Sioux Slope Stark Steele Stutsman Towner Traill Walsh Ward Wells Williams Protected areas of North Dakota National Parks Theodore Roosevelt National Historic Sites Fort Union Trading Post Knife River Indian Villages National Wildlife Refuges Appert Lake Ardoch Arrowwood Audubon Bone Hill Creek Brumba Buffalo Lake Camp Lake Canfield Lake Chase Lake Cottonwood Lake Dakota Lake Des Lacs Florence Lake Halfway Lake Hiddenwood Hobart Lake Hutchinson Lake J. Clark Salyer Johnson Lake Kellys Slough Lake Alice Lake George Lake Ilo Lake Nettie Lake Otis Lake Patricia Lake Zahl Lambs Lake Little Goose Long Lake Lords Lake Lost Lake Maple River McLean Pleasant Lake Pretty Rock Rabb Lake Rock Lake Rose Lake School Section Lake Shell Lake Sheyenne Lake Sibley Lake Silver Lake Slade Snyder Lake Springwater Stewart Lake Stoney Slough Storm Lake Stump Lake Sullys Hill National Game Preserve Sunburst Lake Tewaukon Tomahawk Upper Souris White Lake Wild Rice Willow Lake Wintering River Wood Lake National Grasslands Cedar River Dakota Prairie Little Missouri Sheyenne U.S. Wilderness Areas Chase Lake Lostwood Theodore Roosevelt Other Federal International Peace Garden North Country National Scenic Trail State Parks Beaver Lake Cross Ranch Fort Abraham Fort Ransom Fort Stevenson Grahams Island Icelandic Lake Metigoshe Lake Sakakawea Lewis and Clark Little Missouri Sully Creek Turtle River Recreation areas Butte Saint Paul Crow Flies High Black Tiger Bay 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Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Indian reservations List of Indian reservations Coordinates : 47 ° N 100 ° W / 47 ° N 100 ° W / 47 ; - 100 GND : 4075498 - 4 ISNI : 0000 0004 0426 4724 LCCN : n79068662 NARA : 10045314 SUDOC : 176143572 VIAF : 180769387 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Dakota&oldid=853469997 '' Categories : North Dakota Midwestern United States States and territories established in 1889 States of the United States U.S. states with multiple time zones 1889 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Ladino لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 155 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 00 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what state is directly west of north dakota | [
"North Dakota is in the U.S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota to the east. South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a stone marker in Rugby, North Dakota marking the \"Geographic Center of the North American Continent\". With an area of 70,762 square miles (183,273 km2),[8] North Dakota is the 19th largest state.[9]\n"
] | [
"Montana"
] |
2240719754174377260 | List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol | List of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol - wikipedia List of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol Participation in the Kyoto Protocol Annex B parties with binding targets in the second period Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but not the second non-Annex B parties without binding targets Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but which withdrew from the Protocol Signatories to the Protocol that have not ratified Other UN member states and observers that are not party to the Protocol As of June 2013 , there are 192 parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , which aims to combat global warming . This total includes 191 states ( 189 United Nations member states as well as the Cook Islands and Niue ) and one supranational union ( the European Union ) . Canada renounced the convention effective 15 December 2012 and ceased to be a member from that date . With the Protocol 's 2008 - 2012 commitment period expiring , the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol was agreed to , which establishes new commitments for the period 2013 - 2020 . As of July 2018 , 114 states have accepted this amendment . Contents 1 Parties 2 Former parties 3 Signatory 4 Not signatories or parties 5 Notes 6 References Parties ( edit ) Signing is optional , indicating an intention to ratify the Protocol . Ratification means that a state is legally bound by the provisions of the treaty . For Annex I parties ( e.g. a developed state or one with an ' economy in transition ' ) this means that it has agreed to cap emissions in accordance with the Protocol . Iceland was the 55th state to ratify , fulfilling the first condition for coming - into - force . With Russia 's ratification the `` 55 percent of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I '' clause was satisfied and the treaty was brought into force , effective 16 February 2005 . As of July 2018 , 114 states have accepted the Doha amendment , but it has not entered into force . Party Annex % for ratification emissions limit ( 2012 ) emissions limit ( 2020 ) Signed Ratification / Acceptance Amendment acceptance Notes Afghanistan 25 March 2013 Albania 1 April 2005 Algeria 16 February 2005 28 September 2015 Angola 8 May 2007 Antigua and Barbuda 16 March 1998 3 November 1998 23 September 2016 Argentina 16 March 1998 28 September 2001 1 December 2015 Armenia 25 April 2003 31 March 2017 Australia I , II 2.1 % + 8 % − 0.5 % 29 April 1998 3 December 2007 9 November 2016 Austria I , II 0.4 % − 8 % ( − 13 % ) − 20 % 24 September 1998 31 May 2002 21 December 2017 Azerbaijan 28 September 2000 1 July 2015 Bahamas 9 April 1999 4 November 2015 Bahrain 31 January 2006 Bangladesh 22 October 2001 13 November 2013 Barbados 7 August 2000 14 August 2013 Belarus - none − 12 % 26 August 2005 Belgium I , II 0.8 % − 8 % ( − 7.5 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 14 November 2017 Belize 26 September 2003 24 July 2018 Benin 25 February 2002 Bhutan 26 August 2002 29 September 2015 Bolivia 9 July 1998 30 November 1999 Bosnia and Herzegovina 16 April 2007 Botswana 8 August 2003 7 March 2016 Brazil 29 April 1998 23 August 2002 13 February 2018 Brunei 20 August 2009 14 November 2014 Bulgaria 0.6 % − 8 % − 20 % 18 September 1998 15 August 2002 21 December 2017 Burkina Faso 31 March 2005 29 November 2016 Burundi 18 October 2001 Cambodia 22 August 2002 17 November 2015 Cameroon 28 August 2002 Cape Verde 10 February 2006 Central African Republic 18 March 2008 Chad 18 August 2009 Chile 17 June 1998 26 August 2002 10 November 2015 China 29 May 1998 30 August 2002 2 June 2014 Hong Kong : applied since 8 April 2003 Macao : applied since 14 January 2008 Colombia 30 November 2001 Comoros 10 April 2008 7 September 2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo 23 March 2005 Republic of the Congo 12 February 2007 14 May 2015 Cook Islands 16 September 1998 27 August 2001 Costa Rica 27 April 1998 9 August 2002 21 September 2016 Côte d'Ivoire 23 April 2007 Croatia - − 5 % − 20 % 11 March 1999 27 April 2007 21 December 2017 Cuba 15 March 1999 30 April 2002 28 December 2016 Cyprus - none − 20 % 16 July 1999 10 December 2015 Czech Republic 1.2 % − 8 % − 20 % 23 November 1998 15 November 2001 21 December 2017 Denmark I , II 0.4 % − 8 % ( − 21 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 21 December 2017 Greenland : applied Faroe Islands : not applied Djibouti 12 March 2002 23 September 2014 Dominica 25 January 2005 Dominican Republic 12 February 2002 21 September 2016 Ecuador 15 January 1999 13 January 2000 20 April 2015 Egypt 15 March 1999 12 January 2005 El Salvador 8 June 1998 13 January 2000 Equatorial Guinea 16 August 2000 Eritrea 28 July 2005 3 May 2018 Estonia 0.3 % − 8 % − 20 % 3 December 1998 14 October 2002 21 December 2017 Ethiopia 14 April 2005 26 June 2015 European Union I , II − 8 % − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 21 December 2017 All ratifications of the 15 then - EU - members and the EU itself were deposited simultaneously . For the purpose of satisfying the entry - into - force conditions , the EU 's ratification was not counted . Fiji 17 September 1998 17 September 1998 19 September 2017 Finland I , II 0.4 % − 8 % ( 0 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 16 November 2017 France I , II 2.7 % − 8 % ( 0 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 30 November 2017 French Guiana , Guadeloupe , Martinique , Réunion : applied French Polynesia , New Caledonia , Wallis and Futuna , French Southern Territories , Mayotte , Saint Pierre and Miquelon : not applied Gabon 12 December 2006 1 December 2017 Gambia 1 June 2001 7 November 2016 Georgia 16 June 1999 Germany I , II 7.4 % − 8 % ( − 21 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 14 November 2017 Ghana 30 May 2003 Greece I , II 0.6 % − 8 % ( + 25 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 21 December 2017 Grenada 6 August 2002 1 April 2015 Guatemala 10 July 1998 5 October 1999 Guinea 7 September 2000 6 April 2016 Guinea - Bissau 18 November 2005 Guyana 5 August 2003 23 December 2014 Haiti 6 July 2005 Honduras 25 February 1999 19 July 2000 11 April 2014 Hungary 0.5 % − 6 % − 20 % 21 August 2002 1 October 2015 Iceland I , II 0.0 % + 10 % − 20 % 23 May 2002 7 October 2015 India 26 August 2002 8 August 2017 Indonesia 13 July 1998 3 December 2004 30 September 2014 Iran 22 August 2005 Iraq 28 July 2009 Ireland I , II 0.2 % − 8 % ( + 13 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 21 December 2017 Israel 16 December 1998 15 March 2004 Italy I , II 3.1 % − 8 % ( − 6.5 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 18 July 2016 Jamaica 28 June 1999 Japan I , II 8.5 % − 6 % none 28 April 1998 4 June 2002 Jordan 17 January 2003 Kazakhstan I ( dec . ) - none − 5 % 12 March 1999 19 June 2009 Kenya 25 February 2005 7 April 2014 Kiribati 7 September 2000 11 February 2016 North Korea 27 April 2005 South Korea 25 September 1998 8 November 2002 27 May 2015 Kuwait 11 March 2005 Kyrgyzstan 13 May 2003 Laos 6 February 2003 Latvia 0.2 % − 8 % − 20 % 14 December 1998 5 July 2002 21 December 2017 Lebanon 13 November 2006 Lesotho 6 September 2000 Liberia 5 November 2002 17 August 2015 Libya 24 August 2006 Liechtenstein 0.0 % − 8 % − 16 % 29 June 1998 3 December 2004 23 February 2015 Lithuania - − 8 % − 20 % 21 September 1998 3 January 2003 22 November 2017 Luxembourg I , II 0.1 % − 8 % ( − 28 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 21 September 2017 Macedonia 18 November 2004 Madagascar 24 September 2003 1 October 2015 Malawi 26 October 2001 29 June 2017 Malaysia 12 March 1999 4 September 2002 12 April 2017 Maldives 16 March 1998 30 December 1998 1 July 2015 Mali 27 January 1999 28 March 2002 7 December 2015 Malta - none − 20 % 17 April 1998 11 November 2001 21 December 2017 Marshall Islands 17 March 1998 11 August 2003 7 May 2015 Mauritania 22 July 2005 Mauritius 9 May 2001 5 September 2013 Mexico 9 June 1998 7 September 2000 23 September 2014 Federated States of Micronesia 17 March 1998 21 June 1999 19 February 2014 Moldova 22 April 2003 Monaco 0.0 % − 8 % − 22 % 29 April 1998 27 February 2006 27 December 2013 Mongolia 15 December 1999 Montenegro 4 June 2007 Morocco 25 January 2002 5 September 2014 Mozambique 18 January 2005 Myanmar 13 August 2003 19 September 2017 Namibia 4 September 2003 17 February 2015 Nauru 16 August 2001 1 December 2014 Nepal 16 September 2005 Netherlands I , II 1.2 % − 8 % ( − 6 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 22 November 2017 Aruba : not applied Curaçao : not applied Sint Maarten : not applied Caribbean Netherlands : not applied New Zealand I , II 0.2 % 0 % none 22 May 1998 19 December 2002 30 November 2015 Tokelau : not applied Nicaragua 7 July 1998 18 November 1999 Niger 23 October 1998 30 September 2004 1 August 2018 Nigeria 10 December 2004 Niue 8 December 1998 6 May 1999 Norway I , II 0.3 % + 1 % − 16 % 29 April 1998 30 May 2002 12 June 2014 Oman 19 January 2005 Pakistan 11 January 2005 31 October 2017 Palau 10 December 1999 10 March 2015 Panama 8 June 1998 5 March 1999 29 September 2015 Papua New Guinea 2 March 1999 28 March 2002 Paraguay 25 August 1998 27 August 1999 Peru 13 November 1998 12 September 2002 24 September 2014 Philippines 15 April 1998 20 November 2003 13 April 2016 Poland 3.0 % − 6 % − 20 % 15 July 1998 13 December 2002 Portugal I , II 0.3 % − 8 % ( + 27 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 22 November 2017 Qatar 11 January 2005 Romania 1.2 % − 8 % − 20 % 5 January 1999 19 March 2001 3 May 2016 Russia 17.4 % 0 % none 11 March 1999 18 November 2004 Rwanda 22 July 2004 20 November 2015 Saint Kitts and Nevis 8 April 2008 25 October 2016 Saint Lucia 16 March 1998 20 August 2003 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 19 March 1998 31 December 2004 Samoa 16 March 1998 27 November 2000 18 September 2015 San Marino 28 April 2010 4 August 2015 Sao Tome and Principe 24 July 2008 Saudi Arabia 31 January 2005 Senegal 20 July 2001 Serbia 24 September 2007 30 June 2017 Seychelles 20 March 1998 22 July 2002 15 July 2015 Sierra Leone 10 November 2006 Singapore 12 April 2006 23 September 2014 Slovakia 0.4 % − 8 % − 20 % 26 February 1999 31 May 2002 16 November 2017 Slovenia - − 8 % − 20 % 21 October 1998 2 August 2002 21 December 2017 Solomon Islands 29 September 1998 13 March 2003 5 September 2014 Somalia 26 July 2010 South Africa 31 July 2002 7 May 2015 Spain I , II 1.9 % − 8 % ( + 15 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 14 November 2017 Sri Lanka 3 September 2002 2 December 2015 Sudan 2 November 2004 3 February 2014 Suriname 25 September 2006 Swaziland 13 January 2006 21 September 2016 Sweden I , II 0.4 % − 8 % ( + 4 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 14 November 2017 Switzerland I , II 0.3 % − 8 % − 15.8 % 16 March 1998 9 July 2003 28 August 2015 Syria 27 January 2006 Tajikistan 5 January 2009 Tanzania 26 August 2002 Thailand 2 February 1999 28 August 2002 1 September 2015 Timor - Leste 14 October 2008 Togo 2 July 2004 Tonga 14 January 2008 Trinidad and Tobago 7 January 1999 28 January 1999 6 August 2015 Tunisia 22 January 2003 Turkey - none none 28 May 2009 Turkmenistan 28 September 1998 11 January 1999 Tuvalu 16 November 1998 16 November 1998 4 December 2014 Uganda 25 March 2002 8 July 2015 Ukraine - 0 % − 24 % 15 March 1999 12 April 2004 United Arab Emirates 26 January 2005 26 April 2013 United Kingdom I , II 4.3 % − 8 % ( − 12.5 % ) − 20 % 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 17 November 2017 Guernsey and Isle of Man , applied since 4 April 2005 ; Gibraltar , since 2 January 2007 ; Bermuda , Cayman Islands , Falkland Islands , Jersey , since 7 March 2007 . Anguilla , British Virgin Islands , Montserrat , Pitcairn Islands , Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha , Turks and Caicos Islands or the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia : not applied Uruguay 29 July 1998 5 February 2001 Uzbekistan 20 November 1998 12 October 1999 Vanuatu 17 July 2001 15 March 2018 Venezuela 18 February 2005 1 March 2018 Vietnam 3 December 1998 25 September 2002 22 June 2015 Yemen 15 September 2004 Zambia 5 August 1998 7 July 2006 Zimbabwe 30 June 2009 20 April 2016 Totals I : 38 + EU II : 21 + EU 33 ( 63.9 % ) - % : 31 ( 24 ) 0 % : 3 ( 5 ) + % : 3 ( 8 ) 192 ( incl . EU ) 114 Former parties ( edit ) Country Annex % for ratification emissions limit ( 2012 ) emissions limit ( 2020 ) Signed Ratification / Acceptance Amendment acceptance Notes Canada I , II 3.3 % − 6 % none 29 April 1998 17 December 2002 Withdrew 15 December 2011 , effective 15 December 2012 . ( See Canada and the Kyoto Protocol ) Signatory ( edit ) Country Annex % for ratification emissions limit ( 2012 ) emissions limit ( 2020 ) Signed Notes United States I , II 36.1 % − 7 % none 12 November 1998 Not signatories or Parties ( edit ) As of 2017 there are four UN member states or Observers which are not Party to the Protocol : members of the UNFCCC : Andorra , Palestine , South Sudan observers of the UNFCCC ( UNFCCC ratification required first ) : Holy See Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maximum increase allowed . ^ Jump up to : The 15 member states of the European Union at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol each agreed to a reduction target of − 8 % under Annex B , as did the European Communities as a whole . A declaration was made upon ratifacation that an agreement had been reached by the states to jointly meet their reduction commitments under the Protocol , as permitted by Article 4 of the Protocol . Emission quotas were pooled and allocated amongst the member states by an internal EU Council Decision . The specific EU imposed targets are listed in brackets . The 13 member states that entered the union later did not participate in this joint agreement , and retained their individual Kyoto targets ( if applicable ) . ^ Jump up to : The 27 member states of the European Union at the time of adoption of the Doha Amendment , in addition to Croatia , which subsequently acceded to the EU , and Iceland each agreed to a reduction a target of − 20 % under the amended Annex B , as did the European Union as a whole . An agreement was subsequently reached by the states to jointly meet their reduction commitments under the amended Protocol . Emission quotas were pooled and allocated amongst the member states by an internal EU Council Decision . ^ Jump up to : Emissions of states listed in Annex I that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol , which were thus not permitted to sign the Protocol , were not included in the totals for entry into force for the Protocol . ^ Jump up to : States listed in Annex I that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol were not eligible sign the Protocol and were not listed in Annex B . Jump up ^ A proposal to amend Annex B to list Belarus as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction for the first commitment period of − 8 % was adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in 2006 , but did not enter into force prior to the end of the commitment period in 2012 due to not being ratified by a sufficient number of states . Jump up ^ Belarus was added to Annex B with the Doha Amendment . ^ Jump up to : At their request , an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 1998 added Croatia , Liechtenstein , Monaco and Slovenia to Annex I , while the Czech Republic and Slovakia replaced Czechoslovakia , from which they had seceded in 1993 , in Annex I . ^ Jump up to : Emissions of Annex I parties to the UNFCCC that had not yet submitted their first national communication to the UNFCCC secretariat with an emissions inventory at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol were not included in the figure for entry into force of the protocol . Jump up ^ At its request , an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 2013 added Cyprus to Annex I . ^ Jump up to : Emissions not included in the figure for entry into force of the Protocol because at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol the state was not listed in Annex I . ^ Jump up to : Not listed in Annex B because at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol the state was not listed in Annex I . ^ Jump up to : As they were not listed in Annex I when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted , Cyprus and Malta were not listed in Annex B. However , following their accession to the European Union they were obliged to participate in the EU ETS . Both took on targets under the Doha Amendment . ^ Jump up to : Monaco ( 1992 ) , the Czech Republic ( 1995 ) , Slovakia ( 1996 ) , Slovenia ( 1998 ) and Kazakhstan ( 2000 ) submitted declarations under Article 4.2 ( g ) of the UNFCCC , which as per Article 1.7 of the Kyoto Protocol means that they are treated as Annex I states under the Kyoto Protocol . All of these states except Kazakhstan have since been added to Annex I of the UNFCCC by an amendment to the convention . Jump up ^ All 28 EU member states are also members of the UNFCCC individually , in addition to their common representation through the EU . Jump up ^ As per Article 25 of the Kyoto Protocol , `` any instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States members of the organization . '' ^ Jump up to : No increase allowed but no reduction required -- emissions should stay at their 1990 level . ^ Jump up to : Japan , New Zealand and Russia were listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol with emission limits for the first commitment period , but were not assigned any emission reduction limits under the Doha Amendment for the second commitment period . Jump up ^ Kazakhstan proposed in 1999 that Annex I be amended to include it , but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC as no consensus could be reached on the matter . Jump up ^ Kazakhstan proposed in 2009 that Annex B be amended to include it as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction commitment of 0 % , and latter indicated it was willing to accept a - 6 % limit , but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC . Jump up ^ At its request , an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 2010 added Malta to Annex I . Jump up ^ The states in free association with New Zealand , the Cook Islands and Niue have their own separate memberships in the UNFCCC . Jump up ^ Turkey was originally listed in both Annex I and Annex II of the UNFCCC . It refused to ratify the Convention , as it objected to its listing in the annexes . In 1997 a proposal was submitted that Annex I and Annex II be amended to remove Turkey . Though no consensus could be reached on this proposal , a compromise was reached and an amendment that entered into force in 2002 removed Turkey from Annex II . ^ Jump up to : Canada and the United States were listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol with emission limits for the first commitment period , but as they were not parties to the Kyoto Protocol at the time of adoption of the Doha Amendment they were removed from Annex B . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kyoto Protocol Status of Ratification ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Status of Ratification '' . UNFCCC 's Kyoto Protocol Background . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change '' . United Nations Treaty Series . 2013 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol '' . United Nations Treaty Series . 2015 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS THIRD SESSION , HELD AT KYOTO FROM 1 TO 11 DECEMBER 1997 - Annex Table : Total carbon dioxide emissions of Annex I Parties in 1990 , for the purposes of Article 25 of the Kyoto Protocol '' ( PDF ) . FCCC / CP / 1997 / 7Add. 1 . United Nations . 1998 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 / 358 / EC : Council Decision of 25 April 2002 concerning the approval , on behalf of the European Community , of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfilment of commitments thereunder '' . Official Journal of the European Communities . L ( 130 ) . 2002 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan ratifies Kyoto Protocol '' . Pajhwok Afghan News . April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change '' . United Nations Treaty Series . 2013 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Amendment to Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol '' . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its second session , held at Nairobi from 6 to 17 November 2006 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . 2007 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2007 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Amendment to Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change '' . United Nations . 2015 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ADOPTION OF AMENDMENTS TO THE LIST IN ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 4.2 ( f ) OF THE CONVENTION '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 1998 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Adoption of amendments to Annex I to the Convention '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2012 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Entry into force of amendments to Annex I to the Convention '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Kyoto 1st commitment period ( 2008 -- 12 ) '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Council Decision ( EU ) 2015 / 1339 of 13 July 2015 on the conclusion , on behalf of the European Union , of the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfilment of commitments thereunder '' . Official Journal of the European Communities . L ( 207 ) . 2015 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Kyoto 2nd commitment period ( 2013 -- 20 ) '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS SEVENTH SESSION , HELD AT MARRAKESH FROM 29 OCTOBER TO 10 NOVEMBER 2001 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . 2002 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` AMENDMENT TO ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION - Proposal from the Republic of Kazakhstan to amend Annex I to the Convention '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 1999 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS FIFTH SESSION , HELD AT BONN FROM 25 OCTOBER TO 5 NOVEMBER 1999 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 1999 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS SEVENTH SESSION , HELD AT MARRAKESH FROM 29 OCTOBER TO 10 NOVEMBER 2001 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2002 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Framework Convention on Climate Change - Secretariat '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . 2010 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Proposal from Kazakhstan to amend Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2010 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Proposal from Kazakhstan to amend Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2010 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its fifth session , held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2010 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its sixth session , held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2011 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its seventh session , held in Durban from 28 November to 11 December 2011 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2012 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its eighth session , held in Doha from 26 November to 8 December 2012 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2013 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Decision 9 / CMP. 8 - Proposal from Kazakhstan to amend Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2013 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Adoption of amendments to Annex I to the Convention in accordance with Article 16 ( 3 ) of the Convention '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2010 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Review of the implementation of the convention and of decisions of the first session of the conference of the parties '' ( PDF ) . FCCC / CP / 12 / Add. 2 . United Nations . 1996 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS - COMMUNICATIONS FROM PARTIES INCLUDED IN ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION '' ( PDF ) . FCCC / SB / 1997 / 6 . United Nations . 1997 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Annex I National Communications '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` CROATIA - Report on the in - depth review of the first national communication of Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FCCC / IDR. 1 / HRV . United Nations . 2002 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` LITHUANIA - Report on the in - depth review of the first national communication of Lithuania '' ( PDF ) . FCCC / IDR. 1 / LTU . United Nations . 2000 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` SLOVENIA - Report on the in - depth review of the first national communication of Slovenia '' ( PDF ) . FCCC / IDR. 1 / SVN . United Nations . 2003 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` UKRAINE - Report on the in - depth review of the first national communication of Ukraine '' ( PDF ) . FCCC / IDR. 1 / UKR . United Nations . 2000 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ARRANGEMENTS FOR INTERGOVERNMENTAL MEETINGS - Amendments to the Convention or its Annexes - Letters from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , the Azerbaijan Republic , the Netherlands ( on behalf of the European Community and its Member States ) and Kuwait proposing amendments to the Convention or its Annexes '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 1997 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW OF INFORMATION AND POSSIBLE DECISIONS UNDER ARTICLE 4.2 ( f ) '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 1997 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS THIRD SESSION , HELD AT KYOTO FROM 1 TO 11 DECEMBER 1997 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 1998 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS FOURTH SESSION , HELD AT BUENOS AIRES FROM 2 TO 14 NOVEMBER 1998 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 1999 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON THE FIRST PART OF ITS SIXTH SESSION , HELD AT THE HAGUE FROM 13 TO 25 NOVEMBER 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2001 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` PROPOSALS TO AMEND THE LISTS IN ANNEXES I AND II TO THE CONVENTION - PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE LISTS IN ANNEXES I AND II TO THE CONVENTION BY REMOVING THE NAME OF TURKEY : REVIEW OF INFORMATION AND POSSIBLE DECISIONS UNDER ARTICLE 4 , PARAGRAPH 2 ( F ) '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2001 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Adoption of amendment to the list in Annex II to the Convention '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2001 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( in Turkish ) Ntvmsnbc.com `` Kyoto'dan sonra Türkiye'yi neler bekliyor ? ( English translation : What 's after Kyoto protocol for Turkey ? ) '' ( in Turkish ) Ntvmsnbc.com `` Türkiye , Kyoto protokolüne katılıyor ( English translation : Turkey joins to Kyoto protocol ) '' ( in Turkish ) Ntvmsnbc.com `` Şimdi KYOTO zamanı ( English translation : It 's time for Kyoto ) '' Jump up ^ Bianet Archived 11 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Turkey Will Sign The Kyoto Protocol Jump up ^ Turkish Weekly Archived 20 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Turkey 's Participation in Kyoto Protocol Published in Official Gazette Jump up ^ `` KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE - KYOTO , 11 DECEMBER 1997 CANADA : WITHDRAWAL '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 16 December 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parties to the Convention and Observer States '' . UNFCC . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_parties_to_the_Kyoto_Protocol&oldid=853183437 '' Categories : Climate change policy Climate change - related lists Lists of parties to treaties Hidden categories : Articles with Turkish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 00 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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"\n\nParty[2][3][4]\n\nAnnex[5]\n\n% for ratification[6]\n\nemissionslimit(2012)[7][8]\n\nemissionslimit(2020)[9]\n\nSigned\n\nRatification / Acceptance\n\nAmendment acceptance\n\nNotes\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\n\n\n\n\n25 March 2013\n\n[10]\n\n\n Albania\n\n\n\n\n\n1 April 2005\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n\n\n\n\n\n16 February 2005\n28 September 2015\n\n\n\n Angola\n\n\n\n\n\n8 May 2007\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n\n\n\n\n16 March 1998\n3 November 1998\n23 September 2016\n\n\n\n Argentina\n\n\n\n\n16 March 1998\n28 September 2001\n1 December 2015\n\n\n\n Armenia\n\n\n\n\n\n25 April 2003\n31 March 2017\n\n\n\n Australia\nI, II\n2.1%\n+8%[a]\n−0.5%\n29 April 1998\n3 December 2007\n9 November 2016\n\n\n\n Austria\nI, II\n0.4%\n−8% (−13%)[b]\n−20%[c]\n24 September 1998\n31 May 2002\n21 December 2017\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\n\n\n\n\n28 September 2000\n1 July 2015\n\n\n\n Bahamas\n\n\n\n\n\n9 April 1999\n4 November 2015\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n\n\n\n\n\n31 January 2006\n\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\n\n\n\n\n22 October 2001\n13 November 2013\n\n\n\n Barbados\n\n\n\n\n\n7 August 2000\n14 August 2013\n\n\n\n Belarus\nI\n-[d]\nnone[e][f]\n−12%[g]\n\n26 August 2005\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\nI, II\n0.8%\n−8% (−7.5%)[b]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n14 November 2017\n\n\n\n Belize\n\n\n\n\n\n26 September 2003\n24 July 2018\n\n\n\n Benin\n\n\n\n\n\n25 February 2002\n\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n\n\n\n\n\n26 August 2002\n29 September 2015\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n\n\n\n\n9 July 1998\n30 November 1999\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\n\n\n\n\n16 April 2007\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n\n\n\n\n\n8 August 2003\n7 March 2016\n\n\n\n Brazil\n\n\n\n\n29 April 1998\n23 August 2002\n13 February 2018\n\n\n\n Brunei\n\n\n\n\n\n20 August 2009\n14 November 2014\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\nI\n0.6%\n−8%[b]\n−20%[c]\n18 September 1998\n15 August 2002\n21 December 2017\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\n\n\n\n\n31 March 2005\n29 November 2016\n\n\n\n Burundi\n\n\n\n\n\n18 October 2001\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia\n\n\n\n\n\n22 August 2002\n17 November 2015\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n\n\n\n\n\n28 August 2002\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n\n\n\n\n\n10 February 2006\n\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n\n\n\n\n\n18 March 2008\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n\n\n\n\n\n18 August 2009\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n\n\n\n\n17 June 1998\n26 August 2002\n10 November 2015\n\n\n\n China\n\n\n\n\n29 May 1998\n30 August 2002\n2 June 2014\n Hong Kong: applied since 8 April 2003 Macao: applied since 14 January 2008\n\n\n Colombia\n\n\n\n\n\n30 November 2001\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n\n\n\n\n\n10 April 2008\n7 September 2014\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n\n\n\n\n\n23 March 2005\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n\n\n\n\n\n12 February 2007\n14 May 2015\n\n\n\n Cook Islands\n\n\n\n\n16 September 1998\n27 August 2001\n\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\n\n\n\n27 April 1998\n9 August 2002\n21 September 2016\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n\n\n\n\n\n23 April 2007\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\nI[h]\n-[i]\n−5%[b]\n−20%[c]\n11 March 1999\n27 April 2007\n21 December 2017\n\n\n\n Cuba\n\n\n\n\n15 March 1999\n30 April 2002\n28 December 2016\n\n\n\n Cyprus\nI[j]\n-[k]\nnone[l][m][b]\n−20%[c]\n\n16 July 1999\n10 December 2015\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\nI[n][h]\n1.2%\n−8%[b]\n−20%[c]\n23 November 1998\n15 November 2001\n21 December 2017\n\n\n\n Denmark\nI, II\n0.4%\n−8% (−21%)[b]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n21 December 2017\n Greenland: applied Faroe Islands: not applied\n\n\n Djibouti\n\n\n\n\n\n12 March 2002\n23 September 2014\n\n\n\n Dominica\n\n\n\n\n\n25 January 2005\n\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\n\n\n\n\n12 February 2002\n21 September 2016\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n\n\n\n\n15 January 1999\n13 January 2000\n20 April 2015\n\n\n\n Egypt\n\n\n\n\n15 March 1999\n12 January 2005\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n\n\n\n\n8 June 1998\n13 January 2000\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n\n\n\n\n\n16 August 2000\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n\n\n\n\n\n28 July 2005\n3 May 2018\n\n\n\n Estonia\nI\n0.3%\n−8%[b]\n−20%[c]\n3 December 1998\n14 October 2002\n21 December 2017\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n\n\n\n\n\n14 April 2005\n26 June 2015\n\n\n\n European Union[o]\nI, II\n[p]\n−8%[b]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n21 December 2017\nAll ratifications of the 15 then-EU-members and the EU itself were deposited simultaneously. For the purpose of satisfying the entry-into-force conditions, the EU's ratification was not counted.[7]\n\n\n Fiji\n\n\n\n\n17 September 1998\n17 September 1998\n19 September 2017\n\n\n\n Finland\nI, II\n0.4%\n−8% (0%)[b][q]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n16 November 2017\n\n\n\n France\nI, II\n2.7%\n−8% (0%)[b][q]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n30 November 2017\n French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion: applied French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, French Southern Territories, Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon: not applied\n\n\n Gabon\n\n\n\n\n\n12 December 2006\n1 December 2017\n\n\n\n Gambia\n\n\n\n\n\n1 June 2001\n7 November 2016\n\n\n\n Georgia\n\n\n\n\n\n16 June 1999\n\n\n\n\n Germany\nI, II\n7.4%\n−8% (−21%)[b]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n14 November 2017\n\n\n\n Ghana\n\n\n\n\n\n30 May 2003\n\n\n\n\n Greece\nI, II\n0.6%\n−8% (+25%)[b][a]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n21 December 2017\n\n\n\n Grenada\n\n\n\n\n\n6 August 2002\n1 April 2015\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n\n\n\n\n10 July 1998\n5 October 1999\n\n\n\n\n Guinea\n\n\n\n\n\n7 September 2000\n6 April 2016\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n\n\n\n\n\n18 November 2005\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n\n\n\n\n\n5 August 2003\n23 December 2014\n\n\n\n Haiti\n\n\n\n\n\n6 July 2005\n\n\n\n\n Honduras\n\n\n\n\n25 February 1999\n19 July 2000\n11 April 2014\n\n\n\n Hungary\nI\n0.5%\n−6%[b]\n−20%[c]\n\n21 August 2002\n1 October 2015\n\n\n\n Iceland\nI, II\n0.0%\n+10%[a]\n−20%[c]\n\n23 May 2002\n7 October 2015\n\n\n\n India\n\n\n\n\n\n26 August 2002\n8 August 2017\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n\n\n\n\n13 July 1998\n3 December 2004\n30 September 2014\n\n\n\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n\n22 August 2005\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n\n\n\n\n\n28 July 2009\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\nI, II\n0.2%\n−8% (+13%)[b][a]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n21 December 2017\n\n\n\n Israel\n\n\n\n\n16 December 1998\n15 March 2004\n\n\n\n\n Italy\nI, II\n3.1%\n−8% (−6.5%)[b]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n18 July 2016\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n\n\n\n\n\n28 June 1999\n\n\n\n\n Japan\nI, II\n8.5%\n−6%\nnone[r]\n28 April 1998\n4 June 2002\n\n\n\n\n Jordan\n\n\n\n\n\n17 January 2003\n\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nI (dec.)[n][s]\n-[k]\nnone[l][t]\n−5%\n12 March 1999\n19 June 2009\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n\n\n\n\n\n25 February 2005\n7 April 2014\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n\n\n\n\n\n7 September 2000\n11 February 2016\n\n\n\n North Korea\n\n\n\n\n\n27 April 2005\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n\n\n\n\n25 September 1998\n8 November 2002\n27 May 2015\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n\n\n\n\n\n11 March 2005\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\n\n\n\n\n13 May 2003\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n\n\n\n\n\n6 February 2003\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\nI\n0.2%\n−8%[b]\n−20%[c]\n14 December 1998\n5 July 2002\n21 December 2017\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n\n\n\n\n\n13 November 2006\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n\n\n\n\n\n6 September 2000\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n\n\n\n\n\n5 November 2002\n17 August 2015\n\n\n\n Libya\n\n\n\n\n\n24 August 2006\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\nI[h]\n0.0%\n−8%\n−16%\n29 June 1998\n3 December 2004\n23 February 2015\n\n\n\n Lithuania\nI\n-[i]\n−8%[b]\n−20%[c]\n21 September 1998\n3 January 2003\n22 November 2017\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\nI, II\n0.1%\n−8% (−28%)[b]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n21 September 2017\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n\n\n\n\n\n18 November 2004\n\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n\n\n\n\n\n24 September 2003\n1 October 2015\n\n\n\n Malawi\n\n\n\n\n\n26 October 2001\n29 June 2017\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n\n\n\n\n12 March 1999\n4 September 2002\n12 April 2017\n\n\n\n Maldives\n\n\n\n\n16 March 1998\n30 December 1998\n1 July 2015\n\n\n\n Mali\n\n\n\n\n27 January 1999\n28 March 2002\n7 December 2015\n\n\n\n Malta\nI[u]\n-[k]\nnone[l][m][b]\n−20%[c]\n17 April 1998\n11 November 2001\n21 December 2017\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n\n\n\n\n17 March 1998\n11 August 2003\n7 May 2015\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n\n\n\n\n\n22 July 2005\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n\n\n\n\n\n9 May 2001\n5 September 2013\n\n\n\n Mexico\n\n\n\n\n9 June 1998\n7 September 2000\n23 September 2014\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n\n\n\n\n17 March 1998\n21 June 1999\n19 February 2014\n\n\n\n Moldova\n\n\n\n\n\n22 April 2003\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\nI[n][h]\n0.0%\n−8%\n−22%\n29 April 1998\n27 February 2006\n27 December 2013\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n\n\n\n\n\n15 December 1999\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n\n\n\n\n\n4 June 2007\n\n\n\n\n Morocco\n\n\n\n\n\n25 January 2002\n5 September 2014\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n\n\n\n\n\n18 January 2005\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n\n\n\n\n\n13 August 2003\n19 September 2017\n\n\n\n Namibia\n\n\n\n\n\n4 September 2003\n17 February 2015\n\n\n\n Nauru\n\n\n\n\n\n16 August 2001\n1 December 2014\n\n\n\n Nepal\n\n\n\n\n\n16 September 2005\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands\nI, II\n1.2%\n−8% (−6%)[b]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n22 November 2017\n Aruba: not applied Curaçao: not applied Sint Maarten: not applied Caribbean Netherlands: not applied\n\n\n New Zealand[v]\nI, II\n0.2%\n0%[q]\nnone[r]\n22 May 1998\n19 December 2002\n30 November 2015\n Tokelau: not applied\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\n\n\n\n7 July 1998\n18 November 1999\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n\n\n\n\n23 October 1998\n30 September 2004\n1 August 2018\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n\n\n\n\n\n10 December 2004\n\n\n\n\n Niue\n\n\n\n\n8 December 1998\n6 May 1999\n\n\n\n\n Norway\nI, II\n0.3%\n+1%[a]\n−16%\n29 April 1998\n30 May 2002\n12 June 2014\n\n\n\n Oman\n\n\n\n\n\n19 January 2005\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n\n\n\n\n\n11 January 2005\n31 October 2017\n\n\n\n Palau\n\n\n\n\n\n10 December 1999\n10 March 2015\n\n\n\n Panama\n\n\n\n\n8 June 1998\n5 March 1999\n29 September 2015\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\n\n\n\n2 March 1999\n28 March 2002\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n\n\n\n\n25 August 1998\n27 August 1999\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n\n\n\n\n13 November 1998\n12 September 2002\n24 September 2014\n\n\n\n Philippines\n\n\n\n\n15 April 1998\n20 November 2003\n13 April 2016\n\n\n\n Poland\nI\n3.0%\n−6%[b]\n−20%[c]\n15 July 1998\n13 December 2002\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\nI, II\n0.3%\n−8% (+27%)[b][a]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n22 November 2017\n\n\n\n Qatar\n\n\n\n\n\n11 January 2005\n\n\n\n\n Romania\nI\n1.2%\n−8%[b]\n−20%[c]\n5 January 1999\n19 March 2001\n3 May 2016\n\n\n\n Russia\nI\n17.4%\n0%[q]\nnone[r]\n11 March 1999\n18 November 2004\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n\n\n\n\n\n22 July 2004\n20 November 2015\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n\n\n\n\n\n8 April 2008\n25 October 2016\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n\n\n\n\n16 March 1998\n20 August 2003\n\n\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n\n\n\n\n19 March 1998\n31 December 2004\n\n\n\n\n Samoa\n\n\n\n\n16 March 1998\n27 November 2000\n18 September 2015\n\n\n\n San Marino\n\n\n\n\n\n28 April 2010\n4 August 2015\n\n\n\n Sao Tome and Principe\n\n\n\n\n\n24 July 2008\n\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n\n\n\n\n\n31 January 2005\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n\n\n\n\n\n20 July 2001\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n\n\n\n\n\n24 September 2007\n30 June 2017\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n\n\n\n\n20 March 1998\n22 July 2002\n15 July 2015\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n\n\n\n\n\n10 November 2006\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n\n\n\n\n\n12 April 2006\n23 September 2014\n\n\n\n Slovakia\nI[n][h]\n0.4%\n−8%[b]\n−20%[c]\n26 February 1999\n31 May 2002\n16 November 2017\n\n\n\n Slovenia\nI[n][h]\n-[i]\n−8%[b]\n−20%[c]\n21 October 1998\n2 August 2002\n21 December 2017\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\n\n\n\n29 September 1998\n13 March 2003\n5 September 2014\n\n\n\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n\n26 July 2010\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n\n\n\n\n\n31 July 2002\n7 May 2015\n\n\n\n Spain\nI, II\n1.9%\n−8% (+15%)[b][a]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n14 November 2017\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\n\n\n\n\n3 September 2002\n2 December 2015\n\n\n\n Sudan\n\n\n\n\n\n2 November 2004\n3 February 2014\n\n\n\n Suriname\n\n\n\n\n\n25 September 2006\n\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n\n\n\n\n\n13 January 2006\n21 September 2016\n\n\n\n Sweden\nI, II\n0.4%\n−8% (+4%)[b][a]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n14 November 2017\n\n\n\n Switzerland\nI, II\n0.3%\n−8%\n−15.8%\n16 March 1998\n9 July 2003\n28 August 2015\n\n\n\n Syria\n\n\n\n\n\n27 January 2006\n\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\n\n\n\n\n5 January 2009\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n\n\n\n\n\n26 August 2002\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n\n\n\n\n2 February 1999\n28 August 2002\n1 September 2015\n\n\n\n Timor-Leste\n\n\n\n\n\n14 October 2008\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n\n\n\n\n\n2 July 2004\n\n\n\n\n Tonga\n\n\n\n\n\n14 January 2008\n\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n\n\n\n\n7 January 1999\n28 January 1999\n6 August 2015\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n\n\n\n\n\n22 January 2003\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\nI[w]\n-[d]\nnone[e]\nnone\n\n28 May 2009\n\n[49][50][51]\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n\n\n\n\n28 September 1998\n11 January 1999\n\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n\n\n\n\n16 November 1998\n16 November 1998\n4 December 2014\n\n\n\n Uganda\n\n\n\n\n\n25 March 2002\n8 July 2015\n\n\n\n Ukraine\nI\n-[i]\n0%[q]\n−24%\n15 March 1999\n12 April 2004\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\n\n\n\n\n26 January 2005\n26 April 2013\n\n\n\n United Kingdom\nI, II\n4.3%\n−8% (−12.5%)[b]\n−20%[c]\n29 April 1998\n31 May 2002\n17 November 2017\nGuernsey and Isle of Man, applied since 4 April 2005; Gibraltar, since 2 January 2007; Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Jersey, since 7 March 2007. Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Turks and Caicos Islands or the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia: not applied\n\n\n Uruguay\n\n\n\n\n29 July 1998\n5 February 2001\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\n\n\n\n20 November 1998\n12 October 1999\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n\n\n\n\n\n17 July 2001\n15 March 2018\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n\n\n\n\n\n18 February 2005\n1 March 2018\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n\n\n\n\n3 December 1998\n25 September 2002\n22 June 2015\n\n\n\n Yemen\n\n\n\n\n\n15 September 2004\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n\n\n\n\n5 August 1998\n7 July 2006\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n\n\n\n\n\n30 June 2009\n20 April 2016\n\n\n\nTotals\nI: 38 + EUII: 21+EU\n33 (63.9%)\n-%: 31 (24) 0%: 3 (5) +%: 3 (8)\n\n\n192 (incl. EU)\n114\n\n"
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"29 April 1998"
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-505315125008276430 | Justice League | Justice League - wikipedia Justice League Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Justice League ( disambiguation ) . Justice League Pictured clockwise , from top right : Green Lantern Simon Baz , Cyborg , Flash , Wonder Woman , Superman , Batman , Aquaman , and Green Lantern Jessica Cruz . Art by Jason Fabok and Alex Sinclair . Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance The Brave and the Bold # 28 ( March 1960 ) Created by Gardner Fox In - story information Base ( s ) The Hall Watchtower The Refuge JLI Embassies Detroit Bunker Satellite Secret Sanctuary Member ( s ) Justice League Superman Batman Wonder Woman Flash Cyborg Green Lantern ( Simon Baz ) Green Lantern ( Jessica Cruz ) Mera Aquaman Green Arrow ( `` Satellite '' member ) Justice League of America Batman Black Canary Vixen The Ray Lobo Frost The Atom Roster See : List of Justice League members The Justice League is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The Justice League was conceived by writer Gardner Fox and first appeared as a team in The Brave and the Bold # 28 ( March 1960 ) . The team is an assemblage of superheroes who join together as the Justice League . The seven original members were Superman , Aquaman , Flash , Green Lantern , Martian Manhunter , Batman , and Wonder Woman . The team roster has rotated throughout the years , consisting of many superheroes from the DC Universe , such as Atom , Black Canary , Green Arrow , Hawkgirl , Hawkman , Plastic Man , Stargirl , Shazam , Cyborg , and Zatanna , among others . The Justice League received its own comic book title called Justice League of America in November 1960 . With the 2011 relaunch , DC Comics released a second volume of Justice League . In July 2016 , the DC Rebirth initiative again relaunched the Justice League comic book titles with the third volume of Justice League . Since its inception , the team has been featured in various television programs and video games and is set to appear in the live action film of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Various origins of the Justice League 1.1. 1 Justice League 1.2 Antagonists 1.3 Related series 1.3. 1 Formerly Known as the Justice League 1.3. 2 JLA / Avengers 1.3. 3 JLA : Classified 1.3. 4 Justice 1.3. 5 Justice League : Cry for Justice 1.3. 6 JLA / The 99 2 Publication history 2.1 Golden Age 2.2 Silver and Bronze Age 2.2. 1 Satellite years 2.2. 2 Detroit 2.3 Modern incarnations 2.3. 1 Justice League International 2.3. 2 JLA 2.3. 3 52 2.3. 4 Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) 2.3. 5 The New 52 2.3. 6 DC Rebirth 3 Cultural impact 3.1 Awards 4 In other media 4.1 Movies 4.1. 1 Justice League : The New Frontier 4.1. 2 Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths 4.1. 3 Justice League : Doom 4.1. 4 Justice League : Gods and Monsters 4.1. 5 Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox 4.1. 6 Justice League ( 2017 ) 4.1. 7 DC Animated Movie Universe 4.1. 7.1 Justice League : War 4.1. 7.2 Justice League : Throne of Atlantis 4.1. 7.3 Justice League vs. Teen Titans 4.1. 7.4 Justice League Dark 4.2 TV shows 4.2. 1 Super Friends 4.2. 2 Justice League ( 2001 ) 4.2. 3 Justice League : Action 5 Attractions 6 Collected editions 6.1 Silver Age Justice League of America 6.2 Justice League / Justice League International / Justice League America ( 1987 -- 1996 ) 6.3 JLA ( 1997 -- 2006 ) 6.4 Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) ( 2006 -- 2011 ) 6.5 The New 52 Justice League ( vol. 2 ) ( 2011 -- 2016 ) 6.6 The New 52 Justice League of America ( vol. 3 ) ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 6.7 DC Rebirth Justice League ( vol. 3 ) ( 2016 -- present ) 6.8 Miscellaneous reprints 7 See also 7.1 Affiliations and spin - off groups 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The seven original members of the Justice League pictured from left to right : Green Lantern , Flash , Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Aquaman , and Martian Manhunter . Art by Alex Ross . Various comic book series featuring the Justice League have remained generally popular with fans since inception and , in most incarnations , its roster includes DC 's most popular characters . The Justice League concept has also been adapted into various other entertainment media , including various forms of television from the classic Saturday morning Super Friends animated series ( 1973 -- 1986 ) , an unproduced Justice League of America live - action series ( for which the pilot film exists ) , the acclaimed Justice League animated series ( 2001 -- 2004 ) , its sequel Justice League Unlimited ( 2004 -- 2006 ) , and the current Justice League Action ( 2016 -- present ) . A live - action film was also in the works around 2008 before being shelved . On June 6 , 2012 , Warner Bros. announced a new live action Justice League film was in development with Will Beall hired as screenwriter . However , the project was scrapped again . After the success of the Superman reboot Man of Steel , a film titled Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice was released in March 2016 , directed by Zack Snyder . Batman v Superman script writer Chris Terrio has also penned the script for Justice League . Various Origins of the Justice League ( edit ) In a story told in flashback in Justice League of America # 9 ( February 1962 ) , the Appelaxians infiltrated Earth . Competing alien warriors were sent to see who could conquer Earth first , to determine who will become the new ruler of their home planet . The aliens ' attacks drew the attentions of Aquaman , Batman , Flash ( Barry Allen ) , Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) , Martian Manhunter , Superman , and Wonder Woman . While the superheroes individually defeated most of the invaders , the heroes fell prey to a single competitor 's attack ; only by working together were they able to defeat the competitor . For many years , the heroes heralded this adventure as the event that prompted them to agree to pool resources when confronted with similar menaces . In Justice League of America # 144 ( July 1977 ) , Green Arrow uncovered inconsistencies in the team 's records and extracted admissions from his colleagues that the seven founders had actually formed the League after Martian Manhunter was rescued from Martian forces by the other six founders , along with several other heroes including Robin , Robotman , Congorilla , Rex the Wonder Dog , and even Lois Lane . The team 's expansion in numbers . Pictured from left to right : Batman , Wonder Woman , Superman , the Atom , Black Canary , Green Arrow , Martian Manhunter , Elongated Man , Hawkgirl , Green Lantern , Hawkman , the Flash , Aquaman , Zatanna , and Red Tornado . Art by Alex Ross . Green Lantern participated in this first adventure solely as Hal Jordan , as he had yet to become the costumed hero , the biggest inconsistency Arrow found , as they celebrated the earlier incident 's date , while recounting only the later one 's events . When the group formalized their agreement , they suppressed news of it because of anti-Martian hysteria . Because the heroes had not revealed their identities to each other at the time , they did not realize that Jordan and Green Lantern were one and the same when he turned up in costume during the event described in # 9 . While most subsequent accounts of the League have made little mention of this first adventure , the animated Justice League series adapted this tale as the origin of the Justice League as well . Secret Origins vol. 2 , # 32 ( Nov. 1988 ) updated Justice League of America # 9 's origin for post-Crisis continuity . Differences included the inclusion of the Silver Age Black Canary as a founding member and the absence of Batman , Wonder Woman and Superman . The JLA : Year One limited series , by Mark Waid , Brian Augustyn and Barry Kitson , further expanded the Secret Origins depiction . In Justice League Task Force # 16 ( Sept. 1994 ) , during Zero Hour , a then unknown superhuman named Triumph appeared . Triumph was revealed to have been a founding member of the Justice League and was their leader . On his first mission with the Justice League , Triumph seemingly `` saved the world '' but was teleported into a dimensional limbo that also affected the timestream , erasing all memory of him . In Infinite Crisis # 7 ( June 2006 ) , the formation of `` New Earth '' ( the new name for the post-Crisis Earth ) restored Wonder Woman as a founding member of the Justice League . In Brad Meltzer 's Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 0 ( September 2006 ) , it was revealed that Superman and Batman were again founding members as well . 52 # 51 ( June 2007 ) confirmed that the 1989 Secret Origins and JLA : Year One origins were still in continuity at that time , with Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman joining the team with founding members ' status shortly after the group 's formation with Aquaman , Black Canary , Flash , Green Lantern and Martian Manhunter . In Justice League of America # 12 ( October 2007 ) , the founding members of the Justice League were shown to be Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) , Flash ( Barry Allen ) , Aquaman , and the Martian Manhunter . With DC 's history rewritten due to the Flashpoint limited series , an entirely new origin for the Justice League appeared in the subsequent Justice League series which debuted with an October 2011 cover date as part of the company - wide event , The New 52 . Issue # 1 portrayed the first meeting between Batman and Hal Jordan , with the two encountering each other during a battle against a Parademon in Gotham City . After realizing the creature is extraterrestrial in origin , the two heroes head to Metropolis to seek out Superman only to be attacked by him . Later , after a brief fight in which the Flash arrives and Batman convinces Superman they are on the same side , they move to an abandoned building to work on analyzing a mysterious alien box , when it suddenly activates and more Parademons arrive . While fighting the Parademons , Aquaman and Wonder Woman appear and join forces with the other heroes . The mysterious box leads to Darkseid 's arrival on Earth , and the heroes come together , along with the newcomer Cyborg , to defeat him . The public becomes enamored with the heroes , and a writer dubs the group the `` Justice League '' , following the Flash 's suggestion of `` Super Seven '' . Justice League ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes New 52 Justice League The Justice League was rebooted in 2011 . Aquaman Orin / Arthur Curry Justice League Vol. 2 # 6 Founding member Batman Bruce Wayne Cyborg Victor Stone Flash Barry Allen Green Lantern Hal Jordan Superman Clark Kent / Kal - El Wonder Woman Princess Diana Martian Manhunter J'onn J'onzz / John Jones Between Justice League Vol. 2 # 6 and Justice League Vol. 2 # 7 Joined but later attacked the Justice League and left , as noted in Justice League vol. 2 # 8 . Former member of Stormwatch . Former member of the Justice League of America . The Atom Rhonda Pineda Justice League Vol. 2 # 18 Revealed in Justice League Vol. 2 # 23 to actually be a member of the Crime Syndicate of America , a spy posing as a member of the Justice League . Died in Forever Evil # 7 . Element Woman Emily Sung Left after Forever Evil # 7 Firestorm Ronnie Raymond and Jason Rusch Shazam Billy Batson Justice League Vol. 2 # 31 No longer a member after the DC Rebirth event Lex Luthor Lex Luthor Justice League Vol. 2 # 33 Captain Cold Leonard Snart Green Lantern Jessica Cruz Justice League Vol. 2 # 35 Left the team in Justice League Vol. 3 # 8 but returned in Vol. 3 # 11 Green Lantern Simon Baz Green Lanterns : Rebirth # 1 Former member of the Justice League of America . Black Canary Dinah Laurel Lance Justice League of America : Rebirth # 1 Founding members of the Justice League of America . The Ray Ray Terril Vixen Mari McCabe Killer Frost Caitlin Snow Lobo The Atom Ryan Choi Mera Justice League Vol. 3 # 24 Former member of the Justice League United Antagonists ( edit ) Main article : List of Justice League enemies The Justice League often unite to face supervillains who pose catastrophic challenges to the world . Related series ( edit ) Throughout the years , various incarnations or subsections of the team have operated as Justice League Dark , Justice League Europe , Justice League International , Justice League Task Force , Justice League Elite , Justice League United , and Extreme Justice . Formerly known as the Justice League ( edit ) Main article : Super Buddies In 2003 , Giffen , DeMatteis , and Maguire returned with a separate limited series called Formerly Known as the Justice League with the same humor as their Justice League run , and featuring some of the same characters in a team called the `` Super Buddies '' ( a parody of the Super Friends ) . A follow - up limited series , entitled I Ca n't Believe It 's Not the Justice League , soon was prepared , although it was delayed due to the events shown in the Identity Crisis limited series , but was eventually released as the second arc in JLA : Classified . The Super Buddies consisted of Blue Beetle , Booster Gold , Captain Atom , Fire , Mary Marvel , the Elongated Man with his wife , Sue Dibny , Maxwell Lord , and L - Ron . The second story arc of JLA : Classified focuses on the Super Buddies in a humorous story that features Power Girl , Guy Gardner , with and associated by Doctor Fate . JLA / Avengers ( edit ) Main article : JLA / Avengers In 2003 -- 2004 , George Pérez and Kurt Busiek produced a JLA / Avengers crossover , an idea that had been delayed for 20 years for various reasons . In this limited series , the Justice League and Marvel Comics ' superhero team the Avengers were forced to find key artifacts in one another 's universe , as well as deal with the threats of villains Krona and the Grandmaster . JLA : Classified ( edit ) Cover of JLA : Classified # 1 ( January 2005 ) . Art by Ed McGuinness In 2004 , DC began an anthology series titled JLA : Classified , which would feature rotating writers and artists producing self - contained story - arcs and aborted mini-series projects that were reappropriated for publication within the pages of the series , starring the JLA . While the bulk of the stories took place within the continuity of the series ( circa JLA # 76 -- 113 ) some of the stories take place outside of regular DC Universe canon . The series was canceled as of issue # 54 ( May 2008 ) . Justice ( edit ) Main article : Justice ( DC Comics ) In October 2005 , DC began publishing the 12 - issue miniseries Justice by writer Jim Krueger , writer / illustrator Alex Ross , and artist Doug Braithwaite . The story , which takes place outside regular DC continuity , has Lex Luthor assembling the Legion of Doom after he and several other villains begin to have nightmares about the end of the world and the failure of the Justice League to prevent the apocalypse . As the Legion begins engaging in unprecedented humanitarian deeds throughout the world , they also launch a series of attacks on the Justice League and their families . The threat that the Legion was warned about destroying the Earth turns out to be caused by Brainiac , who seeks to destroy Earth during the chaos . Justice League : cry for Justice ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : Cry for Justice Originally planned as an ongoing title , Justice League : Cry For Justice is a mini-series created by writer James Robinson and artist Mauro Cascioli . The mini-series , set after the events of Final Crisis , has Hal Jordan leaving the League following the deaths of Batman and Martian Manhunter , as their deaths have caused Hal to seek a more proactive manner of dealing with super-villains . Hal , along with Green Arrow , and later joined by Supergirl , Captain Marvel Jr. , and Batwoman are then recruited by Ray Palmer to investigate a murder of a former colleague that had been carried out on orders from Prometheus . This ties into another string of murders , bringing Starman Mikaal Tomas and Congorilla together as their investigation of the murders of several European super-heroes are also revealed to be the work of Prometheus . With help from the Hawkman villain I.Q. , Prometheus plans on creating the ultimate weapon in mass murder , a massive doomsday device which he plans on using to destroy entire cities , as part of his revenge scheme against the JLA for lobotomizing him . Disguised as Captain Marvel Jr. , Prometheus maims Roy Harper and brutally injures JLA members Dr. Light II , Vixen , and Plastic Man while using the JLA Satellite to activate his doomsday device , which destroys Star City , killing 90,000 innocent civilians , including Roy Harper 's young daughter Lian . Prometheus ultimately extorts his freedom from the League in exchange for the codes that will shut down his weapon , much to the horror of the JLA members . Green Arrow ( with help from reformed villain the Shade ) , tracks Prometheus down and kills him by firing an arrow into his head . The mini-series leads directly into the formation of a brand new JLA roster with Green Lantern Hal Jordan , Donna Troy , Dick Grayson as Batman , Doctor Light ( Kimiyo Hoshi ) , Mon - El , Cyborg , Starfire , Congorilla , Guardian , and Mikaal Tomas . JLA / the 99 ( edit ) Main article : JLA / The 99 Launching in October 2010 , JLA / The 99 was a crossover mini-series featuring the Justice League teaming up with the heroes of Teshkeel Comics ' The 99 series . The JLA consisted of Batman , Superman , Wonder Woman , Green Lantern ( John Stewart ) , The Flash ( Barry Allen ) , The Atom ( Ray Palmer ) , Doctor Light ( Kimiyo Hoshi ) , Hawkman , and Firestorm ( Jason Rusch ) . Publication history ( edit ) Golden Age ( edit ) Main article : Golden Age of Comic Books Justice League of America Cover for Justice League of America # 1 ( October 1960 ) . Art by Murphy Anderson Publication information Publisher DC Comics Schedule List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Bimonthly : # 1 -- 8 ; # 105 -- 116 Eight times a year : # 9 -- 32 ; # 96 -- 104 Nine times a year : # 33 -- 95 Monthly : # 117 -- 261 ( vol. 2 - 5 ) Monthly Format Ongoing Genre Superhero Publication date List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) November -- December 1960 -- April 1987 ( vol. 2 ) September 2006 - October 2011 ( vol. 3 ) April 2013 - July 2014 ( vol. 4 ) August 2015 -- September 2016 ( vol. 5 ) April 2017 -- present No. of issues List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) 261 and 3 Annuals ( vol. 2 ) 61 ( # 1 -- 60 plus # 0 ) ( vol. 3 ) 14 ( vol. 4 ) 9 ( vol. 5 ) 3 ( as of May cover date ) 5 DC Rebirth one - shots Creative team Created by Gardner Fox Mike Sekowsky Written by List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Gardner Fox Dennis O'Neil Len Wein Steve Englehart Gerry Conway J.M. DeMatteis ( vol. 2 ) Brad Meltzer Dwayne McDuffie James Robinson ( vol. 3 ) Geoff Johns Matt Kindt ( vol. 4 ) Bryan Hitch ( vol. 5 ) Steve Orlando Penciller ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Mike Sekowsky Dick Dillin George Pérez Don Heck Chuck Patton Luke McDonnell ( vol. 2 ) Ed Benes Mark Bagley Daniel Sampere ( vol. 3 ) David Finch Brett Booth Doug Mahnke Eddy Barrows ( vol. 4 ) Bryan Hitch ( vol. 5 ) Ivan Reis Joe Prado Inker ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Sid Greene Dick Giordano Frank McLaughlin Romeo Tanghal Mike Machlan Bill Wray ( vol. 2 ) Sandra Hope Rob Hunter Wayne Faucher ( vol. 3 ) Norm Rapmund Christian Alamy ( vol. 4 ) Daniel Henriques Colorist ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Carl Gafford Gene D'Angelo ( vol. 2 ) Alex Sinclair Pete Pantazis Andrew Dalhouse ( vol. 3 ) Sonia Oback Chris Sotomayor ( vol. 4 ) Alex Sinclair Having successfully reintroduced a number of DC Comics ' ( then known as National Periodical Publications ) Golden Age superhero characters ( Flash , Green Lantern , etc . ) during the late 1950s , editor Julius Schwartz asked writer Gardner Fox to reintroduce the Justice Society of America . Schwartz , influenced by the popularity of Major League Baseball 's National League and American League , decided to change the name of the team from Justice Society to Justice League . The Justice League of America debuted in The Brave and the Bold # 28 ( March 1960 ) , and after two further appearances in that title , got their own series which quickly became one of the company 's best - selling titles . Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky were the creative team for the title 's first eight years . Sekowsky 's last issue was # 63 ( June 1968 ) and Fox departed with # 65 ( September 1968 ) . Schwartz was the new title 's editor and oversaw it until 1979 . Silver and bronze Age ( edit ) Main articles : Silver Age of Comic Books and Bronze Age of Comic Books The Justice League debuted in The Brave and the Bold # 28 ( 1960 ) . Art by Mike Sekowsky and Murphy Anderson . The initial Justice League lineup included seven of DC Comics ' superheroes who were regularly published at that time : Superman , Batman , Aquaman , Flash , Green Lantern , Martian Manhunter , and Wonder Woman . Rarely featured in most of the stories , Superman and Batman did not even appear on the cover most of the time . Three of DC 's other surviving or revived characters , Green Arrow , the Atom , and Hawkman were added to the roster over the next four years . The Justice League operated from a secret cave outside of the small town of Happy Harbor , Rhode Island . A teenager named Lucas `` Snapper '' Carr tagged along on missions , becoming both the team 's mascot and an official member . Snapper , noted for speaking in beatnik dialect and snapping his fingers , helped the group defeat the giant space starfish Starro the Conqueror in the team 's first appearance . The supervillain Doctor Light first battled the team in issue # 12 ( June 1962 ) . Justice League of America # 21 and # 22 ( August -- September 1963 ) saw the first team - up of the Justice League and the Justice Society of America as well as the first use of the term `` Crisis '' in reference to a crossover between characters . The following year 's team - up with the Justice Society introduced the threat of the Crime Syndicate of America of Earth - Three . The character Metamorpho was offered membership in the Justice League but declined . Following the departures of Gardner Fox and Mike Sekowsky , writer Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin became the new creative team . Dillin would draw the title from issue # 64 ( August 1968 ) through # 183 ( October 1980 ) . O'Neil reshaped the Justice League 's membership by removing Wonder Woman in issue # 69 and the Martian Manhunter in issue # 71 . Following the JLA -- JSA team - up in issues # 73 -- 74 and the death of her husband , the Black Canary decided to move to Earth - One to make a fresh start , where she joins the Justice League . The following issue saw the character develop the superpower known as her `` canary cry '' . In issue # 77 ( December 1969 ) , Snapper Carr is tricked into betraying the cave headquarters ' secret location to the Joker , resulting in his resignation from the team . Satellite years ( edit ) Main article : Justice League Satellite In need of a new secure headquarters , the Justice League moved into an orbiting satellite headquarters in Justice League of America # 78 ( February 1970 ) . The Elongated Man , the Red Tornado , Hawkgirl , Zatanna , and Firestorm joined the team , and Wonder Woman returned during this period . Len Wein wrote issues # 100 -- 114 , in which he and Dillin re-introduced the Seven Soldiers of Victory in issues # 100 -- 102 and the Freedom Fighters in issues # 107 -- 108 . In the fall of 1972 , Wein and writers Gerry Conway and Steve Englehart crafted a metafictional unofficial crossover spanning titles from both Marvel and DC . Each comic featured Englehart , Conway , and Wein , as well as Wein 's first wife Glynis , interacting with Marvel or DC characters at the Rutland Halloween Parade in Rutland , Vermont . Beginning in Amazing Adventures # 16 ( by Englehart with art by Bob Brown and Frank McLaughlin ) , the story continued in Justice League of America # 103 ( by Wein , Dillin and Dick Giordano ) , and concluded in Thor # 207 ( by Conway and penciler John Buscema ) . As Englehart explained in 2010 , `` It certainly seemed like a radical concept and we knew that we had to be subtle ( laughs ) and each story had to stand on its own , but we really worked it out . It 's really worthwhile to read those stories back to back to back -- it did n't matter to us that one was at DC and two were at Marvel -- I think it was us being creative , thinking what would be really cool to do . '' Justice League of America # 103 also featured the Justice League offering membership to the Phantom Stranger . Len Wein commented on the Phantom Stranger 's relationship with the JLA in a 2012 interview stating that the character `` only sort of joined . He was offered membership but vanished , as per usual , without actually accepting the offer . Over the years , other writers have just assumed ( he ) was a member , but in my world , he never really said yes . '' Issues # 110 ( March -- April 1974 ) to # 116 ( March -- April 1975 ) of the series were in the 100 Page Super Spectacular format . Libra , a supervillain created by Wein and Dillin in Justice League of America # 111 ( May -- June 1974 ) , would play a leading role in Grant Morrison 's Final Crisis storyline in 2008 . Writers Cary Bates and Elliot S. Maggin wrote themselves into the 1975 JLA -- JSA crossover in issues # 123 and 124 with Bates becoming a supervillain . Wonder Woman rejoined the team following a major two - year story arc , largely written by Martin Pasko . To prove her worthiness to rejoin the JLA , Wonder Woman voluntarily underwent twelve trials analogous to the labors of Hercules , each of which was monitored in secret by a member of the JLA . After the conclusion of the storyline in Wonder Woman # 222 , the character 's return to the JLA occurred in a two - part story in Justice League of America # 128 -- 129 ( March -- April 1976 ) . Steve Englehart wrote the series beginning with issue # 139 and provided another unofficial crossover with Marvel Comics in issue # 142 by reworking his character Mantis into the DC Universe as a character named `` Willow '' . Englehart left the title with issue # 150 . From issue # 139 to # 157 the issues were giant sized . Writer Gerry Conway had a lengthy association with the title as well . His first JLA story appeared in issue # 125 ( December 1975 ) and he became the series ' regular writer with issue # 151 ( February 1978 ) . With a few exceptions , Conway would write the team 's adventures until issue # 255 ( October 1986 ) . Julius Schwartz , who had edited the title since the first issue , left the series with issue # 165 ( April 1979 ) . The 1979 crossover with the Justice Society in issues # 171 and 172 saw the death of the original Mister Terrific . After Dick Dillin 's death , George Pérez , Don Heck , and Rich Buckler would rotate as artist on the title . The double - sized anniversary issue # 200 ( March 1982 ) was a `` jam '' featuring a story written by Conway , a framing sequence drawn by Pérez , and chapters drawn by Pat Broderick , Jim Aparo , Dick Giordano , Gil Kane , Carmine Infantino , Brian Bolland , and Joe Kubert . Bolland 's chapter gave the artist his `` first stab at drawing Batman . '' Pérez would leave the title with issue # 200 to concentrate on The New Teen Titans although he would contribute covers to the JLA through issue # 220 ( November 1983 ) . The 1982 team - up with the Justice Society in issues # 207 -- 209 crossed over with All - Star Squadron # 14 -- 15 . A Justice League story by Gerry Conway and Rich Buckler originally intended for publication as an issue of All - New Collectors ' Edition saw print in Justice League of America # 210 -- 212 ( January -- March 1983 ) . Detroit ( edit ) Seeking to capitalize on the popularity of their other team books , which focused upon heroes in their late teens / early 20s , Gerry Conway and artist Chuck Patton revamped the Justice League series . After most of the original heroes fail to help fend off an invasion of Martians , Aquaman dissolves the League and rewrites its charter to allow only heroes who will devote their full - time to the roster . The new team initially consists of Aquaman , Zatanna , Martian Manhunter , Elongated Man , the Vixen , and a trio of teenage heroes Gypsy , Steel , and Vibe . Aquaman leaves the team after a year , due to resolving marital problems , and his role as leader is assumed by the Martian Manhunter . The final storyline for the original Justice League of America series ( # 258 -- 261 ) , by writer J.M. DeMatteis and artist Luke McDonnell , concludes with the murders of Vibe and Steel at the hands of robots created by long - time League nemesis Professor Ivo , and the resignations of Vixen , Gypsy , and the Elongated Man during the events of DC 's Legends miniseries , which sees the team disband . Modern incarnations ( edit ) Main article : Modern Age of Comic Books Justice League International ( edit ) Main articles : Justice League International and Justice League Europe The 1986 company - wide crossover `` Legends '' concluded with the formation of a new Justice League . The new team was dubbed `` Justice League '' then `` Justice League International '' ( JLI ) and was given a mandate with less of an American focus . The new series , written by Keith Giffen and J.M. DeMatteis with art by Kevin Maguire ( and later Adam Hughes ) , added quirky humor to the team 's stories . In this incarnation , the membership consisted partly of heroes from Earths that , prior to their merging in the Crisis on Infinite Earths , were separate . The initial team included Batman , Black Canary , Blue Beetle , Captain Marvel , Doctor Light ( a new Japanese female character , emerging from the Crisis of Infinite Earths , not the supervillain who had appeared previously ) , Doctor Fate , Martian Manhunter , Mister Miracle , and Guy Gardner ; and soon after inception , adds Booster Gold , Captain Atom , Fire ( then known as the Global Guardians ' Green Flame ) , Ice ( then known as the Global Guardians ' Icemaiden ) , and two Rocket Reds ( one was a Manhunter spy , and one was Dimitri Pushkin ) . The Giffen / DeMatteis team worked on Justice League for five years and closed out their run with the `` Breakdowns '' storyline in 1991 and 1992 . The series ' humorous tone and high level of characterization proved very popular . After Giffen and DeMatteis ' departure . DC created numerous spin - off titles . In 1996 , the series was canceled , along with spinoffs Justice League Europe , Extreme Justice , and Justice League Task Force . JLA ( edit ) Main article : JLA ( comic book ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The low sales of the various Justice League spinoff books prompted DC to revamp the League as a single team ( all the branch teams were disbanded ) on a single title . A Justice League of America formed in the September 1996 limited series Justice League : A Midsummer 's Nightmare by Mark Waid and Fabian Nicieza , which reunited the `` Original Seven '' of the League for the first time since Crisis on Infinite Earths . In 1997 , DC Comics launched a new Justice League series titled JLA , written by Grant Morrison with art by Howard Porter and inker John Dell . Morrison introduced the idea of the JLA allegorically representing a pantheon of gods , with their different powers and personalities , incorporating such characters as Zauriel , Big Barda , Orion , Huntress , Oracle ( Barbara Gordon ) , Steel ( John Henry Irons ) , and Plastic Man . He also had Aztek , Tomorrow Woman , and Green Arrow ( Connor Hawke ) as temporaries . Morrison revamped the League 's Rogues Gallery by introducing new powerful adversaries for them to face . These include ; White Martians , Renegade Angels , a new incarnation of the Injustice Gang led by Lex Luthor , and the Key . Other foes were the new villain Prometheus , the existing JLA villain Starro the Conqueror , `` The Ultra-Marines '' , and a futuristic Darkseid . During the 2005 -- 2006 event `` Infinite Crisis '' , the series ended as Green Arrow struggled in vain to keep the League afloat . ( JLA # 120 -- 125 ) 52 ( edit ) Main article : 52 ( comics ) In 52 Week 24 , Firestorm recruits a group to reform the Justice League . It consists of Firehawk , Super-Chief , Bulleteer , and Ambush Bug . They fight a deranged Skeets who takes Super-Chief's powers , killing him and numerous people who had received powers through Lex Luthor 's Everyman Project . Afterward , Firestorm breaks up the team . Also in the series , Luthor 's new Infinity , Inc. was informally referred to as a `` Justice League '' in solicitations and on covers . Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Variant cover of Justice League of America vol. 2 , # 1 . Art by Michael Turner . One year after the events of Infinite Crisis , Superman , Batman , and Wonder Woman reunite in the Batcave to re-form the League in Justice League of America # 0 , the kick - off for a new series by Brad Meltzer and Ed Benes . The series featured a roster which included Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) , Black Canary , Red Arrow ( Green Arrow 's former sidekick ) , Red Tornado , Vixen , Black Lightning , and Hawkgirl . The first arc of the series focused upon Red Tornado and pitted the team against a new intelligent incarnation of Solomon Grundy and the rebuilt Amazo . The new incarnation of the team has two main headquarters , linked by a transporter . At the first site is the Hall , which in the mainstream DC Universe is a refurnished version of the Justice Society of America and the All - Star Squadron 's former headquarters located in Washington , D.C. . Black Canary is elected as the first official Chairperson after the fight against Amazo and Solomon Grundy , and led both the Justice League and Justice Society in a complex quest to reunite time - lost members of the pre-Crisis Legion of Super-Heroes , who had been sent back in time to free both Bart Allen and Flash from the other dimensional realm of the Speed Force . Meltzer left the series at the end of issue # 12 , with one of his subplots ( Per Degaton , a pre-nuclear fire mutation version of Despero , and a circa 1948 version of the Ultra-Humanite gathering for an unknown plot ) resolved in the pages of Booster Gold . Dwayne McDuffie took over the writing job with the Justice League Anniversary Special and the main book with issue # 13 . Due to DC Comics seeking to launch a spin - off Justice League book led by Hal Jordan , the character was removed from the main League series and replaced by John Stewart . Firestorm also joined the roster , with the series entering into a series of tie - in storylines towards Countdown to Final Crisis , with the arrest of a large number of supervillains ( gathered by Lex Luthor and Deathstroke to attack the League on the eve of the wedding of Black Canary and Green Arrow ) setting up the Salvation Run tie - in miniseries . Also , roster members Red Tornado and Geo - Force were written out . Jordan was restored to the roster by issue # 19 of the series , only to be removed once again by issue # 31 . Issue # 21 saw the return of Libra and the Human Flame , setting up their appearances in Final Crisis . Later issues would resolve issues involving Vixen 's power level increase and see the integration of the Milestone Comics characters the Shadow Cabinet and Icon , who fought the Justice League over the remains of the villainous Doctor Light . The group suffered greater losses during Final Crisis with the deaths of Martian Manhunter and Batman , as well as the resignations of Superman and Wonder Woman , who could no longer devote themselves full - time to the League due to the events of the New Krypton and Rise of the Olympian storylines in their respective titles . Hal Jordan would resign as well , clearing the way for John Stewart 's return to the team . Black Canary found herself declaring the League no more , though the group would continue with Canary taking a secondary role . Her last act as leader was to assign John Stewart and Firestorm the task of hunting down the Human Flame , for his part in the murder of Martian Manhunter , as seen in the Final Crisis Aftermath : Run ! miniseries . Vixen would take over the team , with Plastic Man rejoining the group . Len Wein wrote a three - part fill - in story for Justice League of America that ran from # 35 to # 37 . McDuffie was fired from the title before he could return , after discussion postings to the DC Comics message board , detailing behind - the - scenes creative decisions on his run , which were republished in the rumor column `` Lying In The Gutter '' . James Robinson was announced as the new Justice League of America writer . Wein 's fill - in run would be published as Justice League : Cry For Justice neared its conclusion , as Vixen and Black Canary 's group ( sans John Stewart ) would confront Hal Jordan and Green Arrow 's makeshift Justice League group , which had stumbled upon a plot by the villain Prometheus that had resulted in much death and carnage . During the confrontation over Jordan 's group using torture to extract information from the villains being blackmailed into carrying out Prometheus ' plan , both Roy Harper and Supergirl would discover that one of Jordan 's heroes , Captain Marvel Jr. , was really Prometheus in disguise . In the ensuing battle , the League would suffer horrible losses : Roy Harper was maimed and his daughter Lian and hundreds of thousands of people in Star City would be killed by a doomsday device a Prometheus had activated . Vixen would have her leg broken and Plastic Man would have his powers permanently scrambled , making him a slowly disintegrating puddle creature . To save other cities from being destroyed like Star City , the League reluctantly allowed Prometheus to go free . Green Arrow ( with help from the Shade ) would later track down and kill Prometheus . Following the events of `` Blackest Night '' , Hal Jordan and Donna Troy begin the task of rebuilding the League , with Green Arrow , the Atom , Batman , Mon - El , Donna , Cyborg , Doctor Light , Starfire , Congorilla , and the Guardian . At the end of issue # 43 , the majority of the new members leave . Mon - El and the Guardian leave after Mon - El returns to the future , Black Canary returns to the Birds of Prey , Starfire leaves to join the R.E.B.E.L.S. , Green Lantern leaves to locate the other Lantern Corps Entities , and Green Arrow is forced to leave due to his fugitive status . James Robinson said this was due to having second thoughts about his decision to use so many characters , and that the team would have a different roster in the coming months . To replace the departed members , Jade and Jesse Quick were added to the team . Cyborg remained with the team in a reduced capacity , and was eventually given his own co-feature storyline for issues # 48 -- 50 . DC announced that Saint Walker of the Blue Lantern Corps would be joining the Justice League during a tie - in to the Reign of Doomsday crossover , but the character did not become a full member due to the cancellation of the title . The series ended with issue # 60 ( October 2011 ) , the title being one of the numerous DC books cancelled after the `` Flashpoint '' crossover . The finale issue was set one year after the events of # 59 and saw Batman disbanding the League due to most of the individual members becoming preoccupied with personal commitments . The final storyline recounted the League 's activities during the year - long gap , summarizing story arcs that had been planned for upcoming JLA issues but abandoned due to the transition to the New 52 continuity . The new 52 ( edit ) Justice League Cover for Justice League vol. 2 , # 1 ( Oct. 2011 ) Art by Jim Lee and Scott Williams Publication information Publisher DC Comics Schedule Monthly Format Ongoing Publication date List ( show ) ( vol. 2 ) October 2011 -- August 2016 ( vol. 3 ) September 2016 -- Present No. of issues List ( show ) ( vol. 2 ) 57 ( # 1 -- 52 plus # 0 and # 23.1 & 23.4 ) ( vol. 3 ) 28 ( as of October 2017 ) Main character ( s ) Justice League Creative team Created by Geoff Johns Jim Lee Written by List ( show ) ( vol. 2 ) Geoff Johns ( vol. 3 ) Bryan Hitch Penciller ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 2 ) Jim Lee Gene Ha Doug Mahnke Ivan Reis Tony Daniel Jason Fabok ( vol. 3 ) Tony Daniel Jesus Merino Neil Edwards Fernando Pasarin Bryan Hitch Inker ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 2 ) Scott Williams Keith Champagne ( vol. 3 ) Sandu Florea Daniel Henriques Matt Ryan Colorist ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 2 ) Alex Sinclair Brad Anderson ( vol. 3 ) Tomeu Morey Brad Anderson In September 2011 , following the conclusion of the Flashpoint miniseries , all DC titles were canceled , relaunched as the New 52 , and started at issue # 1 , rebooting DC 's continuity . Justice League of America was relaunched as Justice League , written by Geoff Johns and drawn by Jim Lee , and was the first of the new titles released , coming out the same day as the final issue of Flashpoint . The first six - issue storyline is set five years in the past and features a new origin for the team . The series then shifted to the present in issue # 7 . After the first 12 issues , Jim Lee was succeeded as artist by Ivan Reis . Subsequently , Jason Fabok succeeded Reis as the book 's regular penciller . The initial roster of the team consists of Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ; who has since left the team ) , Aquaman , the Flash ( Barry Allen ) , and Cyborg , while the Atom ( Rhonda Pineda ) , Firestorm ( Ronnie Raymond ) , and Element Woman join as additional members . In addition to this series , two other Justice League - related titles were launched during the same month : a new Justice League International ; written by Dan Jurgens and drawn by Aaron Lopresti ; featuring an initial roster of Batman , Booster Gold , Rocket Red ( Gavril Ivanovich ) , Vixen , Green Lantern ( Guy Gardner ) , Fire , Ice , August General in Iron , and Godiva , and Justice League Dark ; written by Peter Milligan and drawn by Mikel Janin ; featuring an initial roster consisting of John Constantine , Shade , the Changing Man , Madame Xanadu , Deadman , Zatanna , and new character called Mindwarp . In May 2012 , DC announced the cancellation of Justice League International with issue 12 and an annual . The cancellation of Justice League International led into the launch of a new Justice League of America title ( volume 3 ) . The new Justice League of America is entirely separate from the main Justice League as the new team was formed by Amanda Waller and consists of Steve Trevor , Martian Manhunter , Green Arrow , Hawkman , Catwoman , the new Green Lantern Simon Baz , Stargirl , Katana , and Vibe . Katana and Vibe later received their own ongoing titles , although both were cancelled after 10 issues . The new Atom , Rhonda Pineda , is also a member of the Justice League of America . She works as a spy to gain intel on the Justice League , reporting to Amanda Waller and Steve Trevor . It is later revealed that , unknown to the members of either team , she is actually a member of Earth - 3 's Crime Syndicate , and is betraying both teams . Each member of the Justice League of America is intended to be a counterpart to the members of the Justice League , in case the Justice League would ever go rogue . Catwoman and Green Arrow both serve as counterparts for Batman . The Justice League , Justice League of America and Justice League Dark clash in the `` Trinity War '' storyline , and Shazam ( whose origin was told in a back - up feature in Justice League ) joins the Justice League . Atom is revealed to be from a parallel universe ; she is in fact a mole spying on both teams for the evil Crime Syndicate of Earth - 3 . The Syndicate roundly defeats the assembled Leagues , triggering the Forever Evil crossover event . In the aftermath of Forever Evil , following their crucial and public role in defeating the Crime Syndicate , Lex Luthor and Captain Cold join the Justice League . A young woman named Jessica Cruz joins the team after becoming attached to Crime Syndicate 's sentient Power Ring and gaining control of its Green Lantern - like abilities . In August 2013 , it was announced that Justice League of America would be retitled Justice League Canada following Forever Evil , with the team relocating to Canada , although in the end it launched as a new series , Justice League United in January 2014 . Its team members are Animal Man , Martian Manhunter , Green Arrow , Hawkman , Stargirl , Supergirl , Adam Strange and his wife Alanna , along with new Canadian superhero Equinox , a 16 - year - old Cree teenager from Moose Factory whose civilian name is Miiyahbin and whose powers change with the seasons . The series , written by Lemire and drawn by Mike McKone . This new team has taken part in mostly space - faring adventures , and its adventures have not involved the other Justice League . In April of 2015 , DC began `` Justice League : The Darkseid War '' , which would be the final installment in Geoff Johns five year run of Justice League . The event consisted of 10 Justice League issues , 6 one - shots , and one Special issue . The story took hidden elements from John 's run as well as answering all questions posed since the beginning . In June 2015 , DC launched a fourth volume , Justice League of America , written and illustrated by Bryan Hitch . It features the same members from Justice League . DC Rebirth ( edit ) Cover of Justice League vol. 3 , # 1 ( Sept. 2016 ) . Art by Tony Daniel and Tomeu Morey In February 2016 , DC announced a `` Rebirth '' event similar to the New 52 . In March , they announced a new line of books , including a Justice League series written by Bryan Hitch and drawn by Tony Daniel and Fernando Pasarin , which debuted in June 2016 . The team consists of Superman ( pre-Flashpoint version , prior to Superman Reborn event ) , Batman , Wonder Woman , the Flash ( Barry Allen ) , Aquaman , Cyborg , two Green Lanterns , Jessica Cruz and Simon Baz & Mera . Starting in February 2017 as part of DC Rebirth 's second wave , a new Justice League of America series was released . The team consists of the Atom , Vixen , the Ray , and Killer Frost . The month prior to this , each of these members received a one - shot issue . On October 28 , it was revealed that Batman , Black Canary , and Lobo would be joining the team as well . Batman will have a dual membership in both Justice League teams . During the events of Justice League vs. Suicide Squad , Maxwell Lord uses the Heart of Darkness to infect Superman , Wonder Woman , Aquaman , the Flash , Cyborg , and the two Green Lanterns . In order to stop Lord and the infected League members , Batman recruits and temporarily inducts Suicide Squad members : Deadshot , Harley Quinn , Killer Croc , Captain Boomerang , Killer Frost and Lobo ( a member of Waller 's first Suicide Squad ) into the Justice League . Following this crisis , Batman , concluding that the world needs more human , relatable heroes to prepare for a new threat , assembles his new Justice League , selecting Killer Frost due to her actions in the battle with Lord , Black Canary to act as the team conscience , Lobo in return for a favor he owes Batman after beating Lord , the Atom and Ray as he sees their potential , and Vixen to act as the team 's core due to her ability to coordinate so much in her life . Cultural impact ( edit ) The comic 's early success was indirectly responsible for the creation of the Fantastic Four . When Marvel - Timely owner Martin Goodman heard in 1961 how well DC 's then - new book Justice League was selling , he told Stan Lee , his comics editor , to come up with a team of superheroes for Marvel . The result was Fantastic Four # 1 by Lee and Jack Kirby , which debuted in November 1961 . Marvel also introduced a team of villains in 1971 based on the Justice League called Squadron Supreme which has appeared in print as well as Disney XD 's Avengers Assemble animated series . The characters are analogous to Superman , ( Hyperion ) , Batman ( Nighthawk ) , Wonder Woman ( Power Princess ) , Green Lantern ( Doctor Spectrum ) , and Flash ( Speed Demon ) . Awards ( edit ) The original Justice League of America series has won : 1961 Alley Awards for `` Best Comic Book '' 1961 Alley Awards for `` Best Adventure - Hero Group '' 1963 Alley Awards for `` Favorite Novel '' ( `` Crisis on Earth - One / Crisis on Earth - Two '' in Justice League of America # 21 -- 22 by Gardner Fox and Mike Sekowsky ) 1963 Alley Awards for `` Strip that Should Be Improved '' 1963 Alley Awards for `` Artist Preferred on Justice League of America '' ( Murphy Anderson ) 1973 Shazam Awards for `` Best Inker ( Dramatic Division ) '' ( Dick Giordano ) In other media ( edit ) Main article : Justice League in other media Movies ( edit ) Justice League : the new Frontier ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : The New Frontier was based on Darwyn Cooke 's 2003 -- 2004 comic book limited series DC : The New Frontier where the heroes of Earth unite to take on an evil entity called the Centre . It was released on February 26 , 2008 . Justice League : The New Frontier received mostly positive reviews . Screener copies were sent to website reviewers a month before the DVD 's official release . Most of the reviews were positive and geared up the film 's release even more . Justice League : Crisis on two Earths ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths In 2004 , Bruce Timm revealed that a DCAU direct - to - video Justice League feature was in development to connect Justice League and Justice League Unlimited . The film was titled as Justice League : Worlds Collide . Later the film was rewritten by the late Dwayne McDuffie for DC Universe Animated Original Movies as Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths , but removing all connections with the animated series Based on Grant Morrison 's 2000 comic book JLA : Earth 2 , Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths dealt with a heroic Lex Luthor from an alternate universe appearing to recruit the Justice League to help save his Earth from the Crime Syndicate , a gang of villainous characters who are essentially evil versions of the Justice League . The good performance of the Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths release led Warner Premiere and DC Universe to release the sequel Justice League : Doom . Justice League : Doom ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : Doom Justice League : Doom , a sequel to Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths , is a loose adaptation of Mark Waid 's JLA story arc , `` JLA : Tower of Babel '' . It earned $6,543,809 from domestic home video sales . Justice League : Gods and Monsters ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : Gods and Monsters In July 2014 , as part of the San Diego Comic - Con , DC Comics announced Justice League : Gods and Monsters for a 2015 release . The movie , featuring an original plot , was written by Alan Burnett and directed by Sam Liu and executive produced by Bruce Timm and Sam Register . Along with the film , a three - part animated series entitled Justice League : Gods and Monsters Chronicles was released before the film on Machinima with Timm as an executive producer in 2015 . Justice League : the Flashpoint Paradox ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox received very positive reviews . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating. Critics and audiences said that the film stays true to its source material . It is generally praised for its mature storyline and the way Flash obtains justice , but criticized for its excessive violence and use of blood that exceeds the comics it is adapted from . Justice League ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Justice League ( film ) Justice League is an upcoming American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is intended to be the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe . The film is directed by Zack Snyder , with a screenplay by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon , from a story by Snyder and Terrio . In July 2015 , it was revealed that filming would begin in spring 2016 after Wonder Woman ended principal photography . Principal photography commenced on April 11 , 2016 , with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , as well as various locations around London , Scotland , Los Angeles and in Djúpavík in the Westfjords of Iceland . Snyder 's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts . DC animated movie Universe ( edit ) This will only cover the DC Animated Movie Universe movies focused on the justice league . See all DC Animated Movie Universe movies Justice League : War ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : War War was released on February 4 , 2014 . The film is based on Geoff Johns and Jim Lee 's `` Origin '' storyline. The film depicts an invasion of Earth by the alien Darkseid and the subsequent formation of the titular superhero team to counter it , which includes Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Flash , Green Lantern , Cyborg and Shazam . Justice League : throne of atlantis ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : Throne of Atlantis The film is based on the 2012 storyline of the same name by Geoff Johns and Ivan Reis . In the film , Arthur Curry , a half - Atlantean prince , discovers his heritage and aids the Justice League in preventing his half - brother Ocean Master from taking over Metropolis . The film was released for downloading on January 13 , 2015 , and was released on Blu - ray and DVD formats on January 27 , 2015 . Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( edit ) Main article : Justice League vs. Teen Titans On July 11 , 2015 , it was announced that a film was in development and slated for release in 2016 , It would feature the Justice League and the Teen Titans . The film had its world premiere at WonderCon on March 26 , 2016 , and was released through digital download on March 29 , 2016 . It was released through home media on April 12 , 2016 by Warner Home Video . Justice League Dark ( edit ) Main article : Justice League Dark ( film ) An adaptation of Justice League Dark where the titular group will unite to deal with heavenly forces that the Justice League ca n't handle . The Justice League will also have new members with them . Matt Ryan , who portrayed John Constantine on NBC 's Constantine as well as The CW 's Arrow , returns to voice the character . It is the first Justice League film and the second DC Universe animated film to be rated R by the MPAA . Tv shows ( edit ) Super Friends ( edit ) Main article : Super Friends Super Friends is an American animated television series about the Justice League , which ran from 1973 to 1986 on ABC as part of its Saturday morning cartoon lineup . It was produced by Hanna - Barbera and was based on the Justice League of America ( JLA ) and associated comic book characters published by DC Comics . There were a total of 109 episodes and two backdoor - pilot episodes of The New Scooby - Doo Movies Justice League ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Justice League ( TV series ) , Justice League Unlimited Justice League is an American animated television series which ran from 2001 to 2006 on Cartoon Network . It is part of the DC animated universe . The show was produced by Warner Bros. Animation . It is based on the Justice League of America and associated comic book characters published by DC Comics . After the second season , the series name changed to Justice League Unlimited . Justice League : action ( edit ) Main article : Justice League Action Justice League Action is an American animated television series based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name . The series is produced by Jim Krieg , Butch Lukic , and Alan Burnett . This show debuted on Cartoon Network UK on November 26 , 2016 and premiered in the United States on Cartoon Network on December 16 , 2016 . Attractions ( edit ) Justice League : Alien Invasion 3D Justice League : Battle for Metropolis Collected editions ( edit ) Silver Age Justice League of America ( edit ) This series has been collected in the following : # Title Material collected ISBN Justice League of America Archives volume 1 The Brave and the Bold # 28 -- 30 , Justice League of America # 1 -- 6 978 - 1563890437 Justice League of America Archives volume 2 Justice League of America # 7 -- 14 978 - 1563891199 Justice League of America Archives volume 3 Justice League of America # 15 -- 22 978 - 1563891595 Justice League of America Archives volume 4 Justice League of America # 23 -- 30 978 - 1563894121 5 Justice League of America Archives volume 5 Justice League of America # 31 -- 38 , # 40 * 978 - 1563895401 6 Justice League of America Archives volume 6 Justice League of America # 41 -- 47 , # 49 -- 50 * 978 - 1563896255 7 Justice League of America Archives volume 7 Justice League of America # 51 -- 57 , # 59 -- 60 * 978 - 1563897047 8 Justice League of America Archives volume 8 Justice League of America # 61 -- 66 , # 68 -- 70 * 978 - 1563899775 9 Justice League of America Archives volume 9 Justice League of America # 71 -- 80 978 - 1401204020 10 Justice League of America Archives volume 10 Justice League of America # 81 -- 93 978 - 1401234126 11 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 1 The Brave and the Bold # 28 -- 30 ; Justice League of America # 1 -- 16 ; Mystery in Space # 75 978 - 1401207618 12 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 2 Justice League of America # 17 -- 36 978 - 1401212032 13 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 3 Justice League of America # 37 -- 38 ; # 40 -- 47 ; # 49 -- 57 ; # 59 -- 60 * 978 - 1401217181 14 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 4 Justice League of America # 61 -- 66 ; # 68 -- 75 ; # 77 -- 83 * 978 - 1401221843 15 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 5 Justice League of America # 84 ; # 86 -- 92 ; # 94 -- 106 * 978 - 1401230258 16 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 6 Justice League of America # 107 -- 132 * 978 - 1401238353 17 Justice League of America Chronicles volume 1 The Brave and the Bold # 28 -- 30 ; Justice League of America # 1 -- 3 978 - 1401240820 * omitted issues that featured reprints of material from earlier volumes . Also collected in Omnibus # Title Material collected Release Date ISBN `` Justice League of America Omnibus '' Volume 1 The Brave and the Bold # 28 -- 30 , Justice League of America # 1 -- 30 April 2014 978 - 1401248420 `` Justice League of America Silver Age Omnibus '' Volume 2 Justice League of America # 31 -- 76 , Mystery in Space # 75 June 2016 978 - 1401266608 `` Justice League of America : The Bronze Age Omnibus '' Volume 1 Justice League of America # 77 -- 113 March 2017 978 - 1401268060 `` Justice League of America : The Bronze Age Omnibus '' Volume 2 * Justice League of America # 114 - 146 , DC Super-Stars # 10 March 2018 978 - 1401277857 Justice League of America : The Detroit Era Omnibus '' Justice League of America # 233 - 261 , Justice League of America Annual # 2 - 3 , JLA Classified # 22 - 25 , JSA Classified # 14 - 16 , DC Retroactive : JLA - the 80 's # 1 and Infinity Inc # 19 December 2017 978 - 1401276850 Justice League / Justice League International / Justice League America ( 1987 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) This series has been collected in the following collections ( there are hardcover and trade paperback versions of all volumes ) : # Title Material collected ISBN Justice League International Volume 1 Justice League # 1 -- 6 , Justice League International # 7 1 - 4012 - 1666 - 8 Justice League International Volume 2 Justice League International # 8 -- 14 , Justice League Annual # 1 1 - 4012 - 1826 - 1 Justice League International Volume 3 Justice League International # 15 -- 22 1 - 4012 - 1941 - 1 Justice League International Volume 4 Justice League International # 23 -- 25 , Justice League America # 26 -- 30 1 - 4012 - 2196 - 3 5 Justice League International Volume 5 Justice League International Annual # 2 -- 3 , Justice League Europe # 1 -- 6 978 - 1 - 4012 - 3010 - 4 6 Justice League International Volume 6 Justice League America # 31 -- 35 , Justice League Europe # 7 -- 11 978 - 1 - 4012 - 3119 - 4 Justice League Breakdowns ( Cancelled by publisher ) Justice League America # 52 - 60 , Justice League Europe # 29 - 36 N / A Superman and Justice League America Volume 1 Justice League America # 61 - 68 , Justice League Spectacular # 1 978 - 1 - 4012 - 6097 - 2 Superman and Justice League America Volume 2 Justice League America # 69 - 77 , Justice League of America Annual # 6 978 - 1401263843 Wonder Woman and Justice League America Volume 1 Justice League America # 78 - 85 , Justice League of America Annual # 7 978 - 1401268343 Wonder Woman and Justice League America Volume 2 Justice League America # 86 - 91 , Justice League International Vol. 2 # 65 - 66 and Justice League Task Force # 13 - 14 978 - 1401274009 JLA ( 1997 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) This series has been collected in the following trade paperbacks : # Title Material collected ISBN New World Order JLA # 1 -- 4 1 - 56389 - 369 - X American Dreams JLA # 5 -- 9 1 - 56389 - 394 - 0 Rock of Ages JLA # 10 -- 15 1 - 56389 - 416 - 5 Strength in Numbers JLA # 16 -- 23 , JLA Secret Files # 2 , New Year 's Evil : Prometheus ( one - shot ) 1 - 56389 - 435 - 1 5 Justice For All JLA # 24 -- 33 1 - 56389 - 511 - 0 6 World War III JLA # 34 -- 41 1 - 56389 - 618 - 4 7 Tower of Babel JLA # 42 -- 46 , JLA Secret Files # 3 , JLA 80 - Page Giant # 1 1 - 56389 - 727 - X 8 Divided We Fall JLA # 47 -- 54 1 - 56389 - 793 - 8 9 Terror Incognita JLA # 55 -- 60 1 - 56389 - 936 - 1 10 Golden Perfect JLA # 61 -- 65 1 - 56389 - 941 - 8 11 The Obsidian Age ( Book 1 ) JLA # 66 -- 71 1 - 56389 - 991 - 4 12 The Obsidian Age ( Book 2 ) JLA # 72 -- 76 1 - 4012 - 0043 - 5 13 Rules of Engagement JLA # 77 -- 82 1 - 4012 - 0215 - 2 14 Trial By Fire JLA # 84 -- 89 1 - 4012 - 0242 - X 15 The Tenth Circle JLA # 94 -- 99 1 - 4012 - 0346 - 9 16 Pain of the Gods JLA # 101 -- 106 1 - 4012 - 0468 - 6 17 Syndicate Rules JLA # 107 -- 114 , and a story from JLA Secret Files 2004 1 - 4012 - 0477 - 5 18 Crisis of Conscience JLA # 115 -- 119 1 - 4012 - 0963 - 7 19 World Without a Justice League JLA # 120 -- 125 1 - 4012 - 0964 - 5 This series has been collected in the following Grant Morrison - centric hardcover collections : # Title Material collected ISBN JLA : The Deluxe Edition HC Vol. 1 JLA # 1 -- 9 , plus a story included in JLA : Secret Files and Origins # 1 1 - 4012 - 1843 - 1 JLA : The Deluxe Edition HC Vol. 2 JLA # 10 -- 17 , Prometheus ( one - shot ) , plus JLA / WILDCATS 1 - 4012 - 2265 - X JLA : The Deluxe Edition HC Vol. 3 JLA # 22 -- 26 , 28 -- 31 and 1,000,000 1 - 4012 - 2659 - 0 JLA : The Deluxe Edition HC Vol. 4 JLA # 34 , 36 -- 41 , JLA : Classified # 1 -- 3 , JLA : Earth II 1 - 4012 - 2909 - 3 Deluxe Trade Paperbacks # Title Material collected ISBN JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 1 JLA # 1 -- 9 , plus a story included in JLA : Secret Files and Origins # 1 978 - 1401233143 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 2 JLA # 10 -- 17 , Prometheus ( one - shot ) , plus JLA / WILDCATS , JLA : Secret Files and Origins # 2 978 - 1401235185 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 3 JLA # 18 - 31 978 - 1401238322 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 4 JLA # 32 - 46 978 - 1401243852 5 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 5 JLA # 47 - 60 , JLA Heaven 's Ladder 978 - 1401247508 6 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 6 JLA # 61 - 76 978 - 1401251369 7 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 7 JLA # 77 - 93 978 - 1401255282 8 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 8 JLA # 94 - 106 978 - 1401263423 9 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 9 JLA # 107 - 125 , JLA Secret Files 2004 978 - 1401265670 Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) ( 2006 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) This series has been collected in the following hardcover collections : # Title Material collected ISBN The Tornado 's Path Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 1 -- 7 HC : 978 - 1401213497 SC : 978 - 1401215804 The Lightning Saga Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 0 , # 8 -- 12 ; Justice Society of America ( vol. 3 ) # 5 -- 6 HC : 978 - 1401216528 SC : 978 - 1401218690 The Injustice League Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 13 -- 16 ; JLA Wedding Special # 1 HC : 978 - 1401218027 SC : 978 - 1401220501 Sanctuary Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 17 -- 21 HC : 978 - 1401219925 SC : 978 - 1401220105 5 The Second Coming Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 22 -- 26 HC : 978 - 1401222529 SC : 978 - 1401222536 6 When Worlds Collide Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 27 -- 28 , # 30 -- 34 HC : 978 - 1401224226 SC : 978 - 1401224233 7 Team History Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 38 -- 43 HC : 978 - 1401228385 SC : 978 - 1401232603 8 The Dark Things Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 44 -- 48 ; Justice Society of America ( vol. 3 ) # 41 -- 42 HC : 978 - 1401230111 SC : 978 - 1401231934 9 Omega Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 49 -- 53 HC : 978 - 1401232436 SC : 978 - 1401233563 10 The Rise of Eclipso Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 54 -- 60 ; Justice Society of America ( vol. 3 ) # 43 SC : 978 - 1401234133 The New 52 Justice League ( vol. 2 ) ( 2011 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) The series has been collected in the following hardcover collections : # Title Material collected ISBN Origin Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 1 -- 6 978 - 1401234614 The Villain 's Journey Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 7 -- 12 978 - 1401237646 Throne of Atlantis Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 13 -- 17 ; Aquaman ( vol. 7 ) # 15 -- 16 978 - 1401242404 The Grid Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 18 -- 20 , 22 -- 23 978 - 1401247171 5 Forever Heroes Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 24 -- 29 978 - 1401254193 6 Injustice League Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 30 -- 39 978 - 1401252366 7 The Darkseid War Part 1 Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 40 -- 44 and a sneak peek from Divergence 978 - 1401259778 8 The Darkseid War Part 2 Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 45 -- 50 , Justice League : Darkseid War # 1 The New 52 Justice League of America ( vol. 3 ) ( 2013 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) # Title Material collected ISBN World 's Most Dangerous Justice League of America Vol. 3 # 1 -- 7 978 - 1401242367 Survivors of Evil Justice League of America Vol. 3 # 8 -- 14 978 - 1401247263 DC Rebirth Justice League ( vol. 3 ) ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) # Title Material collected ISBN The Extinction Machine Justice League : Rebirth # 1 , Justice League Vol. 3 # 1 -- 5 Outbreak Justice League Vol. 3 # 6 -- 11 Timeless Justice League Vol. 3 # 14 -- 19 Endless Justice League Vol. 3 # 20 -- 25 Miscellaneous reprints ( edit ) These trades reprint themed issues . # Title Material collected ISBN Justice League of America Hereby Elects Justice League of America # 4 , 75 , 105 -- 106 , 146 , 161 , and 173 -- 174 978 - 1401212674 JLA : The Greatest Stories Ever Told Justice League of America # 19 , 77 , 122 , and 166 -- 168 , Justice League # 1 , JLA Secret Files # 1 and JLA # 61 978 - 1401209322 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 1 Justice League of America # # 21 -- 22 , 29 -- 30 , 37 -- 38 , and 46 -- 47 978 - 1563898952 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 2 Justice League of America # 55 -- 56 , 64 -- 65 , 73 -- 74 , and 82 -- 83 978 - 1401200039 5 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 3 Justice League of America # 91 -- 92 , 100 -- 102 , 107 -- 108 , and 113 978 - 1401202316 6 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 4 Justice League of America # 123 -- 124 , 135 -- 137 , and 147 -- 148 978 - 1401209575 7 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 5 Justice League of America # 159 -- 160 , 171 -- 172 , and 183 -- 185 978 - 1401226237 8 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 6 Justice League of America # 195 -- 197 , 207 -- 209 and crossover issues All - Star Squadron # 14 -- 15 978 - 1401238223 See also ( edit ) Comics portal Justice Society of America Affiliations and spin - off groups ( edit ) Extreme Justice Justice League 3000 Justice League Antarctica Justice League Dark Justice League Elite Justice League Europe Justice League International Justice League Task Force Justice League United Justice Leagues Super Buddies Super Friends Shadowpact Teen Titans Young Justice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fox , Gardner ( w ) , Sekowsky , Mike ( p ) , Sachs , Bernard , Giella , Joe , Anderson , Murphy ( i ) . `` Starro the Conqueror '' The Brave and the Bold 28 ( March 1960 ) Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Justice League Movie : Warner Bros. Hires Gangster Squad Writer To Resurrect Superhero Supergroup '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 104 : `` While celebrating their anniversary as a team , the Justice League shared their pandu with Snapper Carr and new member Green Arrow . When representatives of the planet Appellax sought to conquer Earth , they drew the individual attentions of the Flash , Green Lantern , Aquaman , Wonder Woman and the Martian Manhunter . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 174 : `` Green Arrow thought he had learned the Justice League of America 's origin back in issue # 9 ... Now , he found inconsistencies in the story . Writer Steve Englehart and artist Dick Dillin revealed the truth as told by former JLA member J'onn J'onzz . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dolan , p. 282 : `` It was up to writers Mark Waid and Brian Augustyn and artist Barry Kitson to fill in the blanks . With their twelve - issue maxiseries JLA : Year One , the trio examined the early days of the team ... JLA : Year One proved a success and cleaned up decades of convoluted comic history . '' Jump up ^ Waid , Mark ; Reis , Ivan ; Albert , Oclair . `` The Origin of the Justice League of America '' . DC Comics . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Lee , Jim ( p ) , Williams , Scott ( i ) . `` Justice League Part One '' Justice League v2 , 1 ( October 2011 ) Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Lee , Jim ( p ) , Williams , Scott ( i ) . `` Justice League Part Two '' Justice League v2 , 2 ( December 2011 ) Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Lee , Jim ( p ) , Williams , Scott ( i ) . `` Justice League Part Three '' Justice League v2 , 3 ( January 2012 ) Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Lee , Jim ( p ) , Williams , Scott ( i ) . `` Justice League Part Six '' Justice League v2 , 6 ( April 2012 ) Jump up ^ Cowsill `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 311 : `` In 2003 , writers J.M. DeMatteis and Keith Giffen and original artist Kevin Maguire worked on a six - part series reuniting ( their version of ) the team . '' Jump up ^ Cowsill `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 311 `` ( JLA / Avengers ) was an event that ... proved to be one of the biggest and best of the DC and Marvel crossovers , incorporating many of the two companies ' greatest heroes and villains . '' Jump up ^ Eury , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Justice League Companion . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . p. 10 . ISBN 1 - 893905 - 48 - 9 . The readers were more familiar with ' League ' from the National League and the American League . Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael ; Dolan , Hannah , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` 1960s '' . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . Editor Julius Schwartz had repopulated the ( superhero ) subculture by revitalizing Golden Age icons like Green Lantern and the Flash . He recruited writer Gardner Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky , and together they came up with the Justice League of America , a modern version of the legendary Justice Society of America from the 1940s . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1995 ) . `` The Justice League of America A Team of Good Sports '' . DC Comics : Sixty Years of the World 's Favorite Comic Book Heroes . New York , New York : Bulfinch Press . p. 127 . ISBN 0821220764 . Justice League was a hit . It solidified once and for all the importance of super hero groups , and in the process provided a playground where DC 's characters could attract new fans while entertaining established admirers . ^ Jump up to : `` Julius Schwartz ' run on the Justice League of America '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Fox , Gardner ( w ) , Sekowsky , Mike ( p ) , Sachs , Bernard ( i ) . `` Doom of the Star Diamond '' Justice League of America 4 ( April -- May 1961 ) Jump up ^ Fox , Gardner ( w ) , Sekowsky , Mike ( p ) , Sachs , Bernard ( i ) . `` The Menace of the ' Atom ' Bomb ! '' Justice League of America 14 ( September 1962 ) Jump up ^ Fox , Gardner ( w ) , Sekowsky , Mike ( p ) , Sachs , Bernard ( i ) . `` Riddle of the Runaway Room ! '' Justice League of America 31 ( November 1964 ) Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 105 : `` In a tale written by Gardner Fox , with art by Mike Sekowsky , Dr. Light 's first ( adventure ) was almost the JLA 's last . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 109 : `` The two - part ' Crisis on Earth - One ! ' and ' Crisis on Earth - Two ! ' saga represented the first use of the term ' Crisis ' in crossovers , as well as the designations ' Earth - 1 ' and ' Earth - 2 ' . In it editor Julius Schwartz , ( writer Gardner ) Fox , and artist Mike Sekowsky devised a menace worthy of the World 's Greatest Heroes . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 112 : `` Writer Gardner Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky crafted a tale in which the Crime Syndicate ... ambushed the JLA on Earth - 1 . '' Jump up ^ Fox , Gardner ( w ) , Sekowsky , Mike ( p ) , Sachs , Bernard ( i ) . `` Metamorpho Says No ! '' Justice League of America 42 ( February 1966 ) Jump up ^ Dick Dillin 's run on Justice League of America at the Grand Comics Database . Dillin missed only the planned reprint issues # 67 , 76 , 85 and 93 ; issue # 153 which was pencilled by George Tuska ; and issue # 157 where Dillin provided the intro and epilogue pages while Juan Ortiz pencilled the main story . Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 133 : `` In less than a year on the Justice League of America series , scribe Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin had made major changes to the team . Two issues after Wonder Woman left the JLA , the Martian Manhunter did the same . '' Jump up ^ O'Neil , Denny ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , Greene , Sid ( i ) . `` Where Death Fears to Tread '' Justice League of America 74 ( September 1969 ) Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 135 : `` November ( 1969 ) saw Black Canary both relocate and develop her ' canary cry ' ... The crime - fighting beauty at the behest of writer Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin , left the JSA on Earth - 2 to join the JLA on Earth - 1 . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 135 : `` As told by writer Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin , the JLA suffered heartbreak at the hands of Snapper Carr ... a disgraced Snapper resigned his JLA honorary membership . '' Jump up ^ O'Neil , Denny ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , Giella , Joe ( i ) . `` The Coming of the Doomsters '' Justice League of America 78 ( February 1970 ) Jump up ^ Wein , Len ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , Giordano , Dick ( i ) . `` Specter in the Shadows ! '' Justice League of America 105 ( April -- May 1973 ) Jump up ^ Wein , Len ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , Giordano , Dick ( i ) . `` Wolf in the Fold ! '' Justice League of America 106 ( July -- August 1973 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , McLaughlin , Frank ( i ) . `` Inner Mission ! '' Justice League of America 146 ( September 1977 ) Jump up ^ Conway , Gerry ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , McLaughlin , Frank ( i ) . `` The Reverse - Spells of Zatanna 's Magic '' Justice League of America 161 ( December 1978 ) Jump up ^ Conway , Gerry ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , McLaughlin , Frank ( i ) . `` The Siren Song of the Satin Satan '' Justice League of America 179 ( June 1980 ) Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 152 `` Through an impromptu team - up of the JLA and the Justice Society on Earth - 2 , writer Len Wein and artist Dick Dillin ushered in the return of DC 's Seven Soldiers of Victory . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 156 `` The annual Justice League - Justice Society get - together resulted in scribe Len Wein and artist Dick Dillin transporting both teams to the alternate reality of Earth - X . There , Nazi Germany ruled after winning a prolonged World War II and only a group of champions called the Freedom Fighters remained to oppose the regime . '' Jump up ^ Larnick , Eric ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Rutland Halloween Parade : Where Marvel and DC First Collided '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Comic Book Legends Revealed # 280 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amazing Adventures # 16 ( Jan. 1973 ) Archived 2016 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Justice League of America # 103 ( Dec. 1972 ) Archived 2011 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , and Thor # 207 ( Jan. 1973 ) Archived 2011 - 07 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Riley , Shannon E. ( August 2012 ) . `` Flashback : 22,300 Miles Above Earth A Look Back at the JLA 's ' Satellite Years ' '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 58 ) : 14 . Jump up ^ Eury , Michael ( July 2015 ) . `` A Look at DC 's Super Specs '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 81 ) : 25 . Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 160 `` Through the words of scripter Len Wein and the art of Dick Dillin , the masked menace of Libra established himself as a grave threat to the World 's Greatest Heroes . '' Jump up ^ Bates , Cary ; Maggin , Elliot S. ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , McLaughlin , Frank ( i ) . `` Where on Earth Am I ? '' Justice League of America 123 ( October 1975 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Bates , Cary ; Maggin , Elliot S. ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , McLaughlin , Frank ( i ) . `` Avenging Ghosts of the Justice Society ! '' Justice League of America 124 ( November 1975 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Jimenez , Phil ; Wells , John ( 2010 ) . The Essential Wonder Woman Encyclopedia . New York , New York : Del Rey Books . pp. 420 -- 421 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 50107 - 1 . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 169 : `` The Justice League officially reinstated Wonder Woman in issue # 222 of her own series . However , her meeting with the JLA within the pages of their comic ( Justice League of America # 128 ) did n't go well , thanks to writer Martin Pasko and artist Dick Dillin . '' Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( September 15 , 2005 ) . `` Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed # 16 ! '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Englehart next began a run on Justice League of America , and in issue # 142 , Mantis showed up ! Only this time , she was calling herself Willow . Jump up ^ Gerry Conway 's run on Justice League of America at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 182 : `` Writer Gerry Conway and artist Dick Dillin crafted a tale of foul play aboard the JLA satellite , during the team 's annual get - together with Earth - 2 's JSA . Mr. Terrific ... was murdered before he could expose a turncoat among the heroes . '' Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ( September -- October 1981 ) . `` Justice League # 200 All - Star Affair '' . Comics Feature . New Media Publishing ( 12 / 13 ) : 17 . Jump up ^ Bolland , Brian ( 2006 ) . Pruett , Joe , ed . The Art of Brian Bolland . Berkeley , California : Image Comics . p. 130 . ISBN 1 - 58240 - 603 - 0 . Jump up ^ George Pérez ' run on Justice League of America at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 198 : `` The Justice League of America teamed up with the Justice Society of America on a large - scale with ' Crisis on Earth - Prime ' , a five - part saga that crossed from the pages of Justice League of America into All - Star Squadron . '' Jump up ^ Thomas , Roy ( 2000 ) . `` The Justice League - Justice Society Team - Ups '' . The All - Star Companion . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . pp. 191 -- 192 . ISBN 1 - 893905 - 05 - 5 . Justice League of America # 207 -- 209 ( Oct. - Dec. 1982 ) and All - Star Squadron # 14 -- 15 ( Oct. - Nov. 1982 ) Jump up ^ Justice League of America # 210 Archived 2012 - 03 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Wells , John ( October 24 , 1997 ) . `` ' Lost ' DC : The DC Implosion '' . Comics Buyer 's Guide ( 1249 ) . Iola , Wisconsin . p. 132 . Jump up ^ Wells , John ( December 2012 ) . `` The Perils of the DC / Marvel Tabloid Era '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 61 ) : 6 . Jump up ^ Conway , Gerry ( w ) , Patton , Chuck ( p ) , Hunt , Dave ( i ) . `` -- The End of the Justice League ! '' Justice League of America Annual 2 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 209 `` The prestigious Justice League of America got a bit easier to join , thanks to writer Gerry Conway and artist Chuck Patton . Marking the debut of camouflaging hero Gypsy , the shockwave - casting Vibe , and the second generation hero Steel , this landmark comic saw many of the more famous League members step down in order to make way for a younger roster to carry on their legacy . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 226 : `` Alongside artist Luke McDonnell , DeMatteis crafted a dramatic four - part finale to the first series of DC 's premier team of superheroes . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 228 : `` It was clear that the ( Justice League ) needed a major overhaul . But no one quite expected how drastic the transformation would truly be in the hands of writers Keith Giffen and J.M. DeMatteis and artist Kevin Maguire . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dolan , p. 251 : `` The lauded Giffen / DeMatteis era of the Justice League came to a dramatic close with `` Breakdowns '' , a sixteen - part storyline that crossed through the pages of both Justice League America and Justice League Europe . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dolan , p. 278 : `` JLA # 1 hit the stands , enthralling readers with its compelling , fast - paced story by writer Grant Morrison , and showcasing the art of talented relative newcomer Howard Porter '' Jump up ^ Grant. , Morrison , ( 2011 ) . Supergods . Spiegel & Grau . ISBN 1400069122 . OCLC 754332179 . Jump up ^ Cowsill , Alan `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 326 : `` After the success of Identity Crisis , best - selling novelist Brad Meltzer was given the job of relaunching the Justice League of America in the title 's second series . With Ed Benes providing the pencils , Meltzer stripped the Justice League back to basics . '' Jump up ^ Renaud , Jeffrey ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Len Wein Talks JLA Two - Parter '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Parkin , JK ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Dwayne McDuffie fired from Justice League '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Segura , Alex ( June 18 , 2009 ) . `` Some news for you : Robinson , Bagley step aboard Justice League of America '' . The Source . DC Comics.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Evans , Chris ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` WC10 : Spotlight on James Robinson '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Manning , Shaun ( April 17 , 2010 ) . `` C2E2 : DC Universe Panel '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Black & Blue : James Robinson on the JLA 's New Members '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hyde , David ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` DC Comics Announces Historic Renumbering of All Superhero Titles and Landmark Day - and - Date Digital Distribution '' . DC Comics . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` DC Comics unleashes a new universe of superhero titles '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League # 7 '' . DC Comics . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Geoff Johns To Leave Aquaman With Ivan Reis '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` Updated : DC Universe Reboots in September '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moore , Ben ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` DC Universe To Be Rebooted ; How Will It Affect the Justice League Film ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( July 23 , 2011 ) . `` SDCC 2011 : DC Comics -- The New 52 Saturday Live '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` The DCnU Take 2 : Justice League International '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hyde , David ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` The New Justice '' . DC Comics . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` A new Swamp Thing , a new Frankenstein , and more : DC Comics will roll out more new # 1s '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Langshaw , Mark ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Justice League International to end with issue # 12 '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` JLI annual leads to an all - new Justice League of America '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallaher , Valerie . `` Exclusive ! : Justice League of America # 1 Triumphs with 52 State Variants , Plus More News '' . MTV Geek . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Cannon , Zander ; Ha , Gene ; Guinaldo , Andres ; Prado , Joe ( p ) , Ha , Gene ; Hunter , Rob ; Prado , Joe ( i ) . `` Prologue to Trinity War Chapter Two Secrets '' Justice League v2 , 20 ( July 2013 ) Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Finch , David ( p ) , Finch , David ( i ) . `` World 's Most Dangerous Chapter One '' Justice League of America v3 , 1 ( April 2013 ) Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Booth , Brett ( p ) , Rapmund , Norm ( i ) . `` World 's Most Dangerous Chapter Four The Good The Bad And The Shaggy '' Justice League of America v3 , 4 ( July 2013 ) Jump up ^ Mudhar , Raju ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` DC Comics to launch Justice League Canada in 2014 '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Jeff Lemire 's Animal Man Will End in March 2014 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Jeff ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Justice League Canada becomes Justice League United A New Ongoing Series in April ! '' . Jeff Lemire 's Blog . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive -- Equinox , new Cree teen superhero , joins DC Comics lineup '' . CBC News . March 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` DC Co-Publishers Tease Mysterious Rebirth Image '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` DC Reveals Full Rebirth Line - Up , New Titles '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` DC Comics Rebirth Recap - Creative Teams , Schedule & a Few New Details '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Justice League of America Adds Batman , Black Canary , and LOBO ? ! '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Justice League vs. Suicide Squad # 4 - 5 Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( 1974 ) . Origins of Marvel Comics . New York , New York : Simon & Schuster / Fireside Books . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0671218638 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ; Mair , George ( 2002 ) . Excelsior ! The Amazing Life of Stan Lee . New York , New York : Fireside Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 87305 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1961 Alley Awards '' . Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1963 Alley Awards '' . Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 Academy of Comic Book Arts Awards '' . Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` DC Universe Animated Original Movies '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 04 - 16 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first justice league comic come out | [
"The Justice League is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The Justice League was conceived by writer Gardner Fox and first appeared as a team in The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960).[1]"
] | [
"March 1960"
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-1147405099377382379 | Pom Klementieff | Pom Klementieff - wikipedia Pom Klementieff Jump to : navigation , search Pom Klementieff Klementieff in 2017 Quebec City , Quebec , Canada Nationality French Occupation Actress Years active 2007 -- present Pom Klementieff is a French actress . She was trained at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris and has appeared in such films as Loup ( 2009 ) , Sleepless Night ( 2011 ) and Hacker 's Game ( 2015 ) . She plays the role of Mantis in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Pom Klementieff was born in Quebec City , Quebec , to a Korean mother and French - Russian father , who was working there as a consul with the French government . She had an older brother , Namou , who committed suicide . Her parents chose the name `` Pom '' because it is similar in pronunciation to the Korean words for both `` spring '' ( 봄 ) and `` tiger '' ( 범 ) . Klementieff lived in Canada for one year before her family traveled extensively due to her father 's job , and she lived in Japan and the Ivory Coast before settling in France . Klementieff later said that travelling at an early age gave her a `` gypsy soul '' . Klementieff 's father died of cancer when she was 5 , and her mother was schizophrenic and unable to care for children , so Klementieff was raised by her paternal uncle and aunt . Her uncle , whom she described as `` like my second father '' , died on her 18th birthday . Klementieff briefly attended law school after her uncle 's death to appease her aunt , but did not find the career path appealing . She also worked as a waitress and saleswoman in France . She started acting at age 19 at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris . A few months into her education , she won a theater competition that awarded her free classes for two years with the school 's top teachers . Career ( edit ) Klementieff at premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Klementieff 's first professional acting job was the French independent film Après lui ( 2007 ) , portraying the stepdaughter of the protagonist played by Catherine Deneuve . Filming for her scenes took three days . During one scene , Klementieff was supposed to push someone down a set of stairs but accidentally fell down the stairs herself , and director Gaël Morel kept that shot in the final film . Her first leading role was in Loup ( 2009 ) , a French film about a tribe of reindeer herders in the Siberian mountains . During filming , Klementieff stayed in a camp , hours from the nearest village , where temperatures dropped well below zero . During filming she befriended nomads who lived there , worked with real wolves , rode reindeer , and swam with a horse in a lake . Klementieff made her Hollywood debut in Spike Lee 's Oldboy ( 2013 ) , a remake of the South Korean film of the same name . She portrayed Haeng - Bok , the bodyguard of the antagonist played by Sharlto Copley . A fan of the original film , Klementieff heard about the part through Roy Lee , a producer with the remake , and took boxing lessons after learning the role involved martial arts . After showcasing her boxing skills during her audition , Lee asked her to go home and come back wearing a more feminine outfit and make - up , like her character in the film . She contributed some of her own clothes to the character 's wardrobe , and trained three hours a day for two months for an on - screen fight with star Josh Brolin . Klementieff came up with the name Haeng - Bok , Korean for `` happiness '' , herself after Lee asked her to research possible names for the character . Klementieff moved to Los Angeles after Oldboy was filmed and began pursuing more Hollywood auditions . She continued taekwondo after the film , and has a purple belt as of the summer of 2014 . Her next acting role was the film Hacker 's Game ( 2015 ) , in which she plays a hacker she compared to Lisbeth Salander from the novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . Klementieff used her boxing skills again in the film , and due to the movie 's low budget , she had to do her own make - up and chose her own wardrobe . It was her idea to dye her hair purple for the role , to which the directors first objected but later acquiesced . She joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe with her role as Mantis in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Après lui Emilie 2008 The Easy Way NHI 2009 Loup Nastazya 2009 Pigalle , la nuit Sandra TV series ( eight episodes ) 2011 Borderline Naomi 2011 Sleepless Night Lucy 2011 Delicacy Waitress 2011 Love Lasts Three Years Julia 2011 Silhouettes Valerie 2012 Radiostars The pizza girl 2012 Porn in the Hood Tia 2012 À l'ombre du palmier Le modèle Short film 2013 Paris à tout prix Jess 2013 Oldboy Haeng - Bok 2015 Hacker 's Game Loise 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Mantis 2017 Ingrid Goes West Harley Chung 2018 Avengers : Infinity War Mantis Post-production See also ( edit ) Biography portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Klementieff , Pom ( @ pomklementieff ) ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` I 'm French . NOT Canadian - French . '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 30 April 2017 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Actress Pom Klementieff from Spike Lee 's Oldboy '' . Filler Magazine . 2 ( 5 ) . Summer 2014 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Han , Steve ( November 2013 ) . `` Korean French Actress Pom Klementieff Makes US Debut in ' Oldboy ' Remake '' . KoreAm . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . `` So I told ( filmmaker Spike Lee ) , my father died when I was 5 . My mother , she is schizophrenic , so she could n't take care of me and my brother , who committed suicide a few months before the audition ( for Lee 's remake of Oldboy ) . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Mina ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A with Pom Klementieff '' . Anthem Magazine . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : De Ville , Reece ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Oldboy 's ass kicking , earth moving Pom Klementieff '' . TheDigitalFix.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War adds Mantis from Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pom Klementieff . Pom Klementieff on IMDb Pom Klementieff at AllMovie VIAF : 166829042 LCCN : no2014090484 ISNI : 0000 0003 7182 9433 BNF : cb162591522 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pom_Klementieff&oldid=798519276 '' Categories : 1986 births 21st - century French actresses Actresses from Quebec City Alumni of the Cours Florent French film actresses French people of Korean descent French people of Russian descent French television actresses Living people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 10 : 05 . About Wikipedia | who plays as mantis in guardians of the galaxy | [
"Pom Klementieff is a French[1] actress. She was trained at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris and has appeared in such films as Loup (2009), Sleepless Night (2011) and Hacker's Game (2015). She plays the role of Mantis in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers: Infinity War (2018)."
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"Pom Klementieff"
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8402537966335232428 | We Close Our Eyes | We Close Our Eyes - Wikipedia We Close Our Eyes Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with `` We Close Our Eyes '' on the Oingo Boingo album Boi - ngo . `` We Close Our Eyes '' Standard artwork Single by Go West from the album Go West Released February 1985 ( 1985 - 02 ) ( UK ) Format 7 `` , 12 '' , CD single Recorded 1984 Genre Pop rock , synthpop Length 3 : 50 Label Chrysalis Songwriter ( s ) Peter Cox Richard Drummie Producer ( s ) Gary Stevenson Go West singles chronology `` We Close Our Eyes '' ( 1985 ) `` Call Me '' ( 1985 ) `` We Close Our Eyes '' ( 1985 ) `` Call Me '' ( 1985 ) Music video `` We Close Our Eyes '' on YouTube `` We Close Our Eyes '' is a song by British pop band Go West , composed by both members Peter Cox and Richard Drummie . Recognizable by its synthesizer hook , it was the first single from their début album Go West . The single was promoted by a music video directed by Godley & Creme . This video included Cox , Drummie and the guitarist Alan Murphy , performing the song in front of dancing wooden dolls . In April 1985 , the single was discussed by Molly Meldrum and Queen singer Freddie Mercury on the Australian music show Countdown. Mercury was impressed and predicted the band would be `` very , very big '' . The `` Total Overhang Club Mix '' was later included on the 1985 compilation Bangs & Crashes . The standard version appeared again on Aces and Kings : The Best of Go West in 1993 . `` We Close Our Eyes '' spent fourteen weeks on the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 5 in April 1985 . In the United States , the single reached 41 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 5 on the Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart . A remix of the song was released in 1993 to promote the Aces and Kings retrospective . The song was used in the 1985 Italian horror movie Dèmoni . In live versions of the song , the guitar break in the `` Overhang Mixes '' is often included . In 2005 a remix was made of the song by Groove Cutters . In 2010 , British alternative metal band Forever Never included a cover of the song on their I Ca n't Believe It 's Not Metal EP . Chart Performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 22 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ myvillage.com Jump up ^ Allmusic Jump up ^ Allmusic Jump up ^ polyhex.com Jump up ^ Billboard.com - Artist Chart History Jump up ^ Discogs Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Go West -- We Close Our Eyes '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Ireland singles charts '' . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1985 '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Creative Commons . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . 10 . We Close Our Eyes - Go West ( # 9 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Go West '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Go West -- We Close Our Eyes '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Go West -- We Close Our Eyes '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Go West : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Go West Peter Cox Richard Drummie Studio albums Go West Bangs & Crashes Dancing on the Couch Indian Summer futurenow 3D Singles `` We Close Our Eyes '' `` Call Me '' `` Goodbye Girl '' `` Eye to Eye '' `` Do n't Look Down '' `` True Colours '' `` I Want to Hear It from You '' `` Do n't Look Down -- The Sequel '' `` From Baltimore to Paris '' `` The King Is Dead '' `` King of Wishful Thinking '' `` Faithful '' `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' `` Still in Love '' `` Tracks of My Tears '' `` We Close Our Eyes '' ( remix ) This 1980s single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Close_Our_Eyes&oldid=828695816 '' Categories : Go West ( band ) songs 1985 singles Debut singles Music videos directed by Godley and Creme 1985 songs Chrysalis Records singles Songs written by Peter Cox ( musician ) Songs written by Richard Drummie 1980s single stubs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart making named ref All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 4 March 2018 , at 05 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | go west we close our eyes movie soundtrack | [
"The song was used in the 1985 Italian horror movie Dèmoni.[citation needed]"
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"the 1985 Italian horror movie Dèmoni"
] |
4048864880075697549 | List of National Basketball Association career playoff games played leaders | List of National Basketball Association career playoff games played leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career playoff games played leaders Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career playoff games played . Statistics accurate as of May 30 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Rank Player Position ( s ) Playoff team ( s ) played for ( years ) Games played Titles won Fisher , Derek Derek Fisher PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1997 -- 2004 , 2008 -- 2011 ) Utah Jazz ( 2007 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 259 5 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1998 -- 1999 , 2001 -- 2016 ) 251 5 Horry , Robert Robert Horry PF / SF Houston Rockets ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1997 -- 2003 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) 244 7 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 237 6 5 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2006 -- 2010 , 2015 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 235 6 Parker , Tony Tony Parker ^ PG San Antonio Spurs ( 2002 -- 2018 ) 226 7 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1997 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2012 ) 220 5 8 Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ SG San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 2018 ) 218 9 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2011 ) 216 10 Pippen , Scottie Scottie Pippen * SF Chicago Bulls ( 1987 -- 1998 ) Houston Rockets ( 1999 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2000 -- 2003 ) 208 6 11 Ainge , Danny Danny Ainge SG / PG Boston Celtics ( 1982 -- 1988 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1993 -- 1995 ) 193 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1986 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2004 ) 0 13 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * PG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 -- 1991 , 1996 ) 190 5 14 Parish , Robert Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1977 ) Boston Celtics ( 1981 -- 1993 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1995 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1997 ) 184 15 Scott , Byron Byron Scott SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1997 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 183 16 Stockton , John John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) 182 0 17 Johnson , Dennis Dennis Johnson * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 1990 ) 180 18 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) 179 6 19 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2014 , 2016 , 2018 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2017 ) 177 Wallace , Rasheed Rasheed Wallace PF / C Portland Trail Blazers ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 ) 21 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * SF Boston Celtics ( 1963 -- 1969 , 1972 -- 1977 ) 172 8 22 Allen , Ray Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2005 ) Boston Celtics ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 171 23 Grant , Horace Horace Grant PF / C Chicago Bulls ( 1988 -- 1994 ) Orlando Magic ( 1995 -- 1996 , 1999 , 2002 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 ) 170 Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce SF Boston Celtics ( 2002 -- 2005 , 2008 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 25 McHale , Kevin Kevin McHale * PF Boston Celtics ( 1981 -- 1993 ) 169 Rodman , Dennis Dennis Rodman PF Detroit Pistons ( 1987 -- 1992 San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1998 ) 5 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . The years listed are only ones in which the player played in a playoff game . External links ( edit ) NBA & ABA Career Playoff Leaders and Records for Games at Basketball-Reference.com National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_playoff_games_played_leaders&oldid=843276514 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 02 : 19 . About Wikipedia | who has the most playoff games in nba history | [
"\n\nRank\nPlayer\nPosition(s)\nPlayoff team(s) played for (years)[2]\nGames played\nTitles won\n\n\n1\nFisher, DerekDerek Fisher\nPG/SG\nLos Angeles Lakers (1997–2004, 2008–2011)\nUtah Jazz (2007)\nOklahoma City Thunder (2012–2014)\n259\n5\n\n\n2\nDuncan, TimTim Duncan†\nPF/C\nSan Antonio Spurs (1998–1999, 2001–2016)\n251\n5\n\n\n3\nHorry, RobertRobert Horry\nPF/SF\nHouston Rockets (1993–1996)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1997–2003)\nSan Antonio Spurs (2004–2008)\n244\n7\n\n\n4\nAbdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*\nC\nMilwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)\n237\n6\n\n\n5\nJames, LeBronLeBron James^\nSF\nCleveland Cavaliers (2006–2010, 2015–2018)\nMiami Heat (2011–2014)\n235\n3\n\n\n6\nParker, TonyTony Parker^\nPG\nSan Antonio Spurs (2002–2018)\n226\n4\n\n\n7\nBryant, KobeKobe Bryant†\nSG\nLos Angeles Lakers (1997–2004, 2006–2012)\n220\n5\n\n\n8\nGinóbili, ManuManu Ginóbili^\nSG\nSan Antonio Spurs (2003–2008, 2010–2018)\n218\n4\n\n\n9\nO'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*\nC\nOrlando Magic (1994–1996)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1997–2004)\nMiami Heat (2005–2007)\nPhoenix Suns (2008)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2010)\nBoston Celtics (2011)\n216\n4\n\n\n10\nPippen, ScottieScottie Pippen*\nSF\nChicago Bulls (1987–1998)\nHouston Rockets (1999)\nPortland Trail Blazers (2000–2003)\n208\n6\n\n\n11\nAinge, DannyDanny Ainge\nSG/PG\nBoston Celtics (1982–1988)\nPortland Trail Blazers (1991–1992)\nPhoenix Suns (1993–1995)\n193\n2\n\n\nMalone, KarlKarl Malone*\nPF\nUtah Jazz (1986–2003)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2004)\n0\n\n\n13\nJohnson, MagicMagic Johnson*\nPG\nLos Angeles Lakers (1980–1991, 1996)\n190\n5\n\n\n14\nParish, RobertRobert Parish*\nC\nGolden State Warriors (1977)\nBoston Celtics (1981–1993)\nCharlotte Hornets (1995)\nChicago Bulls (1997)\n184\n4\n\n\n15\nScott, ByronByron Scott\nSG\nLos Angeles Lakers (1984–1993, 1997)\nIndiana Pacers (1994–1995)\n183\n3\n\n\n16\nStockton, JohnJohn Stockton*\nPG\nUtah Jazz (1985–2003)\n182\n0\n\n\n17\nJohnson, DennisDennis Johnson*\nPG\nSeattle SuperSonics (1978–1980)\nPhoenix Suns (1981–1983)\nBoston Celtics (1984–1990)\n180\n3\n\n\n18\nJordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*\nSG\nChicago Bulls (1985–1993, 1995–1998)\n179\n6\n\n\n19\nWade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^\nSG\nMiami Heat (2004–2007, 2009–2014, 2016, 2018)\nChicago Bulls (2017)\n177\n3\n\n\nWallace, RasheedRasheed Wallace\nPF/C\nPortland Trail Blazers (1997–2003)\nDetroit Pistons (2004–2009)\nBoston Celtics (2010)\n1\n\n\n21\nHavlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*\nSF\nBoston Celtics (1963–1969, 1972–1977)\n172\n8\n\n\n22\nAllen, RayRay Allen*\nSG\nMilwaukee Bucks (1999–2001)\nSeattle SuperSonics (2005)\nBoston Celtics (2008–2012)\nMiami Heat (2013–2014)\n171\n2\n\n\n23\nGrant, HoraceHorace Grant\nPF/C\nChicago Bulls (1988–1994)\nOrlando Magic (1995–1996, 1999, 2002)\nSeattle SuperSonics (2000)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2001)\n170\n4\n\n\nPierce, PaulPaul Pierce†\nSF\nBoston Celtics (2002–2005, 2008–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2014)\nWashington Wizards (2015)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2016–2017)\n1\n\n\n25\nMcHale, KevinKevin McHale*\nPF\nBoston Celtics (1981–1993)\n169\n3\n\n\nRodman, DennisDennis Rodman\nPF\nDetroit Pistons (1987–1992\nSan Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)\nChicago Bulls (1996–1998)\n5\n\n"
] | [
"Derek Fisher"
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1125151774289378871 | Truman Doctrine | Truman Doctrine - wikipedia Truman Doctrine U.S. President Harry Truman . The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War . It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12 , 1947 , and further developed on July 12 , 1948 , when he pledged to contain threats to Greece and Turkey . Direct American military force was usually not involved , but Congress appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey . More generally , the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations allegedly threatened by Soviet communism . The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy , and led , in 1949 , to the formation of NATO , a military alliance that is still in effect . Historians often use Truman 's speech to date the start of the Cold War . Truman told Congress that `` it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures . '' Truman claims that because totalitarian regimes coerced free peoples , they automatically represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States . Truman made the plea in the midst of the Greek Civil War ( 1946 -- 49 ) . He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid , they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region . Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals , it was considered necessary to help both equally even though the crisis in Greece was far more intense . Critics of the policy have observed that the governments of Greece and Turkey were themselves far from democratic at this time , and neither were facing Soviet subversion in the spring of 1949 . Historian Eric Foner writes that the Doctrine `` set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world , no matter how undemocratic , and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union . '' For years , Britain had supported Greece , but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement . In February 1947 , Britain formally requested for the United States to take over its role in supporting the royalist Greek government . The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money but no military forces to the region . The effect was to end the Greek revolt , and in 1952 , both Greece and Turkey joined NATO , a military alliance , to guarantee their stability . The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world . It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from détente ( a relaxation of tension ) to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan . It was distinguished from rollback by implicitly tolerating the previous Soviet takeovers in Eastern Europe . Contents 1 Turkish Straits crisis 2 Greek crisis 3 Truman 's address 4 Long - term policy and metaphor 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Turkish Straits crisis ( edit ) Main article : Turkish Straits crisis The Turkish Straits At the conclusion of World War II , Turkey was pressured by the Soviet government to allow Russian shipping to flow freely through the Turkish Straits , which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean . As the Turkish government would not submit to the Soviet Union 's requests , tensions arose in the region , leading to a show of naval force on the side of the Soviets . Since British assistance to Turkey had ended in 1947 , the U.S. dispatched military aid to ensure that Turkey would retain chief control of the passage . Turkey received $100 million in economic and military aid and the U.S sent the aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt . The postwar period from 1946 started with a `` multi-party period '' and the Democratic Party government of Adnan Menderes . Greek crisis ( edit ) Main articles : White Terror ( Greece ) and Greek Civil War King George II of Greece ( r . 1922 -- 24 , 1935 -- 47 ) , whose rule was opposed by a communist insurgency in the Greek Civil War Six weeks after the Axis powers abandoned Greece in October 1944 , the British helped retake Athens from the victorious National Liberation Front ( EAM ) , controlled effectively by the Greek Communist Party ( KKE ) . This began with a mass killing of largely unarmed EAM supporters known as the Dekemvriana on December 3 . The leftists attempted to retaliate , but were outgunned by the British - backed government and subjected to the White Terror . With the full outbreak of civil war ( 1946 -- 49 ) , guerrilla forces controlled by the Greek Communist Party sustained a revolt against the internationally recognized Greek government which was formed after 1946 elections boycotted by the KKE . The British realized that the KKE were being directly funded by Josip Broz Tito in neighboring Yugoslavia . In line with the Churchill - Stalin `` percentages agreement '' , the Greek communists received no help from the Soviet Union , and Yugoslavia provided them support and sanctuary against Stalin 's wishes . By late 1946 , Britain informed the United States that due to its own weakening economy , it could no longer continue to provide military and economic support to royalist Greece . In 1946 -- 47 , the United States and the Soviet Union moved from being wartime allies to Cold War adversaries . The breakdown of Allied cooperation in Germany provided a backdrop of escalating tensions for the Truman Doctrine . To Truman , the growing unrest in Greece began to look like a pincer movement against the oil - rich areas of the Middle East and the warm - water ports of the Mediterranean . George F. Kennan ( 1904 -- 2005 ) proposed the doctrine of containment in 1946 . In February 1946 , Kennan , an American diplomat in Moscow , sent his famed `` Long Telegram '' , which predicted the Soviets would only respond to force and that the best way to handle them would be through a long - term strategy of containment , that is stopping their geographical expansion . After the British warned that they could no longer help Greece , and following Prime Minister Konstantinos Tsaldaris 's visit to Washington in December 1946 to ask for American assistance , the U.S. State Department formulated a plan . Aid would be given to both Greece and Turkey , to help cool the long - standing rivalry between them . American policy makers recognized the instability of the region , fearing that if Greece was lost to communism , Turkey would not last long . Similarly , if Turkey yielded to Soviet demands , the position of Greece would be endangered . A regional domino effect threat therefore guided the American decision . Greece and Turkey were strategic allies important for geographical reasons as well , for the fall of Greece would put the Soviets on a particularly dangerous flank for the Turks , and strengthen the Soviet Union 's ability to cut off allied supply lines in the event of war . Truman 's address ( edit ) Dean Acheson ( 1893 -- 1971 ) , who helped craft Truman 's doctrine , was named his secretary of state the following year . To pass any legislation Truman needed the support of the Republicans , who controlled both houses of Congress . The chief Republican spokesman Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg strongly supported Truman and overcame the doubts of isolationists such as Senator Robert A. Taft . Truman laid the groundwork for his request by having key congressional leaders meet with himself , Secretary of State George Marshall , and Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson . Acheson laid out the `` domino theory '' in the starkest terms , comparing a communist state to a rotten apple that could spread its infection to an entire barrel . Vandenberg was impressed , and advised Truman to appear before Congress and `` scare the hell out of the American people . '' On March 7 , Acheson warned Truman that Greece could fall to the communists within weeks without outside aid . When a draft for Truman 's address was circulated to policymakers , Marshall , Kennan , and others criticized it for containing excess `` rhetoric . '' Truman responded that , as Vandenberg had suggested , his request would only be approved if he played up the threat . On March 12 , 1947 , Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress . In his eighteen - minute speech , he stated : I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures . I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way . I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes . The reaction to Truman 's speech was broadly positive , though there were dissenters . Anti-communists in both parties supported both Truman 's proposed aid package and the doctrine behind it , and Collier 's described it as a `` popularity jackpot '' for the President . Influential columnist Walter Lippmann was more skeptical , noting the open - ended nature of Truman 's pledge ; he felt so strongly that he almost came to blows while arguing with Acheson over the doctrine . Others argued that the Greek monarchy Truman proposed to defend was itself a repressive government , rather than a democracy . Despite these objections , the fear of the growing communist threat almost guaranteed the bill 's passage . In May 1947 , two months after Truman 's request , a large majority of Congress approved $400 million in military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey . Increased American aid helped defeat the KKE , after interim defeats for government forces from 1946 to 1948 . The Truman Doctrine was the first in a series of containment moves by the United States , followed by economic restoration of Western Europe through the Marshall Plan and military containment by the creation of NATO in 1949 . Long - term policy and metaphor ( edit ) The Truman Doctrine underpinned American Cold War policy in Europe and around the world . In the words of historian James T. Patterson , `` The Truman Doctrine was a highly publicized commitment of a sort the administration had not previously undertaken . Its sweeping rhetoric , promising that the United States should aid all ' free people ' being subjugated , set the stage for innumerable later ventures that led to globalistic commitments . It was in these ways a major step . '' The doctrine endured , historian Dennis Merill argues , because it addressed a broader cultural insecurity regarding modern life in a globalized world . It dealt with Washington 's concern over communism 's domino effect , it enabled a media - sensitive presentation of the doctrine that won bipartisan support , and it mobilized American economic power to modernize and stabilize unstable regions without direct military intervention . It brought nation - building activities and modernization programs to the forefront of foreign policy . The Truman Doctrine became a metaphor for emergency aid to keep a nation from communist influence . Truman used disease imagery not only to communicate a sense of impending disaster in the spread of communism but also to create a `` rhetorical vision '' of containing it by extending a protective shield around non-communist countries throughout the world . It echoed the `` quarantine the aggressor '' policy Truman 's predecessor , Franklin D. Roosevelt , had sought to impose to contain German and Japanese expansion in 1937 ( `` quarantine '' suggested the role of public health officials handling an infectious disease ) . The medical metaphor extended beyond the immediate aims of the Truman Doctrine in that the imagery combined with fire and flood imagery evocative of disaster provided the United States with an easy transition to direct military confrontation in later years with communist forces in Korea and Vietnam . By framing ideological differences in life or death terms , Truman was able to garner support for this communism - containing policy . See also ( edit ) Liberal internationalism Anti-communism Reverse course Turkey -- United States relations Greece - United States relations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McCullough , David ( 1992 ) . Truman . New York : Simon & Schuster . Jump up ^ Michael Beschloss ( 2006 ) . Our Documents : 100 Milestone Documents From The National Archives . Oxford University Press . pp. 194 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530959 - 1 . Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 2nd ed. , 2008 ) p. 892 Jump up ^ Alan Bullock , Ernest Bevin : Foreign Secretary pp 368 -- 9 ; Arnold Offner , Another Such Victory : President Truman and the Cold War , 1945 -- 2002 ( 2002 ) p 197 ; Denise M. Bostdorff , Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine ( 2008 ) p 51 ^ Jump up to : Merrill 2006 . Jump up ^ Barın Kayaoğlu , `` Strategic imperatives , Democratic rhetoric : The United States and Turkey , 1945 -- 52 . '' Cold War History , Aug 2009 , Vol. 9 ( 3 ) pp. 321 -- 345 Jump up ^ Gerolymatos , André ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . An International Civil War : Greece , 1943 - 1949 . Yale University Press . pp. 100 -- 111 . ISBN 9780300180602 . Jump up ^ Gerolymatos , André ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . An International Civil War : Greece , 1943 - 1949 . Yale University Press . pp. 194 -- 203 . ISBN 9780300180602 . Jump up ^ Bærentzen , Lars , John O. Iatrides , and Ole Langwitz. Smith . Studies in the History of the Greek Civil War , 1945 -- 1949 . Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum , 1987 . 273 - 280 . Google Books . Web . 28 Apr. 2010 . online Jump up ^ Bullock , Ernest Bevin : Foreign Secretary ( 1983 ) ch 8 Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 29 : `` Although circumstances differed greatly in Greece , Turkey , and Iran , U.S. officials interpreted events in all three places as part of a Soviet plan to dominate the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East . Mention of oil was deliberately deleted from Truman 's March 12 , 1947 , address before Congress pledging resistance to communist expansion anywhere in the world ; but guarding access to oil was an important part of the Truman Doctrine . The Truman Doctrine was named after Harry S. Truman . This doctrine stated that that the United States would provide political , military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces . '' One draft , for example , of Truman 's speech spoke of the `` great natural resources '' of the Middle East at stake ( Kolko & Kolko 1972 , p. 341 ) . Jump up ^ Freeland , Richard M. ( 1970 ) . The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism . Alfred A. Knopf , Inc . pp. g. 90 . Jump up ^ Spalding , Elizabeth Edwards ( 2006 ) . The First Cold Warrior : Harry Truman , Containment , and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism . The University Press of Kentucky . p. 64 . Jump up ^ McGhee , George ( 1990 ) . The US - Turkish - NATO Middle East Connection : How the Truman Doctrine Contained the Soviets in the Middle East . St. Harry 's Press . pp. g. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , James T. ( 1996 ) . Grand Expectations . New York : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Herring , George C. ( 2008 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195078220 . Jump up ^ Ivie 1999 . Bibliography ( edit ) Beisner , Robert L. Dean Acheson : A Life in the Cold War ( 2006 ) Bostdorff , Denise M. Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine : The Cold War Call to Arms ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Bullock , Alan . Ernest Bevin : Foreign Secretary , 1945 -- 1951 ( 1983 ) on British roles Edwards , Lee . `` Congress and the Origins of the Cold War : The Truman Doctrine , '' World Affairs , Vol. 151 , 1989 online edition Frazier , Robert . `` Acheson and the Formulation of the Truman Doctrine '' Journal of Modern Greek Studies 1999 17 ( 2 ) : 229 -- 251 . ISSN 0738 - 1727 Frazier , Robert . `` Kennan , ' Universalism , ' and the Truman Doctrine , '' Journal of Cold War Studies , Spring 2009 , Vol. 11 Issue 2 , pp 3 -- 34 Gaddis , John Lewis . `` Reconsiderations : Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point ? '' Foreign Affairs 1974 52 ( 2 ) : 386 -- 402 . ISSN 0015 - 7120 Hinds , Lynn Boyd , and Theodore Otto Windt Jr . The Cold War as Rhetoric : The Beginnings , 1945 -- 1950 ( 1991 ) online edition Iatrides , John O. and Nicholas X . Rizopoulos . `` The International Dimension of the Greek Civil War . '' World Policy Journal 2000 17 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 103 . ISSN 0740 - 2775 Fulltext : in Ebsco Ivie , Robert L. ( 1999 ) . `` Fire , Flood , and Red Fever : Motivating Metaphors of Global Emergency in the Truman Doctrine Speech '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 29 ( 3 ) : 570 -- 591 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0268 - 2141.2003. 00050. x . Jeffrey , Judith S. Ambiguous Commitments and Uncertain Policies : The Truman Doctrine in Greece , 1947 -- 1952 ( 2000 ) . 257 pp . Jones , Howard . `` A New Kind of War '' : America 's Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece ( 1989 ) . 327 pp Kayaoğlu , Barın . `` Strategic imperatives , Democratic rhetoric : The United States and Turkey , 1945 -- 52. , '' Cold War History , Aug 2009 , Vol. 9 ( 3 ) . pp. 321 -- 345 Kolko , Joyce ; Kolko , Gabriel ( 1972 ) . The Limits of Power : The World and United States Foreign Policy , 1945 -- 1954 . New York , NY : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 012447 - 2 . Leffler , Melvyn P. `` Strategy , Diplomacy , and the Cold War : the United States , Turkey , and NATO , 1945 -- 1952 '' Journal of American History 1985 71 ( 4 ) : 807 -- 825 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 in JSTOR Lykogiannis , Athanasios . Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis , 1944 -- 1947 : From Liberation to the Truman Doctrine . U. of Missouri Press , 2002 . 287 pp. online edition McGhee , George . The U.S. - Turkish - NATO Middle East Connection : How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey 's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets in the Middle East . ( 1990 ) . 224 pp . Merrill , Dennis ( 2006 ) . `` The Truman Doctrine : Containing Communism and Modernity '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 36 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 37 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2006. 00284. x . Meiertöns , Heiko : The Doctrines of US Security Policy -- An Evaluation under International Law ( 2010 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76648 - 7 . Offner , Arnold A. `` ' Another Such Victory ' : President Truman , American Foreign Policy , and the Cold War . '' Diplomatic History 1999 23 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 155. ISSN 0145 - 2096 Pach Jr. , Chester J. Arming the Free World : The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program , 1945 -- 1950 , ( 1991 ) online edition Painter , David S. ( 2012 ) . `` Oil and the American Century '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 99 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 39 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas073 . Pieper , Moritz A. ( 2012 ) . `` Containment and the Cold War : Reexaming the Doctrine of Containment as a Grand Strategy Driving US Cold War Interventions '' . StudentPulse.com . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Spalding , Elizabeth Edwards . The First Cold Warrior : Harry Truman , Containment , And the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism ( 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Truman Doctrine Truman Comments on Greek Politicking , 1947 Shapell Manuscript Foundation Truman Library website with papers related to the Truman Doctrine Full text of the speech Full text and audio of the speech Cartoon on display at the LoC Harry S. Truman 33rd President of the United States ( 1945 -- 1953 ) 34th Vice President of the United States ( 1945 ) U.S. Senator from Missouri ( 1935 -- 1945 ) Presidency 1945 inauguration 1949 inauguration Potsdam Conference Agreement on Europe Declaration to Japan Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Fair Deal Mental Health Act National Institute of Mental Health National School Lunch Act Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic Advisers Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Loyalty Order National Security Act of 1947 Joint Chiefs of Staff National Security Council Department of the Air Force Central Intelligence Agency Key West Agreement Joint Long Range Proving Grounds Revolt of the Admirals Committee on Civil Rights Integration of the Armed Forces Housing Act of 1949 North Atlantic Treaty NATO Assassination attempt Korean War U.N. 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"The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947,[1]:547–9 and further developed on July 12, 1948, when he pledged to contain threats to Greece and Turkey. Direct American military force was usually not involved, but Congress appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey. More generally, the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations allegedly threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy, and led, in 1949, to the formation of NATO, a military alliance that is still in effect. Historians often use Truman's speech to date the start of the Cold War. \n"
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"financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey"
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-6763413466395666037 | List of men's major championships winning golfers | List of men 's major championships winning golfers - wikipedia List of men 's major championships winning golfers The men 's major golf championships , also known simply as the majors , are the four most prestigious events in professional golf . The competitions are the Masters Tournament , the U.S. Open , The Open Championship and the PGA Championship , contested annually . Should the same golfer win all four majors in a calendar year , this would be recognized as a grand slam . No one has ever achieved this , although Tiger Woods has held all four major titles at once , having won the US Open , the British Open and the PGA Championship in 2000 and the Masters in 2001 ; a feat dubbed the Tiger slam . Jack Nicklaus has won 18 men 's major golf championships , more than any other man . Jack Nicklaus has won the most majors , achieving 18 victories during his career . Second on the list is Tiger Woods , who has won 14 majors to date ; his most recent major victory was at the 2008 U.S. Open . Walter Hagen is third with 11 majors ; he and Nicklaus have both won the most PGA Championships with five . Nicklaus also holds the record for the most victories in the Masters , winning the tournament six times . Additionally , Nicklaus shares the record for the most U.S. Open victories with Willie Anderson , Bobby Jones and Ben Hogan , each winning four times . Harry Vardon holds the record for the most Open Championship victories , winning six times during his career . Nicklaus , Woods , Hogan , Gary Player and Gene Sarazen are the only golfers to have won all four of the majors during their career , thus achieving the so - called career slam . Although the U.S. Amateur and The Amateur Championship were once considered to be majors , they are no longer recognized as such , and victories in these competitions are not included in the list . To date , a total of 221 different men have won majors . Of these , 82 have won at least two . Contents 1 By golfer 2 By country 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References By golfer ( edit ) Legend Player has won all four majors ( career slam ) Men 's major championship winning golfers Rank Country Golfer Winning span Masters U.S. Open The Open PGA Total United States Jack Nicklaus 1962 - 1986 6 5 18 United States Tiger Woods 1997 -- 2008 14 United States Walter Hagen 1914 -- 1929 0 5 11 United States Ben Hogan 1946 -- 1953 9 South Africa Gary Player 1959 -- 1978 9 6 United States Tom Watson 1975 -- 1983 5 0 8 7 Jersey Harry Vardon 1896 -- 1914 0 6 0 7 7 United States Bobby Jones 1923 -- 1930 0 0 7 7 United States Gene Sarazen 1922 -- 1935 7 7 United States Sam Snead 1942 -- 1954 0 7 7 United States Arnold Palmer 1958 -- 1964 0 7 12 United States Lee Trevino 1968 -- 1984 0 6 12 England Nick Faldo 1987 -- 1996 0 0 6 14 Scotland James Braid 1901 -- 1910 0 0 5 0 5 14 England John Henry Taylor 1894 -- 1913 0 0 5 0 5 14 United States Byron Nelson 1937 -- 1945 0 5 14 Australia Peter Thomson 1954 -- 1965 0 0 5 0 5 14 Spain Seve Ballesteros 1979 -- 1988 0 0 5 14 United States Phil Mickelson 2004 -- 2013 0 5 20 Scotland Tom Morris Sr . 1861 -- 1867 0 0 0 20 Scotland Tom Morris Jr . 1868 -- 1872 0 0 0 20 Scotland Willie Park Sr . 1860 -- 1875 0 0 0 20 Scotland Willie Anderson 1901 -- 1905 0 0 0 20 England Jim Barnes 1916 -- 1925 0 20 South Africa Bobby Locke 1949 -- 1957 0 0 0 20 United States Raymond Floyd 1969 -- 1986 0 20 South Africa Ernie Els 1994 -- 2012 0 0 20 Northern Ireland Rory McIlroy 2011 -- 2014 0 29 Scotland James Anderson 1877 -- 1879 0 0 0 29 Scotland Bob Ferguson 1880 -- 1882 0 0 0 29 United States Tommy Armour 1927 -- 1931 0 29 United States Denny Shute 1933 -- 1937 0 0 29 United States Ralph Guldahl 1937 -- 1939 0 0 29 England Henry Cotton 1934 -- 1948 0 0 0 29 United States Jimmy Demaret 1940 -- 1950 0 0 0 29 United States Cary Middlecoff 1949 -- 1956 0 0 29 United States Julius Boros 1952 -- 1968 0 0 29 United States Billy Casper 1959 -- 1970 0 0 29 United States Larry Nelson 1981 -- 1987 0 0 29 United States Hale Irwin 1974 -- 1990 0 0 0 29 Zimbabwe Nick Price 1992 -- 1994 0 0 29 United States Payne Stewart 1989 -- 1999 0 0 29 Fiji Vijay Singh 1998 -- 2004 0 0 29 Ireland Pádraig Harrington 2007 -- 2008 0 0 29 United States Jordan Spieth 2015 -- 2017 0 29 United States Brooks Koepka 2017 -- 2018 0 0 47 Scotland Bob Martin 1876 -- 1885 0 0 0 47 Scotland Willie Park Jr . 1887 -- 1889 0 0 0 47 England Harold Hilton 1892 -- 1897 0 0 0 47 Scotland Alex Smith 1906 -- 1910 0 0 0 47 United States John McDermott 1911 -- 1912 0 0 0 47 Jersey Ted Ray 1912 -- 1920 0 0 47 United States Jock Hutchison 1920 -- 1921 0 0 47 United States Leo Diegel 1928 -- 1929 0 0 0 47 United States Olin Dutra 1932 -- 1934 0 0 47 United States Horton Smith 1934 -- 1936 0 0 0 47 United States Paul Runyan 1934 -- 1938 0 0 0 47 United States Henry Picard 1938 -- 1939 0 0 47 United States Craig Wood 1941 0 0 47 United States Jack Burke Jr . 1956 0 0 47 United States Doug Ford 1955 -- 1957 0 0 47 England Tony Jacklin 1969 -- 1970 0 0 47 United States Dave Stockton 1970 -- 1976 0 0 0 47 United States Johnny Miller 1973 -- 1976 0 0 47 Australia David Graham 1979 -- 1981 0 0 47 United States Fuzzy Zoeller 1979 -- 1984 0 0 47 United States Hubert Green 1977 -- 1985 0 0 47 United States Andy North 1978 -- 1985 0 0 0 47 Scotland Sandy Lyle 1985 -- 1988 0 0 47 United States Curtis Strange 1988 -- 1989 0 0 0 47 Germany Bernhard Langer 1985 -- 1993 0 0 0 47 Australia Greg Norman 1986 -- 1993 0 0 0 47 United States Ben Crenshaw 1984 -- 1995 0 0 0 47 United States John Daly 1991 -- 1995 0 0 47 United States Lee Janzen 1993 -- 1998 0 0 0 47 United States Mark O'Meara 1998 0 0 47 Spain José María Olazábal 1994 -- 1999 0 0 0 47 South Africa Retief Goosen 2001 -- 2004 0 0 0 47 Argentina Ángel Cabrera 2007 -- 2009 0 0 47 United States Bubba Watson 2012 -- 2014 0 0 0 47 Germany Martin Kaymer 2010 -- 2014 0 0 47 United States Zach Johnson 2007 -- 2015 0 0 83 Scotland Andrew Strath 1865 0 0 0 83 Scotland Tom Kidd 1873 0 0 0 83 Scotland Mungo Park 1874 0 0 0 83 Scotland Willie Fernie 1883 0 0 0 83 Scotland Jack Simpson 1884 0 0 0 83 Scotland David Brown 1886 0 0 0 83 Scotland Jack Burns 1888 0 0 0 83 England John Ball 1890 0 0 0 83 Scotland Hugh Kirkaldy 1891 0 0 0 83 Scotland William Auchterlonie 1893 0 0 0 83 England Horace Rawlins 1895 0 0 0 83 Scotland James Foulis 1896 0 0 0 83 England Joe Lloyd 1897 0 0 0 83 Scotland Fred Herd 1898 0 0 0 83 Scotland Willie Smith 1899 0 0 0 83 Scotland Laurie Auchterlonie 1902 0 0 0 83 Scotland Sandy Herd 1902 0 0 0 83 Scotland Jack White 1904 0 0 0 83 Scotland Alec Ross 1907 0 0 0 83 France Arnaud Massy 1907 0 0 0 83 Scotland Fred McLeod 1908 0 0 0 83 England George Sargent 1909 0 0 0 83 United States Francis Ouimet 1913 0 0 0 83 United States Jerome Travers 1915 0 0 0 83 United States Chick Evans 1916 0 0 0 83 Scotland George Duncan 1920 0 0 0 83 England Arthur Havers 1923 0 0 0 83 England Cyril Walker 1924 0 0 0 83 Scotland Willie Macfarlane 1925 0 0 0 83 United States Johnny Farrell 1928 0 0 0 83 United States Billy Burke 1931 0 0 0 83 United States Tom Creavy 1931 0 0 0 83 United States Johnny Goodman 1933 0 0 0 83 United States Sam Parks Jr . 1935 0 0 0 83 England Alf Perry 1935 0 0 0 83 United States Johnny Revolta 1935 0 0 0 83 United States Tony Manero 1936 0 0 0 83 England Alf Padgham 1936 0 0 0 83 England Reg Whitcombe 1938 0 0 0 83 England Dick Burton 1939 0 0 0 83 United States Lawson Little 1940 0 0 0 83 United States Vic Ghezzi 1941 0 0 0 83 United States Bob Hamilton 1944 0 0 0 83 United States Herman Keiser 1946 0 0 0 83 United States Lloyd Mangrum 1946 0 0 0 83 United States Lew Worsham 1947 0 0 0 83 Northern Ireland Fred Daly 1947 0 0 0 83 Australia Jim Ferrier 1947 0 0 0 83 United States Claude Harmon 1948 0 0 0 83 United States Chandler Harper 1950 0 0 0 83 England Max Faulkner 1951 0 0 0 83 United States Jim Turnesa 1952 0 0 0 83 United States Walter Burkemo 1953 0 0 0 83 United States Ed Furgol 1954 0 0 0 83 United States Chick Harbert 1954 0 0 0 83 United States Jack Fleck 1955 0 0 0 83 United States Dick Mayer 1957 0 0 0 83 United States Lionel Hebert 1957 0 0 0 83 United States Tommy Bolt 1958 0 0 0 83 United States Dow Finsterwald 1958 0 0 0 83 United States Art Wall Jr . 1959 0 0 0 83 United States Bob Rosburg 1959 0 0 0 83 Australia Kel Nagle 1960 0 0 0 83 United States Jay Hebert 1960 0 0 0 83 United States Gene Littler 1961 0 0 0 83 United States Jerry Barber 1961 0 0 0 83 New Zealand Bob Charles 1963 0 0 0 83 United States Ken Venturi 1964 0 0 0 83 United States Tony Lema 1964 0 0 0 83 United States Bobby Nichols 1964 0 0 0 83 United States Dave Marr 1965 0 0 0 83 United States Al Geiberger 1966 0 0 0 83 United States Gay Brewer 1967 0 0 0 83 Argentina Roberto DeVicenzo 1967 0 0 0 83 United States Don January 1967 0 0 0 83 United States Bob Goalby 1968 0 0 0 83 United States George Archer 1969 0 0 0 83 United States Orville Moody 1969 0 0 0 83 United States Charles Coody 1971 0 0 0 83 United States Tommy Aaron 1973 0 0 0 83 United States Tom Weiskopf 1973 0 0 0 83 United States Lou Graham 0 0 0 83 United States Jerry Pate 1976 0 0 0 83 United States Lanny Wadkins 1977 0 0 0 83 United States John Mahaffey 1978 0 0 0 83 United States Bill Rogers 1981 0 0 0 83 United States Craig Stadler 1982 0 0 0 83 United States Hal Sutton 0 0 0 83 United States Bob Tway 1986 0 0 0 83 United States Larry Mize 0 0 0 83 United States Scott Simpson 0 0 0 83 United States Jeff Sluman 0 0 0 83 United States Mark Calcavecchia 0 0 0 83 Australia Wayne Grady 0 0 0 83 Wales Ian Woosnam 1991 0 0 0 83 Australia Ian Baker - Finch 1991 0 0 0 83 United States Fred Couples 1992 0 0 0 83 United States Tom Kite 1992 0 0 0 83 United States Paul Azinger 0 0 0 83 United States Corey Pavin 1995 0 0 0 83 Australia Steve Elkington 1995 0 0 0 83 United States Steve Jones 0 0 0 83 United States Tom Lehman 0 0 0 83 United States Mark Brooks 0 0 0 83 United States Justin Leonard 1997 0 0 0 83 United States Davis Love III 1997 0 0 0 83 Scotland Paul Lawrie 1999 0 0 0 83 United States David Duval 2001 0 0 0 83 United States David Toms 2001 0 0 0 83 United States Rich Beem 2002 0 0 0 83 Canada Mike Weir 2003 0 0 0 83 United States Jim Furyk 2003 0 0 0 83 United States Ben Curtis 2003 0 0 0 83 United States Shaun Micheel 2003 0 0 0 83 United States Todd Hamilton 0 0 0 83 New Zealand Michael Campbell 2005 0 0 0 83 Australia Geoff Ogilvy 2006 0 0 0 83 South Africa Trevor Immelman 2008 0 0 0 83 United States Lucas Glover 2009 0 0 0 83 United States Stewart Cink 2009 0 0 0 83 South Korea Yang Yong - eun 2009 0 0 0 83 Northern Ireland Graeme McDowell 0 0 0 83 South Africa Louis Oosthuizen 0 0 0 83 South Africa Charl Schwartzel 2011 0 0 0 83 Northern Ireland Darren Clarke 2011 0 0 0 83 United States Keegan Bradley 2011 0 0 0 83 United States Webb Simpson 2012 0 0 0 83 Australia Adam Scott 2013 0 0 0 83 England Justin Rose 2013 0 0 0 83 United States Jason Dufner 2013 0 0 0 83 Australia Jason Day 2015 0 0 0 83 England Danny Willett 2016 0 0 0 83 United States Dustin Johnson 2016 0 0 0 83 Sweden Henrik Stenson 2016 0 0 0 83 United States Jimmy Walker 2016 0 0 0 83 Spain Sergio García 2017 0 0 0 83 United States Justin Thomas 2017 0 0 0 83 United States Patrick Reed 2018 0 0 0 83 Italy Francesco Molinari 2018 0 0 0 By country ( edit ) Men 's major championship winning golfers by country Country Masters U.S. Open The Open PGA Total United States 60 84 44 82 270 Scotland 13 41 0 55 England 7 22 35 South Africa 5 5 10 22 Australia 9 5 17 Jersey 0 7 0 9 Spain 5 0 0 8 Northern Ireland 0 7 Germany 0 Zimbabwe 0 0 Fiji 0 0 Ireland 0 0 Argentina 0 New Zealand 0 0 France 0 0 0 Wales 0 0 0 Canada 0 0 0 South Korea 0 0 0 Sweden 0 0 0 Italy 0 0 0 Gallery ( edit ) Tiger Woods , who has won 14 majors Walter Hagen , who won 11 majors during his career Ben Hogan , who won 9 majors during his career Gary Player , who won 9 majors during his career Tom Watson , who has won 8 majors during his career Bobby Jones , who won four U.S. Opens and three Open Championships , but won a total of 13 Major Championships if you consider the old Majors Arnold Palmer , who won 7 majors during his career Gene Sarazen , who won 7 majors during his career Sam Snead , who won 7 majors during his career Harry Vardon , who won The Open Championship a record six times , and won one U.S. Open , for a total of seven majors Nick Faldo , who won six majors during his career Seve Ballesteros , who won five majors during his career James Braid , who won five majors during his career Phil Mickelson , who has won five majors John Henry Taylor , who won five Open Championships Willie Anderson , who won four U.S. Opens Tom Morris , Sr. and Tom Morris , Jr. , who both won four Open Championships Willie Park , Sr. , who won four Open Championships See also ( edit ) Chronological list of men 's major golf champions References ( edit ) Book : Men 's major professional golf championships General `` Masters Champions '' . Masters . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . `` Past Champions '' . U.S. Open . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . `` Open Champions '' . Open Golf . Archived from the original on 2 March 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . `` PGA Championship '' . PGA Media Center . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( 7 April 2008 ) . `` Golf 's professional Grand Slam has developed over time '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 7 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1 June 2001 ) . `` A slam by any name : Tiger Woods makes history at Augusta '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on 3 June 2006 . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Mike ( 21 August 2006 ) . `` Tiger cruises to 12th major title with easy win at PGA Championship '' . USA Today . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Lillywhite , Jamie ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Woods seals dramatic US Open win '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Hagen profile '' . World Golf Hall of Fame . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Championship Record Book '' . PGA Championship . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Champions '' . Masters . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 21 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Champions '' . US Open.com . Archived from the original on 3 March 2008 . Retrieved 26 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Do You Know ( Question 48 ) '' . The Open Championship . Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Career Grand Slam has grown in stature over time '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( 15 May 2008 ) . `` Setting a new standard : Bobby Jones wins the Grand Slam in 1930 '' . Golf.com . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Major champions ( chronologically ) Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Grand Slam ( golf ) Major golf championships Current Masters Tournament PGA Championship U.S. Open The Open Championship Past British Amateur U.S. Amateur See also Most wins Chronological Grand Slam Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors ( Grand Slam ) Men Masters Tournament Augusta National Golf Club U.S. Open The Open Championship venues Claret Jug PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown PGA Cup Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 1999 2000 -- 2005 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Triple Crown Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_men%27s_major_championships_winning_golfers&oldid=861127670 '' Categories : Golf records and rankings Winners of men 's major golf championships Men 's major golf championships Lists of male golfers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 08 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is won the most majors in golf | [
"Jack Nicklaus has won the most majors, achieving 18 victories during his career.[3] Second on the list is Tiger Woods, who has won 14 majors to date; his most recent major victory was at the 2008 U.S. Open.[4] Walter Hagen is third with 11 majors;[5] he and Nicklaus have both won the most PGA Championships with five.[6] Nicklaus also holds the record for the most victories in the Masters, winning the tournament six times.[7] Additionally, Nicklaus shares the record for the most U.S. Open victories with Willie Anderson, Bobby Jones and Ben Hogan, each winning four times.[8] Harry Vardon holds the record for the most Open Championship victories, winning six times during his career.[9] Nicklaus, Woods, Hogan, Gary Player and Gene Sarazen are the only golfers to have won all four of the majors during their career,[10] thus achieving the so-called career slam.\n"
] | [
"Jack Nicklaus"
] |
4137436371392171177 | List of Arrow episodes | List of Arrow episodes - wikipedia List of Arrow episodes Jump to : navigation , search Arrow is an American television series , developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg , based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow . The series premiered in the United States on October 10 , 2012 for The CW television network . The first five seasons have been released on DVD to Regions 1 , 2 and 4 and on Blu - ray to Regions A and B . Arrow follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen ( Stephen Amell ) , who , after five years of being stranded on a hostile island , returns home to his mother , Moira Queen ( Susanna Thompson ) and sister , Thea Queen ( Willa Holland ) and becomes a bow and arrow - wielding vigilante . He is initially aided by his friends , John Diggle ( David Ramsey ) and Felicity Smoak ( Emily Bett Rickards ) , and later aspiring vigilantes Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ) , Ray Palmer ( Brandon Routh ) , Curtis Holt ( Echo Kellum ) , Rene Ramirez ( Rick Gonzalez ) , Evelyn Sharp ( Madison McLaughlin ) , Rory Regan ( Joe Dinicol ) , and Dinah Drake ( Juliana Harkavy ) join them . In addition , Queen 's team receives help from the Lance family ; Laurel ( Katie Cassidy ) , Sara ( Caity Lotz ) , and Quentin ( Paul Blackthorne ) , sharing the goal of bringing justice to Starling City ( later Star City ) . The series also featured flashbacks in most episodes in the first five seasons to the time Queen was missing , and how his experiences there shaped him into the man who returned home to fight crime . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a sixth season , which debuted on October 12 , 2017 . As of April 5 , 2018 , 132 episodes of Arrow have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.4 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions ) 23 October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 130 3.68 23 October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 128 3.28 23 October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 135 3.52 23 October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 145 2.90 5 23 October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 147 2.21 6 23 October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 296818 4.14 `` Honor Thy Father '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 2J7302 3.55 `` Lone Gunmen '' Guy Bee Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 2J7303 3.51 `` An Innocent Man '' Vince Misiano Moira Kirland & Lana Cho October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 2J7304 3.05 5 5 `` Damaged '' Michael Schultz Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 2J7305 3.75 6 6 `` Legacies '' John Behring Moira Kirland & Marc Guggenheim November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 2J7306 3.83 7 7 `` Muse of Fire '' David Grossman Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Marc Guggenheim November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 2J7307 3.74 8 8 `` Vendetta '' Ken Fink Beth Schwartz & Andrew Kreisberg December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 2J7308 3.35 9 9 `` Year 's End '' John Dahl Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) 2J7309 3.11 10 10 `` Burned '' Eagle Egilsson Moira Kirland & Ben Sokolowski January 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) 2J7310 3.06 11 11 `` Trust But Verify '' Nick Copus Gabrielle Stanton January 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 2J7311 3.14 12 12 `` Vertigo '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 2J7312 2.97 13 13 `` Betrayal '' Guy Bee Lana Cho & Beth Schwartz February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 2J7313 2.96 14 14 `` The Odyssey '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 2J7314 3.29 15 15 `` Dodger '' Eagle Egilsson Beth Schwartz February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 2J7315 3.15 16 16 `` Dead to Rights '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 2J7316 3.17 17 17 `` The Huntress Returns '' Guy Bee Jake Coburn & Lana Cho March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) 2J7317 3.02 18 18 `` Salvation '' Nick Copus Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 2J7318 2.65 19 19 `` Unfinished Business '' Michael Offer Bryan Q. Miller & Lindsey Allen April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 2J7319 2.92 20 20 `` Home Invasion '' Ken Fink Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz April 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) 2J7320 3.10 21 21 `` The Undertaking '' Michael Shultz Jake Coburn & Lana Cho May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 2J7321 2.89 22 22 `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' John Behring Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 2J7322 2.62 23 23 `` Sacrifice '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 2J7323 2.77 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` City of Heroes '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 2J7451 2.74 25 `` Identity '' Nick Copus Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 2J7452 3.06 26 `` Broken Dolls '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 2J7453 2.89 27 `` Crucible '' Eagle Egilsson Andrew Kreisberg & Wendy Mericle October 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) 2J7454 2.37 28 5 `` League of Assassins '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Drew Z . Greenberg November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) 2J7455 2.80 29 6 `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' Guy Bee Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) 2J7456 3.09 30 7 `` State v. Queen '' Bethany Rooney Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 2J7457 2.66 31 8 `` The Scientist '' Michael Schultz Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 2J7458 3.24 32 9 `` Three Ghosts '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Ben Sokolowski December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 2J7459 3.02 33 10 `` Blast Radius '' Rob Hardy Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 2J7460 2.52 34 11 `` Blind Spot '' Glen Winter Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 2J7461 2.49 35 12 `` Tremors '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg January 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) 2J7462 2.95 36 13 `` Heir to the Demon '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 2J7463 2.86 37 14 `` Time of Death '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 2J7464 2.45 38 15 `` The Promise '' Glen Winter Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 2J7465 2.21 39 16 `` Suicide Squad '' Larry Teng Keto Shimizu & Bryan Q. Miller March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 2J7466 2.42 40 17 `` Birds of Prey '' John Behring Mark Bemesderfer & A.C. Bradley March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7467 2.62 41 18 `` Deathstroke '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7468 2.32 42 19 `` The Man Under the Hood '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Keto Shimizu April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7469 2.26 43 20 `` Seeing Red '' Doug Aarniokoski Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7470 2.19 44 21 `` City of Blood '' Michael Schultz Holly Harold April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7471 2.31 45 22 `` Streets of Fire '' Nick Copus Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7472 2.33 46 23 `` Unthinkable '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7473 2.37 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` The Calm '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 3J5151 2.83 The newly promoted Captain Quentin Lance calls off the task - force against Arrow . Elsewhere , Werner Zytle , who has claimed the mantle of Vertigo , attempts to kill Arrow in a bid to raise his profile . After losing the first battle , Oliver and Roy are able to stop Zytle , along with some help from Sara who is back in town for an unknown reason . Meanwhile , businessman Ray Palmer successfully acquires Queen Consolidated under a plan of rebuilding the city and renaming it `` Star City '' . Diggle and Lyla welcome a baby girl , which convinces Diggle to take Oliver 's suggestion and retire from field duty . Oliver and Felicity go on a first date , but Oliver ends it explaining how he can not be both the Arrow and Oliver , although he acknowledges loving her . Sara is shot in the chest with arrows by an unseen figure before falling from a rooftop to her death . In flashbacks , Waller assigns agent Maseo Yamashiro as Oliver 's handler . After numerous failed attempts to escape , Oliver agrees to proceed with his training to prevent Waller from killing Maseo 's family as punishment for his failure in restraining Oliver . 48 `` Sara '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 3J5152 2.32 Laurel takes Sara 's body to the team . Quentin alerts Oliver to another archer in the city killing people , unaware about Sara . Oliver follows a lead and is able to identify the archer as Simon Lacroix . The team learns of Lacroix 's next target and intercepts him . Laurel arrives , determined to avenge Sara 's death . As Oliver attempts to dissuade her , Lacroix reveals that he was not in Starling City at the time of Sara 's death . The team buries Sara ; and Laurel decides not to tell Quentin that Sara is dead . Diggle decides to return to field duty again . Meanwhile , Roy reveals to Oliver that Thea left town when she learned he was working with the Arrow . In Corto Maltese , Thea is shown with Malcolm and has proven to be capable of defeating more than one henchman in combat . Felicity decides to work for Ray . In flashbacks , Oliver is tasked with killing Tommy , after Tommy comes to Hong Kong to find Oliver after seeing activity on Oliver 's email account . To save Tommy , Oliver pretends to kidnap him and tricks him into thinking that it was a ruse to gain ransom money before Maseo , posing as a police officer , rescues Tommy . 49 `` Corto Maltese '' Stephen Surjik Erik Oleson & Beth Schwartz October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5153 2.55 With no more leads in Sara 's murder , Oliver focuses his attention on bringing Thea home . Felicity is able to track her to Corto Maltese . Thea initially refuses to return . While he waits to convince her , Oliver assists Diggle on a mission for A.R.G.U.S. to ascertain the whereabouts of one of its agents , Mark Shaw . Mark is revealed to have broken into the A.R.G.U.S. database and stolen information to sell on the black market . Oliver and Diggle manage to stop him , who convinces Diggle to tell Waller that he is dead . After a last minute plea , and Oliver revealing the truth about Robert 's death , Thea agrees to return , which Merlyn allows . Meanwhile , trying to emulate Sara , Laurel attempts to exact vengeance on an abusive boyfriend of a fellow A.A. member , but she is overpowered and ends up in the hospital . Later , she seeks out boxer Ted Grant to train her to fight after Oliver 's refusal . Using Felicity 's help , Ray opens a file of details of advanced weaponry . Nyssa confronts Oliver and demands Sara 's whereabouts . In flashbacks to six months prior , Merlyn begins training Thea to calm her mind and heal her emotional pain , while also mastering control over physical pain . 50 `` The Magician '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5154 2.49 Oliver informs Nyssa that Sara was killed ; and Nyssa reveals to Oliver that Merlyn is alive and Sara was sent by the League to confirm his existence . After tracking Merlyn , Oliver agrees to meet him in a public location , where Merlyn tells Oliver that he did not kill her , but only returned to Starling City to save Thea . Nyssa kidnaps Thea in an attempt to draw out Merlyn , known by the League as the `` Magician '' ; but Oliver arrives to rescue Thea . Merlyn arrives shortly after to clear his name and insinuates to Nyssa that it was Ra 's who had Sara killed . Nyssa does not believe him ; but Oliver does and vows to protect Merlyn for as long as he is in Starling . Nyssa warns Oliver that he has made a serious enemy in the League before leaving and reporting back to Ra 's . Quentin gets worried about Sara 's status . In flashbacks , Oliver completes his first assassination , and learns that Waller was behind Edward Fyers ' actions on the island ; and her intention was to kill Chien on a flight to Hong Kong . Since Oliver stopped the attack , Waller demands him to help her find out the reason of Chien 's presence . 51 5 `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5155 2.73 A cyber terrorist attacks Starling City , threatening to shut down all banks and set everyone on an even socioeconomic status . While Oliver and Roy attempt to keep the peace on the streets , Felicity works to locate the virus . She quickly realizes that she designed the virus five years earlier , and that it is unstoppable . Her mother Donna shows up unannounced , and the two have a falling out over how different they are from each other . Felicity soon realizes that Donna was unknowingly sent by the cyber terrorist -- revealed to be Felicity 's ex-boyfriend Cooper -- who kidnaps them both . Using Donna as leverage , Cooper forces Felicity to divert a set of armored vehicles , carrying newly minted money , to their location . She secretly uses a smart watch presented by Ray to Donna to also contact Oliver , who arrives with Roy and Diggle and stops Cooper and his team . Felicity reconciles with Donna . Roy begins having nightmares that he was the one who killed Sara . Meanwhile , Laurel continues to train with Ted , and reveals to him the real reason that she is learning to fight . Thea buys a house using the money inherited from Merlyn and convinces Oliver to stay with her . 52 6 `` Guilty '' Peter Leto Erik Oleson & Keto Shimizu November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5156 2.60 In flashbacks , Maseo 's wife , Tatsu , uses a type of meditation to help Oliver remember where a dead associate of Chien 's dropped a letter , hoping that he leaves her family soon . From the letter , the name Li Kuan Hui is extracted . In the present , a murderer begins taking out gang members ; and when a body shows up in Ted 's gym , he becomes a suspect . Ted reveals to Oliver that he was once a vigilante who retired after a drug dealer was beaten to death by accident . Ted reveals the murderer was his former protégé Isaac Stanzler , who was responsible for the death of the dealer , but is bested by Oliver before escaping . Isaac kidnaps Ted and Laurel ; but Oliver and his team are able to successfully stop him . Meanwhile , Roy tells Felicity about his dreams and later confesses to Oliver and Laurel . Using the technique learned from Tatsu , Oliver helps Roy access his memories to realize that he did not kill Sara ; however , Roy discovers he did kill a cop while under the effects of Mirakuru . Ted decides to continue training Laurel . Isaac is confronted by a female archer calling herself `` Cupid '' . 53 7 `` Draw Back Your Bow '' Rob Hardy Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5157 2.64 Cupid , revealed to had been saved by the Arrow during Slade 's attack , murders Isaac and leaves his body dressed up as the Arrow . Following a lead , Oliver learns that she is a former cop named Carrie Cutter who is obsessed with him as a result of her condition . Carrie uses a former C.I. to track down Oliver 's hideout , the Verdant , which is reopened by Thea . Oliver lures Carrie away and rejects her romantic advancement before she tries to kill the both of them . He stops her , which reinforces Carrie 's delusion that he is in love with her . Subsequently , Oliver gives her to A.R.G.U.S. as a new member of their Squad . Meanwhile , Ray rebrands Queen Consolidated into Palmer Technologies . Oliver struggles with how much time Felicity is spending with Ray ; and the situation is made worse when he finds them kissing . Ray is later shown working on a personal exosuit design called A.T.O.M. A killer using boomerang blades appears in the city . In flashbacks to Hong Kong , Oliver and Tatsu go off to find Maseo when he goes missing , during which time she ends her displeasure towards Oliver . They return home and find Maseo safe and sound . 54 8 `` The Brave and the Bold '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Grainne Godfree December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5158 3.92 Flashbacks to Hong Kong show Oliver learning how to torture suspects effectively to get information . In the present , Oliver and Roy track down the home of Digger Harkness , the boomerang - wielding murderer , but they only find A.R.G.U.S. operatives looking for the same man . Caitlin and Cisco arrive in Starling City to help Felicity investigate Sara 's death . Digger attempts to kill Lyla ; Roy , Oliver and Barry arrive and stop him . Later , Lyla reveals Digger was part of the Suicide Squad . Oliver 's extreme interrogation methods lead Barry to question how emotionally stable Oliver is . Digger traces Oliver 's hideout , where he wounds Lyla before escaping . In order to leave town , Digger plants 5 bombs around the city . While Oliver captures Digger , Barry uses both his and Oliver 's teams to defuse the bombs at the same time . Digger is incarcerated in the island with Slade . Lyla accepts Diggle 's marriage proposal . Before Barry and his team 's departure , he and Oliver decide to have a friendly duel . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 1 episode 8 . 55 9 `` The Climb '' Thor Freudenthal Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5159 3.06 The League demands Oliver to find and turn over Sara 's killer in 48 hours or they will begin murdering Starling City citizens , a mission led by Maseo , revealed to have joined the League . S.T.A.R. Labs sends Felicity the DNA results , which appears to be Oliver 's D.N.A. Realizing that she has been lying , Arrow confronts Thea , who demonstrates her fighting skill before escaping . Later , Merlyn informs Oliver that he drugged Thea and manipulated her into killing Sara and not remembering it . Merlyn filmed the event to use as leverage to force Oliver to take the blame and challenge Ra 's to a duel , which no one has dared in 67 years . Ra 's overpowers Oliver before impaling him and kicking him over the side of a cliff . Meanwhile , Laurel reveals Sara 's death to Dinah and convinces her not to tell Quentin . Dinah asks her to avenge Sara 's murder . Ray shows the A.T.O.M. design to Felicity and states his intention to use the exosuit to protect the city as a vigilante . In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo learn that Chien has stolen an engineered super-virus . China breaks into Maseo 's house and kidnaps Tatsu after overpowering her . 56 10 `` Left Behind '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5160 3.06 In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo steal the counterpart to the super-virus , thus making Chien 's portion inert . Oliver also slips a GPS tracker on one of Chien 's men so that they can locate Tatsu . In the present , Diggle and Roy work to continue protecting the city in Oliver 's absence . With the Arrow missing , a new crime lord named Danny `` Brick '' Brickwell plots to take over the Glades . After Thea expresses concern over Oliver 's absence , Merlyn investigates the site of the duel and brings the bloodied sword back to the team , proclaiming Oliver 's death . Diggle discovers Brickwell 's plan , to secure all the evidence against street enforcers so they are released from jail and forced to join his crew , and heads to the police warehouse with Roy to stop him . Fearing for their lives , Felicity decides to trap the duo in the warehouse and let Brickwell escape . Afterward , Felicity proclaims the group non-existent without Oliver and quits both the group and helping Ray with A.T.O.M. Laurel starts fighting Brickwell 's operatives , donning an altered Canary costume . Merlyn advises Thea to leave Starling City with him . Meanwhile , Maseo finds Oliver 's body and takes it to Tatsu , who revives Oliver . 57 11 `` Midnight City '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5161 2.91 While Oliver attempts to rest and heal , members of the League arrive , forcing Maseo and Tatsu to kill them to protect Oliver . Maseo wounds himself so Ra 's will believe Oliver escaped the former . Roy and Diggle warn Laurel to stay off the streets after Roy saves her from a fight . Brick kidnaps the city 's aldermen , killing one during a rescue attempt . In exchange for the remaining aldermen , Brick demands that all police presence evacuate the Glades for good . The team is able to locate the aldermen and successfully rescue them , but the Mayor still agrees to remove the police after Brick reveals that he has targeted every legislative body member . Meanwhile , Felicity decides to rejoin the team and help Ray with his plan . Merlyn tells Thea about Ra 's , and she convinces him to stay and fight instead of flight . Chase , the DJ for Verdant , is revealed to be a spy for the League , informing Maseo about Merlyn 's decision . In flashbacks , Maseo and Oliver manage to save Tatsu . 58 12 `` Uprising '' Jesse Warn Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5162 2.94 Flashbacks chronicle the death of Merlyn 's wife , Merlyn killing the man believed to have killed her and his journey to the League to seek training . In the present , Oliver decides to return to Starling City . Tatsu informs him that if he wants to defeat Ra 's , he will need to seek swordsman training from a student , like Maseo . With the police out of the Glades , Roy and Laurel are tasked with fighting Brick 's men to keep the peace . Quentin gives the team all the information the police have on Brick to help locate him . Merlyn spies on the team as they review the evidence against Brick , and discovers that Brick was responsible for the death of Merlyn 's wife . Merlyn propositions the team to join forces to take down Brick , but the team refuses . Instead , they rally the citizens of the Glades to take on Brick and his men . Merlyn overpowers Brick before Oliver arrives and persuades him to spare Brick 's life and let the police arrest him . Cindy tells Quentin her knowledge that the new female vigilante is not Sara . In the aftermath , Oliver requests Merlyn train him so that he can take on Ra 's . 59 13 `` Canaries '' Michael Schultz Jake Coburn & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5163 2.67 Werner Zytle escapes custody by poisoning a guard with Vertigo . As Oliver tries to keep Laurel off the streets as a vigilante , Merlyn informs him that to beat Ra 's he will need to bring Thea into the team . Oliver reveals the truth to her , who accepts and praises him for the work he has been doing as the Arrow . Laurel tracks down Zytle and takes him on herself , only to be poisoned with Vertigo . She begins to hallucinate images of Sara , who attacks her . Oliver and Roy arrive in time to get her back to the base for treatment . Oliver realizes that his team does not fight for him anymore , but for the city . Chase attempts to kill Thea , but Roy and Merlyn show up and Chase commits suicide . Oliver and Laurel successfully capture Zytle together . On Merlyn 's advice , Oliver takes Thea to the island for training . Laurel finally tells Quentin , who already knows the former 's alter ego , about Sara 's death . In flashbacks , Oliver is captured by A.R.G.U.S. and interrogated for the location of Maseo and his family . Maseo is captured trying to save Oliver . Waller brings Oliver and Maseo to Starling City to find Chien . 60 14 `` The Return '' Dermott Downs Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5164 2.91 While on the island of Lian Yu , Oliver begins Thea 's training . He goes to the A.R.G.U.S. prison to visit with Slade , but he discovers the guard dead and Slade missing . Oliver warns Thea and they find out that Merlyn had Slade freed as part of their training . Slade arrives and captures them , imprisoning them in the A.R.G.U.S. cell . The duo manages to open the doors and escape . Oliver reveals to Thea that she killed Sara . Slade arrives and engages them . Oliver dissuades Thea from killing Slade , who gets imprisoned back in the cell . The duo returns to Starling City , where Thea confronts Merlyn for forcing her to kill Sara . Thea decides to work with him to fight Ra 's , but denounces their personal relationship . Quentin blames Laurel for hiding the truth . In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo start tracking an employee of Queen Consolidated associated with Chien . Oliver looks in on his family and discovers that Thea is using drugs . Oliver and Maseo acquire the virus and arrest Chien . Oliver is introduced to General Matthew Shrieve , who promises to free him after he is debriefed in China . 61 15 `` Nanda Parbat '' Gregory Smith Story by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski Teleplay by : Erik Oleson & Ben Sokolowski February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5165 3.07 Oliver and Thea continue their training with Merlyn . Thea confesses the whole truth to Laurel , who instead blames Merlyn ; Thea makes a deal to turn him over to the League . Laurel confronts Merlyn and is outmatched , but they are interrupted by Nyssa and the League , and Merlyn is captured . Having imprisoned Nyssa , Oliver decides to go to Nanda Parbat to rescue Merlyn to prevent Thea from blaming herself when she realizes that she has sentenced her father to death . Oliver and Diggle infiltrate Nanda Parbat , but walk into a trap set by Ra 's . Oliver tells Diggle that Thea was not his only motive and he could not accept the defeat from someone else . Diggle states that he considers him a brother . Thea confesses the truth to Nyssa and offers her the chance at revenge , and Ray tests the flight capabilities of his completed A.T.O.M. exo - suit . Instead of killing Oliver , Ra 's expresses his praise for Oliver 's courage and strength , and asks Oliver to replace him as the head of the League . In flashbacks , Oliver is debriefed by Matthew and freed . On their way , Oliver and the Yamashiros are attacked . Oliver flees for safety with Akio , Maseo 's son . 62 16 `` The Offer '' Dermott Downs Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 3J5166 2.56 Ra 's explains that the localized pool of water in Nanda Parbat has healing effects that have allowed him to live far longer than any mortal man . The pool is becoming less effective on him , so Ra 's is looking for a replacement . In a show of good faith to convince Oliver , Ra 's releases Diggle and Merlyn and forgives all blood debts . Oliver returns to Starling and releases Nyssa . Oliver and his team return to stopping crime , but Quentin tells the Arrow that he will not aid him anymore because of hiding Sara 's death . Afterward , Oliver realizes that he is not ready to give up being the Arrow ; Oliver informs Maseo of his decision , who warns Oliver of the consequences of defying Ra 's . Upset with Ra 's for his offer to Oliver , Nyssa leaves him and returns to Starling City , befriending Laurel and deciding to train her . Ra 's , dressed as the Arrow , frames the vigilante for murder . Thea leaves Malcolm and moves in Roy 's . In flashbacks to Hong Kong , Oliver and Akio continue to be on the run , during which they seemingly stumble across a woman resembling Shado . 63 17 `` Suicidal Tendencies '' Jesse Warn Keto Shimizu March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) 3J5167 2.86 Diggle and Lyla officially remarry , but Waller interrupts their honeymoon to recruit them for a Suicide Squad mission to rescue Senator Cray from a kidnapping . The kidnapping turns out be a ruse by Cray , to help his bid for President . The team rescues the hostages , but Lawton seemingly sacrifices himself so everyone can get out safely . He is announced responsible for the kidnapping , and Cray 's involvement is covered up . The police issue a warrant for the Arrow , which Ray supports . Oliver discovers that Ra 's has sent multiple assassins to impersonate him . In his new A.T.O.M. suit , Ray locates the Arrow and through facial scans learns his identity . Laurel refuses to accept Ray 's evidence against Oliver . Ray engages Oliver in a fight , but Oliver disables Ray 's suit . Oliver convinces Ray that he is being framed . Diggle decides to leave Oliver 's team and Lyla decides to resign from A.R.G.U.S. Maseo , dressed as the Arrow , murders the mayor and shoots another arrow at Felicity . In flashbacks , Lawton struggles to transition back into society from the military , including his wife and child leaving him . Lawton is propositioned by H.I.V.E. to assassinate Andrew Diggle , John 's brother . 64 18 `` Public Enemy '' Dwight Little Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) 3J5168 2.48 Ray takes the arrow for Felicity . Quentin issues an arrest warrant for the Arrow and his team , with shoot to kill orders in effect . Oliver uses Nyssa to track Maseo 's location . Ra 's appears and repeats his demand . The police arrive and Oliver and his team manage to escape . Ra 's kidnaps Quentin and reveals the Arrow 's identity , which Quentin announces at a press conference . Oliver decides to turn himself in exchange for immunity for his teammates . Roy dresses as the Arrow , stops Oliver 's transport van and surrenders to the police , claiming that he has been the Arrow all along . Meanwhile , Ray is revealed to have developed a deadly thrombus that has no known cure . He reveals to have nanobots that can destroy the clot . Felicity injects them and saves him by the help of Donna . In flashbacks , the woman resembling Shado turns out to be her twin sister Mei . The assailants come after them , but Maseo and Tatsu arrive and rescue them . Before leaving , Oliver tells Mei that Shado and Yao are dead . 65 19 `` Broken Arrow '' Doug Aarniokoski Story by : Jake Coburn Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan April 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 15 ) 3J5169 2.47 Roy is arrested and the District Attorney decides not to charge Oliver . However , Quentin knows the truth and decides to continue investigating Oliver , who and his team start working on how to stop metahuman Jake Simmons . Oliver enlists Ray 's help . After a failed first attempt , Oliver and Ray sync their movements through a neural network , but when the network malfunctions during the battle , Ray defeats Simmons himself , and places him under S.T.A.R. Labs ' custody . Cisco deduces that Simmons did not acquire his powers from the particle accelerator explosion . With the help of A.R.G.U.S , Roy fakes his own murder so that the public believes the Arrow is dead and Oliver innocent . As a result , Roy is forced to leave the city . Ra 's visits Thea and impales her with his sword . In flashbacks , Oliver infiltrates A.R.G.U.S. to stop Waller , only to discover that she is a prisoner of Shrieve , who was behind the attack and plans to release the virus in Hong Kong . Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu steal the vaccine and decide to stop Shrieve 's plan . 66 20 `` The Fallen '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama April 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 3J5170 2.72 Oliver rushes Thea to a hospital , where her death is said to be apparently inevitable . Maseo contacts Oliver to let him know that if he accepts Ra 's offer , he will be able to use the Lazarus Pit to heal her . Malcolm warns against this , stating that the pit changes a person in their soul , but Oliver decides to take her to Nanda Parbat regardless . Thea is dipped into the pit and returns healed but in a state of confusion , and her memories jumbled . Felicity has sex with Oliver before drugging him so the team can sneak him out of the fortress , which is aided by Maseo . Cornered by the Assassins , Oliver wakes in time to order them to stand down . Afterward , Oliver returns to take his place as head of the League , alone . Thea wakes up in her apartment , her mind clear and distraught that Oliver sacrificed himself for her . Oliver renounces his old life , taking on an apprentice role in the League and the name Al Sah - him until he is ready to take over as the new Ra 's . In flashbacks , Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu go after the virus , but during a fight it is released . 67 21 `` Al Sah - him '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 3J5171 2.39 Oliver begins his training , which includes breaking down his psyche so that his allegiance is only to the League and his new identity as Al Sah - him . Ra 's recounts the moment that he was chosen to become the leader of the League , and a duel with his best friend Damien Darhk who saw himself as the heir . Ra 's hesitated and Damien fled , stealing from the Lazarus Pit and starting his own group . Damien is revealed to had hired Gholem Qadir and Mark Shaw . Subsequently , Oliver is directed to kill Nyssa . Oliver and the League come to Starling City , where team Arrow announce their protection of Nyssa . Oliver kidnaps Lyla to force the team to give her up . At the exchange , a fight breaks out and Nyssa is taken by the League . Oliver almost kills Diggle , but Thea , in her own suit , arrives and stops him . Felicity reveals to Thea that Roy is alive . In Nanda Parbat Ra 's orders Nyssa to marry Oliver , and Oliver has to use the Alpha / Omega virus to cleanse Starling City as afinal act of commitment . In flashbacks , Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu , who were vaccinated , watch as the citizens of Hong Kong , including Akio , become infected . 68 22 `` This Is Your Sword '' Wendey Stanzler Story by : Erik Oleson Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 3J5172 2.54 In flashbacks , Maseo and Oliver go after Shreive to see if he has a cure . They only succeed in leading Shrieve to their location , while Akio dies in Tatsu 's arms . In the present , Diggle and Laurel patrol Starling City , taking on any criminals they find . Thea finds Roy and reunites with him . Oliver learns that Maseo is the one who provided Ra 's with the Omega virus when he originally came to Nanda Parbat . Sneaking away from the castle , Oliver , revealed to have been in league with Malcolm and that his agreement to become Ra 's heir was a charade to get close to Ra 's and slowly dismantle the League from within , tells Malcolm Ra 's plan . On Oliver 's advice , Malcolm uses Tatsu to convince the team of the truth . The team , including Tatsu , Ray , and Malcolm go to Nanda Parbat where Tatsu kills Maseo before they are overrun by the League and captured . Malcolm reveals Oliver 's treachery to Ra 's , whom Oliver manages to convince of his loyalty . Roy secretly leaves Thea . Ra 's exposes the team , excluding Tatsu , to the virus before sealing them away in a cell . Afterward , Oliver and Nyssa get married . 69 23 `` My Name Is Oliver Queen '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 3J5173 2.83 While Ra 's and Oliver head toward Starling City , the team wakes in the dungeon . Malcolm informs them that he secretly gave them the vaccine . Barry arrives and frees them . Oliver and Nyssa attack Ra 's and other Assassins . Ra 's escapes with a canister of the virus , vowing to destroy Starling . Ra 's reveals to have four targets . Felicity locates them , and Oliver organizes the team , along with Quentin and the police , to those locations , with Thea arriving in Roy 's suit to help . Oliver duels Ra 's , as the team successfully stops the attack and minimizes the casualties . Oliver kills Ra 's before being saved from the police by Felicity in the A.T.O.M. suit . Afterward , Oliver decides to have a normal life with Felicity instead of operating as a vigilante , knowing that there are other vigilantes that can take his place . Oliver cedes the title of Ra 's to Malcolm , to whom Nyssa kneels , but promises vengeance . Ray begins testing a way to miniaturize his A.T.O.M. suit , which results in an explosion . In flashbacks , Oliver tortures Shrieve for hours before Maseo executes him . The trio separates and Oliver decides to live a lonely life away from his family . He boards a ship headed to Coast City . Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` Green Arrow '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 3J5801 2.67 Diggle , Thea , and Laurel continue fighting crime in Starling City , recently renamed ' Star City ' in honor of Ray , who apparently died in the explosion . The city 's leadership , which includes Quentin , assemble to discuss a group of criminals named the `` Ghosts '' who are terrorizing the city . Damien Darhk , revealed to be controlling the Ghosts , systematically begins assassinating the city 's leadership , but fails to kill Quentin . Laurel and Thea convince Oliver , who was trying to propose to Felicity , to return and help them , which Diggle reluctantly approves . Oliver realizes that Felicity has been helping the team , which tracks the Ghosts , where they witness Damien using some form of mystical energy manipulation . Oliver notices Speedy 's excessive aggressiveness . Working together , the team stops Damien 's terrorist attack . Diggle deduces that Damien is leading H.I.V.E. Afterward , taking the name `` Green Arrow '' , Oliver broadcasts a message to the city vowing to be a beacon of hope , while Quentin is revealed to be working with Damien under duress . In flashbacks , Waller finds Oliver and forces him back on Lian Yu to assess a new threat . He is captured upon arrival . 71 `` The Candidate '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5802 2.50 The Queen family friend Jessica Danforth decides to run for mayor . During her announcement , she is attacked by Lonnie Machin , an anarchist for hire working for Damien . Queen explains to his sister that her aggressiveness is a result of being in the Lazarus Pit . Diggle tells Laurel about H.I.V.E. The team successfully stops Machin , but Speedy sets him on fire in the process . Later , Machin escapes police custody . Laurel decides to take Thea back to Nanda Parbat both to find a way to stop the aggression and to bring Sara 's body to the pit . Queen decides to run for mayor after Danforth backs out of the race . Meanwhile , Felicity takes over for Ray at the company and tasks an operative named Curtis Holt to find a way to save the financial crisis . In flashbacks , Oliver kills the soldier and is tasked by Waller to infiltrate the local military operation run by an officer named Reiter . Reiter decides to recruit Oliver for his cause instead of killing him . 72 `` Restoration '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5803 2.40 Laurel and Thea arrive in Nanda Parbat and request Merlyn to use the Lazarus Pit for Sara . He initially refuses and tells Thea that she needs to kill some people once in a while to suppress the lust . In order to appease her , he eventually agrees to revive Sara . When Sara returns feral , Nyssa destroys the Lazarus Pit in retaliation , and Merlyn has her imprisoned . Meanwhile , an A.R.G.U.S. operative delivers Diggle information on a H.I.V.E. operative , Mina Fayad . Fayad meets with Damien about the growing issue with the vigilantes in Star City . She brings in a metahuman named Jeremy Tell , who can turn his playing card tattoos into physical projectiles . After Tell 's initial failure , Damien kills Fayad for challenging him . Felicity reveals to Holt that she is aiding Green Arrow . Diggle and Green Arrow team up and take down Tell , who refuses to talk because of fearing Damien more . He is imprisoned in Iron Heights . In flashbacks , in order to impress his handler , Queen uses torture techniques to interrogate the prisoners who are being used to harvest heroin - cocaine hybrid plants . He secretly frees a woman . 73 `` Beyond Redemption '' Lexi Alexander Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5805 2.64 Quentin has Green Arrow look into the death of two police officers and the team discovers they were killed by members of the Anti-Vigilante Task Force . Laurel brings Quentin to see Sara , who is chained up in the basement of Laurel 's apartment . Smoak identifies Liza Warner as a suspect and , while searching for her , Oliver discovers Quentin meeting with Darhk and confronts Quentin , who reveals that Darhk threatened to kill Laurel . Darhk advises Quentin to kill Sara ; but Laurel dissuades him . Green Arrow and the team stop the corrupt officers before Liza attempts to kill the vigilante ; but Quentin convinces her to surrender . Later , Queen asks Quentin to spy on Darhk and announces his candidacy , Smoak opens an audio of Palmer 's apparent final moments , and Laurel discovers that Sara has escaped . In flashbacks , Queen gets Taiana , the woman , to a cave and convinces officer Conklin of her death ; but he discovers his communication device with Waller . 74 5 `` Haunted '' John Badham Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 3J5804 2.60 In flashbacks , Reiter dismisses Conklin 's accusation . Instead , he introduces them to a recent captive named John Constantine , who escapes and forces Queen to help him locate a mystical object on the island . Afterwards , Constantine warns Queen to be wary of Reiter 's real plans and uses the object to cast a spell on the him . In the present , Sara starts killing women and Green Arrow discovers she is alive . The team realizes that Sara is looking for Thea and plans to kill her . They capture Sara and Oliver contacts John , who helps restore Sara 's soul . Meanwhile , Darhk gives Quentin a new task to install a computer virus in a security company . Diggle goes along and sees his brother 's name among the list of individuals being deleted by the virus . Later , Smoak and Holt learn that Palmer is still alive and Diggle learns that his brother was killed because he was a drug cartel leader . 75 6 `` Lost Souls '' Antonio Negret Beth Schwartz & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5806 2.30 As Oliver works on his campaign , Felicity continues searching for Ray with the help of Curtis . Ray is able to send a new message , letting Felicity know that he survived the explosion because his suit successfully shrank him down to a small size , that he is being held prisoner , and where to find the schematics to build a device to return him to his normal size . In a second message , Felicity discovers that Darhk is the one imprisoning Ray , hoping to get the technology from his suit . The team tracks Darhk to his hideout and , with the device created by Curtis , they successfully save and restore Ray . Thea starts dating Alex while Quentin and Donna start their own date . Darhk orders tests a power source made from Ray 's technology on a mystical board . Meanwhile , Sara struggles with the bloodlust and decides to leave Star City to gain control . In flashbacks , Reiter sends Oliver on a search for another ancient ruin that is supposed to yield a `` gift '' for Reiter . Conklin has a worker turn on Oliver , who kills him , giving the former the opportunity to question Oliver 's motives . 76 7 `` Brotherhood '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Keto Shimizu November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5807 2.69 While Ray refuses to return to Palmer Tech , H.I.V.E. destroy money meant for the city bank . John gives Oliver information that H.I.V.E. murdered his brother Andy because he was a criminal rival . Darhk tells Quentin about his knowledge of Quentin 's betrayal . The team heads to a lab , where they are attacked by Darhk 's group and John discovers that Andy is still alive , working for H.I.V.E. John refuses to see Andy as anything more than a traitor , unworthy of saving . The team finds out that Darhk uses pills to control his operatives ' minds , which could have been administered to Andy . They locate him and the rest of H.I.V.E , successfully extracting Andy with help from Ray and John , who confronts Andy with the documents , which Andy confirms . After an encounter with Darhk , Thea learns that his powers may help cure her bloodlust permanently after Darhk 's failure to drain her lifeforce . In flashbacks , Conklin reveals that the worker Oliver killed was Taiana 's brother , diverting accusation from the former . However , Reiter finds the truth by a mystical object and has Oliver whip Conklin as punishment . Oliver later convinces Taiana to help him find a map . 77 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Marc Guggenheim December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5808 3.66 Malcolm orchestrates a meeting between Savage , Barry , and Oliver . Savage demands they turn over Kendra and Carter or he will destroy both Central City and Star City with the Staff of Horus . They devise a plan to deliver the pair as a ruse to get close enough to destroy the staff . The plan fails ; Kendra and Carter are killed and Savage uses the staff to destroy everyone else in the city . Barry escapes and runs fast enough to go back in time to the point of the original negotiation . Barry informs Oliver of his time travel and the mistakes that led to their defeat . They change their approach to the plan and Barry is able to steal the staff . He and Oliver use it on Savage , burning his body . Afterward , Kendra and Carter decide to use their powers to help others in another city . Cisco gives her a tracking device . Meanwhile , Oliver learns about his son , William , and accepts Samantha 's condition not to tell William or anyone else about the paternity in order to be able to see William . Malcolm collects Savage 's ashes , repeating the words Savage said the first time he killed the pair . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 2 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 78 9 `` Dark Waters '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5809 2.82 Oliver 's campaign starts an initiative to clean up the Star City bay . Darhk sends a drone to the bay and begins shooting at the citizens helping , injuring several . In response , Oliver reveals Darhk to the media as the leader of H.I.V.E. and the Ghosts . In retaliation , Darhk crashes Oliver 's campaign holiday party and kidnaps John , Felicity , and Thea . Oliver makes contact and agrees to exchange himself for them . Darhk tricks Oliver and attempts to kill them all in front of him . Malcolm , dressed as Green Arrow , and Laurel arrive and rescue everyone . Afterward , Oliver proposes to Felicity , who accepts . As they leave , Darhk 's men shoot up Oliver 's limo and hit Felicity while Darhk reunites with his wife and daughter . Meanwhile , H.I.V.E 's plan , titled Genesis , is revealed to include mass growing of corn in a large field . In flashbacks , Oliver returns to the ship the Amazo and acquires the maps . However , Conklin finds Taiana alive and confronts Oliver . 79 10 `` Blood Debts '' Jesse Warn Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5810 2.83 While Felicity goes under multiple surgeries , Oliver and the team continue searching for Darhk . Oliver turns to Quentin for information on Darhk 's location , while John interrogates his brother Andy . They track down Darhk 's location , but find only several dead Ghost soldiers and an anarchy symbol , deducing that Machin is back and out for revenge against Darhk . Machin is caught and Oliver interrogates him before freeing him to go after Darhk , tracking him in the process . Andy reveals Darhk 's family house , where Machin goes too ; the team arrives and saves Darhk 's family , but Machin escapes . Darhk grants Oliver time to spend with his own family before Darhk can kill him . Meanwhile , Felicity is left paralyzed from being shot . John regains his relationship with Andy . Darhk 's wife , Ruvé , is revealed to be his accomplice and H.I.V.E 's plan is revealed to be destroying the world and rebuilding it . In flashbacks , Conklin presents his proof to Reiter , who allows the former to whip Oliver as punishment , until Reiter notices the spell on Oliver 's abdomen . In exchange for Taiana 's safety , Oliver agrees to help Reiter . 80 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' Charlotte Brandström Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5811 2.78 Felicity returns home from the hospital , trying to figure out her place on the team now that she is a paraplegic . An A.R.G.U.S. agent seeks out John and Lyla for assistance , but is kidnapped before he can tell the pair anything . The pair goes to Waller , who secretly gives her a portable hard drive that reveals the operative was taken by an organization known as `` Shadowspire '' . John recognizes the name and recounts first meeting the war profiteering group in Afghanistan . With Andy 's help , the team tracks Shadowspire . Oliver pressures Felicity for help , who has started having hallucinations of her hacker past self . Shadowspire infiltrates A.R.G.U.S. looking for the access codes to a project known as `` Rubicon '' , killing Waller when she refuses to help . Oliver and the team , with Felicity 's assistance , enter A.R.G.U.S. and stop Shadowspire . Oliver vows to look for a way to cure Felicity 's paralysis ; and John takes Andy to his house . In flashbacks , Reiter is revealed as the leader of Shadowspire . 81 12 `` Unchained '' Kevin Fair Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5812 2.48 The team goes after a burglar and Oliver and Thea manage to corner him . He escapes when Thea loses consciousness . Malcolm reveals to Oliver that since she has not taken a life , the bloodlust is killing her . Oliver finds out that the burglar is Roy . They free Roy from the control of a man who goes by the name Calculator . Felicity tracks the Calculator through the web , who reveals he intends to shut down the entire city , killing everyone in the process . The team manages to stop the plan . Meanwhile , Ruve enters the mayoral race , Thea slips into a coma , the Calculator is revealed to be Felicity 's father , Noah Kuttler . Roy decides to leave again . Nyssa escapes her cell in Nanda Parbat , visits Tatsu and somehow convinces her to give her Lotus , a cure for Thea 's bloodlust . She demands Oliver to kill Malcolm in exchange for Lotus . In flashbacks , Reiter tortures Oliver for information on the maps he acquired . Oliver has a mystical meeting with the soul of Shado , who gives him a special stone . He reveals to Taiana that he killed her brother . 82 13 `` Sins of the Father '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Keto Shimizu February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5813 2.44 Oliver refuses Nyssa 's offer ; instead , he manages to convince Malcolm to relinquish control of the League to Nyssa in exchange for the Lotus . At the exchange , Malcolm double - crosses Nyssa and a war starts between the two Assassin factions in Star City . Oliver convinces Malcolm to challenge Nyssa to a duel . Oliver uses ancient rules to trade places with Nyssa as her husband . The former bests Malcolm but , instead of killing him , cuts off the hand wearing the Demon 's Head ring and exchanges the ring for the Lotus . However , Nyssa disbands the League and destroys the ring . Malcolm informs Darhk about Oliver 's son , William . Meanwhile , Noah reveals to Felicity that he is the Calculator , claiming to have changed into a good person . She finds out that he is lying and turns him over to the police . In flashbacks , Taiana takes the stone from Oliver and gives it to Reiter , demanding her freedom , which Reiter refuses to do and tasks her to help Oliver recover . She later reconciles with him . Reiter informs Oliver that the stone led to the location of what he seeks ; and they are going to `` dig '' . 83 14 `` Code of Silence '' James Bamford Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5814 2.44 Malcolm joins Darhk , Ruvé , and the other leaders of H.I.V.E. and it is revealed that they are moving on to `` Phase 5 '' of their plan . Darhk sends a group of mercenaries , known as the Demolition Team , to take out Quentin , whom Laurel saves . With Curtis ' help , Felicity realizes that the Demolition Team is planning to destroy the building of the mayoral debate between Oliver and Ruvé , leaving her alive as a sympathetic survivor . Oliver and his team stop the mercenaries in time for Oliver to win the debate . Oliver and Felicity become engaged and Curtis presents her a device that can cure her paralysis . Darhk kidnaps William . Meanwhile , Thea finds out about William and supports Oliver 's decision to hide it from Felicity . Quentin tells Donna about his previous involvement with Darhk . In flashbacks , in order to gain the approval of the prisoners , Oliver kills Conklin , who reveals that Reiter plans to kill all the prisoners after he finds his `` ultimate power '' . 84 15 `` Taken '' Gregory Smith Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Keto Shimizu & Brian Ford Sullivan February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 3J5815 2.70 Darhk demands Oliver withdraw from the mayoral race in exchange for William . Oliver reveals the truth about William to the rest of the team while revealing his alter ego to Samantha . He asks a Detroit - based vigilante named Mari McCabe for help , as her powers are derived from magic . Mari tracks William 's location ; but they fail to rescue him . Oliver withdraws from the race while the team discovers the root of Darhk 's powers and sets a plan to destroy his mystical idol . The plan works ; Darhk is left powerless and arrested , while William is saved . They also discover that Malcolm was the one who kidnapped William . Later , Oliver sends William and his mother away for safety , planning to reveal the truth to William when he is 18 . Felicity decides to break up with Oliver while she recovers her ability to walk . In flashbacks , a passage is discovered that leads to Reiter 's `` ultimate power '' and the spell on Oliver 's stomach allows him to pass unharmed . 85 16 `` Broken Hearts '' John Showalter Rebecca Bellotto & Nolan Dunbar March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 3J5816 2.09 Carrie Cutter returns to Star City and begins targeting high profile couples . While the team works to track her whereabouts and prevent any more killings , Laurel works on Darhk 's prosecution . After several failed attempts to find a suitable witness , Quentin testifies to his involvement . The team discovers that Carrie is targeting couples that have recently been married . In order to draw her out , Oliver convinces Felicity to stage a `` secret '' wedding with him to set themselves up as targets , intentionally leaking the information to the media . The plan works and Carrie attacks Oliver and Felicity at the ceremony . Felicity distracts her long enough for Diggle and Thea to apprehend her . Darhk 's bail is denied and is remanded into custody . Quentin is suspended pending an investigation , while Felicity quits the team for good . In custody , Darhk is shown wearing a mystical ring he secretly carried inside . In flashbacks , Oliver leads Reiter to a mystical idol , but steals it and runs off into the tunnels with Taiana . The pair incapacitate two mercenaries and acquire their guns . 86 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 3J5817 2.34 Brie Larvan orchestrates her release from prison and travels to Star City in search of the bio-mechanical chip that helps Felicity walk . Brie attacks Palmer Tech , holding the board hostage until Felicity turns herself over . Curtis tracks down Oliver 's hideout , discovering his secret in the process , so that he can offer his help to the team to save Felicity , Donna , and Thea . Oliver is stung by one of Brie 's robotic bees . Curtis realizes the sting actually implanted a bee within Oliver that is replicating itself . Laurel uses her Canary Cry to save Oliver . Felicity is able to evacuate the board members , while Brie reveals she is after the chip because she has a tumor that is going to leave her paralyzed . Curtis develops a virus to shut down the bees and uses them to stop Brie . Meanwhile , Malcolm visits Darhk and informs him that H.I.V.E. is proceeding with `` Genesis '' without Darhk , who later gains the loyalty of Michael Amar . Andy is revealed to be still allegiant to Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver engages Reiter , whose powers from the idol dwindle ; and Reiter escapes into the tunnels to recover it . Oliver and Taiana decide to save the prisoners instead . 87 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' Rob Hardy Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 3J5818 2.24 Andy tells John that he was approached by Malcolm about a plan to break Darhk out of prison . Oliver and John foil H.I.V.E. 's plan , but it turns out to be a ruse designed to let Malcolm and his loyal Assassins invade the bunker and steal Darhk 's idol . Malcolm delivers the idol to Darhk , who finds out that it is incomplete . John reveals to Andy that he personally hid the missing piece in another location . Oliver becomes suspicious of Andy . Darhk and Amar orchestrate a prison riot and the team sets out to stop him with Andy joining them . However , when the team reaches Darhk , Andy turns on them and gives Darhk the missing piece to his idol . With his powers restored , Darhk subdues the team and stabs Laurel before escaping with Malcolm , Andy , and tens of other inmates . Laurel later dies at the hospital . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana help the prisoners escape and set off a bomb to bury Reiter in the tunnels . Reiter kills his two accompanying mercenaries in order to survive by the idol . 88 19 `` Canary Cry '' Laura Belsey Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 27 ) 3J5819 2.27 As the team , including the rejoined Felicity , mourns Laurel 's death and tries to determine their next move against Darhk , another woman posing as the Black Canary appears in Star City . She turns out to be Evelyn Sharp , the daughter of H.I.V.E. prisoners who were left behind after Oliver saved his team when they were kidnapped by Darhk previously . John , angry at being betrayed by Andy , goes after Ruvé , the new mayor ; but Oliver intervenes . Ruvé issues arrest warrants for all vigilantes . Sharp goes after Ruvé publicly , but Oliver is able to dissuade her from killing Ruvé . Meanwhile , Quentin starts looking for ways to revive Laurel ; but Oliver manages to dissuade him . At Laurel 's funeral , Oliver reveals her as the Black Canary to preserve her image with the city . Afterwards , Oliver vows to find a way to defeat and kill Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver and Laurel struggle to come to terms with Tommy Merlyn 's death . In the end , Oliver leaves Laurel to cope on her own and returns to Lian Yu . 89 20 `` Genesis '' Gregory Smith Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 3J5820 2.07 Darhk returns to H.I.V.E. and kills two of the board members before renewing his plans for `` Genesis '' . Oliver and Felicity go to Hub City and meet an immortal shaman , Fortuna , who starts educating Oliver about dark magic . After a mystical ritual , Fortuna tells Oliver that the darkness inside him is too strong to channel the light . In Star City , John locates Andy , but is captured after a brief shootout . Andy puts a tracking device on him , then allows John to escape so that Darhk and his team can go after John and Lyla and steal `` Rubicon '' , the key to the world 's nuclear weapons . Oliver manages to stop Darhk by channeling the power of light , nullifying Darhk 's powers and forcing him to retreat . John kills Andy . Meanwhile , Thea and Alex , who is working for Ruve now , go to an unknown city for vacation . She soon realizes that the city is atypical and finds out that Alex is using Darhk 's mind control pills . She is subdued by Darhk 's operatives and the city is revealed to be under Star City . The team realizes that Darhk plans to detonate nuclear weapons and build a new world over the ashes . 90 21 `` Monument Point '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Jenny Lynn May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 3J5821 2.16 Darhk begins taking control of the world 's nuclear missiles . The team seeks out Noah to help disable Rubicon . Darhk sends Danny Brickwell and Amar to find and kill Noah , but Oliver and his team are able to rescue him . Noah agrees to help , but it requires a high - powered processor from Palmer Tech . Felicity learns she has been fired as CEO and is unable to get the processor , forcing the team to break in and steal it . H.I.V.E. locates the team when Noah hacks into Rubicon . As H.I.V.E. attacks , Felicity and Noah shut down Rubicon and stop all the missiles but one , which launches and heads to Monument Point . Felicity only manages to redirect it to Havenrock , reducing the casualties to tens of thousands . Oliver and Diggle find Darhk in the Star City nexus chamber , gathering more power from all the deaths caused by the explosion . Meanwhile in the underground city , Malcolm tells Thea it is designed to protect Darhk and his chosen people from the nuclear apocalypse . Lonnie attacks the city and kills Alex . In flashbacks , Reiter escapes the cave - in , but Oliver and Taiana steal the idol back . The idol then begins to affect Taiana . 91 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' Glen Winter Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 3J5822 1.94 His power grown exponentially , Darhk attempts to reactivate `` Rubicon '' with the help of Felicity 's former boyfriend , Cooper , and launch the remaining missiles . However , Noah , Felicity , and Curtis successfully shut down `` Rubicon '' for good . Meanwhile , Oliver and Diggle discover the underground town and track Thea 's whereabouts . Malcolm uses a mind - controlling drug on her which makes her turn on Oliver , but Oliver manages to talk her back to reality . Just then , Machin takes over H.I.V.E. 's command center and threatens to destroy Darhk 's town . Oliver , Diggle , and Thea intercede , but the main power source gets ruptured and explodes , destroying the city . The town is evacuated and Machin escapes , but not before killing Ruvé . Donna convinces Noah to leave and never come back . Darhk decides to use `` Rubicon '' to destroy the whole Earth and shows up at Oliver 's home , where Felicity , Donna , and Curtis are . In flashbacks , the idol begins to slowly corrupt Taiana , feeding her ever more power from each soldier she and Oliver kill . Oliver takes the idol and tries to talk her down , but Reiter suddenly arrives and confronts them both . 92 23 `` Schism '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 3J5823 2.19 Darhk steals the laptop keeping him locked out of `` Rubicon '' and launches over 15,000 nuclear missiles , giving the team two hours to prevent worldwide annihilation . With Star City citizens rioting , Oliver addresses everyone directly , inspiring hope in them to stay strong , while Felicity and Curtis divert the missile aimed at Star City . Oliver goes after Darhk , while Felicity , Merlyn , and Thea track down `` Rubicon '' . Felicity convinces Cooper to stop helping Darhk , at the cost of his life . Curtis devises a means to stop the missiles . Oliver is able to nullify Darhk 's powers with the hope he inspired throughout the city . While the citizens of Star City take on Darhk 's remaining men , Oliver duels and kills Darhk . Afterward , Thea , Diggle and Lance , who gets fired from SCPD , leave the team for new lives , and the city council appoints Oliver as the interim mayor . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana manage to kill Reiter . She then convinces him to kill her when she is unable to escape the darkness within . Oliver radios Waller to rescue the rest of the prisoners and keep the idol safe , intending to go to Russia to meet Taiana 's family as he promised . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 93 `` Legacy '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) T27. 13201 1.87 Five months after the death of Damien Darhk , Oliver is distracted from his new duties as mayor due to continuing as Green Arrow alone , his old team members having gone their separate ways . He is encouraged by Felicity to build a new team by recruiting the amateur vigilantes now working in Star City , like Rene Ramirez . A new criminal crew appears , headed by Tobias Church , and kidnaps Mayor Queen in a bid to draw out and kill the Green Arrow , thereby taking over the city . He is rescued by Speedy , but she permanently quits the team after seeing that Oliver is again willing to kill . Church escapes from the Green Arrow and a team of several police officers , then later unites all the organized crime cartels and street gangs under his leadership . Oliver finally agrees to form a new team and includes Curtis at Curtis ' request . Elsewhere , a mysterious hooded figure in black kills a policeman in cold blood . In a flashback , Oliver encounters his old friend Anatoli Knyazev in Russia . Anatoli agrees to help him kill Konstantin Kovar , the tyrant running Taiana 's village , by initiating him to the Bratva , the only group that can possibly defeat Kovar . 94 `` The Recruits '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13202 1.94 Green Arrow recruits Rene , Evelyn Sharp , and Curtis and begins training them using an exercise from his Bratva initiation , revealed through flashbacks . As mayor , Oliver arranges to have AmerTek provide free medical care for Star City 's disenfranchised at a special clinic . A new metahuman , `` Ragman '' , appears and starts attacking AmerTek executives . The recruits leave Green Arrow because they do not trust him . Thea discovers that AmerTek CEO Janet Carroll is working with Church and Felicity learns that it was AmerTek 's nuclear missiles that Damien Darhk used to try and destroy the world . Ragman and Green Arrow stop an arms buy between Carroll and Church . Ragman later reveals that he was the only survivor of the Havenrock bombing . Green Arrow convinces him to put aside vengeance and join his team . Later , Oliver reveals his identity to the other recruits as a sign of trust and they agree to rejoin the team . Thea decides to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor . Church is attacked by the mysterious archer who calls himself `` Prometheus '' , who wants to personally kill Green Arrow . Meanwhile , Diggle , back in the Army and on a covert operation , is ambushed by his superior , who plans to sell a nuclear trigger and frame Diggle . 95 `` A Matter of Trust '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13203 1.79 Green Arrow investigates a new drug , `` Stardust '' , but still believes his team is not ready for the streets . While he is being informed about Prometheus , Rene and Evelyn secretly raid Stardust dealer Derek Sampson 's warehouse . The raid goes wrong and Sampson ends up with superhuman strength and an inability to feel pain . Oliver learns what happened from District Attorney Adrian Chase , convincing him that he still can not trust his recruits . Felicity advises him to accept the recruits as they are and Green Arrow finally uses his new team to stop Sampson from creating more superhumans . Oliver also publicly endorses Thea 's decision to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor after negative news stories almost cause her to resign . Felicity admits to Rory ( Ragman ) that she was the one responsible for Havenrock . Diggle is incarcerated and hallucinates Floyd Lawton as his cellmate due to guilt over killing his brother . Afterward , he tells Lyla that he will not fight the charges against him , so she asks Oliver to help her break Diggle out of prison . Flashbacks focus on Anatoli teaching Oliver the need to trust his brothers in the Bratva . 96 `` Penance '' Dermott Downs Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13204 1.87 Oliver 's team captures an associate of Church 's and delivers him and his loot to the SCPD . Afterward , Rory formally leaves the team , saying that he can not work with Felicity . Oliver leaves Star City to help Lyla break Diggle out of prison over Felicity and the team 's objections . Quentin and Adrian personally deliver the evidence to the SCPD , which turns out to be a disguised bomb . The explosion allows Church 's group to break in and steal weapons from evidence . Oliver infiltrates a federal prison and locates Diggle , who agrees to escape to safeguard Oliver . Oliver takes him and Lyla to a H.I.V.E. safe house . Felicity attempts to reconcile matters with Rory . She and the team determine that Church is planning an assault on the SCPD 's anti-crime unit , where Adrian is interrogating Church 's man . Rory rejoins the team and they help everyone inside escape the attack . However , Curtis is injured and Church captures Rene , intending to torture him to death . Oliver returns and vows to rescue Rene , while Adrian decides to trust the vigilantes ' motives . In flashbacks , Anatoli tasks Oliver with gaining information from , and then killing , an associate of Kovar . Oliver completes the assignment and Anatoli welcomes him into the Bratva . 97 5 `` Human Target '' Laura Belsey Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13205 1.61 Oliver rescues Rene , who tells him that he gave up Green Arrow 's true identity to Church . Church plans to kill Oliver as the Mayor instead of as the vigilante . Diggle rejoins the team and suggests that bodyguard Christopher Chance , the `` Human Target '' , could be able to help them . Christopher impersonates Oliver at City Hall and fakes the Mayor 's death when Church 's mercenary attacks . The team realizes that Church plans to consolidate the drug traffic of five cities through Star City , needing Green Arrow eliminated for his plan to succeed . Oliver and his team , joined by Diggle and Christopher , raid Church 's meeting and capture him along with several other crime lords . Oliver publicly claims that his faked death was part of a sting operation . Prometheus kills Church during transport , despite Church telling him Green Arrow 's identity . Television reporter Susan Williams obtains evidence that Oliver was in Russia during the time he was supposedly stranded on the island . Meanwhile , Oliver finds out that Felicity is dating Billy Malone , a police detective recently assigned to the anti-crime unit . In flashbacks , Oliver is ambushed by other Bratva members . However , the men are killed by Christopher , whom Anatoli had hired to protect Oliver . 98 6 `` So It Begins '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Brian Ford Sullivan November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13206 1.95 Oliver , Diggle , and Felicity privately track Prometheus , who starts killing seemingly random civilians with throwing stars . A news report on the killings causes tension in the city and angers the recruits , since they were not informed . Felicity steals one of the stars from Billy to examine it . A pattern between the victims relates to Oliver 's list from when he first started out as the Hood . This further angers the recruits , Evelyn most of all , as they did not know about Oliver 's `` kill list '' from when he initially returned . Felicity uses the pattern to predict future victims and the team splits up . Evelyn encounters Prometheus and engages him , managing to cut his arm before being overpowered . Oliver then arrives , but Prometheus escapes . Meanwhile , Thea discovers that Quentin never quit drinking . Evelyn reconciles with Oliver and Felicity tells Billy that she works with the Green Arrow , which intrigues him . She later tells Oliver that evidence she has discovered suggests that Prometheus could be an SCPD officer ; Quentin is shown waking from an alcohol - induced sleep with a slash across his arm and a throwing star in his possession . In flashbacks , during a Bratva operation , Oliver is abducted by Kovar 's men and taken to him . 99 7 `` Vigilante '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13207 1.86 A new vigilante appears in Star City , one who kills criminals in cold blood . Quentin tenders his resignation as Deputy Mayor . He later tells Thea about the throwing star and his drunken blackouts , but believes he is being set up . The team intercepts the Vigilante during a bank robbery , but he gets away , as does Eric Dunn , the head of the robbers . D.A. Chase forces one of the other robbers to reveal Dunn 's location and Green Arrow saves him from the Vigilante . Thea convinces Quentin to go into rehabilitation , while Oliver and Susan start getting closer . The team poses as bank robbers to lure out the Vigilante , who again escapes even after Oliver defeats and nearly unmasks him . Thea tells Oliver about Quentin and the possibility of his being framed ; they deduce that Prometheus must know Green Arrow 's identity . Evelyn is revealed to be working for Prometheus . In flashbacks , Kovar introduces Oliver to his servant Galina , Taiana 's mother . He also claims that the Bratva have only been using Oliver for their own ends , including making a deal with him . Kovar then releases Oliver back to the Bratva . 100 8 `` Invasion ! '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) T27. 13208 3.55 Oliver finds himself back at Queen Manor ; both his parents are alive , he is about to be married to Laurel Lance , and Diggle is the Hood . However , it is revealed that he , Diggle , Thea , Sara , and Ray are all being held unconscious inside pods aboard the Dominator mothership . Meanwhile , Felicity , Curtis , and Cisco Ramon try to hack into the Dominators ' mainframe using a piece of their technology . The team recovers a necessary device with the help of the Flash and Supergirl and manages to locate the others . Oliver begins seeing flashes of his former life , as do Sara and Ray . All five captives soon realize that they are inside a shared hallucination of simulated reality . Their escape attempt is blocked by manifestations of Malcolm Merlyn , Deathstroke , Damien Darhk , and their mercenaries . The group defeats all of them , then leaves the dream and awakens inside the ship . Escaping in a shuttle , they are rescued by the Waverider . Ray deduces that the Dominators were gathering information from their minds to help them complete a special `` weapon '' , using the hallucination as a distraction . The team learns that the Dominator mothership is headed toward Earth . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 101 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13209 1.94 Prometheus obtains further intel about the team from Evelyn . He then attacks and hospitalizes Curtis , injecting him with a tuberculosis vaccine developed by Justin Claybourne , a corrupt pharmaceutical manufacturer named on Oliver 's former kill list . Flashbacks show that Oliver killed Claybourne after discovering that he financed a TB epidemic , then raised the price on his drug to boost his company 's profits . When the team tracks down Prometheus , Evelyn reveals her true allegiance and escapes with Prometheus . Investigating Prometheus on his own , Billy sends information he discovers to Felicity just before the villain captures him . The information turns out to be about Claybourne 's illegitimate son , who may now be seeking retribution . Oliver deduces that Prometheus is at the former office building of the corporation that created the epidemic and goes there alone . He finds that Prometheus has staged it to resemble Oliver 's prior attack . Oliver kills Prometheus , only to discover he has actually killed a gagged Billy , whom the real Prometheus set up as himself to trick Oliver . Curtis ' husband Paul leaves him after discovering Curtis is a vigilante ; Felicity mourns Billy 's death ; Diggle is recaptured ; Oliver encounters a woman inside the lair who appears to be Laurel Lance , alive and well . 102 10 `` Who Are You ? '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13210 1.68 Oliver welcomes the seemingly - revived Laurel into the team , but it becomes clear that she is Laurel 's Earth - Two doppelganger Black Siren , having been broken out of S.T.A.R. Labs by Prometheus . Laurel escapes and calls Oliver for a meeting , which ends in her capture . Learning about Paul , Rene convinces Curtis to focus on his capabilities , not his flaws . Oliver places Laurel in an A.R.G.U.S. facility , hoping to change her one day . Oliver reveals his plans to follow their Laurel 's dying wish , to find a new Black Canary . In Hub City , a woman with a sonic scream stops an attempted assault in a bar . Meanwhile , Oliver convinces Adrian to represent John whose corrupt superior , General Walker , arrives to transfer him into custody . However , Adrian manages to keep John in his jurisdiction . In flashbacks , Gregor , the Bratva traitor , attempts to force Oliver 's obedience , but Oliver is rescued by a female archer named Talia . 103 11 `` Second Chances '' Mark Bunting Speed Weed & Sarah Tarkoff February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13211 1.91 During the S.T.A.R. Labs incident , CCPD undercover officer Tina Boland develops a sonic scream after watching her partner die at the hands of drug dealer Sean Sonus . In the present day , Adrian tells Oliver that the NSA had been investigating Walker , but its file has disappeared . While Felicity tries to locate it , Oliver takes Rene and Curtis to Hub City to recruit Tina . She initially refuses to join , but the team intercepts her attacking Sonus , who is also a metahuman with sonic powers . Sonus escapes and Oliver reveals his identity to convince Tina to let him help her . Oliver 's team helps her defeat the dealers during a shipment , but Oliver fails to dissuade her from killing Sonus . Meanwhile , Felicity meets with a hacktivist whom she inspired during her college days and receives the file against Walker along with a cache of other secret information . With the file , Adrian manages to get John released . Tina meets Oliver and agrees to join the team , revealing that her real name is Dinah Drake . In flashbacks , Talia helps Oliver kill an important associate of Kovar 's . She also urges Oliver to become the avenger his father wanted him to be for Starling City . 104 12 `` Bratva '' Ben Bray Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13212 1.61 In flashbacks , Oliver and Talia kill a drug merchant from Robert Queen 's list . Talia presses Oliver to return home , but he chooses to help Anatoli kill Gregor . In the present , the team learns that Walker is in Russia for a deal with Markovian terrorists . Oliver takes everyone except Rene , who is helping Quentin prepare for an interview with Susan . Anatoli refuses to help Oliver unless he does something criminal in return , which Oliver refuses . After Felicity blackmails a Russian analyst , the team captures Walker 's henchman , whom John tortures to no avail . To prevent John and Felicity from acting against their morals , Oliver and Dinah accept Anatoli 's terms and attacks a rival . The team and the Bratva intercept Walker 's deal . John decides to spare Walker , who is arrested by the Military Police , while Rory uses his rags to contain the nuclear blast of Walker 's failsafe bomb . Upon returning , Oliver sleeps with Susan , who later deduces his alter - ego after learning about a similar hooded vigilante who was in Russia five years ago . Rory tells Felicity that his rags do not function anymore and that he needs to leave temporarily . Meanwhile , with Rene 's help , Quentin 's interview is successful and they become friends . 105 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' Kristin Windell Marc Guggenheim February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13213 1.66 Sixteen months ago , Rene watched as his wife , an addict , was killed by a dealer in front of their daughter , Zoe , who was transferred to foster care , barring Rene from seeing her . He was inspired by the Green Arrow killing Darhk and saving Star City and decided to start his vigilantism . In the present , Rene now works for Quentin as his assistant . An armed man attacks city hall , killing seven staff members and wounding several others . Felicity identifies the shooter as James Edlund , a former clerk and a proponent of gun control who lost his family in a shootout months prior . Thea and Quentin encourage Oliver to deal with the situation as the mayor , not the vigilante . Oliver decides to work with the city council towards a gun control act . Rene and Curtis locate Edlund 's hideout and find his next target , where Oliver confronts Edlund as the mayor and dissuades him from killing anyone , convincing him to surrender . Oliver reaches an agreement with the council with Rene 's help . Curtis promises to help Rene get Zoe back legally . Meanwhile , John convinces Dinah to return to a normal life , and she enlists in the SCPD . 106 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' Mary Lambert Barbara Bloom & Jenny Lynn February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13214 1.54 Oliver meets Prometheus ' alleged mother , but she refuses to help him . During a prison transfer , Chien , Carrie , and Warner kill the guards and escape . Oliver appoints Dinah as an SCPD officer . Pike receives evidence that the Green Arrow killed Malone and orders a manhunt . Oliver and Quentin track down the trio , but they escape due to the intervention of the ACU . Oliver surmises that Prometheus is responsible for sending the evidence . Susan asks Oliver if he is the Green Arrow and he says no . Thea discredits her by having Felicity hack Susan 's files and insert proof that she committed plagiarism . Susan gets angry with Oliver , who then confronts Thea . He reveals the circumstances surrounding Malone 's death to Pike . The team intercepts the trio stealing money from a stash left by Church , but are ambushed by their mercenaries . The ACU arrives and arrests the trio , allowing the team to leave . Quentin gives Dinah his blessing to assume the Black Canary identity . Word of the cover - up is later leaked to the media and the allegations are serious enough that impeachment is on the table . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli engage Gregor and his men . Gregor prepares to kill Anatoli . 107 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' Michael Schultz Speed Weed & Ben Sokolowski March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13215 1.60 Oliver 's impeachment process begins , with Adrian serving as his attorney . The Vigilante starts targeting the former , but is opposed by Prometheus , who is revealed to be Adrian . Using Pandora , Felicity and Thea learn about a secret that can be used to blackmail an alderman . Oliver and John dissuade them from using it . Using a piece of the Vigilante 's visor , Curtis manages to track him down to where he plans to assassinate Oliver . To give himself a fighting chance to remain mayor , Oliver publicly disavows the Green Arrow as a `` cop killer '' , stating his motive for the cover - up was to protect the people from losing hope . The Vigilante escapes . The council votes against impeachment , but Thea resigns from Oliver 's administration in order to work on her morality . Paul decides to divorce Curtis . Susan gets her job back due to Felicity 's anonymous testimony . Felicity then secretly joins Helix . Adrian aggressively demands that Susan listen to his story . In flashbacks , Anatoli demands `` spross dopross '' , the process by which the Pakhan may be overthrown . Oliver infiltrates Kovar 's mansion and acquires evidence that Gregor has been embezzling the Bratva 's money . The majority of the captains vote for Anatoli , but Gregor starts a mutiny . 108 16 `` Checkmate '' Ken Shane Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13216 1.53 Oliver meets Talia , who reveals herself to be Ra 's al Ghul 's daughter . She tells Oliver that she hates him for killing her father , so she helped Adrian become Prometheus . Oliver confronts Adrian , who says that he has kidnapped Williams and she will starve if Oliver kills him . The Green Arrow breaks into Adrian 's house and tries to reason with Adrian 's wife , Doris , until the ACU storms in , forcing him to escape . Felicity agrees to hack Department of Homeland Security drones for Helix in exchange for assistance in finding Williams ' location . Oliver 's team enters the building , finding and rescuing Williams before Oliver confronts Adrian . Diggle brings Doris to try and convince Adrian to surrender , only for him to mortally stab her . Oliver engages Adrian while the others take Williams and Doris away . Talia arrives and helps Adrian overpower and abduct Oliver . Adrian tells Oliver that he plans to help Oliver learn who he really is . Meanwhile , Adrian continues acting normally at City Hall , angering the team . In flashbacks , most of the Bratva captains are killed in the shootout before Gregor escapes . Oliver and Knyazev attack Gregor during a meeting with his loyal followers and subdue him . 109 17 `` Kapiushon '' Kevin Tancharoen Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13217 1.38 In flashbacks , Anatoli becomes the new Pakhan . Kovar buys Sarin gas from Malcolm . Anatoli learns that Kovar is planning a coup against the Russian government . By torturing an operative of Kovar , Oliver learns that Kovar has invited key government officials to his casino , where he plans to assassinate all of them by the gas . Oliver convinces Galina , Taiana 's mother , to give him her key card to the casino . Oliver and the Bratva infiltrate the casino , where Kovar learns about Galina 's betrayal and kills her , angering Oliver , who fails to stop the spread of the gas in time , leading to Viktor 's death . Anatoli fails to persuade Oliver from killing Kovar . The former appoints him as a Bratva captain . Malcolm helps Kovar 's operatives revive him . In the present , Adrian tortures Oliver to make him confess a `` secret '' . The former brings a seemingly reluctant Evelyn , apparently killing her after Oliver refuses to do it . Oliver reveals that he killed people because he liked it , which Adrian wanted to hear . Evelyn is revealed to be alive and still assisting Adrian . Adrian lets Oliver go , and he returns to the hideout and tells the team about his decision to end his vigilantism . 110 18 `` Disbanded '' JJ Makaro Rebecca Bellotto March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13218 1.55 With Chase having broken him , Oliver disbands the team and calls in the Bratva to take out Chase . Diggle tries to talk Oliver out of it , reminding him that there are better ways of doing things . Felicity goes to Helix and manages to find pixelated footage of Chase taking off his Prometheus mask . Oliver allows the Bratva to steal diabetes medicine as a downpayment , but they are stopped by the team . Diggle tells Oliver that they can fix him if he is willing to accept help . Oliver rejoins the team , taking out the Bratva and saving hostages that Anatoli had taken as leverage . Felicity and Curtis manage to decode Chase 's pixelation device , revealing Prometheus ' identity to the police . Oliver claims he 's not ready to put the hood back on yet but , with his team , it will be sooner rather than later . When Chase 's guards try to arrest him , he kills them and leaves his safe house . In flashbacks , Oliver wants to return to Lian Yu , so Anatoli plans one last heist to help sick children , hoping to convince Oliver to stay , but Oliver still intends to return to Lian Yu in order to stage his dramatic return to Starling City . 111 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' Joel Novoa Speed Weed & Elizabeth Kim April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13219 1.36 With law enforcement agencies unable to locate Chase , Felicity agrees to Alena 's plan to free former Helix leader Cayden James , who created a biometric tracker that can find anyone , but is currently in A.R.G.U.S. custody without due process . Lyla plans to use James as bait to destroy Helix , but Alena , having already anticipated that , finds James ' true location and leads her team , including Felicity , to the rescue . They are interrupted by the team , but Felicity forces them to allow Helix to escape with James . Helix ends their connection with Felicity , but provides her with James ' scanner , which she uses to learn that Chase is already in the team 's hideout , starting an assault . Meanwhile , Quentin confronts Rene for not visiting Zoe , though legally possible . Rene believes himself to be an unsuitable father . However , Quentin organizes a visit , making Rene decide to fight to regain custody of Zoe . John confronts Lyla for her moral ambiguity which led to their divorce previously . 112 20 `` Underneath '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13220 1.36 Chase triggers an EMP within the team hideout , deactivating all the equipment , stranding Oliver and Felicity , and rendering her paralyzed . Curtis learns about the attack , informing Rene and Dinah . Diggle and Lyla agree to put their problems aside when they hear about Oliver and Felicity . The team soon realizes that , after a period of time , a backup generator will activate , igniting the methane gas currently leaking into the base . Oliver is injured trying to find a way out . Eventually , Diggle is lowered down an access shaft with the others ' help and manages to pull up both Oliver and Felicity . The team takes refuge at A.R.G.U.S. , where Diggle and Lyla reconcile . Later , Chase is revealed to have tracked down Oliver 's son , William . In flashbacks to the period after Damien 's death , Oliver , Felicity , and Curtis continue working together . Curtis arranges to have Oliver and Felicity spend time together , leading to their having sex in the lair , but she decides that she is not ready to get back together with Oliver , who accepts it . 113 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' Laura Belsey Marc Guggenheim & Sarah Tarkoff May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13221 1.65 Chase 's prosecutions are discredited and most of the convicts , including Sampson , are released on bail . Oliver is sent a body , identified as Henry Goodwin . While Curtis and Dinah track Sampson , the others investigate Goodwin , who is revealed to have been killed by Robert Queen , shocking Thea and Oliver . The team deduces that Chase and Sampson are working together to release Claybourne 's weaponized tuberculosis in Star City . With Oliver wearing the Green Arrow costume again , they track the bomb and engage Sampson 's party while Oliver duels Chase . Sampson is captured as Curtis defuses the bomb . Oliver reveals that Claybourne planned to disown Chase due to Chase 's mental condition . Disillusioned , Chase asks Oliver to kill him , but Oliver arrests him instead . Oliver gives Thea a video of Robert asking her to look after Oliver . Meanwhile , Rene refuses to testify in court so as not to upset Zoe , leading to the judge dismissing his claim . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli return to Lian Yu , where they arrange for Oliver 's return to Starling City . Anatoli leaves to bribe the boatmen to sail towards the island , but Oliver gets captured by Kovar , who knows about Oliver 's plan . 114 22 `` Missing '' Mairzee Almas Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13222 1.44 The team holds a birthday party for Oliver , but Rene , Dinah , and Curtis are later kidnapped by Chase 's outside team . Realizing that Chase is picking them off after Thea and Quentin are kidnapped by Black Siren and Evelyn , Oliver accepts Malcolm 's aid to help him lean on Chase . However , Chase reveals he has kidnapped William and Oliver is forced to free him . Felicity and Diggle are kidnapped by Talia and the League of Assassins , Oliver recruits Nyssa to help him fight Chase 's army . Tracking a plane carrying Chase , they realize they are going to Lian Yu . Arriving on the island , Oliver visits Slade and asks for his help . In flashbacks , Kovar injects a drug into Oliver that forces him to suffer visceral hallucinations of painful moments from the last five years . After enduring visions of Yao Fei and Laurel , Oliver eventually finds the strength to escape . 115 23 `` Lian Yu '' Jesse Warn Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13223 1.72 Oliver recruits a Mirakuru-less and hate - free Slade Wilson . Harkness reveals his allegiance to Chase . Oliver 's party frees Felicity , Thea , Curtis , and Samantha , trapping Evelyn . Oliver asks Malcolm to take Felicity 's party to Chase 's plane in order to escape and manages to free John , Rene , Dinah , and Quentin , who knocks Black Siren unconscious while Nyssa defeats Talia . Malcolm kills Harkness , but sacrifices himself by taking Thea 's place on a tripped landmine , allowing Felicity 's party to escape . They reach the plane , but learn that the whole island is rigged with C4 , which will detonate if Chase dies . Oliver asks John to lead the others to Felicity 's party and escape while Oliver captures Chase on a boat and frees William , who learns that his father is the Green Arrow . The plane is sabotaged , so Oliver tells the others to run to a ship on the eastern shore . Unsure of the others ' fates , Chase kills himself in front of Oliver and William , causing the bombs to demolish Lian Yu . In flashbacks , Oliver kills Kovar and his men , reaching the boat in time and calling Moira . Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 116 `` Fallout '' James Bamford Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13451 1.52 In flashbacks , Slade heads to the A.R.G.U.S. ship alone while the others take refuge in the plane . Samantha runs off to find William and Thea follows . John 's right pectoral muscles are injured while rescuing Felicity . Oliver finds Thea in critical condition and a dying Samantha asks him to look after William . Dinah and Quentin are attacked by Black Siren , whom he shoots . She is later saved by an unknown man working for Cayden James . In the present , Thea is still comatose and William blames Oliver for Samantha 's death . Black Siren and her mercenary team attack the SCPD station . During another confrontation , John 's hesitation gets Rene hurt . Determining Black Siren will next attack City Hall , Team Arrow sets a trap . However , her gang instead attacks the hideout before being driven off by Team Arrow . Quentin 's reluctance to harm `` Laurel '' further allows her to escape . Oliver arranges another hearing for Rene to reclaim his daughter . Curtis discovers that Black Siren stole a prototype T - sphere . Slade tells Oliver that he is traveling to Calgary to find his son , advising him to choose between vigilantism and William . Oliver and William reconcile slightly , but pictures of Oliver wearing the Green Arrow suit leak to the media . 117 `` Tribute '' Laura Belsey Story by : Adam Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Beth Schwartz October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13452 1.51 Oliver publicly denies being the Green Arrow , facing an investigation by FBI agent Samanda Watson along with William 's concerns of losing him . Anatoli and his men kidnap a group of Markovian delegates , demanding ransom . Believing Anatoli leaked the photo , Felicity and Curtis work on discrediting it while tracking the hostages , three of whom Team Arrow saves while Anatoli escapes with one . Anatoli tells Oliver that he needs to convince the Bratva that the former is not weak and is no longer friends with Oliver , injecting the hostage with a toxin which will kill him soon . Detecting the toxin and acquiring the antidote , Oliver injects it to the hostage , whom Anatoli kills anyway . He escapes after telling Oliver that he did not leak the photo , for which the media acquires evidence from an `` anonymous source '' that is fake . However , Watson tells Oliver that she will continue investigating him . As John prepares to tell Oliver about his degenerative nerve damage , the latter convinces him to wear the Green Arrow mantle , deciding to choose William over vigilantism . 118 `` Next of Kin '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13453 1.34 Team Arrow arrests Faust , with John refusing to shoot arrows . The City Council begins drafting a tighter anti-vigilante bill . Telling Dinah that he has overcome his tremors , John is revealed to have leadership problems when rogue CIA operatives begin hunting down a former member in order to silence him . Rene asks Oliver to return to the team . The latter has Felicity help William with his mathematics test while convincing John of his competence . Team Arrow tracks down a rogue group of mercenaries led by Onyx Adams to a hotel and engages them , defeating them all and saving the civilians from a biological weapon . With no way to stop the bill , Oliver converts it to a city - wide referendum . Watson begins suspecting John , who receives an arrow - firing crossbow invented by Felicity and Curtis . Oliver resumes his relationship with her while John is revealed to be injecting drugs to control his tremors . 119 `` Reversal '' Gregory Smith Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13454 1.33 Black Siren begins killing seemingly unimportant individuals while Felicity is approached by Alena , who tells her that Cayden James is planning something with hundreds of millions of casualties worldwide . They meet black market dealer `` Amnesiac '' to buy a `` ghost drive '' . Feeling concerned , Oliver intervenes and attacks the thugs , angering Felicity , who steals the drive . Team Arrow tracks down Black Siren to the Helix facility , with the former revealed to be working for James , who tasks his men to kill Felicity and Alena , who is critically shot during the rescue by Team Arrow . Felicity learns that James has stolen the victims ' fingerprints , necessary to enter the International Domain Name Directory ( IDND ) , the global internet infrastructure . Believing that James intends to destroy the internet , Team Arrow attacks his party at the IDND , where Felicity manages to breach through the firewall to stop James ' apparent attack . She adds Alena for her startup , calling it Helix and intending to mass produce her spinal implant . James is revealed to have intentionally lured Felicity into breaking the firewall so that he can have secret access and cover his tracks . He provides Black Siren with a device to stop tracking by Curtis . Slade calls Oliver and asks his help . 120 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' Joel Novoa Ben Sokolowski & Spiro Skentzos November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13455 1.29 Slade asks Oliver to help him find his son , who 's being held in jail . The two meet up with an old acquaintance of Slade , who provides them with the information they need . When they get to the prison , Slade instructs Oliver to find his son , Joe , then get him out of there , as he knows Joe will not want to see him , despite Oliver 's objections . Slade engages the security , known as the Jackals , in combat , where he discovers his acquaintance is actually a member of them . When Slade demands they release Joe , he reveals it 's not that easy as their boss is Joe himself . Dinah struggles to prevent a politician from a sniper attack by Vigilante , as the politician supports the Anti-vigilante bill . Dinah later gets lucky , and blurts out her Canary Cry on Vigilante who removes his mask , revealing he is actually Dinah 's old partner Vincent Sobel , thought long dead . He later attempts another assassination attempt at a TV interview , but is once again met by Dinah and shot in the head by an officer . Vincent reveals the Particle Accelerator changed him as well , and claims he did not tell Dinah he was alive , as he believes their work as cops had become ineffective . Dinah watches helplessly as he disappears . 121 6 `` Promises Kept '' Antonio Negret Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13456 1.28 Slade and Oliver continue to try and persuade Joe to leave with them , but Joe refuses , claiming that he had seen his father kill someone before he had been influenced by Mirakuru . Slade tries to explain that it was a paid hit , but Joe refuses to forgive him , stating that learning who his father truly was led him down this path . Joe and Slade end up fighting until Oliver steps in , after which Joe escapes but not before revealing the existence of his brother Grant . Slade tells Oliver he will continue to try and find both of his sons , but advises Oliver that he go back to his , not wanting Oliver to make the same mistakes he made . Meanwhile , Team Arrow eventually finds out about John 's tremors , leading John to apologize to everyone . Curtis offers to help John , the same way he helped Felicity when she was injured . John asks to have the night to think it over . 122 7 `` Thanksgiving '' Gordon Verheul Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed November 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) T27. 13457 1.09 Oliver , Felicity , William and Quentin organize a Thanksgiving food drive to raise money for a new SCPD Precinct . Oliver is promptly arrested by FBI Agent Watson under charges of vigilantism for being the Green Arrow . James and Black Siren subsequently break out of prison , intent on causing chaos , since the Green Arrow is caught . Thankfully , Oliver 's trial is delayed . When John gets injured in the field , Oliver suits up as the Green Arrow once again , with Team Arrow looking to stop a bomb planted by James and Black Siren at the stadium during a concert . They subsequently discover the bomb is fake and that the cops guarding the stadium are not cops , whom are swiftly taken out by Dinah , Curtis and Rene , but James and Black Siren escape . Oliver visits John in hospital and claims he will wear the hood until John has recovered , whereupon he can reclaim it . Thea wakes from her coma and reunites with Oliver , Felicity , John and William . 123 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' James Bamford Story by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) T27. 13458 2.52 In S.T.A.R. Labs , a captured interdimensional villain from Earth - X , Prometheus - X , is revealed to be a parallel universe doppelgänger of Tommy Merlyn . After he cruelly taunts Oliver over his attachment to Tommy , Prometheus - X commits suicide out of loyalty to Earth - X 's Nazi regime . Prometheus - X 's partners , Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's doppelgänger ) , Overgirl ( Kara Danvers ' doppelgänger ) , and Eobard Thawne steal a sublight generator , the Prism , from research company Dayton Optical Systems ; Oliver , Barry , Kara , and the others believe that Dark Arrow seeks to build a neutron bomb with it to aid his conquest on Earth - 1 . After a series of battles , most of the heroes including Team Arrow are in captivity at S.T.A.R. Labs after the Nazi forces infiltrate it , and Oliver , Barry and his allies are transported to Earth - X 's concentration camp , but Kara is moved to S.T.A.R. Labs . Oliver is determined to kill Dark Arrow after his capture . The villains reveal that Overgirl is dying and Dark Arrow plans to use the Prism , charged by S.T.A.R. Labs ' particle accelerator , to produce artificial red sunlight that would weaken both Kara and Overgirl 's respective invulnerability , allowing a heart transplant for Overgirl but killing Kara in the process . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 124 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' Laura Belsey Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13459 1.30 Oliver and Felicity celebrate their wedding with everyone . The case against Oliver intensifies when Quentin learns that a member of Team Arrow is testifying against him , causing Oliver to have the team tracked . Quentin is kidnapped by Black Siren and James . Dinah is discovered to be meeting with Vincent , and tensions grow in the team until Rene admits he is the one testifying against Oliver . He explains Watson cornered him with evidence that he is Wild Dog , and if he did not testify , he would never be able to see his daughter again . Oliver briefly evicts Rene from the team , but the entire team puts aside any differences to rescue Quentin , whom Black Siren willingly allows to escape once they are outside . Oliver permanently ousts Rene for abandoning the primary mission to go looking for Lance on his own , violating Oliver 's trust again . Rene is later reunited with his daughter , while Dinah and Curtis leave Team Arrow , unable to trust Oliver , John and Felicity . Through a hidden camera , Oliver , John and Felicity are shown being monitored by the cabal of James , his second in command Boots , Black Siren , Anatoli , Vincent and Ricardo Diaz . 125 10 `` Divided '' James Bamford Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T27. 13460 1.38 Oliver continues being the Green Arrow while refusing to have Rene , Dinah , and Curtis help him , while Felicity and Curtis struggle to cure John of his tremors , in the process discovering that their hideout has been bugged forcing them to relocate to A.R.G.U.S. Oliver once again faces Cayden James , discovering that he has a cabal at his command . Dinah spends time with Vincent before discovering he has allied with Cayden James and attempts to arrest him before being overpowered . After his fight with Cayden James 's Cabal , Oliver , Felicity , and John discover that in order to win , they need to bring the team back together . Oliver apologizes to Rene , Dinah and Curtis , but despite his apology , they refuse to return to the team . Instead , they decide to start their own team , with Oliver wishing them luck . Curtis shows Dinah and Rene their new hideout . 126 11 `` We Fall '' Wendey Stanzler Speed Weed & Spiro Skentzos January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13461 1.38 Cayden James attacks the city 's critical Internet infrastructure , causing numerous casualties including police captain Frank Pike , before demanding ransom payment of $10 million dollars a day from Oliver to prevent a deadlier attack from happening . James reveals details of his vendetta against Oliver ; a misfired arrow believed was from the Green Arrow killed his son Owen a year ago . However , Oliver knows that he is not responsible because he was in Hub City at the time , therefore there is another suspect . Vincent claims that he is undercover with James ' cabal , and he gives Curtis , Rene , and Dinah some Intel . When one of James ' attacks endangers William and his class during a fieldtrip , Oliver is forced to reveal to his son that he resumed being the Green Arrow when rescuing him . Oliver and Quentin set up safe zones for citizens following the attacks , eventually James ' cabal targets them . Oliver and his former team put aside of their differences and stop James ' party 's attack on the safe zones ' occupants . Despite William being hurt by Oliver 's lies , Felicity helps William to see it was for good intentions and gets him to accept his father 's duty . Unable to find proof of his innocence before the deadline , Oliver gives into James ' demands to buy time to find it . 127 12 `` All for Nothing '' Mairzee Almas Beth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13462 1.24 Oliver is almost out of money to pay Cayden James . Fearing he will detonate the bomb , Vince , who infiltrated James ' organization , agrees to download data that could lead the two vigilante teams to find where the bomb is located . Despite being successful in transmitting the data to Felicty , he is identified as the traitor , caught , and tortured by Anatoli . The location of the bomb is revealed , but Dinah , Curtis , and Rene decide not to follow Oliver in order to save Vince . However , James anticipates this and used Vince as bait . Dinah is immobilized because of rubble collapsing on top of her and is forced to watch as Black Siren executes Vince . Lacking the manpower , Green Arrow and Spartan are unable to retrieve the bomb before it 's moved to a new location . However , they retrieve the falsified proof that shows Green Arrow killing James ' son ; the video was edited using the same technology that was used to forge the picture that exposed Oliver as the Green Arrow , implying another adversary is operating behind the scenes . 128 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' JJ Makaro Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13463 1.30 Cayden James threatens to set the bomb off at midnight . Alena and Felicity are able to decode the video of Oliver killing Cayden 's son , proving it was someone else , and clearing Oliver . With help from Barry Allen , Oliver is able to delay James from leaving town by showing him the new evidence . James concludes that it was someone in his group who is behind it and asks for his former allies to be brought to him or he will set off the bomb . The team brings Laurel , Diaz and Anatoli to James , but Laurel says she was behind his son 's death and her actions allow everyone but James to escape . Diaz approaches Cayden in custody , revealing himself as the person responsible for the death of his son and that he has the new police captain on his payroll , killing Cayden before he leaves . 129 14 `` Collision Course '' Ken Shane Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13464 1.11 Dinah , Curtis and Rene analyse the latest place Laurel was seen and manage to determine that she was dragged away by somebody . It turns out Quentin took Laurel to a secure cabin to allow her to heal , which Thea eventually finds out and informs Oliver . Oliver demands the return of the city 's money , which Laurel promises , if they get her out of the country . Curtis hacks the chip preventing John 's tremors , allowing them to track down Oliver , John and Felicity and hence find Laurel , though Quentin refuses to let Dinah kill Laurel . The two teams fight , with Rene eventually getting injured , and Oliver throwing a device that prohibits Dinah 's scream , allowing Laurel to incapacitate them with her own scream and escape . At the hospital , when John and Felicity come to see Rene , Curtis and Dinah turn them away , saying they want nothing to do with them anymore . At the edge of the city , Laurel begs a van driver to help her . 130 15 `` Doppelganger '' Kristin Windell Story by : Christos Gage & Ruth Fletcher Gage Teleplay by : Speed Weed March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T27. 13465 1.28 Laurel appears at City Hall , revealing her story about how she was kidnapped and held against her will . Oliver and Thea find out that Ricardo is keeping a hostage , which is revealed to be former Team Arrow member Roy Harper , prompting Thea to once again assume the mantel of Speedy to try and rescue Roy . Dinah , upon hearing of the situation , says she is willing to help out this once , but Oliver refuses , saying if she does not trust him , he does not trust her . Oliver and John eventually take on Ricardo and his minions , who escape , but they do manage to rescue Roy . Oliver goes to see Laurel , who claims she can not change who she is , but she will try to be good , if Oliver gives her the space to do so , which Oliver agrees to . But when he leaves , Black Siren receives a message from Diaz and smiles , implying that she works with him . Roy and Thea spend an evening together , where they are observed by a woman who reports that the heir of Ra 's al Ghul has been located . 131 16 `` The Thanatos Guild '' Joel Novoa Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13466 1.12 Nyssa comes to Star City for Thea , claiming that a splinter group from the League of Assassins , The Thanatos Guild , lead by a woman called Athena , are coming for her for the location of a map that Malcolm supposedly knew the location of . Thea reluctantly agrees to help Nyssa , but claims she is leaving afterward . Team Arrow eventually find the box containing the map and use mathematics to unlock it , only for the map to be blank when opened , but Felicity helps to reveal the hidden markers underneath and discovers that it contains locations to other Lazarus Pits . Dinah grows suspicious of her superior in the police , suspecting that she might be peddling Diaz 's drugs . Thea talks to Oliver about handing the Green Arrow mantle back to John , but Oliver worries that the current circumstances may be a little too much for John at the moment . Thea , Roy and Nyssa eventually depart to destroy the Lazarus Pits and Oliver says goodbye . 132 17 `` Brothers in Arms '' Mark Bunting Sarah Tarkoff & Jeane Wong April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) T27. 13467 TBD 133 18 `` Fundamentals '' Ben Bray Speed Weed & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) T27. 13468 TBD 134 19 `` The Dragon '' Gordon Verheul Spiro Skentzos & Elizabeth Kim April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) T27. 13469 TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` The Calm '' October 8 , 2014 1.0 2.83 0.4 1.4 `` Sara '' October 15 , 2014 0.8 2.32 0.6 1.4 `` Corto Maltese '' October 22 , 2014 0.9 2.55 N / A N / A `` The Magician '' October 29 , 2014 1.0 2.49 N / A N / A 5 `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' November 5 , 2014 1.1 / 3 2.73 N / A N / A 6 `` Guilty '' November 12 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.60 0.6 1.5 7 `` Draw Back Your Bow '' November 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.64 0.6 1.5 8 `` The Brave and the Bold '' December 3 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.92 N / A N / A 9 `` The Climb '' December 10 , 2014 1.1 / 3 3.06 N / A N / A 10 `` Left Behind '' January 21 , 2015 1.1 / 4 3.06 0.7 1.8 11 `` Midnight City '' January 28 , 2015 1.1 / 3 2.91 0.7 1.8 12 `` Uprising '' February 4 , 2015 1.2 / 4 2.94 N / A N / A 13 `` Canaries '' February 11 , 2015 1.1 / 3 2.67 N / A N / A 14 `` The Return '' February 18 , 2015 1.2 / 4 2.91 N / A N / A 15 `` Nanda Parbat '' February 25 , 2015 1.1 / 3 3.07 N / A N / A 16 `` The Offer '' March 18 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.56 0.7 1.6 17 `` Suicidal Tendencies '' March 25 , 2015 1.0 / 4 2.86 0.8 1.8 18 `` Public Enemy '' April 1 , 2015 0.8 / 3 2.48 0.6 1.4 19 `` Broken Arrow '' April 15 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.47 0.7 1.6 20 `` The Fallen '' April 22 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.72 N / A N / A 21 `` Al Sah - him '' April 29 , 2015 0.9 2.39 N / A N / A 22 `` This Is Your Sword '' May 6 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.54 0.7 1.7 23 `` My Name Is Oliver Queen '' May 13 , 2015 1.0 / 4 2.83 0.7 1.7 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Green Arrow '' October 7 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.67 N / A 1.43 N / A 4.10 `` The Candidate '' October 14 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.50 N / A 1.34 N / A 3.84 `` Restoration '' October 21 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.40 0.6 1.36 1.5 3.77 `` Beyond Redemption '' October 28 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Haunted '' November 4 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Lost Souls '' November 11 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.30 N / A 1.22 N / A 3.52 7 `` Brotherhood '' November 18 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.69 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' December 2 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.66 0.7 1.61 2.1 5.27 9 `` Dark Waters '' December 9 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.82 0.6 1.22 1.6 4.04 10 `` Blood Debts '' January 20 , 2016 1.1 / 3 2.83 0.7 1.47 1.8 4.30 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' January 27 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.78 0.6 1.24 1.7 4.01 12 `` Unchained '' February 3 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.48 0.6 1.26 1.5 3.74 13 `` Sins of the Father '' February 10 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.6 1.32 1.5 3.77 14 `` Code of Silence '' February 17 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.7 1.40 1.6 3.85 15 `` Taken '' February 24 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.70 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Broken Hearts '' March 23 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.09 0.6 1.33 1.3 3.41 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' March 30 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' April 6 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.24 0.6 1.16 1.4 3.39 19 `` Canary Cry '' April 27 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.27 N / A 1.18 N / A 3.45 20 `` Genesis '' May 4 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.07 0.6 1.19 1.3 3.26 21 `` Monument Point '' May 11 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.16 0.5 1.13 1.3 3.29 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' May 18 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.20 23 `` Schism '' May 25 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.19 0.6 1.12 1.4 3.31 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Legacy '' October 5 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.6 1.20 1.3 3.07 `` The Recruits '' October 12 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.17 `` A Matter of Trust '' October 19 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.79 0.6 1.15 1.2 2.94 `` Penance '' October 26 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.5 1.09 1.2 2.96 5 `` Human Target '' November 2 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.03 1.1 2.65 6 `` So It Begins '' November 9 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.95 0.4 1.01 1.1 2.95 7 `` Vigilante '' November 16 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.86 0.5 N / A 1.2 N / A 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 30 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.55 0.7 1.80 2.0 5.34 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' December 7 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.5 1.13 1.2 3.07 10 `` Who Are You ? '' January 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.68 0.5 1.13 1.1 2.82 11 `` Second Chances '' February 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.91 0.5 1.08 1.1 2.99 12 `` Bratva '' February 8 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.12 1.1 2.73 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' February 15 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.66 N / A 0.90 N / A 2.56 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' February 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.54 0.4 0.92 0.9 2.46 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' March 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Checkmate '' March 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.39 17 `` Kapiushon '' March 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.33 18 `` Disbanded '' March 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.55 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' April 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Underneath '' May 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.24 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' May 10 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.65 0.4 1.00 1.0 2.64 22 `` Missing '' May 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.44 0.4 0.94 0.9 2.38 23 `` Lian Yu '' May 24 , 2017 0.6 / 3 1.72 0.5 0.96 1.1 2.67 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Fallout '' October 12 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.52 0.5 1.18 1.1 2.70 `` Tribute '' October 19 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.08 1.0 2.59 `` Next of Kin '' October 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.4 1.05 0.9 2.38 `` Reversal '' November 2 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.33 0.4 0.90 0.9 2.23 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' November 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.4 1.08 0.9 2.37 6 `` Promises Kept '' November 16 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.20 7 `` Thanksgiving '' November 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 1.09 0.5 1.07 0.8 2.16 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' November 27 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.8 1.89 1.7 4.41 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' December 7 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.86 0.8 2.12 10 `` Divided '' January 18 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.00 0.9 2.38 11 `` We Fall '' January 25 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.96 0.8 2.34 12 `` All for Nothing '' February 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.24 0.4 0.89 0.8 2.13 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' February 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.21 14 `` Collision Course '' March 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.11 0.4 1.02 0.8 2.13 15 `` Doppelganger '' March 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.86 N / A 2.15 16 `` The Thanatos Guild '' March 29 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.12 TBD TBD TBD TBD Home media ( edit ) Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 5 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 September 9 , 2017 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 14 TV Season Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Marc Guggenheim Goes In - Depth on How the Show Is Made , Teases Season 6 Details '' . Collider . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' and ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' and ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Rises to Tie Series Debut , ' The X Factor ' Dips + ' The Middle ' & ' Arrow ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Bowl 's Greatest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , Back in the Game , Modern Family and The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , Toy Story of TERROR ! & Back in the Game Adjusted Up ; Nashville & Ironside Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Modern Family & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night & CSI Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : CSI Adjusted Up ; Criminal Minds Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The CMA Awards '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , The Middle & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The X Factor , Modern Family , Arrow , Survivor & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up ; Law and Order : SVU , The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Modern Family Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Law and Order : SVU & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol & Nashville Adjusted Up ; Survivor , The Middle , Mixology , Suburgatory & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Mixology & Nashville Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Modern Family & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Mixology Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory & Modern Family Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , American Idol & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Revolution & CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , Arrow , American Idol , Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU & Suburgatory Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , Survivor , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; Chicago P.D. Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : The Flash Encore Adjusted Up ; The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Mysteries of Laura , Modern Family & Red Band Society Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; black - ish Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Stalker Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Nashville Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , The Mysteries of Laura & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The 100 , Red Band Society or Nashville '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for Arrow , Modern Family or The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Hell 's Kitchen & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker & The 100 Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for Empire '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up , Fresh Off the Boat & The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow & American Idol Adjusted Up ; The Goldbergs , The 100 , The Mentalist , The Mysteries of Laura , black - ish & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow , American Idol & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Stalker Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Survivor & Arrow Adjusted Up ; The 100 , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Supernatural Adjusted Down & Final Empire Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Mysteries of Laura Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; Arrow & Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Arrow , Criminal Minds & Survivor Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Survivor , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Nashville , & The Goldbergs Adjusted Up ; American Idol , Criminal Minds , Supernatural & black - ish Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , The Middle & American Idol Adjusted Up ; Supernatural , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Empire , Modern Family and Arrow adjusted up , Nashville adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Rosewood adjusted up , Empire and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Supernatural adjusts down , The Middle and The Goldbergs adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` The next episode of Arrow , written by @ briforsul & @ ojbalderrama begins production today '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow adjusts up , Criminal Minds rises but still at series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : black - ish and Code Black adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow , Rosewood , Survivor and The Middle adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Arrow ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' , ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago P.D. ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Survivor ' and ' Beyond Borders ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Middle ' and ' Empire ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' SVU ' adjust up ; ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow taps Rick Gonzalez as DC Comics vigilante Wild Dog '' . EW.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' and ' Frequency ' adjust down , full debate numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' adjusts up , CMAs hold vs. World Series : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' , ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 618 ) `` Fundamentals '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 619 ) `` The Dragon '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Red Band Society ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Have Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' New Girl ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TV by the Numbers. April 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 33 Ending May 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow : Season 1 ( Blu - ray + DVD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 '' . JBHifi.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Warner Shoots Out a Press Release for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow : The Complete Fifth Season '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Buy Arrow : Season 5 DVD From EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Arrow Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Official website List of Arrow episodes on IMDb List of Arrow episodes at The Futon Critic Arrow at TV.com ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Arrow_episodes&oldid=834494480 '' Categories : Arrow ( TV series ) episodes Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 05 . 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"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n116\n1\n\"Fallout\"\nJames Bamford\nMarc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle\nOctober 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)\nT27.13451\n1.52[127]\n\n\nIn flashbacks, Slade heads to the A.R.G.U.S. ship alone while the others take refuge in the plane. Samantha runs off to find William and Thea follows. John's right pectoral muscles are injured while rescuing Felicity. Oliver finds Thea in critical condition and a dying Samantha asks him to look after William. Dinah and Quentin are attacked by Black Siren, whom he shoots. She is later saved by an unknown man working for Cayden James. In the present, Thea is still comatose and William blames Oliver for Samantha's death. Black Siren and her mercenary team attack the SCPD station. During another confrontation, John's hesitation gets Rene hurt. Determining Black Siren will next attack City Hall, Team Arrow sets a trap. However, her gang instead attacks the hideout before being driven off by Team Arrow. Quentin's reluctance to harm \"Laurel\" further allows her to escape. Oliver arranges another hearing for Rene to reclaim his daughter. Curtis discovers that Black Siren stole a prototype T-sphere. Slade tells Oliver that he is traveling to Calgary to find his son, advising him to choose between vigilantism and William. Oliver and William reconcile slightly, but pictures of Oliver wearing the Green Arrow suit leak to the media.\n\n\n117\n2\n\"Tribute\"\nLaura Belsey\nStory by : Adam Schwartz\nTeleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Beth Schwartz\nOctober 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)\nT27.13452\n1.51[128]\n\n\nOliver publicly denies being the Green Arrow, facing an investigation by FBI agent Samanda Watson along with William's concerns of losing him. Anatoli and his men kidnap a group of Markovian delegates, demanding ransom. Believing Anatoli leaked the photo, Felicity and Curtis work on discrediting it while tracking the hostages, three of whom Team Arrow saves while Anatoli escapes with one. Anatoli tells Oliver that he needs to convince the Bratva that the former is not weak and is no longer friends with Oliver, injecting the hostage with a toxin which will kill him soon. Detecting the toxin and acquiring the antidote, Oliver injects it to the hostage, whom Anatoli kills anyway. He escapes after telling Oliver that he did not leak the photo, for which the media acquires evidence from an \"anonymous source\" that is fake. However, Watson tells Oliver that she will continue investigating him. As John prepares to tell Oliver about his degenerative nerve damage, the latter convinces him to wear the Green Arrow mantle, deciding to choose William over vigilantism.\n\n\n118\n3\n\"Next of Kin\"\nKevin Tancharoen\nSpeed Weed & Oscar Balderrama\nOctober 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)\nT27.13453\n1.34[129]\n\n\nTeam Arrow arrests Faust, with John refusing to shoot arrows. The City Council begins drafting a tighter anti-vigilante bill. Telling Dinah that he has overcome his tremors, John is revealed to have leadership problems when rogue CIA operatives begin hunting down a former member in order to silence him. Rene asks Oliver to return to the team. The latter has Felicity help William with his mathematics test while convincing John of his competence. Team Arrow tracks down a rogue group of mercenaries led by Onyx Adams to a hotel and engages them, defeating them all and saving the civilians from a biological weapon. With no way to stop the bill, Oliver converts it to a city-wide referendum. Watson begins suspecting John, who receives an arrow-firing crossbow invented by Felicity and Curtis. Oliver resumes his relationship with her while John is revealed to be injecting drugs to control his tremors.\n\n\n119\n4\n\"Reversal\"\nGregory Smith\nSarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich\nNovember 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)\nT27.13454\n1.33[130]\n\n\nBlack Siren begins killing seemingly unimportant individuals while Felicity is approached by Alena, who tells her that Cayden James is planning something with hundreds of millions of casualties worldwide. They meet black market dealer \"Amnesiac\" to buy a \"ghost drive\". Feeling concerned, Oliver intervenes and attacks the thugs, angering Felicity, who steals the drive. Team Arrow tracks down Black Siren to the Helix facility, with the former revealed to be working for James, who tasks his men to kill Felicity and Alena, who is critically shot during the rescue by Team Arrow. Felicity learns that James has stolen the victims' fingerprints, necessary to enter the International Domain Name Directory (IDND), the global internet infrastructure. Believing that James intends to destroy the internet, Team Arrow attacks his party at the IDND, where Felicity manages to breach through the firewall to stop James' apparent attack. She adds Alena for her startup, calling it Helix and intending to mass produce her spinal implant. James is revealed to have intentionally lured Felicity into breaking the firewall so that he can have secret access and cover his tracks. He provides Black Siren with a device to stop tracking by Curtis. Slade calls Oliver and asks his help.\n\n\n120\n5\n\"Deathstroke Returns\"\nJoel Novoa\nBen Sokolowski & Spiro Skentzos\nNovember 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)\nT27.13455\n1.29[131]\n\n\nSlade asks Oliver to help him find his son, who's being held in jail. The two meet up with an old acquaintance of Slade, who provides them with the information they need. When they get to the prison, Slade instructs Oliver to find his son, Joe, then get him out of there, as he knows Joe will not want to see him, despite Oliver's objections. Slade engages the security, known as the Jackals, in combat, where he discovers his acquaintance is actually a member of them. When Slade demands they release Joe, he reveals it's not that easy as their boss is Joe himself. Dinah struggles to prevent a politician from a sniper attack by Vigilante, as the politician supports the Anti-vigilante bill. Dinah later gets lucky, and blurts out her Canary Cry on Vigilante who removes his mask, revealing he is actually Dinah's old partner Vincent Sobel, thought long dead. He later attempts another assassination attempt at a TV interview, but is once again met by Dinah and shot in the head by an officer. Vincent reveals the Particle Accelerator changed him as well, and claims he did not tell Dinah he was alive, as he believes their work as cops had become ineffective. Dinah watches helplessly as he disappears.\n\n\n121\n6\n\"Promises Kept\"\nAntonio Negret\nOscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto\nNovember 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)\nT27.13456\n1.28[132]\n\n\nSlade and Oliver continue to try and persuade Joe to leave with them, but Joe refuses, claiming that he had seen his father kill someone before he had been influenced by Mirakuru. Slade tries to explain that it was a paid hit, but Joe refuses to forgive him, stating that learning who his father truly was led him down this path. Joe and Slade end up fighting until Oliver steps in, after which Joe escapes but not before revealing the existence of his brother Grant. Slade tells Oliver he will continue to try and find both of his sons, but advises Oliver that he go back to his, not wanting Oliver to make the same mistakes he made. Meanwhile, Team Arrow eventually finds out about John's tremors, leading John to apologize to everyone. Curtis offers to help John, the same way he helped Felicity when she was injured. John asks to have the night to think it over.\n\n\n122\n7\n\"Thanksgiving\"\nGordon Verheul\nWendy Mericle & Speed Weed\nNovember 23, 2017 (2017-11-23)\nT27.13457\n1.09[133]\n\n\nOliver, Felicity, William and Quentin organize a Thanksgiving food drive to raise money for a new SCPD Precinct. Oliver is promptly arrested by FBI Agent Watson under charges of vigilantism for being the Green Arrow. James and Black Siren subsequently break out of prison, intent on causing chaos, since the Green Arrow is caught. Thankfully, Oliver's trial is delayed. When John gets injured in the field, Oliver suits up as the Green Arrow once again, with Team Arrow looking to stop a bomb planted by James and Black Siren at the stadium during a concert. They subsequently discover the bomb is fake and that the cops guarding the stadium are not cops, whom are swiftly taken out by Dinah, Curtis and Rene, but James and Black Siren escape. Oliver visits John in hospital and claims he will wear the hood until John has recovered, whereupon he can reclaim it. Thea wakes from her coma and reunites with Oliver, Felicity, John and William.\n\n\n123\n8\n\"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 2\"\nJames Bamford\nStory by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg\nTeleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski\nNovember 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)\nT27.13458\n2.52[134]\n\n\n\nIn S.T.A.R. Labs, a captured interdimensional villain from Earth-X, Prometheus-X, is revealed to be a parallel universe doppelgänger of Tommy Merlyn. After he cruelly taunts Oliver over his attachment to Tommy, Prometheus-X commits suicide out of loyalty to Earth-X's Nazi regime. Prometheus-X's partners, Dark Arrow (Oliver's doppelgänger), Overgirl (Kara Danvers' doppelgänger), and Eobard Thawne steal a sublight generator, the Prism, from research company Dayton Optical Systems; Oliver, Barry, Kara, and the others believe that Dark Arrow seeks to build a neutron bomb with it to aid his conquest on Earth-1. After a series of battles, most of the heroes including Team Arrow are in captivity at S.T.A.R. Labs after the Nazi forces infiltrate it, and Oliver, Barry and his allies are transported to Earth-X's concentration camp, but Kara is moved to S.T.A.R. Labs. Oliver is determined to kill Dark Arrow after his capture. The villains reveal that Overgirl is dying and Dark Arrow plans to use the Prism, charged by S.T.A.R. Labs' particle accelerator, to produce artificial red sunlight that would weaken both Kara and Overgirl's respective invulnerability, allowing a heart transplant for Overgirl but killing Kara in the process.\n\nThis episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8, and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8.\n\n\n124\n9\n\"Irreconcilable Differences\"\nLaura Belsey\nBeth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff\nDecember 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)\nT27.13459\n1.30[135]\n\n\nOliver and Felicity celebrate their wedding with everyone. The case against Oliver intensifies when Quentin learns that a member of Team Arrow is testifying against him, causing Oliver to have the team tracked. Quentin is kidnapped by Black Siren and James. Dinah is discovered to be meeting with Vincent, and tensions grow in the team until Rene admits he is the one testifying against Oliver. He explains Watson cornered him with evidence that he is Wild Dog, and if he did not testify, he would never be able to see his daughter again. Oliver briefly evicts Rene from the team, but the entire team puts aside any differences to rescue Quentin, whom Black Siren willingly allows to escape once they are outside. Oliver permanently ousts Rene for abandoning the primary mission to go looking for Lance on his own, violating Oliver's trust again. Rene is later reunited with his daughter, while Dinah and Curtis leave Team Arrow, unable to trust Oliver, John and Felicity. Through a hidden camera, Oliver, John and Felicity are shown being monitored by the cabal of James, his second in command Boots, Black Siren, Anatoli, Vincent and Ricardo Diaz.\n\n\n125\n10\n\"Divided\"\nJames Bamford\nBen Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich\nJanuary 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)\nT27.13460\n1.38[136]\n\n\nOliver continues being the Green Arrow while refusing to have Rene, Dinah, and Curtis help him, while Felicity and Curtis struggle to cure John of his tremors, in the process discovering that their hideout has been bugged forcing them to relocate to A.R.G.U.S. Oliver once again faces Cayden James, discovering that he has a cabal at his command. Dinah spends time with Vincent before discovering he has allied with Cayden James and attempts to arrest him before being overpowered. After his fight with Cayden James's Cabal, Oliver, Felicity, and John discover that in order to win, they need to bring the team back together. Oliver apologizes to Rene, Dinah and Curtis, but despite his apology, they refuse to return to the team. Instead, they decide to start their own team, with Oliver wishing them luck. Curtis shows Dinah and Rene their new hideout.\n\n\n126\n11\n\"We Fall\"\nWendey Stanzler\nSpeed Weed & Spiro Skentzos\nJanuary 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)\nT27.13461\n1.38[137]\n\n\nCayden James attacks the city’s critical Internet infrastructure, causing numerous casualties including police captain Frank Pike, before demanding ransom payment of $10 million dollars a day from Oliver to prevent a deadlier attack from happening. James reveals details of his vendetta against Oliver; a misfired arrow believed was from the Green Arrow killed his son Owen a year ago. However, Oliver knows that he is not responsible because he was in Hub City at the time, therefore there is another suspect. Vincent claims that he is undercover with James’ cabal, and he gives Curtis, Rene, and Dinah some Intel. When one of James’ attacks endangers William and his class during a fieldtrip, Oliver is forced to reveal to his son that he resumed being the Green Arrow when rescuing him. Oliver and Quentin set up safe zones for citizens following the attacks, eventually James' cabal targets them. Oliver and his former team put aside of their differences and stop James’ party's attack on the safe zones' occupants. Despite William being hurt by Oliver's lies, Felicity helps William to see it was for good intentions and gets him to accept his father’s duty. Unable to find proof of his innocence before the deadline, Oliver gives into James’ demands to buy time to find it.\n\n\n127\n12\n\"All for Nothing\"\nMairzee Almas\nBeth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama\nFebruary 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)\nT27.13462\n1.24[138]\n\n\nOliver is almost out of money to pay Cayden James. Fearing he will detonate the bomb, Vince, who infiltrated James' organization, agrees to download data that could lead the two vigilante teams to find where the bomb is located. Despite being successful in transmitting the data to Felicty, he is identified as the traitor, caught, and tortured by Anatoli. The location of the bomb is revealed, but Dinah, Curtis, and Rene decide not to follow Oliver in order to save Vince. However, James anticipates this and used Vince as bait. Dinah is immobilized because of rubble collapsing on top of her and is forced to watch as Black Siren executes Vince. Lacking the manpower, Green Arrow and Spartan are unable to retrieve the bomb before it's moved to a new location. However, they retrieve the falsified proof that shows Green Arrow killing James' son; the video was edited using the same technology that was used to forge the picture that exposed Oliver as the Green Arrow, implying another adversary is operating behind the scenes.\n\n\n128\n13\n\"The Devil's Greatest Trick\"\nJJ Makaro\nSarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich\nFebruary 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)\nT27.13463\n1.30[139]\n\n\nCayden James threatens to set the bomb off at midnight. Alena and Felicity are able to decode the video of Oliver killing Cayden's son, proving it was someone else, and clearing Oliver. With help from Barry Allen, Oliver is able to delay James from leaving town by showing him the new evidence. James concludes that it was someone in his group who is behind it and asks for his former allies to be brought to him or he will set off the bomb. The team brings Laurel, Diaz and Anatoli to James, but Laurel says she was behind his son's death and her actions allow everyone but James to escape. Diaz approaches Cayden in custody, revealing himself as the person responsible for the death of his son and that he has the new police captain on his payroll, killing Cayden before he leaves.\n\n\n129\n14\n\"Collision Course\"\nKen Shane\nOscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto\nMarch 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)\nT27.13464\n1.11[140]\n\n\nDinah, Curtis and Rene analyse the latest place Laurel was seen and manage to determine that she was dragged away by somebody. It turns out Quentin took Laurel to a secure cabin to allow her to heal, which Thea eventually finds out and informs Oliver. Oliver demands the return of the city's money, which Laurel promises, if they get her out of the country. Curtis hacks the chip preventing John's tremors, allowing them to track down Oliver, John and Felicity and hence find Laurel, though Quentin refuses to let Dinah kill Laurel. The two teams fight, with Rene eventually getting injured, and Oliver throwing a device that prohibits Dinah's scream, allowing Laurel to incapacitate them with her own scream and escape. At the hospital, when John and Felicity come to see Rene, Curtis and Dinah turn them away, saying they want nothing to do with them anymore. At the edge of the city, Laurel begs a van driver to help her.\n\n\n130\n15\n\"Doppelganger\"\nKristin Windell\nStory by : Christos Gage & Ruth Fletcher Gage\nTeleplay by : Speed Weed\nMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)\nT27.13465\n1.28[141]\n\n\nLaurel appears at City Hall, revealing her story about how she was kidnapped and held against her will. Oliver and Thea find out that Ricardo is keeping a hostage, which is revealed to be former Team Arrow member Roy Harper, prompting Thea to once again assume the mantel of Speedy to try and rescue Roy. Dinah, upon hearing of the situation, says she is willing to help out this once, but Oliver refuses, saying if she does not trust him, he does not trust her. Oliver and John eventually take on Ricardo and his minions, who escape, but they do manage to rescue Roy. Oliver goes to see Laurel, who claims she cannot change who she is, but she will try to be good, if Oliver gives her the space to do so, which Oliver agrees to. But when he leaves, Black Siren receives a message from Diaz and smiles, implying that she works with him. Roy and Thea spend an evening together, where they are observed by a woman who reports that the heir of Ra's al Ghul has been located.\n\n\n131\n16\n\"The Thanatos Guild\"\nJoel Novoa\nBeth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski\nMarch 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)\nT27.13466\n1.12[142]\n\n\nNyssa comes to Star City for Thea, claiming that a splinter group from the League of Assassins, The Thanatos Guild, lead by a woman called Athena, are coming for her for the location of a map that Malcolm supposedly knew the location of. Thea reluctantly agrees to help Nyssa, but claims she is leaving afterward. Team Arrow eventually find the box containing the map and use mathematics to unlock it, only for the map to be blank when opened, but Felicity helps to reveal the hidden markers underneath and discovers that it contains locations to other Lazarus Pits. Dinah grows suspicious of her superior in the police, suspecting that she might be peddling Diaz's drugs. Thea talks to Oliver about handing the Green Arrow mantle back to John, but Oliver worries that the current circumstances may be a little too much for John at the moment. Thea, Roy and Nyssa eventually depart to destroy the Lazarus Pits and Oliver says goodbye.\n\n\n132\n17\n\"Brothers in Arms\"\nMark Bunting\nSarah Tarkoff & Jeane Wong\nApril 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)\nT27.13467\nTBD\n\n\n133\n18\n\"Fundamentals\"[143]\nBen Bray\nSpeed Weed & Emilio Ortega Aldrich\nApril 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)\nT27.13468\nTBD\n\n\n134\n19\n\"The Dragon\"[144]\nGordon Verheul\nSpiro Skentzos & Elizabeth Kim\nApril 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)\nT27.13469\nTBD\n\n"
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-2322740745975989041 | Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 18) | Hell 's kitchen ( U.S. season 18 ) - wikipedia Hell 's kitchen ( U.S. season 18 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 18 ) Country of origin United States Release Original network Fox Original release September 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 28 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 17 List of Hell 's Kitchen episodes Hell 's Kitchen : Rookies vs Veterans is the eighteenth season of the American competitive reality television series Hell 's Kitchen and premiered on September 28 , 2018 , on Fox . Gordon Ramsay returns as host and head chef , and Season 10 winner Christina Wilson and British MasterChef judge James `` Jocky '' Petrie return as the red and blue sous chefs , respectively , alongside maitre 'd Marino Monferrato . Season 18 features eight new contestants battling eight returning veterans . For the first time , the winner of Season 18 will receive a position as an executive chef at Gordon Ramsay Hell 's Kitchen Restaurant at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . This will be the first season since Season 1 to not begin with men on the blue team and women on the red team ( in fact , by the end of the fourth episode , the opposite would be true due to a dramatic team reshuffle ) . It is the third of the last four seasons to feature a chef eliminated during service . The signature dish challenge results also turned out to reflect the competition rankings , as only one chef from each team ( Scott and Jen ) scored as low as 2 and they turned out to be the first two chefs eliminated from the competition . Contents 1 Opening sequence 2 Chefs 2.1 Rookies 2.2 Veterans 2.3 Notes 3 Contestant progress 4 Episodes 5 References Opening sequence ( edit ) The intro for Season 18 was recycled from the previous season except for the title card where it instead shows the rookies on the left side and the veterans on the right side . Chefs ( edit ) Sixteen chefs competed in season 18 . Rookies ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Hometown Result Elizabeth `` Gizzy '' Barton 31 Sous Chef Atlanta , Georgia Mia Castro 28 Private Chef Miami Beach , Florida Jose DeJesus 34 Chef de Cuisine Bronx , New York Kanae Houston 25 Lead Line Cook Los Angeles , California Scotley Innis 33 Sous Chef Atlanta , Georgia Chris Mendonca 25 Executive Chef Boston , Massachusetts Chris `` Motto '' Motto 35 Executive Chef Baton Rouge , Louisiana Scott Popovic 39 Executive Chef Cleveland , Ohio Eliminated after first service Veterans ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Hometown Competed Result on original season Result Ariel Contreras - Fox 35 Chef de Cuisine Brooklyn , New York Season 6 3rd Kevin Cottle 43 Executive Chef Middletown , Connecticut Season 6 Runner Up Roseanne `` Roe '' DiLeo 36 Head Chef Dallas , Texas Season 13 5th Torrece `` T '' Gregoire 34 Director of Operations Chef Draper , Virginia Season 14 Runner Up Bret Hauser 34 Personal Chef Fort Lauderdale , Florida Season 14 11th ( Left due to injury ) Trevor `` Trev '' McGrath 37 Consulting Chef New York , New York Season 8 4th Heather Williams 28 Executive Chef Easton , Pennsylvania Season 16 Runner Up Jennifer `` Jen '' Gavin 33 Private Concert Catering Chef Chicago , Illinois Season 4 4th Eliminated during second service Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Age at the time of filming Contestant progress ( edit ) Original teams First switch No . Chef 1801 / 1802 1803 1804 1805 Ariel WIN WIN LOSE Bret WIN WIN LOSE Chris NOM WIN NOM Gizzy LOSE WIN NOM Heather WIN WIN LOSE Jose NOM WIN LOSE Kanae LOSE WIN LOSE Kevin WIN WIN NOM Mia LOSE WIN LOSE Motto LOSE WIN LOSE Roe WIN WIN LOSE Scotley LOSE WIN LOSE WIN WIN LOSE Trev WIN WIN NOM 15 Jen WIN OUT 16 Scott OUT Keywords WIN = Won the dinner service LOSE = Lost the dinner service IN = not nominated for elimination NOM = nominated for elimination OUT = eliminated LEFT = withdrew from competition Color key Chef was eliminated after nomination Chef was eliminated without nomination Chef was eliminated during service Chef withdrew from the competition Chef was retained after nomination The winner of Hell 's Kitchen The runner - up of Hell 's Kitchen Notes Jump up ^ Chef was nominated by Ramsay Jump up ^ Chef was eliminated by Ramsay during service Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 267 `` Rookies vs. Veterans '' September 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 28 ) 2.98 Sixteen chefs arrive at Hell 's Kitchen , and are greeted by Marino and the Sous Chefs , who serve them butternut squash risotto for lunch . After lunch , Ramsay revealed himself and announced the grand prize for that season . After half of the chefs explain their credentials , the other half reveal themselves to actually be returning chefs from previous seasons , much to the rookies ' shock . It was then that Ramsay revealed that for the first time , he would be pitting rookies versus veterans , with the rookies cooking in the red kitchen under Sous Chef Christina , and the veterans cooking in the blue kitchen under Sous Chef Jocky . Team challenge / signature dish : For this year , the rookies received the exact ingredients they wanted while the veterans did not , and Ramsay told them that they would be cooking exact copies of the rookies ' signature dishes . After the veterans paired up with the rookies on their dishes , both teams had 45 minutes to cook their dishes , with the 1 - 5 ranking since Season 13 being used . On the shrimp & grits round , both T and Motto scored three points , while on the fish stew round , Kanae scored three while Kevin received a perfect five . Roe scored three points over Scott 's two on the black bass round , while Chris and Bret each received four points on the duck breast . On the scallops with parsnip round , both Ariel and Jose scored four points , and on the snapper round , both Scotley and Trev scored three points . On the grilled pork round , while Jen scored two points , Mia scored a perfect five . Finally , on the scallops and cucumber gazpacho round , both Gizzy and Heather scored perfect 5 's , and the challenge ended in a tie at 29 points , the second such occurrence in the signature dish challenge since season 8 . This was also the first time under the new scoring format that nobody 's signature dish received a 1 . For the tie breaker , Ramsay called up Mia and Kevin to bring their dishes up again , and after a second look , he gave Mia 's dish the edge , and the rookies won their first challenge . Reward / punishment : The rookies celebrate their first challenge win when they had dinner at Charcoal in Venice Beach with Ramsay and Chef Josiah Citrin . The veterans prep for opening night by deshelling the sunflower seeds and detailing the mushrooms . Jen earned her teammates ' ire for costing them the challenge , making duxelle without cleaning the mushrooms , and giving attitude to Sous Chef Jocky . She and Bret started to get on each other 's nerves over their conflicting personalities , but started to warm up to him when he revealed that his tattoos were in memory of his deceased parents . Challenge -- Part 1 : The teams were greeted to a Scottish funeral that 's held in the dining room . As Ramsay was about to reveal someone near and dear they were saying goodbye to , the episode ends on a cliffhanger . 268 `` A Fond Farewell '' October 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) 2.66 Challenge -- Part 2 : Continuing from the previous episode Ramsay revealed that someone they were saying goodbye to was the lobster risotto from the menu , which has been a staple dish since the beginning of the series . After , Ramsay revealed that he would be giving each of the chefs an opportunity to put their own risotto dish on the menu that season , with the winner also receiving a Punishment Pass , a one use advantage that can allow any chef to skip out on a punishment and join the winning team on their reward . The chefs had 45 minutes to cook their risottos , and Ramsay had the Sous Chefs taste their dishes to pick the top four of both teams . After , the rookies were represented by Chris , Gizzy , Mia , and Scott , while the veterans were represented by T , Roe , Ariel , and Bret . In the end , Bret 's tomato risotto with grilled shrimp and asparagus beat out Mia 's dish , and he won the challenge , although his emotional celebration annoyed the rookies . Before service : Before service began , the Sous Chefs called both teams down to discuss the new menu items , but neither Christina nor Jocky were happy when the rookies arrived late and separated . While prepping for service , Trev was caught improperly marking the Wellingtons , much to Jocky 's irritation , as Christina told the rookies to use the veterans ' arrogance as their advantage . Service : Don McLean , Annie Wersching , Kyle Schmid , and Courtney Sixx were seen at opening night , and a shrimp and pasta appetizer was served tableside by Roe and Scotley . The veterans started out rough with T serving a risotto that had more cheese taste than tomato , but recovered , and while Trev served mushy scallops on a small frying pan , he recovered as well . On entrees , Bret accidentally sliced his lamb when it was not his place , and Jen was late on serving the sauce for the pork . Despite those problems , the veterans finished service on a high note . In the red kitchen , Scott only fired one serving of shrimp for two risottos ordered , and was caught cooking more shrimp for the tableside despite it being Scotley 's responsibility . The problems continued on entrees as Jose served raw halibut , Chris was caught writing down cooking times instead of helping Mia out on meat , and a communication breakdown occurred when nobody could recite an order correctly . After Mia served raw lamb , Ramsay finally had enough of the rookies ' fragmented performance and threw them out of the kitchen , before asking them to name two people for elimination . Elimination : The rookies agreed to nominate Scott and Chris as they were the ones who were the most lost that night , but Ramsay decided to call down Jose as well . During their pleas , Chris revealed that he had a major accident that destroyed 90 % of his face , and that it damaged his memory , but Ramsay told him that he needed to see him fight back . Scott ended up being eliminated for his lack of focus during service , as well as failing to uphold his impressive resume . Ramsay 's Comment : `` Scott remembers working with some of the biggest named chefs in the world . But whether they would remember him is another matter entirely . I know I wo n't remember him by tomorrow . '' 269 `` Hell 's Riders '' October 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 12 ) 2.67 Challenge : The chefs were tasked with cooking lunch for the Marine Corps . The menu included entrees that represented the air , land , and sea : chicken parmesan , New York strip and frittes , and fish and chips . For the rookies , Mia did not take well to Scotley 's micromanagement and as a result of his misdirection , a paper towel caught fire on the fish station . Gizzy was lectured for waiting for water to boil before putting in pasta . The veterans started off slow as Jen overdressed salad , leading Heather , who was supposed to be on French fries , to jump on the station much to Jen 's annoyance . Kevin rushed Heather on fries after she forgot to delegate her station , causing an order to be sent back from the blue dining room for being undercooked . Ramsay berated the veterans for not communicating and giving up after Roe served soggy fish , but they rallied behind Kevin 's leadership . Both teams reached their last ticket at the same time , but Ariel sent cold steak , allowing the rookies time to complete their ticket and win their second challenge in a row . Reward / punishment : The rookies were rewarded with a trip to Paramount Ranch , where they would star in their own Western movie called `` Hell 's Riders '' , alongside Marino . Ramsay offered Bret the chance to join them using his punishment pass from the risotto challenge , and Bret accepted , irritating his teammates , who were tasked with preparing calamari for a tableside appetizer . Jen walked out of prep and broke down in tears after getting in an argument with Ariel and T over how to prepare beurre blanc sauce ( ironically , they thought Jen 's from the last prep session was better ) . Before service began , Ramsay and the sous chefs showed everyone the Hell 's Riders trailer . Service : Aly Michalka was in attendance despite not being mentioned in this service . Mia and Ariel served grilled calamari tableside . Both teams had relatively little trouble with appetizers , except for Motto cooking a risotto off the stove and making it too crunchy , and Trev taking too long to assemble cold appetizers with Ramsay chiding him for taking a sip of water before he served the appetizers . On entrees , Jen served bland mashed potatoes for the first table , argued about it with Heather and Sous Chef Jocky when they tasted for her , and when Ramsay came in to check on the team , aggressively asked him what he was about to yell at her for . Scotley provided inconsistent times on his beef wellingtons , which caused Gizzy to overcook halibut , and Ramsay replaced her on the fish station with Jose . Mia entered the kitchen from tableside , helping Kanae catch up on garnish and Jose repeat an order from Sous Chef Christina . Automatic elimination : When Jen brought up too few leeks for two orders of duck and got overwhelmed by her teammates asking her for times , she accused Ramsay of having thrown away some of the garnish to sabotage her . Ramsay angrily dropped the bin on the floor and led the entire blue team into the storeroom while Jen continued to yell at him for disrespecting her , until he was left with no choice but to order Jen to take off her jacket and leave Hell 's Kitchen through the front door . This marks the 9th time a contestant was eliminated during service . After this , the blue team got its entrees out more quickly and neither kitchen made another error . After service , Ramsay announced to both teams that he sent Jen home because he would not tolerate insults against his reputation . Then for the second time in two seasons , both teams were declared winners after an automatic disqualification , in lieu of the nomination process . Unlike most chefs who get eliminated during service , Jen still got her coat hung and picture burned at the end of the episode . Ramsay 's Comment : `` Jen accused me of sabotaging her . The truth of the matter is the only thing that sabotaged Jen tonight was her cooking . '' 270 `` Hell Freezes Over '' October 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 19 ) 2.54 Challenge : The sous chefs handed winter jackets to all the contestants . When they went outside , Ramsay had set up an artificial snow slope . He tasked each team to take four runs down the slope in sleds . The blue team finished first , and they were given a 10 - second headstart to grab ingredients for the winter soup challenge , where each contestant had 45 minutes to prepare a soup . Ramsay brought in Traci Des Jardins and Brian Boitano as guest judges , and each judge would rate each soup from 1 - 3 stars . The veterans got off to a strong start as Trev scored 6 stars , Heather scored 8 , Ariel scored 7 , T scored 8 , and Kevin scored 6 . But Roe and Bret scored the minimum 3 stars due to insufficient seasoning and canned tomatoes , respectively . This left the veterans with a score of 41 . For the rookies , Mia scored the maximum 9 stars , Motto scored 6 , Gizzy scored a perfect 9 , Chris scored the minimum 3 , Jose scored 7 , and Scotley scored 8 for a total of 42 , automatically giving the rookies the win before Kanae 's soup was tasted . Kanae managed to score a perfect 9 as well to make the final score 51 - 41 , and it was the rookies ' third challenge win in a row . Reward / punishment : The rookies were rewarded with a day and night of pampering at L'Horizon Resort in Palm Springs and dinner at Sopa , while the veterans had to shovel out the snow and prepare both kitchens for service . Bret took his poor performance very personally , drawing his teammates ' ire . Trev struggled to poach eggs during prep , earning Sous - Chef Jocky 's criticism once again . Service : Hayley Orrantia was in attendance , while Cheryl Hines and Rachel Harris dined at the blue chef 's table and Morgan Spurlock at the red . Gizzy and Bret served tableside clam chowder , but both struggled . The former was criticized for entering the kitchen while attempting to help Mia on flatbreads , while the latter worked slowly and held up his team . Scotley and Mia argued on appetizers , prompting Sous - Chef Christina to intervene . On entrees , Chris forgot about a pork chop for Morgan Spurlock 's table that was put into the oven ( by Ramsay ) before service opened , and Ramsay found it burned completely black . Kevin served cold New York strip , while Motto overcooked steak but recovered . On the next ticket , Kevin overcooked and undercooked lamb chops while rejecting Trev 's assistance , leading Ramsay to march the entire Blue Team into the pantry . When Kevin served the lamb raw again , Ramsay stepped in to cook it himself . Even though nobody was ejected , Ramsay declared both teams losers due to their careless errors and regression from the previous week . Nominations : The blue team nominated Kevin and Trev , while the red team nominated Chris and Gizzy . After questioning the nominees , Ramsay first asked Kevin and Gizzy for their jackets , only to ask Kevin to go the Red Team and Gizzy to the Blue Team . Then he asked for Trev 's jacket , only to send him to the Red Team as well . It seemed as though Chris would be eliminated , but Ramsay merely sent him back in line and warned him it was his last chance . Finally , Ramsay sent Mia and Kanae to the Blue Team and Bret to the Red Team , and announced that he was ending the Rookies vs. Veterans experiment in favor of the traditional battle of the sexes , only in opposite color jackets ( the men are the red team and the women are the blue team ) . This is the largest team reassignment ( 6 people ) in the show 's history . Ramsay 's Comment : Rookies , veterans ... the only title I really care about is Executive Chef . It 's time to see who will lead and who will fall . 271 5 `` Fish Out of Water '' November 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 02 ) TBD 272 6 `` Hot Potato '' November 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 09 ) TBD 273 7 `` Last Chef Standing '' November 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 16 ) TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - hell 's kitchen on fox '' . Futon Critic . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FOX ANNOUNCES FALL PREMIERE DATES FOR THE 2018 - 2019 SEASON '' . Foxflash . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CHEF ROE DILEO IS GIVING HELL 'S KITCHEN A SECOND GO '' . Central Track . August 20 , 2018 . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masters of Illusion ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Cool Kids , ' ' MacGyver , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' and ' Dateline ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Episode Title : ( HK - 1805 ) `` Fish Out of Water '' `` . Futon Critic . Retrieved 10 October 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20181017fox11/ Hell 's Kitchen United States Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 : All Stars 18 : Rookies vs. Veterans Winners Rock Harper Christina Machamer United Kingdom Series Other versions Australia Brazil Finland Italy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hell%27s_Kitchen_(U.S._season_18)&oldid=865791185 '' Categories : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. TV series ) 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 04 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the new season of hell's kitchen coming on | [
"Hell's Kitchen: Rookies vs Veterans is the eighteenth season of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen and premiered on September 28, 2018, on Fox.[1][2] Gordon Ramsay returns as host and head chef, and Season 10 winner Christina Wilson and British MasterChef judge James \"Jocky\" Petrie return as the red and blue sous chefs, respectively, alongside maitre'd Marino Monferrato. Season 18 features eight new contestants battling eight returning veterans. For the first time, the winner of Season 18 will receive a position as an executive chef at Gordon Ramsay Hell's Kitchen Restaurant at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada.\n"
] | [
"September 28, 2018"
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807757406487290988 | South Africa | South Africa - Wikipedia South Africa Jump to : navigation , search Republic in the southernmost part of Africa This article is about the modern state . For the geographical area , see Southern Africa . For other uses , see South Africa ( disambiguation ) . Republic of South Africa ( show ) 10 other official names : Repabliki ya Afrika - Borwa ( Northern Sotho ) Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa ( Sotho ) iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika ( Southern Ndebele ) iRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika ( Swati ) Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzonga ( Tsonga ) Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa ( Tswana ) Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe ( Venda ) iRiphabliki yomZantsi Afrika ( Xhosa ) Republiek van Suid - Afrika ( Afrikaans ) iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika ( Zulu ) Flag Motto : `` ! ke e : ǀxarra ǁke '' ( ǀXam ) `` Unity in Diversity '' Anthem : `` National anthem of South Africa '' Location of South Africa ( dark blue ) in the African Union ( light blue ) Capital Pretoria ( executive ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Largest city Johannesburg Official languages 11 languages ( show ) English Southern Ndebele Northern Sotho Southern Sotho Swazi Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zulu Afrikaans Ethnic groups ( 2014 ) 80.2 % Black 8.8 % Coloured 8.4 % White 2.5 % Asian Religion See Religion in South Africa Demonym South African Government Unitary dominant - party parliamentary constitutional republic President Cyril Ramaphosa Deputy President David Mabuza Legislature Parliament Upper house National Council Lower house National Assembly Independence from the United Kingdom Union 31 May 1910 Self - governance 11 December 1931 Republic 31 May 1961 Current constitution 4 February 1997 Area Total 1,221,037 km ( 471,445 sq mi ) ( 24th ) Water ( % ) 0.380 Population 2016 estimate 55,653,654 ( 25th ) 2011 census 51,770,560 Density 42.4 / km ( 109.8 / sq mi ) ( 169th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $742.461 billion ( 30th ) Per capita $13,591 ( 90th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $326.541 billion ( 35th ) Per capita $6,292 ( 88th ) Gini ( 2009 ) 63.1 very high HDI ( 2014 ) 0.666 medium 116th Currency South African rand ( ZAR ) Time zone SAST ( UTC + 2 ) Drives on the left Calling code + 27 ISO 3166 code ZA Internet TLD . za South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded on the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland ; and surrounds the kingdom of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 25th - largest country in the world by land area and , with close to 56 million people , is the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of African ( black ) , European ( white ) , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is among the highest number of any country in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most white and coloured South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth - ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics . The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948 , institutionalising previous racial segregation . After a long and sometimes violent struggle by the African National Congress and other anti-apartheid activists both inside and outside the country , the repeal of discriminatory laws began in 1990 . Since 1994 , all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the country 's democracy , which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces . South Africa is often referred to as the `` rainbow nation '' to describe the country 's multicultural diversity , especially in the wake of apartheid . The World Bank classifies South Africa as an upper - middle - income economy , and a newly industrialised country . Its economy is the second - largest in Africa , and the 34th - largest in the world . In terms of purchasing power parity , South Africa has the seventh - highest per capita income in Africa . However , poverty and inequality remain widespread , with about a quarter of the population unemployed and living on less than US $1.25 a day . Nevertheless , South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs , and maintains significant regional influence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Prehistoric archaeology 2.2 Bantu expansion 2.3 Portuguese contacts 2.4 Dutch colonisation 2.5 British colonisation 2.5. 1 Independence 2.5. 2 Beginning of apartheid 2.6 Republic 2.6. 1 End of apartheid 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity 3.2. 1 Animals 3.2. 2 Fungi 3.2. 3 Plants 3.3 Conservation issues 4 Politics and government 4.1 Law 4.2 Foreign relations 4.3 Military 4.4 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Labour market 5.2 Science and technology 5.3 Water supply and sanitation 6 Demographics 6.1 Languages 6.2 Urban centres 6.3 Religion 7 Culture 7.1 Arts 7.2 Popular culture 7.3 Cuisine 7.4 Sports 8 Education 9 Health 9.1 HIV / AIDS 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Name See also : Official names of South Africa The name `` South Africa '' is derived from the country 's geographic location at the southern tip of Africa . Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English , reflecting its origin from the unification of four formerly separate British colonies . Since 1961 the long form name in English has been the `` Republic of South Africa '' . In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid - Afrika , replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid - Afrika . Since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages . Mzansi , derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning `` south '' , is a colloquial name for South Africa , while some Pan-Africanist political parties prefer the term `` Azania '' . History Main article : History of South Africa Prehistoric archaeology South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human - fossil sites in the world . Archaeologists have recovered extensive fossil remains from a series of caves in Gauteng Province . The area , a UNESCO World Heritage site , has been termed `` the Cradle of Humankind '' . The sites include Sterkfontein , one of the richest sites for hominin fossils in the world . Other sites include Swartkrans , Gondolin Cave Kromdraai , Coopers Cave and Malapa . Raymond Dart identified the first hominin fossil discovered in Africa , the Taung Child ( found near Taung ) in 1924 . Further hominin remains have come from the sites of Makapansgat in Limpopo , Cornelia and Florisbad in the Free State , Border Cave in KwaZulu - Natal , Klasies River Mouth in Eastern Cape and Pinnacle Point , Elandsfontein and Die Kelders Cave in Western Cape . These finds suggest that various hominid species existed in South Africa from about three million years ago , starting with Australopithecus africanus . There followed species including Australopithecus sediba , Homo ergaster , Homo erectus , Homo rhodesiensis , Homo helmei , Homo naledi and modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) . Modern humans have inhabited Southern Africa for at least 170,000 years . Various researchers have located pebble tools within the Vaal River valley . Bantu expansion Mapungubwe Hill , the site of the former capital of the Kingdom of Mapungubwe Settlements of Bantu - speaking peoples , who were iron - using agriculturists and herdsmen , were already present south of the Limpopo River ( now the northern border with Botswana and Zimbabwe ) by the 4th or 5th century CE . ( See Bantu expansion . ) They displaced , conquered and absorbed the original Khoisan speakers , the Khoikhoi and San peoples . The Bantu slowly moved south . The earliest ironworks in modern - day KwaZulu - Natal Province are believed to date from around 1050 . The southernmost group was the Xhosa people , whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan people . The Xhosa reached the Great Fish River , in today 's Eastern Cape Province . As they migrated , these larger Iron Age populations displaced or assimilated earlier peoples . In Mpumalanga , several stone circles have been found along with the stone arrangement that has been named Adam 's Calendar . Portuguese contacts At the time of European contact , the dominant ethnic group were Bantu - speaking peoples who had migrated from other parts of Africa about one thousand years before . The two major historic groups were the Xhosa and Zulu peoples . In 1487 , the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias led the first European voyage to land in southern Africa . On 4 December , he landed at Walfisch Bay ( now known as Walvis Bay in present - day Namibia ) . This was south of the furthest point reached in 1485 by his predecessor , the Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão ( Cape Cross , north of the bay ) . Dias continued down the western coast of southern Africa . After 8 January 1488 , prevented by storms from proceeding along the coast , he sailed out of sight of land and passed the southernmost point of Africa without seeing it . He reached as far up the eastern coast of Africa as , what he called , Rio do Infante , probably the present - day Groot River , in May 1488 , but on his return he saw the Cape , which he first named Cabo das Tormentas ( Cape of Storms ) . His King , John II , renamed the point Cabo da Boa Esperança , or Cape of Good Hope , as it led to the riches of the East Indies . Dias ' feat of navigation was later immortalised in Luís de Camões ' Portuguese epic poem , The Lusiads ( 1572 ) . Dutch colonisation See also : History of Cape Colony and Dutch Cape Colony Charles Davidson Bell 's 19th - century painting of Jan van Riebeeck , who founded the first European settlement in South Africa , arrives in Table Bay in 1652 . By the early 17th century , Portugal 's maritime power was starting to decline , and English and Dutch merchants competed to oust Lisbon from its lucrative monopoly on the spice trade . Representatives of the British East India Company did call sporadically at the Cape in search of provisions as early as 1601 , but later came to favour Ascension Island and St. Helena as alternative ports of refuge . Dutch interest was aroused after 1647 , when two employees of the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) were shipwrecked there for several months . The sailors were able to survive by obtaining fresh water and meat from the natives . They also sowed vegetables in the fertile soil . Upon their return to Holland they reported favourably on the Cape 's potential as a `` warehouse and garden '' for provisions to stock passing ships for long voyages . In 1652 , a century and a half after the discovery of the Cape sea route , Jan van Riebeeck established a victualing station at the Cape of Good Hope , at what would become Cape Town , on behalf of the Dutch East India Company . In time , the Cape become home to a large population of `` vrijlieden '' , also known as `` vrijburgers '' ( free citizens ) , former Company employees who stayed in Dutch territories overseas after serving their contracts . Dutch traders also imported thousands of slaves to the fledgling colony from Indonesia , Madagascar , and parts of eastern Africa . Some of the earliest mixed race communities in the country were later formed through unions between vrijburgers , their slaves , and various indigenous peoples . This led to the development of a new ethnic group , the Cape Coloureds , most of whom adopted the Dutch language and Christian faith . The eastward expansion of Dutch colonists ushered in a series of wars with the southwesterly migrating Xhosa tribe , as both sides competed for the pastureland necessary to graze their cattle near the Great Fish River . Vrijburgers who became independent farmers on the frontier were known as Boers , with some adopting semi-nomadic lifestyles being denoted as trekboers . The Boers formed loose militias , which they termed commandos , and forged alliances with Khoisan groups to repel Xhosa raids . Both sides launched bloody but inconclusive offensives , and sporadic violence , often accompanied by livestock theft , remained common for several decades . British colonisation Great Britain occupied Cape Town between 1795 and 1803 to prevent it from falling under the control of the French First Republic , which had invaded the Low Countries . Despite briefly returning to Dutch rule under the Batavian Republic in 1803 , the Cape was occupied again by the British in 1806 . Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars , it was formally ceded to Great Britain and became an integral part of the British Empire . British immigration to South Africa began around 1818 , subsequently culminating in the arrival of the 1820 Settlers . The new colonists were induced to settle for a variety of reasons , namely to increase the size of the European workforce and to bolster frontier regions against Xhosa incursions . Depiction of a Zulu attack on a Boer camp in February 1838 In the first two decades of the 19th century , the Zulu people grew in power and expanded their territory under their leader , Shaka . Shaka 's warfare led indirectly to the Mfecane ( `` crushing '' ) , killing 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 people , that devastated and depopulated the inland plateau in the early 1820s . An offshoot of the Zulu , the Matabele people created a larger empire that included large parts of the highveld under their king Mzilikazi . During the early 1800s , many Dutch settlers departed from the Cape Colony , where they had been subjected to British control . They migrated to the future Natal , Orange Free State , and Transvaal regions . The Boers founded the Boer Republics : the South African Republic ( now Gauteng , Limpopo , Mpumalanga and North West provinces ) and the Orange Free State ( Free State ) . The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1884 in the interior started the Mineral Revolution and increased economic growth and immigration . This intensified British efforts to gain control over the indigenous peoples . The struggle to control these important economic resources was a factor in relations between Europeans and the indigenous population and also between the Boers and the British . The Anglo - Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom . Following Lord Carnarvon 's successful introduction of federation in Canada , it was thought that similar political effort , coupled with military campaigns , might succeed with the African kingdoms , tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa . In 1874 , Sir Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being . Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army . The Zulu nation spectacularly defeated the British at the Battle of Isandlwana . Eventually though the war was lost resulting in the end of the Zulu nation 's independence . Boers in combat ( 1881 ) The Boer Republics successfully resisted British encroachments during the First Boer War ( 1880 -- 1881 ) using guerrilla warfare tactics , which were well suited to local conditions . The British returned with greater numbers , more experience , and new strategy in the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) but suffered heavy casualties through attrition ; nonetheless , they were ultimately successful . Independence Within the country , anti-British policies among white South Africans focused on independence . During the Dutch and British colonial years , racial segregation was mostly informal , though some legislation was enacted to control the settlement and movement of native people , including the Native Location Act of 1879 and the system of pass laws . Eight years after the end of the Second Boer War and after four years of negotiation , an act of the British Parliament ( South Africa Act 1909 ) granted nominal independence , while creating the Union of South Africa on 31 May 1910 . The Union was a dominion that included the former territories of the Cape and Natal colonies , as well as the republics of Orange Free State and Transvaal . The Natives ' Land Act of 1913 severely restricted the ownership of land by blacks ; at that stage natives controlled only 7 % of the country . The amount of land reserved for indigenous peoples was later marginally increased . In 1931 the union was fully sovereign from the United Kingdom with the passage of the Statute of Westminster , which abolished the last powers of the British Government on the country . In 1934 , the South African Party and National Party merged to form the United Party , seeking reconciliation between Afrikaners and English - speaking `` Whites '' . In 1939 the party split over the entry of the Union into World War II as an ally of the United Kingdom , a move which the National Party followers strongly opposed . Beginning of apartheid `` For use by white persons '' -- apartheid sign In 1948 , the National Party was elected to power . It strengthened the racial segregation begun under Dutch and British colonial rule . Taking Canada 's Indian Act as a framework , The Nationalist Government classified all peoples into three races and developed rights and limitations for each . The white minority ( less than 20 % ) controlled the vastly larger black majority . The legally institutionalized segregation became known as apartheid . While whites enjoyed the highest standard of living in all of Africa , comparable to First World Western nations , the black majority remained disadvantaged by almost every standard , including income , education , housing , and life expectancy . The Freedom Charter , adopted in 1955 by the Congress Alliance , demanded a non-racial society and an end to discrimination . Republic On 31 May 1961 , the country became a republic following a referendum in which white voters narrowly voted in favour thereof ( the British - dominated Natal province rallied against the issue ) . Queen Elizabeth II was stripped of the title Queen of South Africa , and the last Governor - General , Charles Robberts Swart , became State President . As a concession to the Westminster system , the presidency remained parliamentary appointed and virtually powerless until P.W. Botha 's Constitution Act of 1983 , which ( intact in these regards ) eliminated the office of Prime Minister and instated a near - unique `` strong presidency '' responsible to parliament . Pressured by other Commonwealth of Nations countries , South Africa withdrew from the organisation in 1961 , and rejoined it only in 1994 . Despite opposition both within and outside the country , the government legislated for a continuation of apartheid . The security forces cracked down on internal dissent , and violence became widespread , with anti-apartheid organisations such as the African National Congress , the Azanian People 's Organisation , and the Pan-Africanist Congress carrying out guerrilla warfare and urban sabotage . The three rival resistance movements also engaged in occasional inter-factional clashes as they jockeyed for domestic influence . Apartheid became increasingly controversial , and several countries began to boycott business with the South African government because of its racial policies . These measures were later extended to international sanctions and the divestment of holdings by foreign investors . F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela shake hands in January 1992 In the late 1970s , South Africa initiated a programme of nuclear weapons development . In the following decade , it produced six deliverable nuclear weapons . End of apartheid The Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith , signed by Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Harry Schwarz in 1974 , enshrined the principles of peaceful transition of power and equality for all , the first of such agreements by black and white political leaders in South Africa . Ultimately , F.W. de Klerk opened bilateral discussions with Nelson Mandela in 1993 for a transition of policies and government . In 1990 the National Party government took the first step towards dismantling discrimination when it lifted the ban on the African National Congress and other political organisations . It released Nelson Mandela from prison after 27 years ' serving a sentence for sabotage . A negotiation process followed . With approval from a predominantly white referendum , the government repealed apartheid legislation . South Africa also destroyed its nuclear arsenal and acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . South Africa held its first universal elections in 1994 , which the ANC won by an overwhelming majority . It has been in power ever since . The country rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations and became a member of the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) . Nelson Mandela , first black African President of Republic of South Africa In post-apartheid South Africa , unemployment has been extremely high as the country has struggled with many changes . While many blacks have risen to middle or upper classes , the overall unemployment rate of blacks worsened between 1994 and 2003 . Poverty among whites , previously rare , increased . In addition , the current government has struggled to achieve the monetary and fiscal discipline to ensure both redistribution of wealth and economic growth . Since the ANC - led government took power , the United Nations Human Development Index of South Africa has fallen , while it was steadily rising until the mid-1990s . Some may be attributed to the HIV / AIDS pandemic , and the failure of the government to take steps to address it in the early years . In May 2008 , riots left over 60 people dead . The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions estimates over 100,000 people were driven from their homes . The targets were mainly migrants and refugees seeking asylum , but a third of the victims were South African citizens . In a 2006 survey , the South African Migration Project concluded that South Africans are more opposed to immigration than anywhere else in the world . The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 2008 reported over 200,000 refugees applied for asylum in South Africa , almost four times as many as the year before . These people were mainly from Zimbabwe , though many also come from Burundi , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , Eritrea , Ethiopia and Somalia . Competition over jobs , business opportunities , public services and housing has led to tension between refugees and host communities . While xenophobia is still a problem , recent violence has not been as widespread as initially feared . Geography Main article : Geography of South Africa A map of South Africa showing the main topographic features : the Central Plateau edged by the Great Escarpment , and the Cape Fold Belt in the south - west corner of the country Important geographical regions in South Africa . The thick line traces the course of the Great Escarpment which edges the central plateau . The eastern portion of this line , coloured red , is known as the Drakensberg . The Escarpment rises to its highest point , at over 3000 m , where the Drakensberg forms the border between KwaZulu - Natal and Lesotho . None of the regions indicated on the map has a sharp well - defined border , except where the Escarpment , or a range of mountains forms a clear dividing line between two regions . Some of the better known regions are coloured in ; the others are simply indicated by their names , as they would be in an atlas . South Africa is located at the southernmost region of Africa , with a long coastline that stretches more than 2,500 km ( 1,553 mi ) and along two oceans ( the South Atlantic and the Indian ) . At 1,219,912 km ( 471,011 sq mi ) , According to the UN Demographic Yearbook , South Africa is the 25th - largest country in the world . It is about the same size as Colombia , twice the size of France , three times as big as Japan , four times the size of Italy and five times the size of the United Kingdom . Mafadi in the Drakensberg at 3,450 m ( 11,320 ft ) is the highest peak in South Africa . Excluding the Prince Edward Islands , the country lies between latitudes 22 ° and 35 ° S , and longitudes 16 ° and 33 ° E . The interior of South Africa consists of a vast , in most places almost flat , plateau with an altitude of between 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) and 2,100 m ( 6,900 ft ) , highest in the east and sloping gently downwards towards the west and north , and slightly less noticeably so to the south and south - west . This plateau is surrounded by the Great Escarpment whose eastern , and highest , stretch is known as the Drakensberg . The south and south - western parts of the plateau ( at approximately 1100 -- 1800 m above sea level ) , and the adjoining plain below ( at approximately 700 -- 800 m above sea level -- see map on the right ) is known as the Great Karoo , which consists of sparsely populated scrubland . To the north the Great Karoo fades into the even drier and more arid Bushmanland , which eventually becomes the Kalahari desert in the very north - west of the country . The mid-eastern , and highest part of the plateau is known as the Highveld . This relatively well - watered area is home to a great proportion of the country 's commercial farmlands , and contains its largest conurbation ( Gauteng Province ) . To the north of Highveld , from about the 25 ° 30 ' S line of latitude , the plateau slopes downwards into the Bushveld , which ultimately gives way to the Limpopo lowlands or Lowveld . Flat topped hills ( called Karoo Koppies ) are highly characteristic of the southern and southwestern Karoo landscape . These hills are capped by hard , erosion resistant dolerite sills . This is solidified lava that was forced under high pressure between the horizontal strata of the sedimentary rocks that make up most of the Karoo 's geology about 180 million years ago . Since then Southern Africa has undergone a prolonged period of erosion removing the relatively soft Karoo rocks , except where they are protected by a cap of dolerite . This photograph was taken near Cradock in the Eastern Cape . The coastal belt , below the Great Escarpment , moving clockwise from the northeast , consists of the Limpopo Lowveld , which merges into the Mpumalanga Lowveld , below the Mpumalanga Drakensberg ( the eastern portion of the Great Escarpment ) . This is hotter , drier and less intensely cultivated than the Highveld above the escarpment . The Kruger National Park , located in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga in northeastern South Africa , occupies a large portion of the Lowveld covering 19,633 square kilometres ( 7,580 sq mi . ) South of the Lowveld the annual rainfall increases as one enters KwaZulu - Natal Province , which , especially near the coast , is subtropically hot and humid . The KwaZulu - Natal -- Lesotho international border is formed by the highest portion of the Great Escarpment , or Drakensberg , which reaches an altitude of over 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) . The climate at the foot of this part of the Drakensberg is temperate . Drakensberg , the eastern and highest portion of the Great Escarpment which surrounds the east , south and western borders of the central plateau of Southern Africa The coastal belt below the south and south - western stretches of the Great Escarpment contains several ranges of Cape Fold Mountains which run parallel to the coast , separating the Great Escarpment from the ocean . ( These parallel ranges of fold mountains are shown on the map , above left . Note the course of the Great Escarpment to the north of these mountain ranges . ) The land ( at approximately 400 -- 500 m above sea level ) between two of these ranges of fold mountains in the south ( i.e. between the Outeniqua and Langeberg ranges to the south and the Swartberg range to the north ) is known as the Little Karoo , which consists of semi-desert scrubland similar to that of the Great Karoo , except that its northern strip along the foothills of the Swartberg Mountains , has a somewhat higher rainfall and is therefore more cultivated than the Great Karoo . The Little Karoo is historically , and still , famous for its ostrich farming around the town of Oudtshoorn . The lowland area ( 700 -- 800 m above sea level ) to the north of the Swartberg mountain range up to the Great Escarpment is the lowland part of the Great Karoo ( see map at top right ) , which is climatically and botanically almost indistinguishable from the Karoo above the Great Escarpment . The narrow coastal strip between the most seaward Cape Fold Mountain range ( i.e. , the Langeberg -- Outeniqua mountains ) and the ocean has a moderately high year - round rainfall , especially in the George - Knysna - Plettenberg Bay region , which is known as the Garden Route . It is famous for the most extensive areas of indigenous forests in South Africa ( a generally forest - poor country ) . In the south - west corner of the country the Cape Peninsula forms the southernmost tip of the coastal strip which borders the Atlantic Ocean , and ultimately terminates at the country 's border with Namibia at the Orange River . The Cape Peninsula has a Mediterranean climate , making it and its immediate surrounds the only portion of Africa south of the Sahara which receives most of its rainfall in winter . The greater Cape Town metropolitan area is situated on the Cape Peninsula and is home to 3.7 million people according to the 2011 population census . It is the country 's legislative capital . Spring flowers in Namaqualand The coastal belt to the north of the Cape Peninsula is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and the first row of north - south running Cape Fold Mountains to the east . The Cape Fold Mountains peter out at about the 32 ° S line of latitude , after which the coastal plain is bounded by the Great Escarpment itself . The most southerly portion of this coastal belt is known as the Swartland and Malmesbury Plain , which is an important wheat growing region , relying on winter rains . The region further north is known as Namaqualand , which becomes more and more arid as one approaches the Orange River . The little rain that falls , tends to fall in winter , which results in one of the world 's most spectacular displays of flowers carpeting huge stretches of veld in spring ( August -- September ) . Cape Floral Region Protected Areas . South Africa also has one possession , the small sub-Antarctic archipelago of the Prince Edward Islands , consisting of Marion Island ( 290 km or 110 sq mi ) and Prince Edward Island ( 45 km or 17 sq mi ) ( not to be confused with the Canadian province of the same name ) . Climate Main article : Climate of South Africa Köppen climate types of South Africa South Africa has a generally temperate climate , due in part to being surrounded by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans on three sides , by its location in the climatically milder Southern Hemisphere and due to the average elevation rising steadily towards the north ( towards the equator ) and further inland . Due to this varied topography and oceanic influence , a great variety of climatic zones exist . The climatic zones range from the extreme desert of the southern Namib in the farthest northwest to the lush subtropical climate in the east along the Mozambique border and the Indian Ocean . Winters in South Africa occur between June and August . The extreme southwest has a climate remarkably similar to that of the Mediterranean with wet winters and hot , dry summers , hosting the famous fynbos biome of shrubland and thicket . This area also produces much of the wine in South Africa . This region is also particularly known for its wind , which blows intermittently almost all year . The severity of this wind made passing around the Cape of Good Hope particularly treacherous for sailors , causing many shipwrecks . Further east on the south coast , rainfall is distributed more evenly throughout the year , producing a green landscape . This area is popularly known as the Garden Route . The Free State is particularly flat because it lies centrally on the high plateau . North of the Vaal River , the Highveld becomes better watered and does not experience subtropical extremes of heat . Johannesburg , in the centre of the Highveld , is at 1,740 m ( 5,709 ft ) and receives an annual rainfall of 760 mm ( 29.9 in ) . Winters in this region are cold , although snow is rare . The high Drakensberg mountains , which form the south - eastern escarpment of the Highveld , offer limited skiing opportunities in winter . The coldest place on mainland South Africa is Sutherland in the western Roggeveld Mountains , where midwinter temperatures can reach as low as − 15 ° C ( 5 ° F ) . The Prince Edward Islands have colder average annual temperatures , but Sutherland has colder extremes . The deep interior of mainland South Africa has the hottest temperatures : a temperature of 51.7 ° C ( 125.06 ° F ) was recorded in 1948 in the Northern Cape Kalahari near Upington , but this temperature is unofficial and was not recorded with standard equipment , the official highest temperature is 48.8 ° C ( 119.84 ° F ) at Vioolsdrif in January 1993 . Biodiversity See also : Wildlife of South Africa and Protected areas of South Africa South Africa signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 4 June 1994 , and became a party to the convention on 2 November 1995 . It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan , which was received by the convention on 7 June 2006 . The country is ranked sixth out of the world 's seventeen megadiverse countries . Animals South African giraffe , Kruger National Park African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ) male with red - billed oxpecker ( Buphagus erythrorhynchus ) , Phinda Private Game Reserve , KwaZulu Natal , South Africa Numerous mammals are found in the bushveld including Transvaal lions , African leopards , South African cheetahs , southern white rhinos , blue wildebeest , kudus , impalas , hyenas , hippopotamuses and South African giraffes . A significant extent of the bushveld exists in the north - east including Kruger National Park and the Sabi Sand Game Reserve , as well as in the far north in the Waterberg Biosphere . South Africa houses many endemic species , among them the critically endangered riverine rabbit ( Bunolagus monticullaris ) in the Karoo . Fungi Up to 1945 , more than 4900 species of fungi ( including lichen - forming species ) had been recorded . In 2006 , the total number of fungi which occur in South Africa was conservatively estimated at about 200,000 species , but that did not take into account fungi associated with insects . If correct , then the number of South African fungi dwarfs that of its plants . In at least some major South African ecosystems , an exceptionally high percentage of fungi are highly specific in terms of the plants with which they occur . The country 's biodiversity strategy and action plan does not mention fungi ( including lichen - forming fungi ) . Plants Sub-tropical forest near Durban Lowveld vegetation of the Kruger National Park With more than 22,000 different higher plants , or about 9 % of all the known species of plants on Earth , South Africa is particularly rich in plant diversity . The most prevalent biome in South Africa is the grassland , particularly on the Highveld , where the plant cover is dominated by different grasses , low shrubs , and acacia trees , mainly camel - thorn and whitethorn . Vegetation becomes even more sparse towards the northwest due to low rainfall . There are several species of water - storing succulents like aloes and euphorbias in the very hot and dry Namaqualand area . The grass and thorn savannah turns slowly into a bush savannah towards the north - east of the country , with denser growth . There are significant numbers of baobab trees in this area , near the northern end of Kruger National Park . The fynbos biome , which makes up the majority of the area and plant life in the Cape floristic region , one of the six floral kingdoms , is located in a small region of the Western Cape and contains more than 9,000 of those species , making it among the richest regions on earth in terms of plant diversity . Most of the plants are evergreen hard - leaf plants with fine , needle - like leaves , such as the sclerophyllous plants . Another uniquely South African flowering plant group is the genus Protea . There are around 130 different species of Protea in South Africa . While South Africa has a great wealth of flowering plants , only 1 % of South Africa is forest , almost exclusively in the humid coastal plain of KwaZulu - Natal , where there are also areas of Southern Africa mangroves in river mouths . There are even smaller reserves of forests that are out of the reach of fire , known as montane forests . Plantations of imported tree species are predominant , particularly the non-native eucalyptus and pine . Conservation issues South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades , primarily due to overpopulation , sprawling development patterns and deforestation during the 19th century . South Africa is one of the worst affected countries in the world when it comes to invasion by alien species with many ( e.g. black wattle , Port Jackson willow , Hakea , Lantana and Jacaranda ) posing a significant threat to the native biodiversity and the already scarce water resources . The original temperate forest found by the first European settlers was exploited ruthlessly until only small patches remained . Currently , South African hardwood trees like real yellowwood ( Podocarpus latifolius ) , stinkwood ( Ocotea bullata ) , and South African black ironwood ( Olea laurifolia ) are under government protection . Statistics from the South African Environmental Affairs department show a record 1215 rhinos have been killed in 2014 . Climate change is expected to bring considerable warming and drying to much of this already semi-arid region , with greater frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heatwaves , flooding and drought . According to computer generated climate modelling produced by the South African National Biodiversity Institute parts of southern Africa will see an increase in temperature by about one degree Celsius along the coast to more than four degrees Celsius in the already hot hinterland such as the Northern Cape in late spring and summertime by 2050 . The Cape Floral Kingdom , been identified as one of the global biodiversity hotspots , it will be hit very hard by climate change . Drought , increased intensity and frequency of fire and climbing temperatures are expected to push many rare species towards extinction . Biodiversity of South Africa King protea , national flower Fynbos , Cape Floristic Region Blue crane , national bird Flowers in the West Coast National Park Politics and government Main articles : Government of South Africa , Politics of South Africa , Law of South Africa , and Human rights in South Africa Union Buildings in Pretoria , seat of the executive Houses of Parliament in Cape Town , seat of the legislature South Africa is a parliamentary republic , although unlike most such republics the President is both head of state and head of government , and depends for his tenure on the confidence of Parliament . The executive , legislature and judiciary are all subject to the supremacy of the Constitution , and the superior courts have the power to strike down executive actions and acts of Parliament if they are unconstitutional . The National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , consists of 400 members and is elected every five years by a system of party - list proportional representation . The National Council of Provinces , the upper house , consists of ninety members , with each of the nine provincial legislatures electing ten members . After each parliamentary election , the National Assembly elects one of its members as President ; hence the President serves a term of office the same as that of the Assembly , normally five years . No President may serve more than two terms in office . The President appoints a Deputy President and Ministers , who form the Cabinet which consists of Departments and Ministries . The President and the Cabinet may be removed by the National Assembly by a motion of no confidence . In the most recent election , held on 7 May 2014 , the African National Congress ( ANC ) won 62.2 % of the vote and 249 seats , while the main opposition , the Democratic Alliance ( DA ) won 22.2 % of the vote and 89 seats . The Economic Freedom Fighters , founded by Julius Malema , the former President of the ANC 's Youth Wing who was later expelled from the ANC , won 6.4 % of the vote and 25 seats . The ANC has been the governing political party in South Africa since the end of apartheid . South Africa has no legally defined capital city . The fourth chapter of the Constitution of South Africa , states that `` The seat of Parliament is Cape Town , but an Act of Parliament enacted in accordance with section 76 ( 1 ) and ( 5 ) may determine that the seat of Parliament is elsewhere . '' The country 's three branches of government are split over different cities . Cape Town , as the seat of Parliament , is the legislative capital ; Pretoria , as the seat of the President and Cabinet , is the administrative capital ; and Bloemfontein , as the seat of the Supreme Court of Appeal , is the judicial capital , while the Constitutional Court of South Africa sits in Johannesburg . Most foreign embassies are located in Pretoria . Since 2004 , South Africa has had many thousands of popular protests , some violent , making it , according to one academic , the `` most protest - rich country in the world '' . There have been a number of incidents of political repression as well as threats of future repression in violation of the constitution , leading some analysts and civil society organisations to conclude that there is or could be a new climate of political repression , or a decline in political tolerance . In 2008 , South Africa placed 5th out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance . South Africa scored well in the categories of Rule of Law , Transparency & Corruption and Participation & Human Rights , but was let down by its relatively poor performance in Safety & Security . In November 2006 , South Africa became the first African country to legalise same - sex marriage . Law See also : Crime in South Africa Constitutional Court in Johannesburg The Constitution of South Africa is the supreme rule of law in the country . The primary sources of South African law are Roman - Dutch mercantile law and personal law with English Common law , as imports of Dutch settlements and British colonialism . The first European based law in South Africa was brought by the Dutch East India Company and is called Roman - Dutch law . It was imported before the codification of European law into the Napoleonic Code and is comparable in many ways to Scots law . This was followed in the 19th century by English law , both common and statutory . After unification in 1910 , South Africa had its own parliament which passed laws specific for South Africa , building on those previously passed for the individual member colonies . The judicial system consists of the magistrates ' courts , which hear lesser criminal cases and smaller civil cases ; the High Courts , which are courts of general jurisdiction for specific areas ; the Supreme Court of Appeal , which is the highest court in all but constitutional matters ; and the Constitutional Court , which hears only constitutional matters . Soweto Pride 2012 participants protest against violence against lesbians . The country has strong human rights laws but some groups are still discriminated against . It is the first country in Africa to recognise same sex marriage . Nearly 50 murders are committed each day in South Africa . In the year ended March 2014 there were 17,068 murders and the murder rate was 32.2 per 100,000 -- about five times higher than the global average of 6 per 100,000 . Middle - class South Africans seek security in gated communities . The private security industry in South Africa is the largest in the world , with nearly 9,000 registered companies and 400,000 registered active private security guards , more than the South African police and army combined . Many emigrants from South Africa also state that crime was a major factor in their decision to leave . Crime against the farming community has continued to be a major problem . It is estimated that 500,000 women are raped in South Africa every year with the average woman more likely to be raped than complete secondary school . A 2009 survey found one in four South African men admitted to raping someone and another survey found one in three women out of 4000 surveyed said they had been raped in the past year . Rapes are also perpetrated by children ( some as young as ten ) . Child and baby rape incidences are some of the highest in the world , largely as a result of the virgin cleansing myth , and a number of high - profile cases ( sometimes as young as eight months ) have outraged the nation . Foreign Relations Main article : Foreign relations of South Africa Leaders of the BRICS nations at the G - 20 summit in Hangzhou , 2016 As the Union of South Africa , the country was a founding member of the United Nations . The then Prime Minister Jan Smuts wrote the preamble to the United Nations Charter . South Africa is one of the founding members of the African Union ( AU ) , and has the second largest economy of all the members . It is also a founding member of the AU 's New Partnership for Africa 's Development ( NEPAD ) . South Africa has played a key role as a mediator in African conflicts over the last decade , such as in Burundi , the Democratic Republic of Congo , the Comoros , and Zimbabwe . After apartheid ended , South Africa was readmitted to the Commonwealth of Nations . The country is a member of the Group of 77 and chaired the organisation in 2006 . South Africa is also a member of the Southern African Development Community , South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone , Southern African Customs Union , Antarctic Treaty System , World Trade Organization , International Monetary Fund , G20 , G8 + 5 , and the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa . South African President Jacob Zuma and Chinese President Hu Jintao upgraded bilateral ties between the two countries on 24 August 2010 , when they signed the Beijing Agreement , which elevated South Africa 's earlier `` strategic partnership '' with China to the higher level of `` comprehensive strategic partnership '' in both economic and political affairs , including the strengthening of exchanges between their respective ruling parties and legislatures . In April 2011 , South Africa formally joined the Brazil - Russia - India - China ( BRICS ) grouping of countries , identified by President Zuma as the country 's largest trading partners , and also the largest trading partners with Africa as a whole . Zuma asserted that BRICS member countries would also work with each other through the UN , the Group of Twenty ( G20 ) and the India , Brazil South Africa ( IBSA ) forum . Military Main article : South African National Defence Force SANDF soldiers The South African National Defence Force ( SANDF ) was created in 1994 , as an all volunteer force composed of the former South African Defence Force , the forces of the African nationalist groups ( Umkhonto we Sizwe and Azanian People 's Liberation Army ) , and the former Bantustan defence forces . The SANDF is subdivided into four branches , the South African Army , the South African Air Force , the South African Navy , and the South African Military Health Service . In recent years , the SANDF has become a major peacekeeping force in Africa , and has been involved in operations in Lesotho , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and Burundi , amongst others . It has also served in multi-national UN peacekeeping forces such as the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade for example . South Africa is the only African country to have successfully developed nuclear weapons . It became the first country ( followed by Ukraine ) with nuclear capability to voluntarily renounce and dismantle its programme and in the process signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991 . South Africa undertook a nuclear weapons programme in the 1970s According to former state president FW de Klerk , the decision to build a `` nuclear deterrent '' was taken `` as early as 1974 against a backdrop of a Soviet expansionist threat . '' South Africa is alleged to have conducted a nuclear test over the Atlantic in 1979 , although this is officially denied . Former president FW de Klerk maintained that South Africa had `` never conducted a clandestine nuclear test . '' Six nuclear devices were completed between 1980 and 1990 , but all were dismantled before South Africa signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991 . Administrative divisions Main article : Provinces of South Africa Provinces of South Africa Each of the nine provinces is governed by a unicameral legislature , which is elected every five years by party - list proportional representation . The legislature elects a Premier as head of government , and the Premier appoints an Executive Council as a provincial cabinet . The powers of provincial governments are limited to topics listed in the Constitution ; these topics include such fields as health , education , public housing and transport . The provinces are in turn divided into 52 districts : 8 metropolitan and 44 district municipalities . The district municipalities are further subdivided into 226 local municipalities . The metropolitan municipalities , which govern the largest urban agglomerations , perform the functions of both district and local municipalities . Province Provincial capital Largest city Area ( km ) Population ( 2016 ) Eastern Cape Bhisho Port Elizabeth 168,966 6,996,976 Free State Bloemfontein Bloemfontein 129,825 2,834,714 Gauteng Johannesburg Johannesburg 18,178 13,399,724 KwaZulu - Natal Pietermaritzburg Durban 94,361 11,065,240 Limpopo Polokwane Polokwane 125,754 5,799,090 Mpumalanga Nelspruit Mbombela 76,495 4,335,964 North West Mahikeng Rustenburg 104,882 3,748,435 Northern Cape Kimberley Kimberley 372,889 1,193,780 Western Cape Cape Town Cape Town 129,462 6,279,730 Economy Annual per capita personal income by race group in South Africa relative to white levels Main article : Economy of South Africa The JSE is the largest stock exchange on the African continent . South Africa has a mixed economy , the second largest in Africa after Nigeria . It also has a relatively high GDP per capita compared to other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa ( $11,750 at PPP as of 2012 ) . Despite this , South Africa is still burdened by a relatively high rate of poverty and unemployment , and is also ranked in the top 10 countries in the world for income inequality , measured by the Gini coefficient . Unlike most of the world 's poor countries , South Africa does not have a thriving informal economy . Only 15 % of South African jobs are in the informal sector , compared with around half in Brazil and India and nearly three - quarters in Indonesia . The OECD attributes this difference to South Africa 's widespread welfare system . World Bank research shows that South Africa has one of the widest gaps between per capita GNP versus its Human Development Index ranking , with only Botswana showing a larger gap . After 1994 government policy brought down inflation , stabilised public finances , and some foreign capital was attracted , however growth was still subpar . From 2004 onward economic growth picked up significantly ; both employment and capital formation increased . During the presidency of Jacob Zuma , the government has begun to increase the role of state - owned enterprises . Some of the biggest state - owned companies are Eskom , the electric power monopoly , South African Airways ( SAA ) , and Transnet , the railroad and ports monopoly . Some of these state - owned companies have not been profitable , such as SAA , which has required bailouts totaling 30 billion rand ( $2.3 billion ) over 20 years . South Africa is a popular tourist destination , and a substantial amount of revenue comes from tourism . Illegal immigrants are involved in informal trading . Many immigrants to South Africa continue to live in poor conditions , and the immigration policy has become increasingly restrictive since 1994 . Principal international trading partners of South Africa -- besides other African countries -- include Germany , the United States , China , Japan , the United Kingdom and Spain . The South African agricultural industry contributes around 10 % of formal employment , relatively low compared to other parts of Africa , as well as providing work for casual labourers and contributing around 2.6 % of GDP for the nation . Due to the aridity of the land , only 13.5 % can be used for crop production , and only 3 % is considered high potential land . In August 2013 , South Africa was ranked as the top African Country of the Future by FDi magazine based on the country 's economic potential , labour environment , cost - effectiveness , infrastructure , business friendliness , and Foreign direct investment Strategy . The FSI ranks South Africa as the 36th safest tax haven in the world , ahead of the Philippines but behind the Bahamas . Labour market Workers packing pears for export in the Ceres valley During 1995 -- 2003 , the number of formal jobs decreased and informal jobs increased ; overall unemployment worsened . The government 's Black Economic Empowerment policies have drawn criticism from Neva Makgetla , lead economist for research and information at the Development Bank of Southern Africa , for focusing `` almost exclusively on promoting individual ownership by black people ( which ) does little to address broader economic disparities , though the rich may become more diverse . '' Official affirmative action policies have seen a rise in black economic wealth and an emerging black middle class . Other problems include state ownership and interference , which impose high barriers to entry in many areas . Restrictive labour regulations have contributed to the unemployment malaise . Along with many African nations , South Africa has been experiencing a `` brain drain '' in the past 20 years . This is believed to be potentially damaging for the regional economy , and is almost certainly detrimental for the well - being of those reliant on the healthcare infrastructure . The skills drain in South Africa tends to demonstrate racial contours given the skills distribution legacy of South Africa and has thus resulted in large white South African communities abroad . However , the statistics which purport to show a brain drain are disputed and also do not account for repatriation and expiry of foreign work contracts . According to several surveys there has been a reverse in brain drain following the global financial crisis of 2008 -- 2009 and expiration of foreign work contracts . In the first quarter of 2011 , confidence levels for graduate professionals were recorded at a level of 84 % in a PPS survey . Science and technology Main article : Science and technology in South Africa Mark Shuttleworth in space Several important scientific and technological developments have originated in South Africa . The first human - to - human heart transplant was performed by cardiac surgeon Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in December 1967 , Max Theiler developed a vaccine against yellow fever , Allan McLeod Cormack pioneered X-ray computed tomography , and Aaron Klug developed crystallographic electron microscopy techniques . With the exception of that of Barnard , all of these advancements were recognised with Nobel Prizes . Sydney Brenner won most recently , in 2002 , for his pioneering work in molecular biology . Mark Shuttleworth founded an early Internet security company Thawte , that was subsequently bought out by world - leader VeriSign . Despite government efforts to encourage entrepreneurship in biotechnology , IT and other high technology fields , no other notable groundbreaking companies have been founded in South Africa . It is the expressed objective of the government to transition the economy to be more reliant on high technology , based on the realisation that South Africa can not compete with Far Eastern economies in manufacturing , nor can the republic rely on its mineral wealth in perpetuity . South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community . It hosts the Southern African Large Telescope , the largest optical telescope in the Southern Hemisphere . South Africa is currently building the Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for the € 1.5 billion Square Kilometre Array project . On 25 May 2012 it was announced that hosting of the Square Kilometer Array Telescope will be split over both the South African and the Australia / New Zealand sites . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Water supply and sanitation in South Africa Two distinctive features of the South African water sector are the policy of free basic water and the existence of water boards , which are bulk water supply agencies that operate pipelines and sell water from reservoirs to municipalities . These features have led to significant problems concerning the financial sustainability of service providers , leading to a lack of attention to maintenance . Notwithstanding , in May 2014 , Durban 's Water and Sanitation Department won the Stockholm Industry Water Award `` for its transformative and inclusive approach '' , calling it `` one of the most progressive utilities in the world '' . The city was South Africa 's first municipality to put free basic water for the poor into practice connecting 1.3 million additional people to piped water and provided 700,000 with access to toilets in 14 years . The city has also promoted Rainwater harvesting and mini hydropower . Following the end of Apartheid , the country had made improvements in the levels of access to water as those with access increased from 66 % to 79 % from 1990 to 2010 . Sanitation access increased from 71 % to 79 % during the same period . However , water supply and sanitation in South Africa has come under increasing pressure in recent years despite a commitment made by the government to improve service standards and provide investment subsidies to the water industry . On February 13 , 2018 , the country declared a national disaster in Cape Town as the city 's water supply was predicted to run dry before the end of June . With its dams only 24.9 % full , water - saving measures were in effect that required each citizen to use less than 50 litres a day . All nine of the country 's provinces were affected by what the government characterized as the `` magnitude and severity '' of a three - year drought . The city is one of 11 major world cities that are predicted to run out of water according to UN-endorsed projections . Demographics Main article : Demographics of South Africa Migrations that formed the modern Rainbow nation Map of population density in South Africa < 1 / km 1 -- 3 / km 3 -- 10 / km 10 -- 30 / km 30 -- 100 / km 100 -- 300 / km 300 -- 1000 / km 1000 -- 3000 / km > 3000 / km South Africa is a nation of about 55 million ( 2016 ) people of diverse origins , cultures , languages , and religions . The last census was held in 2011 , with a more recent intercensal national survey conducted in 2016 . South Africa is home to an estimated 5 million illegal immigrants , including some 3 million Zimbabweans . A series of anti-immigrant riots occurred in South Africa beginning on 11 May 2008 . Statistics South Africa asks people to describe themselves in the census in terms of five racial population groups . The 2011 census figures for these groups were Black African at 79.2 % , White at 8.9 % , Coloured at 8.9 % , Asian at 2.5 % , and Other / Unspecified at 0.5 % . The first census in South Africa in 1911 showed that whites made up 22 % of the population ; it declined to 16 % in 1980 . South Africa hosts a sizeable refugee and asylum seeker population . According to the World Refugee Survey 2008 , published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants , this population numbered approximately 144,700 in 2007 . Groups of refugees and asylum seekers numbering over 10,000 included people from Zimbabwe ( 48,400 ) , The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 24,800 ) , and Somalia ( 12,900 ) . These populations mainly lived in Johannesburg , Pretoria , Durban , Cape Town , and Port Elizabeth . Many refugees have now also started to work and live in rural areas in provinces such as Mpumalanga , KwaZulu - Natal and the Eastern Cape . Languages Main article : Languages of South Africa A map showing the dominant South African languages . Afrikaans English Ndebele Xhosa Zulu Northern Sotho Sotho Tswana Swazi Venda Tsonga None dominant South Africa has 11 official languages : Afrikaans , English , Ndebele , Northern Sotho , Sotho , Swazi , Tswana , Tsonga , Venda , Xhosa , and Zulu . In this regard it is third only to Bolivia and India in number . While all the languages are formally equal , some languages are spoken more than others . According to the 2011 census , the three most spoken first languages are Zulu ( 22.7 % ) , Xhosa ( 16.0 % ) , and Afrikaans ( 13.5 % ) . Despite the fact that English is recognised as the language of commerce and science , it ranked fourth , and was listed as the first language of only 9.6 % of South Africans in 2011 ; but it remains the de facto lingua franca of the nation . The country also recognises several unofficial languages , including Fanagalo , Khoe , Lobedu , Nama , Northern Ndebele , Phuthi , and South African Sign Language . These unofficial languages may be used in certain official uses in limited areas where it has been determined that these languages are prevalent . Many of the unofficial languages of the San and Khoikhoi people contain regional dialects stretching northwards into Namibia and Botswana , and elsewhere . These people , who are a physically distinct population from other Africans , have their own cultural identity based on their hunter - gatherer societies . They have been marginalised to a great extent , and the remainder of their languages are in danger of becoming extinct . Many white South Africans also speak European languages , including Portuguese ( also spoken by black Angolans and Mozambicans ) , German , and Greek , while some Asians in South Africa speak Asian languages , such as Gujarati , Hindi , Tamil , Telugu , and Urdu. French is spoken in South Africa by migrants from Francophone Africa . Urban centres Largest cities or towns in South Africa 2016 Community Survey Rank Name Province Pop . City of Johannesburg City of Cape Town City of Johannesburg Gauteng 4,949,347 EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality Ekurhuleni City of Cape Town Western Cape 4,004,793 EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality KwaZulu - Natal 3,661,911 Ekurhuleni Gauteng 3,379,104 5 City of Tshwane Gauteng 3,275,152 6 Nelson Mandela Bay Eastern Cape 1,263,051 7 Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality Eastern Cape 810,528 8 Mangaung Free State 759,693 9 Emfuleni Gauteng 733,445 10 Polokwane Local Municipality Limpopo 702,190 Religion Main article : Religion in South Africa Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk in Wolmaransstad Religion in South Africa ( 2010 ) religion percent Protestant 73.2 % No religion 14.9 % Catholic 7.4 % Muslim 1.7 % Hindu 1.1 % Other faith 1.7 % According to the 2001 census , Christians accounted for 79.8 % of the population , with a majority of them being members of various Protestant denominations ( broadly defined to include syncretic African initiated churches ) and a minority of Roman Catholics and other Christians . Christian category includes Zion Christian ( 11.1 % ) , Pentecostal ( Charismatic ) ( 8.2 % ) , Roman Catholic ( 7.1 % ) , Methodist ( 6.8 % ) , Dutch Reformed ( Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk ; 6.7 % ) , Anglican ( 3.8 % ) . Members of remaining Christian churches accounted for another 36 % of the population . Muslims accounted for 1.5 % of the population , Hindus 1.2 % , traditional African religion 0.3 % and Judaism 0.2 % . 15.1 % had no religious affiliation , 0.6 % were other and 1.4 % were unspecified . African initiated churches formed the largest of the Christian groups . It was believed that many of the persons who claimed no affiliation with any organised religion adhered to traditional African religion . There are an estimated 200,000 indigenous traditional healers in South Africa , and up to 60 % of South Africans consult these healers , generally called sangomas or inyangas . These healers use a combination of ancestral spiritual beliefs and a belief in the spiritual and medicinal properties of local fauna and flora , commonly known as muti , to facilitate healing in clients . Many peoples have syncretic religious practices combining Christian and indigenous influences . South African Muslims comprise mainly those who are described as Coloureds and those who are described as Indians . They have been joined by black or white South African converts as well as others from other parts of Africa . South African Muslims claim that their faith is the fastest - growing religion of conversion in the country , with the number of black Muslims growing sixfold , from 12,000 in 1991 to 74,700 in 2004 . South Africa is also home to a substantial Jewish population , descended from European Jews who arrived as a minority among other European settlers . This population peaked in the 1970s at 120,000 , though only around 67,000 remain today , the rest having emigrated . Even so , these numbers make the Jewish community in South Africa the twelfth largest in the world . Ethnic Indian Hindus form another significant portion of the population . Culture Main article : Culture of South Africa Decorated houses , Drakensberg The South African black majority still has a substantial number of rural inhabitants who lead largely impoverished lives . It is among these people that cultural traditions survive most strongly ; as blacks have become increasingly urbanised and Westernised , aspects of traditional culture have declined . Members of the middle class , who are predominantly white but whose ranks include growing numbers of black , coloured and Indian people , have lifestyles similar in many respects to that of people found in Western Europe , North America and Australasia . The South African Scout Association was one of the first youth organisations to open its doors to youth and adults of all races in South Africa . This happened on 2 July 1977 at a conference known as Quo Vadis . Arts Eland , rock painting , Drakensberg South African art includes the oldest art objects in the world , which were discovered in a South African cave , and dated from 75,000 years ago . The scattered tribes of Khoisan peoples moving into South Africa from around 10000 BC had their own fluent art styles seen today in a multitude of cave paintings . They were superseded by Bantu / Nguni peoples with their own vocabularies of art forms . New forms of art evolved in the mines and townships : a dynamic art using everything from plastic strips to bicycle spokes . The Dutch - influenced folk art of the Afrikaner Trekboers and the urban white artists earnestly following changing European traditions from the 1850s onwards also contributed to this eclectic mix , which continues to evolve today . Olive Schreiner South African literature emerged from a unique social and political history . One of the first well known novels written by a black author in an African language was Solomon Thekiso Plaatje 's Mhudi , written in 1930 . During the 1950s , Drum magazine became a hotbed of political satire , fiction , and essays , giving a voice to urban black culture . Notable white South African authors include Alan Paton , who published the acclaimed novel Cry , the Beloved Country in 1948 . Nadine Gordimer became the first South African to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1991 . Her most famous novel , July 's People , was released in 1981 . J.M. Coetzee won the Nobel Prize for Literature , in 2003 . When awarding the prize , the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee `` in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider '' . The plays of Athol Fugard have been regularly premiered in fringe theatres in South Africa , London ( The Royal Court Theatre ) and New York . Olive Schreiner 's The Story of an African Farm ( 1883 ) was a revelation in Victorian literature : it is heralded by many as introducing feminism into the novel form . Breyten Breytenbach was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid . Andre Brink was the first Afrikaner writer to be banned by the government after he released the novel A Dry White Season . Popular culture The South African media sector is large , and South Africa is one of Africa 's major media centres . While South Africa 's many broadcasters and publications reflect the diversity of the population as a whole , the most commonly used language is English . However , all ten other official languages are represented to some extent or another . There is great diversity in South African music . Black musicians have developed a unique style called Kwaito . Kwaito is said to have taken over radio , television , and magazines . Of note is Brenda Fassie , who launched to fame with her song `` Weekend Special '' , which was sung in English . More famous traditional musicians include Ladysmith Black Mambazo , while the Soweto String Quartet performs classic music with an African flavour . South Africa has produced world - famous jazz musicians , notably Hugh Masekela , Jonas Gwangwa , Abdullah Ibrahim , Miriam Makeba , Jonathan Butler , Chris McGregor , and Sathima Bea Benjamin . Afrikaans music covers multiple genres , such as the contemporary Steve Hofmeyr , the punk rock band Fokofpolisiekar and the singer - songwriter Jeremy Loops . Although few South African film productions are known outside South Africa itself , many foreign films have been produced about South Africa . Arguably , the most high - profile film portraying South Africa in recent years was District 9 . Other notable exceptions are the film Tsotsi , which won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film at the 78th Academy Awards in 2006 as well as U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha , which won the Golden Bear at the 2005 Berlin International Film Festival . In 2015 , Oliver Hermanus film The Endless River became the first South African film selected for the Venice Film Festival . Cuisine Main article : South African cuisine Meat on a traditional South African braai South African culture is diverse ; foods from many cultures are enjoyed by all and especially marketed to tourists who wish to sample the large variety of South African cuisine . In addition to food , music and dance feature prominently . South African cuisine is heavily meat - based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as a braai , or barbecue . South Africa has also developed into a major wine producer , with some of the best vineyards lying in valleys around Stellenbosch , Franschhoek , Paarl and Barrydale . Sports Main article : Sport in South Africa South Africa 's most popular sports are soccer , rugby and cricket . Other sports with significant support are swimming , athletics , golf , boxing , tennis , ringball , and netball . Although soccer commands the greatest following among the youth , other sports like basketball , surfing and skateboarding are increasingly popular . Soccer players who have played for major foreign clubs include Steven Pienaar , Lucas Radebe and Philemon Masinga , Benni McCarthy , Aaron Mokoena , and Delron Buckley . South Africa hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup , and FIFA president Sepp Blatter awarded South Africa a grade 9 out of 10 for successfully hosting the event . The Springboks in a bus parade after winning the 2007 Rugby World Cup Famous boxing personalities include Baby Jake Jacob Matlala , Vuyani Bungu , Welcome Ncita , Dingaan Thobela , Gerrie Coetzee and Brian Mitchell . Durban Surfer Jordy Smith won the 2010 Billabong J - Bay competition making him the no 1 ranked surfer in the world . South Africa produced Formula One motor racing 's 1979 world champion Jody Scheckter . Famous current cricket players include AB de Villiers , Hashim Amla , Dale Steyn , Vernon Philander , Faf du Plessis etc . Most of them also participate in the Indian Premier League . South Africa has also produced numerous world class rugby players , including Francois Pienaar , Joost van der Westhuizen , Danie Craven , Frik du Preez , Naas Botha and Bryan Habana . South Africa hosted and won the 1995 Rugby World Cup and won the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France . It followed the 1995 Rugby World Cup by hosting the 1996 African Cup of Nations , with the national team going on to win the tournament . It also hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup , the 2007 World Twenty20 Championship . South Africa has also won the inaugural edition of the 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy by defeating West Indies in the final. South Africa team also went onto win the inaugural edition of the Blind Cricket World Cup in 1998 . In 2004 , the swimming team of Roland Schoeman , Lyndon Ferns , Darian Townsend and Ryk Neethling won the gold medal at the Olympic Games in Athens , simultaneously breaking the world record in the 4x100 freestyle relay . Penny Heyns won Olympic Gold in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games . In 2012 Oscar Pistorius became the first double amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympic Games in London . In golf , Gary Player is generally regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time , having won the Career Grand Slam , one of five golfers to have done so . Other South African golfers to have won major tournaments include Bobby Locke , Ernie Els , Retief Goosen , Tim Clark , Trevor Immelman , Louis Oosthuizen and Charl Schwartzel . Education Main article : Education in South Africa Schoolchildren in Mitchell 's Plain The adult literacy rate in 2007 was 88.7 % . South Africa has a 3 tier system of education starting with primary school , followed by high school and tertiary education in the form of ( academic ) universities and universities of technology . Learners have twelve years of formal schooling , from grade 1 to 12 . Grade R is a pre-primary foundation year . Primary schools span the first seven years of schooling . High School education spans a further five years . The Senior Certificate examination takes place at the end of grade 12 and is necessary for tertiary studies at a South African university . Public universities in South Africa are divided into three types : traditional universities , which offer theoretically oriented university degrees ; universities of technology ( `` Technikons '' ) , which offer vocational oriented diplomas and degrees ; and comprehensive universities , which offer both types of qualification . There are 23 public universities in South Africa : 11 traditional universities , 6 universities of technology and 6 comprehensive universities . Under apartheid , schools for blacks were subject to discrimination through inadequate funding and a separate syllabus called Bantu Education which was only designed to give them sufficient skills to work as labourers . In 2004 South Africa started reforming its higher education system , merging and incorporating small universities into larger institutions , and renaming all higher education institutions `` university '' to redress these imbalances . By 2015 , 1.4 million students in higher education have benefited from a financial aid scheme which was promulgated in 1999 . Public expenditure on education was at 5.4 % of the 2002 -- 05 GDP . Health Main article : Health in South Africa AIDS has caused a fall in life expectancy . According to the South African Institute of Race Relations , the life expectancy in 2009 was 71 years for a white South African and 48 years for a black South African . The healthcare spending in the country is about 9 % of GDP . Only 16 % of the population is covered by medical schemes . About 20 % use private healthcare . The rest pay `` out of pocket '' or through hospital cash plans . The three dominant hospital groups , Mediclinic , Life Healthcare and Netcare , together control 75 % of the market . About 84 % of the population depend on the public healthcare system , which is beset with chronic human resource shortages and limited resources . South Africa is home to the third largest hospital in the world , the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital . HIV / AIDS Main article : HIV / AIDS in South Africa According to the 2015 UNAIDS Report , South Africa has an estimated 7 million people living with HIV -- more than any other country in the world . A 2008 study revealed that HIV / AIDS infection in South Africa is distinctly divided along racial lines : 13.6 % of blacks are HIV - positive , whereas only 0.3 % of whites have the disease . Most deaths are experienced by economically active individuals , resulting in many AIDS orphans who in many cases depend on the state for care and financial support . It is estimated that there are 1,200,000 orphans in South Africa . The link between HIV , a virus spread primarily by sexual contact , and AIDS was long denied by prior president Thabo Mbeki and then health minister Manto Tshabalala - Msimang , who insisted that the many deaths in the country are due to malnutrition , and hence poverty , and not HIV . In 2007 , in response to international pressure , the government made efforts to fight AIDS . After the 2009 General Elections , President Jacob Zuma appointed Dr Aaron Motsoaledi as the new minister and committed his government to increasing funding for and widening the scope of AIDS treatment . See also South Africa portal Book : South Africa Index of South Africa - related articles Outline of South Africa Notes Jump up ^ The Khoi , Nama and San languages , South African Sign Language , German , Greek , Gujarati , Hindi , Portuguese , Telugu , Tamil , Urdu , Arabic , Hebrew , Sanskrit and `` other languages used for religious purposes in South Africa '' have a special status ( Chapter 1 , Article 6 of the South African Constitution ) . References Jump up ^ `` The Constitution '' . Constitutional Court of South Africa . Retrieved 3 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Principal Agglomerations of the World '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mid-year population estimates 2014 . Statistics South Africa ^ Jump up to : `` Community Survey 2016 In Brief '' ( PDF ) . Statistics South Africa . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Census 2011 : Census in brief ( PDF ) . Pretoria : Statistics South Africa . 2012 . pp. 23 -- 25 . ISBN 9780621413885 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Africa '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gini Index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South African Maritime Safety Authority '' . South African Maritime Safety Authority . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coastline '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Africa Fast Facts '' . SouthAfrica.info. April 2007 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Guy Arnold . `` Lesotho : Year In Review 1996 -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Schenoni Luis . `` The Southern African Unipolarity : Year In Review 2017 -- Journal of Contemporary African Studies '' . JCAS . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rainbow Nation -- dream or reality ? '' . BBC News . 18 July 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa '' . World Bank . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ David Waugh ( 2000 ) . `` Manufacturing industries ( chapter 19 ) , World development ( chapter 22 ) '' . Geography : An Integrated Approach . Nelson Thornes . pp. 563 , 576 -- 579 , 633 , 640 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 444706 - 1 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's Unemployment Rate Increases to 23.5 % '' . Bloomberg. 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HDI '' ( PDF ) . UNDP . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Andrew F ; Antkiewicz , Agata ; Shaw , Timothy M ( 10 December 2007 ) . `` Lessons from / for BRICSAM about South - North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century : Economic Size Trumps All Else ? '' . International Studies Review . 9 ( 4 ) : 675 , 687 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2486.2007. 00730. x . Jump up ^ David A. Lynch ( 2010 ) . Trade and Globalization : An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6689 - 7 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa 's regional powers : South Africa . South Africa is more than just a regional power ; it is currently the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa , and now it is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid ( white rule ) , when it was ostracised . Jump up ^ Livermon , Xavier ( 2008 ) . `` Sounds in the City '' . In Nuttall , Sarah ; Mbembé , Achille . Johannesburg : The Elusive Metropolis . Durham : Duke University Press . p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 8121 - 1 . Mzansi is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa . Jump up ^ `` Mzansi DiToloki '' . Deaf Federation of South Africa . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . uMzantsi in Xhosa means ' south ' , Mzansi means this country , South Africa Jump up ^ Taylor , Darren . `` South African Party Says Call Their Country ' Azania ' '' . VOA . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wymer , John ; Singer , R ( 1982 ) . The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 76103 - 7 . Jump up ^ Deacon , HJ ( 2001 ) . `` Guide to Klasies River '' ( PDF ) . Stellenbosch University . p. 11 . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein , Swartkrans , Kromdraai , and Environs '' . Jump up ^ Stephen P. Broker . `` Hominid Evolution '' . Yale - New Haven Teachers Institute . Retrieved 19 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Langer , William L. , ed. ( 1972 ) . An Encyclopedia of World History ( 5th ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 13592 - 3 . Jump up ^ Leakey , Louis Seymour Bazett ( 1936 ) . `` Stone Age cultures of South Africa '' . Stone age Africa : an outline of prehistory in Africa ( reprint ed . ) . Negro Universities Press . p. 79 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . In 1929 , during a brief visit to the Transvaal , I myself found a number of pebble tools in some of the terrace gravels of the Vaal River , and similar finds have been recorded by Wayland , who visited South Africa , and by van Riet Lowe and other South African prehistorians . Jump up ^ Domville - Fife , C.W. ( 1900 ) . The encyclopedia of the British Empire the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world ed . London : Rankin . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , W. Douglas ; Stead , Alfred ( 1899 ) . South Africa : Its History , Heroes , and Wars . Chicago : The Co-Operative Publishing Company . Jump up ^ Pakeman , SA . Nations of the Modern World : Ceylon ( 1964 ed . ) . Frederick A Praeger , Publishers . pp. 18 -- 19 . ASIN B0000CM2VW . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Wilmot & John Centlivres Chase . History of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope : From Its Discovery to the Year 1819 ( 2010 ed . ) . Claremont : David Philip ( Pty ) Ltd . pp. 1 -- 548 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 144 - 83015 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Irving . Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa ( PDF ) . pp. 46 -- 771 . Jump up ^ `` African History Timeline '' . West Chester University of Pennsylvania . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , John ( 2005 ) . Campbell , Heather - Ann , ed . Dutch South Africa : Early Settlers at the Cape , 1652 -- 1708 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 13 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904744 - 95 - 5 . Jump up ^ Worden , Nigel . Slavery in Dutch South Africa ( 2010 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 40 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 15266 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Harold . Zimbabwe : A Country Study . pp. 237 -- 317 . ^ Jump up to : Stapleton , Timothy ( 2010 ) . A Military History of South Africa : From the Dutch - Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid . Santa Barbara : Praeger Security International . pp. 4 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 36589 - 8 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Timothy . Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order ( 1996 ed . ) . David Philip Publishers ( Pty ) Ltd . pp. 85 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1735 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Trevor Owen ( 1997 ) . The British Empire , 1558 -- 1995 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 201 -- 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 873133 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Shaka : Zulu Chieftain '' . Historynet.com . Archived from the original on 9 February 2008 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shaka ( Zulu chief ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ W.D. Rubinstein ( 2004 ) . Genocide : A History . Pearson Longman . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 50601 - 5 . 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A Anturalist 's Guide to the Tropics ( Revised edition ( May 15 , 2000 ) ed . ) . University Of Chicago Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 46828 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Plants and Vegetation in South Africa '' . Southafrica-travel.net . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Environmental Affairs ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` Progress in the war against poaching '' . Environmental Affairs . South Africa . Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South African National Biodiversity Institute '' . Sanbi.org. 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Term Limits in Africa '' . The Economist. 6 April 2006 . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 -- Parliament '' . 19 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Abahlali baseMjondolo . `` Mercury : Rethinking the crisis of local democracy '' . Abahlali.org . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ J. 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( 2002 ) . `` Skilled Labour Migration from Developing Countries : Study on South and Southern Africa '' ( PDF ) . International Labour Office . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's brain - drain generation returning home '' . CNN World . 22 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's brain drain reversing '' . Times Live . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Graduates confident about SA '' . Times Live . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SKA announces Founding Board and selects Jodrell Bank Observatory to host Project Office '' . SKA 2011 . 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Africa and Australasia to share Square Kilometre Array '' . BBC . 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Most progressive water utility in Africa '' wins 2014Stockholm Industry Water Award `` . Stockholm International Water Institute ( SIWI ) . 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If the post-apartheid order was committed to remedying this , race would have to be included in surveys and censuses , so that progress in eradicating the consequences of apartheid could be measured and monitored . This was the reasoning that led to a ' self - identifying ' question about ' race ' or ' population group ' in both the 1996 and 2001 population censuses , and in Statistics SA 's household survey programme . Jump up ^ Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa ( U.S. ) ( 1981 ) . South Africa : time running out : the report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa . University of California Press . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04547 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Refugee Survey 2008 '' . U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of South Africa , Chapter 1 , Section 6 '' . Fs.gov.za . Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . 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Leonard Thompson . Yale University Press . 1 March 2001 . 384 pages . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08776 - 4 . Economic Analysis and Policy Formulation for Post-Apartheid South Africa : Mission Report , Aug. 1991 . International Development Research Centre . IDRC Canada , 1991 . vi , 46 p . Without ISBN Emerging Johannesburg : Perspectives on the Postapartheid City . Richard Tomlinson , et al. 1 January 2003 . 336 pages . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93559 - 8 . Making of Modern South Africa : Conquest , Segregation and Apartheid . Nigel Worden. 1 July 2000 . 194 pages . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21661 - 8 . South Africa : A Narrative History . Frank Welsh . Kodansha America . 1 February 1999 . 606 pages . ISBN 1 - 56836 - 258 - 7 . South Africa in Contemporary Times . Godfrey Mwakikagile . New Africa Press . February 2008 . 260 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9802587 - 3 - 8 . The Atlas of Changing South Africa . A.J. Christopher . 1 October 2000 . 216 pages . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21178 - 6 . The Politics of the New South Africa . Heather Deegan. 28 December 2000 . 256 pages . ISBN 0 - 582 - 38227 - 0 . Twentieth - Century South Africa . William Beinart Oxford University Press 2001 , 414 pages , ISBN 0 - 19 - 289318 - 1 External links Find more aboutSouth Africaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government of South Africa `` South Africa '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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Coordinates : 30 ° S 25 ° E / 30 ° S 25 ° E / - 30 ; 25 BNF : cb11993638s ( data ) GND : 4078012 - 0 HDS : 3467 ISNI : 0000 0001 2167 3042 LCCN : n79023005 NARA : 10035829 NDL : 00567657 NLA : 35513495 SUDOC : 028016009 VIAF : 159069376 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&oldid=842051688 '' Categories : South Africa Afrikaans - speaking countries and territories Bantu countries and territories BRICS nations Commonwealth republics Countries in Africa English - speaking countries and territories G20 nations Member states of the African Union Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Member states of the United Nations Southern African countries States and territories established in 1910 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2017 Use South African English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Articles containing Northern Sotho - language text Articles containing Sotho - language text Articles containing Southern Ndebele - language text Articles containing Swazi - language text Articles containing Tsonga - language text Articles containing Tswana - language text Articles containing Venda - language text Articles containing Xhosa - language text Articles containing Afrikaans - language text Articles containing Zulu - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Pages using columns with the default column width Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Interlanguage link template link number Use South African English from July 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of the southernmost country in africa | [
"South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans;[9][10][11] on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland; and surrounds the kingdom of Lesotho.[12] South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa[13] and the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and, with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry,[5] divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages, nine of which have official status.[11] The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of African (black), European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry."
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-7185472262624586754 | Buy Me a Boat | Buy Me a Boat - wikipedia Buy Me a Boat Jump to : navigation , search Buy Me a Boat Studio album by Chris Janson Released October 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) Genre Country Label Warner Bros. Nashville Producer Brent Anderson Chris DuBois Byron Gallimore Chris Janson Chris Janson chronology Take It to the Bank ( 2014 ) Take It to the Bank 2014 Buy Me a Boat ( 2015 ) Everybody ( 2017 ) Everybody2017 Singles from Buy Me a Boat `` Buy Me a Boat '' Released : March 20 , 2015 `` Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' Released : October 19 , 2015 `` Holdin ' Her '' Released : May 2 , 2016 Buy Me a Boat is the debut album of American country music singer Chris Janson . The album was released on October 30 , 2015 . It features the singles `` Buy Me a Boat '' , `` Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' and `` Holdin ' Her '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Commercial performance 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 Charts 6 References Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic wrote that `` if ( the title track 's ) accompanying album is n't quite up to its standards , it 's nevertheless the work of an accomplished writer who knows how to sculpt a song for a wide audience . If Buy Me a Boat can be faulted , it 's because its diversity often plays like a demo tape , with Janson crafting songs for any possible contemporary country audience . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The album debuted at No. 4 on the Top Country Albums chart , and No. 18 on Billboard 200 , selling 18,536 copies in its first week . The album has sold 117,100 copies in the US as of March 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Buy Me a Boat '' Chris DuBois , Janson 2 : 59 2 . `` Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' DuBois , Janson , Mark Irwin 3 : 30 3 . `` Under the Sun '' Janson , Casey Beathard , Ed Hill 3 : 26 4 . `` Holdin ' Her '' Janson , James Otto 4 : 05 5 . `` Messin ' with Jesus '' ( featuring Tim McGraw ) Janson , Kelly Roland , Pavel Dovgalyuk 3 : 06 6 . `` Right in the Middle '' Janson , Brandon Kinney , Justin Wilson 2 : 23 7 . `` Save a Little Sugar '' DuBois , Janson , Jim Beavers 3 : 02 8 . `` Back in My Drinkin ' Days '' Janson , Ken Johnson 2 : 44 9 . `` Where You Come In '' Janson , Hill 3 : 17 10 . `` Yeah It Is '' Janson , Ken Wright 3 : 18 11 . `` White Trash '' Janson , Beathard 3 : 47 Personnel ( edit ) Brent Anderson -- bouzouki , acoustic guitar , synthesizer , background vocals David Dorn -- Hammond B - 3 organ , keyboards , piano , synthesizer , Wurlitzer Shannon Forrest -- drums , percussion Byron Gallimore -- acoustic guitar Chris Janson -- acoustic guitar , harmonica , lead vocals Troy Lancaster -- electric guitar Tony Lucido -- bass guitar Tim McGraw -- duet vocals on `` Messin ' with Jesus '' Fred Newell -- lap steel guitar Justin Ostrander -- electric guitar Russ Pahl -- harp , lap steel guitar , pedal steel guitar Ben Phillips -- drums , programming Jeff Roach -- synthesizer Justin Schipper -- lap steel guitar Will Weatherly -- programming Derek Wells -- electric guitar Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 18 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hollabaugh , Lorie ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Janson 's Warner Bros. Debut Coming This Fall '' . MusicRow . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Buy Me a Boat '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Edward Morris ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Stapleton Hits No. 1 After Awards Show Ascension '' . CMT . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( March 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart : March 6 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Chris Janson -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Chris Janson . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Janson -- Chart history '' Billboard Top Country Albums for Chris Janson . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ( hide ) Chris Janson Studio albums Buy Me a Boat ( 2015 ) Everybody ( 2017 ) Extended plays Chris Janson ( 2013 ) Take It to the Bank ( 2014 ) Singles `` ' Til a Woman Comes Along '' `` Better I Do n't '' `` Cut Me Some Slack '' `` Buy Me a Boat '' `` Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' `` Holdin ' Her '' `` Fix a Drink '' Related articles `` How I 'll Always Be '' `` I Love This Life '' `` Song Number 7 '' `` Truck Yeah '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buy_Me_a_Boat&oldid=791225165 '' Categories : 2015 albums Chris Janson albums Albums produced by Byron Gallimore Warner Bros. Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 July 2017 , at 22 : 29 . About Wikipedia | who sings you can buy me a boat | [
"Buy Me a Boat is the debut album of American country music singer Chris Janson. The album was released on October 30, 2015. It features the singles \"Buy Me a Boat\", \"Power of Positive Drinkin'\" and \"Holdin' Her\"."
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"American country music singer Chris Janson"
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-189999117701562669 | Ginnifer Goodwin | Ginnifer Goodwin - wikipedia Ginnifer Goodwin Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Jennie Goodwin . Ginnifer Goodwin Goodwin at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International . Jennifer Michelle Goodwin ( 1978 - 05 - 22 ) May 22 , 1978 ( age 40 ) Memphis , Tennessee , U.S. Alma mater Boston University Occupation Actress Years active 2000 -- present Spouse ( s ) Josh Dallas ( m . 2014 ) Children Jennifer Michelle `` Ginnifer '' Goodwin ( born May 22 , 1978 ) is an American actress . She is known for playing Margene Heffman in the drama series Big Love ( 2006 -- 2011 ) , Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard in the fantasy series Once Upon a Time ( 2011 -- 2017 , 2018 ) , and Judy Hopps in the Disney animated film Zootopia . She also played Fawn in the Disney film `` Tinker Bell and the Legend of the Neverbeast '' . Goodwin also appeared in various films including Mona Lisa Smile , Something Borrowed , Walk the Line , Killing Kennedy , and He 's Just Not That Into You . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Theatre 6 Awards and nominations 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Goodwin was born in Memphis , Tennessee . Her mother , Linda ( née Kantor ) , is a former educator and stay - at - home mom who later worked for FedEx and Apple . Her father , Tim Goodwin , formerly owned and operated a recording studio . Goodwin changed her name from `` Jennifer '' to `` Ginnifer '' to distinguish her name , and to assist in pronunciation of her name in her regional dialect . Her younger sister , Melissa Goodwin , is a stop motion animator on shows such as Robot Chicken , on which Ginnifer has also appeared as voice talent . Ginnifer 's mother is of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry . Goodwin was raised attending synagogue on Saturdays and Unitarian church on Sundays . She was both baptized and had a Bat Mitzvah service . In her youth , Goodwin was affiliated with the North American Federation of Temple Youth , and was active in BBYO at the Jewish Community Center in Memphis . She went to school at St. Mary 's Episcopal School in Memphis , Tennessee . She then graduated from Lausanne Collegiate School in 1996 , then attended Hanover College ( majoring in Theater ) for one year before moving on to earn her Bachelor of Fine Arts from Boston University . While a student at BU , she performed in numerous student short films , as well as several college and local stage productions . Goodwin was given the `` Excellence in Acting : Professional Promise Award '' by the Bette Davis Foundation , and graduated with honors . After her time at Boston University , she studied in England at Stratford Upon - Avon 's Shakespeare Institute , in conjunction with the Royal Shakespeare Company . The following year she earned an `` Acting Shakespeare Certificate '' at London 's Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . Career ( edit ) Goodwin first had roles in the popular NBC television programs Law & Order and Ed before appearing in the Comedy Central television movie Porn ' n Chicken . She later had substantial roles in the films Mona Lisa Smile , Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! , Walk the Line -- in which she portrayed Vivian Liberto , Johnny Cash 's first wife -- and Birds of America . She also played Dori Dumchovic in the dark comedy Love Comes to the Executioner . Goodwin played a leading role as Margene Heffman , the third wife in a polygamous family , on the HBO original series Big Love , which concluded on March 20 , 2011 . Goodwin has recurring voice roles in the Adult Swim show Robot Chicken , in the animation of which her younger sister Melissa Goodwin is involved . In 2008 , Max Mara honored Goodwin with a `` Face of the Future '' award , an award recognizing up and coming women in film . Goodwin played Gigi in He 's Just Not That into You , which was released in February 2009 . For this role , she received a nomination for the People 's Choice Award for Breakout Movie Actress . In April 2009 she began filming Ramona and Beezus ( playing `` Aunt Bea '' ) . From 2011 to 2017 , Goodwin played a leading role in the ABC fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time . She played both the fairy tale heroine Snow White and her real world counterpart , schoolteacher Mary Margaret Blanchard . Goodwin and husband Josh Dallas exited the show at the end of its sixth season to move back to Los Angeles with their family . She and Dallas returned to the series for its series finale at the end of the seventh season . Goodwin voiced Judy Hopps , the protagonist rabbit police officer in Disney 's Zootopia as well as Fawn in Disney 's animated film Tinker Bell and the Legend of the Neverbeast . She also voiced Gwen , a kitchen maid who wants to be a inventor , in Sofia The First In January 2017 , Goodwin was cast as Marianne in the Los Angeles production of Constellations . The play ran from June 14 to July 23 , 2017 at the Geffen Playhouse . In March 2018 , it was announced that Goodwin had been cast in the ABC comedy pilot Steps . The show was not picked up to series . Personal life ( edit ) Goodwin dated actor Joey Kern and they became engaged in December 2010 . They ended the engagement in May 2011 . Goodwin subsequently began dating her Once Upon a Time co-star Josh Dallas in fall 2011 . Goodwin and Dallas became engaged in October 2013 , and married on April 12 , 2014 in California . Goodwin and her husband have two sons , one born in 2014 and the other born in 2016 . In 2013 , Goodwin stated that after leaving Memphis , she `` ... up and left Judaism for a very long time , '' and that , `` For 10 years , there was nothing . No ritual . No tradition . No community . '' She later reconnected with her faith , and has said , `` I was a Jew by birth , and now I 'm a Jew by choice . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Mona Lisa Smile Constance `` Connie '' Baker Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! Cathy Feely 2005 Walk the Line Vivian Liberto 2006 Love Comes to the Executioner Dori Dumchovic 2007 In the Land of Women Janey Day Zero Molly Rifkin 2008 Birds of America Ida Tanager 2009 He 's Just Not That Into You Gigi Phillips A Single Man Mrs. Strunk Ramona and Beezus Aunt `` Bea '' Beatrice 2011 Take Me Home Tonight Banky Something Borrowed Rachel White 2014 Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Fawn ( voice ) 2016 Zootopia Judy Hopps ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Law & Order Erica Episode : `` Myth of Fingerprints '' 2001 -- 03 Ed Diane Snyder 25 episodes 2002 Porn ' n Chicken Maya Television film 2005 Robot Chicken Various ( voice ) 7 episodes 2006 -- 11 Big Love Margene Heffman 53 episodes 2007 Big Love : In the Beginning Margene Heffman 2 episodes 2009 Crappy Holidays Presents ... Episode : `` Crappy Easter '' 2011 SpongeBob SquarePants Purple Haired Mermaid ( voice ) Episode : `` Welcome to the Bikini Bottom Triangle '' Margene 's Blog Margene Henrickson Episode : `` Crush Story '' Five Charlotte Television film 2011 -- 17 , 2018 Once Upon a Time Mary Margaret Blanchard / Snow White Main Role ( Season 1 - 6 ) , Guest ( Season 7 ) 135 episodes 2012 Electric City Jean Marie St. Cloud 20 episodes 2013 Killing Kennedy Jacqueline Kennedy Television film 2014 Sofia the First Gwen ( voice ) Episode : `` Gizmo Gwen '' 2015 Who Do You Think You Are ? Herself Documentary series Episode : `` Ginnifer Goodwin '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Judy Hopps Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Venue 2017 Constellations Marianne Geffen Playhouse Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Production Result People 's Choice Award Favorite Breakout Movie Actress Nominated 2011 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actress : Romantic Comedy Something Borrowed Nominated 2012 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Once Upon a Time Nominated 2013 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Once Upon a Time Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Drama Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Award Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Once Upon a Time Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Duo ( along with Josh Dallas ) Once Upon a Time Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated 2016 Voice Arts TM Awards Outstanding Motion Picture Animation , Best Voiceover Zootopia Won 2016 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Female Zootopia Won 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Voice Zootopia Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Frenemies ( shared with Jason Bateman ) Zootopia Won Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tied with Auli'i Cravalho for Moana References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hanh Nguyen ( 19 March 2011 ) . `` Big Love Star Ginnifer Goodwin 's Surprise Name Change '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin Biography - Yahoo ! Movies '' . Movies.yahoo.com. 1978 - 05 - 22 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Pellettieri , Courtney ( May 2010 ) . `` Meals My Mother Taught Me '' . InStyle . Time Inc. 17 ( 5 ) : 324 -- 325 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Nate . `` Interfaith Celebrities : Ginnifer Goodwin Re-Discovers Judaism ; R '' . InterfaithFamily . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Stated by Goodwin on the Late Show with David Letterman , Wednesday , March 18 , 2009 Jump up ^ Stein , Danielle ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` Not So Goodwin '' . W magazine . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Waters , David ( 2013 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin comes ' home ' to Jewish faith '' . Faith in Memphis . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ghert - Zand , Renee ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin 's ketubah caper '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ginnifer Goodwin . W Magazine . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Jews in the Limelight '' . Generationj.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Barbaverde123 ( 15 August 2006 ) . `` Love Comes to the Executioner ( 2006 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Leisa Barnett ( 2008 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin wins MaxMara award ( Vogue.com UK ) '' . Vogue.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 People 's Choice Award Nominees Revealed ; Neil Patrick Harris , Hugh Jackman & Green Day Honored '' . BWW News Desk . November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Anthony J. ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Today 's new movie announcements '' . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison , Ginnifer Goodwin & Co. on Their Literal `` Dream '' Project '' from TV Line ( July 25 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Diedre ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` After Once Upon a Time and Downton Abbey , Ginnifer Goodwin and Allen Leech Star on Stage '' . Paste . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : Jennifer Morrison , Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas and Emilie de Ravin Return for Series Finale '' . tvline.com . tvline.com . Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin Joins Jason Bateman in Disney Animation 's ' Zootopia ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Chris ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Set for ' Constellations ' at Geffen Playhouse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Premiere Of `` Constellations '' At The Geffen Playhouse Extends Through July 23 `` . Westside Today . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin Cast in ' Steps ' -- ABC Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Pilots 2018 : The Complete Guide to What Lives , Dies and Still Has a Pulse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Blaine ( December 24 , 2010 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Is Engaged ! '' . People . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Blaine ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin and Fiancé Break Up '' . People . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach . `` Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Make Red Carpet Debut as a Couple ! '' . UsMagazine.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Engaged to Josh Dallas '' . People . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaud , Sarah ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Marries Josh Dallas '' . People . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Are Parents of Baby Boy '' . People . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time 's Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Welcome Baby No. 2 '' . ENews . June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Avalanche Software . Disney Infinity 3.0 . Scene : Closing credits , 5 : 29 in , Featuring the Voice Talents of . Jump up ^ http://sovas.org/1309-2/ Jump up ^ `` 2016 AWFJ EDA Award Winners Alliance of Women Film Journalists '' . awfj.org . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 : Full Nominees and Winners List '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ginnifer Goodwin . Ginnifer Goodwin on IMDb Ginnifer Goodwin at AllMovie BNF : cb15117684f ( data ) GND : 142539511 ISNI : 0000 0001 0907 9518 LCCN : no2004095612 SUDOC : 113134398 VIAF : 61847735 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginnifer_Goodwin&oldid=842917284 '' Categories : 1978 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Memphis , Tennessee Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art American film actresses American people of Jewish descent American people of English descent American people of Welsh descent American television actresses American voice actresses American Shakespearean actresses American Unitarians Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni Hanover College alumni Jewish American actresses Lausanne Collegiate School alumni Living people Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 15 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays snow white on once upon a time | [
"Jennifer Michelle \"Ginnifer\" Goodwin[1] (born May 22, 1978)[2] is an American actress. She is known for playing Margene Heffman in the drama series Big Love (2006–2011), Snow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard in the fantasy series Once Upon a Time (2011–2017, 2018), and Judy Hopps in the Disney animated film Zootopia. She also played Fawn in the Disney film \"Tinker Bell and the Legend of the Neverbeast\". Goodwin also appeared in various films including Mona Lisa Smile, Something Borrowed, Walk the Line, Killing Kennedy, and He's Just Not That Into You."
] | [
"Jennifer Michelle \"Ginnifer\" Goodwin"
] |
-6744742856456825692 | Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 | Declaration of the rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 - Wikipedia Declaration of the rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , painted by Jean - Jacques - François Le Barbier The Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 ( French : Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 ) , set by France 's National Constituent Assembly in 1789 , is a document of the French Revolution and in the history of human civil rights . The Declaration was drafted by General Lafayette , Thomas Jefferson , and Honoré Mirabeau . Influenced by the doctrine of `` natural right '' , the rights of man are held to be universal : valid at all times and in every place , pertaining to human nature itself . It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law . It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic ( 1946 ) and Fifth Republic ( 1958 ) and is still current . Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers , the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide . The Declaration , together with Magna Carta , the English Bill of Rights , and the United States Bill of Rights , inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Philosophical and theoretical context 3 Substance 3.1 Articles 3.2 Active and passive citizenship 3.3 Women 's rights 3.4 Slavery 4 Legacy 4.1 Constitution of the French Fifth Republic 5 See also 5.1 Other early declarations of rights 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment . The key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working at times with his close friend Thomas Jefferson . In August 1789 , Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on 27 August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly , during the period of the French Revolution , as the first step toward writing a constitution for France . Inspired by the Enlightenment , the original version of the Declaration was discussed by the representatives on the basis of a 24 article draft proposed by the sixth bureau , led by Jérôme Champion de Cicé . The draft was later modified during the debates . A second and lengthier declaration , known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793 , was written in 1793 but never formally adopted . Philosophical and theoretical context ( edit ) The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment , such as individualism , the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau , and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu . As can be seen in the texts , the French declaration was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and principles of human rights as was the U.S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it ( 4 July 1776 ) . According to a legal textbook published in 2007 , the declaration is in the spirit of `` secular natural law '' , which does not base itself on religious doctrine or authority , in contrast with traditional natural law theory , which does . The declaration defines a single set of individual and collective rights for all men . Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights , these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places . For example , `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good . '' They have certain natural rights to property , to liberty , and to life . According to this theory , the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights . Furthermore , government should be carried on by elected representatives . At the time of writing , the rights contained in the declaration were only awarded to men . Furthermore , the declaration was a statement of vision rather than reality . The declaration was not deeply rooted in either the practice of the West or even France at the time . The declaration emerged in the late 18th century out of war and revolution . It encountered opposition as democracy and individual rights were frequently regarded as synonymous with anarchy and subversion . The declaration embodies ideals and aspirations towards which France pledged to struggle in the future . Substance ( edit ) The Declaration is introduced by a preamble describing the fundamental characteristics of the rights which are qualified as being `` natural , unalienable and sacred '' and consisting of `` simple and incontestable principles '' on which citizens could base their demands . In the second article , `` the natural and imprescriptible rights of man '' are defined as `` liberty , property , security and resistance to oppression '' . It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation , freedom and equal rights for all `` Men '' , and access to public office based on talent . The monarchy was restricted , and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process . Freedom of speech and press were declared , and arbitrary arrests outlawed . The Declaration also asserted the principles of popular sovereignty , in contrast to the divine right of kings that characterized the French monarchy , and social equality among citizens , `` All the citizens , being equal in the eyes of the law , are equally admissible to all public dignities , places , and employments , according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents , '' eliminating the special rights of the nobility and clergy . Articles ( edit ) This section is a candidate to be copied to Wikisource . If the section can be edited into encyclopedic content , rather than merely a copy of the source text , please do so and remove this message . Otherwise , you can help by formatting it per the Wikisource guidelines in preparation for the duplication . Article I -- Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good . Article II -- The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man . These rights are liberty , property , safety and resistance against oppression . Article III -- The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation . No body , no individual can exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it . Article IV -- Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others : thus , the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the fruition of these same rights . These borders can be determined only by the law . Article V -- The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society . Anything which is not forbidden by the law can not be impeded , and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order . Article VI -- The law is the expression of the general will . All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation . It must be the same for all , either that it protects , or that it punishes . All the citizens , being equal in its eyes , are equally admissible to all public dignities , places , and employments , according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents . Article VII -- No man can be accused , arrested nor detained but in the cases determined by the law , and according to the forms which it has prescribed . Those who solicit , dispatch , carry out or cause to be carried out arbitrary orders , must be punished ; but any citizen called or seized under the terms of the law must obey at once ; he renders himself culpable by resistance . Article VIII -- The law should establish only penalties that are strictly and evidently necessary , and no one can be punished but under a law established and promulgated before the offense and legally applied . Article IX -- Any man being presumed innocent until he is declared culpable if it is judged indispensable to arrest him , any rigor which would not be necessary for the securing of his person must be severely reprimanded by the law . Article X -- No one may be disturbed for his opinions , even religious ones , provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law . Article XI -- The free communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of man : any citizen thus may speak , write , print freely , except to respond to the abuse of this liberty , in the cases determined by the law . Article XII -- The guarantee of the rights of man and of the citizen necessitates a public force : this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for the particular utility of those in whom it is trusted . Article XIII -- For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenditures of administration , a common contribution is indispensable ; it must be equally distributed to all the citizens , according to their ability to pay . Article XIV -- Each citizen has the right to ascertain , by himself or through his representatives , the need for a public tax , to consent to it freely , to know the uses to which it is put , and of determining the proportion , basis , collection , and duration . Article XV -- The society has the right of requesting an account from any public agent of its administration . Article XVI -- Any society in which the guarantee of rights is not assured , nor the separation of powers determined , has no Constitution . Article XVII -- Property being an inviolable and sacred right , no one can be deprived of private usage , if it is not when the public necessity , legally noted , evidently requires it , and under the condition of a just and prior indemnity . Active and passive citizenship ( edit ) While the French Revolution provided rights to a larger portion of the population , there remained a distinction between those who obtained the political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and those who did not . Those who were deemed to hold these political rights were called active citizens . Active citizenship was granted to men who were French , at least 25 years old , paid taxes equal to three days work , and could not be defined as servants ( Thouret ) . This meant that at the time of the Declaration only male property owners held these rights . The deputies in the National Assembly believed that only those who held tangible interests in the nation could make informed political decisions . This distinction directly affects articles 6 , 12 , 14 , and 15 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as each of these rights is related to the right to vote and to participate actively in the government . With the decree of 29 October 1789 , the term active citizen became embedded in French politics . The concept of passive citizens was created to encompass those populations that had been excluded from political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen . Because of the requirements set down for active citizens , the vote was granted to approximately 4.3 million Frenchmen out of a population of around 29 million . These omitted groups included women , slaves , children , and foreigners . As these measures were voted upon by the General Assembly , they limited the rights of certain groups of citizens while implementing the democratic process of the new French Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) . This legislation , passed in 1789 , was amended by the creators of the Constitution of the Year III in order to eliminate the label of active citizen . The power to vote was then , however , to be granted solely to substantial property owners . Tensions arose between active and passive citizens throughout the Revolution . This happened when passive citizens started to call for more rights , or when they openly refused to listen to the ideals set forth by active citizens . This cartoon clearly demonstrates the difference that existed between the active and passive citizens along with the tensions associated with such differences . In the cartoon , a passive citizen is holding a spade and a wealthy landowning active citizen is ordering the passive citizens to go to work . The act appears condescending to the passive citizen and it revisits the reasons why the French Revolution began in the first place . Women , in particular , were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution . Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality . By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women , she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen . Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution . She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles ; `` inciting revolutionary action , formulating policy , and informing others of revolutionary events . '' By working with men , as opposed to working separate from men , she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women . As players in the French Revolution , women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs , allowing them societal influence , despite their lack of direct political influence . Women 's rights ( edit ) The Declaration recognized many rights as belonging to citizens ( who could only be male ) . This was despite the fact that after The March on Versailles on 5 October 1789 , women presented the Women 's Petition to the National Assembly in which they proposed a decree giving women equal rights . In 1790 , Nicolas de Condorcet and Etta Palm d'Aelders unsuccessfully called on the National Assembly to extend civil and political rights to women . Condorcet declared that `` he who votes against the right of another , whatever the religion , color , or sex of that other , has henceforth abjured his own '' . The French Revolution did not lead to a recognition of women 's rights and this prompted Olympe de Gouges to publish the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in September 1791 . The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen is modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and is ironic in formulation and exposes the failure of the French Revolution , which had been devoted to equality . It states that : `` This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition , and of the rights , they have lost in society '' . The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen follows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as `` almost a parody ... of the original document '' . The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions may be based only on common utility . '' The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied : `` Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights . Social distinctions may only be based on common utility '' . De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable , yet denied equal rights , declaring `` Women have the right to mount the scaffold , they must also have the right to mount the speaker 's rostrum '' . Slavery ( edit ) The declaration did not revoke the institution of slavery , as lobbied for by Jacques - Pierre Brissot 's Les Amis des Noirs and defended by the group of colonial planters called the Club Massiac because they met at the Hôtel Massiac . Despite the lack of explicit mention of slavery in the Declaration , slave uprisings in Saint - Domingue in the Haitian Revolution were inspired by it , as discussed in C.L.R. James ' history of the Haitian Revolution , The Black Jacobins . Deplorable conditions for the thousands of slaves in Saint - Domingue , the most profitable slave colony in the world , led to the uprisings which would be known as the first successful slave revolt in the New World . Free persons of color were part of the first wave of revolt , but later former slaves took control . In 1794 the Convention dominated by the Jacobins abolished slavery , including in the colonies of Saint - Domingue and Guadeloupe . However , Napoleon reinstated it in 1802 and attempted to regain control of Saint - Domingue by sending in thousands of troops . After suffering the losses of two - thirds of the men , many to yellow fever , the French withdrew from Saint - Domingue in 1803 . Napoleon gave up on North America and agreed to the Louisiana Purchase by the United States . In 1804 , the leaders of Saint - Domingue declared it as an independent state , the Republic of Haiti , the second republic of the New World . Legacy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Declaration has also influenced and inspired rights - based liberal democracy throughout the world . It was translated as soon as 1793 -- 1794 by Colombian Antonio Nariño , who published it despite the Inquisition . He was sentenced to 10 years in prison for doing so . In 2003 , the document was listed on UNESCO 's Memory of the World register . Constitution of the French Fifth Republic ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the French Fifth Republic According to the preamble of the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic ( adopted on 4 October 1958 , and the current constitution ) , the principles set forth in the Declaration have constitutional value . Many laws and regulations have been canceled because they did not comply with those principles as interpreted by the Conseil Constitutionnel ( `` Constitutional Council of France '' ) or by the Conseil d'État ( `` Council of State '' ) . Taxation legislation or practices that seem to make some unwarranted difference between citizens are struck down as unconstitutional . Suggestions of positive discrimination on ethnic grounds are rejected because they infringe on the principle of equality , since they would establish categories of people that would , by birth , enjoy greater rights . See also ( edit ) Human rights in France Universality Other early declarations of rights ( edit ) The decreta of León ( Modern - day Spain 1188 ) Magna Carta ( England , 1215 ) Statute of Kalisz ( Poland , 1264 ) Henrician Articles and Pacta Conventa ( Poland , 1573 ) Petition of Right ( England , 1628 ) Bill of Rights ( England , 1689 ) Claim of Right ( Scotland , 1689 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( United States , 1776 ) Bill of Rights ( United States , 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of Franchimont ( modern - day Belgium , 1789 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The French title can be also translated in the modern era as `` Declaration of Human and Civic Rights '' . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , Gregory ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 . Greenwood . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Kopstein Kopstein ( 2000 ) . Comparative Politics : Interests , Identities , and Institutions in a Changing Global Order . Cambridge UP . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Douglas K. Stevenson ( 1987 ) , American Life and Institutions , Stuttgart ( Germany ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Lefebvre , Georges ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp 143 - 45 Jump up ^ Keith Baker , `` The Idea of a Declaration of Rights '' in Dale Van Kley , ed . The French Idea of Freedom : The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789 ( 1997 ) pp 154 - 96 . Jump up ^ The original draft is an annex to the 12 August report ( Archives parlementaires , 1 , série , tome VIII , débats du 12 août 1789 , p. 431 ) . Jump up ^ Archives parlementaires , 1 série , tome VIII , débats du 19 août 1789 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , ed. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 159 vol 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Merryman , John Henry ; Rogelierdomo ( 2007 ) . The civil law tradition : an introduction to the legal system of Europe and Latin America . Stanford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780804755696 . Jump up ^ First Article , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . The evolution of international human rights : visions seen . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780812218541 . Jump up ^ Spielvogel , Jackson J. ( 2008 ) . Western Civilization : 1300 to 1815 . Wadsworth Publishing . p. 580 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 50289 - 0 . Jump up ^ von Guttner , Darius ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Nelson Cengage . pp. 85 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Thouret 1789 , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/282/ Jump up ^ Censer and Hunt 2001 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Popkin 2006 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle 1989 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` Social Causes of the Revolution '' ^ Jump up to : Doyle 1989 , p. 420 . Jump up ^ `` Active / Passive Citizen '' , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/75/ . Jump up ^ De Gouges , `` Declaration of the Rights of Women '' , 1791 . Jump up ^ Dalton 2001 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Levy and Applewhite 2002 , pp. 319 -- 20 , 324 . Jump up ^ Women 's Petition to the National Assembly Jump up ^ Williams , Helen Maria ; Neil Fraistat ; Susan Sniader Lanser ; David Brookshire ( 2001 ) . Letters written in France . Broadview Press Ltd. p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 255 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . The evolution of international human rights . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 18 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1854 - 1 . Jump up ^ Naish , Camille ( 1991 ) . Death comes to the maiden : Sex and Execution , 1431 -- 1933 . Routledge . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05585 - 7 . Jump up ^ Naish , Camille ( 1991 ) . Death comes to the maiden : Sex and Execution , 1431 -- 1933 . Routledge . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05585 - 7 . Jump up ^ The club of reactionary colonial proprietors meeting since July 1789 were opposed to representation in the Assemblée of France 's overseas dominions , for fear `` that this would expose delicate colonial issues to the hazards of debate in the Assembly '' , as Robin Blackburn expressed it ( Blackburn , The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 ( 1988 : 174f ) ) ; see also the speech of Jean - Baptiste Belley Jump up ^ Cf . Heinrich August Winkler ( 2012 ) , Geschichte des Westens . Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20 . Jahrhundert , Third Edition , Munich ( Germany ) , p. 386 Jump up ^ `` The Decreta of León of 1188 - The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Versión española de los Decreta de León de 1188 '' ( PDF ) . www.mecd.gob.es . Spanish MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN , CULTURA Y DEPORTE . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . References ( edit ) Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , 2001 . Susan Dalton , Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics : The Case of Madame Roland , Canadian Journal of History , 36 , no . 2 ( 2001 ) : 259 -- 83 . William Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1989 . Darline Levy and Harriet Applewhite , A Political Revolution for Women ? The Case of Paris , In The French Revolution : conflicting interpretations . 5th ed . Malabar , Fla. : Krieger Pub. Co. , 2002 . 317 -- 46 . Jeremy Popkin , A History of Modern France , Upper Saddle River : Pearson Education , Inc. , 2006 . `` Active Citizen / Passive Citizen '' , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution ( accessed 30 October 2011 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Gérard Conac , Marc Debene , Gérard Teboul , eds , La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 ; histoire , analyse et commentaires , Economica , Paris , 1993 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 7178 - 2483 - 4. ( in French ) McLean , Iain . `` Thomas Jefferson , John Adams , and the Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen '' in The Future of Liberal Democracy : Thomas Jefferson and the Contemporary World ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2004 ) online External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDeclaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Works related to Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen at Wikisource `` Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789 '' . Conseil constitutionnel ( in French ) . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . `` Declaration of human and civic rights of 26 August 1789 '' ( PDF ) . Conseil constitutionnel . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Human rights Human 's Children 's Intersex Women 's Fundamental concepts and philosophies Natural law Positive law Sovereignty Universal jurisdiction Distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Aspects Corporal punishment Organizations List of human rights organisations of national human rights institutions By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Category : Rights Portal : Human rights Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → George Mason United States Founding events Drafted , 1769 Virginia Association resolutions Primary author , 1774 Fairfax Resolves Primary author , 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights `` All men are created equal '' Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Consent of the governed Baseless search and seizure Cruel and unusual punishment Speedy trial 1776 Virginia Constitution 1785 Mount Vernon Conference 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Ratifying Convention Co-father , United States Bill of Rights history Founding Father Writings inspired 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( France ) 1789 United States Bill of Rights Life Chopawamsic plantation Gunston Hall On slavery Ohio Company Legacy George Mason Memorial George Mason University George Mason Stadium George Mason Memorial Bridge George Mason High School 18 - cent postage stamp Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Revolution patriots Wilson v. Mason Hollin Hall Woodbridge plantation Mason 's Island Family George Mason V ( son ) William Mason ( son ) Thomson Mason ( son ) John Mason ( son ) Thomas Mason ( son ) George Mason III ( father ) Thomson Mason ( brother ) George Mason II ( grandfather ) Constitutions of France 1791 1793 ( Year I ) 1795 ( Year III ) 1799 ( Year VIII ) 1802 ( Year X ) 1804 ( Year XII ) 1814 1815 1830 1848 1852 1875 1940 1945 1946 1958 ( Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ∙ Charter for the Environment ) Proposed : Girondin constitutional project ( 1793 ) BNE : XX327884 BNF : cb11980241n ( data ) GND : 4200626 - 0 LCCN : no90010771 SUDOC : 027848892 VIAF : 185684735 Human rights portal Law portal France portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_of_1789&oldid=846117262 '' Categories : Copy section to Wikisource 1789 in law 1789 events of the French Revolution French law Human rights instruments Human rights in France Government of France Memory of the World Register Political charters History of human rights Popular sovereignty Age of Enlightenment 18th century in Paris 1789 documents Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles containing French - language text All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with French - language external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Alemannisch Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 12 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote a strong response to a declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen | [
"Women, in particular, were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution. Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality.[24] By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women, she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen. Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution. She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles; \"inciting revolutionary action, formulating policy, and informing others of revolutionary events.\"[25] By working with men, as opposed to working separate from men, she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women. As players in the French Revolution, women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs, allowing them societal influence, despite their lack of direct political influence.[26]"
] | [
"Olympe de Gouges"
] |
3814498732803096249 | List of tallest buildings and structures | List of tallest buildings and structures - wikipedia List of tallest buildings and structures See also : List of tallest structures This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX The Burj Khalifa in Dubai , United Arab Emirates Tokyo Skytree , Tokyo , Japan in 2014 The world 's tallest artificial structure is the 829.8 - metre - tall ( 2,722 ft ) Burj Khalifa in Dubai ( of the United Arab Emirates ) . The building gained the official title of `` Tallest Building in the World '' and the tallest self - supported structure at its opening on January 9 , 2010 . The second - tallest self - supporting structure and the tallest tower is the Tokyo Skytree . The tallest guyed structure is the KVLY - TV mast . The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat , an organization that certifies buildings as the `` World 's Tallest '' , recognizes a building only if at least 50 % of its height is made up of floor plates containing habitable floor area . Structures that do not meet this criterion , such as the CN Tower , are defined as `` towers '' . There are dozens of radio and television broadcasting towers which measure over 600 metres ( about 2,000 ft ) in height , and only the tallest are recorded in publicly available information sources . Contents 1 Debate over definitions 2 Tallest structures 2.1 Tallest structure by category 2.2 Tallest destroyed structures by category , not surpassed by existing structures 2.3 Tallest building by function 3 Tallest buildings 3.1 History of record holders in each CTBUH category 4 Tallest freestanding structures on land 4.1 History 4.2 World 's highest observation deck 4.3 Timeline of guyed structures on land 5 Tallest towers 5.1 History of tallest tower 6 Tallest structures , freestanding structures , and buildings 7 References 8 External links Debate over definitions ( edit ) The assessment of the height of artificial structures has been controversial . Various standards have been used by different organizations which has meant that the title of world 's tallest structure or building has changed depending on which standards have been accepted . The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat has changed its definitions over time . Some of the controversy regarding the definitions and assessment of tall structures and buildings has included the following : the definition of a structure , a building and a tower whether a structure , building or tower under construction should be included in any assessment whether a structure , building or tower has to be officially opened before it is assessed whether structures built in and rising above water should have their below - water height included in any assessment . whether a structure , building or tower that is guyed is assessed in the same category as self - supporting structures . Within an accepted definition of a building further controversy has included the following factors : whether only habitable height of the building is considered whether communication towers with observation galleries should be considered `` habitable '' in this sense whether rooftop antennas , viewing platforms or any other architecture that does not form a habitable floor should be included in the assessment whether a floor built at a high level of a telecommunications or viewing tower should change the tower 's definition to that of a `` building '' Tallest structures ( edit ) Main article : List of tallest structures in the world Warsaw radio mast , the height record holder from 1974 to 1991 The CN Tower in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , was the world 's tallest freestanding structure from 1975 to 2007 . This category does not require the structure to be `` officially '' open but does require it to be `` topped out '' . The tallest artificial structure is Burj Khalifa , a skyscraper in Dubai that reached 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) in height on January 17 , 2009 . By April 7 , 2008 it had been built higher than the KVLY - TV mast in North Dakota , USA . That September it officially surpassed Poland 's 646.38 m ( 2,120.7 ft ) Warsaw radio mast , which stood from 1974 to 1991 , to become the tallest structure ever built . Guyed lattice towers such as these masts had held the world height record since 1954 . The Petronius Platform stands 610 m ( 2,000 ft ) off the sea floor leading some , including Guinness World Records 2007 , to claim it as the tallest freestanding structure in the world . However , it is debated whether underwater height should be counted , in the same manner as height below ground is ignored on buildings . The Troll A platform is 472 m ( 1,549 ft ) , without any part of that height being supported by wires . The tension - leg type of oil platform has even greater below - water heights with several examples more than 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) deep . However , these platforms are not considered constant structures as the vast majority of their height is made up of the length of the tendons attaching the floating platforms to the sea floor . Despite this , Guinness World Records 2009 listed the Ursa tension leg platform as the tallest structure in the world with a total height of 1,306 m ( 4,285 ft ) . The Magnolia Tension - leg Platform in the Gulf of Mexico is even taller with a total height of 1,432 m ( 4,698 ft ) . Taipei 101 in Taipei , Taiwan , set records in three of the four skyscraper categories at the time it opened in 2004 ; at the time the Burj Khalifa opened in 2010 it remained the world 's tallest inhabited building 509.2 m ( 1,671 ft ) as measured to its architectural height ( spire ) . The height of its roof 449.2 m ( 1,474 ft ) and highest occupied floor 439.2 m ( 1,441 ft ) had been surpassed by the Shanghai World Financial Center with corresponding heights of 487 and 474 m ( 1,598 and 1,555 ft ) . Willis Tower ( formerly Sears Tower ) was the highest in the final category : the greatest height to top of antenna of any building in the world at 527 m ( 1,729 ft ) . Burj Khalifa broke the height record in all four categories for completed buildings . Tallest structure by category ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Due to the disagreements over how to measure height and classify structures , engineers have created various definitions for categories of buildings and other structures . One measure includes the absolute height of a building , another includes only spires and other permanent architectural features , but not antennas . The tradition of including the spire on top of a building and not including the antenna dates back to the rivalry between the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street . A modern - day example is that the antenna on top of Willis Tower ( formerly Sears Tower ) is not considered part of its architectural height , while the spires on top of the Petronas Twin Towers are counted . Note : The following table is a list of the tallest completed structure in each of the 53 categories below . There can only be one structure in each category , unless the title for the tallest is a draw . Category Structure Country City Height ( metres ) Height ( feet ) Year built Coordinates Mixed use Burj Khalifa United Arab Emirates Dubai 829.8 2,722 25 ° 11 ′ 50.0 '' N 55 ° 16 ′ 26.6 '' E / 25.197222 ° N 55.274056 ° E / 25.197222 ; 55.274056 ( Burj Dubai ) Self - supporting tower Tokyo Skytree Japan Tokyo 634 2,080 2011 35 ° 42 ′ 36.5 '' N 139 ° 48 ′ 39 '' E / 35.710139 ° N 139.81083 ° E / 35.710139 ; 139.81083 ( Tokyo Skytree ) Guyed steel lattice mast KVLY - TV mast United States Blanchard , North Dakota 628.8 2,063 1963 47 ° 20 ′ 32 '' N 97 ° 17 ′ 25 '' W / 47.34222 ° N 97.29028 ° W / 47.34222 ; - 97.29028 ( KVLY - TV mast ) Office One World Trade Center United States New York , New York 541 1,776 2013 40 ° 42 ′ 46.8 '' N 74 ° 0 ′ 48.6 '' W / 40.713000 ° N 74.013500 ° W / 40.713000 ; - 74.013500 ( One World Trade Center ) Military structure Large masts of INS Kattabomman India Tirunelveli , Tamil Nadu 471 1,545 2014 8 ° 22 ′ 42.52 '' N 77 ° 44 ′ 38.45 '' E / 8.3784778 ° N 77.7440139 ° E / 8.3784778 ; 77.7440139 ( INS Kattabomman , Large Mast West ) ; 8 ° 22 ′ 30.13 '' N 77 ° 45 ′ 21.07 '' E / 8.3750361 ° N 77.7558528 ° E / 8.3750361 ; 77.7558528 ( INS Kattabomman , Large Mast East ) Mast radiator Lualualei VLF transmitter United States Lualualei , Hawaii 458 1,503 1972 21 ° 25 ′ 11.87 '' N 158 ° 08 ′ 53.67 '' W / 21.4199639 ° N 158.1482417 ° W / 21.4199639 ; - 158.1482417 ( VLF transmitter Lualualei , Mast 1 ) ; 21 ° 25 ′ 13.38 '' N 158 ° 09 ′ 14.35 '' W / 21.4203833 ° N 158.1539861 ° W / 21.4203833 ; - 158.1539861 ( VLF transmitter Lualualei , Mast 2 ) Twin towers Petronas Twin Towers Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 452 1,482 1998 3 ° 09 ′ 27.45 '' N 101 ° 42 ′ 40.7 '' E / 3.1576250 ° N 101.711306 ° E / 3.1576250 ; 101.711306 ( Petronas Tower 1 ) ; 3 ° 09 ′ 29.45 '' N 101 ° 42 ′ 43.4 '' E / 3.1581806 ° N 101.712056 ° E / 3.1581806 ; 101.712056 ( Petronas Tower 2 ) Residential 432 Park Avenue United States New York , New York 425.5 1,396 2015 Chimney Ekibastuz GRES - 2 Power Station Kazakhstan Ekibastuz 419.7 1,377 52 ° 1 ′ 26.3 '' N 75 ° 28 ′ 34.5 '' E / 52.023972 ° N 75.476250 ° E / 52.023972 ; 75.476250 ( GRES - 2 Power Station ) Radar Dimona Radar Facility Israel Dimona 400 1,312 2008 30 ° 58 ′ 6.93 '' N 35 ° 05 ′ 49.64 '' E / 30.9685917 ° N 35.0971222 ° E / 30.9685917 ; 35.0971222 ( Dimona Radar Facility ) ; 30 ° 58 ′ 32.46 '' N 35 ° 05 ′ 55.25 '' E / 30.9756833 ° N 35.0986806 ° E / 30.9756833 ; 35.0986806 ( Dimona Radar Facility ) Lattice tower Kiev TV Tower Ukraine Kiev 385 1,263 1973 50 ° 28 ′ 16.49 '' N 30 ° 27 ′ 11.97 '' E / 50.4712472 ° N 30.4533250 ° E / 50.4712472 ; 30.4533250 ( Kiev TV Tower ) Electricity pylon Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie China Zhoushan 370 1,214 2009 29 ° 56 ′ 2.78 '' N 122 ° 2 ′ 10.12 '' E / 29.9341056 ° N 122.0361444 ° E / 29.9341056 ; 122.0361444 ( Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie , 370 metres tower ) ; 29 ° 54 ′ 41.39 '' N 122 ° 1 ′ 26.38 '' E / 29.9114972 ° N 122.0239944 ° E / 29.9114972 ; 122.0239944 ( Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie , 370 metres tower ) Partially guyed tower Gerbrandy Tower Netherlands IJsselstein 366.8 1,203 1961 52 ° 00 ′ 36.24 '' N 05 ° 03 ′ 12.87 '' E / 52.0100667 ° N 5.0535750 ° E / 52.0100667 ; 5.0535750 ( Gerbrandy Tower ) Guyed tubular steel mast TV Tower Vinnytsia Ukraine Vinnytsia 354 1,161 1961 49 ° 14 ′ 30.04 '' N 28 ° 25 ′ 25.25 '' E / 49.2416778 ° N 28.4236806 ° E / 49.2416778 ; 28.4236806 ( TV Tower Vinnytsia ) Bridge pillar Millau Viaduct France Millau 342 1,122 44 ° 05 ′ 09.97 '' N 03 ° 01 ′ 17.94 '' E / 44.0861028 ° N 3.0216500 ° E / 44.0861028 ; 3.0216500 ( Viaduc de Millau ) Scientific research tower Amazon Tall Tower Observatory Brazil 160 km NE of Manaus 325 1,066 2015 02 ° 29 ′ 06 '' S 59 ° 35 ′ 33 '' W / 2.48500 ° S 59.59250 ° W / - 2.48500 ; - 59.59250 ( Amazon Tall Tower Observatory ) Blaw - Knox Tower ( diamond cantilever tower ) Lakihegy Tower Hungary Szigetszentmiklós 314 1,031 1968 47 ° 22 ′ 23 '' N 19 ° 00 ′ 16 '' E / 47.37306 ° N 19.00444 ° E / 47.37306 ; 19.00444 ( Lakihegy Tower ) Dam Jinping - I Dam China Liangshan 305 1,001 2013 28 ° 11 ′ 07 '' N 101 ° 37 ′ 42 '' E / 28.18528 ° N 101.62833 ° E / 28.18528 ; 101.62833 ( Jinping - I Dam ) Wind turbine GE 3.4 - 137 wind turbine at Naturstromspeicher Gaildorf Germany Gaildorf 246.5 809 2017 48 ° 59 ′ 49 '' N 9 ° 48 ′ 35 '' E / 48.997075 ° N 9.809822 ° E / 48.997075 ; 9.809822 ( GE 3.4 - 137 Wind Turbine ) University Main building of Moscow State University Russia Moscow 240 787.4 1953 55 ° 42 ′ 11 '' N 37 ° 31 ′ 49 '' E / 55.70306 ° N 37.53028 ° E / 55.70306 ; 37.53028 ( Moscow State University ) Minaret Hassan II Mosque Morocco Casablanca 210 689 33 ° 36 ′ 28.71 '' N 7 ° 37 ′ 58.16 '' W / 33.6079750 ° N 7.6328222 ° W / 33.6079750 ; - 7.6328222 ( Hassan II Mosque ) Cooling tower Kalisindh Thermal Power Station India Jhalawar 202 663 2012 24 ° 32 ′ 04.97 '' N 76 ° 05 ′ 57.89 '' E / 24.5347139 ° N 76.0994139 ° E / 24.5347139 ; 76.0994139 ( Kalisindh Power Station cooling tower ) ; 24 ° 31 ′ 58.33 '' N 76 ° 06 ′ 06.81 '' E / 24.5328694 ° N 76.1018917 ° E / 24.5328694 ; 76.1018917 ( Kalisindh Power Station cooling tower ) Monument Gateway Arch United States St. Louis , Missouri 192 630 1965 38 ° 37 ′ 28.62 '' N 90 ° 11 ′ 5.87 '' W / 38.6246167 ° N 90.1849639 ° W / 38.6246167 ; - 90.1849639 ( Gateway Arch ) Water tower Main tower of Kuwait Towers Kuwait Kuwait City 187 614 1979 29 ° 23 ′ 22.75 '' N 48 ° 00 ′ 11.57 '' E / 29.3896528 ° N 48.0032139 ° E / 29.3896528 ; 48.0032139 ( Kuwait Towers ) Wooden structure ATLAS - I at Kirtland Air Force Base United States Albuquerque 180 600 1980 35 ° 01 ′ 48 '' N 106 ° 33 ′ 27 '' W / 35.029898 ° N 106.557574 ° W / 35.029898 ; - 106.557574 ( ATLAS - I ) Masonry tower Anaconda Smelter Stack United States Anaconda , Montana 178.3 585 1919 46 ° 06 ′ 36.53 '' N 112 ° 54 ′ 48.8 '' W / 46.1101472 ° N 112.913556 ° W / 46.1101472 ; - 112.913556 ( Anaconda Smelter Stack ) Inclined structure Olympic Stadium Canada Montreal 175 574 1976 45 ° 33 ′ 33.53 '' N 73 ° 33 ′ 7.61 '' W / 45.5593139 ° N 73.5521139 ° W / 45.5593139 ; - 73.5521139 ( Montreal Olympic Stadium ) Obelisk San Jacinto Monument United States La Porte , Texas 173.7 570 1939 29 ° 44 ′ 59.46 '' N 95 ° 04 ′ 50.52 '' W / 29.7498500 ° N 95.0807000 ° W / 29.7498500 ; - 95.0807000 ( San Jacinto Monument ) Ferris wheel High Roller United States Las Vegas 167.6 550 2014 36 ° 07 ′ 03 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 05 '' W / 36.117402 ° N 115.168127 ° W / 36.117402 ; - 115.168127 ( High Roller ) Masonry building Mole Antonelliana Italy Torino 167 548 1889 45 ° 04 ′ 8.45 '' N 7 ° 41 ′ 35.62 '' E / 45.0690139 ° N 7.6932278 ° E / 45.0690139 ; 7.6932278 ( Mole Antonelliana ) Masonry building Philadelphia City Hall United States Philadelphia 167 548 1901 39 ° 57 ′ 9.79 '' N 75 ° 09 ′ 48.72 '' W / 39.9527194 ° N 75.1635333 ° W / 39.9527194 ; - 75.1635333 ( Philadelphia City Hall ) Flagpole Jeddah Flagpole Saudi Arabia Jeddah 171 561 2014 21 ° 30 ′ 28.23 '' N 39 ° 10 ′ 11.04 '' E / 21.5078417 ° N 39.1697333 ° E / 21.5078417 ; 39.1697333 ( Jeddah Flagpole ) Church tower Ulmer Münster Germany Ulm 162 530 1890 48 ° 23 ′ 55 '' N 9 ° 59 ′ 30.78 '' E / 48.39861 ° N 9.9918833 ° E / 48.39861 ; 9.9918833 ( Ulmer Münster ) Industrial hall Vehicle Assembly Building United States Kennedy Space Center , Florida 160 525 1966 28 ° 35 ′ 9.64 '' N 80 ° 39 ′ 2.11 '' W / 28.5860111 ° N 80.6505861 ° W / 28.5860111 ; - 80.6505861 ( Vehicle Assembly Building ) Dome Dome of the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro Ivory Coast Yamoussoukro 158 518 1990 6 ° 48 ′ 40 '' N 5 ° 17 ′ 47 '' W / 6.81111 ° N 5.29639 ° W / 6.81111 ; - 5.29639 ( Dome of Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro ) Memorial cross Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos Spain El Escorial 152.4 500 1957 40 ° 38 ′ 31.46 '' N 4 ° 9 ′ 19.6 '' W / 40.6420722 ° N 4.155444 ° W / 40.6420722 ; - 4.155444 ( Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos ) Telescope Arecibo Telescope Puerto Rico Arecibo , Puerto Rico 150 492 1963 18 ° 20 ′ 39 '' N 66 ° 45 ′ 10 '' W / 18.34417 ° N 66.75278 ° W / 18.34417 ; - 66.75278 ( Arecibo Telescope ) Roller coaster Kingda Ka United States Jackson , New Jersey 138.98 456 2005 40 ° 08 ′ 26.54 '' N 74 ° 25 ′ 59.83 '' W / 40.1407056 ° N 74.4332861 ° W / 40.1407056 ; - 74.4332861 ( Kingda Ka ) Tomb Great Pyramid of Giza Egypt Giza 138.8 455.2 2560 BCE 29 ° 58 ′ 44.93 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 3.09 '' E / 29.9791472 ° N 31.1341917 ° E / 29.9791472 ; 31.1341917 ( Great Pyramid of Giza ) Lighthouse Jeddah Light Saudi Arabia Jeddah 133 436 1990 21 ° 28 ′ 07.14 '' N 39 ° 08 ′ 58.98 '' E / 21.4686500 ° N 39.1497167 ° E / 21.4686500 ; 39.1497167 ( Jeddah Light ) Air traffic control tower Kuala Lumpur International Airport 2 Control Tower Malaysia Sepang 141.3 463.6 2013 2 ° 44 ′ 26 '' N 101 ° 40 ′ 45 '' E / 2.740486 ° N 101.679069 ° E / 2.740486 ; 101.679069 ( Kuala Lumpur International Airport 2 Control Tower ) Statue ( incl . pedestal ) Spring Temple Buddha China Lushan 128 420 2002 33 ° 46 ′ 31 '' N 112 ° 27 ′ 04 '' E / 33.775150 ° N 112.451016 ° E / 33.775150 ; 112.451016 ( Spring Temple Buddha ) Stupa Jetavanaramaya Sri Lanka Anuradhapura 122 400 Wooden lattice tower Gliwice Radio Tower Poland Gliwice 118 387 1935 50 ° 18 ′ 48.12 '' N 18 ° 41 ′ 20.26 '' E / 50.3133667 ° N 18.6889611 ° E / 50.3133667 ; 18.6889611 ( Gliwice Radio Tower ) Storage silo Schapfen Mill Tower Germany Ulm 115 377 2005 48 ° 25 ′ 57 '' N 9 ° 58 ′ 58 '' E / 48.43250 ° N 9.98278 ° E / 48.43250 ; 9.98278 ( Schapfen Mill Tower ) Aerial tramway support tower Pillar of third section of Gletscherbahn Kaprun Austria Kaprun 113.6 373 1966 47 ° 11 ′ 58.62 '' N 12 ° 41 ′ 16.96 '' E / 47.1996167 ° N 12.6880444 ° E / 47.1996167 ; 12.6880444 ( Glacial Aerial Tramway Kaprun III Support Pillar ) Sphere Ericsson Globe Sweden Stockholm 85 279 1989 59 ° 17 ′ 36.92 '' N 18 ° 04 ′ 58.79 '' E / 59.2935889 ° N 18.0829972 ° E / 59.2935889 ; 18.0829972 ( Ericsson Globe ) Brick lighthouse Lighthouse of Genoa Italy Genoa 77 253 1543 44 ° 24 ′ 16.25 '' N 8 ° 54 ′ 16.67 '' E / 44.4045139 ° N 8.9046306 ° E / 44.4045139 ; 8.9046306 ( Torre della Lanterna ) Gopuram Murudeshwara Temple India Murudeshwara 76 249 2008 14 ° 05 ′ 39 '' N 74 ° 29 ′ 07 '' E / 14.094197 ° N 74.485163 ° E / 14.094197 ; 74.485163 ( Murudeshwara Temple ) Wooden church Church of the Săpânța - Peri Monastery Romania Săpânța 75 246 2003 47 ° 58 ′ 59.5 '' N 23 ° 42 ′ 02.5 '' E / 47.983194 ° N 23.700694 ° E / 47.983194 ; 23.700694 ( Church of the Săpânța - Peri Monastery ) Tallest destroyed structures by category , not surpassed by existing structures ( edit ) There are some destroyed architectural structures which were taller than the tallest existing structure of their type . There are also destroyed structures omitted from this list that had been surpassed in height prior to being destroyed . Category Structure Country City Height ( metres ) Height ( feet ) Coordinates Remarks Guyed mast Warsaw Radio Mast Poland Gąbin 646.38 2,121 52 ° 22 ′ 3.74 '' N 19 ° 48 ′ 8.73 '' E / 52.3677056 ° N 19.8024250 ° E / 52.3677056 ; 19.8024250 ( Konstantynow Radio Mast ( destroyed ) ) completed in 1974 , collapsed on August 8 , 1991 Scientific research tower BREN Tower United States Nevada Test Site 462 1,516 36 ° 46 ′ 50.23 '' N 116 ° 14 ′ 36.9 '' W / 36.7806194 ° N 116.243583 ° W / 36.7806194 ; - 116.243583 ( BREN - Tower ) completed in 1962 , demolished May 23 , 2012 Guyed tubular steel mast Shushi - Wan Omega Transmitter Japan Tsushima 389 1,276 34 ° 36 ′ 53 '' N 129 ° 27 ′ 13 '' E / 34.61472 ° N 129.45361 ° E / 34.61472 ; 129.45361 ( Shushi - Wan Omega Transmitter ( dismantled ) ) completed in 1973 , dismantled in 1998 Structure for scientific experiment Smokey Shot Tower United States Nevada Test Site 213 700 37 ° 11 ′ 13.63 '' N 116 ° 4 ′ 7.93 '' W / 37.1871194 ° N 116.0688694 ° W / 37.1871194 ; - 116.0688694 ( Smokey Shot Tower ( destroyed ) ) Guyed mast , which carried 44 kt yield nuclear bomb `` Smokey '' ( part of operation Plumbbob ) on top until its explosion on August 31 , 1957 Wooden structure Mühlacker Wood Radio Tower Germany Mühlacker 190 623 48 ° 56 ′ 27.67 '' N 8 ° 51 ′ 8.24 '' E / 48.9410194 ° N 8.8522889 ° E / 48.9410194 ; 8.8522889 ( Mühlacker Wood Radio Tower ( replaced by guyed mast ) ) completed in 1934 , destroyed on April 6 , 1945 , by the Germans to prevent usage by the Allies , replaced by mast radiator Masonry building Mole Antonelliana Italy Torino 167.5 549.5 45 ° 04 ′ 8.45 '' N 7 ° 41 ′ 35.62 '' E / 45.0690139 ° N 7.6932278 ° E / 45.0690139 ; 7.6932278 ( Mole Antonelliana ) spire destroyed by a tornado in 1953 ( rebuilt since then ) Pre-Industrial Era building Lincoln Cathedral United Kingdom Lincoln 160 524 53 ° 14 ′ 3.26 '' N 0 ° 32 ′ 10.54 '' W / 53.2342389 ° N 0.5362611 ° W / 53.2342389 ; - 0.5362611 ( Lincoln Cathedral ) completed in 1311 , spire blown off in 1549 Storage silo Henninger Turm Germany Frankfurt 120 394 50 ° 05 ′ 50.18 '' N 8 ° 41 ′ 36.81 '' E / 50.0972722 ° N 8.6935583 ° E / 50.0972722 ; 8.6935583 ( Henninger Turm ) constructed in 1961 , demolished in 2013 Tallest building by function ( edit ) Category Structure Country City Architectural top ( metres ) Architectural top ( feet ) Mixed - Use * Burj Khalifa United Arab Emirates Dubai 830 2,722 Office One World Trade Center United States New York City 541 1,776 Residential 432 Park Avenue United States New York City 425.5 1,396 Hotel JW Marriott Marquis Dubai United Arab Emirates Dubai 355 1,166 Educational Moscow State University Russia Moscow 240 787 Religious Hassan II Mosque Morocco Casablanca 210 689 Hospital Outpatient Center , Houston Methodist Hospital United States Houston 156.05 511.8 * Mixed - Use is defined as having three or more real estate uses ( such as retail , office , hotel , etc . ) that are physically and functionally integrated in a single property and are mutually supporting . Tallest buildings ( edit ) Main article : List of tallest buildings in the world Prior to 1998 , the tallest building status was determined by the height of the building to the top of its architectural elements including spires , but not including `` temporary '' structures ( such as antennas or flagpoles ) , which could be added or changed relatively easily without requiring major changes to the building 's design . Other criteria for height measurement were not used . For this reason , the originally 1,451 - foot ( 442 - meter ) to rooftop or 1518 feet with original antennas Willis Tower ( formerly Sears Tower ) was generally accepted as being the tallest building continuously after its completion in 1973 , and being taller than both World Trade Center towers , in spite of the fact the 1 World Trade Center Tower ( North Tower ) possessed a higher pinnacle absolute height after it added its 360 - foot ( 110 m ) radio antenna ( total height of 1730 feet or 527.3 meters ) in 1978 . The 1 World Trade Center building maintained a higher absolute height to antenna top until the Sears Tower enlarged its own radio antenna in 2000 to a total height of 1730 feet . However , the Willis Tower was always considered the taller building because it still possessed a greater height to its architectural top ( 1451 feet vs. 1362 feet ) , and thus its status as the world 's tallest was generally not contested . Other historic cases in which a building with a taller absolute pinnacle height was not considered the tallest building include , in 1905 when the former New York Times building or The Times Square Building ( at 229 West 43rd Street in New York ) was completed at 111 m ( 364 ft ) to the roof with 128 m ( 420 ft ) including a flagpole . That building was never considered to be taller than the 119 - metre - high ( 390 ft ) then - current record - holder Park Row Building of New York because a flagpole is not an integral architectural part of a building . Prior to 1998 the tallest building status had been contested on occasion , but the disputes did not result in a change of the criteria used to determine the world 's tallest building . An example was the rivalry between the Trump Building ( then known as the Bank of Manhattan Building ) and the Chrysler Building . The Bank of Manhattan Building employed only a short spire and was 927 ft ( 283 m ) tall and had a much higher top occupied floor ( the second category in the 1996 criteria for tallest building ) . In contrast , the Chrysler Building employed a very large 125 - foot ( 38 m ) spire secretly assembled inside the building to claim the title of world 's tallest building with a total height of 1,048 feet ( 319 m ) , despite having a lower top occupied floor and a shorter height when both buildings ' spires are not counted in their heights . Upset by Chrysler 's victory , Shreve & Lamb , the consulting architects of Bank of Manhattan building , wrote a newspaper article claiming that their building was actually the tallest , since it contained the world 's highest usable floor . They pointed out that the observation deck in the Bank of Manhattan Building was nearly 100 feet ( 30 m ) above the top floor in the Chrysler Building , whose surpassing spire was strictly ornamental and essentially inaccessible . However , the Chrysler Building was generally accepted as the tallest building in the world despite their protests . The Petronas Towers remain the tallest twin towers in the world . However , none of the previous discrepancies or disputes in criteria to measure height ( spires vs antennas , absolute pinnacle height vs. architectural height , height of highest occupied floor , etc . ) resulted in the controversy that occurred upon the completion of the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia in 1998 . The Petronas Towers possessed a higher architectural height ( spires , but not antennas ) , but a lower absolute pinnacle height and lower top occupied floor than the previous record - holder Willis Tower in Chicago , United States . Counting buildings as structures with floors throughout , and with antenna masts excluded , Willis Tower was still considered the tallest at that time . When the Petronas Twin Towers were built , controversy arose because their spires extended nine metres higher than the roof of Willis Tower . Excluding their spires , the Petronas Towers are not taller than Willis Tower . At their convention in Chicago , the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) found the Willis Tower to be the third - tallest building , and the Petronas Towers to be the world 's tallest buildings . This decision caused a considerable amount of controversy in the news media because this was the first time a country outside the United States had held the world 's tallest building record . Therefore , the CTBUH revised their criteria and defined four categories in which the world 's tallest building can be measured , by retaining the old criterion of height to architectural top , and adding three new categories : Height to Architectural Top ( including spires and pinnacles , but not antennas , masts or flagpoles ) . This measurement is the most widely used and is used to define the rankings of the 100 Tallest Buildings in the World . Highest Occupied Floor Height to Top of Roof ( omitted from criteria from November 2009 onwards ) Height to Tip The height - to - roof criterion was discontinued because relatively few modern tall buildings possess flat rooftops , making this criterion difficult to determine and measure . The CTBUH has further clarified their definitions of building height , including specific criteria concerning subbasements and ground level entrances ( height measured from lowest , significant , open - air , pedestrian entrance rather than from a previously undefined `` main entrance '' ) , building completion ( must be topped out both structurally and architecturally , fully clad , and able to be occupied ) , condition of the highest occupied floor ( must be continuously used by people living or working and be conditioned , thus including observation decks , but not mechanical floors ) and other aspects of tall buildings . The height is measured from the level of the lowest , significant , open - air , pedestrian entrance . At the time , the Willis Tower held first place in the second and third categories , the Petronas Towers held the first category , and the 1 World Trade Center building held the fourth with its antenna height to top of pinnacle . In 2000 , however , a new antenna mast was placed on the Willis Tower , giving it hold of the fourth category . On April 20 , 2004 , Taipei 101 in Taipei , Taiwan , was completed . Its completion gave it the world record for the first three categories . On July 21 , 2007 it was announced that Burj Khalifa had surpassed Taipei 101 in height , reaching 512 m ( 1,680 ft ) . Since being completed in early 2010 , Burj Khalifa leads in all categories ( the first building to do so ) . With a spire height of 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) , Burj Khalifa surpassed Taipei 101 as the tallest building to architectural detail and the Willis Tower as the tallest building to tip . It also leads in the category of highest occupied floor . Before Burj Khalifa was completed , Willis Tower led in the fourth category with 527 m ( 1,729 ft ) , previously held by the World Trade Center until the extension of the Chicago tower 's western broadcast antenna in 2000 , over a year prior to the World Trade Center 's destruction in 2001 . Its antenna mast included , One World Trade Center measured 527.3 m ( 1,730 ft ) . The World Trade Center became the world 's tallest building to be destroyed or demolished ; indeed , its site entered the record books twice on September 11 , 2001 , in that category , replacing the Singer Building , which once stood a block from the World Trade Center site . A different superlative for skyscrapers is their number of floors . The World Trade Center set that at 110 , and this was not surpassed for nearly four decades until the Burj Khalifa , which opened in 2010 . Structures such as the CN Tower , the Ostankino Tower and the Oriental Pearl Tower are excluded from these categories because they are not `` habitable buildings '' , which are defined as frame structures made with floors and walls throughout . History of record holders in each CTBUH category ( edit ) Date ( event ) Architectural top Highest occupied floor Roof Tip 2010 : Burj Khalifa completed Burj Khalifa Burj Khalifa Burj Khalifa 2009 : CTBUH omits Height to Roof category Taipei 101 Shanghai World Financial Center Willis Tower 2008 : Shanghai World Financial Center completed Taipei 101 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai World Financial Center Willis Tower 2003 : Taipei 101 completed Taipei 101 Taipei 101 Taipei 101 Willis Tower 2000 : Willis Tower antenna extension Petronas Towers Willis Tower Willis Tower Willis Tower 1998 : Petronas Towers completed Petronas Towers Willis Tower Willis Tower World Trade Center 1996 : CTBUH defines categories Willis Tower Willis Tower Willis Tower World Trade Center Tallest freestanding structures on land ( edit ) Main article : List of tallest freestanding structures Freestanding structures must not be supported by guy wires , the sea or other types of support . It therefore does not include guyed masts , partially guyed towers and drilling platforms but does include towers , skyscrapers ( pinnacle height ) and chimneys . ( See also history of tallest skyscrapers . ) The world 's tallest freestanding structure on land is defined as the tallest self - supporting artificial structure that stands above ground . This definition is different from that of world 's tallest building or world 's tallest structure based on the percentage of the structure that is occupied and whether or not it is self - supporting or supported by exterior cables . Likewise , this definition does not count structures that are built underground or on the seabed , such as the Petronius Platform in the Gulf of Mexico . Visit world 's tallest structure by category for a list of various other definitions . The tallest freestanding structure on land is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . The building surpassed the height of the previous record holder , the 553.3 m ( 1,815 ft ) CN Tower in Toronto , Ontario , on September 12 , 2007 . It was completed in 2010 , with final height of 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) . History ( edit ) The following is a list of structures that have held the title as the tallest freestanding structure on land . Tallest historical structures Record from Record held ( years ) Name and location Constructed Height ( metres ) Height ( feet ) Coordinates Notes c. 8000 BC 5350 Tower of Jericho , West Bank c. 8000 BC 8.5 28 31 ° 52 ′ 19 '' N 35 ° 26 ′ 38 '' E / 31.872041 ° N 35.443981 ° E / 31.872041 ; 35.443981 c. 2650 BC 40 Pyramid of Djoser , Egypt c. 2650 BC 62 203 29 ° 52 ′ 16.53 '' N 31 ° 12 ′ 59.59 '' E / 29.8712583 ° N 31.2165528 ° E / 29.8712583 ; 31.2165528 ( Pyramid of Djoser ) c. 2610 BC 5 Meidum Pyramid in Egypt c. 2610 BC 93.5 307 29 ° 23 ′ 17 '' N 31 ° 09 ′ 25 '' E / 29.38806 ° N 31.15694 ° E / 29.38806 ; 31.15694 ( Meidum Pyramid ) Shortly after completion Meidum Pyramid collapsed due to bad design / instability and is now 65 m ( 213 ft ) . c. 2605 BC 5 Bent Pyramid in Egypt c. 2605 BC 101.1 332 29 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 31 ° 12 ′ 33 '' E / 29.79028 ° N 31.20917 ° E / 29.79028 ; 31.20917 ( Bent Pyramid ) Angle of slope decreased during construction to avoid collapse . c. 2600 BC 40 Red Pyramid of Sneferu , Egypt c. 2600 BC 105 345 29 ° 48 ′ 31.39 '' N 31 ° 12 ′ 22.49 '' E / 29.8087194 ° N 31.2062472 ° E / 29.8087194 ; 31.2062472 ( Red Pyramid ) c. 2560 BC 3871 Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt c. 2560 BC 146 481 29 ° 58 ′ 44.93 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 3.09 '' E / 29.9791472 ° N 31.1341917 ° E / 29.9791472 ; 31.1341917 ( Great Pyramid of Giza ) By 1647 , the Great Pyramid had eroded to a height of approximately 139 m ( 456 ft ) . 1311 238 Lincoln Cathedral in the United Kingdom 1092 -- 1311 160 525 53 ° 14 ′ 3.26 '' N 0 ° 32 ′ 10.54 '' W / 53.2342389 ° N 0.5362611 ° W / 53.2342389 ; - 0.5362611 ( Lincoln Cathedral ) The central spire was destroyed in a storm in 1549 . While the reputed height of 525 ft ( 160 m ) is accepted by most sources , others consider it doubtful 1549 20 St. Mary 's Church in Stralsund , Germany 1384 -- 1478 151 495 54 ° 18 ′ 36.01 '' N 13 ° 5 ′ 14.81 '' E / 54.3100028 ° N 13.0874472 ° E / 54.3100028 ; 13.0874472 ( St. Mary 's church , Stralsund ) 1569 Beauvais Cathedral in France 1225 - 1604 153 502 49 ° 25 ′ 49 '' N 2 ° 05 ′ 43 '' E / 49.43028 ° N 2.09528 ° E / 49.43028 ; 2.09528 ( Beauvais Cathedral ) Spire collapsed in 1573 ( the cross was removed in 1572 ) ; today , the church stands at a height of 67.2 m ( 220.5 ft ) . 1573 94 ( 20 + 74 ) St. Mary 's Church in Stralsund , Germany 1384 -- 1478 151 495 54 ° 18 ′ 36.01 '' N 13 ° 5 ′ 14.81 '' E / 54.3100028 ° N 13.0874472 ° E / 54.3100028 ; 13.0874472 ( St. Mary 's church , Stralsund ) The spire burnt down after a lightning strike in 1647 . The current spire 's height is 104 m ( 341 ft ) . 1647 227 Strasbourg Cathedral in France 1439 142 469 48 ° 34 ′ 54.22 '' N 7 ° 45 ′ 1.48 '' E / 48.5817278 ° N 7.7504111 ° E / 48.5817278 ; 7.7504111 ( Strasbourg Cathedral ) By 1647 , the Great Pyramid had eroded to a height of approximately 139 m ( 456 ft ) hence Strasbourg Cathedral was higher . 1874 St. Nikolai in Hamburg , Germany 1846 -- 1874 147 483 53 ° 32 ′ 50.94 '' N 9 ° 59 ′ 26.12 '' E / 53.5474833 ° N 9.9905889 ° E / 53.5474833 ; 9.9905889 ( St. Nikolai , Hamburg ) 1876 Cathédrale Notre Dame in Rouen , France 1202 -- 1876 151 495 49 ° 26 ′ 24.54 '' N 1 ° 5 ′ 41.85 '' E / 49.4401500 ° N 1.0949583 ° E / 49.4401500 ; 1.0949583 ( Rouen Cathedral ) 1880 Cologne Cathedral in Germany 1248 -- 1880 157 515 50 ° 56 ′ 28.08 '' N 6 ° 57 ′ 25.73 '' E / 50.9411333 ° N 6.9571472 ° E / 50.9411333 ; 6.9571472 ( Cologne Cathedral , Tower South ) ; 50 ° 56 ′ 29.11 '' N 6 ° 57 ′ 25.85 '' E / 50.9414194 ° N 6.9571806 ° E / 50.9414194 ; 6.9571806 ( Cologne Cathedral , Tower North ) 1884 5 Washington Monument in Washington D.C. , United States 1884 169 555 38 ° 53 ′ 22.08 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 6.89 '' W / 38.8894667 ° N 77.0352472 ° W / 38.8894667 ; - 77.0352472 ( Washington Monument ) The world 's tallest all - stone structure , as well as the tallest obelisk - form structure . 1889 41 Eiffel Tower in Paris , France 1887 - 1889 300 986 48 ° 51 ′ 29.77 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.09 '' E / 48.8582694 ° N 2.2944694 ° E / 48.8582694 ; 2.2944694 ( Eiffel Tower ) First structure to exceed 300 metres in height . The addition of a telecommunications tower in the 1950s brought the overall height to 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) . 1930 Chrysler Building in New York , United States 1928 -- 1930 319 1,046 40 ° 45 ′ 5.78 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 31.52 '' W / 40.7516056 ° N 73.9754222 ° W / 40.7516056 ; - 73.9754222 ( Chrysler Building ) 1931 36 Empire State Building in New York , United States 1930 -- 1931 381 1,250 40 ° 44 ′ 54.95 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 8.71 '' W / 40.7485972 ° N 73.9857528 ° W / 40.7485972 ; - 73.9857528 ( Empire State Building ) First building with 100 + stories . The addition of a pinnacle and antennas later increased its overall height to 448.7 m ( 1,472 ft ) . This was subsequently lowered to 443.1 m ( 1,454 ft ) . 1967 8 Ostankino Tower in Moscow , Soviet Union 1963 -- 1967 540 1,762 55 ° 49 ′ 10.94 '' N 37 ° 36 ′ 41.79 '' E / 55.8197056 ° N 37.6116083 ° E / 55.8197056 ; 37.6116083 ( Ostankino Tower ) Remains the tallest in Europe . Fire in 2000 led to extensive renovation . 32 CN Tower in Toronto , Ontario , Canada 1973 -- 1976 553 1,815 43 ° 38 ′ 33.22 '' N 79 ° 23 ′ 13.41 '' W / 43.6425611 ° N 79.3870583 ° W / 43.6425611 ; - 79.3870583 ( CN Tower ) Remains the tallest in the Western Hemisphere 2007 present Burj Khalifa in Dubai , United Arab Emirates 2004 -- 2009 829.8 2,722 25 ° 11 ′ 50.0 '' N 55 ° 16 ′ 26.6 '' E / 25.197222 ° N 55.274056 ° E / 25.197222 ; 55.274056 ( Burj Dubai ) Holder of world 's tallest freestanding structure . Topped out at 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) in 2009 . Diagram of the principal high buildings of the Old World , 1884 Notable mentions include the Pharos ( lighthouse ) of Alexandria , built in the third century BC and estimated between 115 -- 135 m ( 377 -- 443 ft ) . It was the world 's tallest non-pyramidal structure for many centuries . Another notable mention includes the Jetavanaramaya stupa in Anuradhapura , Sri Lanka , which was built in the third century , and was similarly tall at 122 m ( 400 ft ) . These were both the world 's tallest or second - tallest non-pyramidal structure for over a thousand years . The tallest secular building between the collapse of the Pharos and the erection of the Washington Monument may have been the Torre del Mangia in Siena , which is 102 m ( 335 ft ) tall , and was constructed in the first half of the fourteenth century , and the 97 - metre - tall ( 318 ft ) Torre degli Asinelli in Bologna , also Italy , built between 1109 and 1119 . World 's highest observation deck ( edit ) Main article : Observation deck Timeline of development of world 's highest observation deck since inauguration of Eiffel Tower . Record from Record held ( years ) Name and location Constructed Height above ground Notes m ft 1889 42 Eiffel Tower , Paris 1889 275 902 Two lower observation decks at 57 and 115 m ( 187 and 377 ft ) . 1931 42 Empire State Building , New York City 1931 369 1,250 On the 102nd floor - a second observation deck is located on the 86th floor at 320 m ( 1,050 ft ) . 1973 World Trade Center , New York City 1973 399.4 1,310 Indoor observatory on the 107th floor of South Tower opened on April 4 , 1973 . Destroyed on September 11 , 2001 Willis Tower , Chicago 412.4 1,353 103rd floor Skydeck opened on June 22 , 1974 World Trade Center , New York City 1973 419.7 1,377 Outdoor observatory on the South Tower rooftop opened on December 15 , 1975 . Destroyed on September 11 , 2001 1976 32 CN Tower , Toronto 1976 446.5 1,464.9 Two further observation decks at 342 and 346 m ( 1,122 and 1,135 ft ) . 2008 Shanghai World Financial Center , Shanghai 2008 474 1,555 Two further observation decks at 423 and 439 m ( 1,388 and 1,440 ft ) . 2011 Canton Tower , Guangzhou 2011 488 1,601 The rooftop outdoor observation deck opened in December 2011 . There are also several other indoor observation decks in the tower , the highest at 433.2 m ( 1,421 ft ) . 2014 Burj Khalifa , Dubai 555 1,821 Opened on October 15 , 2014 on the 148th floor . There is another observation deck at 452.1 m ( 1,483 ft ) on the 124th floor , which has been open since the building was opened to the public . 2016 present Shanghai Tower , Shanghai , China 2015 561 1,841 Opened on July 1 , 2016 . Higher observation decks have existed on mountain tops or cliffs , rather than on tall structures . The Grand Canyon Skywalk , constructed in 2007 , protrudes 21 m ( 70 ft ) over the west rim of the Grand Canyon and is approximately 1,100 m ( 3,600 ft ) above the Colorado River , making it the highest of these types of structures . Timeline of guyed structures on land ( edit ) As most of the tallest structures are guyed masts , here is a timeline of world 's tallest guyed masts , since the beginning of radio technology . As many large guyed masts were destroyed at the end of World War II , the dates for the years between 1945 and 1950 may be incorrect . If Wusung Radio Tower survived World War II , it was the tallest guyed structure shortly after World War II . Record from Record held ( years ) Name and location Constructed Height Coordinates Notes m ft 1913 7 Central mast of Eilvese transmitter , Eilvese , Germany 1913 250 820 52 ° 31 ′ 40 '' N 9 ° 24 ′ 24 '' E / 52.52778 ° N 9.40667 ° E / 52.52778 ; 9.40667 ( Eilvese transmitter ( demolished ) ) Mast was divided in 145 m by an insulator , demolished in 1931 1920 Central masts of Nauen Transmitter Station , Nauen , Germany 1920 260 853 52 ° 38 ′ 56 '' N 12 ° 54 ′ 30 '' E / 52.64889 ° N 12.90833 ° E / 52.64889 ; 12.90833 ( Nauen transmitter ) 2 masts , demolished in 1946 1923 10 Masts of Ruiselede transmitter , Ruiselede , Belgium 1923 287 942 51 ° 4 ′ 44 '' N 3 ° 20 ′ 6.9 '' E / 51.07889 ° N 3.335250 ° E / 51.07889 ; 3.335250 ( Zendmast Ruiselede ( destroyed ) ( location unclear ) ) ? 8 masts , destroyed in 1940 1933 6 Lakihegy Tower , Lakihegy , Hungary 1933 314 1,031 47 ° 22 ′ 23.45 '' N 19 ° 0 ′ 17.21 '' E / 47.3731806 ° N 19.0047806 ° E / 47.3731806 ; 19.0047806 ( Lakihegy Radio Tower ) Blaw - Knox Tower , insulated against ground , destroyed in 1945 ; rebuilt 1939 7 Deutschlandsender Herzberg / Elster , Herzberg ( Elster ) , Germany 1939 335 1,099 51 ° 42 ′ 59.76 '' N 13 ° 15 ′ 51.5 '' E / 51.7166000 ° N 13.264306 ° E / 51.7166000 ; 13.264306 ( Deutschlandsender III ( dismantled ) ) Insulated against ground , dismantled 1946 / 1947 1946 Lakihegy Tower , Lakihegy , Hungary 1946 314 1,031 47 ° 22 ′ 23.45 '' N 19 ° 0 ′ 17.21 '' E / 47.3731806 ° N 19.0047806 ° E / 47.3731806 ; 19.0047806 ( Lakihegy Radio Tower ) Blaw - Knox Tower , Insulated against ground , rebuilt after destruction in 1945 1948 WIVB - TV Tower , Colden , New York , USA 1948 321.9 1,056 42 ° 39 ′ 33.19 '' N 78 ° 37 ′ 33.91 '' W / 42.6592194 ° N 78.6260861 ° W / 42.6592194 ; - 78.6260861 ( WIVB - TV Tower ) 1949 Longwave transmitter Raszyn , Raszyn , Poland 1949 335 1,099 52 ° 4 ′ 21.72 '' N 20 ° 53 ′ 2.15 '' E / 52.0727000 ° N 20.8839306 ° E / 52.0727000 ; 20.8839306 ( Raszyn Radio Mast ) Insulated against ground 1950 Forestport Tower , Forestport , New York , USA 1950 371.25 1,218 43 ° 26 ′ 41.9 '' N 75 ° 5 ′ 9.55 '' W / 43.444972 ° N 75.0859861 ° W / 43.444972 ; - 75.0859861 ( Forestport Tower ( demolished ) ) Insulated against ground , demolished 1954 Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma ( AKA KWTV Transmission Tower ) , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , USA 1954 480.5 1,576 35 ° 32 ′ 58.59 '' N 97 ° 29 ′ 50.27 '' W / 35.5496083 ° N 97.4972972 ° W / 35.5496083 ; - 97.4972972 ( Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma ) 1956 KOBR - TV Tower , Caprock , New Mexico , USA 1956 490.7 1,610 33 ° 22 ′ 31.31 '' N 103 ° 46 ′ 14.3 '' W / 33.3753639 ° N 103.770639 ° W / 33.3753639 ; - 103.770639 ( KOBR - TV Tower ) Collapsed in 1960 ; rebuilt 1959 WGME TV Tower , Raymond , Maine , USA 1959 495 1,624 43 ° 55 ′ 28.43 '' N 70 ° 29 ′ 26.72 '' W / 43.9245639 ° N 70.4907556 ° W / 43.9245639 ; - 70.4907556 ( WGME TV Tower ) 1960 KFVS TV Mast , Cape Girardeau County , Missouri , USA 1960 511.1 1,677 37 ° 25 ′ 44.5 '' N 89 ° 30 ′ 13.84 '' W / 37.429028 ° N 89.5038444 ° W / 37.429028 ; - 89.5038444 ( KFVS TV Mast ) 1962 WTVM / WRBL - TV & WVRK - FM Tower , Cusseta , Georgia , USA 1962 533 1,749 32 ° 19 ′ 25.09 '' N 84 ° 46 ′ 45.07 '' W / 32.3236361 ° N 84.7791861 ° W / 32.3236361 ; - 84.7791861 ( WTVM / WRBL - TV & WVRK - FM Tower ) 1963 0 WIMZ - FM - Tower , Knoxville , Tennessee , USA 1963 534.01 1,752 36 ° 08 ′ 05.49 '' N 83 ° 43 ′ 28.01 '' W / 36.1348583 ° N 83.7244472 ° W / 36.1348583 ; - 83.7244472 ( WIMZ - FM - Tower ) 1963 11 KVLY - TV mast , Blanchard , North Dakota , USA 1963 628.8 2,063 47 ° 20 ′ 31.85 '' N 97 ° 17 ′ 21.13 '' W / 47.3421806 ° N 97.2892028 ° W / 47.3421806 ; - 97.2892028 ( KVLY - TV mast ) 17 Warsaw Radio Mast , Gąbin , Poland 646.4 2,121 52 ° 22 ′ 3.74 '' N 19 ° 48 ′ 8.73 '' E / 52.3677056 ° N 19.8024250 ° E / 52.3677056 ; 19.8024250 ( Konstantynow Radio Mast ( destroyed ) ) Mast radiator insulated against ground , collapsed in 1991 1991 present KVLY - TV mast , Blanchard , North Dakota , USA 1963 628.8 2,063 47 ° 20 ′ 31.85 '' N 97 ° 17 ′ 21.13 '' W / 47.3421806 ° N 97.2892028 ° W / 47.3421806 ; - 97.2892028 ( KVLY - TV mast ) Tallest towers ( edit ) Main article : List of tallest towers in the world Towers include observation towers , monuments and other structures not generally considered to be `` habitable buildings '' , they are meant for `` regular access by humans , but not for living in or office work , and are self - supporting or freestanding , which means no guy - wires for support '' , meaning it excludes from this list of continuously habitable buildings and skyscrapers as well as radio and TV masts . Bridge towers or pylons , chimneys , transmission towers , and most large statues allow human access for maintenance , but not as part of their normal operation , and are therefore not considered to be towers . The Tokyo Skytree , completed in February 2012 , is 634 m ( 2,080 ft ) , making it the tallest tower , and second - tallest freestanding structure in the world . History of tallest Tower ( edit ) Tokyo Tower held the record of being the tallest tower in the world from 1958 to 1967 . In addition , it held the record of being the tallest structure in Japan from 1958 to 2011 , when the Tokyo Skytree ( the current tallest tower in the world ) surpassed it . The following is a list of structures that have historically held the title as the tallest towers in the world . Tallest historical towers From To Tower Town Pinnacle height 280 BC 1180 AD Pharos Lighthouse Alexandria , Egypt 122 m 1180 1240 Malmesbury Abbey Tower Malmesbury , UK 131.3 m 1240 1311 Tower of Old St Paul 's Cathedral London , UK 150 m 1311 1549 Tower of Lincoln Cathedral Lincoln , UK 159.7 m 1549 1647 Tower of St Mary 's church Stralsund , Germany 151 m 1647 1874 Tower of Strasbourg Cathedral Strasbourg , France 142 m 1874 1876 Tower of St. Nikolai Hamburg , Germany 147 m 1876 1880 Tower of Rouen Cathedral Rouen , France 151 m 1880 1889 Tower of Cologne Cathedral Cologne , Germany 157.38 m 1889 1958 Eiffel Tower Paris , France 312.3 m 1958 1967 Tokyo Tower Tokyo , Japan 332.6 m 1967 Ostankino Tower Moscow , Russia 540.1 m CN Tower Toronto , Ontario , Canada 553.33 m 2011 Canton Tower Guangzhou , China 600 m 2011 present Tokyo Skytree Tokyo , Japan 634 m Tallest structures , freestanding structures , and buildings ( edit ) Burj Khalifa and other tallest structures The list categories are : The structures ( supported ) list uses pinnacle height and includes architectural structures of any type that might use some external support constructions like cables and are fully built in air . Only the three tallest are listed , as more than fifty US TV masts have stated heights of 600 -- 610 metres ( 1,970 -- 2,000 ft ) . The structures ( media supported ) list uses pinnacle height and includes architectural structures of any type that are not totally built in the air but are using support from other , denser media like salt water . All structures greater than 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) are listed . The freestanding structures list uses pinnacle height and includes structures over 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) that do not use guy - wires or other external supports . This means truly free standing on its own or , in similar sense , non-supported structures . The building list uses architectural height ( excluding antennas ) and includes only buildings , defined as consisting of habitable floors . Both of these follow CTBUH guidelines . All supertall buildings ( 450 m and higher ) are listed . Notes : Eight buildings appear on the freestanding structures category list with heights different from another category . This is due to the different measurement specifications of those lists . Only current heights and , where reasonable , target heights are listed . Historical heights of structures that no longer exist , for example , for having collapsed , are excluded . Rank Name and location Year completed Architectural top ( metres ) Architectural top ( feet ) Floors Structures ( supported ) Main article : List of tallest structures KVLY - TV mast , Blanchard , North Dakota , United States 1963 629 2,064 -- KXJB - TV mast , Galesburg , North Dakota , United States 1998 628 2,060 -- KXTV / KOVR Tower , Walnut Grove , California , United States 2000 625 2,051 -- Structures ( media supported ) Petronius Platform , Gulf of Mexico 2000 610 2,000 -- Baldpate Platform , Gulf of Mexico 1998 580 1,900 -- Bullwinkle Platform , Gulf of Mexico 1989 529 1,736 -- Freestanding structures Main article : List of tallest freestanding structures Burj Khalifa , Dubai , United Arab Emirates 2009 829.8 2,722 163 Tokyo Skytree , Tokyo , Japan 2012 634 2,080 -- Shanghai Tower , Shanghai , China 2015 632 2,073 128 Abraj Al Bait , Makkah , Saudi Arabia 2011 601 1,972 120 5 Ping An Finance Centre , Shenzhen , China 2016 599 1,965 115 6 Goldin Finance 117 , Tianjin , China 2016 597 1,959 117 7 Canton Tower , Guangzhou , China 600 1,969 -- 8 Lotte World Tower , Seoul , South Korea 2016 555 1,821 123 9 CN Tower , Toronto , Ontario , Canada 1976 553 1,814 -- 10 One World Trade Center , New York City , USA 2013 541.3 1,776 104 11 Ostankino Tower , Moscow , Russia 1967 540 1,770 -- 12 Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre , Guangzhou , China 2016 530 1,739 111 13 Willis Tower , Chicago , United States 527 1,729 108 14 Taipei 101 , Taipei , Taiwan 509 1,670 101 Buildings Main article : List of tallest buildings in the world Burj Khalifa , Dubai , United Arab Emirates 828 2,717 163 Shanghai Tower , Shanghai , China 2015 632 2,073 128 Abraj Al Bait , Mecca , Saudi Arabia 2011 601 1,972 120 Ping An Finance Centre , Shenzhen , China 2016 599 1,965 115 5 Lotte World Tower , Seoul , South Korea 2016 555 1,821 123 6 One World Trade Center , New York City , USA 2013 541.3 1,776 104 7 Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre , Guangzhou , China 2016 530 1,739 111 8 Taipei 101 , Taipei , Taiwan 509 1,670 101 9 Shanghai World Financial Center , Shanghai , China 2008 492 1,614 101 10 International Commerce Centre , Hong Kong 484 1,588 118 11 Changsha IFS Tower T1 , Changsha , China 2017 452.1 1,483 88 12 Petronas Towers , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 1998 451.9 1,483 88 13 Zifeng Tower , Nanjing , China 2009 450 1,480 89 13 Suzhou IFS , Suzhou , China 2017 450 1,476 92 Source : Emporis References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Burj Dubai all set for 09 / 09 / 09 soft opening '' . Emirates Business24 / 7 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Burj Dubai surpasses KVLY - TV mast to become the world 's tallest man - made structure '' ( Press release ) . Emaar . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil builds giant Amazon observation tower '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ https://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1448548/max-bogl-installs-record-breaking-2465-metre-turbine Jump up ^ `` Comansa Jie builds the world 's highest cooling towers '' . Construcciones Metálicas COMANSA S.A. August 2012 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest Unsupported Flagpole '' . Guinness Book of World Records . Jump up ^ Jeddah Port Control Tower on Emporis.com Jump up ^ `` Tower West '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCord , Keith ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Tallest structure in West demolished '' . KSL - TV . Salt Lake City , UT . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwanke D. et al. ( 2003 ) . Mixed - use Development Handbook , 2nd edition . Washington : Urban Land Institute ISBN 978 - 0 - 87420 - 888 - 7 ^ Jump up to : `` Willis Tower , Chicago - SkyscraperPage.com '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Measuring Tall Buildings '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Binders , George ( August 2006 ) . 101 of the World 's Tallest Buildings . p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CTBUH changes height criteria , Burj Khalifa height increases '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` CTBUH Changes Height Criteria '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ctbuh.org/HighRiseInfo/TallestDatabase/Criteria/tabid/446/Default.aspx . Jump up ^ Haughton , Brian ( 2007 ) , Hidden History : Lost Civilizations , Secret Knowledge , and Ancient Mysteries , p. 167 Jump up ^ Michael Woods , Mary B. Woods ( 2009 ) , Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , p. 41 Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Cathedral '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Darwin Porter , Danforth Prince ( 2010 ) , Frommer 's England 2010 , p. 588 Jump up ^ Mary Jane Taber ( 1905 ) , The cathedrals of England : an account of some of their distinguishing characteristics , p. 100 Jump up ^ A Brief History of the World 's Tallest Buildings Time magazine Jump up ^ Kendrick , A.F. ( 1902 ) . `` 2 : The Central Tower '' . The Cathedral Church of Lincoln : A History and Description of its Fabric and a List of the Bishops . London : George Bell & Sons . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 178 - 03666 - 4 . The tall spire of timber , covered with lead , which originally crowned this tower reached an altitude , it is said , of 525 feet ; but this is doubtful . This spire was blown down during a tempest in January 1547 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Empire State Building '' . Wired New York . Retrieved December 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Sky Tree construction ends : World 's tallest tower prepares to open '' . Cable News Network . 1 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Danielle Demetriou ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` Tokyo unveils world 's tallest communications tower '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Skytree website '' ( in Japanese ) . Tobu Railway Co. , Ltd . & Tobu Tower Skytree Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ height for inhabited buildings with floors ; does not include TV towers and antennas External links ( edit ) Tallest Buildings in the Islamic World ( 2017 ) Collection of many record holders on Skyscraperpage tallestbuildingintheworld.net A map visualization of each country 's tallest building The highest abandoned skyscraper in the world Tallest buildings and structures Buildings Overview History Skyscraper Storey By region Africa Asia Indian subcontinent Southeast Europe Balkans Baltic states Scandinavia Oceania South America Central America Latin America By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Macau Macedonia , Republic of Malaysia Malta Mexico Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe By other British Empire and Commonwealth European Union Lists 100 + floors Architects Buildings by height to roof Cities with most high - rise buildings Cities with most skyscrapers Churches Eastern Orthodox Mosques Early skyscrapers Educational Future Hospitals Hotels Most expensive Residential Supertall Twin buildings Voluntarily demolished Wood Structures ( of any type ) By region Africa Europe Middle East South America former Soviet Union former Yugoslavia By country Albania Algeria Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Kosovo Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Kingdom United States By other Commonwealth of Nations Lists 300 to 400 metres 400 to 500 metres Before the 20th century Bridges Chimneys Crosses Dams Freestanding Lighthouses Statues Towers Twin structures Related topics Additionally guyed tower Air traffic obstacle All buildings and structures Antenna height considerations Architectural engineering Construction Early skyscrapers Height restriction laws Oil platform Partially guyed tower Tower block Structural extremes Tallest Buildings Structures Bridges Chimneys Churches Orthodox Cities Dams Oil platforms Educational Freestanding Hospitals Hotels Lighthouses Residential Statues Towers Twin buildings and structures Wood Largest Buildings Churches City squares Dams Domes Hindu temples Hotels Mosques Palace Power stations hydroelectric Shopping malls Longest Buildings Bridges arched cable - stayed cantilevered continuous truss masonry arch suspension Churches Tunnels Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures&oldid=853000944 '' Categories : Construction records Lists of buildings and structures Lists of tallest structures Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Use mdy dates from October 2011 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Articles needing additional references from August 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն ქართული Кыргызча Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Suomi 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 19 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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"\n\n\nRank\n\nName and location\n\nYearcompleted\n\nArchitectural top[30](metres)\n\nArchitectural top(feet)\n\nFloors\n\nStructures (supported) Main article: List of tallest structures\n\n\n\n1\n\nKVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, United States\n\n1963\n\n629\n\n2,064\n\n–\n\n\n2\n\nKXJB-TV mast, Galesburg, North Dakota, United States\n\n1998\n\n628\n\n2,060\n\n–\n\n\n3\n\nKXTV/KOVR Tower, Walnut Grove, California, United States\n\n2000\n\n625\n\n2,051\n\n–\n\n\nStructures (media supported)\n\n\n1\n\nPetronius Platform, Gulf of Mexico\n\n2000\n\n610\n\n2,000\n\n–\n\n\n2\n\nBaldpate Platform, Gulf of Mexico\n\n1998\n\n580\n\n1,900\n\n–\n\n\n3\n\nBullwinkle Platform, Gulf of Mexico\n\n1989\n\n529\n\n1,736\n\n–\n\n\nFreestanding structures Main article: List of tallest freestanding structures\n\n\n1\n\nBurj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates\n\n2009\n\n829.8\n\n2,722\n\n163\n\n\n2\n\nTokyo Skytree, Tokyo, Japan\n\n2012\n\n634\n\n2,080\n\n–\n\n\n3\n\nShanghai Tower, Shanghai, China\n\n2015\n\n632\n\n2,073\n\n128\n\n\n4\n\nAbraj Al Bait, Makkah, Saudi Arabia\n\n2011\n\n601\n\n1,972\n\n120\n\n\n5\n\nPing An Finance Centre, Shenzhen, China\n\n2016\n\n599\n\n1,965\n\n115\n\n\n6\n\nGoldin Finance 117, Tianjin, China\n\n2016\n\n597\n\n1,959\n\n117\n\n\n7\n\nCanton Tower, Guangzhou, China\n\n2010\n\n600\n\n1,969\n\n–\n\n\n8\n\nLotte World Tower, Seoul, South Korea\n\n2016\n\n555\n\n1,821\n\n123\n\n\n9\n\nCN Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada\n\n1976\n\n553\n\n1,814\n\n–\n\n\n10\n\nOne World Trade Center, New York City, USA\n\n2013\n\n541.3\n\n1,776\n\n104\n\n\n11\n\nOstankino Tower, Moscow, Russia\n\n1967\n\n540\n\n1,770\n\n–\n\n\n12\n\nGuangzhou CTF Finance Centre, Guangzhou, China\n\n2016\n\n530\n\n1,739\n\n111\n\n\n13\n\nWillis Tower, Chicago, United States\n\n1974\n\n527\n\n1,729\n\n108\n\n\n14\n\nTaipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan\n\n2004\n\n509\n\n1,670\n\n101\n\n\nBuildings Main article: List of tallest buildings in the world\n\n\n1\n\nBurj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates\n\n2010\n\n828\n\n2,717\n\n163\n\n\n2\n\nShanghai Tower, Shanghai, China\n\n2015\n\n632\n\n2,073\n\n128\n\n\n3\n\nAbraj Al Bait, Mecca, Saudi Arabia\n\n2011\n\n601\n\n1,972\n\n120\n\n\n4\n\nPing An Finance Centre, Shenzhen, China\n\n2016\n\n599\n\n1,965\n\n115\n\n\n5\n\nLotte World Tower, Seoul, South Korea\n\n2016\n\n555\n\n1,821\n\n123\n\n\n6\n\nOne World Trade Center, New York City, USA\n\n2013\n\n541.3\n\n1,776\n\n104\n\n\n7\n\nGuangzhou CTF Finance Centre, Guangzhou, China\n\n2016\n\n530\n\n1,739\n\n111\n\n\n8\n\nTaipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan\n\n2004\n\n509\n\n1,670\n\n101\n\n\n9\n\nShanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, China\n\n2008\n\n492\n\n1,614\n\n101\n\n\n10\n\nInternational Commerce Centre, Hong Kong\n\n2010\n\n484\n\n1,588\n\n118\n\n\n11\n\nChangsha IFS Tower T1, Changsha, China\n\n2017\n\n452.1\n\n1,483\n\n88\n\n\n12\n\nPetronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia\n\n1998\n\n451.9\n\n1,483\n\n88\n\n\n13\n\nZifeng Tower, Nanjing, China\n\n2009\n\n450\n\n1,480\n\n89\n\n\n13\n\nSuzhou IFS, Suzhou, China\n\n2017\n\n450\n\n1,476\n\n92\n"
] | [
"Shanghai Tower"
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-341420494429907873 | Call Me by Your Name (novel) | Call Me by Your Name ( novel ) - wikipedia Call Me by Your Name ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search Call Me by Your Name first edition cover Author André Aciman Country United States Language English Publisher Farrar , Straus and Giroux Publication date 2007 Media type Print ( Hardcover and Paperback ) Pages 256 pp ISBN 0 - 374 - 29921 - 8 OCLC 66463617 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 6 LC Class PS3601. C525 C35 2007 The setting in the novel is Bordighera , Liguria Call Me by Your Name is a 2007 novel by American writer André Aciman about a love affair between an intellectually precocious and curious 17 - year - old American - Italian Jewish boy and a visiting 24 - year - old American Jewish scholar in 1980s Italy . The novel chronicles their summer romance and the 20 years that follow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Reception 2.1 Reviews 2.2 Awards 3 Film adaptation 4 See also 5 References Plot summary ( edit ) The narrator , Elio Perlman , recalls the events of the summer of 1987 , when he was seventeen and living with his parents in Italy . Each summer , his parents would take in a doctoral student as a house guest for six weeks , who would revise a book manuscript while assisting his father with academic paperwork . Elio resents the tradition , as it requires him to vacate his bedroom so the guest can use it for the duration of their stay . Oliver , the guest for the summer , is carefree and detached -- a stark contrast to Elio 's introversion . Elio selected Oliver as a guest in the hopes of `` instant affinities '' between them and acts as his tour guide , though Elio 's attempts to impress Oliver are met with indifference . When Oliver grabs Elio 's arm after a tennis match , Elio retracts in fear . Though Elio recognizes his own bisexuality and his attraction to Oliver -- he is particularly excited by his discovery that Oliver is Jewish , seeing it as a bond between them -- he doubts that Oliver reciprocates his feelings . One day , Elio sneaks into Oliver 's room , and masturbates while wearing Oliver 's swimming trunks . Later , Elio confesses his attraction to Oliver , and they kiss on a berm where Claude Monet had supposedly painted some of his pictures . When Elio touches Oliver 's penis through his clothes , Oliver pushes him away . Oliver and Elio grow distant in the subsequent days . Elio begins an affair with Marzia , a local girl around his own age . Seeking reconciliation , Elio slips a note under Oliver 's bedroom door , with a plan to meet at midnight . At midnight , Elio enters Oliver 's room , where they have sex . Elio feels guilty about the encounter , and decides that he can not continue his relationship with Oliver . The next morning , Oliver wears Elio 's bathing suit to breakfast -- mirroring Elio 's earlier fetishistic behavior -- and later performs oral sex on Elio . Elio realizes that his attraction to Oliver persists , and that he wishes to continue their relationship . Elio visits Marzia 's house , and the two have sex ; in the afternoon he masturbates with a cut peach , and ejaculates inside of it . Oliver later visits Elio 's room , eats the peach and its contents , and again has sex with Elio . Before returning to the United States , Oliver decides to spend three days in Rome , where he is accompanied by Elio . Upon returning from the trip , Elio is saddened to find that his belongings have already been returned to his original bedroom , and that all traces of Oliver 's visit have vanished . Elio has a discussion with his father , who says that he approves of the friendship ( and relationship ) between Elio and Oliver . That Christmas , Oliver again visits the Perlman family , and announces that he intends to marry next summer . Oliver and Elio fall out of touch , and do not communicate with each other for many years . Fifteen years later , Elio visits Oliver in the United States , where Oliver is now a professor . Elio is unwilling to meet Oliver 's wife and children , admitting that he still feels attraction towards Oliver and jealousy towards his new family . Oliver admits that he has followed Elio 's academic career , and shows him a postcard that he brought with him when he left Italy and has kept over the years . During a final meeting at a bar , Elio and Oliver muse that people can lead two parallel lives -- one in reality , and one a fantasy that is denied to them by external forces . Twenty years after their first meeting and one year before the narrator 's present , Oliver visits Elio 's family home in Italy . They recall their time together ; Elio informs Oliver that his father has died , and that he has spread his ashes all over the world . The novel concludes with Elio , as the narrator , remarking to the reader that if Oliver remembered everything as he says he did , he should once more `` look me in the face , hold my gaze , and call me by your name . '' Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) Reviewing Call Me by Your Name for The New York Times , Stacey D'Erasmo called the novel `` an exceptionally beautiful book '' . Writing in The New Yorker , Cynthia Zarin said , `` Aciman 's first novel shows him to be an acute grammarian of desire '' . In The Washington Post , Charles Kaiser said , `` If you have ever been the willing victim of obsessive love -- a force greater than yourself that pulls you inextricably toward the object of your desire -- you will recognize every nuance of André Aciman 's superb new novel , ' Call Me by Your Name . ' '' Awards ( edit ) At the 20th Lambda Literary Awards , the novel won the award for Gay Fiction . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Call Me by Your Name ( film ) A film adaptation directed by Luca Guadagnino and starring Timothée Chalamet as Elio , Armie Hammer as Oliver , and Michael Stuhlbarg was released on November 24 , 2017 in the United States , to critical acclaim . At the 90th Academy Awards , it was nominated for Best Picture , Best Actor ( Chalamet ) , Best Original Song ( `` Mystery of Love '' ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay , winning the latter . The audiobook was read in 2017 by Armie Hammer and published by Macmillan Publishers . See also ( edit ) 2000s portal LGBT portal Novels portal List of fiction works made into feature films ( 0 -- 9 and A -- C ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ D'Erasmo , Stacey ( 25 February 2007 ) . `` Call Me by Your Name - By André Aciman - Books - Review '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Zarin , Cynthia ( February 19 , 2007 ) . `` Briefly Noted '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaiser , Charles ( 22 March 2007 ) . `` Love That Knows No Boundaries '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 20th Annual Lambda Literary Awards Winners and Finalists '' . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Stuhlbarg , Armie Hammer & More Leading Luca Guadagnino 's ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . The Film Stage. 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Oscar nominations 2018 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Chow , Andrew R. ( 4 March 2018 ) . `` Oscars 2018 : The Winners '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 March 2018 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/books/2017/09/06/armie-hammer-call-me-by-your-name-audiobook/ VIAF : 306966611 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_Me_by_Your_Name_(novel)&oldid=832810693 '' Categories : 2007 American novels American bildungsromans American erotic novels American LGBT novels American novels adapted into films Jews and Judaism in fiction Lambda Literary Award - winning works Novels set in Italy Novels with gay themes Novels set in the 1980s Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Português Русский Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 03 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the book call me by your name | [
"Call Me by Your Name is a 2007 novel by American writer André Aciman about a love affair between an intellectually precocious and curious 17-year-old American-Italian Jewish boy and a visiting 24-year-old American Jewish scholar in 1980s Italy. The novel chronicles their summer romance and the 20 years that follow."
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"André Aciman"
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-4780303917630435785 | Great horned owl | Great horned owl - wikipedia Great horned owl Jump to : navigation , search This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Great horned owl Common great horned owl B. v. virginianus Coastal great horned owl , B. v. saturatus Reifel Migratory Bird Sanctuary , Delta , British Columbia , Canada Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Strigiformes Family : Strigidae Genus : Bubo Species : B. virginianus Binomial name Bubo virginianus ( Gmelin , 1788 ) Subspecies About one dozen , see text Global range ( all year ) of B. virginianus Synonyms Strix virginiana Gmelin , 1788 and see text The great horned owl ( Bubo virginianus ) , also known as the tiger owl ( originally derived from early naturalists ' description as the `` winged tiger '' or `` tiger of the air '' ) or the hoot owl , is a large owl native to the Americas . It is an extremely adaptable bird with a vast range and is the most widely distributed true owl in the Americas . Its primary diet is rabbits and hares , rats and mice and voles , although it freely hunts any animal it can overtake , including rodents and other small mammals , larger mid-sized mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , and invertebrates . In ornithological study , the great horned owl is often compared to the Eurasian eagle - owl ( Bubo bubo ) , a closely related species which , despite the latter 's notably larger size , occupies the same ecological niche in Eurasia , and the red - tailed hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ) , with which it often shares similar habitat , prey and nesting habits by day and is thus something of a diurnal ecological equivalent . The great horned owl is one of the earliest nesting birds in North America , often laying eggs weeks or even months before other raptorial birds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Physiology and measurements 1.2 Calls 1.3 Species identification 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Subspecies 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4.1 Territoriality and movements 4.2 Hunting behavior 5 Prey and trophic ecology 5.1 Rodents 5.2 Lagomorphs 5.3 Other mammals 5.4 Birds 5.5 Other prey 5.6 Interspecific predatory relationships 6 Reproduction 7 Mortality and longevity 7.1 Longevity and natural mortality 7.2 Human - related mortality 7.3 Effect on conservation - dependent species 8 Iconography and myth 8.1 Provincial bird 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Description ( edit ) The great horned owl is generally colored for camouflage . The underparts of the species are usually light with some brown horizontal barring ; the upper parts and upper wings are generally a mottled brown usually bearing heavy , complex darker markings . All subspecies are darkly barred to some extent along the sides as well . There is a variable sized white patch on the throat . The white throat may continue as a streak running down the middle of the breast even when the birds are not displaying , which in particularly pale individuals can widen at the belly into a large white area . South American horned owls typically have a smaller white throat patch , often unseen unless actively displaying , and rarely display the white area on the chest . There are individual and regional variations in overall color , with birds from the subarctic showing a washed - out , light - buff color , while those from the Pacific Coast of North America , Central America and much of South America can be a dark brownish color overlaid with blackish blotching . The skin of the feet and legs , though almost entirely obscured by feathers , is black . Even tropical great horned owls have feathered legs and feet . The feathers on the feet of the great horned owl are the second longest known in any owl ( after the snowy owl ) . The bill is dark gunmetal - gray , as are the talons . All great horned owls have a facial disc . This can be reddish , brown or gray in color ( depending on geographical and racial variation ) and is demarked by a dark rim culminating in bold , blackish side brackets . This species ' `` horns '' are tufts of feathers , called plumicorns . The purpose of plumicorns is not fully understood , but the theory that they serve as a visual cue in territorial and socio - sexual interactions with other owls is generally accepted . Physiology and measurements ( edit ) The eyes of great horned owls are amongst the largest and most powerfully acute in the animal kingdom . The great horned owl is the heaviest extant owl in Central and South America and is the second heaviest owl in North America , after the closely related but very different looking snowy owl . It is heavily built , with a barrel - shaped body , a large head and broad wings . Its size can vary considerably across its range , with interior Alaska and Ontario populations being largest and populations in California and Texas being smallest , though those from the Yucatán Peninsula and Baja California appear to be even smaller . Adult great horned owls range in length from 43 to 64 cm ( 17 to 25 in ) , with an average of 55 cm ( 22 in ) , and possess a wingspan of 91 to 153 cm ( 3 ft 0 in to 5 ft 0 in ) , with an average of 122 cm ( 48 in ) . Females are somewhat larger than males . Mean body weight is 1,608 g ( 3.545 lb ) for females and 1,224 g ( 2.698 lb ) for males . Depending on subspecies , maximum weight can reach 2,503 g ( 5.518 lb ) . The wing chord length is 297 -- 400 mm ( 11.7 -- 15.7 in ) . The wing loading , the measured wing area in cm calculated against grams of weight , is high , meaning the wings are relatively small in surface area for the bird 's weight ; the species ' wing loading has been described as proportionately the highest among raptors . The tail , being relatively short as is typical of most owls , is 175 to 252 mm ( 6.9 to 9.9 in ) long . The legs , feet and talons are large and powerful . Tarsal length is 54 -- 80 mm ( 2.1 -- 3.1 in ) . The average foot span of a fully spread foot , from talon to talon , is around 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) , as compared to 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) in long - eared owls , 13 to 15 cm ( 5.1 to 5.9 in ) in barn owls and 18 cm ( 7.1 in ) in the great grey owl . Great horned owls can apply at least 300 pounds per square inch ( PSI ) of crushing power in their talons , a PSI considerably greater than the human hand is capable of exerting . In some big females , the gripping power of the great horned owl may be comparable to much larger raptor species such as the golden eagle . The hard , inflexible bill of the great horned owl is 3.3 -- 5.2 cm ( 1.3 -- 2.0 in ) long , although the culmen , the exposed bill portion as measured along the top of the beak , is only 2.1 to 3.3 cm ( 0.83 to 1.30 in ) . The outer ear openings , which are concealed by feathers on the sides of the head , is relatively smaller than that of the Eurasian eagle owl , being 2.3 cm ( 0.91 in ) in vertical axis , with the left ear slightly larger than the right . The great horned owl 's eyes , just slightly smaller than the eyes of a human being , are large even for an owl and rank proportionately among the largest eyes of all terrestrial vertebrates . They are visually highly adapted for nocturnal hunting and provide a wide , almost completely binocular field of view , a large corneal surface and a predominantly rod retina . Instead of turning its eyes , an owl must turn its whole head and the great horned owl is capable rotating its neck 270 degrees . The iris is yellow , except in the amber - eyed South American great horned owl ( B. v. nacurutu ) . Calls ( edit ) The great horned owl 's song is normally a low - pitched but loud ho - ho - hoo hoo hoo ( or also transcribed as bu - bubu booh , who - hoo - ho - oo or who - ho - o-o , whoo - hoo - o-o , whoo ) and can either last for five to four syllables . One transliteration is You still up ? Me too . The call is resonant and has warranted descriptions as varied as `` solemn '' and `` terrifying '' . The female 's call is higher and rises in pitch at the end of the call . Female vocalizations are higher in pitch because of a smaller syrinx in the larger sex . Calling seems to peak after rather than before midnight . Usually , territorial hooting decreases in February or March at the onset of egg laying . On occasion , this species exhibits `` an indescribable assemblage of hoots , chuckles , screeches and squawks , given so rapidly and disconnectedly that the effect is both startling and amusing '' . Descriptions of some of these odd sounds including a growling krrooo - ooo note pair , a laughing Whar , whah , wha - a-a-a - ah , a high - pitched ank , ank , ank ; a weak , soft erk , erk , a cat - like meee - owwwwww , a hawk - like note of ke - yah , ke - yah and a nighthawk - like peent . These vocalizations may be variously uttered when the birds are disturbed and angered at the nest ( frequently preceding an attack on an interloping human or other animal ) , represent the vocal development of young owls , or are given during courtship and during territorial disputes with other owls . Young owls still in the care of their parents make loud , persistent hissing or loud , piercing screeching sounds that are often confused with the calls of the barn owl . Species identification ( edit ) Illustrated comparison of a great horned owl , left , to its closest North American cousin , the snowy owl The combination of the species ' bulk , prominent ear - tufts and barred plumage distinguishes it through much of the range , but it may be easily confused with the lesser or Magellanic horned owl ( B. magellanicus ) , which may overlap in range . The Magellanic horned owl was once considered a subspecies of the great horned , but is now almost universally considered a distinct species , as is supported by genetic materials , with the great horned being the paraspecies . Overall coloration is similar , but the Magellanic is markedly smaller with smaller feet and a smaller head , with finer but more numerous brownish bars on the underside , rather than the blotchy irregular barring typical of great horned owls . Other eagle - owls may superficially be somewhat similar , but the species is generically allopatric with the exception of wintering snowy owls . More tropical species with ear tufts , the stygian owl ( A. stygius ) and striped owl ( Pseudoscops clamator ) , are much smaller . Other large owls lack ear tufts Great horned owl perched on the top of a Joshua Tree in the Mojave desert California , USA Taxonomy ( edit ) The great horned owl is part of the genus Bubo , which may include as many as 25 other extant taxa , predominantly distributed throughout Africa . The great horned owl represents one of the one to two radiations of this genus across the Bering Land Bridge to the Americas . Whereas the Magellanic horned owl clearly divided once the owl had spread through the Americas , the consensus seems to be that the snowy owl and the great horned owl divided back in Eurasia and the snowy then spread back over the Arctic through northernmost North America separately from the radiation of the horned owl . It has been proposed that the great horned and Eurasian eagle owls may in fact be conspecifics , based on similarities in life history , geographic distribution and appearance . In one case , a zoo - kept male great horned owl and female Eurasian eagle owl produced an apparently healthy hybrid ( although a case of a hybrid between the only distantly related great grey owl hybridized with a great horned owl is also on record ) . Genetic testing indicates that the snowy , not the Eurasian eagle owl , is the most closely related living species . Pleistocene Era fossils have been found of Bubo owls in North America , which may either be distinct species or paleosubspecies , from as far east as Georgia but predominantly in the Rocky Mountains and to the west of them . Almost all fossils indicate these owls were larger than modern great horned owls . Subspecies ( edit ) Coastal great horned owl ( B. v. saturatus ) at Grouse Mountain ( Vancouver , BC ) South American great horned owl ( B. v. nacurutu ) with its notably dark eyes Northern great horned owl ( B. v. subarcticus ) in Manitoba Californian great horned owl ( B. v. pacificus ) stretching , Bernal Hill Park , San Francisco A large number of subspecies , more than 20 altogether , have been named . However , many of these are not true races and only examples of individual or clinal variation . Subspecies differences are mainly in color and size and generally follow Gloger 's and Bergmann 's Rules : The most conservative treatments of great horned owl races may describe as few as 10 subspecies , although an intermediate number is typical in most writings . Common / eastern great horned owl , Bubo virginianus virginianus ( Gmelin , 1788 ) Eastern United States eastwards from at least as far west as Minnesota to Texas ; northeastwards in distribution to southern Quebec , southern Ontario , Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island . Resident all - year . The race B. v. mesembrinus from Central America south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , may be merely a southerly leg of this race , as its coloring is almost exactly the same as virginianus , although with rather smaller body size . However , mesembrinus type owls are discontinuous in range , with only paler owls from pallescens and mayensis found in the in - between range before the northern virginianus reappears back up in South Texas . The `` nominate race '' is a medium - hued form , neither darkly saturated nor strikingly pale . Darker gray or somewhat paler individuals are known . It tends to be richly tinged with rufous and barred distinctly blackish - brown below with rather soft contrast . The feet can range from tawny to buff to creamy and are the legs are typically barred dark to a moderate extent . The facial disc is often a solid cinnamon - red color . This is mid-to - large race , with a wing chord length of 319 -- 371 mm ( 12.6 -- 14.6 in ) , averaging 339 mm ( 13.3 in ) , in males and 343 -- 388 mm ( 13.5 -- 15.3 in ) , averaging 362.8 mm ( 14.28 in ) , in females . Unexpectedly , although it is not the longest - winged , the nominate is the heaviest known race as males weigh from 985 to 1,588 g ( 2.172 to 3.501 lb ) , averaging 1,318 g ( 2.906 lb ) , and females weigh from 1,417 to 2,503 g ( 3.124 to 5.518 lb ) , averaging 1,768.5 g ( 3.899 lb ) ; the prior figures originally from a huge sample around Michigan . In comparison , B. v. subarcticus , though averaging longer in wing length averages somewhat less heavy . On the contrary , in Costa Rica , within the range of the possibly synonymous mesembrinus , great horned owls average approximately 1,000 g ( 2.2 lb ) , the lightest average mass reported anywhere for this species . Other standard measurements of this race are a tail length of 190 to 235 mm ( 7.5 to 9.3 in ) , a tarsus length of about 56 to 58 mm ( 2.2 to 2.3 in ) and a bill length of 35 to 50 mm ( 1.4 to 2.0 in ) . B. v. virginianus also tends to have relatively the longest ear tufts on any race . South American great horned owl , Bubo virginianus nacurutu ( Vieillot , 1817 ) A lowland form occurring in disjunct populations from eastern Colombia to the Guyanas ; also from Brazil and Uruguay south of the Amazon Basin to Bolivia , the Buenos Aires Province in northern Argentina and western Paraguay ; resident all - year . Includes the proposed subspecies scotinus , elutus , and deserti . The status of this form , especially the relationships between the scattered subpopulations and with ssp . nigrescens and the Magellanic horned owl , deserves more study . Dull , earthy brownish color is typical ; birds from the semiarid interior of Brazil often have much white on uppertail - and ear - coverts against a dull gray background ( sometimes separated as deserti ) . This race is less fuscous than nigrescens . It is the only subspecies where the iris is amber , not yellow . The Magellanic horned owl , while somewhat similar in coloring , has yellow eyes like other horned owls , not amber eyes . B. v. nacurutu is a medium - sized race , smaller than most in North America but not as small as some of the Mexican races . The wing chord length is 330 -- 354 mm ( 13.0 -- 13.9 in ) in males and 340 -- 376 mm ( 13.4 -- 14.8 in ) in females . The tail in both sexes can range from 184 to 217 mm ( 7.2 to 8.5 in ) . Only three birds have had published weights , two males scaling 1,011 and 1,132 g ( 2.229 and 2.496 lb ) and one female weighing 1,050 g ( 2.31 lb ) . The most notable feature of this race is its large bill , at 43 to 52 mm ( 1.7 to 2.0 in ) , which is the biggest of any horned owl race despite the otherwise moderate size of B. v. nacurutu . Northern / subarctic great horned owl , Bubo virginianus subarcticus ( Hoy , 1852 ) Breeding range from Mackenzie , British Columbia region east to the southern Hudson Bay ; southern limit unclear but at least reaches to Montana and North Dakota . Non-breeding birds are regularly found south to latitude 45 ° S , i.e. Wyoming or South Dakota , occasionally ranging beyond this limit especially in years with low prey in the north . This race includes the birds described as occidentalis ( based on a wintering individual , as was the original subarcticus ) and sclariventris . The older name wapacuthu was occasionally used for this subspecies , but it can not with certainty be assigned to a recognizable taxon and is thus considered a nomen dubium . The population described as algistus is probably based on wandering individuals and / or various intergrades of subarcticus with other races . This is the palest form of horned owl , with the ground color essentially whitish with a faint buff tinge above ; black underside barring variable from indistinct to pronounced , being most often prominent on the upper chest amongst otherwise pale plumage . This race shows no little to no reddish coloration . B. v. subarcticus shows a very high degree of clinal variation , ranging from in the Contiguous United States where owls are often medium - grayish and more heavily marked to the Subarctic zone in Canada where very pale birds with almost non-existent markings are prominent . Very pale birds are similar to a young female snowy owl from a distance . In this race , the feet range from immaculate white to buff , with little or no mottling . In the west of Canada , subarcticus may hybridize with the dark saturatus and may do the same with this similarly dark heterocnemis in the east . In both cases , they may produce intermediate looking hybrids of reddish tone , like a virginianus but with sharper contrasting of colors . This is one of the largest - bodied subspecies . The wing chord length is 323 -- 372 mm ( 12.7 -- 14.6 in ) , averaging 346.7 mm ( 13.65 in ) , in males and 339 -- 390 mm ( 13.3 -- 15.4 in ) , averaging 362.5 mm ( 14.27 in ) , in females . Body mass ranges from 865 to 1,460 g ( 1.907 to 3.219 lb ) , averaging 1,196.5 g ( 2.638 lb ) , in males and from 1,112 to 2,046 g ( 2.452 to 4.511 lb ) , averaging 1,556 g ( 3.430 lb ) , in females . Tail length is 200 to 225 mm ( 7.9 to 8.9 in ) and 220 to 240 mm ( 8.7 to 9.4 in ) in males and females , respectively . Bill length is 35 to 43 mm ( 1.4 to 1.7 in ) in both and one bird had a tarsus of 66 mm ( 2.6 in ) . Californian great horned owl , Bubo virginianus pacificus ( Cassin , 1854 ) Central and southern California west of the Sierra Nevada except San Joaquin Valley , south to Northwestern Baja California , Mexico . Intergrades with pallescens in San Diego County , California ( see also below ) . Resident all - year . Very rich brown , dark underside barring distinct but less pronounced than in saturatus but more pronounced than in pallescens . Humeral area is black . Feet are mottled dark . The facial disc is often even darkly mottled . This is a fairly small - bodied race , in fact including the lightest wild great horned owl adult ever weighed . The wing chord length is 305 -- 362 mm ( 12.0 -- 14.3 in ) , averaging 332.5 mm ( 13.09 in ) , in males and 335 -- 375 mm ( 13.2 -- 14.8 in ) , averaging 351.4 mm ( 13.83 in ) , in females . Body mass ranges from 680 to 1,272 g ( 1.499 to 2.804 lb ) , averaging 991.7 g ( 2.186 lb ) , in males and from 825 to 1,668 g ( 1.819 to 3.677 lb ) , averaging 1,312.7 g ( 2.894 lb ) , in females . Tail length is 175 to 218 mm ( 6.9 to 8.6 in ) and 203 to 230 mm ( 8.0 to 9.1 in ) in males and females , respectively . Bill length is 34 to 41 mm ( 1.3 to 1.6 in ) and one bird had a tarsus of 57 mm ( 2.2 in ) . Coastal great horned owl , Bubo virginianus saturatus ( Ridgway , 1877 ) Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska to northern California . Includes the previously described form of B. v. leucomelas . The often recognized race B. v. lagophonus , is often now considered a mere clinal variation of the same race from interior Alaska to Oregon , the Snake River , and northwestern Montana . These forms may be reported in winter as far south as Colorado and Texas , but these are in times of irruption . A dark and overall brownish form with heavily barred and mottled underside , with a dull tawny base . Inland birds ( lagophonus ) tend to have a more grayish base , the coastal owls being more richly brown . Otherwise , inland and coastal owls are practically the same . The facial disc can range from gray to reddish - gray to dark rufous . The feet are fairly dusky gray typically , although some buff - footed individuals are known , and legs are more prominently barred with black than in other North American races . This is a large race going on linear measurements , which in Alaskan owls outmatch those of all other races but for heterocnemis in Ontario ( which may itself be a discontinuous eastern wing of this race ) . The wing chord length is 330 -- 370 mm ( 13 -- 15 in ) , averaging 348.3 mm ( 13.71 in ) , in males and 339 -- 400 mm ( 13.3 -- 15.7 in ) , averaging 374.7 mm ( 14.75 in ) , in females . Tail length is 191 to 245 mm ( 7.5 to 9.6 in ) and 196 to 252 mm ( 7.7 to 9.9 in ) in males and females . In both sexes , known bill and tarsal lengths are 35 to 44 mm ( 1.4 to 1.7 in ) and 62 to 70 mm ( 2.4 to 2.8 in ) . No weights are known to have been published . North Andean great horned owl , Bubo virginianus nigrescens ( Berlepsch , 1884 ) Andes ; arid temperate and puna zones from Colombia to northwestern Peru . Resident all - year round . Presumably synonymous with the described columbianus . A dark , cold gray - brown form with heavy fuscous blotching . Arguably this is the darkest colored race on average , though it could be rivaled by individuals from saturatus and elachistus . This race has only minimally the rufous tinge seen in other darkish races , although some nigrescens may have a cinnamon facial disc . The largest winged race of owl in South America , this owl has a wing chord length of 345 -- 365 mm ( 13.6 -- 14.4 in ) in males and 350 -- 382 mm ( 13.8 -- 15.0 in ) in females . The tail in both sexes can range from 185 to 217 mm ( 7.3 to 8.5 in ) . Bill length is 40 to 50 mm ( 1.6 to 2.0 in ) , again relatively long as in nacurutu and one bird had a tarsal length of 80 mm ( 3.1 in ) , indicating relatively long legs in the race . No published weights are known . Apparently , despite its sizeable wing area , nigrescens is notably smaller overall when specimens are compared side - by - side with those from saturatus . Desert great horned owl , Bubo virginianus pallescens ( Stone , 1897 ) San Joaquin Valley southeastwards through arid regions of southeastern California and southern Utah eastwards to western Kansas and southwards to Guerrero and western Veracruz in Mexico ; intergrades with pacificus in San Diego County , if not elswhere ; vagrant individuals of saturatus and the Rocky Mountains population , which look similar to intergrades , also seem to occur in its range . Resident all - year . This race is likely synonymous with melanocercus . A pale dusky buff form with indistinct barring , especially on the underside . Darker individuals tend to have a deeper fulvous base to their upper sides . Humeral area is umber in color and the feathers of the feet are white and usually unmarked . A small race , it averages slightly larger in wing length than pacificus but weighs less on average . The wing chord length is 318 -- 367 mm ( 12.5 -- 14.4 in ) , averaging 337.2 mm ( 13.28 in ) , in males and 332 -- 381 mm ( 13.1 -- 15.0 in ) , averaging 348.9 mm ( 13.74 in ) , in females . Body mass ranges from 724 to 1,257 g ( 1.596 to 2.771 lb ) , averaging 914.2 g ( 2.015 lb ) , in males and from 801 to 1,550 g ( 1.766 to 3.417 lb ) , averaging 1,142.2 g ( 2.518 lb ) , in females . In both sexes , tail length is 190 to 235 mm ( 7.5 to 9.3 in ) and bill length is 33 to 43 mm ( 1.3 to 1.7 in ) . Yucatán great horned owl , Bubo virginianus mayensis ( Nelson , 1901 ) Endemic to the southern two - thirds of the Yucatán Peninsula . Resident all - year . A medium - pale form , fairly similar to pallescens in both hue and ventral markings . Going on linear measurements , B. v. mayensis is smaller than all North American horned owls , even the smallish pallescens , and is only slightly larger at median than the following race . This race has wing chord and tail lengths of 297 -- 340 mm ( 11.7 -- 13.4 in ) and 180 to 198 mm ( 7.1 to 7.8 in ) in males and 303 -- 357 mm ( 11.9 -- 14.1 in ) and 199 to 210 mm ( 7.8 to 8.3 in ) in females . In both sexes , the bill length is 39 to 41 mm ( 1.5 to 1.6 in ) and tarsal length is 54 to 65 mm ( 2.1 to 2.6 in ) . Baja California great horned owl , Bubo virginianus elachistus ( Brewster , 1902 ) Southern Baja California , Mexico . Resident all - year . Similar in color to pacificus but even darker and more heavily barred , like a miniaturized saturatus . It is considerably ( 5 -- 10 % ) smaller than pacificus linearly ; some size overlap does occur though . On average , it is the smallest known subspecies . Males have a wing chord length of 305 to 335 mm ( 12.0 to 13.2 in ) , tail length of 175 to 206 mm ( 6.9 to 8.1 in ) and bill length of 33 to 38 mm ( 1.3 to 1.5 in ) . A single female had a wing chord of 330 mm ( 13 in ) and tail of 211 mm ( 8.3 in ) . Northeastern great horned owl , Bubo virginianus heterocnemis ( Oberholser , 1904 ) Breeds in eastern Canada ( northern Quebec , Labrador , Newfoundland ) . It southern breeding range seems to be delineated by the Saint Lawrence River . In winter , this race may disperses southwards throughout Ontario to as far as the Northeastern United States . This subspecies may be synonymous with saturatus , although it is distributed far to the east of that race . B. v. heterocnemis is surrounded by the much paler subarcticus to its west and quite differently marked virginianus to its south , the latter two overlap and possibly hybridize in some of the northeast . A fairly dark and grey , heavily barred form . Feet pale with dusky mottling . Going on median reported linear measurements ( since body mass is unknown ) , this is the largest bodied subspecies on average . Males have a wing chord length of 350 to 365 mm ( 13.8 to 14.4 in ) and females range from 370 to 390 mm ( 15 to 15 in ) . In both sexes , the tail is 220 to 250 mm ( 8.7 to 9.8 in ) and the bill is 38 to 48 mm ( 1.5 to 1.9 in ) . Rocky Mountains great horned owl , Bubo virginianus pinorum ( Dickerman & Johnson , 2008 ) The Rocky Mountains population breeds south of the Snake River in Idaho south to Arizona , New Mexico , and the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas . Westwards , it is presumed to occur to the Modoc Plateau and Mono Lake of California . This race was included in the presumed subspecies occidentalis , but recently first described and named as distinct subspecies and make up the missing piece in the once muddled distribution of great horned owls in the West and Rockies . Downslope movements into valleys occupied by pallescens might occur , but this needs study . A medium gray form , intermediate in coloring between saturatus and pallescens . Moderately barred and tinged buff or ochraceous on the underside . Feet mottled . This is a largish race , wing chord lengths being inexplicably greater in males , at 350 to 397 mm ( 13.8 to 15.6 in ) , than in females , at 327 to 367 mm ( 12.9 to 14.4 in ) . Tail length can range from 190 to 233 mm ( 7.5 to 9.2 in ) and a female weighed 1,246 g ( 2.747 lb ) . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Close eyes The breeding habitat of the great horned owl extends high into the subarctic of North America , where they are found up to the northwestern and southern Mackenzie Mountains , Keewatin , Ontario , northern Manitoba , Fort Chimo in Ungava , Okak , Newfoundland and Labrador , Anticosti Island and Prince Edward Island . They are distributed throughout most of North and very spottily in Central America and then down into South America south to upland regions of Argentina , Bolivia and Peru , before they give way to the Magellanic horned owl , which thence ranges all the way to Tierra del Fuego , the southern tip of the continent . It is absent or rare from southern Guatemala , El Salvador , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica to Panama ( where only two records ) in Central America and the mangrove forests of northwestern South America . The species is also absent from the West Indies , the Queen Charlotte Islands and almost all off - shore islands in the Americas , its ability to colonize islands apparently being considerably less than those of barn owls and short - eared owls . Since the division into two species , the great horned owl is the second most widely distributed owl in the Americas , just after the barn owl . The great horned owl is among the world 's most adaptable owls or even bird species in terms of habitat . The great horned owl can take up residence in trees that border all manner of deciduous , coniferous , and mixed forests , tropical rainforests , pampas , prairie , mountainous areas , deserts , subarctic tundra , rocky coasts , mangrove swamp forests , and some urban areas . It is less common in the more extreme areas of the Americas . In the Mojave and Sonora Deserts , they are absent from the heart of the deserts and are only found on the vegetated or rocky fringes . Even in North America , they are rare in landscapes including more than 70 % old - growth forest , such as the aspen forest of the Rockies . They have only been recorded a handful of times in true rainforests such as the Amazon rainforest . In the Appalachian Mountains , they appear to use old - growth forest but in Arkansas are actually often found near temporary agricultural openings in the midst of large areas of woodland . Similarly in south - central Pennsylvania , the owls uses cropland and pasture more than deciduous and total forest cover , indicating preference for fragmented landscapes . In prairies , grasslands and deserts , they can successfully live year around as long as there are rocky canyon , steep gullies and / or wooded coulees with shade - giving trees to provide them shelter and nesting sites . In mountainous areas of North America , they are usually absent above the tree line , but great horned owls can be found up to 2,100 m ( 6,900 ft ) in California and 3,300 m ( 10,800 ft ) in the Rockies . In the Andean Mountains , on the other hand , they have adapted to being true montane species , often found at least 3,300 m ( 10,800 ft ) above sea level and are regularly recorded in treeless Puna grassland zones at 4,100 to 4,500 m ( 13,500 to 14,800 ft ) in Ecuador and Peru . They are generally rare in non-tidal wetland habitat , and are replaced in the high Arctic tundra by snowy owls . It prefers areas where open habitats , which it often hunts in , and woods , where it tends to roost and nest , are juxtaposed . Thus lightly populated rural regions can be ideal . This species can occasionally be found in urban or suburban areas . However , it seems to prefer areas with less human activity and is most likely to be found in park - like settings in such developed areas , unlike eastern and western screech owls ( Megascops asio & M. kennicottii ) which may regularly occur in busy suburban settings . On the contrary , though , one nest ( a large squirrel nest ) was reported in a tree in the middle of a college campus , under which no fewer than 3,000 - 4,000 people passed directly each day . All mated great horned owls are permanent residents of their territories , but unmated and younger birds move freely in search of company and a territory , and leave regions with little food in winter . Behavior ( edit ) Composite photo of great horned owl flight phases Great horned owls are typically sluggish and passive but aware during daytime . In most aspects of their behavior , great horned owls are typical of owls and most birds of prey . From experimentally raising young owls in captivity , Paul L. Errington felt that they were a bird of `` essentially low intelligence '' who could only hunt when partially wild and instinctually driven by hunger to hunt whatever they first encounter . He showed captive birds that were provided strips of meat from hatching , rather than having to hunt or to simulate hunting to obtain food , had no capacity to hunt . On the contrary , William J. Baerg compared his captive raised behaviorally great horned owls to parrots , which are famously intelligent birds , although not as often playful `` it knows its keeper and usually accepts whatever he wishes to do with a good deal of tolerance '' . Arthur C. Bent also noted the variability in temperaments of great horned owls to their handlers , some generally pleasant , though most are eventually aggressive . Most captive specimens , once mature , seem to resent attempts at contact and are often given to attacking their keepers . They will only follow cues when conditioned from an early age but rarely with the same level of success seen in some diurnal birds of prey trained for falconry or entertainment , although this does not necessarily correlate with intelligence as posited by Errington . Carl D. Marti also disagrees with Errington 's assessments , noting that their prey selection is not as `` completely random as Errington suggested '' ; while `` Great Horned Owls appeared to select their mammalian prey in general relation to the prey populations ... Cottontails , appeared to be selected as prey out of relation to their population status . '' Like most owls , the great horned owl makes great use of secrecy and stealth . Due to its natural - colored plumage , it is well camouflaged both while active at night and while roosting during the day . During the daytime it roosts usually in large trees ( including snags & large hollows but usually thick branches ) but may occasionally be in crevices or small caves in rocks or in dense shrubbery . Pine and other coniferous trees may be preferred where available since they are particularly dense and provide cover throughout the year . Typically , males have a favorite roosting site not far from the nest , sometimes used over successive years . While roosting , great horned owls may rest in the `` tall - thin '' position , where they sit as erect and hold themselves as slim as is possible . The kind of posture is well known as a further method of camouflage for other owls , like long - eared owls or great grey owls , especially if humans or other potential mammalian carnivores approach them . The Eurasian eagle owl rarely , if ever , assumes the tall - thin position . Outside of the nesting season , great horned owls may roost wherever their foraging path ends at dawn . Generally great horned owls are active at night , although in some areas may be active in the late afternoon or early morning . At dusk , the owl utters a few calls before flying to a more open sing - post , i.e. large bare branch or large rocks to deliver song . Normally several perches are used to mark occupied territory or to attract a female . Despite its camouflage and cryptic locations , this species can still sometimes be spotted on its daytime roosts , especially by American crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) . Since owls are , next to red - tailed hawks , perhaps the main predator of crows and their young , crows sometimes congregate from considerable distances to mob owls and caw angrily at them for hours on end . When the owls try to fly off to avoid this harassment , they are often followed by the corvids . Territoriality and movements ( edit ) Typically , great horned owls are highly sedentary , often capable of utilizing a single territory throughout their mature lives . Although some species such as snowy owls , northern saw - whet owls , long - eared and short - eared owls are true migrants , most North American owls are not migratory and will generally show fidelity to a single territory year around . In great horned owls , mated pairs occupy territories year - round and long - term . Territories are established and maintained through hooting , with highest activity before egg - laying and second peak in autumn when juveniles disperse , and can range from an average of 16 km ( 6.2 sq mi ) in Yukon to an average of 2.1 km ( 0.81 sq mi ) in Wyoming . Most territorial defense is performed by males , but females frequently assist their partners in hooting contests with neighbors or intruders , even during incubation . On occasion , although territory borders may be successfully maintained via vocalizations alone without even seeing the competing owl , such confrontations may turn physical , with various levels of threats distinguished . The highest threat level involves the spreading of wings , bill - clapping , hissing , higher - pitched screams of longer duration , with general body poised to strike with its feet at intruder . If the intruder continues to press the confrontation , the defending owl will `` hop '' forward and strike it with feet , attempting to grasp and rake with claws . Territoriality appears to place a limit on the number of breeding pairs in a given area . Individuals prevented from establishing a territory live a silent existence as `` floaters '' . Radio - telemetry revealed that such floaters concentrate along boundaries of established territories . At Kluane in Yukon , incursions into neighboring territories were observed only twice -- by females when neighboring female had died or emigrated , suggesting that territorial defense may be sex specific . At least four dead great horned owls in Kluane were apparently killed by others of their own species in territorial conflicts . Owls killed by other horned owls are sometimes cannibalized , although the origin of the killing may have been territorial aggression . Northern populations occasionally erupt south during times of food shortage , but there is no annual migration even at the northern limits of the great horned owl 's range . Hunting behavior ( edit ) Closeup of great horned owl toes and talons Hunting activity tends to peak between 8 : 30 pm and 12 : 00 am at night and then can pick back up from 4 : 30 am to sunrise . Hunting activity tends to be most prolonged during winter by virtue of prey being more scarce . Those owls seen hunting by day over the dazzling light of snowbound fields were probably motivated to do so by great hunger . However , apparently great horned owls can learn to target certain prey during daylight in the afternoon when it is more vulnerable , such as eastern fox squirrels ( Sciurus niger ) while they 're building their leaf nests and chuckawallas ( Sauromalus ater ) apparently caught lazily sunning themselves on desert rocks . Owls hunt mainly by watching from a snag , pole or other high perch . During hunting forays , they often fly about 50 to 100 m ( 160 to 330 ft ) from perch to perch , stopping to survey for food at each , until they sense a prey item below . From such vantage points , owls dive down to the ground , often with wings folded , to ambush their prey . Effective maximum hunting distance of an owl from an elevated perch is 90 m ( 300 ft ) . Due to their short but broad wings , great horned owls are ideally suited for low speed and maneuverability . Despite reports that they do not hunt on the wing , they also sometimes hunt by flying low over openings on the ground , scanning below for prey activity . Great horned owls can fly at speeds of more than 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) in level flight . Hunting flights are slow , often quartering low above the ground where prey is likely to occur in open country or open woodland . Brief hovering flight ( for about 6 -- 18 seconds ) have been described , especially in windy areas . On occasion owls may actually walk on the ground in pursuit of small prey or , rarely , inside a chicken coop to prey on the fowl within . Rodents and invertebrates may be caught on foot around the base of bushes , through grassy areas , and near culverts and other human structures in range and farm habitat . The great horned owl is generally a poor walker on the ground ; it walks like a starling , with a pronounced side - to - side gait . They have even been known to wade into shallow water for aquatic prey , although this has been only rarely reported . Owls can snatch birds and some arboreal mammals directly from tree branches in a glide as well . The stiff feathering of their wings allows owls to produce minimal sound in flight while hunting . Almost all prey are killed by crushing with the owl 's feet or by incidentally stabbing of the talons , often instantly , though some may be bitten about the face as well . Prey is swallowed whole when possible . When prey is swallowed whole , owls regurgitate pellets of bone and other non-digestible bits about 6 to 10 hours later , usually in the same location where the prey was consumed . Great horned owl pellets are dark gray or brown in color and very large , 7.6 to 10.2 cm ( 3.0 to 4.0 in ) long and 3.8 cm ( 1.5 in ) thick , and have been known to contain skulls up to 3 cm ( 1.2 in ) in width inside them . However , not all prey can be swallowed at once , and owls will also fly with prey to a perch and tear off pieces with their bill . Most dietary studies correctly focus on pellets found under perches and around nests , since they provide a more complete picture of the diversity of prey consumed , but prey remains outside of pellets may provide clues to prey excluded from the pellets and a combination of both is recommended . Many large prey items are dismembered . A signature method when dealing with large prey for the great horned owl is to behead the victims before it takes to its nest or eating perch . In a study conducted in Kansas , out of 28 kills , 60 % of prey items were found to have been decapitated . The legs may also be removed , as may ( in some bird prey ) the wings . The great horned owl will also crush the bones of its prey to make it more compact for carrying . On occasion , the owls may return to the kill site to continue eating if the prey is too heavy to fly with even after dismemberment . Many owls will accrue a cache of prey , especially those who are nesting . Caches must be at a safe location , usually the crotch of a tall tree . In northern regions , where large prey is prevalent , an owl may let uneaten food freeze and then thaw it out later using its own body heat . Occasionally , the cached food may become rotten and is disregarded , most especially in times of plenty . In one extraordinary case , 113 brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) carcasses were found around a single owl roost , and all of the rats were relatively intact except that their skull had been cleaved open and their brains had been removed . Hunting success seems to require fairly open understory , and experimental testing of microhabitat proved that open areas provided more hunting success on five species of rodent , with cloudy nights and denser bush foliage both decreasing success . Prey and trophic ecology ( edit ) Painting by Louis Agassiz Fuertes depicting a great horned owl with one of its primary prey species , a snowshoe hare Prey can vary greatly based on opportunity . According to one author , `` Almost any living creature that walks , crawls , flies , or swims , except the large mammals , is the great horned owl 's legitimate prey '' . In fact , the great horned owl has the most diverse prey profile of any raptor in the Americas . Although some other owls may contain more prey diversity in their nests like the northern pygmy owl ( Glaucidium gnoma ) and barred owl per individual studies , as well as some diurnal raptors , due to its wide distribution , habitat adaptability , indiscriminate hunting and great size and power , the great horned owl easily outmatches other American raptorial birds in overall prey diversity . All told , over 500 species have been identified as great horned owl prey , with dozens more identified only to genus or general type ( especially numerous invertebrates ) and presumably several more unknown from their relatively little - studied populations in the neotropics . Mammals ( more than 200 species ) and , considerably secondarily in general , birds ( nearly 300 species ) make up the majority of their diet . When summarized , their diet in North America is made up of 87.6 % mammals , 6.1 % birds , 1.6 % reptiles and amphibians with the remaining 4.7 % being made up by insects , other assorted invertebrates and fish . Estimated mass of individual prey for the owls has ranged from as little as 0.4 g ( 0.014 oz ) to as much as 6.8 kg ( 15 lb ) Estimated mean weight of prey items found at nests and routine perches in various studies has ranged from 22.9 g ( 0.81 oz ) in one study from Washington , where the primary prey was Perognathus , to 610.4 g ( 1.346 lb ) in the Upper Midwest , where the primary prey was Sylvilagus . West of the Rocky Mountains , the biometric mean prey is typically under 90 g ( 3.2 oz ) , i.e. 22.9 to 90 g ( 0.81 to 3.17 oz ) , i.e. in Washington , California and Idaho , and over 90 g ( 3.2 oz ) at most points to the east and north of the Rockies in North America . Most prey is the range of 4 g ( 0.14 oz ) ( shrews ) to 2,300 g ( 5.1 lb ) ( jackrabbits ) . A single owl requires about 50 to 100 g ( 1.8 to 3.5 oz ) of food per day and can subsist on a large kill over several days . Despite the great diversity of prey taken by these predators , in most of the Continental United States from the East to the Midwest as well as Canada and Alaska , great horned owls largely live off just a handful of prey species : three species of lagomorph : the eastern cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus ) , the snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ) and the black - tailed jackrabbit ( Lepus californicus ) ; two species of New World mice : the white - footed mouse and the North American deermouse ( Peromyscus leucopus & maniculatus ) , approximately three species of vole : the meadow , prairie and woodland voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus , ochrogaster & pinetorum ) and one introduced pest , the brown rat . Rodents ( edit ) A surprisingly large portion of the great horned owl 's food consists of small rodents , such as white - footed mice . Throughout the range , small rodents form the great majority of great horned owl prey by number . Weighing a mere 14 to 31.5 g ( 0.49 to 1.11 oz ) and 20 to 58 g ( 0.71 to 2.05 oz ) on average , the nine species of New World mice in Peromyscus and eight species voles in Microtus recorded in the diet would appear to be overly small to be as important as they are to a predatory bird of this size . The prominence of these genera is undoubtedly due to the abundance of both genera in the wooded edge habitats frequented by great horned owls . It is estimated that a family of owls with two offspring would need to take about a half dozen ( voles ) to a dozen ( mice ) of these rodents every night to satisfy their dietary requirements but apparently the accessibility and abundance of these foods is irresistible as their numeric dominance is indisputable . In 14 studies accumulated for comparison from across North America , Microtus and Peromyscus were each the most numerous prey in 5 of the studies ( together 10 out of 14 ) . By winter in areas that hold heavy snow , Peromyscus mice often come to outnumber the voles in the diet since the mice tend to travel over the surface of the snow while the voles make tunnels underneath the snow . Other owls , most notably the great grey owl , habitually crash into the surface of the snow to access voles in their tunnels , a habit only rarely recorded in great horned owls presumably due to its less refined hearing . Notably , the house mouse ( Mus musculus ) , of about as the same size as the Peromyscus ssp. , although taken readily when available , is a relatively minor aspect of the diet as they tend to live much closer to human development than the owls do . Brown rats , despite a similar association with humans and their habitat alterations , also occasionally settle along the fringes of farm fields and meadows and hold much more dietary significance than the house mouse , i.e. the rats were seven times more abundant in pellets from the Upper Midwest . In fact , a healthy family of great horned owls can decimate a colony of field rats , thus potentially performing a key role in controlling a highly destructive pest . In 2134 pellets collected from 17 counties in Pennsylvania , the brown rat was the most common prey species by number , making up to 24 % . Great horned owls living in the timbered fringes of garbage or refuse dumps may subsist mostly on rats . In the Rockies , California , the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico , the diversity of this species ' diet rises , in sync with the diversity of rodents . Especially important , from Colorado to Washington State is the northern pocket gopher ( Thomomys talpoides ) , although assorted other pocket gophers ( Geomys , Cratogeomys , Zygogeomys , Pappogeomys and other Thomomys ssp . ) are readily taken . While the northern weighs from 90 to 120 g ( 3.2 to 4.2 oz ) , other pocket gophers hunted average from 95 to 545 g ( 0.209 to 1.202 lb ) in mass . When hunting pocket gophers , as compared to the long - eared owl and barn owl , the great horned owl hunted the largest specimens available , while the other two mainly took smaller ( predominately younger ) gophers . From Washington to Baja California a very important food is the pocket mice , primarily the Great Basin pocket mouse ( Perognathus parvus ) . While the Great Basin species is a relative giant at 22 g ( 0.78 oz ) , other hunted pocket mice ( which may include both Perognathus and Chaetodipus ssp . ) can average nearly as light as 8 g ( 0.28 oz ) . In East Texas , the 159 g ( 5.6 oz ) hispid cotton rat ( Sigmodon hispidus ) is the most commonly recorded prey species . The same species constituted 75 % by number of a small sampling in Oklahoma . In semi-desert and other arid habitats , kangaroo rats become increasingly important prey , ten species have been reported in the diet but most prominently the Ord 's and Merriam 's kangaroo rats ( Dipodomys ordii & merriami ) , both being widespread , numerous and relatively diminutive ( at 42 and 48 g ( 1.5 and 1.7 oz ) . Eight known larger species of kangaroo rats , including the giant kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ingens ) averaging at 152 g ( 5.4 oz ) , are also taken . The squirrels , including ground squirrels , marmots ( Marmota ) , prairie dogs ( Cynomys ) , chipmunks and tree squirrels , are diurnal and so are largely unavailable to great horned owls as prey . Occasionally though , one will be caught from their leaf nest , nest hole or burrow entrance first thing in the morning or in the late afternoon and , amazingly , approximately 35 species have been successfully predated by these owls . In general larger sized than other rodent families , the species hunting range from the 62 g ( 2.2 oz ) gray - collared chipmunk ( Tamias cinereicollis ) to the 5,775 g ( 12.732 lb ) hoary marmot ( Marmota caligata ) ; thus , squirrels can be provide a very fulfilling meal . An even larger rodent is sometimes attacked as prey by great horned owls , the North American porcupine ( Erethizon dorsatum ) , in which average adults range from 4,500 to 9,000 g ( 9.9 to 19.8 lb ) . This has been determined from owls who have porcupine quills imbedded in them , sometimes resulting in death . On occasion , they are successful in killing porcupine , even adults as determined by the size of the quills left behind and prey remains at bloodied kill sites . Other rodents recorded as secondary prey in North America include flying squirrels ( Glaucomys ssp . ) , the golden mouse ( Ochrotomys nuttalli ) , red - backed voles & bog lemmings ( Myodes & Synaptomys ssp . ) , the muskrat ( Ondatra zibethicus ) , the northern grasshopper mouse ( Onychomys leucogaster ) , the northern pygmy mouse ( Baiomys taylori ) and jumping mice ( Zapus & Napaeozapus ssp . ) . Lagomorphs ( edit ) Black - tailed jackrabbits are an important food source for western great horned owls . Although generally no match for rodents in sheer quantity of individuals , in terms of prey biomass , the most significant prey of North American great horned owls are hares and rabbits . Altogether , about a dozen lagomorphs species are known to be hunted by the owl , from the relatively tiny 420 g ( 0.93 lb ) pygmy rabbit to several hares weighing more than 2,000 g ( 4.4 lb ) . Two hare species , the black - tailed jackrabbit and snowshoe hare , are so important to the owls as a food source that the local owl populations sharply rise and fall in sync with the hares ' cyclical population trends . With adult weights of 800 to 1,900 g ( 1.8 to 4.2 lb ) in adult cottontails , 900 to 2,000 g ( 2.0 to 4.4 lb ) in snowshoe hares and 1,400 to 2,700 g ( 3.1 to 6.0 lb ) in black - tailed jackrabbits , these species are overall the largest regular prey for this species . In Utah , where great horned owls are dependent on the jackrabbits , average brood size rose from 2 at jackrabbit population lows to 3.3 when the jackrabbits were at their peak . At the peak of population cycle , jackrabbits accounted for 90.2 % and desert cottontails ( Sylvilagus audubonii ) for another 8.7 % of prey biomass . In the short - grass prairie of Colorado , mountain cottontail ( Sylvilagus nuttallii ) and black - tailed jackrabbits predominated in October to December , making up 42.9 % by number ( and nearly all the biomass ) , thence dropping to 9.3 % by number in April , while voles rose to 32.2 % peak in May , down to a minimum of 10.2 % by number in June . Further north in Colorado , in the absence of jackrabbits , the mountain cottontails falls to third place by number ( 12.9 % ) behind the northern pocket gopher ( 36.5 % ) and prairie vole ( 24.7 % ) but still dominates the biomass , making up about half . In central Utah , the lagomorphs ( black - tailed jackrabbit / desert cottontail ) and Ord 's kangaroo rat each made up 39 % of the food by number , respectively . The mountain cottontail dominates the biomass of prey in the Sierran foothills of California , making up 61.1 % of the biomass , although are numerically secondary to desert woodrat . Remarkably , in the Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area of Idaho , individual rodents ( 1159 counted ) were more than 10 times more numerous than lagomorphs ( 114 counted ) by quantity and yet the jackrabbit and mountain cottontail still made up approximately half of the biomass . The dependence on lagomorphs also extends into Mexico , as in Baja California about a quarter of identified prey was black - tailed jackrabbit and either desert or the larger Mexican cottontail ( Sylvilagus cunicularius ) . In the northern boreal forest , great horned owls are even more dependent on the snowshoe hare . At the peak of the 10 year hare cycle , snowshoe hares were by far the largest component of both summer and winter diets ( 77 -- 81 % and 90 -- 99 % , respectively , in Alberta ; 83 -- 86 % and 75 -- 98 % , respectively , in Yukon ) . At the lowest point of the hare 's cycle , summer diets consisted of only 0 -- 16 % snowshoe hare in Alberta and 12.7 % in Yukon . When hares were scarce , great horned owls in these regions fed mostly on large rodents , mice and voles , grouse and ducks . Because fewer of these alternative prey species are available in boreal forest during winter , owls had to emigrate or suffer high mortalities if they stayed . In Alberta , the local population of great horned owls can increase threefold from hare population lows to peaks . The dependency on the snowshoe hare by the great horned owl extends into Alaska as well . Other mammals ( edit ) Other mammals are taken readily as well . From both the tropics and the United States , several species of opossum may be taken , down to the size of the tiny dwarf fat - tailed mouse opossum ( Thylamys velutinus ) . In Brazil , white - eared opossum ( Didelphis albiventris ) were found in 12 % of pellets , but all specimens appeared to be juveniles each weighing about 1,000 g ( 2.2 lb ) . Quite differently , in Pennsylvania , Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginianus ) made up 6 % by number of prey but due to their large size ( approximately 2,500 g ( 5.5 lb ) ) and that all specimens were adults , they occupied the highest percentage of biomass of any species in a wide study from that state . At least eight species of shrews are taken by opportunity and make up the smallest mammalian prey taken by great horned owls , as specimens of least shrew ( Cryptotis parva ) or masked shrew ( Sorex cinereus ) have had an estimated weight of only 2 g ( 0.071 oz ) . One of the more regularly taken shrews , though , is the larger 19.5 g ( 0.69 oz ) northern short - tailed shrew ( Blarina brevicauda ) , which was represented in more than 2 % of pellets in the Upper Midwest . Moles , of at least four or five species , are also widely but lightly reported as prey . Remnants of armadillo , presumably nine - banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ) , have been found around owl nests in the south . 11 species of bat are known to be hunted by great horned owls . One pellet in Texas was found to be composed entirely of Mexican free - tailed bats ( Tadarida brasiliensis ) . Smaller species of mammalian carnivore , such as ringtail ( Bassariscus astutus ) , American mink ( Neovison vison ) , black - footed ferret ( Mustela nigripes ) and various other small weasels ( Mustela ssp . ) , are sometimes taken as prey . Prey in the form of canids , like foxes or coyotes ( Canis latrans ) are often juveniles presumably snatched from the mouths of dens by night . Kit and swift foxes of up to adult size may taken . Surprisingly , at least two cases of a great horned owl preying on an adult raccoon ( Procyon lotor ) have been reported . One instance of an owl taking a bobcat ( Lynx rufus ) as prey was also reportedly observed . In one case , a great horned owl was the likely killer of an adult female fisher ( Martes pennanti ) , though young ones are typically taken . Occasionally , domestic carnivores are also prey . A few cases of young or small dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris ) and several of juvenile and adult cats ( Felis silvestris catus ) being killed by great horned owls have been reported . The most infamous predatory association amongst relatively larger carnivores is that with skunks . Due to their poor sense of smell , great horned owls are the only predators to routinely attack these bold mammals with impunity . All six skunk species found in North America are reported as prey , including adult striped skunks ( Mephitis mephitis ) , which is some case at least three times as heavy as the attacking owl . In one single nest , the remains of 57 different striped skunks were found . Due to the proclivity of skunk predation , great horned owls nests frequently smell strongly of skunk and occasionally will even stink so powerfully of skunk that they leave the smell at kill sites or on prey remains . Birds ( edit ) American coots are often a favored food source for great horned owls living near wetlands . After mammals , birds rank as the next most important general prey group . Birds are usually considerably secondary in the diet but outnumber the mammals in the diet by diversity , as more than 250 species have been killed in North America alone . Statistically , the most significant avian prey seems to be galliforms , of which they are known to have preyed on 23 species , basically consisting of all of the native species found in the United States . In the Upper Midwest , the ring - necked pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus ) and northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus ) were the fifth and sixth ( out of 124 identified species ) most significant prey species in 4838 pellets . Errington characterized the predatory pressure exerted on bobwhites by great horned owls as `` light but continuous pressure '' , which may be considered characteristic of the species ' hunting of all galliforms . Usually coveys of quail are partially protected by spending the night roosting communally in dense thickets but should a hunting owl be able to track down the communal roost , losses can be fairly heavy until the roost relocates . Similarly , owls may track down sleeping grouse , which also roost in vegetation but more openly than quail . Some grouse , such as greater prairie chicken ( Tympanuchus cupido ) , sharp - tailed grouse ( Tympanuchus phasianellus ) and greater sage - grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus ) , may also been vulnerable to great horned owls while displaying conspicuously in openings on a lek first thing in the morning . In the boreal forest , especially in years where the snowshoe hare experiences population decreases , great horned owls prey fairly heavily ( approximately 25 % of biomass ) on ruffed grouse ( Bonasa umbellus ) and spruce grouse ( Falcipennis canadensis ) , enough so in the earlier bird to possibly contribute to population reductions . Larger species of galliform are not immune to predation either . On Protection Island in Washington State , introduced common peafowl ( Pavo cristatus ) are an important prey item . The wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) , 4 to 8 kg ( 8.8 to 17.6 lb ) on average between the sexes , is probably the largest bird the great horned owl hunts in which they kill adults . Both full - grown wild turkeys and adult domestic turkeys have been hunted and killed . Under normal circumstances , domestic chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) will be ignored in favor of wild prey . On occasion , individual owls , especially inexperienced juveniles , will become habitual fowl killers . These errant owls mainly hunt chickens , though will also take domestic guineafowl , turkeys and anything else available . In general , chickens kept in locked cages with enclosed tops overnight are safe from great horned owls ; not so chickens left free range or in open enclosures . While galliforms are widely reported , the few cases where great horned owls locally turn to birds as the primary food source over mammals , these may often be local responses to the abundance of breeding water birds or concentrations of roosting water birds , since they tend to roost in relatively open spots . They have been known to predate more than 110 different species of assorted water bird . In prairie wetlands of North Dakota , avian prey , primarily represented by ducks and the American coot ( Fulica americana ) came to represent 65 % by number and 83 % by biomass of the diet of the local owls , also including secondarily grebes , smaller rails and shorebirds as well as upland - based species like grey partridge ( Perdix perdix ) , sharp - tailed grouse and passerines. 77 % of the ducks in that study were juveniles , the largest duck being a male mallard ( Anas platyrhnychos ) weighing approximately 1,250 g ( 2.76 lb ) , but nearly all the coots were adults . On Protection Island , Washington , where they are no native land mammals , rhinoceros auklets ( Cerorhinca monocerata ) , both adults and nestlings , were the most numerous prey , present in 93 % of 120 pellets . Species as large as adult Canada geese , snow goose and great blue herons have been successfully killed . The nestlings of even larger species like trumpeter swans ( Cygnus buccinator ) , American white pelicans ( Pelecanus eryhtrorhynchos ) , brown pelicans ( Pelecanus occidentalis ) and sandhill cranes ( Grus canadensis ) have also been killed by these owls . Other assorted birds are taken seemingly at random opportunity . The predatory effect of this species on other raptorial birds , which is often considerable , is explored in the following section . In Brazil , it was found in a small study that birds overall outnumbered mammals in pellets , although most were not determined to species and the ones that were shown a tremendously diverse assemblage of birds with no obvious dietary preference . Although not usually numerically significant , 86 species of passerine have been taken by great horned owls . Members from most North American families are known as prey , although among smaller types such as chickadees , warblers , sparrows , cardinals , wrens and most tyrant flycatchers only a few species from each have been recorded . Nonetheless , an occasionally unlucky migrant or local breeder is sometimes snatched . Fledgling songbirds are regularly taken in spring and summer . The smallest avian prey known for great horned owls are the 5.8 g ( 0.20 oz ) blue - gray gnatcatcher ( Polioptila caerulea ) and the 6.2 g ( 0.22 oz ) ruby - crowned kinglet ( Regulus calendula ) . Somewhat larger bodied families are more prominent , i.e. the corvids ( 14 species ) and icterids ( 14 species ) and , secondarily , the kingbirds ( Tyrannus ssp . ) , thrushes , mimids and European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) . This is likely due to the fact that the larger passerines usually roost in relatively open spots and have larger , more conspicuous nests . Crows and ravens tend to be grabbed off of their communal roosts by night . Other prey ( edit ) The great horned owl rarely misses an opportunity to hunt reptiles and amphibians . However , lizards are largely unavailable as prey due to their typically diurnal periods of activity . On the other hand , some snakes are partially or largely nocturnal , and more than a dozen species are hunted in North America . Snakes hunted range from small , innocuous garter snakes ( Thamnophis ssp . ) and night snakes ( Hypsiglena torquata ) to venomous species like cottonmouths ( Agkistrodon piscivorus ) and prairie rattlesnakes ( Crotalus virdis ) and formidable , large species like common king snakes ( Lampropeltis getula ) and black rat snakes ( Pantherophis obsoletus ) , which in mature specimens can rival the owl in mass and sheer predatory power . The capture of the hatchlings of very large reptiles such as loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) and American alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis ) by great horned owls has been reported , in both cases likely when the baby reptiles are attempting to make their way to the security of water . On rare occasion , salamanders , frogs and toads are reported as prey . The highest frequency reported was the report of Leptodactylus frogs in 18 % of 85 pellets from Brazil . On rare occasions , fish are taken including goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) , bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) , bullheads ( Ameiurus ssp . ) , other catfish , suckers , sunfish , eels and dace and chub . Many types of invertebrates are recorded as prey . These include mainly insects , but also crayfish , crabs , spiders , scorpions and worms . The occasionally invertebrate prey taken largely consists of common , large insects such as various beetles , crickets , grasshoppers , water bugs and katydids , some of which the great horned owl has even reportedly caught via `` hawking '' , i.e. swooping at on the wing . One owl 's stomach in California included at least 43 Jerusalem crickets ( Stenopelmatus fuscus ) . In some cases , the content of insects in great horned owl pellets may actually be due to the owls eating other birds which have freshly eaten insects in their own stomachs . It is commonly believed that routine insectivory in great horned owls is mainly restricted to inexperienced young owls too unskilled to graduate to larger prey yet . It is clearly inefficient for owls of this size to attempt to raise young on a diet of foods as small as insects . Although rare , carrion - feeding has been recorded in great horned owls , especially ones wintering in Canada and other northern areas during harsh weather . Road kills are sometimes opportunistically eaten . A case of an owl scavenging a white - tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) carcass , ultimately tearing off the deer 's leg , was captured on a motion capture video camera set out to film wildlife . Interspecific predatory relationships ( edit ) An immature red - tailed hawk eats a vole , one of the many prey items that feed both the competing hawks and great horned owls . Due to their very broad dietary habits , the great horned owls share their prey with many other predators , including avian , mammalian and reptilian ones . Almost every study comparing the diets of North American owls illustrates the considerable overlap in the dietary selection of these species , as all species , besides the primarily insectivorous varieties , rely on many of the same small rodent species for most of their diet , extending from the small northern saw - whet owl and eastern screech owl to the great horned and great grey owls . In a long - term study of a block of Michigan , all nine species of accipitrid , falcon and owl that stayed to breed there were found to be primarily dependent on the same two rodent genera , the meadow vole and the two common Peromyscus species . In the Great Basin , the owls share black - tailed jackrabbit and desert cottontail as the primary prey with golden eagles , red - tailed hawks and ferruginous hawks ( Buteo regalis ) ; all four species had diets with more than 90 % of the biomass is made up of those lagomorphs . Of these , the great horned owl and golden eagle were able to nest most closely to one another because they had the most strongly dissimilar periods of activity . In California , when compared to the local red - tailed hawks and western diamondback rattlesnakes ( Crotalus atrox ) , the diets were most similar in that by number about 15 - 20 % of all three species ' diets depended on cottontails , but the largest portion was made up of ground squirrels in the hawk and the rattlesnake and desert woodrats and other assorted rodents in the great horned owl . In the boreal forests , the great horned owl 's prolificacy as a snowshoe hare hunter places it second only to the Canada lynx ( Lynx canadensis ) among all predators . Although locally dependent on the hares as their main food , northern goshawk ( Accipiter gentilis ) , red - tailed hawks and golden eagles apparently do not have as large of an impact on the hares . Nor do mammalian carnivore generalists that also kill many hares , like the fisher , bobcat , wolverine ( Gulo gulo ) , coyote and larger varieties ( i.e. wolves ( Canis lupus ) , cougars ( Puma concolor ) and bears ( Ursus ssp . ) ) . The relationship between great horned owls and other raptorial birds in its range is usually decidedly one - sided . While certain species , such as the red - tailed hawk and northern goshawk , might be seen as potential competition for the owls , most others seem to be regarded merely as prey by great horned owls . The great horned owl is both the most prolific and diverse predator in America of other birds of prey , with other accomplished raptor - hunters such as the goshawk and the golden eagle being more restricted in range , habitat and number in North America and thus having a more minor impact . 21 out of 22 accipitrids , 16 out of 18 owls , 6 out of 7 falcons and 1 out of 3 New World vultures found north of the border to Mexico are known to fall prey to great horned owls . This is not to say that raptors ever comprise a significant portion in any known study of this owl 's diet but predation can be seriously detrimental for such prey , as raptors tend to be territorial and sparsely distributed as a rule and thus can be effectively decimated by a small number of losses . In the gray hawk ( Buteo plagiatus ) , for example , in a study of one breeding block of Arizona , the owls were observed to visit nests nightly until all the nestlings were gone . Raptorial birds in general tend to have large , conspicuous nests which may make them easier for a hunting owl to locate . The great horned owl gains an advantage by nesting earlier than any other raptor in its range ( indeed any bird ) , as it is able to exploit the other raptors as food while in a more vulnerable state as their own nestlings have become well developed . On average , great horned owls begin nesting about three weeks before red - tailed hawks begin to build nests , although some raptors may locally breed as much as two months after the owls . More so than diurnal varieties of raptor , fairly significant numbers of owls are hunted , as all species are to some extent nocturnal and thus their corresponding activity can attract the horned owl 's unwanted attention . The extent of predation on other owls depends on the habitat preferences of the other species . Eastern and western screech owls may be most vulnerable since they prefer similar wooded edge habitat . In a block of Wisconsin , great horned owls were responsible for the failure of 78 % of eastern screech owl 's nests . Long - eared owls and , to a lesser extent , barn owls tend to hunt in open , sparsely treed habitats more so than great horned owls , but since they may return to wooded spots for nesting purposes , they may be more vulnerable there . The long - eared owl and barn owls are often compared to the great horned owl as these medium - sized species often occur in abutting habitats and often hunt primarily the same vole and mice species , although the alternate prey of the great horned tends to be much larger , including the smaller owls themselves . In a pair of studies from Colorado , the average weight of prey for long - eared owls was 28 to 30 g ( 0.99 to 1.06 oz ) , 46 to 57.1 g ( 1.62 to 2.01 oz ) for barn owl and 177 to 220 g ( 6.2 to 7.8 oz ) for the great horned owl . Both young and adult great grey owls , despite their superficially superior size , are apparently hunted with impunity by great horned owls . In the boreal forests , both the northern hawk owl and great grey owl appear to be in greater danger of great horned owl predation in years where the snowshoe hare have low populations . Great horned owls were the leading cause of mortality in juvenile spotted owls ( 30 % of losses ) and juvenile great grey owls ( 65 % of losses ) . Less is known about relations with the snowy owl , which may compete with great horned owls for food while invading south for the winter . Anecdotally , both snowy and great horned owls have rarely been reported to dominate or even kill one another depending on the size and disposition of the individual owls , although the snowy 's preference for more open areas again acts as something of a buffer . The snowy may be the one North American owl too formidable for the great horned owl to consider as prey . Whereas owls of any age are freely attacked by great horned owls whether nesting or not , when it comes to diurnal raptors , great horned owls are mainly a danger around the nest . They are often hunt diurnal raptors when they come across their often relatively conspicuous active platform nests during hunting forays in spring and summer , taking numbers of both nestlings and brooding adults . Again , like owls , diurnal raptors are attacked depending on the relative similarity of their habitat preferences to the owl . Cooper 's hawks ( Accipiter cooperii ) and red - tailed hawks tend to be most vulnerable , as they prefer the same wooded edges frequented by great horned owls . Other diurnal raptors may be attracted to more enclosed wooded areas , such as sharp - shinned hawks ( Accipiter striatus ) or zone - tailed hawks ( Buteo albonotatus ) , or more open plain and meadow areas , such as hen harriers ( Circus cyaneus ) and ferruginous hawks , but this is almost never a total insurance against predation as all of these are recorded prey . In a study of red - shouldered hawks ( Buteo lineatus ) and broad - winged hawk ( Buteo brachyurus ) s breeding in New York , despite their nesting in deeper woods than those that host these owls , the main cause of nest failure was great horned owl predation . Similarly , the great horned owl was the primary cause of nesting failure for both desert - dwelling Harris 's hawks ( Parabuteo unicinctus ) and forest - dwelling northern goshawk in Arizona ( 39 % and 40 % of failures , respectively ) , wetland - inhabiting osprey ( Pandion haliaetus ) in Delaware ( 21 % of failures ) and peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus ) in the Western United States ( 27 % of failures ) . The fact that many of the nests great horned owls use are constructed by accipitrids may lead to localized conflicts , almost always to the detriment of the hawks rather than the owls . While the young of larger diurnal raptors are typically stolen in the night , great horned owls also readily kill large adult raptors both in and out of breeding seasons , including osprey , northern goshawk and rough - legged buzzard . Great horned owls are frequently mobbed by other birds . Most accipitrids will readily mob them , as will falcons . Hen harriers , northern goshawks , Cooper 's hawks , Harris 's hawks , red - tailed hawks , Swainson 's hawks , ferruginous hawks , red - shouldered hawks , American kestrels , peregrine falcons , prairie falcons ( Falco mexicanus ) and common ravens ( Corvus corax ) are among the reported species who have been recorded diving on great horned owls when they discover them . In Arizona and Texas , they may be mobbed by Mexican and western scrub jays ( Aphelocoma wollweberi & californica ) and western and Cassin 's kingbirds ( Tyrannus verticalis & vociferans ) . The most infamous nemesis of this owl , however , is the American crow , who seems to regard it with great scorn . Several incidences have been recorded of dozens or even hundreds of crows appearing to mob a great horned owl . Such daytime flights normally cover short distances ; if the owl flies , it alights to the nearest secluded spot to escape its tormentors . If an owl alights on ground or on exposed branch or ledge , it may respond to swooping and stooping flights of corvids and raptors with threat display and raising of its wings . Reproduction ( edit ) Nestlings of the Rocky Mountains great horned owl ( B. v. pinorum ) in New Mexico Juveniles ( B. v. saturatus ) near Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge , Oregon , United States Great horned owls are some of the earliest - breeding birds in North America , seemingly in part because of the lengthy nightfall at this time of year and additionally the competitive advantage it gives the owl over other raptors . In most of North America , courtship is from October to December and mates are chosen by December to January . This species is strictly monogamous . Despite efforts to find examples of polygamy in an owl population , no such instances were detected . In a 293 km ( 113 sq mi ) area south of Bowling Green , Ohio , there were 37 males and 29 females , determined by their pitch of voice ; all 8 lone individuals were males . During courtship in late fall or early winter , the male attracts the attention of his mate by hooting emphatically while leaning over ( with the tail folded or cocked ) and puffing up his white throat to look like a ball . The white throat may serve as a visual stimuli in the low light conditions typical of when this owl courts . He often flies up and down on a perch , while approaching the potential mate . Eventually , he comes to approach the female and tries to rub his bill against hers while repeatedly bowing . If receptive , the female hoots back when the pair meet but is more subdued in both her hoot and display . The male may convince the female by bringing her freshly caught prey , which they will then share . While males often hoot emphatically for about a month or six weeks towards the end of the year , the period where females also hoot is usually only a week to ten days . Pairs typically breed together year after year and may mate for life , although they associate with each other more loosely when their young become mostly independent . Pairs rekindling their reproductive relationship in the winter may perform a milder courtship to strengthen pair bonds before producing young . Males select nesting sites and bring the females ' attention to them by flying to them and then stomping on them . Nests with open access , considering this birds large size , as opposed to enclosed with surrounding branches , are preferred . Like all owls , great horned owls do not build their own nest . They nest in a wider variety of nest sites than any other North American bird . Many nests are in cavernous hollows of dead trees or their branches , especially in southern states in large trees along the edge of old - growth lots . Hollows are more widely and commonly reported to be used by other North American owls , including long - eared owl , eastern screech owls , barn owls , and long - eared owls , all of which can obviously be accommodated by smaller hollows . In mountainous or hilly areas , especially in canyons of the southwest and Rocky Mountains , cliff ledges , small caves , and other sheltered depressions may be used . In Eurasia , Eurasian eagle owls use such sites much more widely and regularly . Owls living in prairie country , in the absence of other animals ' nests , riparian trees or non-native trees or the bare ground of tree hollows or man - made structures , will use boulders , buttes , railroad cuts , low bushes and even the bare ground as nest sites . Ground nests have also been recorded in the midst of tall grasses in Florida and in the midsts of brushy spots on the desert ground . Even the burrow entrances of American badger and coyote dens have reportedly been used as nests , in spite of the inherent risk of sharing space with such potentially dangerous co-inhabitants . A brooding female great horned owl ( B. v. virginianus ) on her nest in Louisiana Now , most tree nests used by great horned owls are those constructed by other animals , often from a height of about 4.5 to 22 m ( 15 to 72 ft ) off the ground . They often take over a nest used by some other large bird , sometimes adding feathers to line the nest but usually not much more . Allegedly there have some cases where the owls have reinforced a nest structure or appeared to have reconstructed a nest , but as a rule no owl species has ever been known to actually build a nest . Great horned owls in the southwest may also use nests in cacti , built by Harris 's hawk and red - tailed hawk , as well as large hollows in cacti . The nests they use are often made by most larger types of acciptrids , from species as small as Cooper 's hawks to bald eagle and golden eagle , though perhaps most often those of red - tailed hawks and other buteonines . Secondly in popularity are crow and raven ( Corvus ssp . ) nests . Even Canada goose , black - crowned night heron ( Nycticorax nycticorax ) and great blue heron nests have been used , the latter sometimes right in the midst of an active heronry . The leaf nests of squirrels are also regularly used but in general great horned owls are partial to stick nests since they provide a much firmer , safer foundation . The stage at which eggs are laid is variable across North America . In Southern Florida , eggs may be laid as early as late November to as late as early January , the earliest laying known in North America . In the southeast , from south Texas to Georgia , egg laying may begin from late December to early February . From Southern California to northern Louisiana , egg laying is from early February to late March . The largest swath of egg - laying owls from central California to South Carolina to as far north as Ohio and Massachusetts is from late February to early April . In the Rocky Mountains , Northwestern United States , northern New England and eastern Canada , egg laying is from early March to late April . In the rest of Canada and Alaska , egg laying may be from late March to early May . The latest known date of egg laying was in mid-June in Saskatchewan and the Yukon Territory . In northwestern Utah and north - central Alberta , egg - laying can be 3 -- 4 weeks earlier than usual when food is abundant and weather is favorable . For owls found in more tropical climates , the dates of the breeding season are somewhat undefined . There are usually 2 eggs per clutch , but clutches range in size from 1 to 6 eggs ( over 3 is uncommon , over 4 is very rare ) , depending on environmental conditions . The average egg width is 46.5 mm ( 1.83 in ) , the average length is 55 mm ( 2.2 in ) and the average weight is 51 g ( 1.8 oz ) , although mass could be slightly higher elsewhere because this figure is from Los Angeles County , CA where the owls are relatively small . The incubation period ranges from 28 to 37 days , averaging 33 days . The female alone usually does all the incubation and rarely moves from the nest , while the male owl captures food and brings it to her , with the first nightly food delivery typically occurring soon after dark . The young weigh around 34.7 g ( 1.22 oz ) at birth on average and can gain an average of about 33.3 g ( 1.17 oz ) a day for the first four weeks of life , with typical weights in the range of 800 or 1,000 g ( 1.8 or 2.2 lb ) by 25 -- 29 days for males and females , respectively . When first hatched the young are covered in whitish gray down , with some brownish about the wings . Gradually the soft juvenal downy plumage comes through the down , being typically a cinnamon - buff color , but with variable hues predicting the eventual color of the mature owls . The extent of down gradually diminishes , developing mature - looking plumage by late summer , although many first year birds still have scattered bits of down into autumn . By late autumn , first - year birds look similar to adults but with a slightly warmer , reddish tinge , less well developed ear tufts and a smaller white throat patch . The nestling owls develop mostly in behavior between two weeks and two months of age , in which time they adapt the ability to defend themselves , grasp foods and climb . Vocally , the young are able to exert weak chips while still in the egg , developing into a raspy chirp shortly after hatching . The calls of the young increase rapidly in intensity , pitch and character , some juvenile males mimicking their father 's hooting in fall but usually they conclude with various odd gurgling notes . The earliest competent hooting by juvenile owls is not until January . Young owls move onto nearby branches at 6 weeks and start to fly about a week later . However , the young are not usually competent fliers until they are about 10 to 12 weeks old . The age at which the young leave the nest is variable based on the abundance of food . The young birds stay in an area ranging from 13.1 to 52 ha from the nest into fall , but will usually disperse up to several thousand hectares by the end of fall . The offspring have been seen still begging for food in late October ( 5 months after leaving the nest ) and most do not fully leave their parents territory until right before the parents start to reproduce for the next clutch ( usually December to January ) . Birds may not breed for another year or two , and are often vagrants ( `` floaters '' ) until they establish their own territories . Based on the development of the bursa , great horned owls reach sexual maturity at two years of age . Great horned owls ( B. v. virginianus ) in nest near Madison , Wisconsin Mortality and longevity ( edit ) Longevity and Natural mortality ( edit ) Great horned owls seem to be the most long - living owl in North America . Among all owls , they may outrank even the larger Eurasian eagle owl in known longevity records from the wild , with almost 29 years being the highest age for an owl recorded in North America . A more typical top lifespan of a great horned owl is approximately 13 years old . In general , great horned owls are most vulnerable in the early stages of life , although few species press attacks on the owl 's nests due to the ferocious defensive abilities of the parents . Occasionally , nestlings and fledglings will fall from the nest too early to escape or to competently defend themselves and have then fallen prey to foxes , bobcat , coyotes , or wild or feral cats . Occasionally raccoons and American black bears consume eggs and nestlings from tree nests and Virginia opossum may take the rare unguarded egg . Crows and ravens have been reported eating eggs and small nestlings . This can normally only happen when owls are driven from the nest by human activity or are forced to leave the nest to forage by low food resources but on occasion huge flocks of crows have been able to displace owls by harassing them endlessly . In general , great horned owls rarely engage in siblicide , unlike many other raptorial birds . Siblicide occurred at 9 of 2,711 nests in Saskatchewan . Most cases where young owls are killed and / or consumed by their siblings or parents appear to occur when the nestling is diseased , impaired or starving or is inadvertently crushed . Adults generally have no natural predators , excepting both North American eagles and other owls of their own species . Occasionally , great horned owls may be killed by their own prey . Although typically able to kill skunks without ill effect , five owls were found blind after getting sprayed in their eyes by skunks . Cases where the quills of porcupines have killed or functionally disabled them have been observed as well . Violent fights have been observed between great horned owls after attempts to capture rat snakes and black racers . When a peregrine falcon repeatedly attacked a great horned owl near its nest along the Hudson River , it was apparently unable to dispatch the larger raptor despite several powerful strikes . During their initial dispersal in fall , juvenile owls have a high mortality rate , frequently more than 50 % . For owls in the Yukon Territory , juvenile survival in the 9 weeks after dispersal has dropped from 80 % to 23.2 % in a span of three years in response of instability of food supply . In the Yukon , adults on territory had an average annual survival rate of 90.5 % . Anemia , caused by Leucocytozoon ziemanni and the drinking of blood by swarming , blood - drinking blackflies ( Simulium ssp . ) , was a leading cause of juvenile mortality in the Yukon . Human - related mortality ( edit ) The great horned owl is not considered a globally threatened species by the IUCN . Including the Magellanic species , there are approximately 5.3 million wild horned owls in the Americas . Most mortality in modern times is human - related , caused by owls flying into man - made objects , including buildings , cars , power lines , or barbed wire . In one study , the leading cause of death for owls was collision with cars , entanglement with wires , flying into buildings and , lastly , electrocution . Among 209 banded nestlings in yet another study , 67 % were found dead after independence : 56 were found shot , 41 were trapped , 15 hit by cars , 14 found dead on highways and 14 electrocuted by overhead power lines . Secondary poisoning from pest control efforts is widely reported variously due to anticoagulant rodenticides , strychnine , organophosphates ( famphur applied topically to cattle ( Bos primigenius taurus ) ) , organochlorines , and PCBs . Frequently , the species were denominated a pest due to the perceived threat it posed to domestic fowl and potentially small game . The first genuine nature conservationists , while campaigning against the `` Extermination Being Waged Against the Hawks and Owls '' , continued to advocate the destruction of great horned owls due to their predatory effect on other wildlife . Thus , small bounties were offered in trade for owl bodies . Around the turn of the 20th century , the great horned owl was considered endangered in the state of Michigan because of a large quantity of poachers who were illegally hunting and collecting it . Hunting and trapping of great horned owls may continue on a small scale but is now illegal in most countries . Effect on conservation - dependent species ( edit ) Occasionally , these owls may prey on threatened species . Following the devastation to its populations from DDT , the reintroduction of the peregrine falcon to the Mississippi and Hudson Rivers was hampered by great horned owls killing both young and adult peregrines at night . Similarly , as mainly recorded in New England , attempts to reintroduce ospreys , after they were also hit hard by DDT , were effected by heavy owl predation on nestlings , and the owls were also recorded to take a large toll locally on the threatened colonies of roseate terns . Where clear - cutting occurs in old - growth areas of the Pacific Northwest , spotted owls have been badly affected by considerable great horned owl predation . While at least the ospreys and peregrines have rebounded admirably nonetheless , bird and mammal species that are much rarer overall sometimes fall prey to great horned owls , many in which even sporadic losses can be devastating . Among the species considered threatened , endangered or critically endangered by the IUCN which are also known to be killed by great horned owls are Townsend 's ground squirrels ( Urocitellus townsendii ) , Pacific pocket mice ( Perognathus pacificus ) , giant kangaroo rats , Stephens ' kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys stephensi ) , black - footed ferrets , greater and lesser prairie chickens , marbled murrelets ( Brachyramphus marmoratus ) , ivory - billed woodpeckers , Florida scrub jays ( Aphelocoma coerulescens ) , pinyon jays , Kirtland 's warblers ( Setophaga kirtlandii ) and rusty blackbirds ( Euphagus carolinus ) . The American Bird Conservancy 's `` green list '' includes birds with considerable population declines ( many classed as near threatened by the IUCN ) or other immediate threats and / or restricted populations . Altogether , great horned owls hunt 50 different species from that list . Iconography and myth ( edit ) Many warrior - based tribes of Native Americans admired the great horned owl for their `` strength , courage and beauty '' . The Pima of the southwest believed that owls were reincarnations of slain warriors who fly about by night . The Arikara of the Great Plains had mystic owl societies in which initiates were made to adorn facial mask made of the wing and tail feathers of great horned owls . Some Indian nations regarded the great horned owl as a friendly spirit who could aid in matters of love , such as the Passamaquoddy of Maine who felt the call of this species was a magical love flute designed to ignite human passions . The Hopi of the southwest also associated this owl with fertility , albeit of a different kind : they believed the calling of the owls into summer predicted hot weather , which produced good peach crops . During the winter solstice , the Hopi performed a ceremony with great horned owl feathers in hopes of summoning the heat of summer . Tribes in New Mexico were known to use owl wing feathers to produce arrows which could strike their enemies with a minimum of sound . The Zuni held owl feathers in their mouths hoping to gain some of the silence that owls use in ambushes while striking their own enemies from other tribes . The Iroquois felt the origin of the great horned owl was due to an unformed owl annoying Raweno , the almighty creator , while Raweno created the rabbit , causing Raweno to make the owl `` covered with mud '' ( dark camouflage ) and doomed to ceaselessly call `` whoo whoo '' , which he used while harassing Raweno , by night because Raweno was active during the day . Provincial bird ( edit ) The great horned owl is the provincial bird of Alberta . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BirdLife International ( 2014 ) . `` Bubo virginianus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2014 : e. T61752071A61752159 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Austing , G.R. & Holt , Jr. , J.B. ( 1966 ) . The World of the Great Horned Owl . Lippingcott Company , Philadelphia ( 3rd printing . ) ^ Jump up to : `` Great Horned Owl '' . The Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Voous , K.H. 1988 . Owls of the Northern Hemisphere . The MIT Press , 0262220350 . ^ Jump up to : Bent , A.C. 1938 . Life histories of North American birds of prey , Part 2 . U.S. National Museum Bulletin 170 : 295 - 357 . ^ Jump up to : König , Claus ; Weick , Friedhelm ( 2008 ) . Owls of the World ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Christopher Helm . ISBN 9781408108840 . ^ Jump up to : Owls of the World : A Photographic Guide by Mikkola , H. Firefly Books ( 2012 ) , ISBN 9781770851368 ^ Jump up to : Mcgillivray , W.B. 1989 . 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The American Bird Conservancy Guide to the 500 Most Important Bird Areas in the United States : Key Sites for Birds and Birding in All 50 States . Random House Trade Paperbacks , ISBN 0812970365 . Further reading ( edit ) Accordi , Iury Almeida ; Barcellos , Andre ( June 2006 ) . `` Composição da avifauna em oito áreas úmidas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Lago Guaíba , Rio Grande do Sul '' ( PDF ) . Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia ( in Portuguese and English ) . 14 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 115 . Banks , R.C. ; Cicero , C. ; Dunn , J.L. ; Kratter , A.W. ; Ouellet , H. ; Rasmussen , P.C. ; Remsen , J.V. Jr. ; Rising , J.A. ; Stotz , D.F. ( 2000 ) . `` Forty - Second Supplement to the AOU Checklist of North American Birds '' ( PDF ) . The Auk . American Ornithologists ' Union . 117 ( 3 ) : 847 -- 858 . doi : 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 ( 2000 ) 117 ( 0847 : FSSTTA ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Dickerman , Robert W. ( 1 July 2002 ) . `` The Taxonomy of the Subarctic Great Horned Owl ( Bubo virginianus subarcticus ) Nesting in the United States '' . The American Midland Naturalist. 148 ( 1 ) : 198 -- 199 . doi : 10.1674 / 0003 - 0031 ( 2002 ) 148 ( 0198 : TTOTSG ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Dickerman , Robert W. ( 29 January 2004 ) . `` Notes on the type of Bubo virginianus sclariventris '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the British Ornithologists ' Club . 124 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 6 . Ganey , J.L. , W.M. Block , J.S. Jenness , R.A. Wilson ( 1997 ) . `` Comparative habitat use of sympatric Mexican spotted and great horned owls . '' J. Wildl . Res. 2 ( 2 ) : 115 - 123 . Holt , Denver W. ; Berkley , Regan ; Deppe , Caroline ; Enríquez Rocha , Paula L. ; Olsen , Penny D. ; Petersen , Julie L. ; Rangel Salazar , José Luis ; Segars , Kelley P. & Wood , Kristin L. ( 1999 ) . `` 69 . Great Horned Owl '' . In : del Hoyo , J. ; Elliott , A. ; Sargatal , J. ( eds ) : Handbook of Birds of the World ( Volume 5 : Barn - owls to Hummingbirds ) : 185 , plate 10 . Lynx Edicions , Barcelona . ISBN 84 - 87334 - 25 - 3 Houston , C.S. ; Smith , D.G. ; Rohner , C. ( 1998 ) . Great Horned Owl ( Bubo virginianus ) . In : Poole , A. ; Gill , F. ( eds . ) : Birds of North America 372 . Academy of Natural Sciences , Philadelphia , PA & American Ornithologists ' Union , Washington , D.C. Online version , retrieved 2006 - 12 - 05 . ( HTML preview ) Howard , Hildegarde ( 1947 ) . `` A Preliminary Survey of Trends in Avian Evolution From Pleistocene to Recent Time '' ( PDF ) . Condor. 49 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 13 . doi : 10.2307 / 1364422 . Johnson , D.H. ( 1993 ) . `` Spotted owls , great horned owls , and forest fragmentation in the central Oregon Cascades . '' Thesis . Oregon State University , Corvallis , USA . Rohner , C. ( 1997 ) . `` Non-territorial floaters in great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ) '' . In : Duncan , JR ; Johnson , DH ; Nicholls , TH ( eds ) : Biology and conservation of owls of the Northern Hemisphere , 2nd International Symposium . St. Paul , MN : US Department of Agriculture , Forest Service . pp. 347 -- 362 . Rohner , C. , and F.I. Doyle ( 1992 ) . `` Food - stressed great horned owl kills adult goshawk : exceptional observation or community process ? '' J. Raptor Res. 26 ( 4 ) : 261 - 63 . Rohner , Christoph , and Charles J. Krebs ( 1996 ) . `` Owl predation on snowshoe hares : consequences of antipredator behaviour . '' Oecologia 108 ( 2 ) : 303 - 310 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to the great horned owl . Wikispecies has information related to : Bubo virginianus Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Virginian Eared Owl . `` Great Horned Owl media '' . Internet Bird Collection . Information on Owls , a compilation of various sources pertaining to owls Great Horned Owl - Bubo virginianus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Great Horned Owl photo gallery at VIREO ( Drexel University ) Taxon identifiers Wd : Q81515 ADW : Bubo_virginianus BioLib : 22473 EoL : 914958 Fossilworks : 161527 GBIF : 5959118 IBC : great - horned - owl - bubo - virginianus iNaturalist : 20044 ITIS : 177884 IUCN : 61752071 NCBI : 56268 Species+ : 3231 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_horned_owl&oldid=801424677 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Bubo Owls Birds of the Americas Pleistocene birds Provincial symbols of Alberta Birds described in 1788 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2014 All articles needing style editing Articles with ' species ' microformats CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 16 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do great horned owls sleep during the day | [
"Like most owls, the great horned owl makes great use of secrecy and stealth. Due to its natural-colored plumage, it is well camouflaged both while active at night and while roosting during the day. During the daytime it roosts usually in large trees (including snags & large hollows but usually thick branches) but may occasionally be in crevices or small caves in rocks or in dense shrubbery. Pine and other coniferous trees may be preferred where available since they are particularly dense and provide cover throughout the year. Typically, males have a favorite roosting site not far from the nest, sometimes used over successive years.[2] While roosting, great horned owls may rest in the “tall-thin” position, where they sit as erect and hold themselves as slim as is possible. The kind of posture is well known as a further method of camouflage for other owls, like long-eared owls or great grey owls, especially if humans or other potential mammalian carnivores approach them. The Eurasian eagle owl rarely, if ever, assumes the tall-thin position.[62] Outside of the nesting season, great horned owls may roost wherever their foraging path ends at dawn.[29] Generally great horned owls are active at night, although in some areas may be active in the late afternoon or early morning. At dusk, the owl utters a few calls before flying to a more open sing-post, i.e. large bare branch or large rocks to deliver song. Normally several perches are used to mark occupied territory or to attract a female.[6] Despite its camouflage and cryptic locations, this species can still sometimes be spotted on its daytime roosts, especially by American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). Since owls are, next to red-tailed hawks, perhaps the main predator of crows and their young, crows sometimes congregate from considerable distances to mob owls and caw angrily at them for hours on end. When the owls try to fly off to avoid this harassment, they are often followed by the corvids.[63]"
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"usually in large trees (including snags & large hollows but usually thick branches) but may occasionally be in crevices or small caves in rocks or in dense shrubbery"
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8355404200154181643 | A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step | A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step - Wikipedia A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese . ( December 2013 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Chinese article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated zh 千里 之 行 始 于 足下 ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . `` A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step '' ( Chinese : 千里 之 行 , 始 於 足下 ; pinyin : Qiānlǐ zhī xíng , shǐyú zú xià ; literally : `` A journey of a thousand li starts beneath one 's feet '' ) is a common saying that originated from a famous Chinese proverb . The quotation is from Chapter 64 of the Tao Te Ching ascribed to Laozi , although it is also erroneously ascribed to his contemporary , Confucius . This saying teaches that even the longest and most difficult ventures have a starting point ; something which only begins with one first step . References ( edit ) Look up a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . This China - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_journey_of_a_thousand_miles_begins_with_a_single_step&oldid=818044335 '' Categories : Chinese proverbs Taoism China stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2016 All articles lacking sources Articles to be expanded from December 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from Chinese Wikipedia Articles containing Chinese - language text All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 05 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said a long journey starts with a single step | [
"\"A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step\" (Chinese: 千里之行，始於足下; pinyin: Qiānlǐ zhī xíng, shǐyú zú xià; literally: \"A journey of a thousand li starts beneath one's feet\") is a common saying that originated from a famous Chinese proverb. The quotation is from Chapter 64 of the Tao Te Ching ascribed to Laozi, although it is also erroneously ascribed to his contemporary, Confucius. This saying teaches that even the longest and most difficult ventures have a starting point; something which only begins with one first step."
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"Laozi"
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3530130004138843265 | Federal Reserve System | Federal Reserve System - Wikipedia Federal Reserve System This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` The Fed '' redirects here . For the Welsh trade union , see South Wales Miners ' Federation . For other uses , see The Fed ( disambiguation ) . Federal Reserve System Seal of the Federal Reserve System Flag of the Federal Reserve System Headquarters Eccles Building , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Established December 23 , 1913 ( 104 years ago ) ( 1913 - 12 - 23 ) Chairman Jerome Powell Central bank of United States Currency United States dollar USD ( ISO 4217 ) Reserve requirements 0 to 10 % Bank rate 2.25 % Interest rate target 1.50 % to 1.75 % Interest on reserves 1.75 % Interest paid on excess reserves ? Yes Website Official website Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves requirements Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget Economic growth Price stability Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform This article is part of a series on Banking in the United States of America Federal Reserve System Monetary policy Regulation Lending ( show ) Credit card Deposit accounts ( show ) Checking Money - market Savings Certificate of deposit Account insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund ( NCUA ) Payment & Transfer ( show ) Check clearing Check 21 Act Electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) ATM card Debit card Wire transfer Substitute check Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) Bill payment Banking charters ( show ) Credit union Federal savings bank Federal savings association National bank State bank United States portal The Federal Reserve System ( also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed ) is the central banking system of the United States . It was created on December 23 , 1913 , with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act , after a series of financial panics ( particularly the panic of 1907 ) led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises . Over the years , events such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have led to the expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System . The U.S. Congress established three key objectives for monetary policy in the Federal Reserve Act : maximizing employment , stabilizing prices , and moderating long - term interest rates . The first two objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate . Its duties have expanded over the years , and as of 2009 also include supervising and regulating banks , maintaining the stability of the financial system and providing financial services to depository institutions , the U.S. government , and foreign official institutions . The Fed conducts research into the economy and provides numerous publications , such as the Beige Book and the FRED database . The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers . It is governed by the presidentially appointed Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board ( FRB ) . Twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks , located in cities throughout the nation , oversee the privately owned U.S. member banks . Nationally chartered commercial banks are required to hold stock in the Federal Reserve Bank of their region , which entitles them to elect some of their board members . The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) sets monetary policy ; it consists of all seven members of the Board of Governors and the twelve regional bank presidents , though only five bank presidents vote at any given time : the president of the New York Fed and four others who rotate through one - year terms . There are also various advisory councils . Thus , the Federal Reserve System has both public and private components . The structure is considered unique among central banks . It is also unusual in that the United States Department of the Treasury , an entity outside of the central bank , prints the currency used . Although an instrument of the U.S. Government , the Federal Reserve System considers itself `` an independent central bank because its monetary policy decisions do not have to be approved by the President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branches of government , it does not receive funding appropriated by the Congress , and the terms of the members of the Board of Governors span multiple presidential and congressional terms . '' The federal government sets the salaries of the board 's seven governors . The federal government receives all the system 's annual profits , after a statutory dividend of 6 % on member banks ' capital investment is paid , and an account surplus is maintained . In 2015 , the Federal Reserve made a profit of $100.2 billion and transferred $97.7 billion to the U.S. Treasury . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 1.1 Addressing the problem of bank panics 1.1. 1 Check clearing system 1.1. 2 Lender of last resort 1.1. 3 Fluctuations 1.2 Central bank 1.2. 1 Federal funds 1.3 Bank regulation 1.3. 1 Government regulation and supervision 1.3. 1.1 Regulatory and oversight responsibilities 1.4 National payments system 2 Structure 2.1 Board of Governors 2.1. 1 List of members of the Board of Governors 2.1. 2 Nominations , confirmations and resignations 2.2 Federal Open Market Committee 2.3 Federal Advisory Council 2.4 Federal Reserve Banks 2.4. 1 Legal status of regional Federal Reserve Banks 2.5 Member banks 2.6 Accountability 3 Monetary policy 3.1 Interbank lending 3.2 Tools 3.2. 1 Federal funds rate and open market operations 3.2. 1.1 Repurchase agreements 3.2. 2 Discount rate 3.2. 3 Reserve requirements 3.2. 4 New facilities 3.2. 4.1 Term auction facility 3.2. 4.2 Term securities lending facility 3.2. 4.3 Primary dealer credit facility 3.2. 4.4 Interest on reserves 3.2. 4.5 Term deposit facility 3.2. 4.6 Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility 3.2. 4.7 Commercial Paper Funding Facility 3.2. 5 Quantitative policy 4 History 4.1 Central banking in the United States , 1791 -- 1913 4.1. 1 First Central Bank , 1791 and Second Central Bank , 1816 4.1. 2 Creation of Third Central Bank , 1907 -- 1913 4.1. 2.1 Federal Reserve Act , 1913 4.2 Federal Reserve era , 1913 -- present 5 Measurement of economic variables 5.1 Net worth of households and nonprofit organizations 5.2 Money supply 5.3 Personal consumption expenditures price index 5.3. 1 Inflation and the economy 5.4 Unemployment rate 6 Budget 7 Net worth 7.1 Balance sheet 8 Criticism 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 11.1 Recent 11.2 Historical 12 External links Purpose ( edit ) The Eccles Building in Washington , D.C. , which serves as the Federal Reserve System 's headquarters The primary motivation for creating the Federal Reserve System was to address banking panics . Other purposes are stated in the Federal Reserve Act , such as `` to furnish an elastic currency , to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper , to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States , and for other purposes '' . Before the founding of the Federal Reserve System , the United States underwent several financial crises . A particularly severe crisis in 1907 led Congress to enact the Federal Reserve Act in 1913 . Today the Federal Reserve System has responsibilities in addition to ensuring the stability of the financial system . Current functions of the Federal Reserve System include : To address the problem of banking panics To serve as the central bank for the United States To strike a balance between private interests of banks and the centralized responsibility of government To supervise and regulate banking institutions To protect the credit rights of consumers To manage the nation 's money supply through monetary policy to achieve the sometimes - conflicting goals of maximum employment stable prices , including prevention of either inflation or deflation moderate long - term interest rates To maintain the stability of the financial system and contain systemic risk in financial markets To provide financial services to depository institutions , the U.S. government , and foreign official institutions , including playing a major role in operating the nation 's payments system To facilitate the exchange of payments among regions To respond to local liquidity needs To strengthen U.S. standing in the world economy Addressing the problem of Bank panics ( edit ) Further information : Bank run and Fractional - reserve banking Banking institutions in the United States are required to hold reserves -- amounts of currency and deposits in other banks -- equal to only a fraction of the amount of the bank 's deposit liabilities owed to customers . This practice is called fractional - reserve banking . As a result , banks usually invest the majority of the funds received from depositors . On rare occasions , too many of the bank 's customers will withdraw their savings and the bank will need help from another institution to continue operating ; this is called a bank run . Bank runs can lead to a multitude of social and economic problems . The Federal Reserve System was designed as an attempt to prevent or minimize the occurrence of bank runs , and possibly act as a lender of last resort when a bank run does occur . Many economists , following Milton Friedman , believe that the Federal Reserve inappropriately refused to lend money to small banks during the bank runs of 1929 . Check clearing System ( edit ) Because some banks refused to clear checks from certain other banks during times of economic uncertainty , a check - clearing system was created in the Federal Reserve System . It is briefly described in The Federal Reserve System -- Purposes and Functions as follows : By creating the Federal Reserve System , Congress intended to eliminate the severe financial crises that had periodically swept the nation , especially the sort of financial panic that occurred in 1907 . During that episode , payments were disrupted throughout the country because many banks and clearinghouses refused to clear checks drawn on certain other banks , a practice that contributed to the failure of otherwise solvent banks . To address these problems , Congress gave the Federal Reserve System the authority to establish a nationwide check - clearing system . The System , then , was to provide not only an elastic currency -- that is , a currency that would expand or shrink in amount as economic conditions warranted -- but also an efficient and equitable check - collection system . Lender of last resort ( edit ) In the United States , the Federal Reserve serves as the lender of last resort to those institutions that can not obtain credit elsewhere and the collapse of which would have serious implications for the economy . It took over this role from the private sector `` clearing houses '' which operated during the Free Banking Era ; whether public or private , the availability of liquidity was intended to prevent bank runs . Fluctuations ( edit ) Through its discount window and credit operations , Reserve Banks provide liquidity to banks to meet short - term needs stemming from seasonal fluctuations in deposits or unexpected withdrawals . Longer term liquidity may also be provided in exceptional circumstances . The rate the Fed charges banks for these loans is called the discount rate ( officially the primary credit rate ) . By making these loans , the Fed serves as a buffer against unexpected day - to - day fluctuations in reserve demand and supply . This contributes to the effective functioning of the banking system , alleviates pressure in the reserves market and reduces the extent of unexpected movements in the interest rates . For example , on September 16 , 2008 , the Federal Reserve Board authorized an $85 billion loan to stave off the bankruptcy of international insurance giant American International Group ( AIG ) . Central Bank ( edit ) Further information : Central bank Obverse of a Federal Reserve $1 note issued in 2009 In its role as the central bank of the United States , the Fed serves as a banker 's bank and as the government 's bank . As the banker 's bank , it helps to assure the safety and efficiency of the payments system . As the government 's bank or fiscal agent , the Fed processes a variety of financial transactions involving trillions of dollars . Just as an individual might keep an account at a bank , the U.S. Treasury keeps a checking account with the Federal Reserve , through which incoming federal tax deposits and outgoing government payments are handled . As part of this service relationship , the Fed sells and redeems U.S. government securities such as savings bonds and Treasury bills , notes and bonds . It also issues the nation 's coin and paper currency . The U.S. Treasury , through its Bureau of the Mint and Bureau of Engraving and Printing , actually produces the nation 's cash supply and , in effect , sells the paper currency to the Federal Reserve Banks at manufacturing cost , and the coins at face value . The Federal Reserve Banks then distribute it to other financial institutions in various ways . During the Fiscal Year 2013 , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing delivered 6.6 billion notes at an average cost of 5.0 cents per note . Federal funds ( edit ) Main article : Federal funds Federal funds are the reserve balances ( also called Federal Reserve Deposits ) that private banks keep at their local Federal Reserve Bank . These balances are the namesake reserves of the Federal Reserve System . The purpose of keeping funds at a Federal Reserve Bank is to have a mechanism for private banks to lend funds to one another . This market for funds plays an important role in the Federal Reserve System as it is what inspired the name of the system and it is what is used as the basis for monetary policy . Monetary policy is put into effect partly by influencing how much interest the private banks charge each other for the lending of these funds . Federal reserve accounts contain federal reserve credit , which can be converted into federal reserve notes . Private banks maintain their bank reserves in federal reserve accounts . Bank regulation ( edit ) The Federal Reserve regulates private banks . The system was designed out of a compromise between the competing philosophies of privatization and government regulation . In 2006 Donald L. Kohn , vice chairman of the Board of Governors , summarized the history of this compromise : Agrarian and progressive interests , led by William Jennings Bryan , favored a central bank under public , rather than banker , control . But the vast majority of the nation 's bankers , concerned about government intervention in the banking business , opposed a central bank structure directed by political appointees . The legislation that Congress ultimately adopted in 1913 reflected a hard - fought battle to balance these two competing views and created the hybrid public - private , centralized - decentralized structure that we have today . The balance between private interests and government can also be seen in the structure of the system . Private banks elect members of the board of directors at their regional Federal Reserve Bank while the members of the Board of Governors are selected by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate . Government regulation and supervision ( edit ) Ben Bernanke ( lower - right ) , Former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors , at a House Financial Services Committee hearing on February 10 , 2009 . Members of the Board frequently testify before congressional committees such as this one . The Senate equivalent of the House Financial Services Committee is the Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs . The Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , enacted in 1978 as Public Law 95 - 320 and 31 U.S.C. section 714 establish that the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Reserve banks may be audited by the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) . The GAO has authority to audit check - processing , currency storage and shipments , and some regulatory and bank examination functions , however , there are restrictions to what the GAO may audit . Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , 31 U.S.C. section 714 ( b ) , audits of the Federal Reserve Board and Federal Reserve banks do not include ( 1 ) transactions for or with a foreign central bank or government or non-private international financing organization ; ( 2 ) deliberations , decisions , or actions on monetary policy matters ; ( 3 ) transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee ; or ( 4 ) a part of a discussion or communication among or between members of the Board of Governors and officers and employees of the Federal Reserve System related to items ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , or ( 3 ) . See Federal Reserve System Audits : Restrictions on GAO 's Access ( GAO / T - GGD - 94 - 44 ) , statement of Charles A. Bowsher . The Board of Governors in the Federal Reserve System has a number of supervisory and regulatory responsibilities in the U.S. banking system , but not complete responsibility . A general description of the types of regulation and supervision involved in the U.S. banking system is given by the Federal Reserve : The Board also plays a major role in the supervision and regulation of the U.S. banking system . It has supervisory responsibilities for state - chartered banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System , bank holding companies ( companies that control banks ) , the foreign activities of member banks , the U.S. activities of foreign banks , and Edge Act and `` agreement corporations '' ( limited - purpose institutions that engage in a foreign banking business ) . The Board and , under delegated authority , the Federal Reserve Banks , supervise approximately 900 state member banks and 5,000 bank holding companies . Other federal agencies also serve as the primary federal supervisors of commercial banks ; the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency supervises national banks , and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation supervises state banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System . Some regulations issued by the Board apply to the entire banking industry , whereas others apply only to member banks , that is , state banks that have chosen to join the Federal Reserve System and national banks , which by law must be members of the System . The Board also issues regulations to carry out major federal laws governing consumer credit protection , such as the Truth in Lending , Equal Credit Opportunity , and Home Mortgage Disclosure Acts . Many of these consumer protection regulations apply to various lenders outside the banking industry as well as to banks . Members of the Board of Governors are in continual contact with other policy makers in government . They frequently testify before congressional committees on the economy , monetary policy , banking supervision and regulation , consumer credit protection , financial markets , and other matters . The Board has regular contact with members of the President 's Council of Economic Advisers and other key economic officials . The Chair also meets from time to time with the President of the United States and has regular meetings with the Secretary of the Treasury . The Chair has formal responsibilities in the international arena as well . Regulatory and oversight responsibilities ( edit ) The board of directors of each Federal Reserve Bank District also has regulatory and supervisory responsibilities . If the board of directors of a district bank has judged that a member bank is performing or behaving poorly , it will report this to the Board of Governors . This policy is described in United States Code : Each Federal reserve bank shall keep itself informed of the general character and amount of the loans and investments of its member banks with a view to ascertaining whether undue use is being made of bank credit for the speculative carrying of or trading in securities , real estate , or commodities , or for any other purpose inconsistent with the maintenance of sound credit conditions ; and , in determining whether to grant or refuse advances , rediscounts , or other credit accommodations , the Federal reserve bank shall give consideration to such information . The chairman of the Federal reserve bank shall report to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System any such undue use of bank credit by any member bank , together with his recommendation . Whenever , in the judgment of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , any member bank is making such undue use of bank credit , the Board may , in its discretion , after reasonable notice and an opportunity for a hearing , suspend such bank from the use of the credit facilities of the Federal Reserve System and may terminate such suspension or may renew it from time to time . National payments System ( edit ) The Federal Reserve plays an important role in the U.S. payments system . The twelve Federal Reserve Banks provide banking services to depository institutions and to the federal government . For depository institutions , they maintain accounts and provide various payment services , including collecting checks , electronically transferring funds , and distributing and receiving currency and coin . For the federal government , the Reserve Banks act as fiscal agents , paying Treasury checks ; processing electronic payments ; and issuing , transferring , and redeeming U.S. government securities . In the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 , Congress reaffirmed that the Federal Reserve should promote an efficient nationwide payments system . The act subjects all depository institutions , not just member commercial banks , to reserve requirements and grants them equal access to Reserve Bank payment services . The Federal Reserve plays a role in the nation 's retail and wholesale payments systems by providing financial services to depository institutions . Retail payments are generally for relatively small - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's retail clients -- individuals and smaller businesses . The Reserve Banks ' retail services include distributing currency and coin , collecting checks , and electronically transferring funds through the automated clearinghouse system . By contrast , wholesale payments are generally for large - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's large corporate customers or counterparties , including other financial institutions . The Reserve Banks ' wholesale services include electronically transferring funds through the Fedwire Funds Service and transferring securities issued by the U.S. government , its agencies , and certain other entities through the Fedwire Securities Service . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Structure of the Federal Reserve System Organization of the Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System has a `` unique structure that is both public and private '' and is described as `` independent within the government '' rather than `` independent of government '' . The System does not require public funding , and derives its authority and purpose from the Federal Reserve Act , which was passed by Congress in 1913 and is subject to Congressional modification or repeal . The four main components of the Federal Reserve System are ( 1 ) the Board of Governors , ( 2 ) the Federal Open Market Committee , ( 3 ) the twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks , and ( 4 ) the member banks throughout the country . District # Letter Federal Reserve Bank Branches Website President Boston http://www.bos.frb.org Eric S. Rosengren New York City Buffalo , New York ( closed as of October 31 , 2008 ) http://www.newyorkfed.org William C. Dudley Philadelphia http://www.philadelphiafed.org Patrick T. Harker Cleveland Cincinnati , Ohio Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania http://www.clevelandfed.org Loretta J. Mester 5 Richmond Baltimore , Maryland Charlotte , North Carolina http://www.richmondfed.org Thomas Barkin 6 Atlanta Birmingham , Alabama Jacksonville , Florida Miami , Florida Nashville , Tennessee New Orleans , Louisiana http://www.frbatlanta.org Raphael Bostic 7 Chicago Detroit , Michigan Des Moines , Iowa http://www.chicagofed.org Charles L. Evans 8 St Louis Little Rock , Arkansas Louisville , Kentucky Memphis , Tennessee http://www.stlouisfed.org James B. Bullard 9 Minneapolis Helena , Montana https://www.minneapolisfed.org Neel Kashkari 10 Kansas City Denver , Colorado Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Omaha , Nebraska http://www.kansascityfed.org Esther George 11 Dallas El Paso , Texas Houston , Texas San Antonio , Texas http://www.dallasfed.org Robert Steven Kaplan 12 San Francisco Los Angeles , California Portland , Oregon Salt Lake City , Utah Seattle , Washington http://www.frbsf.org John C. Williams Board of Governors ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Board of Governors The seven - member Board of Governors is a federal agency . It is charged with the overseeing of the 12 District Reserve Banks and setting national monetary policy . It also supervises and regulates the U.S. banking system in general . Governors are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate for staggered 14 - year terms . One term begins every two years , on February 1 of even - numbered years , and members serving a full term can not be renominated for a second term . `` ( U ) pon the expiration of their terms of office , members of the Board shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and have qualified . '' The law provides for the removal of a member of the board by the President `` for cause '' . The board is required to make an annual report of operations to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives . The Chair and Vice Chair of the Board of Governors are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors . They both serve a four - year term and they can be renominated as many times as the President chooses , until their terms on the Board of Governors expire . List of members of the Board of Governors ( edit ) The current members of the Board of Governors are as follows : Governor Political Party Entered office Term expires Jerome Powell ( Chair ) Republican February 5 , 2018 ( as Chair ) May 25 , 2012 ( as Governor ) June 16 , 2014 ( new term ) February 5 , 2022 ( as Chair ) January 31 , 2028 ( as Governor ) Vacant ( Vice Chair ) N / A ( as Vice Chair ) January 31 , 2020 ( as Governor ) Randal Quarles ( Vice Chair for Supervision ) Republican October 13 , 2017 ( as Vice Chair for Supervision ) October 13 , 2017 October 13 , 2021 ( as Vice Chair for Supervision ) January 31 , 2018 ( as Governor ) Lael Brainard Democratic June 16 , 2014 January 31 , 2026 Vacant January 31 , 2022 Vacant January 31 , 2024 Vacant January 31 , 2030 Indicates the date of term expiration for the individual nominated to this vacant position . Nominations , confirmations and resignations ( edit ) In late December 2011 , President Barack Obama nominated Jeremy C. Stein , a Harvard University finance professor and a Democrat , and Jerome Powell , formerly of Dillon Read , Bankers Trust and The Carlyle Group and a Republican . Both candidates also have Treasury Department experience in the Obama and George H.W. Bush administrations respectively . `` Obama administration officials ( had ) regrouped to identify Fed candidates after Peter Diamond , a Nobel Prize - winning economist , withdrew his nomination to the board in June ( 2011 ) in the face of Republican opposition . Richard Clarida , a potential nominee who was a Treasury official under George W. Bush , pulled out of consideration in August ( 2011 ) '' , one account of the December nominations noted . The two other Obama nominees in 2011 , Yellen and Raskin , were confirmed in September . One of the vacancies was created in 2011 with the resignation of Kevin Warsh , who took office in 2006 to fill the unexpired term ending January 31 , 2018 , and resigned his position effective March 31 , 2011 . In March 2012 , U.S. Senator David Vitter ( R , LA ) said he would oppose Obama 's Stein and Powell nominations , dampening near - term hopes for approval . However Senate leaders reached a deal , paving the way for affirmative votes on the two nominees in May 2012 and bringing the board to full strength for the first time since 2006 with Duke 's service after term end . Later , on January 6 , 2014 , the United States Senate confirmed Yellen 's nomination to be Chair of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors ; she is slated to be the first woman to hold the position and will become Chair on February 1 , 2014 . Subsequently , President Obama nominated Stanley Fischer to replace Yellen as the Vice Chair . In April 2014 , Stein announced he was leaving to return to Harvard May 28 with four years remaining on his term . At the time of the announcement , the FOMC `` already is down three members as it awaits the Senate confirmation of ... Fischer and Lael Brainard , and as ( President ) Obama has yet to name a replacement for ... Duke ... Powell is still serving as he awaits his confirmation for a second term . '' Allan R. Landon , former president and CEO of the Bank of Hawaii , was nominated in early 2015 by President Obama to the board . In July 2015 , President Obama nominated University of Michigan economist Kathryn M. Dominguez to fill the second vacancy on the board . The Senate had not yet acted on Landon 's confirmation by the time of the second nomination . Daniel Tarullo submitted his resignation from the board on February 10 , 2017 , effective on or around April 5 , 2017 . Federal open market Committee ( edit ) Main article : Federal Open Market Committee The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) consists of 12 members , seven from the Board of Governors and 5 of the regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents . The FOMC oversees and sets policy on open market operations , the principal tool of national monetary policy . These operations affect the amount of Federal Reserve balances available to depository institutions , thereby influencing overall monetary and credit conditions . The FOMC also directs operations undertaken by the Federal Reserve in foreign exchange markets . The FOMC must reach consensus on all decisions . The president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is a permanent member of the FOMC ; the presidents of the other banks rotate membership at two - and three - year intervals . All Regional Reserve Bank presidents contribute to the committee 's assessment of the economy and of policy options , but only the five presidents who are then members of the FOMC vote on policy decisions . The FOMC determines its own internal organization and , by tradition , elects the Chair of the Board of Governors as its chair and the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as its vice chair . Formal meetings typically are held eight times each year in Washington , D.C. Nonvoting Reserve Bank presidents also participate in Committee deliberations and discussion . The FOMC generally meets eight times a year in telephone consultations and other meetings are held when needed . Federal advisory Council ( edit ) Main article : Federal Advisory Council The Federal Advisory Council , composed of twelve representatives of the banking industry , advises the board on all matters within its jurisdiction . Federal Reserve banks ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Bank Map of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts , with the twelve Federal Reserve Banks marked as black squares , and all Branches within each district ( 24 total ) marked as red circles . The Washington DC Headquarters is marked with a star . ( Also , a 25th branch in Buffalo , NY had been closed in 2008 . ) The twelve Reserve Banks buildings in 1936 There are 12 Federal Reserve Banks , each of which is responsible for member banks located in its district . They are located in Boston , New York , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Richmond , Atlanta , Chicago , St. Louis , Minneapolis , Kansas City , Dallas , and San Francisco . The size of each district was set based upon the population distribution of the United States when the Federal Reserve Act was passed . The charter and organization of each Federal Reserve Bank is established by law and can not be altered by the member banks . Member banks , do however , elect six of the nine members of the Federal Reserve Banks ' boards of directors . Each regional Bank has a president , who is the chief executive officer of their Bank . Each regional Reserve Bank 's president is nominated by their Bank 's board of directors , but the nomination is contingent upon approval by the Board of Governors . Presidents serve five - year terms and may be reappointed . Each regional Bank 's board consists of nine members . Members are broken down into three classes : A , B , and C. There are three board members in each class . Class A members are chosen by the regional Bank 's shareholders , and are intended to represent member banks ' interests . Member banks are divided into three categories : large , medium , and small . Each category elects one of the three class A board members . Class B board members are also nominated by the region 's member banks , but class B board members are supposed to represent the interests of the public . Lastly , class C board members are appointed by the Board of Governors , and are also intended to represent the interests of the public . Legal status of regional Federal Reserve banks ( edit ) The Federal Reserve Banks have an intermediate legal status , with some features of private corporations and some features of public federal agencies . The United States has an interest in the Federal Reserve Banks as tax - exempt federally created instrumentalities whose profits belong to the federal government , but this interest is not proprietary . In Lewis v. United States , the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated that : `` The Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities for purposes of the FTCA ( the Federal Tort Claims Act ) , but are independent , privately owned and locally controlled corporations . '' The opinion went on to say , however , that : `` The Reserve Banks have properly been held to be federal instrumentalities for some purposes . '' Another relevant decision is Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City , in which the distinction is made between Federal Reserve Banks , which are federally created instrumentalities , and the Board of Governors , which is a federal agency . Regarding the structural relationship between the twelve Federal Reserve banks and the various commercial ( member ) banks , political science professor Michael D. Reagan has written that : ... the `` ownership '' of the Reserve Banks by the commercial banks is symbolic ; they do not exercise the proprietary control associated with the concept of ownership nor share , beyond the statutory dividend , in Reserve Bank `` profits . '' ... Bank ownership and election at the base are therefore devoid of substantive significance , despite the superficial appearance of private bank control that the formal arrangement creates . Plaque marking a bank as a member Member banks ( edit ) A member bank is a private institution and owns stock in its regional Federal Reserve Bank . All nationally chartered banks hold stock in one of the Federal Reserve Banks . State chartered banks may choose to be members ( and hold stock in their regional Federal Reserve bank ) upon meeting certain standards . The amount of stock a member bank must own is equal to 3 % of its combined capital and surplus . However , holding stock in a Federal Reserve bank is not like owning stock in a publicly traded company . These stocks can not be sold or traded , and member banks do not control the Federal Reserve Bank as a result of owning this stock . From the profits of the Regional Bank of which it is a member , a member bank receives a dividend equal to 6 % of its purchased stock . The remainder of the regional Federal Reserve Banks ' profits is given over to the United States Treasury Department . In 2015 , the Federal Reserve Banks made a profit of $100.2 billion and distributed $2.5 billion in dividends to member banks as well as returning $97.7 billion to the U.S. Treasury . About 38 % of U.S. banks are members of their regional Federal Reserve Bank . Accountability ( edit ) The GAO and an outside auditor regularly audit the Board of Governors , the Federal Reserve banks , and individual member banks . Audits do not cover `` most of the Fed 's monetary policy actions or decisions , including discount window lending ( direct loans to financial institutions ) , open - market operations and any other transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee '' ... ( nor may the GAO audit ) `` dealings with foreign governments and other central banks . '' As of August 27 , 2012 , the Federal Reserve Board has been publishing unaudited financial reports for the Federal Reserve banks every quarter . This is an expansion of prior financial reporting practices . Greater transparency is offered with more frequent disclosure and more detail . November 7 , 2008 , Bloomberg L.P. News brought a lawsuit against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to force the board to reveal the identities of firms for which it has provided guarantees during the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 . Bloomberg , L.P. won at the trial court and the Fed 's appeals were rejected at both the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court . The data was released on March 31 , 2011 . Monetary policy ( edit ) Further information : Monetary policy of the United States The term `` monetary policy '' refers to the actions undertaken by a central bank , such as the Federal Reserve , to influence the availability and cost of money and credit to help promote national economic goals . What happens to money and credit affects interest rates ( the cost of credit ) and the performance of an economy . The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 gave the Federal Reserve authority to set monetary policy in the United States . Interbank lending ( edit ) The Federal Reserve sets monetary policy by influencing the federal funds rate , which is the rate of interbank lending of excess reserves . The rate that banks charge each other for these loans is determined in the interbank market and the Federal Reserve influences this rate through the three `` tools '' of monetary policy described in the Tools section below . The federal funds rate is a short - term interest rate that the FOMC focuses on , which affects the longer - term interest rates throughout the economy . The Federal Reserve summarized its monetary policy in 2005 : The Federal Reserve implements U.S. monetary policy by affecting conditions in the market for balances that depository institutions hold at the Federal Reserve Banks ... By conducting open market operations , imposing reserve requirements , permitting depository institutions to hold contractual clearing balances , and extending credit through its discount window facility , the Federal Reserve exercises considerable control over the demand for and supply of Federal Reserve balances and the federal funds rate . Through its control of the federal funds rate , the Federal Reserve is able to foster financial and monetary conditions consistent with its monetary policy objectives . Effects on the quantity of reserves that banks used to make loans influence the economy . Policy actions that add reserves to the banking system encourage lending at lower interest rates thus stimulating growth in money , credit , and the economy . Policy actions that absorb reserves work in the opposite direction . The Fed 's task is to supply enough reserves to support an adequate amount of money and credit , avoiding the excesses that result in inflation and the shortages that stifle economic growth . Tools ( edit ) There are three main tools of monetary policy that the Federal Reserve uses to influence the amount of reserves in private banks : Tool Description Open market operations Purchases and sales of U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities -- the Federal Reserve 's principal tool for implementing monetary policy . The Federal Reserve 's objective for open market operations has varied over the years . During the 1980s , the focus gradually shifted toward attaining a specified level of the federal funds rate ( the rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds , which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed ) , a process that was largely complete by the end of the decade . Discount rate The interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions on loans they receive from their regional Federal Reserve Bank 's lending facility -- the discount window . Reserve requirements The amount of funds that a depository institution must hold in reserve against specified deposit liabilities . Federal funds rate and open market operations ( edit ) Further information : Open market operations , money creation , and federal funds rate The Federal Reserve System implements monetary policy largely by targeting the federal funds rate . This is the interest rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds , which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed . This rate is actually determined by the market and is not explicitly mandated by the Fed . The Fed therefore tries to align the effective federal funds rate with the targeted rate by adding or subtracting from the money supply through open market operations . The Federal Reserve System usually adjusts the federal funds rate target by 0.25 % or 0.50 % at a time . Open market operations allow the Federal Reserve to increase or decrease the amount of money in the banking system as necessary to balance the Federal Reserve 's dual mandates . Open market operations are done through the sale and purchase of United States Treasury security , sometimes called `` Treasury bills '' or more informally `` T - bills '' or `` Treasuries '' . The Federal Reserve buys Treasury bills from its primary dealers . The purchase of these securities affects the federal funds rate , because primary dealers have accounts at depository institutions . The Federal Reserve education website describes open market operations as follows : Open market operations involve the buying and selling of U.S. government securities ( federal agency and mortgage - backed ) . The term ' open market ' means that the Fed does n't decide on its own which securities dealers it will do business with on a particular day . Rather , the choice emerges from an ' open market ' in which the various securities dealers that the Fed does business with -- the primary dealers -- compete on the basis of price . Open market operations are flexible and thus , the most frequently used tool of monetary policy . Open market operations are the primary tool used to regulate the supply of bank reserves . This tool consists of Federal Reserve purchases and sales of financial instruments , usually securities issued by the U.S. Treasury , Federal agencies and government - sponsored enterprises . Open market operations are carried out by the Domestic Trading Desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York under direction from the FOMC . The transactions are undertaken with primary dealers . The Fed 's goal in trading the securities is to affect the federal funds rate , the rate at which banks borrow reserves from each other . When the Fed wants to increase reserves , it buys securities and pays for them by making a deposit to the account maintained at the Fed by the primary dealer 's bank . When the Fed wants to reduce reserves , it sells securities and collects from those accounts . Most days , the Fed does not want to increase or decrease reserves permanently so it usually engages in transactions reversed within a day or two . That means that a reserve injection today could be withdrawn tomorrow morning , only to be renewed at some level several hours later . These short - term transactions are called repurchase agreements ( repos ) -- the dealer sells the Fed a security and agrees to buy it back at a later date . Repurchase agreements ( edit ) Further information : Repurchase agreement To smooth temporary or cyclical changes in the money supply , the desk engages in repurchase agreements ( repos ) with its primary dealers . Repos are essentially secured , short - term lending by the Fed . On the day of the transaction , the Fed deposits money in a primary dealer 's reserve account , and receives the promised securities as collateral . When the transaction matures , the process unwinds : the Fed returns the collateral and charges the primary dealer 's reserve account for the principal and accrued interest . The term of the repo ( the time between settlement and maturity ) can vary from 1 day ( called an overnight repo ) to 65 days . Discount rate ( edit ) Further information : Discount window The Federal Reserve System also directly sets the `` discount rate '' , which is the interest rate for `` discount window lending '' , overnight loans that member banks borrow directly from the Fed . This rate is generally set at a rate close to 100 basis points above the target federal funds rate . The idea is to encourage banks to seek alternative funding before using the `` discount rate '' option . The equivalent operation by the European Central Bank is referred to as the `` marginal lending facility '' . Both the discount rate and the federal funds rate influence the prime rate , which is usually about 3 percentage points higher than the federal funds rate . Reserve requirements ( edit ) Another instrument of monetary policy adjustment employed by the Federal Reserve System is the fractional reserve requirement , also known as the required reserve ratio . The required reserve ratio sets the balance that the Federal Reserve System requires a depository institution to hold in the Federal Reserve Banks , which depository institutions trade in the federal funds market discussed above . The required reserve ratio is set by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . The reserve requirements have changed over time and some history of these changes is published by the Federal Reserve . Reserve Requirements in the U.S. Federal Reserve System Liability Type Requirement Percentage of liabilities Effective date Net transaction accounts $0 to $11.5 million 0 December 29 , 2011 More than $11.5 million to $71 million December 29 , 2011 More than $71 million 10 December 29 , 2011 Nonpersonal time deposits 0 December 27 , 1990 Eurocurrency liabilities 0 December 27 , 1990 As a response to the financial crisis of 2008 , the Federal Reserve now makes interest payments on depository institutions ' required and excess reserve balances . The payment of interest on excess reserves gives the central bank greater opportunity to address credit market conditions while maintaining the federal funds rate close to the target rate set by the FOMC . New facilities ( edit ) In order to address problems related to the subprime mortgage crisis and United States housing bubble , several new tools have been created . The first new tool , called the Term Auction Facility , was added on December 12 , 2007 . It was first announced as a temporary tool but there have been suggestions that this new tool may remain in place for a prolonged period of time . Creation of the second new tool , called the Term Securities Lending Facility , was announced on March 11 , 2008 . The main difference between these two facilities is that the Term Auction Facility is used to inject cash into the banking system whereas the Term Securities Lending Facility is used to inject treasury securities into the banking system . Creation of the third tool , called the Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF ) , was announced on March 16 , 2008 . The PDCF was a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now the Fed is able to lend directly to primary dealers , which was previously against Fed policy . The differences between these three new facilities is described by the Federal Reserve : The Term Auction Facility program offers term funding to depository institutions via a bi-weekly auction , for fixed amounts of credit . The Term Securities Lending Facility will be an auction for a fixed amount of lending of Treasury general collateral in exchange for OMO - eligible and AAA / Aaa rated private - label residential mortgage - backed securities . The Primary Dealer Credit Facility now allows eligible primary dealers to borrow at the existing Discount Rate for up to 120 days . Some measures taken by the Federal Reserve to address this mortgage crisis have not been used since the Great Depression . The Federal Reserve gives a brief summary of these new facilities : As the economy has slowed in the last nine months and credit markets have become unstable , the Federal Reserve has taken a number of steps to help address the situation . These steps have included the use of traditional monetary policy tools at the macroeconomic level as well as measures at the level of specific markets to provide additional liquidity . The Federal Reserve 's response has continued to evolve since pressure on credit markets began to surface last summer , but all these measures derive from the Fed 's traditional open market operations and discount window tools by extending the term of transactions , the type of collateral , or eligible borrowers . A fourth facility , the Term Deposit Facility , was announced December 9 , 2009 , and approved April 30 , 2010 , with an effective date of June 4 , 2010 . The Term Deposit Facility allows Reserve Banks to offer term deposits to institutions that are eligible to receive earnings on their balances at Reserve Banks . Term deposits are intended to facilitate the implementation of monetary policy by providing a tool by which the Federal Reserve can manage the aggregate quantity of reserve balances held by depository institutions . Funds placed in term deposits are removed from the accounts of participating institutions for the life of the term deposit and thus drain reserve balances from the banking system . Term Auction Facility ( edit ) Further information : Term auction facility The Term Auction Facility is a program in which the Federal Reserve auctions term funds to depository institutions . The creation of this facility was announced by the Federal Reserve on December 12 , 2007 , and was done in conjunction with the Bank of Canada , the Bank of England , the European Central Bank , and the Swiss National Bank to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets . The reason it was created is that banks were not lending funds to one another and banks in need of funds were refusing to go to the discount window . Banks were not lending money to each other because there was a fear that the loans would not be paid back . Banks refused to go to the discount window because it is usually associated with the stigma of bank failure . Under the Term Auction Facility , the identity of the banks in need of funds is protected in order to avoid the stigma of bank failure . Foreign exchange swap lines with the European Central Bank and Swiss National Bank were opened so the banks in Europe could have access to U.S. dollars . Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke briefly described this facility to the U.S. House of Representatives on January 17 , 2008 : the Federal Reserve recently unveiled a term auction facility , or TAF , through which prespecified amounts of discount window credit can be auctioned to eligible borrowers . The goal of the TAF is to reduce the incentive for banks to hoard cash and increase their willingness to provide credit to households and firms ... TAF auctions will continue as long as necessary to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets , and we will continue to work closely and cooperatively with other central banks to address market strains that could hamper the achievement of our broader economic objectives . It is also described in the Term Auction Facility FAQ The TAF is a credit facility that allows a depository institution to place a bid for an advance from its local Federal Reserve Bank at an interest rate that is determined as the result of an auction . By allowing the Federal Reserve to inject term funds through a broader range of counterparties and against a broader range of collateral than open market operations , this facility could help ensure that liquidity provisions can be disseminated efficiently even when the unsecured interbank markets are under stress . In short , the TAF will auction term funds of approximately one - month maturity . All depository institutions that are judged to be in sound financial condition by their local Reserve Bank and that are eligible to borrow at the discount window are also eligible to participate in TAF auctions . All TAF credit must be fully collateralized . Depositories may pledge the broad range of collateral that is accepted for other Federal Reserve lending programs to secure TAF credit . The same collateral values and margins applicable for other Federal Reserve lending programs will also apply for the TAF . Term securities lending Facility ( edit ) The Term Securities Lending Facility is a 28 - day facility that will offer Treasury general collateral to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 's primary dealers in exchange for other program - eligible collateral . It is intended to promote liquidity in the financing markets for Treasury and other collateral and thus to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally . Like the Term Auction Facility , the TSLF was done in conjunction with the Bank of Canada , the Bank of England , the European Central Bank , and the Swiss National Bank . The resource allows dealers to switch debt that is less liquid for U.S. government securities that are easily tradable . The currency swap lines with the European Central Bank and Swiss National Bank were increased . Primary dealer credit Facility ( edit ) The Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF ) is an overnight loan facility that will provide funding to primary dealers in exchange for a specified range of eligible collateral and is intended to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally . This new facility marks a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now primary dealers can borrow directly from the Fed when this used to be prohibited . Interest on reserves ( edit ) Main article : Interest on excess reserves in the United States As of October 2008 , the Federal Reserve banks will pay interest on reserve balances ( required and excess ) held by depository institutions . The rate is set at the lowest federal funds rate during the reserve maintenance period of an institution , less 75 bp . As of October 23 , 2008 , the Fed has lowered the spread to a mere 35 bp . Term deposit Facility ( edit ) The Term Deposit Facility is a program through which the Federal Reserve Banks will offer interest - bearing term deposits to eligible institutions . By removing `` excess deposits '' from participating banks , the overall level of reserves available for lending is reduced , which should result in increased market interest rates , acting as a brake on economic activity and inflation . The Federal Reserve has stated that : Term deposits will be one of several tools that the Federal Reserve could employ to drain reserves when policymakers judge that it is appropriate to begin moving to a less accommodative stance of monetary policy . The development of the TDF is a matter of prudent planning and has no implication for the near - term conduct of monetary policy . The Federal Reserve initially authorized up to five `` small - value offerings are designed to ensure the effectiveness of TDF operations and to provide eligible institutions with an opportunity to gain familiarity with term deposit procedures . '' After three of the offering auctions were successfully completed , it was announced that small - value auctions would continue on an ongoing basis . The Term Deposit Facility is essentially a tool available to reverse the efforts that have been employed to provide liquidity to the financial markets and to reduce the amount of capital available to the economy . As stated in Bloomberg News : Policy makers led by Chairman Ben S. Bernanke are preparing for the day when they will have to start siphoning off more than $1 trillion in excess reserves from the banking system to contain inflation . The Fed is charting an eventual return to normal monetary policy , even as a weakening near - term outlook has raised the possibility it may expand its balance sheet . Chairman Ben S. Bernanke , testifying before House Committee on Financial Services , described the Term Deposit Facility and other facilities to Congress in the following terms : Most importantly , in October 2008 the Congress gave the Federal Reserve statutory authority to pay interest on balances that banks hold at the Federal Reserve Banks . By increasing the interest rate on banks ' reserves , the Federal Reserve will be able to put significant upward pressure on all short - term interest rates , as banks will not supply short - term funds to the money markets at rates significantly below what they can earn by holding reserves at the Federal Reserve Banks . Actual and prospective increases in short - term interest rates will be reflected in turn in higher longer - term interest rates and in tighter financial conditions more generally ... As an additional means of draining reserves , the Federal Reserve is also developing plans to offer to depository institutions term deposits , which are roughly analogous to certificates of deposit that the institutions offer to their customers . A proposal describing a term deposit facility was recently published in the Federal Register , and the Federal Reserve is finalizing a revised proposal in light of the public comments that have been received . After a revised proposal is reviewed by the Board , we expect to be able to conduct test transactions this spring and to have the facility available if necessary thereafter . The use of reverse repos and the deposit facility would together allow the Federal Reserve to drain hundreds of billions of dollars of reserves from the banking system quite quickly , should it choose to do so . When these tools are used to drain reserves from the banking system , they do so by replacing bank reserves with other liabilities ; the asset side and the overall size of the Federal Reserve 's balance sheet remain unchanged . If necessary , as a means of applying monetary restraint , the Federal Reserve also has the option of redeeming or selling securities . The redemption or sale of securities would have the effect of reducing the size of the Federal Reserve 's balance sheet as well as further reducing the quantity of reserves in the banking system . Restoring the size and composition of the balance sheet to a more normal configuration is a longer - term objective of our policies . In any case , the sequencing of steps and the combination of tools that the Federal Reserve uses as it exits from its currently very accommodative policy stance will depend on economic and financial developments and on our best judgments about how to meet the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability . In sum , in response to severe threats to our economy , the Federal Reserve created a series of special lending facilities to stabilize the financial system and encourage the resumption of private credit flows to American families and businesses . As market conditions and the economic outlook have improved , these programs have been terminated or are being phased out . The Federal Reserve also promoted economic recovery through sharp reductions in its target for the federal funds rate and through large - scale purchases of securities . The economy continues to require the support of accommodative monetary policies . However , we have been working to ensure that we have the tools to reverse , at the appropriate time , the currently very high degree of monetary stimulus . We have full confidence that , when the time comes , we will be ready to do so . Asset backed commercial paper money market Mutual Fund liquidity Facility ( edit ) The Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility ( ABCPMMMFLF ) was also called the AMLF . The Facility began operations on September 22 , 2008 , and was closed on February 1 , 2010 . All U.S. depository institutions , bank holding companies ( parent companies or U.S. broker - dealer affiliates ) , or U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks were eligible to borrow under this facility pursuant to the discretion of the FRBB . Collateral eligible for pledge under the Facility was required to meet the following criteria : was purchased by Borrower on or after September 19 , 2008 from a registered investment company that held itself out as a money market mutual fund ; was purchased by Borrower at the Fund 's acquisition cost as adjusted for amortization of premium or accretion of discount on the ABCP through the date of its purchase by Borrower ; was rated at the time pledged to FRBB , not lower than A1 , F1 , or P1 by at least two major rating agencies or , if rated by only one major rating agency , the ABCP must have been rated within the top rating category by that agency ; was issued by an entity organized under the laws of the United States or a political subdivision thereof under a program that was in existence on September 18 , 2008 ; and had stated maturity that did not exceed 120 days if the Borrower was a bank or 270 days for non-bank Borrowers . Commercial paper funding Facility ( edit ) On October 7 , 2008 , the Federal Reserve further expanded the collateral it will loan against to include commercial paper using the new Commercial Paper Funding Facility ( CPFF ) . The action made the Fed a crucial source of credit for non-financial businesses in addition to commercial banks and investment firms . Fed officials said they 'll buy as much of the debt as necessary to get the market functioning again . They refused to say how much that might be , but they noted that around $1.3 trillion worth of commercial paper would qualify . There was $1.61 trillion in outstanding commercial paper , seasonally adjusted , on the market as of October 1 , 2008 , according to the most recent data from the Fed . That was down from $1.70 trillion in the previous week . Since the summer of 2007 , the market has shrunk from more than $2.2 trillion . This program lent out a total $738 billion before it was closed . Forty - five out of 81 of the companies participating in this program were foreign firms . Research shows that Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) recipients were twice as likely to participate in the program than other commercial paper issuers who did not take advantage of the TARP bailout . The Fed incurred no losses from the CPFF . Quantitative policy ( edit ) A little - used tool of the Federal Reserve is the quantitative policy . With that the Federal Reserve actually buys back corporate bonds and mortgage backed securities held by banks or other financial institutions . This in effect puts money back into the financial institutions and allows them to make loans and conduct normal business . The bursting of the United States housing bubble prompted the Fed to buy mortgage - backed securities for the first time in November 2008 . Over six weeks , a total of $1.25 trillion were purchased in order to stabilize the housing market , about one - fifth of all U.S. government - backed mortgages . History ( edit ) Timeline of central banking in the United States Dates System 1782 -- 1791 Bank of North America ( de facto , under the Confederation Congress ) 1791 -- 1811 First Bank of the United States 1811 -- 1816 No central bank 1816 -- 1836 Second Bank of the United States 1837 -- 1862 Free Banking Era 1846 -- 1921 Independent Treasury System 1863 -- 1913 National Banks 1913 -- present Federal Reserve System Sources : Central banking in the United States , 1791 -- 1913 ( edit ) Main article : History of central banking in the United States The first attempt at a national currency was during the American Revolutionary War . In 1775 , the Continental Congress , as well as the states , began issuing paper currency , calling the bills `` Continentals '' . The Continentals were backed only by future tax revenue , and were used to help finance the Revolutionary War . Overprinting , as well as British counterfeiting , caused the value of the Continental to diminish quickly . This experience with paper money led the United States to strip the power to issue Bills of Credit ( paper money ) from a draft of the new Constitution on August 16 , 1787 , as well as banning such issuance by the various states , and limiting the states ' ability to make anything but gold or silver coin legal tender on August 28 . In 1791 , the government granted the First Bank of the United States a charter to operate as the U.S. central bank until 1811 . The First Bank of the United States came to an end under President Madison because Congress refused to renew its charter . The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816 , and lost its authority to be the central bank of the U.S. twenty years later under President Jackson when its charter expired . Both banks were based upon the Bank of England . Ultimately , a third national bank , known as the Federal Reserve , was established in 1913 and still exists to this day . First central Bank , 1791 and second central Bank , 1816 ( edit ) The first U.S. institution with central banking responsibilities was the First Bank of the United States , chartered by Congress and signed into law by President George Washington on February 25 , 1791 , at the urging of Alexander Hamilton . This was done despite strong opposition from Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , among numerous others . The charter was for twenty years and expired in 1811 under President Madison , because Congress refused to renew it . In 1816 , however , Madison revived it in the form of the Second Bank of the United States . Years later , early renewal of the bank 's charter became the primary issue in the reelection of President Andrew Jackson . After Jackson , who was opposed to the central bank , was reelected , he pulled the government 's funds out of the bank . Jackson was the only President to completely pay off the debt . The bank 's charter was not renewed in 1836 . From 1837 to 1862 , in the Free Banking Era there was no formal central bank . From 1846 to 1921 , an Independent Treasury System ruled . From 1863 to 1913 , a system of national banks was instituted by the 1863 National Banking Act during which series of bank panics , in 1873 , 1893 , and 1907 occurred Creation of third central Bank , 1907 -- 1913 ( edit ) Main article : History of the Federal Reserve System The main motivation for the third central banking system came from the Panic of 1907 , which caused renewed demands for banking and currency reform . During the last quarter of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century , the United States economy went through a series of financial panics . According to many economists , the previous national banking system had two main weaknesses : an inelastic currency and a lack of liquidity . In 1908 , Congress enacted the Aldrich -- Vreeland Act , which provided for an emergency currency and established the National Monetary Commission to study banking and currency reform . The National Monetary Commission returned with recommendations which were repeatedly rejected by Congress . A revision crafted during a secret meeting on Jekyll Island by Senator Aldrich and representatives of the nation 's top finance and industrial groups later became the basis of the Federal Reserve Act . The House voted on December 22 , 1913 , with 298 voting yes to 60 voting no . The Senate voted 43 -- 25 on December 23 , 1913 . President Woodrow Wilson signed the bill later that day . Federal Reserve Act , 1913 ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Act Newspaper clipping , December 24 , 1913 The head of the bipartisan National Monetary Commission was financial expert and Senate Republican leader Nelson Aldrich . Aldrich set up two commissions -- one to study the American monetary system in depth and the other , headed by Aldrich himself , to study the European central banking systems and report on them . In early November 1910 , Aldrich met with five well known members of the New York banking community to devise a central banking bill . Paul Warburg , an attendee of the meeting and longtime advocate of central banking in the U.S. , later wrote that Aldrich was `` bewildered at all that he had absorbed abroad and he was faced with the difficult task of writing a highly technical bill while being harassed by the daily grind of his parliamentary duties '' . After ten days of deliberation , the bill , which would later be referred to as the `` Aldrich Plan '' , was agreed upon . It had several key components , including a central bank with a Washington - based headquarters and fifteen branches located throughout the U.S. in geographically strategic locations , and a uniform elastic currency based on gold and commercial paper . Aldrich believed a central banking system with no political involvement was best , but was convinced by Warburg that a plan with no public control was not politically feasible . The compromise involved representation of the public sector on the Board of Directors . Aldrich 's bill met much opposition from politicians . Critics charged Aldrich of being biased due to his close ties to wealthy bankers such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller , Jr. , Aldrich 's son - in - law . Most Republicans favored the Aldrich Plan , but it lacked enough support in Congress to pass because rural and western states viewed it as favoring the `` eastern establishment '' . In contrast , progressive Democrats favored a reserve system owned and operated by the government ; they believed that public ownership of the central bank would end Wall Street 's control of the American currency supply . Conservative Democrats fought for a privately owned , yet decentralized , reserve system , which would still be free of Wall Street 's control . The original Aldrich Plan was dealt a fatal blow in 1912 , when Democrats won the White House and Congress . Nonetheless , President Woodrow Wilson believed that the Aldrich plan would suffice with a few modifications . The plan became the basis for the Federal Reserve Act , which was proposed by Senator Robert Owen in May 1913 . The primary difference between the two bills was the transfer of control of the Board of Directors ( called the Federal Open Market Committee in the Federal Reserve Act ) to the government . The bill passed Congress on December 23 , 1913 , on a mostly partisan basis , with most Democrats voting `` yea '' and most Republicans voting `` nay '' . Federal Reserve Era , 1913 -- present ( edit ) Main article : History of the Federal Reserve This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2015 ) Key laws affecting the Federal Reserve have been : Federal Reserve Act , 1913 Glass -- Steagall Act Banking Act of 1935 Employment Act of 1946 Federal Reserve - Treasury Department Accord of 1951 Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 and the amendments of 1970 Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977 International Banking Act of 1978 Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act ( 1978 ) Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act ( 1980 ) Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act ( 1999 ) Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act ( 2006 ) Emergency Economic Stabilization Act ( 2008 ) Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( 2010 ) Measurement of economic variables ( edit ) The Federal Reserve records and publishes large amounts of data . A few websites where data is published are at the Board of Governors Economic Data and Research page , the Board of Governors statistical releases and historical data page , and at the St. Louis Fed 's FRED ( Federal Reserve Economic Data ) page . The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) examines many economic indicators prior to determining monetary policy . Some criticism involves economic data compiled by the Fed . The Fed sponsors much of the monetary economics research in the U.S. , and Lawrence H. White objects that this makes it less likely for researchers to publish findings challenging the status quo . Net worth of households and nonprofit organizations ( edit ) Total Net Worth -- Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations 1949 -- 2012 The net worth of households and nonprofit organizations in the United States is published by the Federal Reserve in a report titled Flow of Funds . At the end of the third quarter of fiscal year 2012 , this value was $64.8 trillion . At the end of the first quarter of fiscal year 2014 , this value was $95.5 trillion . Money supply ( edit ) Further information : Money supply The most common measures are named M0 ( narrowest ) , M1 , M2 , and M3 . In the United States they are defined by the Federal Reserve as follows : Measure Definition M0 The total of all physical currency , plus accounts at the central bank that can be exchanged for physical currency . M1 M0 + those portions of M0 held as reserves or vault cash + the amount in demand accounts ( `` checking '' or `` current '' accounts ) . M2 M1 + most savings accounts , money market accounts , and small denomination time deposits ( certificates of deposit of under $100,000 ) . M3 M2 + all other CDs , deposits of eurodollars and repurchase agreements . The Federal Reserve stopped publishing M3 statistics in March 2006 , saying that the data cost a lot to collect but did not provide significantly useful information . The other three money supply measures continue to be provided in detail . Personal consumption expenditures price index ( edit ) Further information : Personal consumption expenditures price index The Personal consumption expenditures price index , also referred to as simply the PCE price index , is used as one measure of the value of money . It is a United States - wide indicator of the average increase in prices for all domestic personal consumption . Using a variety of data including United States Consumer Price Index and U.S. Producer Price Index prices , it is derived from the largest component of the gross domestic product in the BEA 's National Income and Product Accounts , personal consumption expenditures . One of the Fed 's main roles is to maintain price stability , which means that the Fed 's ability to keep a low inflation rate is a long - term measure of their success . Although the Fed is not required to maintain inflation within a specific range , their long run target for the growth of the PCE price index is between 1.5 and 2 percent . There has been debate among policy makers as to whether the Federal Reserve should have a specific inflation targeting policy . Inflation and the economy ( edit ) Most mainstream economists favor a low , steady rate of inflation . Low ( as opposed to zero or negative ) inflation may reduce the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn , and reduce the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy . The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities . Unemployment rate ( edit ) Further information : Unemployment rate § United States Bureau of Labor Statistics , and List of U.S. states by unemployment rate United States unemployment rates 1975 -- 2010 showing variance between the fifty states One of the stated goals of monetary policy is maximum employment . The unemployment rate statistics are collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics , and like the PCE price index are used as a barometer of the nation 's economic health . Budget ( edit ) The Federal Reserve is self - funded . The vast majority ( 90 % + ) of Fed revenues come from open market operations , specifically the interest on the portfolio of Treasury securities as well as `` capital gains / losses '' that may arise from the buying / selling of the securities and their derivatives as part of Open Market Operations . The balance of revenues come from sales of financial services ( check and electronic payment processing ) and discount window loans . The Board of Governors ( Federal Reserve Board ) creates a budget report once per year for Congress . There are two reports with budget information . The one that lists the complete balance statements with income and expenses as well as the net profit or loss is the large report simply titled , `` Annual Report '' . It also includes data about employment throughout the system . The other report , which explains in more detail the expenses of the different aspects of the whole system , is called `` Annual Report : Budget Review '' . These detailed comprehensive reports can be found at the Board of Governors ' website under the section `` Reports to Congress '' Net worth ( edit ) Balance sheet ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2015 ) Federal Reserve total assets , treasuries , and mortages One of the keys to understanding the Federal Reserve is the Federal Reserve balance sheet ( or balance statement ) . In accordance with Section 11 of the Federal Reserve Act , the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System publishes once each week the `` Consolidated Statement of Condition of All Federal Reserve Banks '' showing the condition of each Federal Reserve bank and a consolidated statement for all Federal Reserve banks . The Board of Governors requires that excess earnings of the Reserve Banks be transferred to the Treasury as interest on Federal Reserve notes . Below is the balance sheet as of July 6 , 2011 ( in billions of dollars ) : NOTE : The Fed balance sheet shown in this article has assets , liabilities and net equity that do not add up correctly . The Fed balance sheet is missing the item `` Reserve Balances with Federal Reserve Banks '' which would make the figures balance . ASSETS : Gold Stock 11.04 Special Drawing Rights Certificate Acct . 5.20 Treasury Currency Outstanding ( Coin ) 43.98 Securities Held Outright 2647.94 U.S. Treasury Securities 1623.78 Bills 18.42 Notes and Bonds , nominal 1530.79 Notes and Bonds , inflation - indexed 65.52 Inflation Compensation 9.04 Federal Agency Debt Securities 115.30 Mortgage - Backed Securities 908.85 Repurchase Agreements 0 Loans 12.74 Primary Credit 12 Secondary Credit 0 Seasonal Credit 53 Credit Extended to AIG Inc . 0 Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility 12.67 Other Credit Extended 0 Commercial Paper Funding Facility LLC 0 Net portfolio holdings of Maiden Lane LLC , Maiden Lane II LLC , and Maiden Lane III LLC 60.32 Preferred Interest in AIG Life - Insurance Subsidiaries 0 Net Holdings of TALF LLC 0.75 Float - 1.05 Central Bank Liquidity Swaps 0 Other Assets 133.56 Total Assets 2914.51 LIABILITIES : Currency in Circulation 1031.30 Reverse repurchase agreements 68.09 Deposits 91.12 Term Deposits 0 U.S. Treasury , general account 76.56 U.S. Treasury , supplementary financing account 5 Foreign official 0.17 Service Related 2.53 Other Deposits 6.85 Funds from AIG , held as agent 0 Other Liabilities 73.06 Total liabilities 1263.73 CAPITAL ( AKA Net Equity ) Capital Paid In 26.71 Surplus 25.91 Other Capital 4.16 Total Capital 56.78 MEMO ( off - balance - sheet items ) Marketable securities held in custody for foreign official and international accounts 3445.42 U.S. Treasury Securities 2708 Federal Agency Securities 737.31 Securities lent to dealers 30.46 Overnight 30.46 Term 0 Total combined assets for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks Total combined liabilities for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks In addition , the balance sheet also indicates which assets are held as collateral against Federal Reserve Notes . Federal Reserve Notes and Collateral Federal Reserve Notes Outstanding 1128.63 Less : Notes held by F.R. Banks 200.90 Federal Reserve notes to be collateralized 927.73 Collateral held against Federal Reserve notes 927.73 Gold certificate account 11.04 Special drawing rights certificate account 5.20 U.S. Treasury , agency debt , and mortgage - backed securities pledged 911.50 Other assets pledged 0 Criticism ( edit ) Money supply decreased significantly between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States Main articles : Criticism of the Federal Reserve and Causes of the Great Depression The Federal Reserve System has faced various criticisms since its inception in 1913 . Critique of the organization and system has come from sources such as writers , journalists , economists , and financial institutions as well as politicians and various government employees . Criticisms include transparency , doubt of efficacy due to what is seen by some as poor historical performance and traditionalist concerns about the debasement of the value of the dollar . From the beginning , the Federal Reserve has been the subject of many popular conspiracy theories , that typically link the Fed to numerous other supposed conspiracies . See also ( edit ) Consumer Leverage Ratio Core inflation Farm Credit System Fed model Federal Home Loan Banks Federal Reserve Police Federal Reserve Statistical Release Free banking Gold standard Government debt Greenspan put History of Federal Open Market Committee actions History of central banking in the United States Independent Treasury Legal Tender Cases List of economic reports by U.S. government agencies Securities market participants ( United States ) Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Bullion Depository -- known as Fort Knox References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window & Payment System Risk Website '' . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2014 . http://www.frbdiscountwindow.org/ Jump up ^ `` FRB : Open Market Operations Archive '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Born of a panic : Forming the Federal Reserve System '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . August 1988 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/born-of-a-panic-forming-the-fed-system ^ Jump up to : BoG 2006 , pp. 1 `` Just before the founding of the Federal Reserve , the nation was plagued with financial crises . At times , these crises led to ' panics , ' in which people raced to their banks to withdraw their deposits . A particularly severe panic in 1907 resulted in bank runs that wreaked havoc on the fragile banking system and ultimately led Congress in 1913 to write the Federal Reserve Act . Initially created to address these banking panics , the Federal Reserve is now charged with a number of broader responsibilities , including fostering a sound banking system and a healthy economy . '' Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Panic of 1907 : J.P. Morgan Saves the Day '' . US-history.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Born of a Panic : Forming the Fed System '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abigail Tucker ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` The Financial Panic of 1907 : Running from History '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 1 `` It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer , more flexible , and more stable monetary and financial system . Over the years , its role in banking and the economy has expanded . '' Jump up ^ Patrick , Sue C. ( 1993 ) . Reform of the Federal Reserve System in the Early 1930s : The Politics of Money and Banking . Garland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 0970 - 3 . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 225a Jump up ^ `` The Congress established two key objectives for monetary policy - maximum employment and stable prices - in the Federal Reserve Act . These objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Mission '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. v ( See structure ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Districts '' . Federal Reserve Online . n.d . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 13 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ -- Who owns the Federal Reserve ? '' . Federal Reserve website . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lapidos , Juliet ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Is the Fed Private or Public ? '' . Slate . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toma , Mark ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Federal Reserve System '' . EH . Net Encyclopedia . Economic History Association . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . https://eh.net/encyclopedia/federal-reserve-system/ Jump up ^ `` Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank ? '' . FactCheck . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coins and Currency '' . US Dept of Treasury website . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ From `` Who owns the Federal Reserve ? '' , Current FAQs , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , at ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Press Release -- Federal Reserve Board announces Reserve Bank income and expense data and transfers to the Treasury for 2015 '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Act '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . May 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : BoG 2006 , pp. 1 Jump up ^ Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke Before the National Economists Club , Washington , D.C. ( November 21 , 2002 ) . `` Deflation : Making Sure `` It '' Does n't Happen Here `` . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben ( October 24 , 2003 ) . `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke : At the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Conference on the Legacy of Milton and Rose Friedman 's Free to Choose , Dallas , Texas '' ( text ) . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 83 Jump up ^ lender of last resort , Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis , Retrieved May 21 , 2010 , Jump up ^ Humphrey , Thomas M. ( 1 January 1989 ) . `` Lender of Last Resort : The Concept in History '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 2125371 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Federal Reserve , Monetary Policy and the Economy -- Everyday Economics '' . Dallasfed.org . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . https://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/educate/everyday/ev4.pdf Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Federal Reserve Board , with full support of the Treasury Department , authorizes the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to lend up to $85 billion to the American International Group ( AIG ) '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ; de la Merced , Michael J. ; Walsh , Mary Williams ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` Fed 's $85 Billion Loan Rescues Insurer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How Currency Gets into Circulation '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . June 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Production Figures '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . http://www.bep.treas.gov/resources/productionannual.html Jump up ^ `` Chief Financial Officer Performance and Accountability Report '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . p. 25 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Funds '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cook , Timothy Q. ; Laroche , Robert K. , eds. ( 1993 ) . `` Instruments of the Money Market '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speech -- Kohn , The Evolving Role of the Federal Reserve Banks '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions Federal Reserve System '' . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . The Board of Governors , the Federal Reserve Banks , and the Federal Reserve System as a whole are all subject to several levels of audit and review . Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) has conducted numerous reviews of Federal Reserve activities Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve System Current and Future Challenges Require System - wide Attention : Statement of Charles A. Bowsher '' ( PDF ) . United States General Accounting Office . July 26 , 1996 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ See example : `` Advantages of Being / Becoming a State Chartered Bank '' . Arkansas State Bank Department . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code Title 12 , Chapter 3 , Subchapter 7 , Section 301 . Powers and duties of board of directors ; suspension of member bank for undue use of bank credit '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 83 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` The Role of the Federal Reserve System '' . Innovation and Education : Renewing the Northeast Ohio Economy . Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Who Owns the Federal Reserve ? . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is The Fed Public Or Private ? '' Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Fed Announces Closing of Buffalo Branch , Effective October 31 '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 247 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Board Members '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See 12 U.S.C. § 242 . Jump up ^ See 12 U.S.C. § 241 ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Steve ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obama to nominate Stein , Powell to Fed board '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Powell : Visiting Scholar '' Archived December 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224732/http://bipartisanpolicy.org/about/economic-policy-project/jerome-powell . Bipartisan Policy Center . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ; Runningen , Roger ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obama to Choose Powell , Stein for Fed Board '' . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Obama nominates 3 to Federal Reserve board '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Yellen , Raskin Win Senate Approval for Fed Board of Governors '' . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Censky , Annalyn ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fed inflation hawk Warsh resigns '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sole Fed Governor With Close Ties to Conservatives Resigns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Senator to block quick vote on Fed picks : report '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg , `` Stein sworn in as Fed governor '' , MarketWatch , May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowrey , Annie ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Senate Confirms Yellen as Fed Chairwoman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fischer to Serve as Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve '' . Israel National News . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Steve , `` Jeremy Stein to resign from Federal Reserve '' , MarketWatch , April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Binyamin , `` Allan Landon , Community Banker , Nominated to Federal Reserve '' , The New York Times , January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leubsdorf , Ben , `` Kathryn Dominguez to Be Nominated for Fed Governor '' , Wall Street Journal , July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System '' . Federal Reserve . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Woodward , G. Thomas ( July 31 , 1996 ) . `` Money and the Federal Reserve System : Myth and Reality -- CRS Report for Congress , No. 96 - 672 E '' . Congressional Research Service Library of Congress . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Bank Presidents '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Code : Title 12 , Subchapter VII -- Directors of Federal Reserve Banks ; Reserve Agents and Assistants '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy C. Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City , et al. , 406 F. 3d 532 Archived May 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 8th Cir. 2005 ) . Jump up ^ 680 F. 2d 1239 Archived May 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 9th Cir. 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Michael D. Reagan , `` The Political Structure of the Federal Reserve System , '' American Political Science Review , Vol. 55 ( March 1961 ) , pp. 64 -- 76 , as reprinted in Money and Banking : Theory , Analysis , and Policy , p. 153 , ed. by S. Mittra ( Random House , New York 1970 ) . Jump up ^ `` Section 2.3 Subscription to Stock by National Banks '' . Federal Reserve Act . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5.1 Amount of Shares ; Increase and Decrease of Capital ; Surrender and Cancellation of Stock '' . Federal Reserve Act . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank ? '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_14986.htm Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Membership '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Sudeep ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` What would a federal reserve audit show '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board begins practice of publishing Reserve Bank financial reports on a quarterly basis '' . Federal Reserve Bank . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan Chittum ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Bloomberg Wins Its Lawsuit Against the Federal Reserve '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Docket entry 31 , Bloomberg , L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , case no . 1 : 08 - cv - 09595 - LAP , U.S. District Court for the District of New York . Jump up ^ Keoun , Kuntz , Benedetti - Valentini , Buhayar , Campbell , Condon , Finch , Frye , Griffin , Harper , Hyuga , Ivry , Kirchfeld , Kopecki , Layne , Logutenkova , Martens , Moore , Mustoe , Son , Sterngold . `` The Fed 's Secret Liquidity Lifelines '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Torres , Craig ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Fed Releases Discount - Window Loan Records Under Court Order '' . Businessweek . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Open Market Committee '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Education -- Monetary Policy Basics Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : BoG 2005 , pp. 27 Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve System in Action '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monetary Policy , Open Market Operations '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2001 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Monetary Policy , the Discount Rate '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monetary Policy , Reserve Requirements '' . Federalreserve.gov . October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Open Market Operations '' . New York Federal Reserve Bank . August 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Transactions '' . Ny.frb.org . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank San Francisco ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Patricia S. Pollard ( February 2003 ) . `` A Look Inside Two Central Banks : The European Central Bank And The Federal Reserve '' . Review . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . 85 ( 2 ) : 11 -- 30 . doi : 10.3886 / ICPSR01278 . OCLC 1569030 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 30 Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 31 Jump up ^ Feinman , Joshua N. ( June 1993 ) . `` Reserve Requirements : History , Current Practice , and Potential Reform '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bulletin : 569 -- 589 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board announces that it will begin to pay interest on depository institutions required and excess reserve balances '' . Federal Reserve . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Temporary Auction Facility FAQ '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 12 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve intends to continue term TAF auctions as necessary '' . Federalreserve.gov . December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the creation of the Term Securities Lending Facility '' . Federal Reserve . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fed Seeks to Limit Slump by Taking Mortgage Debt '' . bloomberg.com . March 12 , 2008 . `` The step goes beyond past initiatives because the Fed can now inject liquidity without flooding the banking system with cash ... Unlike the newest tool , the past steps added cash to the banking system , which affects the Fed 's benchmark interest rate ... By contrast , the TSLF injects liquidity by lending Treasuries , which does n't affect the federal funds rate . That leaves the Fed free to address the mortgage crisis directly without concern about adding more cash to the system than it wants '' Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Announces Establishment of Primary Dealer Credit Facility -- Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . Newyorkfed.org . March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Fed Says Securities Firms Borrow $28.8 Bln With New Financing '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primary Dealer Credit Facility : Frequently Asked Questions -- Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . Newyorkfed.org . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fed Announces Emergency Steps to Ease Credit Crisis -- Economy '' . Cnbc.com . Reuters . March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Examining the Federal Reserve 's New Liquidity Measures '' . Frbatlanta.org. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Requirements of Depository Institutions Policy on Payment System Risk , '' 75 Federal Register 86 ( May 5 , 2010 ) , pp. 24384 -- 24389 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the creation of the Term Auction Facility -- FRB : Press Release -- Federal Reserve and other central banks announce measures designed to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets '' . federalreserve.gov . December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US banks borrow $50 bn via new Fed facility '' . Financial Times . February 18 , 2008 . Before its introduction , banks either had to raise money in the open market or use the so - called `` discount window '' for emergencies . However , last year many banks refused to use the discount window , even though they found it hard to raise funds in the market , because it was associated with the stigma of bank failure Jump up ^ `` Fed Boosts Next Two Special Auctions to $30 Billion '' . Bloomberg . January 4 , 2008 . The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System established the temporary Term Auction Facility , dubbed TAF , in December to provide cash after interest - rate cuts failed to break banks ' reluctance to lend amid concern about losses related to subprime mortgage securities . The program will make funding from the Fed available beyond the 20 authorized primary dealers that trade with the central bank Jump up ^ `` A dirty job , but someone has to do it '' . economist.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . The Fed 's discount window , for instance , through which it lends direct to banks , has barely been approached , despite the soaring spreads in the interbank market . The quarter - point cuts in its federal funds rate and discount rate on December 11 were followed by a steep sell - off in the stockmarket ... The hope is that by extending the maturity of central - bank money , broadening the range of collateral against which banks can borrow and shifting from direct lending to an auction , the central bankers will bring down spreads in the one - and three - month money markets . There will be no net addition of liquidity . What the central bankers add at longer - term maturities , they will take out in the overnight market . But there are risks . The first is that , for all the fanfare , the central banks ' plan will make little difference . After all , it does nothing to remove the fundamental reason why investors are worried about lending to banks . This is the uncertainty about potential losses from subprime mortgages and the products based on them , and -- given that uncertainty -- the banks ' own desire to hoard capital against the chance that they will have to strengthen their balance sheets . Jump up ^ `` Unclogging the system '' . economist.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Robb , Greg ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Fed , top central banks to flood markets with cash '' . Marketwatch.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived December 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Term Securities Lending Facility : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Newyorkfed.org . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interest on Required Reserve Balances and Excess Balances '' . Federal Reserve Board . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . Federal Reserve Board . October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board approves amendments to Regulation D authorizing Reserve Banks to offer term deposits '' . Federalreserve.gov. April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board authorizes small - value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility '' . Federalreserve.gov . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board authorizes ongoing small - value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility '' . Federalreserve.gov . September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zumbrun , Joshua ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Fed to Sell Term Deposits to Ensure Exit ' Readiness ' '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Testimony before the House Committee on Financial Services regarding `` Unwinding Emergency Federal Reserve Liquidity Programs and Implications for Economic Recovery . '' March 25 , 2010 . Archived October 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224731/http://financialservices.house.gov/Hearings/hearingDetails.aspx?NewsID=1087 , also at GPO Access Serial No. 111 -- 118 Retrieved September 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Asset - Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fed Action Archived December 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224731/http://biz.yahoo.com/ap/081007/financial_meltdown.html Jump up ^ Wilson , Linus ; Wu , Yan ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Does Receiving TARP Funds Make it Easier to Roll Your Commercial Paper Onto the Fed ? '' . Social Science Electronic Publishing . SSRN 1911454 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Mortgage Purchase Program : Planet Money '' . NPR . August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chairman Alan Greenspan ( May 2 , 1998 ) . `` Our banking history '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Reserve '' . Federal reserve education.org . `` Chapter 1 . Early Experiments in Central Banking '' . Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve ( PDF ) . 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of U.S. Currency History '' . U.S. Currency Education Program . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mr. Govr . MORRIS moved to strike out `` and emit bills on the credit of the U. States '' -- If the United States had credit such bills would be unnecessary : if they had not , unjust & useless ... On the motion for striking out N.H. ay . Mas . ay . Ct ay . N.J. no . Pa. ay . Del . ay . Md. no . Va . ay . N.C. ay . S.C. ay . Geo . ay. `` '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ US Constitution Article 1 , Section 10 . `` no state shall ... emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; '' Jump up ^ Flamme , Karen . `` 1995 Annual Report : A Brief History of Our Nation 's Paper Money '' . Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ British Parliamentary reports on international finance : the Cunliffe Committee and the Macmillan Committee reports . Ayer Publishing . 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 11212 - 6 . description of the founding of Bank of England : ' Its foundation in 1694 arose out the difficulties of the Government of the day in securing subscriptions to State loans . Its primary purpose was to raise and lend money to the State and in consideration of this service it received under its Charter and various Act of Parliament , certain privileges of issuing bank notes . The corporation commenced , with an assured life of twelve years after which the Government had the right to annul its Charter on giving one year 's notice . Subsequent extensions of this period coincided generally with the grant of additional loans to the State ' ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Roger ( December 1999 ) . `` Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston . p. 8 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ pay off the national debt WSJ Jump up ^ Herrick , Myron ( March 1908 ) . `` The Panic of 1907 and Some of Its Lessons '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . JSTOR 1010701 . ^ Jump up to : Flaherty , Edward ( June 16 , 1997 ) . `` A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States '' . Netherlands : University of Groningen . ^ Jump up to : Whithouse , Michael ( May 1989 ) . `` Paul Warburg 's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For years members of the Jekyll Island Club would recount the story of the secret meeting and by the 1930s the narrative was considered a club tradition '' . Jekyllislandhistory.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Papers of Frank A. Vanderlip `` I wish I could sit down with you and half a dozen others in the sort of conference that created the Federal Reserve Act '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 -- A Legislative History '' . Llsdc.org . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Affixes His Signature at 6 : 02 P.M. , Using Four Gold Pens . '' New York Times . December 24 , 1913 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Warburg 's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Unknown Enemy : Beyond Conspiracy '' ( PDF ) . American Institute of Economic Research . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record -- House '' . Scribd.com . December 22 , 1913 . p. 1465 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record -- Senate '' . Scribd.com . December 23 , 1913 . p. 1468 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 2 Jump up ^ `` FRB : Economic Research & Data '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics : Releases and Historical Data '' . Federalreserve.gov . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Fed : Economic Data -- FRED '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Education -- Economic Indicators Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ White , Lawrence H. ( August 2005 ) . `` The Federal Reserve System 's Influence on Research in Monetary Economics '' . Econ Journal Watch . 2 ( 2 ) : 325 -- 354 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FRB : Z. 1 Release -- Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States , Release Dates See the pdf documents from 1945 to 2007 . The value for each year is on page 94 of each document ( the 99th page in a pdf viewer ) and duplicated on page 104 ( 109th page in pdf viewer ) . It gives the total assets , total liabilities , and net worth . This chart is of the net worth . Jump up ^ Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations Archived August 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , June 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Discontinuance of M3 '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 10 , 2005 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2006 , pp. 10 Jump up ^ `` Is the Fed 's Definition of Price Stability Evolving ? '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke -- A perspective on inflation targeting '' . Federalreserve.gov . March 25 , 2003 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What 's The Fuss Over Inflation Targeting ? '' . Businessweek.com . November 7 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben S. ( 2005 ) . The Inflation - Targeting Debate . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 04471 - 2 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo3534750.html Jump up ^ Hummel , Jeffrey Rogers . `` Death and Taxes , Including Inflation : the Public versus Economists '' ( January 2007 ). ( 4 ) p. 56 Jump up ^ `` Escaping from a Liquidity Trap and Deflation : The Foolproof Way and Others '' Lars E.O. Svensson , Journal of Economic Perspectives , Volume 17 , Issue 4 Fall 2003 , pp. 145 -- 166 Jump up ^ Chicago Fed -- Demonstrating Knowledge of the Fed : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A -- Z Listing of Board Publications '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 96th Annual Report 2008 Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . June 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Factors Affecting Reserve Balances of Depository Institutions and Condition Statement of Federal Reserve Banks '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congressional Record June 10 , 1932 , Louis T McFadden '' . June 10 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Roger T. ( February 2010 ) . `` Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver - Greenberg , Jessica ; Protess , Ben ; Eavis , Peter ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Rising Security as Banks Hire from the Fed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grace Wyler ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Ron Paul Is Hosting A Hearing On Ending The Federal Reserve Right Now '' . Business Insider Inc . Jump up ^ Brian Lamb ( October 28 , 1994 ) . Book Discussion on The Road to Serfdom. C - SPAN . Milton Friedman . National Cable Satellite Corporation . Jump up ^ For example see Jim Marrs , The Rise of the Fourth Reich : The Secret Societies That Threaten to Take Over America ( 2009 ) excerpt . Bundled references Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Bibliography ( edit ) Recent ( edit ) Sarah Binder & Mark Spindel. 2017 . The Myth of Independence : How Congress Governs the Federal Reserve . Princeton University Press . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( 2005 ) . The Federal Reserve System : Purposes and Functions ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 11 , 2014 . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( 2006 ) . The Federal Reserve in Plain English . from the St. Louis Fed Congressional Research Service Changing the Federal Reserve 's Mandate : An Economic Analysis Congressional Research Service Federal Reserve : Unconventional Monetary Policy Options Conti - Brown , Peter . The Power and Independence of the Federal Reserve ( Princeton UP , 2016 ) . Epstein , Lita & Martin , Preston ( 2003 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Federal Reserve . Alpha Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864323 - 2 . Greider , William ( 1987 ) . Secrets of the Temple . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 67556 - 7 ; nontechnical book explaining the structures , functions , and history of the Federal Reserve , focusing specifically on the tenure of Paul Volcker Hafer , R.W. The Federal Reserve System : An Encyclopedia . Greenwood Press , 2005 . 451 pp , 280 entries ; ISBN 0 - 313 - 32839 - 0 . Meyer , Laurence H. ( 2004 ) . A Term at the Fed : An Insider 's View . HarperBusiness . ISBN 0 - 06 - 054270 - 5 ; focuses on the period from 1996 to 2002 , emphasizing Alan Greenspan 's chairmanship during the 1997 Asian financial crisis , the stock market boom and the financial aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Woodward , Bob . Maestro : Greenspan 's Fed and the American Boom ( 2000 ) study of Greenspan in the 1990s . Historical ( edit ) Broz , J. Lawrence . The International Origins of the Federal Reserve System . Cornell University Press . 1997 . Carosso , Vincent P . `` The Wall Street Trust from Pujo through Medina '' , Business History Review ( 1973 ) 47 : 421 -- 437 Chandler , Lester V. American Monetary Policy , 1928 -- 41 . ( 1971 ) . Epstein , Gerald and Thomas Ferguson . `` Monetary Policy , Loan Liquidation and Industrial Conflict : Federal Reserve System Open Market Operations in 1932 '' . Journal of Economic History 44 ( December 1984 ) : 957 -- 984 . in JSTOR Friedman , Milton and Anna Jacobson Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 ( 1963 ) Goddard , Thomas H. ( 1831 ) . History of Banking Institutions of Europe and the United States . Carvill . pp. 48ff . Kubik , `` Paul J. Federal Reserve Policy during the Great Depression : The Impact of Interwar Attitudes regarding Consumption and Consumer Credit '' . Journal of Economic Issues . Volume : 30 . Issue : 3 . Publication Year : 1996 . pp. 829 + . Link , Arthur . Wilson : The New Freedom ( 1956 ) pp. 199 -- 240 . Livingston , James . Origins of the Federal Reserve System : Money , Class , and Corporate Capitalism , 1890 -- 1913 ( 1986 ) , Marxist approach to 1913 policy Lowenstein , Roger . America 's Bank : The Epic Struggle to Create the Federal Reserve ( Penguin Press , 2015 ) . 368 pp . Marrs , Jim ( 2000 ) . `` Secrets of Money and the Federal Reserve System '' . Rule by Secrecy . HarperCollins : 64 -- 78 . Mayhew , Anne . `` Ideology and the Great Depression : Monetary History Rewritten '' . Journal of Economic Issues 17 ( June 1983 ) : 353 -- 360 . Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 1 : 1913 -- 1951 ( 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 51999 - 9 ( cloth ) and ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52000 - 1 ( paper ) Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 2 : Book 1 , 1951 -- 1969 ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52001 - 8 Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 2 : Book 2 , 1969 -- 1985 ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 51994 - 4 ; In three volumes published so far , Meltzer covers the first 70 years of the Fed in considerable detail Mullins , Eustace C. The Secrets of the Federal Reserve , 1952 . John McLaughlin . ISBN 0 - 9656492 - 1 - 0 Roberts , Priscilla . ' Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes ? ' The Federal Reserve System 's Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War `` , Business History Review ( 1998 ) 72 : 585 -- 603 Rothbard , Murray ( 2007 ) . The Case Against the Fed . Ludwig von Mises Institute . ISBN 978 - 1467934893 . Bernard Shull , `` The Fourth Branch : The Federal Reserve 's Unlikely Rise to Power and Influence '' ( 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 56720 - 624 - 7 Steindl , Frank G. Monetary Interpretations of the Great Depression . ( 1995 ) . Temin , Peter . Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression ? ( 1976 ) . Wells , Donald R . The Federal Reserve System : A History ( 2004 ) West , Robert Craig . Banking Reform and the Federal Reserve , 1863 -- 1923 ( 1977 ) Wicker , Elmus . `` A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920 -- 1921 Depression '' , Journal of Economic History ( 1966 ) 26 : 223 -- 238 , in JSTOR Wicker , Elmus . Federal Reserve Monetary Policy , 1917 -- 33 . ( 1966 ) . Wicker , Elmus . The Great Debate on Banking Reform : Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed Ohio State University Press , 2005 . Wood , John H. A History of Central Banking in Great Britain and the United States ( 2005 ) Wueschner ; Silvano A. Charting Twentieth - Century Monetary Policy : Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong , 1917 -- 1927 Greenwood Press . ( 1999 ) External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutFederal Reserve Systemat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article Federal Reserve Banking System . 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"\nFederal Reserve System\n\n\n\n\n\nSeal of the Federal Reserve System\n\nFlag of the Federal Reserve System\n\n\n\n\n\nHeadquarters\nEccles Building, Washington, D.C., U.S.\n\n\nEstablished\nDecember 23, 1913 (104 years ago) (1913-12-23)\n\n\nChairman\nJerome Powell\n\n\nCentral bank of\nUnited States\n\n\nCurrency\nUnited States dollar\nUSD (ISO 4217)\n\n\nReserve requirements\n0 to 10%\n\n\nBank rate\n2.25%[1]\n\n\nInterest rate target\n1.50% to 1.75%[2]\n\n\nInterest on reserves\n1.75%\n\n\nInterest paid on excess reserves?\nYes\n\n\nWebsite\nOfficial website\n\n"
] | [
"Eccles Building, Washington, D.C."
] |
4928144650312283274 | Ken Baumann | Ken Baumann - wikipedia Ken Baumann Jump to : navigation , search Ken Baumann Kenneth Robert Tuff Baumann ( 1989 - 08 - 08 ) August 8 , 1989 ( age 28 ) Urbana , Illinois , U.S. Other names Kenny Baumann Occupation Actor , Writer , Publisher , Book designer Years active 2003 -- 2015 Spouse ( s ) Aviva Farber ( m . 2012 ) Website www.kenbaumann.com Kenneth Robert Tuff `` Ken '' Baumann ( born August 8 , 1989 ) is an American writer , publisher , and book designer . For ten years , he worked in theater , film , and television , becoming most known for playing Ben Boykewich on The Secret Life of the American Teenager . He is the author of the novels Solip and Say , Cut , Map , the nonfiction book EarthBound , as well as various essays , short stories , and poems . He owns and operates Sator Press , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit publishing company , is the series designer for Boss Fight Books , and co-published No Colony , a literary journal , with Blake Butler ( author ) . He is a co-founder of the iOS app Sweetspot , and an angel investor in the learning platform Memrise . He currently attends St. John 's College in Santa Fe , New Mexico . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Book design 3 Published works 3.1 Novels 3.2 Nonfiction 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Personal Life ( edit ) Baumann was born in Urbana , Illinois , the son of Vicki and Robert Baumann . He grew up in Abilene , Texas , where his family owned and operated a miniature horse ranch and wildlife rescue . In 2012 , he was diagnosed with Crohn 's disease . He married actress Aviva Farber on June 16 , 2012 in Malibu , California . Book design ( edit ) Along with serving as the series designer for Boss Fight Books , Baumann designed the covers for fuckscapes by Sean Kilpatrick , each issue of No Colony ' ' , and each title published by Sator Press . Published works ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) Solip ( New York : Tyrant Books 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 0985023546 Say , Cut , Map ( 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 1497651913 Nonfiction ( edit ) EarthBound ( 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 1940535005 Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2003 Riding the 9 Scott Short film ; as Kenny Baumann Consideration Albert Short film ; as Kenny Baumann Birdie & Bogey Party Boy as Kenny Baumann 2005 Falling Little Jimmy Short film ; as Kenny Baumann 2006 Wolves in the Woods Peter as Kenny Baumann 2008 Whore Kenny as Kenny Baumann 2009 Here 's Herbie Mike Short film 2012 The Cottage Justin 2012 We Speak Ken Short film Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2005 Do n't Ask Calvin Collins Television film ; as Kenny Baumann 2006 Sixty Minute Man Michael Hendersen Television film ; as Kenny Baumann 2006 The Other Mall Trevor Television film ; as Kenny Baumann 2008 Eli Stone Peter Johnson 1 episode 2008 -- 2013 The Secret Life of the American Teenager Ben Boykewich Main role ; 121 episodes 2010 -- 2011 Castle Ashley 3 episodes 2013 Call Me Crazy : A Five Film Luke Television film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sweetspot - Team '' . Onsweetspot.com. 2014 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Memrise Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Gold Gave Me Crohn 's Disease Jump up ^ The Secret Life of the American Teenager Star Ken Baumann Weds Aviva Farber Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sean Kilpatrick Columbia Poetry Reviews '' . Blogs.colum.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Ken Baumann 's website Ken Baumann on IMDb Ken Baumann 's blog Sator Press VIAF : 145837007 LCCN : no2010153671 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Baumann&oldid=808229529 '' Categories : 1989 births 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Texas American male television actors Living people Writers from Urbana , Illinois Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 17 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays ben on secret life of the american teenager | [
"Kenneth Robert Tuff \"Ken\" Baumann (born August 8, 1989) is an American writer, publisher, and book designer. For ten years, he worked in theater, film, and television, becoming most known for playing Ben Boykewich on The Secret Life of the American Teenager. He is the author of the novels Solip and Say, Cut, Map, the nonfiction book EarthBound, as well as various essays, short stories, and poems. He owns and operates Sator Press, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit publishing company, is the series designer for Boss Fight Books, and co-published No Colony, a literary journal, with Blake Butler (author). He is a co-founder of the iOS app Sweetspot,[1] and an angel investor in the learning platform Memrise.[2] He currently attends St. John's College in Santa Fe, New Mexico."
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"Kenneth Robert Tuff \"Ken\" Baumann"
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-7075267600383726230 | Flooded engine | Flooded engine - wikipedia Flooded engine Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A flooded engine is an internal combustion engine that has been fed an excessively rich air - fuel mixture that can not be ignited . This is caused by the mixture exceeding the upper explosive limit for the particular fuel . An engine in this condition will not start until the excessively rich mixture has been cleared . It is also possible for an engine to stall from a running state due to this condition . Engine flooding was a common problem with carbureted cars , but newer fuel - injected ones are immune to the problem when operating within normal tolerances . Flooding usually occurs during starting , especially under cold conditions or because the accelerator has been pumped . It can also occur during hot starting ; high temperatures may cause fuel in the carburetor float chamber to evaporate into the inlet manifold , causing the air / fuel mixture to exceed the upper explosive limit . High temperature fuel may also result in a vapor lock , which is unrelated to flooding but has a similar symptom . A severe form of engine flooding occurs when excessive liquid fuel enters the combustion chamber . This reduces the dead volume of the combustion chamber and thus places a heavy load on the starter motor , such that it fails to turn the engine . Damage ( due to excessive compression and even dilution of the lubricating oil with fuel ) can also occur . This condition is known as the engine `` flooding out . '' Possible causes of too much liquid fuel in the engine include a defective carburetor float that is not closing the fuel inlet needle valve , or debris caught in the needle valve preventing it from sealing . Liquids inside an internal combustion engine are extremely detrimental because of the incompressibility of liquids . Although not the most common cause , a severely flooded engine could result in a hydrolock . A hydrolock occurs when a liquid fills a combustion chamber to the point that it is impossible to turn the crankshaft without a catastrophic failure of the engine or one of its vital components . The conventional remedy for a flooded carbureted engine is to steadily hold the throttle full open ( full power position ) while continuing to crank the engine . This permits the maximum flow of air through the engine , flushing the overly rich fuel mixture out of the exhaust . If the exhaust system is hot enough to autoignite , an after - fire may result ; this can be seen as a flame discharging through the exhaust system . On a fuel - injected engine , ignoring the throttle ( no fuel ) while starting permits electronic logic systems to produce the correct fuel mixture , often based on exhaust gases . Some fuel injection computers interpret ' pumping ' the throttle to indicate a flooded engine , and alter the fuel - air mixture accordingly . In a carbureted engine equipped with an accelerator pump ( which advances fuel flow to match air ingestion under rapid throttle acceleration ) , ' pumping ' the throttle will force excess fuel into the engine , further flooding it . In worst cases , the excess fuel can foul spark plugs , sometimes necessitating their cleaning or replacement before the engine will start . This is most likely to occur on a carbureted engine in cold weather , after a running engine has been shut off briefly before being restarted . Doing so can cause the choke to configure the mixture for a cold engine start , despite higher actual temperatures , resulting in an overly rich mixture and flooded engine . See also ( edit ) Vapor lock References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flooded_engine&oldid=776989147 '' Categories : Engine problems Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from February 2007 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2017 , at 15 : 53 . About Wikipedia | what does it mean when you flood your engine | [
"A flooded engine is an internal combustion engine that has been fed an excessively rich air-fuel mixture that cannot be ignited. This is caused by the mixture exceeding the upper explosive limit for the particular fuel. An engine in this condition will not start until the excessively rich mixture has been cleared. It is also possible for an engine to stall from a running state due to this condition."
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"fed an excessively rich air-fuel mixture"
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-2608125390102380452 | DeForest Kelley | DeForest Kelley - wikipedia DeForest Kelley Jump to : navigation , search DeForest Kelley Kelley at a 1988 Star Trek convention Jackson DeForest Kelley ( 1920 - 01 - 20 ) January 20 , 1920 Toccoa , Georgia , U.S. June 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 11 ) ( aged 79 ) Woodland Hills , Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Stomach cancer Resting place Remains scattered in Pacific Ocean Education Decatur Boys High Occupation Actor Years active 1947 -- 1998 Home town Atlanta , Georgia Spouse ( s ) Carolyn Dowling ( m . 1945 ; his death 1999 ) Jackson DeForest Kelley ( January 20 , 1920 -- June 11 , 1999 ) , known to colleagues as `` Dee '' , was an American actor , screenwriter , poet and singer known for his roles in Westerns and as Dr. Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy of the USS Enterprise in the television and film series Star Trek . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early roles 2.2 Star Trek 2.3 Later career 3 Death 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Kelley was delivered by his uncle at his parents ' home in Toccoa , Georgia , the son of Clora ( née Casey ) and Ernest David Kelley , who was a Baptist minister . DeForest was named after the pioneering electronics engineer Lee de Forest . He later named his Star Trek character 's father `` David '' after his own father . Kelley had an older brother , Ernest Casey Kelley . Kelley was immersed in his father 's mission in Conyers and told his father that failure would mean `` wreck and ruin '' . Before the end of his first year at Conyers , Kelley was regularly putting to use his musical talents and often sang solo in morning church services . Eventually , this led to an appearance on the radio station WSB AM in Atlanta . As a result of Kelley 's radio work , he won an engagement with Lew Forbes and his orchestra at the Paramount Theater . In 1934 , the family left Conyers for Decatur , Georgia . He attended the Decatur Boys High School , where he played on the Decatur Bantams baseball team . Kelley also played football and other sports . Before his graduation in 1938 , Kelley got a job as a drugstore car hop . He spent his weekends working in the local theaters . During World War II , Kelley served as an enlisted man in the United States Army Air Forces from March 10 , 1943 to January 28 , 1946 , assigned to the First Motion Picture Unit . After an extended stay in Long Beach , California , Kelley decided to pursue an acting career and relocate to southern California permanently , living for a time with his uncle Casey . He worked as an usher in a local theater in order to earn enough money for the move . Kelley 's mother encouraged her son in his new career goal , but his father disliked the idea . While in California , Kelley was spotted by a Paramount Pictures scout while doing a United States Navy training film . Career ( edit ) Early roles ( edit ) Kelley 's acting career began with the feature film Fear in the Night in 1947 . The low - budget movie was a hit , bringing him to the attention of a national audience and giving Kelley reason to believe he would soon become a star . His next role , in Variety Girl , established him as a leading actor and resulted in the founding of his first fan club . Kelley did not become a leading man , however , and he and his wife , Carolyn , decided to move to New York City . He found work on stage and on live television , but after three years in New York , the Kelleys returned to Hollywood . In California , he received a role in an installment of You Are There , anchored by Walter Cronkite . He played ranch owner Bob Kitteridge in the 1949 episode `` Legion of Old Timers '' of the television series The Lone Ranger . This led to an appearance in Gunfight at the O.K. Corral as Morgan Earp ( brother to Burt Lancaster 's Wyatt Earp ) . This role led to three movie offers , including Warlock with Henry Fonda and Anthony Quinn . In 1957 , he had a small role as a Southern officer in Raintree County , a Civil War film directed by Edward Dmytryk , alongside Elizabeth Taylor , Montgomery Clift and Lee Marvin . He also starred in the lead role as a U.S. Navy submarine captain in World War II in The Silent Service . He appeared in both season 1 , episode 5 , `` The Spearfish Delivers '' , as Commander Dempsey and in the first episode of season 2 , `` The Archerfish Spits Straight '' , as Lieutenant Commander Enright . Leonard Nimoy also appeared in two different episodes of the series at around the same time . Kelley appeared three times on Gunfight at the O.K. Corral : first in 1955 , where he portrayed Ike Clanton in the television series You Are There ; again , two years later in the 1957 film of that name , playing Morgan Earp ; and perhaps in an ironic salute , once again on October 25 , 1968 , in a third - season Star Trek episode titled `` Spectre of the Gun '' , this time portraying Tom McLaury . Kelley also appeared in episodes of The Donna Reed Show , Perry Mason , Wanted : Dead or Alive , Boots and Saddles , Dick Powell 's Zane Grey Theater , Death Valley Days , Riverboat , The Fugitive , Lawman , Bat Masterson , Have Gun - Will Travel and Laredo . He appeared in the 1962 episode of Route 66 , `` 1800 Days to Justice '' and `` The Clover Throne '' as Willis . He had a small role in the movie The View from Pompey 's Head . For nine years , Kelley primarily played villains . He built up an impressive list of credits , alternating between television and motion pictures . However , he was afraid of typecasting , so he broke away from villains by starring in Where Love Has Gone and a television pilot called 333 Montgomery . The pilot was written by an ex-policeman named Gene Roddenberry , and a few years later Kelley would appear in another Roddenberry pilot , Police Story ( 1967 ) , that was again not developed into a series . Kelley also appeared in at least one radio drama , Suspense , where series producer William M. Robson introduced him as `` a bright new luminary in the Hollywood firmament '' . Star Trek ( edit ) Kelley as Dr. McCoy In 1956 , nine years before being cast as Dr. McCoy , Kelley played a small supporting role as a medic in The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit in which he utters the diagnosis `` This man 's dead , Captain '' and `` That man is dead '' to Gregory Peck . Kelley appeared as Lieutenant Commander James Dempsey in two episodes of the syndicated military drama The Silent Service , based on actual stories of the submarine section of the United States Navy . In 1962 , he appeared in the Bonanza episode titled `` The Decision '' , as a doctor sentenced to hang for the murder of a journalist . The judge in this episode was portrayed by John Hoyt , who later portrayed Dr. Phillip John Boyce , one of Leonard McCoy 's predecessors , on the Star Trek pilot `` The Cage '' . In 1963 , he appeared in The Virginian episode `` Man of Violence '' as a `` drinking '' cavalry doctor with Leonard Nimoy as his patient . ( Nimoy 's character did not survive . ) Perhaps not coincidentally , the episode was written by John D.F. Black , who went on to become a writer - producer on Star Trek . Just before Star Trek began filming , Kelley appeared as a doctor again , in the Laredo episode `` The Sound of Terror '' . After refusing Roddenberry 's 1964 offer to play Spock , Kelley played Dr. Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy from 1966 to 1969 in Star Trek . He reprised the character in a voice - over role in Star Trek : The Animated Series ( 1973 -- 74 ) , and the first six Star Trek motion pictures ( 1979 to 1991 ) . In one of the Star Trek comic books it was stated that Dr. McCoy 's father had been a Baptist preacher , an idea that apparently originated from Kelley 's background . In 1987 , he also had a cameo in `` Encounter at Farpoint '' , the first episode of Star Trek : The Next Generation , as Admiral Leonard McCoy , Starfleet Surgeon General Emeritus . Several aspects of Kelley 's background became part of McCoy 's characterization , including his pronunciation of `` nuclear '' as `` nucular '' . Kelley became a good friend of Star Trek cast mates William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy , from their first meeting in 1964 . During Trek 's first season , Kelley 's name was listed in the end credits along with the rest of the cast . Only Shatner and Nimoy were listed in the opening credits . As Kelley 's role grew in importance during the first season he received a pay raise to about $2,500 per episode and received third billing starting in the second season after Nimoy . Despite the show 's recognition of Kelley as one of its stars he was frustrated by the greater attention that Shatner received as its lead actor and that Nimoy received because of `` Spockamania '' among fans . Shy by his own admission , Kelley was the only cast member of the original Star Trek series program never to have written or published an autobiography ; the authorized biography From Sawdust to Stardust ( 2005 ) was written posthumously by Terry Lee Rioux of Lamar University in Beaumont , Texas . Kelley regarded `` The Empath '' as his favourite Star Trek television episode . Later career ( edit ) Hollywood Walk of Fame After Star Trek , Kelley found himself a victim of the very typecasting he had so feared . In 1972 , he was cast in the horror film Night of the Lepus . Kelley thereafter did a few television appearances and a couple of movies but essentially went into de facto retirement other than playing McCoy . By 1978 he was earning up to $50,000 ( $188,000 today ) annually from appearances at Star Trek conventions . Like other Star Trek actors , Kelley received little of the enormous profits that the franchise generated for Paramount , until Nimoy , as executive producer , helped arrange for Kelley to be paid $1 million for Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) which would eventually be his final live - action film appearance . He also appeared in the very first Star Trek : The Next Generation episode , `` Encounter at Farpoint '' , in which he portrayed a 137 - year - old Dr. McCoy . In a TLC interview done in the late 1990s , Kelley jokingly said one of his biggest fears was that the words etched on his gravestone would be `` He 's dead , Jim . '' Reflecting this , Kelley 's obituary in Newsweek magazine began : `` We 're not even going to try to resist : He 's dead , Jim . '' On the other hand , he stated that he was very proud to hear from so many Star Trek fans who had been inspired to become doctors as a result of his portrayal of Dr. McCoy . For his final film , Kelley provided the voice of Viking 1 in the 2nd / 3rd installment in the children 's series The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars . Later in life , Kelley developed an interest in poetry , eventually publishing the first of two books in a series , The Big Bird 's Dream and The Dream Goes On -- a series he would never finish . Death ( edit ) Kelley died of stomach cancer on June 11 , 1999 , at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles . His body was cremated and the ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) 1947 : Fear in the Night as Vince Grayson 1947 : Variety Girl as Bob Kirby 1947 : Beyond Our Own as Bob Rogers 1948 : Gypsy Holiday as Carl Romano 1948 : Canon City as Smalley 1949 : Life of St. Paul Series as Aram 1949 : Duke of Chicago as ' Ace ' Martin 1949 : Malaya as Lt. Glenson ( uncredited ) 1950 : The Men as Dr. Sherman ( uncredited ) 1953 : Taxi as Fred ( uncredited ) 1954 : Duffy of San Quentin as Eddie Lee -- Police Detective 1955 : House of Bamboo as Charlie ( uncredited ) 1955 : Illegal as Edward Clary 1955 : The View from Pompey 's Head as Jim Foster -- Hotel Clerk ( uncredited ) 1956 : The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit ( unbilled ) as Medic ( uncredited ) 1956 : Tension at Table Rock as Jim Breck 1957 : Gunfight at the O.K. Corral as Morgan Earp 1957 : Raintree County as Southern Officer 1958 : The Law and Jake Wade as Wexler 1959 : Warlock as Curley Burne 1963 : Gunfight at Comanche Creek as Amos Troop 1964 : Where Love Has Gone as Sam Corwin 1965 : Black Spurs as Sheriff Dal Nemo 1965 : Town Tamer as Guy Tavenner 1965 : Marriage on the Rocks as Mr. Turner 1966 : Apache Uprising as Toby Jack Saunders 1966 : Johnny Reno ( uncredited ) 1966 : Waco as Bill Rile 1972 : Night of the Lepus as Elgin Clark 1979 : Star Trek : The Motion Picture as Dr. Leonard McCoy 1982 : Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan as Dr. Leonard McCoy 1984 : Star Trek III : The Search for Spock as Dr. Leonard McCoy 1986 : Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home as Dr. Leonard McCoy 1989 : Star Trek V : The Final Frontier as Dr. Leonard McCoy 1991 : Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country as Dr. Leonard McCoy 1998 : The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars as Viking 1 ( voice ) ( final film role ) Television ( edit ) 1949 : The Lone Ranger ( as Bob Kittredge in episode `` Legion of Old Timers '' ) 1950 : The Lone Ranger ( as Sheriff Buck McCall in episode `` Gold Train '' ) 1952 : The Lone Ranger ( as the Doctor ) ? 1953 : The Lone Ranger ( as Doctor David Barnes in episode `` Death in the Forest '' ) 1953 -- 1954 : City Detective ( episodes `` Crazy Like a Fox '' and `` An Old Man 's Gold '' ) 1955 : Science Fiction Theatre ( as Captain Hall in episode `` Y ... O ... R ... D ... '' ) 1956 : Gunsmoke ( appeared in various episodes ) 1957 : M Squad ( appeared in the episode `` Pete Loves Mary '' ) 1957 : The Silent Service ( appeared in the episode `` The Gar Story '' as the Commanding Officer , LtCDR Maurice `` Duke '' Ferrara ) 1958 : The Silent Service ( appeared in the episode `` The Spearfish Delivers '' as the Commanding Officer CDR James C Dempsey ) 1958 : Wanted : Dead or Alive ( as Sheriff Steve Pax in `` Secret Ballot '' ) 1958 : Zane Grey Theater ( appeared in the episode `` Shadow of a Dead Man '' as a man killed by a rattlesnake ) 1959 : Wanted : Dead or Alive ( as Ollie Tate in `` The Empty Cell '' ) 1959 : Trackdown ( as Tom in episode `` Quiet Night in Porter '' ) 1959 : Rawhide ( as Slate Prell in episode `` Incident at Barker Springs '' ) 1959 : Mackenzie 's Raiders ( as Charles Barrons in episode `` Son of the Hawk '' ) 1959 : Mickey Spillane 's Mike Hammer ( as Eddie Robbins in episode `` I Ai n't Talkin ' '' ) 1959 : 26 Men ( appeared in episode `` Trail of Revenge '' with Leonard Nimoy ) 1959 : State Trooper ( as Graham in `` The Patient Skeleton '' ) 1959 : Richard Diamond , Private Detective ( as the Sheriff in `` The Limping Man '' and as Ken Porter in `` The Adjuster '' ) 1960 : Richard Diamond , Private Detective ( `` The Fine Art of Murder '' ) 1960 : Two Faces West ( as Vern Cleary in `` Fallen Gun '' ) 1960 : Johnny Midnight ( as David Lawton in `` The Inner Eye '' ) 1960 -- 1961 : COronado 9 ( as Frank Briggs in `` Loser 's Circle '' and Shep Harlow in `` Run , Shep , Run '' ) 1961 : Perry Mason ( in episode `` The Case of the Unwelcome Bride '' ) 1961 : Shannon ( as Carlyle in `` The Pickup '' ) 1961 : Lawman ( as Bent Carr in `` Squatters '' ) 1961 : Stagecoach West ( as Clay Henchard in `` Image of a Man '' and Lieutenant Clarke in `` The Big Gun '' ) 1961 -- 1962 : Route 66 ( appeared in episodes `` The Clover Throne '' and `` 1800 Days to Justice '' ) 1961 -- 1966 : Bonanza ( appeared in various episodes ) 1962 : Have Gun -- Will Travel 1962 : Laramie `` Gun Duel '' S4 E12 ( as Bart Collins ) 1963 : The Dakotas as Martin Volet in `` Reformation at Big Nose Butte '' ( 1963 ) 1965 : The Fugitive as Charlie ( in episode `` Three Cheers for Little Boy Blue '' ) 1966 : Death Valley Days ( as Elliott Webster in `` The Lady of the Plains '' ) 1965 : Death Valley Days ( as Martin , a prisoner , in `` Devil 's Gate '' ) 1966 : I Happened 1966 : Laredo ( as Dr. David Ingram in `` The Sound of Terror '' ) 1966 : Ride the Wind 1966 -- 1969 : Star Trek as Lieutenant Commander Dr. Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy ( some footage from this series was also used in the 1996 Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode `` Trials and Tribble - ations '' ) 1970 : Ironside ( appeared in various episodes ) 1970 : The Silent Force ( in episode `` The Judge '' ) 1972 : The Bull of the West ( telemovie based on two episodes of The Virginian ) ( as Ben Tully ) 1973 -- 1974 : Star Trek ( animated / voice ) as Lieutenant Commander Dr. Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy 1981 : The Littlest Hobo ( as Professor Hal Schaffer in `` Runaway '' ) 1987 : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( Admiral Leonard McCoy , in initial episode `` Encounter at Farpoint '' ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Carolyn Dowling ( 1916 - 2004 ) - Genealogy '' . Geni.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Shatner , William ; Fisher , David ( 2016 ) . Leonard . St. Martin 's Press . p. 108ff . Jump up ^ `` DeForest Kelley ( 1920 - 1999 ) '' . IMDb.com . June 30 , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Lee Rioux , Terry ( 2005 ) . From Sawdust to Stardust . Rocket Books . Jump up ^ `` DeForest Kelley '' . pathcom.com . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Woo , Elaine ( June 12 , 1999 ) . `` DeForest Kelley , Actor Beloved as Dr. McCoy on ' Star Trek , ' Dies at 79 '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt The Man in the Grey Flannel Suit '' . YouTube . 2008 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ wes - connors ( December 27 , 2008 ) . `` '' Laredo '' Sound of Terror ( TV Episode 1966 ) `` . IMDb . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com , staff . `` Star Trek Remembering DeForest Kelley '' . startrek.com . CBS Entertainment . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` '' Star Trek : The Next Generation '' Encounter at Farpoint ( TV Episode 1987 ) '' -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` The Empath '' Story outline report and script analysis by Dave Eversole Jump up ^ Marriott , Michael ( September 15 , 1991 ) . `` TV View ; the ' Star Trek ' Curse : a Lifetime Starfleet Commission '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Marguerite ( December 10 , 1978 ) . `` A Visit to Star Trek 's Movie Launch '' . Parade . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Newsweek , July 20 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` DeForest Kelley ( 1920 - 1999 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . Findagrave.com . June 30 , 1999 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . References ( edit ) Biography portal Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal California portal Los Angeles portal Film portal Television portal Star Trek portal United States Army portal World War II portal Lee Rioux , Terry ( 2005 ) . From Sawdust to Stardust : The Biography of DeForest Kelley , Star Trek 's Dr. McCoy . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5762 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to DeForest Kelley . DeForest Kelley on IMDb DeForest Kelley at the TCM Movie Database DeForest Kelley at AllMovie DeForest Kelley ( 1920 - 1999 ) New Georgia Encyclopedia DeForest Kelley at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Amctv.com Article about Kelley 's Western Career Excerpt The Man in the Grey Flannel Suit on YouTube Interview with Kris Smith who looked after Kelley in his final year -- The Spectrum , February 2016 . VIAF : 76513673 LCCN : no89012154 ISNI : 0000 0001 2028 8230 GND : 130003395 SUDOC : 082118213 BNF : cb14023051r ( data ) BNE : XX962669 SNAC : w6ft8srj Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DeForest_Kelley&oldid=826730454 '' Categories : 1920 births 1999 deaths Male actors from Georgia ( U.S. state ) American male film actors American military personnel of World War II American male television actors Baptists from the United States Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from stomach cancer First Motion Picture Unit personnel Male actors from Atlanta People from Toccoa , Georgia United States Army Air Forces soldiers 20th - century American male actors Western ( genre ) television actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2012 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bislama Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 18 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played bones in the original star trek | [
"Jackson DeForest Kelley (January 20, 1920 – June 11, 1999), known to colleagues as \"Dee\",[2] was an American actor, screenwriter, poet and singer known for his roles in Westerns and as Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy of the USS Enterprise in the television and film series Star Trek."
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"Jackson DeForest Kelley"
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-2913004477872501554 | America's Got Talent (season 12) | America 's Got Talent ( Season 12 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( Season 12 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Got Talent Season 12 Broadcast from May 30 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) -- September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Tyra Banks Broadcaster NBC Winner Darci Lynne Farmer Origin Oklahoma City Genre ( s ) Ventriloquism Runner - up Angelica Hale Chronology ◀ 2017 Season twelve of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent was ordered on August 2 , 2016 and premiered on NBC on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective eighth , fifth , fifth and second seasons . Supermodel and businesswoman Tyra Banks replaced Nick Cannon , who hosted the show for eight seasons , making her the first female host of the show . The live shows returned to the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles beginning August 15 , 2017 . The format of the show was the same as in season eleven , and Dunkin Donuts sponsors the show for a third consecutive season . A guest judge joined the panel for each episode of the Judge Cuts round : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox and Seal . Darci Lynne Farmer was named the winner on the season finale , September 20 , 2017 . She was the third ventriloquist , third child and third female to win a season of America 's Got Talent. 10 - year - old singer Angelica Hale placed second , and glow light dance troupe Light Balance came in third . Farmer won the show 's prize of $1 million and a headlining performance in Las Vegas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season changes 2 Preliminary auditions 2.1 Golden buzzer 2.2 Death of Brandon Rogers 3 Judge Cuts 3.1 Week 1 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 3.4 Week 4 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) 4.2 Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) 4.3 Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) 5 Semifinals 5.1 Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) 5.2 Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) 6 Finals 6.1 Finale 7 Top 36 acts 8 Ratings 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8.2 Specials 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows 10 References 11 External links Season changes Season 12 judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks On October 4 , 2016 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through 2019 . Long - time host Nick Cannon announced , on February 13 , 2017 , that he would not return as host for the twelfth season , soon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his 2017 Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . Cannon was still under contract to host , and NBC executives did not initially accept his resignation , but they ultimately searched for a new host . On March 12 , 2017 , NBC announced supermodel and host Tyra Banks as the host for Season 12 . Preliminary auditions The season had preliminary open call auditions in Chicago , Austin , Cleveland , Jacksonville , Philadelphia , Las Vegas , San Diego , New York City , Charleston , Memphis , and Los Angeles . As in years past , prospective contestants could also submit online auditions . Judges ' auditions were taped in March at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles . The premiere aired May 30 , 2017 . Golden buzzer The Golden Buzzer returned for its fourth consecutive season . Any act that received a golden buzzer during the preliminary auditions was sent directly to the live shows and did not compete in the Judge Cuts round . In the first episode of preliminary auditions , Mel B pressed the golden buzzer for 12 - year - old singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne Farmer . In subsequent episodes , Simon Cowell pressed it for 29 - year - old deaf singer Mandy Harvey , Howie Mandel chose 16 - year - old former blind singer Christian Guardino , Tyra Banks pressed it for Light Balance dance crew , and Heidi Klum chose 13 - year - old singer Angelina Green . Each Judge Cuts act that received a golden buzzer advanced to the live shows without any voting by the judges . During those Judge Cuts round , guest judges Chris Hardwick pressed his golden buzzer for 9 - year old singer Angelica Hale , DJ Khaled pressed it for 21 - year old singer - songwriter and guitarist Chase Goehring , Laverne Cox pressed it for 9 - year old singer Celine Tam , and Seal pressed it for soul singer Johnny Manuel . Death of Brandon Rogers On June 11 , 2017 , contestant Brandon Rogers died in an automobile accident . Rogers was an American physician who specialized in family medicine . Earlier in 2017 , after seeing YouTube videos of Rogers singing , Boyz II Men invited him to sing with them as a guest in three of their Las Vegas shows . His AGT audition aired on July 11 , 2017 in his memory , and he advanced to the next round . He competed in the Judge Cuts round , but his performance in that round was not televised . Judge Cuts The Judge Cuts round began on Tuesday , July 18 , 2017 . Like the previous season , one guest judge joined the judges ' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced , including the guest judge 's golden buzzer choice . Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use . Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges were Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox , and Seal . After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows : Final Draft , Bello Nock and Oskar and Gaspar ( who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round ) . All three of these acts were eliminated in the Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Quarterfinal Wildcard Eliminated Eliminated Immediately Advanced Immediately Week 1 Guest judge : Chris Hardwick Date : July 18 , 2017 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Hardwick Brown Mandel Sara and Hero Dog Act Advanced The Baker Family Bluegrass Band Eliminated Mariachi Nuevo Santander Mariachi Group Eliminated The Masqueraders Vocal Group Advanced Eric Jennifer 5 Comedian Eliminated Harrison Greenbaum 6 Comedian Eliminated Dancing Pumpkin Man 7 Dancer Eliminated Tom London 8 Close - Up Magician Eliminated Eric Jones 9 Close - Up Magician Advanced Angelica Hale 10 Singer Advanced Immediately Danylo and Oskar 11 Acrobat Duo Eliminated Lera and Nika Tomanova 12 Aerial Duo Eliminated Yosein Chi 13 Hand Balancer Eliminated Darcy Callus 14 Singer And Keyboardist Eliminated Carlos De Antonis 15 Opera Singer Eliminated Canion Shijirbat 16 Multimedia Dancer Eliminated Just Jerk 17 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Maw Kitty 18 Singer Eliminated The Singing Trump 19 Singing Trump Impersonator Advanced Demian Aditya 20 Escape Artist Advanced Week 2 Guest judge : DJ Khaled Date : July 25 , 2017 As of 2017 , this is the only Judge Cuts episode in the show 's history in which an act with at least one `` X '' buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows . This was also the only Judge Cuts episode of the season in which an act received 4 red buzzers . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Khaled Brown Mandel Sammulous Cabaret Singer Eliminated Steven Scott Comedian Eliminated The Quiddlers Novelty Puppet Group Eliminated Str8jacket Dance Group Eliminated Solto & T Dot 5 Dance Duo Eliminated Junior and Emily 6 Salsa Dance Duo Advanced Jokgu and Aichan 7 Piano - Playing Chickens Eliminated Immediately Dakota Striplin 8 Singer and Guitarist Eliminated Chase Goehring 9 Singer and Guitarist Advanced Immediately Azeri Brothers 10 Danger Act Eliminated The Godfathers 11 Acrobat Group Eliminated Tulga 12 Strongman Eliminated Mirror Image 13 Vocal / Dance Duo Advanced Evie Clair 14 Singer Advanced Kyle Eschen 15 Magician Eliminated Xavier Mortimer 16 Digital Magician Eliminated Colin Cloud 17 Mentalist Advanced Pelican212 18 Family Band Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 19 Singing Clown Advanced Yoli Mayor 20 Singer Advanced Week 3 Guest judge : Laverne Cox Date : August 1 , 2017 This was the first Judge Cuts episode in which no acts received a red buzzer from any of the judges . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Cox Brown Mandel Oscar Hernandez Dancer Advanced Tony and Jordan Digital Magicians Eliminated The Naked Magicians Magicians Eliminated Jeki Yoo Magician Eliminated Herbie Russ 5 Singer And Saxophonist Eliminated Mike Yung 6 Singer Advanced 5 Alive 7 Boy Band Eliminated Final Draft 8 R&B Vocal Group Quarterfinal Wild Card Brobots & Mandroidz 9 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Marisa McKaye 10 Singer Eliminated Celine Tam 11 Singer Advanced Immediately Aileen George 12 Pole Dancer Eliminated Shemika Charles 13 Limbo Dancer Eliminated Jay Jay Phillips 14 Comedic Keyboardist Eliminated Diavolo 15 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Jonathan Rinny 16 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated Bello Nock 17 Comedic Daredevil Quarterfinal Wild Card Daniel Ferguson 18 Singing Impressionist Eliminated Preacher Lawson 19 Comedian Advanced Billy & Emily England 20 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Week 4 Guest judge : Seal Date : August 8 , 2017 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Seal Brown Mandel Artyon & Paige Dance Duo Advanced Britt Saasen Singer Eliminated In The Stairwell A Capella Group Advanced Will Tsai Visualist Eliminated Henry Richardson 5 Magician Eliminated Elena and Sasha 6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Lost Legends 7 Dance Group Eliminated Nick Uhas 8 Scientist Eliminated Veronica Gonzalez 9 Foot Puppeteer Eliminated Sirqus Alfon 10 Comedy Trio Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 11 Gospel Choir Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 12 Dog Act Advanced Johnny Manuel 13 Singer Advanced Immediately Maria Popazova 14 Hand Balancer / Contortionist Eliminated Maxim Popazov 15 Hand Balancer Eliminated German Cornejo Dance Company 16 Dance Group Eliminated The Honeybee - z Plus 17 Dance Group Eliminated Merrick Hanna 18 Dancer Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 19 Singer Advanced Brandon Rogers N / A Singer Did Not Advance Footnotes Jump up ^ Rogers competed in this round before he died , but his performance was omitted from the episode . Quarterfinals The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 15 , 2017 . They featured the nine golden buzzer acts , the 24 other acts promoted during the Judge Cuts round , and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges . Twelve acts performed each week , with results announced the on following nights ; each week seven acts were sent through to the semifinals . Puddles Pity Party and Mirror Image received an `` X '' in the Quarterfinals . Demian Aditya received `` X 's '' by Brown and Cowell in the second Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Judges ' Wildcard Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) Guests : Grace VanderWaal , August 16 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Christian Guardino Singer Dunkin ' Save Artyon & Paige Dancing Duo Eliminated In The Stairwell A Cappella Group Advanced The Singing Trump Singing Donald Trump Impersonator Eliminated Angelica Hale 5 Singer Advanced Bello Nock 6 Comedic Daredevil Eliminated Just Jerk 7 Hip - Hop Dance Group Lost Judges ' Choice Puddles Pity Party 8 Singing Clown Eliminated Preacher Lawson 9 Comedian Advanced Yoli Mayor 10 Singer Won Judges ' Choice Billy & Emily England 11 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Singing Ventriloquist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Yoli Mayor was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Just Jerk , and she advanced to the semi-finals . Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) Guests : Circus 1903 , August 23 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Brobots & Mandroidz Hip - Hop Dance Group Eliminated Celine Tam Singer Advanced Mirror Image Vocal Dance Duo Eliminated Johnny Manuel Singer Advanced Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer Advanced Eric Jones 6 Close - up Magician Won Judges ' Choice The Masqueraders 7 Vocal Group Lost Judges ' Choice Light Balance 8 Light - Up Dance Group Advanced Evie Clair 9 Singer Dunkin ' Save Demian Aditya 10 Escape Artist Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 11 Dog Act Wild Card Mandy Harvey 12 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Eric Jones was announced to have received more of America 's votes than The Masqueraders , and he advanced to the semi-finals . ^ 2 Due to a technical issue , Light Balance 's performance was based on their dress rehearsal . ^ 3 Another technical issue occured when the sealed box Aditya was in did n't fall as planned . Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) Guests : Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , and Jon Dorenbos , August 30 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel Choir Won Judges ' Choice Junior and Emily Alabi Salsa Dance Duo Eliminated Final Draft Vocal Group Eliminated Oscar Hernandez Dancer Eliminated Angelina Green 5 Singer Lost Judges ' Choice Colin Cloud 6 Mentalist Dunkin ' Save Mike Yung 7 Singer Advanced Oskar and Gaspar 8 Videomapping Act Eliminated Sara and Hero 9 Dog Act Advanced Chase Goehring 10 Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Advanced Diavolo 11 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 12 Singer Advanced ^ 1 Sara added another dog named Loki in her act . Loki performed throughout the rest of the competition . Semifinals The live semifinals started on September 5 , 2017 . They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts performed ; five went through to the finals , and six were eliminated . No acts were buzzed . Key Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) Guests : The Clairvoyants Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Yoli Mayor Singer ; performed `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' by James Arthur Eliminated Eric Jones Close - up magician : The judges are seated on the stage . A $2 bill in Eric 's hand turns into 4 coins . Simon hands him a signed hundred - dollar bill in exchange for the 4 coins . He shakes the coins together between his palms , and one of the coins disappears . Eric gives Heidi the three coins , asks her to focus on one of them , and makes that coin disappear . Howie holds the two coins between his thumb and middle finger , and when he drops them , only one coin remains . Eric then places it onto Mel B 's hand , teleports it to her shoulder , and that coin disappears as well . All four coins are found under Simon 's 100 - dollar bill , and Eric changes them into the $2 bill . Lost Judges ' Choice DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel choir ; performed `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith Eliminated Preacher Lawson Comedian ; laments being single , explains why he broke up with his ex-girlfriend , Tyra , and worries about passing his big lips on to his future offspring . He ends with a joke about his reaction to his 4 - year - old cousin calling him ugly . Advanced Johnny Manuel 5 Singer ; performed an original song called `` Blind Faith '' Eliminated Billy and Emily England 6 Extreme rollerblading duo : rollerblades on a high platform in which Emily hangs on to Billy in several positions while they spin around . Billy then flings Emily off the edge of the platform into the jaws of animated dragons . Eliminated Evie Clair 7 Singer ; performs `` Yours '' by Ella Henderson Dunkin ' Save Sara & Hero 8 Dog act : Hero pretended to perform CPR on Sara before she `` revives '' and they play volleyball together . Guest performer Loki , Sara 's younger dog , circles backwards around a standing Hero , who then gets on a skateboard and catches frisbees . Sara and Loki get on a surfboard , and then Hero jumps through a hoop before Sara jumps through the hoop with Hero . The act ends with Loki in Sara 's arms . Advanced Chase Goehring 9 Singer - songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` What Is Love '' . Won Judges ' Choice Darci Lynne Farmer 10 Singing ventriloquist 's puppet , Edna Doorknocker , complains about being stuck in the elevator with The Singing Trump , while gushing about Simon . She then sings `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin to him , eventually cuddling a blushing Simon . Advanced Mike Yung 11 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Give Up on Me '' by Solomon Burke Eliminated ^ 1 Chase Goehring , DaNell Daymon & Greater Works , and Mike Yung were not initially announced as performing on week one of semifinals . Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Celine Tam Singer ; performed `` How Far I 'll Go '' from Moana . Eliminated Colin Cloud Mentalist ; printed thousands of tweets collected from the public , each listing a random celebrity , city and object , on cards ( each containing a couple dozen of the tweets ) distributed to the live audience members . Judges collected some of the cards from the audience at random . Mel B selected one card from these , and Heidi chose one tweet on the card at random , which contained a unique list : Ellen , Rome , cheese . Cloud demonstrated with prerecorded video snippets of himself and the judges that he had correctly predicted the list . A picture on stage , when flipped upside down , gave the same list in reverse order . Lost Judges ' Choice Christian Guardino Singer ; performed `` What 's Going On '' by Marvin Gaye . Eliminated In the Stairwell A Cappella Group ; performed `` Castle on the Hill '' by Ed Sheeran Eliminated Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer ; performed robot - themed urban dance routine that involved some flying . Eliminated Mandy Harvey 6 Singer ; performed an original song , `` Release Me '' , while translating the song into American Sign Language . Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 Dog Act ; dogs of varying sizes , dressed as Arctic / Antarctic animals such as a polar bear and penguins , performed agility and acrobatic tricks including walking and handstanding on two legs , sometimes in size order , leaping through hoops and over humans , jumping rope with a human and climbing a ladder . Eliminated Diavolo 8 Acrobatic Dance Group ; dancers rose into the air hanging artfully , or climbing on , and leaping from , various moving , transforming apparatuses , with a post-apocalyptic or futuristic theme . Won Judges ' Choice Kechi Okwuchi 9 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Worry About Me '' by Frances . Dunkin ' Save Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance employing darkness and chromatic lights on set and costumes with a video game effect . Advanced Angelica Hale 11 Singer ; performed `` Without You '' by David Guetta Advanced ^ 1 Merrick Hanna and Mandy Harvey were switched to perform on Week 2 although they were on the Week 1 promo . ^ 2 Klum 's voting intention was not revealed . Finals The final performances took place on September 19 , followed by the final results show on September 20 , 2017 . No acts were buzzed . Key Advanced to the top 5 Top 10 Act Order Performance Description Result Angelica Hale Singer ; performed `` Symphony '' by Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson . Advanced Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` Mirror '' . Top 10 Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Hero freed Sara from a glass cube by pressing a button . Hero danced around Sara 's legs before Loki ran out and performed alongside Hero . Hero balanced on Sara 's feet and put his front legs in the air . Loki jumped over obstacles and ran through a tube , then Loki jumped rope , with Sara and Hero holding the ends . Hero jumped on his hind legs with Sara , then Sara made hoops with her hands for Loki to jump through . The act ended with Hero running up a ramp and jumping high through the air over a ball pit to grab a dangling bone . Advanced Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; Two acrobats danced around a door before opening it up to reveal acrobats dancing , jumping and sliding on ramps . They then transferred to a large rocking apparatus , climbing on and leaping off of it , and catching each other , with themes of fire and thunder in the background . Top 10 Evie Clair 5 Singer ; performed `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong . Top 10 Preacher Lawson 6 Stand - Up Comedian ; recalled an interaction on the street with a mostly naked man who proclaimed `` Black Power '' despite being white . He said the man asked to borrow $75 , and noted that the man would definitely use it for drugs . He then performed an energetic physical bit , imitating the man by shaking and repeating the same phrase over and over . He ended by making a meta observation that while some audience members die laughing from this joke , others say , `` How long is he gon na do this for ? '' Top 10 Kechi Okwuchi 7 Singer ; performed `` Conqueror '' by Estelle . Top 10 Darci Lynne Farmer 8 Singing Ventriloquist ; puppets Oscar and Petunia bickered over who should sing for the Finals . The two puppets then told Darci to keep her mouth closed while they both performed a version of `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by The Beatles . Advanced Mandy Harvey 9 Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; performed an original song called `` This Time '' . Advanced Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance with chromatic lights . At the beginning , echoing the group 's past performances , a dancer in a top hat sat on a chair ( Preliminary auditions ) , followed by a werewolf ( Quarterfinals ) that seemingly tore one of the android dancers in half , although its top and bottom halves soon rejoined , and ended with a person resembling a video game character ( Semifinals ) . Advanced Finale Guest performers at the finale included Kelly Clarkson , Shania Twain , James Arthur , Derek Hough and Terry Fator . Other celebrity appearances included Marlee Matlin . Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - up ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place Act Result Darci Lynne Farmer Winner Angelica Hale Runner - Up Light Balance 3rd place Mandy Harvey 4th place Sara and Hero 5th place Top 36 acts Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Comedy & Singing Singing Ventriloquist Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Winner Angelica Hale 9 Singing Singer Atlanta , Georgia Runner - Up Light Balance 22 - 36 Dance Light - Up Dance Group Ukraine 3rd Place Mandy Harvey 29 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist St. Cloud , Florida 4th Place Sara and Hero 22 & 5 Animal Dog Act North Bay , Ontario , Canada 5th Place Chase Goehring 21 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Nolensville , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Diavolo 21 - 39 Acrobatic Dance Acrobatic Dance Group Los Angeles , California Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Evie Clair 13 Singing Singer Florence , Arizona Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Kechi Okwuchi 27 Singing Singer Houston , Texas Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Preacher Lawson 25 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Memphis , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) Colin Cloud 30 Magic Mentalist Edinburgh , Scotland Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Eric Jones 36 Magic Close - up Magician Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Billy & Emily England 30 , 27 Danger Extreme Rollerskating Duo Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Celine Tam 9 Singing Singer Hong Kong Eliminated Christian Guardino 16 Singing Singer Patchogue , New York Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 24 - 59 Singing Gospel Choir Various Eliminated In The Stairwell 18 - 22 Singing A Cappella Group Colorado Springs , Colorado Eliminated Johnny Manuel 32 Singing Singer Flint , Michigan Eliminated Merrick Hanna 12 Dance Dancer Encinitas , California Eliminated Mike Yung 56 Singing Singer New York , New York Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 - 35 Animal Dog Act Sarasota , Florida Eliminated Yoli Mayor 21 Singing Singer Miami , Florida Eliminated Angelina Green 13 Singing Singer Miami , Florida N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Just Jerk 18 - 27 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Seoul , South Korea N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) The Masqueraders 72 - 74 Singing Vocal Group Nashville , Tennessee N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Artyon & Paige 9 & 8 Dance Dancing Duo Murrieta , California N / A Eliminated Bello Nock 47 Danger Comedic Daredevil Sarasota , Florida N / A Eliminated Brobots & Mandroidz 16 - 24 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Torrance , California N / A Eliminated Demian Aditya 36 Magic Escape Artist Jakarta , Indonesia N / A Eliminated Final Draft 22 - 26 Singing Vocal Group Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated Junior and Emily 31 & 27 Dance Salsa Dance Duo Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Mirror Image 16 Singing & Dance Vocal Dance Duo Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania N / A Eliminated Oscar Hernandez 34 Dance Dancer Orange County , California N / A Eliminated Oskar and Gaspar Unknown Variety Videomapping Act Unknown N / A Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 52 Singing Singing Clown Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated The Singing Trump 56 Comedy & Singing Singing Trump Impersonator Palm Springs , California N / A Eliminated Ratings Us nielsen ratings Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank Auditions Week 1 May 30 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 11 12.32 Auditions Week 2 June 6 , 2017 2.7 11 12.53 Auditions Week 3 June 13 , 2017 2.6 11 12.70 Auditions Week 4 June 20 , 2017 2.6 11 12.74 5 Auditions Week 5 June 27 , 2017 2.5 10 12.36 6 Auditions Week 6 July 11 , 2017 2.5 10 12.59 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 18 , 2017 2.5 11 12.57 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 25 , 2017 2.6 11 13.08 9 Judge Cuts 3 August 1 , 2017 2.8 12 13.33 10 Judge Cuts 4 August 8 , 2017 2.7 11 13.32 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 15 , 2017 2.8 11 13.44 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 16 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 9 10.89 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 22 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.76 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 23 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.0 9 10.84 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 29 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 11 13.13 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 30 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 8 11.07 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) September 5 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 13.29 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) September 6 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.99 6 19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 12 , 2017 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.57 20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 13 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.59 21 The Finals September 19 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 12 14.70 22 Season Finale September 20 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 11 15.64 Footnotes Jump up ^ This episode was delayed by one hour to follow Hand in Hand : A Benefit for Hurricane Relief . Specials Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank S1 Best of Season 12 Auditions July 13 , 2017 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.10 10 S2 Road to Finals August 9 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.01 8 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows Demian Aditya appeared as a guest performer on Indonesia 's Got Talent . German Cornejo & Gisela Galeassi ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and were the tango dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 , performing after the show in Las Vegas with ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen Live . They also were guest artists in Buenos Aires at the Dance Again World Tour by Jennifer Lopez . Ezequiel Lopez ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and was one of the malambo dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 . Canion Shijirbat appeared on and was the runner - up of Mongolia 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) in 2016 . Nick Uhas was a houseguest on Big Brother 15 and was the second houseguest evicted from the house . Merrick Hanna auditioned for So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . He made it into the top 40 at Dance Academy , but was eliminated before reaching the top 30 . He has also appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Artyon , half of the dancing duo Artyon and Paige , appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties . Darci Lynne Farmer appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and on Little Big Shots ( UK TV series ) in 2017 . Billy and Emily England appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 9 ) and reached the Semifinals . In 2008 , Emily was the runner - up on Big Brother UK : Celebrity Hijack , competing under the name of `` Emilia . '' Tony and Jordan ( `` The French Twins '' ) appeared on series 11 of La France a un incroyable talent ( the French version of Got Talent ) in 2016 . Chase Goehring appeared on The X Factor ( U.S. season 3 ) . Light Balance appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 8 ) and reached the Semifinals . Junior and Emily appeared on Season 3 of America 's Got Talent , but were eliminated before the live shows . Shemika Charles appeared on Season 6 of America 's Got Talent , but was eliminated during Vegas week . Celine Tam appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and Britain 's Got Talent ( series 10 ) but had to drop out due to a visa issue . Vinny Grosso ( `` The Naked Magician '' ) previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool Us '' , performing the same routine as his AGT Audition , and successfully fooling the magic duo . The Quiddlers participated in the third season and appeared on I Can Do That , performing with Ciara and Nicole Scherzinger during their time on the show . Eric Jones previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool us , and he was successful in fooling them . Kyle Eschen & Xavier Mortimer also appeared on Fool Us ( Mortimer twice ) , but were unsuccessful in fooling Penn & Teller . Xavier Mortimer auditioned in Season 10 , but was eliminated at the judge cuts after receiving four buzzers . Pelican 212 appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 . Kyle Eschen appeared on Season 3 , episode 2 of Penn & Teller : Fool Us , Masters of Illusion , and The World Magic Awards . Colin Cloud appeared on Britain 's Got Talent in 2012 however did not make it through to the live semifinals . Cloud also appeared on Season 1 of Penn and Teller Fool Us . His trick did n't however fool Penn and Teller . At both BGT and Penn and Teller Fool Us he went under his real name Colin McLeod . References Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Summer Premieres : ' Marlon , ' ' Midnight , Texas , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' Reality & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' Donuts returns to NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for shows ' 12th Season '' . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Chris Hardwick and DJ Khaled as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Brooke . `` Darci Lynne Farmer , 12 , is the new champion of America 's Got Talent '' , USA Today , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers . `` The winner of America 's Got Talent is ... '' , CNN , September 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This to Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stand my ground ' : Nick Cannon resolves to ' stay firm ' after quitting AGT and picks Ryan Seacrest as heir '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Auditions : Cities , Dates , Video Tips '' . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly . `` America 's Got Talent : A look at Season 12 's Golden Buzzer acts '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Rising Star Dies in Car Crash at Age 29 '' . People . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garcera , Mark Zeanreh . `` Some drama on AGT when Mel B splashes Simon 's face '' , BlastingNews.com , August 23 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 ; and King , Bill . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : The Quarterfinals Get Underway '' , BuddyTV.com , August 15 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Watch America 's Got Talent Live Results 1 online '' . FanSided. 2017 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Live Results 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Witness the spectacular ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stagnitta , Ali . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : 2 Onstage Disasters Prevent Fan - Favorite Acts from Performing '' , Hollywood Life , August 22 , 2017 , accessed September 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ www.justjared.com/2017/08/22/demian-adityas-escape-stunt-on-agt-goes-wrong-during-live-show-video/ Jump up ^ `` ' TV ALERT ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' YOU HEAR THAT ? ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ www.thewrap.com/americas-got-talent-agt-clairvoyants-video/ Jump up ^ Mizoguchi , Karen . `` America 's Got Talent Fans React to THAT Shocking Season Finale -- See Which Fan - Favorites Got Eliminated ! '' , People magazine , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Singing Trump from Palm Springs wowed on ' America 's Got Talent ' with his song and dance skills '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals give ABC a big bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals , ' America 's Got Talent ' on top again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 5 -- 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals carries ABC again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' and ' American Housewife ' encores adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBC and ' AGT ' stay on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 26 - July 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and All - Star Game adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' MLB All - Stars go 1 - 2 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' streak continues : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Another week on top for ' America 's Got Talent ' : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' NFL lead NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Somewhere Between ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelorette ' finale gives ABC a bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Game Night and Somewhere Between adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent , Big Brother dominate the broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' The F Word ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' reruns adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NBC runs winning streak to 10 weeks : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent and Hollywood Game Night adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` College football pushes ABC to No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 28 - Sept. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Marlon ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' and ' AGT ' adjust up , ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Football gives NBC a big win : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday Night Football falls but remains on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Midnight , Texas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Will & Grace ' special adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` NBC caps yearlong win with ' AGT ' finale , football : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 18 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Road to Finals ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Salvation , ' ' Story of Diana , ' ' Carmichael ' and ' AGT ' all adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance 2016 Recap : So You Think You Can Make The Top 10 ? '' . gossipandgab.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Merrick Hanna '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . External links Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 11 ( 2016 ) America 's Got Talent Season 12 ( 2017 ) Succeeded by Season 13 ( 2018 ) ( hide ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_12)&oldid=803217452 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 05 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the yellow button on america's got talent golden | [
"The Golden Buzzer returned for its fourth consecutive season. Any act that received a golden buzzer during the preliminary auditions was sent directly to the live shows and did not compete in the Judge Cuts round. In the first episode of preliminary auditions, Mel B pressed the golden buzzer for 12-year-old singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne Farmer. In subsequent episodes, Simon Cowell pressed it for 29-year-old deaf singer Mandy Harvey, Howie Mandel chose 16-year-old former blind singer Christian Guardino, Tyra Banks pressed it for Light Balance dance crew, and Heidi Klum chose 13-year-old singer Angelina Green.[15]"
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"The Golden Buzzer"
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6965656058960394291 | The Lodge (TV series) | The Lodge ( tv series ) - Wikipedia The Lodge ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Lodge Genre Sitcom Musical Drama Based on North Star by Michal Cooper Keren Starring Sophie Simnett Luke Newton Thomas Doherty Bethan Wright Jayden Revri Jade Alleyne Joshua Sinclair - Evans Mia Jenkins Theme music composer Jeannie Lurie Aristeidis Archontis Chen Neeman Opening theme `` Starting Over , Starting Now '' Composer ( s ) Jeannie Lurie Aris Archontis Chen Neeman Matthew Tishler Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Steven Andrew Producer ( s ) Raymond Lau Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Zodiak Kids Studios Release Original network Disney Channel Original release 23 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) -- present External links Website disneychannel.disney.co.uk/the-lodge The Lodge is a British musical drama sitcom that premiered in the United Kingdom on Disney Channel on 23 September 2016 and in the United States on Disney Channel on 17 October 2016 . The series is based on the Israeli series North Star and stars Sophie Simnett , Luke Newton , Thomas Doherty , Bethan Wright , Jayden Revri , Jade Alleyne , Joshua Sinclair - Evans , and Mia Jenkins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Series overview 4.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 5 Broadcast 6 Ratings 6.1 UK ratings 6.2 U.S. ratings 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Fifteen - year - old Skye moves with her father from the big city to rural Northern Ireland , where they take over a local hotel called North Star Lodge , which was previously owned and managed by Skye 's grandfather . At their new home , Skye tries to build a life , but this new life is far from complication free as she must navigate through the everyday stresses of life as a teenager . She struggles to integrate into a group of teenagers who live and work in the hotel , but discovers that most of them do not have good intentions . When she discovers that her father is planning to sell the hotel , Skye becomes upset as she has developed an emotional attachment to it . Skye decides to convince her father not to sell the hotel only to discover that the man wanting to buy it is her new friend 's father . Skye receives the support of her friends , but not everyone is as interested as she is in saving it . Skye discovers secrets over time that will affect not only her life , but that of the hotel . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Sophie Simnett as Skye Luke Newton as Ben Thomas Doherty as Sean Bethan Wright as Danielle Jayden Revri as Noah Jade Alleyne as Kaylee Joshua Sinclair - Evans as Josh Mia Jenkins as Alex ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Marcus Garvey as Ed John Hopkins as SJ Geoffrey McGivern as Patrick Dan Richardson as Gil Ellie Taylor as Christina Laila Rouass as Olivia Dominic Harrison as Oz Tom Hudson as Kyle Martin Anzor as Aaron Sarah Nauta as Lori Clara Rugaard as Ana Cameron King as Ethan Emma Campbell - Jones as Ella Production ( edit ) In July 2015 , the British Disney Channel gave the green light for the production of the series The Lodge , which had the working title of North Star ... For the first season , 13 episodes were originally announced , each with a running time of 22 minutes , though the amount was later reduced to 10 episodes . The main character , Skye , was originally named Maia , like in the Israeli Disney Channel original series North Star . The series The Lodge , filmed in Northern Ireland , takes place in the county of County Down . Most of the scenes are filmed in Montalto Estate and at The Carriage Rooms , which are in Ballynahinch . On 13 December 2016 , it was announced that the series was renewed for a second season , which will premiere in 2017 . On 21 February 2017 , it was announced that production had begun on the second season and it would consist of 15 episodes . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 17 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) 15 9 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) TBA Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by UK air date U.S. air date UK viewers ( millions ) U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The New Girl '' Matt Bloom Lee Walters 23 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 17 October 2016 0.26 0.80 We start with Skye and her dad driving to the lodge whilst Face Timing her best friend Josh . Sean cycles in front of the car causing Ed to stop it instantly which , in turn , breaks the car . Sean gives Skye a ride to the lodge when he learns that her mum died a year before hand . They arrive at the lodge where we meet Kaylee and he finds out that Skye 's grandpa owns the place . Ben fixes up the car but has an icy attitude towards Ed . All the other workers are the same towards him and Skye . It is then revealed that without Skye 's knowledge her dad and grandpa were planning on selling the place . During a game of volleyball , , Sean 's girlfriend Danielle reveals to Skye that Sean 's dad is the one buying the place . Skye then convinces her dad and grandpa to give the North Star a makeover and keep it running until the end of summer . Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Geoffrey McGivern as Patrick , Dan Richardson as Gil , Ellie Taylor as Christina , Sarah Nauta as Lori , Laila Rouass as Olivia `` Reality Check '' Matt Bloom Lee Walters 30 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) 18 October 2016 0.18 0.73 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Skye , Kaylee , Noah and Ben begin to give the lodge a much needed makeover . Danielle begins to believe that there is something going on between Sean and Skye , so Sean promises Danielle that he wo n't speak to Skye . Skye is offered a role on a show called ' My Amazing Life ' and accepts the offer to promote the lodge . Sean pays a visit to the lodge and him and Skye hangout . Danielle turns up furious about Skye having the show now and that Sean is talking to Skye . To get Danielle off Skye 's back , Ben says that he and Skye are dating and he kisses her on the cheek . Skye proposes that Kaylee performs for a music night , but right before Kaylee goes on stage , Danielle tries to convince her that Skye is only using her for publicity . Kaylee ignores her and as the performance starts the power goes out so Noah and Lori go down into the basement to turn it back on . Danielle then explains to Kaylee how she thinks that the whole thing was staged by Skye . Skye talks to Kaylee and convinces Kaylee to sing acoustic with her . After the performance Sean tells Skye that she should n't be using Ben , she expresses her anger in a voicemail to him that he needs to mind his own business . At the end of the episode Noah confesses his feelings for Kaylee but the footage is seen by Lori , who then deletes it . Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Geoffrey McGivern as Patrick , Ellie Taylor as Christina , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , Sarah Nauta as Lori `` Opportunities '' Matt Bloom Robert Evans 7 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 19 October 2016 0.19 0.71 Feeling guilty about having left Sean an angry voicemail and learning that his dad has cut off his allowance , Skye offers him a job . She also goes rock climbing with Ben and his brother Ethan . Ethan then ' falls ' to make Ben have to come save him , in an attempt to make Ben look good in front of Skye . Ben then takes Skye to her mum 's favourite place and asks her out . Skye 's grandpa leaves the lodge and everybody celebrates . Angry at Skye for giving Sean a job at the lodge , Danielle reveals to her that Ben 's ex , Ana , is back in town . Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Geoffrey McGivern as Patrick , Dan Richardson as Gil , Ellie Taylor as Christina , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , Sarah Nauta as Lori , Emma Campbell - Jones as Ella , Clara Rugaard as Ana , Cameron King as Ethan `` Double Date '' Matt Bloom James Whitehouse & Hannah George 14 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 20 October 2016 0.14 0.74 With Ana back in town Skye begins to feel insecure about her relationship with Ben . Danielle proposes a double date inviting Skye and Ben to go with her and Sean and winds up a little by inviting Ana along for her last day . To see which girl Ben likes more , when Ana falls in , Danielle pushes Skye into the water as well . Ben ends up saving Ana but only because she ca n't swim , leaving Sean to have to go save Skye , and while he is kayaking over to her , he bumps into Danielle 's kayak , causing her to fall in . Kaylee learns that the My Amazing Life show is plotting to keep her and Noah apart . Noah , Kaylee and Lori also find a secret pathway and room below the lodge . The episode ends with Ana leaving and Josh arriving at the reception . Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Ellie Taylor as Christina , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , Sarah Nauta as Lori , Clara Rugaard as Ana , Laila Rouass as Olivia 5 5 `` # Winning '' Matt Bloom Bronagh Taggart 21 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) 21 October 2016 0.22 0.77 Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Dominic Harrison as Oz , Dan Richardson as Gil , Ellie Taylor as Christina , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , John Hopkins as SJ 6 6 `` Best Kept Secrets '' Dez McCarthy Scott Payne 28 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) 28 October 2016 0.12 0.73 Skye is worried that she might hurt Ben by telling him that Sean kissed her after the race . Danielle later asks if Skye has feelings for Sean and what she thinks about Ben . Skye does not notice that Danielle caught what she said on tape and wants to put it on the show . Danielle later confronts Sean and asks him if he has feelings for Skye and he says yes . Skye tells Ben that she was kissed by Sean and then Ben becomes furious and pushes Sean down the stairs by accident and he sprains his ankle . Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Dominic Harrison as Oz , Ellie Taylor as Christina , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , Dan Richardson as Gil , Cameron King as Ethan , John Hopkins as SJ 7 7 `` `` Cancelled '' `` Dez McCarthy Holly Phillips 4 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) 4 November 2016 0.20 0.78 Following the shocking revelation that Sean kissed Skye , things are sour at the North Star . After this , Ben quits working for the Lodge . Without Ben , things at the Lodge go awry when Skye has to deal with a malfunctioning shower and also planning a pizza night for My Amazing Life . Skye begs Ben to come back , but when a My Amazing Life camera drone follows them to Skye 's secret place , Skye cancels the show out of anger . Christina and the crew move out of the Lodge and Danielle loses her job with the show because of this . Meanwhile , SJ 's kooky spies are sneaking around the Lodge once again , but this time , as plumbers to `` fix '' the shower . Also , with the time off from riding , due to his ankle injury , Sean is lost without the Lodge , but scared to go back after the blowup . Sean 's dad convinces him to go patch things up , but he also makes him promise to mention his wanting to buy the Lodge to Skye . The episode concludes with Skye and Sean patching things up with each other , while Oz and the band perform at the pizza night . Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Dominic Harrison as Oz , Dan Richardson as Gil , Ellie Taylor as Christina , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , Laila Rouass as Olivia , Emma Campbell - Jones as Ella 8 8 `` Wishful Thinking '' Dez McCarthy Bronagh Taggart 11 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 2016 0.15 0.78 Skye , Kaylee , Oz , Noah and Sean leave for a camping trip . Danielle and Ben meet up in the woods and try to find the campsite . Ben and Sean go into the woods and end up in an argument over Skye . Oz accidentally reveals to the group that Kaylee got into the City Music School and is leaving . Oz later tells Noah that if he wants the best for Kaylee , he should back off and let her leave . The girls think a wild animal is outside the tent , but it is really just Kyle and Aaron trying to get in and talk to Skye about S.J. Later on , Skye tells the group about a Japanese tradition that if you write your wish and make it into a boat , if you release it will come true , providing no - one reads it . Everybody sets their wishes into a river . In the evening , Kaylee and Skye find Noah 's wish boat . Kaylee opens it and finds out it says ' I wish Kaylee would stay and we could be together . ' She is shocked about the wish . Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Dominic Harrison as Oz , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron Absent : Joshua Sinclair - Evans as Josh 9 9 `` The Truth '' Dez McCarthy Lee Walters 18 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 18 November 2016 0.12 0.68 Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Dominic Harrison as Oz , Dan Richardson as Gil , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , John Hopkins as SJ 10 10 `` The Choice '' Dez McCarthy Lee Walters 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) 25 November 2016 0.12 0.60 < Skye works hard to create the concert that will save the lodge . Ben asks Skye to chose between him and Sean . Josh shows up . After Noah tries to kiss Kaylee , Oz and the band leave . Sean tries to rebuild his friendship with Ben . When Danielle 's mother finds out about the concert she tries to shut it down but , Sean convinces Danielle to change her mothers mind . The concert goes ahead and Skye and her friends perform ' Bringing Better Back ' . After the concert Skye sends a text to Sean and Ben telling them who she chose . Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Dominic Harrison as Oz , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , Laila Rouass as Olivia Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by UK air date U.S. air date UK viewers ( millions ) U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` I Choose You '' Dez McCarthy Lee Walters 9 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) TBA 0.14 TBA Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , Dan Richardson as Gil , Lina Larissa Strahl as Frankie , Eloise Joseph as Miss Shaw 12 `` Partners '' Dez McCarthy Bronagh Taggart 16 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) TBA N / A TBA Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , Lina Larissa Strahl as Frankie , Eloise Joseph as Miss Shaw 13 `` Help '' Dez McCarthy Paul Gerstenberger 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) TBA N / A TBA Guest stars : Kimberley Walsh as Rebeca , Marcus Garvey as Ed , Martin Anzor as Aaron , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Lina Larissa Strahl as Frankie , Eloise Joseph as Miss Shaw 14 `` Call Me '' Dez McCarthy Zoe Lister 30 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) TBA 0.12 TBA Guest stars : Kimberley Walsh as Rebeca , Marcus Garvey as Ed , Dan Richardson as Gil , Lina Larissa Strahl as Frankie , Eloise Joseph as Miss Shaw 15 5 `` Mystery Guest '' Julie Edwards Scott Payne 7 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) TBA 0.09 TBA 16 6 `` The Last Dance '' Julie Edwards James Whitehouse & Hannah George 14 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) TBA 0.14 TBA 17 7 `` I 'll Huff And I 'll Puff '' Julie Edwards Lee Walters 14 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) TBA 0.13 TBA 18 8 `` No Hard Feelings '' TBA TBA 8 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) TBA TBD TBA 19 9 `` Under New Management '' TBA TBA 15 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) TBA TBD TBA Broadcast ( edit ) The premiere episode of The Lodge , `` The New Girl '' , was released online in the UK on 8 September 2016 , more than two weeks before its television premiere . The series premiered in the United States on Disney Channel on 17 October 2016 . At the end of 2016 and beginning of 2017 , the series will be released in 108 additional countries within the EMEA region . Ratings ( edit ) UK ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 10 23 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 0.26 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) 0.12 0.17 U.S. ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 10 17 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 0.80 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) 0.60 0.73 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Channel Greenlights New Local Production North Star '' . Zodiak Media . 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Seán Brosnan ( 24 March 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel Series The Lodge Begins Filming in Northern Ireland '' . IFTN . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Channel Begins Filming The Lodge in Northern Ireland '' . Discover Northern Ireland . 24 March 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Wendy Goldman Getzler ( 10 July 2015 ) . `` Disney Lights Up North Star in Europe '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel : Major Musical Drama The Lodge Filming in Northern Ireland '' . BBC . 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Disney Channel UK ( 13 December 2016 ) . The Lodge Season 2 Coming 2017 ! . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : David Sztypuljak ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` The first look photos from Disney 's The Lodge Season 2 as production begins '' . HeyUGuys . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney 's The Lodge Season 2 starts production in Northern Ireland '' . Advanced Television . 21 February 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lodge Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lodge Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . BARB . Select `` Disney Total '' and choose the week the episode aired . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( 18 October 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 10.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( 19 October 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 10.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 10.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( 21 October 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 10.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( 24 October 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( 31 October 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.28. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( 14 November 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Lodge -- S2 -- Episode 4 : Call Me '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lodge -- S2 -- Episode 5 : Mystery Guest '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lodge -- S2 -- Episode 6 : The Last Dance '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lodge -- S2 -- Episode 7 : I 'll Huff And I 'll Puff '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lodge -- S2 -- Episode 8 : No Hard Feelings '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lodge -- S2 -- Episode 9 : Under New Management '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Wagmeister ( 30 August 2016 ) . `` Musical Mystery Series ' The Lodge ' to Be Distributed Globally by Disney Channel '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lodge_(TV_series)&oldid=800072512 '' Categories : 2016 British television programme debuts Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 10 : 45 . About Wikipedia | the lodge season 2 episode 8 release date | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nUK air date \nU.S. air date [9]\nUK viewers\n(millions) [11]\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n11\n1\n\"I Choose You\"\nDez McCarthy\nLee Walters\n9 June 2017 (2017-06-09)\nTBA\n0.14\nTBA\n\n\nGuest stars: Marcus Garvey as Ed, Tom Hudson as Kyle, Martin Anzor as Aaron, Dan Richardson as Gil, Lina Larissa Strahl as Frankie, Eloise Joseph as Miss Shaw\n\n\n12\n2\n\"Partners\"\nDez McCarthy\nBronagh Taggart\n16 June 2017 (2017-06-16)\nTBA\nN/A\nTBA\n\n\nGuest stars: Marcus Garvey as Ed, Tom Hudson as Kyle, Martin Anzor as Aaron, Lina Larissa Strahl as Frankie, Eloise Joseph as Miss Shaw\n\n\n13\n3\n\"Help\"\nDez McCarthy\nPaul Gerstenberger\n23 June 2017 (2017-06-23)\nTBA\nN/A\nTBA\n\n\nGuest stars: Kimberley Walsh as Rebeca, Marcus Garvey as Ed, Martin Anzor as Aaron, Tom Hudson as Kyle, Lina Larissa Strahl as Frankie, Eloise Joseph as Miss Shaw\n\n\n14\n4\n\"Call Me\"[22]\nDez McCarthy\nZoe Lister\n30 June 2017 (2017-06-30)\nTBA\n0.12\nTBA\n\n\nGuest stars: Kimberley Walsh as Rebeca, Marcus Garvey as Ed, Dan Richardson as Gil, Lina Larissa Strahl as Frankie, Eloise Joseph as Miss Shaw\n\n\n15\n5\n\"Mystery Guest\"[23]\nJulie Edwards\nScott Payne\n7 July 2017 (2017-07-07)\nTBA\n0.09\nTBA\n\n\n16\n6\n\"The Last Dance\"[24]\nJulie Edwards\nJames Whitehouse & Hannah George\n14 July 2017 (2017-07-14)\nTBA\n0.14\nTBA\n\n\n17\n7\n\"I'll Huff And I'll Puff\"[25]\nJulie Edwards\nLee Walters\n14 July 2017 (2017-07-14)\nTBA\n0.13\nTBA\n\n\n18\n8\n\"No Hard Feelings\"[26]\nTBA\nTBA\n8 September 2017 (2017-09-08)\nTBA\nTBD\nTBA\n\n\n19\n9\n\"Under New Management\"[27]\nTBA\nTBA\n15 September 2017 (2017-09-15)\nTBA\nTBD\nTBA\n\n"
] | [
"8 September 2017"
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-6276072219374126305 | Eight Is Enough | Eight is Enough - wikipedia Eight is Enough Jump to : navigation , search Eight Is Enough Genre Comedy - drama Developed by William Blinn Starring Dick Van Patten Diana Hyland Betty Buckley Grant Goodeve Lani O'Grady Laurie Walters Susan Richardson Dianne Kay Connie Newton Willie Aames Adam Rich Theme music composer Fred Werner ( Season 1 & 2 opening theme ) Song : from Season 3 onwards -- `` Eight Is Enough '' Music by Lee Holdridge Lyrics by Molly - Ann Leikin Composer ( s ) John Beal Alexander Courage Earle Hagen Miles Goodman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 112 Production Executive producer ( s ) Philip Capice Lee Rich Producer ( s ) Robert L. Jacks Gary Adelson Greg Strangis Phil Fehrle Camera setup Single - camera Running time 50 minutes Production company ( s ) Lorimar Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Audio format Monaural Original release March 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 15 ) -- May 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 23 ) Chronology Followed by Eight Is Enough : A Family Reunion ( 1987 ) and Eight Is Enough : A Wedding ( 1989 ) Eight Is Enough is an American television comedy - drama series that ran on ABC from March 15 , 1977 until May 23 , 1981 . The show was modeled on the life of syndicated newspaper columnist Thomas Braden , a real - life parent with eight children , who wrote a book by the same title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Theme 5 Score 6 Reception and cancellation 7 Nielsen Ratings 8 Series overview 9 Episodes 9.1 Season 1 ( 1977 ) 9.2 Season 2 ( 1977 -- 78 ) 9.3 Season 3 ( 1978 -- 79 ) 9.4 Season 4 ( 1979 -- 80 ) 9.5 Season 5 ( 1980 -- 81 ) 10 Post-series movies 11 Syndication 11.1 International 12 DVD releases 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The show centers on a Sacramento , California family with eight children ( from oldest to youngest : David , Mary , Joanie , Susan , Nancy , Elizabeth , Tommy , and Nicholas ) . The father , Tom Bradford ( Dick Van Patten ) , was a newspaper columnist for the fictional Sacramento Register . His wife Joan ( Diana Hyland ) took care of the children . Hyland was only in four episodes before falling ill . She died soon after , and her character 's death was written into the script . The second season began in the fall of 1977 with the revelation that Tom had become a widower . Tom fell in love with Sandra Sue `` Abby '' Abbott ( Betty Buckley ) , a schoolteacher who came to the house to tutor Tommy when he broke his leg in a football game . They were married in one of the series ' TV movie broadcasts on November 9 , 1977 . The role went to Buckley after being approved by network chief Brandon Tartikoff , who felt the character of the sympathetic teacher she had played in the 1976 film Carrie would also be great for the series . In another TV movie event in September 1979 , David and Susan were both married in a double wedding . As the series progressed , Abby got her Ph. D. in education and started a job counseling students at the local high school , oldest daughter Mary became a doctor , and second - youngest son Tommy became a singer in a rock - and - roll band . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Dick Van Patten as Tom Bradford Diana Hyland as Joan Wells Bradford ( season 1 ) Betty Buckley as Sandra Sue `` Abby '' Abbott Bradford ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) Grant Goodeve ( Mark Hamill in the series pilot ) as David Bradford Lani O'Grady as Mary Bradford Laurie Walters as Joanie Bradford Susan Richardson as Susan Bradford Dianne Kay ( Kimberly Beck in the series pilot ) as Nancy Bradford Connie Needham as Elizabeth Bradford ( originally credited as Connie Newton ) Willie Aames ( Chris English in the series pilot ) as Tommy Bradford Adam Rich as Nicholas Bradford In the pilot , the role of David was played by Mark Hamill , Nancy was played by Kimberly Beck , and Tommy was played by Chris English . When ABC screened the pilot , they were unhappy with a couple of performances . Beck and English were let go and replaced respectively by Dianne Kay and Willie Aames . Hamill sought to get out of his 5 - year contract on Eight Is Enough to take the opportunity to star in George Lucas ' Star Wars . Lorimar Productions granted his request and the role was re-cast with Grant Goodeve . The cast of Eight Is Enough Top row ( left to right ) : Kay , Van Patten , Goodeve , and Walters . Middle row : Richardson , Newton , and Buckley . Bottom row : Rich , O'Grady , and Aames Recurring ( edit ) Brian Patrick Clarke as Merle `` The Pearl '' Stockwell ( 1979 -- 1981 ) Jennifer Darling as Donna ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Janis Paige as Vivian `` Auntie V '' Bradford ( 1977 -- 1980 ) Michael Goodrow as Ernie Fields ( 1979 -- 1981 ) James Karen as Eliot Randolph Ralph Macchio as Jeremy Andretti ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Michele Greene as Jill ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Joan Prather as Janet McArthur Bradford ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Michael Thoma as Dr. Greg Maxwell ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Virginia Vincent as Daisy Maxwell ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Production ( edit ) The show was developed by writer William Blinn and was a Lorimar Production . It was originally distributed by Worldvision Enterprises . For the first three years the show filmed interior scenes at The Burbank Studios now known as the Warner Bros. Ranch . From the fourth season the show filmed interiors at MGM Studios in Culver City . The home featured in the exterior shots was on Chiquita St , near Lankershim Boulevard in Los Angeles . The house has since been demolished and replaced . The interiors were filmed on two separate sound stages at the studio : one for the main floor and one for the upstairs . The show 's team of producers included Robert L. Jacks , Gary Adelson , Greg Strangis , and Phil Fehrle . Executive producers were Lee Rich and Philip Capice . As a production of the Lorimar stable , who were concurrently producing CBS 's The Waltons , writers were often contracted by the producers and were shared between both programs . ( Waltons costar Will Geer also made an Eight is Enough guest appearance during season 2 . ) Regular writers included Peter Lefcourt , the writing teams of Gwen Bagni and Paul Dubov , Rod Peterson and Claire Whittaker , Bill Nuss and Dusty Kay , Nick Thiel and David Braff , J. Miyoko Hensley and Steven Hensley , Bruce Shelly , Sandra Kay Siegel , Gil Grant , Karen I. Hall , and Hindi Brooks , who soon became the show 's long - time story editor . In - house directors included Philip Leacock , Harry Harris , and Irving J. Moore . As an in - joke , the character name of one of Nicholas Bradford 's best friends was Irving Julius Moore , a nod to the director of the same name whose middle name was , in fact , Joseph . Music ( edit ) Theme ( edit ) For the show 's first two seasons , an upbeat instrumental piece written by Fred Werner was used as the show 's opening theme . Beginning with the show 's third season , this was replaced by a slowed - down vocal theme titled `` Eight Is Enough , '' which was sung by series co-star Grant Goodeve . The song had music by Lee Holdridge and lyrics by Molly - Ann Leikin , and was first heard in a longer arrangement on the last episode of the second season titled `` Who 's on First ? '' , which was also performed by Goodeve . Score ( edit ) Early episodes had instrumental music by Fred Werner and the prolific Alexander Courage , but the show 's real musical stamp came from veteran composer Earle Hagen , who had a knack of composing memorable cues as he had previously been the in - house composer on The Andy Griffith Show . He composed a love theme for Tom and Abby , a theme that permeated the show in various incarnations throughout the remainder of the series . Some later episodes were scored by John Beal and Miles Goodman . In 1980 there was a writers ' strike in Hollywood , and one of the offshoots of this industry problem was making cost - cutting measures in the music department on the show . Some of the later episodes were tracked with a combination of uncredited library music and with some original music by those of the aforementioned Messrs. Hagen , Beal , and Goodman . Reception and cancellation ( edit ) The series jump - started acting careers for several of its young stars . It cemented teen idol status for Grant Goodeve ( David ) , Willie Aames ( Tommy ) , and Ralph Macchio , who played Abby 's orphaned nephew Jeremy later in the show 's last season . Aames would go on to star with Scott Baio in Charles in Charge . Goodeve started a minor singing career , following his rendition of the show 's theme song ( see `` Theme music '' ) and initially hosted HGTV 's If Walls Could Talk . Macchio would gain the most fame in feature films such as The Karate Kid and its sequels , as well as My Cousin Vinny . After the end of the show 's fifth season ( 112 one - hour episodes ) , production costs and declining ratings caused the show to be cancelled , along with seven other shows that season ( including The Waltons ) . Variety 's headline on the cancellation stated , `` Eight Shows In , Eight Shows Out '' . In a 2000 episode of E ! True Hollywood Story , Dick Van Patten stated that no one contacted him to inform him of the cancellation . Instead , he read about it in a newspaper . The series had two reunion movies on NBC . In An Eight Is Enough Reunion on October 18 , 1987 , Mary Frann replaced Betty Buckley as Abby ; Buckley had been filming Frantic during its production . This was followed by An Eight Is Enough Wedding on October 22 , 1989 , this time with Sandy Faison as Abby . By coincidence , both movies aired opposite game two of the World Series on ABC . Nielsen Ratings ( edit ) 1976 -- 1977 -- # 23 1977 -- 1978 -- # 12 1978 -- 1979 -- # 11 1979 -- 1980 -- # 12 1980 -- 1981 -- Not in Top 30 Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 9 March 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 15 ) August 10 , 1977 ( 1977 - 08 - 10 ) 24 September 14 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 14 ) May 10 , 1978 ( 1978 - 05 - 10 ) 25 September 6 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 06 ) May 23 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 23 ) 26 September 5 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 05 ) April 30 , 1980 ( 1980 - 04 - 30 ) 5 21 October 29 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 29 ) May 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 23 ) Episodes ( edit ) All airdates have been compiled from either TV listings in the Los Angeles Times or publicity photos . Unless otherwise specified , all episodes , including the pilot , were standard hour - long ones . No = Overall episode number Ep = Episode number by season Season 1 ( 1977 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date `` Never Try Eating Nectarines Since Juice May Dispense '' E.W. Swackhamer William Blinn March 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 15 ) Pilot episode : After 15 - year - old Elizabeth is arrested for the possession of narcotics , Tom and Joan Bradford are faced with the dual problems of raising money for her defense and trying to understand why 21 - year - old David Bradford moved away from home after objecting to the way they handled the drug bust . Note : In the Pilot , David was played by Mark Hamill , Nancy was played by Kimberly Beck , and Tommy played by Chris English . When ABC picked up the show , they were recast respectively with Grant Goodeve , Dianne Kay , and Willie Aames . `` Schussboomer '' David Moessinger Norman Lessing March 22 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 22 ) Tom and Joan are reluctant to let Susan go away for an unchaperoned ski weekend . `` The Gipper Caper '' William F. Claxton William Blinn March 29 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 29 ) Filming date : February 23 -- March 4 , 1977 A football game becomes a blood - and - guts event . Note : This episode 's working title was `` What Hath Roone Arledge Wrought ? '' `` Pieces of Eight '' Reza Badiyi Greg Strangis April 5 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 05 ) Tom is forced to face a newspaper strike , a wife who wants a job , and a daughter who wants to become a model . 5 5 `` Women , Ducks , and the Domino Theory '' TBA TBA April 12 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 12 ) Tommy falls in love for the first time and learns life 's most difficult lesson . 6 6 `` Turnabout '' TBA TBA April 19 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 19 ) David 's romance with an older woman becomes a topic for argument . Note : Adrienne Barbeau guest stars . Note : Originally scheduled for March 29 , 1977 . 7 7 `` Quarantine '' TBA TBA April 26 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 26 ) When Mary 's new boyfriend is hospitalized with an exotic illness , the Bradford family and a visitor are questioned by the health department . 8 8 `` V Is for Vivian '' TBA TBA May 3 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 03 ) Tom 's swinging sister visits and the family is impressed . Note : Janis Paige guest stars . 9 9 `` Hit and Run '' TBA TBA August 10 , 1977 ( 1977 - 08 - 10 ) Tom finds that Joanie has been blackmailed into asking for a retraction in his newspaper column after she crumples the fender on a classic sports car . Notes : Peter Coffield and Molly Dodd guest - star . This was held back by ABC until the show moved to Wednesday nights , after a 13 - week hiatus . Season 2 ( 1977 -- 78 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 10 `` Is There a Doctor in the House ? '' TBA TBA September 14 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 14 ) Tom and the temporary single Doctor Maxwell try their luck as middle - aged swinging singles . 11 `` Trial Marriage '' TBA TBA September 21 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 21 ) Tom disapproves when his oldest daughter moves in with her new boyfriend ( Don Johnson ) . Enter a teacher named Sandra Sue `` Abby '' Abbott ( Betty Buckley 's first appearance ) to sort all this out while tutoring Tommy . 12 `` Triangles '' TBA TBA September 28 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 28 ) David 's roommate dates both Joanie and Susan . 13 `` Double Trouble '' TBA TBA October 5 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 05 ) Problems develop when Tom and Abby break up and he begins dating divorcee Ellen Manning . 14 5 `` Mortgage Burnin ' Blues '' TBA TBA October 19 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 19 ) A party at the Bradfords ' spirals out of control . 15 6 `` Dark Horse '' TBA TBA October 26 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 26 ) Tom and Abby decide to get married after having put aside their own problems to help Mary run for the board of education . 16 7 `` The Bard and the Bod '' TBA TBA November 2 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 02 ) Joanie is all excited about winning the lead in a Shakesperean production , but Tom is not . 17 8 `` Children of the Groom '' TBA TBA November 9 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 09 ) Tom and Abby decide to marry despite complications caused by his children . Note : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . 18 9 `` I Quit '' TBA TBA November 16 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 16 ) Tom Bradford `` resigns '' as father when the kids accuse him of being a dictator . 19 10 `` All 's Fair in Love and War '' TBA TBA November 23 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 23 ) Tom 's liberal attitudes are put to the test when Mary dates the black son of his old Navy friend . 20 11 `` The Return of Auntie V '' TBA TBA November 30 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 30 ) Tom 's flamboyant sister gives the newlyweds the down - payment on a new mansion . Note : Janis Paige guests . 21 12 `` Yes , Nicholas , There Is a Santa Claus '' TBA TBA December 14 , 1977 ( 1977 - 12 - 14 ) A present Joan hid before her death restores the Bradfords ' spirit after a Christmas burglar ( dressed as Santa Claus ) steals their gifts . Note : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . Will Geer and Judy Strangis guest - star . 22 13 `` Dear Miss Dinah '' TBA TBA December 21 , 1977 ( 1977 - 12 - 21 ) Tom doles out sage advice in the hometown newspaper 's advice - to - the - lovelorn column but loses his cool when Elizabeth asks if she should take `` The Pill '' . 23 14 `` A Hair of the Dog '' TBA TBA January 11 , 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 11 ) On Tom 's birthday , he and Tommy have a man - to - man talk . 24 15 `` Author ! Author ! '' TBA TBA January 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 18 ) Tom receives unexpected resistance from his family when he decides to write a novel . 25 16 `` Much Ado About Garbage '' TBA TBA January 25 , 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 25 ) Tom has been suspended from his job without pay after accusing the city officials and garbage company of corruption and refusing to reveal his sources to a grand jury . 26 17 `` Seven Days in February '' TBA TBA February 1 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 01 ) Nancy decides to convert to Judaism when she falls in love with a man she thinks is Jewish . 27 18 `` Hard Hats and Hard Heads '' TBA TBA February 8 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 08 ) Encouraged by his friend 's success , David trades in his hard hat for a newsman 's notepad . 28 19 `` The Boyfriend '' TBA TBA February 15 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 15 ) Susan 's boyfriend and Abby are suspected of having an affair when they work together on a project . 29 20 `` Great Expectations '' TBA TBA February 22 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 22 ) Tommy cheats in school in order to meet his father 's expectations . 30 21 `` Long Night 's Journey into Day '' TBA TBA March 1 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 01 ) Members of the Bradford family are forced to take shifts to keep Abby awake for 24 hours after she falls and suffers a concussion . 31 22 `` Poor Little Rich Girl '' TBA TBA March 22 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 22 ) Filming date : February 8 -- 17 , 1978 The self - assured daughter of a prominent contractor showers David with expensive gifts in an attempt to buy his affections . 32 23 `` The Lost Weekend '' TBA TBA May 3 , 1978 ( 1978 - 05 - 03 ) The Bradford children quickly transform an idyllic holiday away from parents . 33 24 `` Who 's on First ? '' TBA TBA May 10 , 1978 ( 1978 - 05 - 10 ) The Bradfords stage a show to support a local orphanage . Note : The first appearance of the season three theme song . Season 3 ( 1978 -- 79 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 34 `` Nine Is Too Much '' TBA TBA September 6 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 06 ) When Abby manages Nicholas ' Little League team , Tom provides unwanted coaching from the bleachers , and America 's favorite pastime becomes the Bradfords ' biggest headache . 35 `` Here We Go Again ! '' `` Oh No -- Not Again ! '' TBA TBA September 13 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 13 ) All the Bradfords wonder if there is going to be a new Bradford . 36 `` Who 's Crazy Here ? '' TBA TBA September 20 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 20 ) Abby is convinced Tom is having an affair with another woman . 37 `` Cinderella 's Understudy '' TBA TBA September 27 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 27 ) Joanne 's debut as an actress becomes a conflict of interests for Tom , torn between his role of proud parent , and his unexpected role as theater critic . 38 5 `` Milk and Sympathy '' TBA TBA October 11 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 11 ) Nicholas falls head - over-heels in puppy love with his fourth - grade teacher . 39 6 `` The Flunked and the Funked '' TBA TBA October 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 18 ) Nancy drops out of school to get a job and finds that excitement and wealth are not part of the life of an unskilled worker . 40 7 `` Cops and Toddlers '' TBA TBA October 25 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 25 ) Nancy brings home a group of toddlers , and Susan goes into basic training as a police cadet . 41 8 `` The Hipbone 's Connected to the Thighbone '' TBA TBA November 1 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 01 ) Mary is banished from the Bradford household after making her father angry . 42 9 `` Fast and Loose '' TBA TBA November 8 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 08 ) David struggles to cope with the loss of a close friend , and ends up being arrested for bar - room brawling . 43 10 `` War Between the Bradfords '' TBA TBA November 15 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 15 ) Abby 's schoolboard speech on modern women in society creates a Bradford battle of the sexes . 44 11 `` All the Vice-President's Men '' TBA TBA November 22 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 22 ) Thanksgiving for the Bradford clan arrives in a storm of red tape when the nation 's Vice-President accepts an invitation from Nicholas to visit their home for the holiday . 45 12 `` You Wo n't Have Nicholas to Kick Around Anymore '' TBA TBA November 29 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 29 ) When Nicholas accidentally starts a fire that destroys the celebration of Tom and Abby 's first anniversary , the unhappy youngster leaves home in search of a new family . Notes : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . Jack Elam guest stars . 46 13 `` Alone at Last '' TBA TBA December 6 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 06 ) After bundling their brood off to the mountains for a camping trip , Tom and Abby soon find their romantic weekend alone disturbed by too much peace and quiet . 47 14 `` The Yearning Point '' TBA TBA January 10 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 10 ) Elizabeth 's dream of going to a posh Eastern school conflicts with the Bradford household budget . 48 15 `` Moving Out '' `` Mother 's Rule '' TBA TBA January 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 17 ) When Tom gets upset about Susan 's boyfriend taking a shower in the upstairs bedroom , Joannie coming in after curfew , and Nancy sunbathing topless in the backyard , the girls move out of the house into their own apartment . Note : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . 49 16 `` Inlaws and Outlaws '' TBA TBA January 24 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 24 ) The mutiny by Susan , Joannie , and Nancy continues , and Abby 's parents announce their marital estrangement . 50 17 `` Horror Story '' TBA TBA January 31 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 31 ) When a thunderstorm causes power failure , the Bradford children use their vivid imaginations to transform the old homestead into a hysterical Haunted House . 51 18 `` Just the Ten of Us '' TBA TBA February 14 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 14 ) When David and his girlfriend decide to live together , their decision threatens Tom 's chance to win the `` Father of the Year '' award , along with an all - expenses - paid trip to Hawaii for the entire Bradford family . 52 19 `` Best of Friends '' TBA TBA February 21 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 21 ) Tommy rocks the Bradford family foundation with the shocking news of his impending marriage and fatherhood . 53 20 `` The Kid Who Came to Dinner '' TBA TBA February 28 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 28 ) When Nicholas Bradford discovers that his new playmate has no parents , the youngest Bradford tries to turn friendship into brotherhood . 54 21 `` The Better Part of Valor '' TBA TBA March 7 , 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 07 ) Abby finds her relationship with Tommy threatened when she returns to teaching and flunks a failed basketball star , causing Tommy peer - group problems . 55 22 `` Dads , Daughters , Different Drummers '' TBA TBA March 14 , 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 14 ) When Tom forbids Joannie to see her new boyfriend , she runs away from home to be with the handsome young writer she loves . 56 23 `` The Final Days '' TBA TBA May 2 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 02 ) Tom 's editorial , on `` Passing the torch to a younger generation '' , ignites a Grey Power demonstration by Sacramento 's indignant senior citizens . 57 24 `` Marriage and Other Flights of Fancy '' `` The Two of Us '' TBA TBA May 9 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 09 ) David , despite the family 's concern and his father 's objections , teams up with an outspoken female in a cross-country quest for new beginnings . Note : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . 58 25 `` The Graduates '' TBA TBA May 23 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 23 ) Graduation is hardly what the Bradfords expected -- with Joanne upset over her future and Elizabeth suspended from her commencement exercises where her father is to be the guest speaker . Season 4 ( 1979 -- 80 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 59 `` Merle the Pearl '' TBA TBA September 5 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 05 ) Nicholas 's plan to impress his little girlfriend backfires when star pitcher Merle ( Brian Patrick Clarke in his debut appearance ) ignores him at the ballpark . 60 `` The Cupid Crisis '' TBA TBA September 12 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 12 ) When Tom makes a `` losers pay for the dinners '' bet on a touch football game between his family and his neighbor 's , it 's a wild `` hut , hut , hut '' . 61 `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' TBA TBA September 19 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 19 ) David and Janet set a wedding night , which turns out to be the same day Merle and Susan accommodate Merle 's ball - playing career move . 62 `` Ten Ships in the Night '' TBA TBA 1979 ( 1979 ) 63 5 `` The Night They Raided Bradfords '' TBA TBA October 3 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 03 ) Merle 's sister , Linda Mae , pays the Bradfords a visit . However , she is shocked when she finds out they are not who they seem . 64 6 `` Letter to One Bradford '' TBA TBA October 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 17 ) Because he broke a chain letter , Nicholas believes he is to blame for Tommy being rushed to the hospital for surgery . 65 7 `` The Devil and Mr. Bradford '' TBA TBA October 24 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 24 ) Tom Bradford makes a hasty exit from a movie theater with little Nicholas in tow after he discovers too late that the movie -- `` Snow White ... '' -- is X-rated . 66 8 `` Big Shoes , Little Feet '' TBA TBA October 31 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 31 ) Nicholas plays hooky because his new teacher is holding him to ridicule because she feels he has not lived up to the academic standards of a Bradford . 67 9 `` Fathers and Other Strangers '' TBA TBA November 7 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 07 ) Aunt Vivian comes up with a plan to take the entire Bradford clan to Hawaii . Notes : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . Janis Paige and David Wayne guest star . 68 10 `` Separate Ways '' TBA TBA November 21 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 21 ) Susan and Merle reach an impasse regarding their careers when he wants to fly to Puerto Rico to play winter baseball and she wants to finish her last semester of college at home . 69 11 `` Arrivals '' TBA TBA 1979 ( 1979 ) 70 12 `` Brotherhood , Sisterhood '' TBA TBA 1979 ( 1979 ) 71 13 `` Mary , He 's Married '' TBA TBA December 12 , 1979 ( 1979 - 12 - 12 ) Mary 's friendship with a doctor begins to develop into a romance . Nicholas dabbles in sales with face cream . Joannie tries to produce a documentary on her family for a promotion at work . 72 14 `` My Son , The Prom Queen '' TBA TBA January 9 , 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 09 ) When Tommy gets embroiled in a battle of the sexes -- he runs for the title of Prom Queen at high school -- he gets some unexpected help from the female population at the school . 73 15 `` The Courage to Be '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 74 16 `` Semi-Centennial Bradford '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 75 17 `` The Commitment '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 76 18 `` Seven More Days in February '' TBA TBA February 6 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 06 ) Cupid runs amok in the Bradford household during Spring Break , causing Mary to fall for a young psychiatrist who really wants to be a stand - up comic , Nancy to swoon over an archaeologist on his way to his first dig , and Joannie to be swept away by an SAP ( self - analysis programmer ) . 77 19 `` The Return of Joe Simons '' TBA TBA February 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 13 ) When Joe Simons returns promising Nicholas gold nuggets , Tom questions the motives of both Joe and his secretary ( Mary Betten ) as well . 78 20 `` Bradford vs. Bradford '' TBA TBA February 27 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 27 ) Janet and David 's marriage is threatened when she starts working in overtime at the office with a handsome lawyer . 79 21 `` Memories '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 80 22 `` Official Positions '' TBA TBA March 19 , 1980 ( 1980 - 03 - 19 ) Merle recruits the girls for a charity basketball team , Tom is jealous when a publisher offers to publish Abby 's thesis and Tom ca n't get his accepted , and Nicholas gets his friend 's mom a job helping with the book . 81 23 `` A Matter of Mentors '' TBA TBA March 26 , 1980 ( 1980 - 03 - 26 ) Joannie gets an important assignment at work but Jeffrey believes that the boss will be expecting a favor in return . Joannie blows her chance at a big story . An experienced reporter makes her his partner and the result is an important scoop . Meanwhile , Nicholas has a problem with a bully that he ca n't hit back , and fed up with the way that Tom divvies up the family 's discretionary funds , Tommy takes over budgeting for it . 82 24 `` Roll Over Bradford '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 83 25 `` A Little Triangle '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 84 26 `` Grad Night '' TBA TBA April 30 , 1980 ( 1980 - 04 - 30 ) The Bradford clan vacates the house for Tommy , Ernie and their girlfriends on Graduation Night . Season 5 ( 1980 -- 81 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 85 `` And Baby Makes Nine '' TBA TBA October 29 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 29 ) A very pregnant Susan is in an automobile accident ; Elizabeth moves in with her boyfriend and Merle pitches for the New York Mets . Notes : This was a special 90 - minute episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . This season started later than normal due to the actors ' strike of 1980 . 86 `` Jeremy '' TBA TBA November 5 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 05 ) There 's trouble brewing when the newest member of the Bradford household ( Ralph Macchio ) shares a smoke with Nicholas . 87 `` Welcome to Memorial Dr. Bradford '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 88 `` Generations '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 89 5 `` Holly '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) Tommy falls for a girl who 's a lyricist . The garage is transformed into a small nursery for Susan and her baby . 90 6 `` The Maltese Airline Bag '' TBA TBA December 10 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 10 ) Nicholas and his friend Marvin ( John Louie ) split up the loot when they come into possession of an airlines bag a mysterious woman in a blonde wig gave them to deliver to an equally mysterious red - haired woman who ran off before they could finish their mission . 91 7 `` Strike '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 92 8 `` Bradfordgate '' TBA TBA January 7 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 07 ) Tom 's nomination to the Board of Education makes him compromise his beliefs . Meanwhile , Joannie goes undercover as a TV reporter , and Nicholas tries to change his `` cute '' image . 93 9 `` The Darlene Dilemma '' TBA TBA January 14 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 14 ) Tommy has a new girlfriend ; unfortunately , he is n't her only boyfriend -- in fact , he is n't even her only boyfriend in his own house . 94 10 `` Second Thoughts '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 95 11 `` David 's Rib '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 96 12 `` Vows '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 97 13 `` The Way We Were '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) Tommy tries to get back with Jill when she starts liking Ernie . David 's depressed over his new bachelor apartment complex . Nicholas & Jeremy deliver papers for the Sacramento Tribune . 98 14 `` If the Glass Slipper Fits '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 99 15 `` The Best Little Telethon in Sacramento '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) Joanie organizes a telethon for Channel 8 . Jeremy tries to be Tommy 's manager . The episode features performances by Willie Aames , Connie Needham , Betty Buckley , Grant Goodeve , Dianne Kay & Adam Rich . 100 16 `` Yet Another Seven Days in February '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) This time , the boys get weird dates . 101 17 `` The Idolbreaker : Part 1 '' TBA TBA April 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 11 ) Tommy 's band gets the biggest gig of its career when the group 's agent signs them for a national tour with a top star . 102 18 `` The Idolbreaker : Part 2 '' TBA TBA April 18 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 18 ) Tommy moves into Ellen 's apartment and makes plans for their future wedding ; a new sexy female reporter stirs jealousy in Joanie ; Jeremy celebrates his 16th birthday . 103 19 `` Starting Over '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 104 20 `` Goals '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 105 21 `` Father Knows Best ? '' TBA TBA May 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 23 ) Filming date : March 21 - 27 , 1981 Jeremy 's father shows up to assert his parental rights . David 's old high school classmates arrive for their reunion . Post-series movies ( edit ) Eight Is Enough : A Family Reunion ( 1987 ) An Eight Is Enough Wedding ( 1989 ) Syndication ( edit ) Reruns of all 112 episodes of Eight Is Enough have aired sporadically since the show 's syndication debut in September 1982 . The show aired on FX in 1994 , on PAX in 1998 , and as part of a 50th - anniversary Warner Bros. marathon on TV Land in 2005 . Eight Is Enough also aired on the Chicago - based MeTV and MeToo , a sister station of MeTV , from 2008 to 2010 before MeTV spread to other markets around the U.S. During its network run , the show was distributed by Worldvision Enterprises ( also internationally in rebroadcasts ) , and later by Lorimar - Telepictures . All syndication rights are now held by ( Lorimar successor ) Warner Bros. Television . International ( edit ) In Italy , RAI public networks aired the first season of Eight Is Enough under the title Otto Bastano in 1978 , the literal Italian translation of the original title . The remaining seasons were aired in the 1980s on Retequattro , a commercial network from Fininvest ( now Mediaset ) , under the title La Famiglia Bradford . The Italian version excludes the laugh track . The French version , Huit , ça suffit ! was a big success in the 1980s both in France and Quebec , Canada , and among all Francophone ( French - speaking ) Canadians . In Spain , Eight Is Enough was aired also in the 1980s . RTVE ( public network ) aired all the seasons under the title Con Ocho Basta ( the Spanish translation ) in Friday 's evening time . In the Philippines , Eight Is Enough aired on GMA 7 from 1978 to 1981 . DVD releases ( edit ) On April 17 , 2012 , Warner Home Video released the complete first season of Eight Is Enough on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time . The release includes the pilot episode ( featuring Mark Hamill in the role of eldest son David ) and a cast reunion special . Several of the episodes have the wrong end credits , and the Lorimar Productions logo has also been edited out of the end credits . On November 13 , 2012 , Warner Bros. released Season 2 , parts one and two on DVD - R via their Warner Archive Collection . These are Manufacture - on - Demand ( MOD ) releases and are available through Warner 's online store and Amazon.com . Season 3 , Parts One and Two were released on April 30 , 2013 . Season 4 , parts one and two were released on August 13 , 2013 . The fifth and final season was released on March 11 , 2014 . DVD name Episodes Release date The Complete First Season 9 April 17 , 2012 The Complete Second Season , Part 1 14 November 13 , 2012 The Complete Second Season , Part 2 12 November 13 , 2012 The Complete Third Season , Part 1 14 April 30 , 2013 The Complete Third Season , Part 2 14 April 30 , 2013 The Complete Fourth Season , Part 1 14 August 13 , 2013 The Complete Fourth Season , Part 2 13 August 13 , 2013 The Complete Fifth Season 22 March 11 , 2014 See also ( edit ) The Brady Bunch ( 1969 ) Just the Ten of Us ( 1988 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ONSTAGE & BACKSTAGE : Cable Is a Harsh Mistress , Plus Betty Buckley and Ilene Kristen - Playbill.com '' . playbill.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ E ! True Hollywood Story , `` Eight Is Enough '' ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Image : 1_Pilot_Never_Try_Eating_Nectarines_Since_Jui. jpg , ( 1164 × 1600 px ) '' . s22.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : image. jpg , ( 1200 × 1600 px ) '' . s29.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : image. jpg , ( 1200 × 1600 px ) '' . s29.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/TyfTQg2.jpg Jump up ^ http://s24.postimg.org/ajhsq040l/rak1272.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 01_Is_There_a_Doctor_in_the_House_September_14. jpg , ( 1095 × 1600 px ) '' . s2.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 11028022_10203680361683099_4166322259125080184_o. jpg '' . s8.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 02_I_Quit_November_16_1977. jpg , ( 1036 × 1600 px ) '' . s24.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://s27.postimg.org/n4b9439sh/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ http://s23.postimg.org/y23hrzih6/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 03_Long_Night_s_Journey_into_Day_March_01_197. jpg '' . s8.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : image. jpg , ( 966 × 1600 px ) '' . s8.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 1743577_10203680351162836_705332190937296926_n. jpg , ( 603 × 960 px ) '' . s17.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/I6WCijM.jpg Jump up ^ http://s15.postimg.org/9pdtezxmx/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 01_Cinderella_s_Understudy_September_27_1978. jpg , ( 1078 × 1600 px ) '' . s13.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/1Gq2vDg.jpg Jump up ^ http://s14.postimg.org/5deidtt3l/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/7984naF.jpg Jump up ^ http://s11.postimg.org/81nj1ep2r/image.jpg Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/fyK05mR.jpg Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/rR6qoci.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 01_I_Do_I_Do_I_Do_I_Do_September_19_1979. jpg , ( 1036 × 1600 px ) '' . s8.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 02_The_Night_They_Raided_the_Bradfords_October. jpg , ( 1200 × 1600 px ) '' . s12.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 03_Letter_to_One_Bradford_October_17_1979. jpg '' . s1.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 04_The_Devil_and_Mr_Bradford_October_24_1979. jpg , ( 1244 × 1600 px ) '' . s27.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://s29.postimg.org/4j5zii96v/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ http://s21.postimg.org/82mmjm4ly/Eight_is_Enough_Fathers_and_Other_Strangers.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 05_Separate_Ways_November_21_1979. jpg , ( 1018 × 1600 px ) '' . s23.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://s24.postimg.org/pyjzxmfn9/My_Son_the_Prom_Queen.jpg Jump up ^ http://s10.postimg.org/e0mff10m1/ABC_Primetime_February_06_1980.jpg Jump up ^ http://s21.postimg.org/gr0cwagxj/image.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 06_Bradford_vs_Bradford_February_27_1980. jpg , ( 916 × 1600 px ) '' . s14.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://s3.postimg.io/pwbm8xy9v/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ http://s12.postimg.org/gegwu3n65/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 01_And_Baby_Makes_Nine_Part_1_October_29_19. jpg , ( 1235 × 1600 px ) '' . s18.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 03_Jeremy_November_05_1980. jpg , ( 920 × 1600 px ) '' . s21.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://s23.postimg.org/qht870h6z/image.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 04_Bradfordgate_January_07_1981. jpg , ( 946 × 1600 px ) '' . s15.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/zYsAAOSwFe5X0IB0/s-l1600.jpg ^ Jump up to : https://s3.postimg.io/95ca9lkbn/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ http://i.imgur.com/EYWjxA6.jpg Jump up ^ `` http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/81-OCR/1981-10-12-BC-OCR-Page-0011.pdf#search=%22eight%20enough%22 '' ( PDF ) . americanradiohistory.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ME - Too in Chicago '' . Sitcoms Online . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago 's Me - TV and Me - Too Winter 2009 Schedules ; BET January 2009 '' . Sitcoms Online . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watching Classic Television on Television '' . Television Obscurities . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . TV Sorrisi e Canzoni # 33 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Eight Is Enough DVD news : Press Release for Eight Is Enough - The Complete 1st Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Is Enough - Warner Archive Releases - The Complete 2nd Season , Part 1 and Part 2 '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Your Plate of Homemade Wishes Comes True : Season 3 DVDs are Out ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Is Enough DVD news : Announcement for Eight Is Enough - The Complete 4th Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Is Enough DVD news : Announcement for Eight Is Enough - The Complete 5th Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Eight Is Enough on IMDb Eight Is Enough at TV.com Eight Is Enough : A Family Reunion on IMDb ( 1987 reunion movie ) An Eight Is Enough Wedding on IMDb ( 1989 reunion movie ) Eightisenough.com contains episode summaries People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Drama Eight Is Enough ( 1978 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 1979 ) Hart to Hart ( 1980 ) Magnum , P.I. ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) St. Elsewhere ( 1983 ) Hotel ( 1984 ) Miami Vice ( 1985 ) Dynasty II : The Colbys ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) Thirtysomething ( 1988 ) China Beach ( 1989 ) Rescue 911 ( 1990 ) Equal Justice ( 1991 ) Homefront ( 1992 ) Melrose Place ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Murder One ( 1996 ) Millennium ( 1997 ) Brooklyn South ( 1998 ) L.A. Doctors ( 1999 ) Providence ( 2000 ) Dark Angel ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) CSI : Miami ( 2003 ) Joan of Arcadia ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Prison Break ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Moonlight ( 2008 ) The Mentalist ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2011 ) Person of Interest ( 2012 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2013 ) Reign ( 2014 ) The Flash ( 2015 ) Supergirl ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eight_Is_Enough&oldid=835126883 '' Categories : 1977 American television series debuts 1981 American television series endings 1970s American comedy - drama television series 1980s American comedy - drama television series American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs Television series by Lorimar Television Television shows set in Sacramento , California Television series about families Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 18 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the father in eight is enough | [
"The show centers on a Sacramento, California family with eight children (from oldest to youngest: David, Mary, Joanie, Susan, Nancy, Elizabeth, Tommy, and Nicholas). The father, Tom Bradford (Dick Van Patten), was a newspaper columnist for the fictional Sacramento Register. His wife Joan (Diana Hyland) took care of the children. Hyland was only in four episodes before falling ill. She died soon after, and her character's death was written into the script."
] | [
"Dick Van Patten"
] |
3825020780585536283 | List of human anatomical regions | List of human anatomical regions - wikipedia List of human anatomical regions Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series of lists about Human anatomy General ( hide ) features regions Variations Movements Systems Structures ( show ) Arteries Bones Eponymous Foramina Glands endocrine Lymphatic vessels Nerves Organs Systems Veins Muscles ( show ) Abductors Adductors Depressors Elevators Extensors Flexors External rotators Internal rotators See also ( show ) Epithelia Anatomical terminology Index of anatomy articles Outline of anatomy Cell types This illustration labeled regions of the human body show an anterior and posterior view of the body . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regions 2 Deprecated or older regions 3 See also 4 References 5 Notes Regions ( edit ) The cranial region encompasses the upper part of the head while the facial region encompasses the lower half of the head beginning below the ears . The forehead is referred to as the frontal region . The eyes are referred to as the orbital or ocular region . The cheeks are referred to as the buccal region . The ears are referred to as the auricle or otic region . The nose is referred to as the nasal region . The mouth is referred to as the oral region . The chin is referred to as the mental region . The neck is referred to as the cervical region . The trunk of the body contains , from superior to inferior , the thoracic region encompassing the chest the mammary region encompassing each breast the sternal region encompassing the sternum the abdominal region encompassing the stomach area the umbilicus , or naval , is located at the center of the abdomen . the coxal region encompassing the belt line the pubic region encompassing the area above the genitals . The pelvis and legs contain , from superior to inferior , the inguinal or groin region between the legs and the genitals , the pubic region surrounding the genitals , the femoral region encompassing the thighs , the patellar region encompassing the knee , the crural region encompassing the shin area of the leg , the fibular region encompassing the outside of the lower leg , the tarsal region encompassing the ankle , the pedal region encompassing the foot the digital / phalangeal region encompassing the toes . The great toe is referred to as the hallux . The regions of the upper limbs , from superior to inferior , are the axillary region encompassing the armpit , the brachial region encompassing the upper arm , the antecubital region encompassing the front of the elbow , the antebrachial region encompassing the forearm , the carpal region encompassing the wrist , the palmar region encompassing the palm , the digital / phalangeal region encompassing the fingers . The thumb is referred to as the pollex . The posterior view contains , from superior to inferior , the cervical region encompassing the neck , the scapular region encompassing the scapulae and the area around , the dorsal region encompassing the upper back the lumbar region encompassing the lower back . the sacral region occurring at the end of the spine , directly above the buttocks . The regions of the back of the arms , from superior to inferior , include the cervical region encompassing the neck , the acromial region encompassing the shoulder , the brachial region encompassing the upper arm , the olecranal region encompassing the back of the elbow , the antebrachial region encompasses the back of the arm and the manual or manus region encompassing the back of the hand . The posterior regions of the legs , from superior to inferior , include the gluteal region encompassing the buttocks , the femoral region encompassing the thigh , the popliteal region encompassing the back of the knee , the sural region encompassing the back of the lower leg , the calcaneal region encompassing the heel , the plantar region encompassing the sole of the foot . Some regions are combined into larger regions . These include the trunk , which is a combination of the thoracic , mammary , abdominal , naval , and coxal regions . The cephalic region is a combination of all of the head regions . The upper limb region is a combination of all of the arm regions . The lower limb region is a combination of all of the leg regions . Deprecated or older regions ( edit ) Older set of terminology shown in Parts of the Human Body : Posterior and Anterior View from the 1933 edition of Sir Henry Morris ' Human Anatomy . Many of these terms are Latin terms that have fallen into disuse . Front : Frons - forehead Facies - face Pectus - breast Latus - flank Coxa - hip Genu - knee Pes - foot Back : Vertex - Crown Occiput - back of head Collum - neck Dorsum - back Lumbus - loin Natis - buttock Calx - heel See also ( edit ) Anatomical terms of location Human anatomical terms Human anatomy Human brain References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Still used to describe the head of a fetus . Jump up ^ No longer used commonly as an anatomical region , but still used as a term to describe relative location Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_human_anatomical_regions&oldid=825318268 '' Categories : Lists of human anatomical features Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from May 2015 All articles lacking sources All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 18 : 44 . About Wikipedia | the area between the groin and the knee | [
"\nthe inguinal or groin region between the legs and the genitals,\nthe pubic region surrounding the genitals,\nthe femoral region encompassing the thighs,\nthe patellar region encompassing the knee,\nthe crural region encompassing the shin area of the leg,\nthe fibular region encompassing the outside of the lower leg,\nthe tarsal region encompassing the ankle,\nthe pedal region encompassing the foot\nthe digital/phalangeal region encompassing the toes.\nThe great toe is referred to as the hallux.\n"
] | [
"the femoral region"
] |
754710881565334855 | Sound barrier | Sound barrier - wikipedia Sound barrier Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the aviation term . For other uses , see Sound barrier ( disambiguation ) . U.S. Navy F / A-18 within the sound barrier . The white cloud is formed by decreased air pressure and temperature around the tail of the aircraft ( see Prandtl - Glauert Singularity ) . Subsonic Mach 1 Supersonic Shock wave The sound barrier or sonic barrier is a popular term for the sudden increase in aerodynamic drag and other effects experienced by an aircraft or other object when it approaches supersonic speed . When aircraft first began to be able to reach close to supersonic speed , these effects were seen as constituting a barrier making supersonic speed very difficult or impossible . In dry air at 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , the sound barrier is reached when an object moves at a speed of 343 metres per second ( about 767 mph , 1234 km / h or 1,125 ft / s ) . The term came into use in this sense during World War II , when a number of aircraft started to encounter the effects of compressibility , a number of unrelated aerodynamic effects that `` struck '' their aircraft , seemingly impeding further acceleration . By the 1950s , new aircraft designs routinely `` broke '' the sound barrier . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early problems 1.2 Early claims 1.3 Breaking the sound barrier 1.4 Sound barrier officially broken in aircraft 1.5 The sound barrier understood 1.6 Breaking the sound barrier in a land vehicle 1.7 Breaking the sound barrier as a human projectile 1.7. 1 Felix Baumgartner 1.7. 2 Alan Eustace 2 Legacy 3 References 3.1 Notes 3.2 Citations 3.3 Bibliography 4 External links History ( edit ) Some common whips such as the bullwhip or stockwhip are able to move faster than sound : the tip of the whip breaks the sound barrier and causes a sharp crack -- literally a sonic boom . Firearms made after the 19th century have generally had a supersonic muzzle velocity . The sound barrier may have been first breached by living beings some 150 million years ago . Some paleobiologists report that , based on computer models of their biomechanical capabilities , certain long - tailed dinosaurs such as Apatosaurus and Diplodocus may have possessed the ability to flick their tails at supersonic speeds , possibly used to generate an intimidating booming sound . This finding is theoretical and disputed by others in the field . Meteorites entering the Earth 's atmosphere usually , if not always , descend faster than sound . Early problems ( edit ) The tip of the propeller on many early aircraft may reach supersonic speeds , producing a noticeable buzz that differentiates such aircraft . This is particularly noticeable on the Stearman ( released in 1934 ) , and noticeable on the North American T - 6 Texan when it enters a sharp - breaking turn . This is undesirable , as the transonic air movement creates disruptive shock waves and turbulence . It is due to these effects that propellers are known to suffer from dramatically decreased performance as they approach the speed of sound . It is easy to demonstrate that the power needed to improve performance is so great that the weight of the required engine grows faster than the power output of the propeller can compensate . This problem was one that led to early research into jet engines , notably by Frank Whittle in England and Hans von Ohain in Germany , who were led to their research specifically in order to avoid these problems in high - speed flight . Nevertheless , propeller aircraft were able to approach the speed of sound in a dive . Unfortunately , doing so led to numerous crashes for a variety of reasons . Most infamously , in the Mitsubishi Zero , pilots flew full power into the terrain because the rapidly increasing forces acting on the control surfaces of their aircraft overpowered them . In this case , several attempts to fix it only made the problem worse . Likewise , the flexing caused by the low torsional stiffness of the Supermarine Spitfire 's wings caused them , in turn , to counteract aileron control inputs , leading to a condition known as control reversal . This was solved in later models with changes to the wing . Worse still , a particularly dangerous interaction of the airflow between the wings and tail surfaces of diving Lockheed P - 38 Lightnings made `` pulling out '' of dives difficult ; however , the problem was later solved by the addition of a `` dive flap '' that upset the airflow under these circumstances . Flutter due to the formation of shock waves on curved surfaces was another major problem , which led most famously to the breakup of de Havilland Swallow and death of its pilot , Geoffrey de Havilland , Jr. in 1946 . A similar problem is thought to have been the cause of the 1943 crash of the BI-1 rocket aircraft in the Soviet Union . All of these effects , although unrelated in most ways , led to the concept of a `` barrier '' making it difficult for an aircraft to exceed the speed of sound . Erroneous news reports caused most people to envision the sound barrier as a physical `` wall '' , which supersonic aircraft needed to `` break '' with a sharp needle nose on the front of the fuselage . Rocketry and artillery experts ' products routinely exceeded Mach 1 , but aircraft designers and aerodynamic engineers during and after World War II discussed Mach 0.7 as a limit dangerous to exceed . Early claims ( edit ) During WWII and immediately thereafter , a number of claims were made that the sound barrier had been broken in a dive . The majority of these purported events can be dismissed as instrumentation errors . The typical airspeed indicator ( ASI ) uses air pressure differences between two or more points on the aircraft , typically near the nose and at the side of the fuselage , to produce a speed figure . At high speed , the various compression effects that lead to the sound barrier also cause the ASI to go non-linear and produce inaccurately high or low readings , depending on the specifics of the installation . This effect became known as `` Mach jump '' . Before the introduction of Mach meters , accurate measurements of supersonic speeds could only be made externally , normally using ground - based instruments . Many claims of supersonic speeds were found to be far below this speed when measured in this fashion . In 1942 , Republic Aviation issued a press release stating that Lts . Harold E. Comstock and Roger Dyar had exceeded the speed of sound during test dives in the P - 47 Thunderbolt . It is widely agreed that this was due to inaccurate ASI readings . In similar tests , the North American P - 51 Mustang , a higher performance aircraft , demonstrated limits at Mach 0.85 , with every flight over M0. 84 causing the aircraft to be damaged by vibration . A Spitfire PR Mk XI ( PL965 ) of the type used in the 1944 RAE Farnborough dive tests during which a highest Mach Number of 0.92 was obtained One of the highest recorded instrumented Mach numbers attained for a propeller aircraft is the Mach 0.891 for a Spitfire PR XI , flown during dive tests at the Royal Aircraft Establishment , Farnborough in April 1944 . The Spitfire , a photo - reconnaissance variant , the Mark XI , fitted with an extended ' rake type ' multiple pitot system , was flown by Squadron Leader J.R. Tobin to this speed , corresponding to a corrected true airspeed ( TAS ) of 606 mph . In a subsequent flight , Squadron Leader Anthony Martindale achieved Mach 0.92 , but it ended in a forced landing after over - revving damaged the engine . In the 1990s , Hans Guido Mutke claimed to have broken the sound barrier on 9 April 1945 in the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet aircraft . He states that his ASI pegged itself at 1,100 kilometres per hour ( 680 mph ) . Mutke reported not just transonic buffeting but the resumption of normal control once a certain speed was exceeded , then a resumption of severe buffeting once the Me 262 slowed again . He also reported engine flame out . This claim is widely disputed , even by pilots in his unit . All of the effects he reported are known to occur on the Me 262 at much lower speeds , and the ASI reading is simply not reliable in the transonic . Further , a series of tests made by Karl Doetsch at the behest of Willy Messerschmitt found that the plane became uncontrollable above Mach 0.86 , and at Mach 0.9 would nose over into a dive that could not be recovered from . Post-war tests by the RAF confirmed these results , with the slight modification that the maximum speed using new instruments was found to be Mach 0.84 , rather than Mach 0.86 . In 1999 , Mutke enlisted the help of Professor Otto Wagner of the Munich Technical University to run computational tests to determine whether the aircraft could break the sound barrier . These tests do not rule out the possibility , but are lacking accurate data on the coefficient of drag that would be needed to make accurate simulations . Wagner stated `` I do n't want to exclude the possibility , but I can imagine he may also have been just below the speed of sound and felt the buffeting , but did not go above Mach - 1 . '' One bit of evidence presented by Mutke is on page 13 of the `` Me 262 A-1 Pilot 's Handbook '' issued by Headquarters Air Materiel Command , Wright Field , Dayton , Ohio as Report No . F - SU - 1111 - ND on January 10 , 1946 : Speeds of 950 km / h ( 590 mph ) are reported to have been attained in a shallow dive 20 ° to 30 ° from the horizontal . No vertical dives were made . At speeds of 950 to 1,000 km / h ( 590 to 620 mph ) the air flow around the aircraft reaches the speed of sound , and it is reported that the control surfaces no longer affect the direction of flight . The results vary with different airplanes : some wing over and dive while others dive gradually . It is also reported that once the speed of sound is exceeded , this condition disappears and normal control is restored . The comments about restoration of flight control and cessation of buffeting above Mach 1 are very significant in a 1946 document . However , it is not clear where these terms came from , as it does not appear the US pilots carried out such tests . In his 1990 book Me - 163 , former Messerschmitt Me 163 `` Komet '' pilot Mano Ziegler claims that his friend , test pilot Heini Dittmar , broke the sound barrier while diving the rocket plane , and that several people on the ground heard the sonic booms . He claims that on 6 July 1944 , Dittmar , flying Me 163B V18 , bearing the Stammkennzeichen alphabetic code VA + SP , was measured traveling at a speed of 1,130 km / h ( 702 mph ) . However , no evidence of such a flight exists in any of the materials from that period , which were captured by Allied forces and extensively studied . Dittmar had been officially recorded at 1,004.5 km / h ( 623.8 mph ) in level flight on 2 October 1941 in the prototype Me 163A V4 . He reached this speed at less than full throttle , as he was concerned by the transonic buffeting . Dittmar himself does not make a claim that he broke the sound barrier on that flight , and notes that the speed was recorded only on the AIS . He does , however , take credit for being the first pilot to `` knock on the sound barrier . '' The Luftwaffe test pilot Lothar Sieber ( April 7 , 1922 -- March 1 , 1945 ) may have inadvertently become the first man to break the sound barrier on 1 March 1945 . This occurred while he was piloting a Bachem Ba 349 `` Natter '' for the first manned vertical takeoff of a rocket in history . In 55 seconds , he traveled a total of 14 km ( 8.7 miles ) . The aircraft crashed and he perished violently in this endeavor . There are a number of unmanned vehicles that flew at supersonic speeds during this period , but they generally do not meet the definition . In 1933 , Soviet designers working on ramjet concepts fired phosphorus - powered engines out of artillery guns to get them to operational speeds . It is possible that this produced supersonic performance as high as Mach 2 , but this was not due solely to the engine itself . In contrast , the German V - 2 ballistic missile routinely broke the sound barrier in flight , for the first time on 3 October 1942 . By September 1944 , V - 2s routinely achieved Mach 4 ( 1,200 m / s , or 3044 mph ) during terminal descent . Breaking the sound barrier ( edit ) The prototype Miles M. 52 turbojet powered aircraft , designed to achieve supersonic level flight . In 1942 , the United Kingdom 's Ministry of Aviation began a top - secret project with Miles Aircraft to develop the world 's first aircraft capable of breaking the sound barrier . The project resulted in the development of the prototype Miles M. 52 turbojet powered aircraft , which was designed to reach 1,000 mph ( 417 m / s ; 1,600 km / h ) ( over twice the existing speed record ) in level flight , and to climb to an altitude of 36,000 ft ( 11 km ) in 1 minute 30 sec . A huge number of advanced features were incorporated into the resulting M. 52 design , many of which hint at a detailed knowledge of supersonic aerodynamics . In particular , the design featured a conical nose and sharp wing leading edges , as it was known that round - nosed projectiles could not be stabilised at supersonic speeds . The design used very thin wings of biconvex section proposed by Jakob Ackeret for low drag . The wing tips were `` clipped '' to keep them clear of the conical shock wave generated by the nose of the aircraft . The fuselage had the minimum cross-section allowable around the centrifugal engine with fuel tanks in a saddle over the top . One of the Vickers models undergoing supersonic wind - tunnel testing at the Royal Aircraft Establishment ( RAE ) c. 1946 Another critical addition was the use of a power - operated stabilator , also known as the all - moving tail or flying tail , a key to supersonic flight control which contrasted with traditional hinged tailplanes ( horizontal stabilizers ) connected mechanically to the pilots control column . Conventional control surfaces became ineffective at the high subsonic speeds then being achieved by fighters in dives , due to the aerodynamic forces caused by the formation of shockwaves at the hinge and the rearward movement of the centre of pressure , which together could override the control forces that could be applied mechanically by the pilot , hindering recovery from the dive . A major impediment to early transonic flight was control reversal , the phenomenon which caused flight inputs ( stick , rudder ) to switch direction at high speed ; it was the cause of many accidents and near - accidents . An all - flying tail is considered to be a minimum condition of enabling aircraft to break the transonic barrier safely , without losing pilot control . The Miles M. 52 was the first instance of this solution , and has since been universally applied . Initially , the aircraft was to use Frank Whittle 's latest engine , the Power Jets W. 2 / 700 , which would only reach supersonic speed in a shallow dive . To develop a fully supersonic version of the aircraft , an innovation incorporated was a reheat jetpipe -- also known as an afterburner . Extra fuel was to be burned in the tailpipe to avoid overheating the turbine blades , making use of unused oxygen in the exhaust . Finally , the design included another critical element , the use of a shock cone in the nose to slow the incoming air to the subsonic speeds needed by the engine . Although the project was eventually cancelled , the research was used to construct an unmanned missile that went on to achieve a speed of Mach 1.38 in a successful , controlled transonic and supersonic level test flight ; this was a unique achievement at that time which validated the aerodynamics of the M. 52 . Meanwhile , test pilots achieved high velocities in the tailless , swept - wing de Havilland DH 108 . One of them was Geoffrey de Havilland , Jr. who was killed on 27 September 1946 when his DH 108 broke up at about Mach 0.9 . John Derry has been called `` Britain 's first supersonic pilot '' because of a dive he made in a DH 108 on 6 September 1948 . Sound barrier officially broken in aircraft ( edit ) The British Air Ministry signed an agreement with the United States to exchange all its high - speed research , data and designs and Bell Aircraft company was given access to the drawings and research on the M. 52 , but the U.S. reneged on the agreement and no data was forthcoming in return . Bell 's supersonic design was still using a conventional tail and they were battling the problem of control . Chuck Yeager in front of the Bell X-1 , the first aircraft to break the sound barrier in level flight . They utilized the information to initiate work on the Bell X-1 . The final version of the Bell X-1 was very similar in design to the original Miles M. 52 version . Also featuring the all - moving tail , the XS - 1 was later known as the X-1 . It was in the X-1 that Chuck Yeager was credited with being the first person to break the sound barrier in level flight on October 14 , 1947 , flying at an altitude of 45,000 ft ( 13.7 km ) . George Welch made a plausible but officially unverified claim to have broken the sound barrier on 1 October 1947 , while flying an XP - 86 Sabre . He also claimed to have repeated his supersonic flight on October 14 , 1947 , 30 minutes before Yeager broke the sound barrier in the Bell X-1 . Although evidence from witnesses and instruments strongly imply that Welch achieved supersonic speed , the flights were not properly monitored and are not officially recognized . The XP - 86 officially achieved supersonic speed on April 26 , 1948 . On 14 October 1947 , just under a month after the United States Air Force had been created as a separate service , the tests culminated in the first manned supersonic flight , piloted by Air Force Captain Charles `` Chuck '' Yeager in aircraft # 46 - 062 , which he had christened Glamorous Glennis . The rocket - powered aircraft was launched from the bomb bay of a specially modified B - 29 and glided to a landing on a runway . XS - 1 flight number 50 is the first one where the X-1 recorded supersonic flight , at Mach 1.06 ( 361 m / s , 1,299 km / h , 807.2 mph ) peak speed ; however , Yeager and many other personnel believe Flight # 49 ( also with Yeager piloting ) , which reached a top recorded speed of Mach 0.997 ( 339 m / s , 1,221 km / h ) , may have , in fact , exceeded Mach 1 . ( The measurements were not accurate to three significant figures and no sonic boom was recorded for that flight . ) As a result of the X-1's initial supersonic flight , the National Aeronautics Association voted its 1948 Collier Trophy to be shared by the three main participants in the program . Honored at the White House by President Harry S. Truman were Larry Bell for Bell Aircraft , Captain Yeager for piloting the flights , and John Stack for the NACA contributions . Jackie Cochran was the first woman to break the sound barrier on May 18 , 1953 , in a Canadair Sabre , with Yeager as her wingman . On August 21 , 1961 , a Douglas DC - 8 - 43 ( registration N9604Z ) exceeded Mach one in a controlled dive during a test flight at Edwards Air Force Base . The crew were William Magruder ( pilot ) , Paul Patten ( copilot ) , Joseph Tomich ( flight engineer ) , and Richard H. Edwards ( flight test engineer ) . This is the first and only supersonic flight by a civilian airliner , other than Concorde or the Tu - 144 . The sound barrier understood ( edit ) Play media Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier on October 14 , 1947 in the Bell X-1 , as shown in this newsreel . As the science of high - speed flight became more widely understood , a number of changes led to the eventual understanding that the `` sound barrier '' is easily penetrated , with the right conditions . Among these changes were the introduction of swept wings , the area rule , and engines of ever - increasing performance . By the 1950s , many combat aircraft could routinely break the sound barrier in level flight , although they often suffered from control problems when doing so , such as Mach tuck . Modern aircraft can transit the `` barrier '' without control problems . By the late 1950s , the issue was so well understood that many companies started investing in the development of supersonic airliners , or SSTs , believing that to be the next `` natural '' step in airliner evolution . However , this has not yet happened . Although the Concorde and the Tupolev Tu - 144 entered service in the 1970s , both were later retired without being replaced by similar designs . The last flight of a Concorde in service was in 2003 . Although Concorde and the Tu - 144 were the first aircraft to carry commercial passengers at supersonic speeds , they were not the first or only commercial airliners to break the sound barrier . On 21 August 1961 , a Douglas DC - 8 broke the sound barrier at Mach 1.012 or 1,240 km / h ( 776.2 mph ) while in a controlled dive through 41,088 feet ( 12,510 m ) . The purpose of the flight was to collect data on a new leading - edge design for the wing . A China Airlines 747 may have broken the sound barrier in an unplanned descent from 41,000 ft ( 12,500 m ) to 9,500 ft ( 2,900 m ) after an in - flight upset on 19 February 1985 . It also reached over 5g . Breaking the sound barrier in a land vehicle ( edit ) On January 12 , 1948 , a Northrop unmanned rocket sled became the first land vehicle to break the sound barrier . At a military test facility at Muroc Air Force Base ( now Edwards AFB ) , California , it reached a peak speed of 1,019 mph ( 1,640 km / h ) before jumping the rails . On October 15 , 1997 , in a vehicle designed and built by a team led by Richard Noble , Royal Air Force pilot Andy Green became the first person to break the sound barrier in a land vehicle in compliance with Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile rules . The vehicle , called the ThrustSSC ( `` Super Sonic Car '' ) , captured the record 50 years and one day after Yeager 's first supersonic flight . Breaking the sound barrier as a human projectile ( edit ) Felix Baumgartner ( edit ) In October 2012 Felix Baumgartner , with a team of scientists and sponsor Red Bull , attempted the highest sky - dive on record . The project would see Baumgartner attempt to jump 120,000 ft ( 36,580 m ) from a helium balloon and become the first parachutist to break the sound barrier . The launch was scheduled for October 9 , 2012 , but was aborted due to adverse weather ; subsequently the capsule was launched instead on October 14 . Baumgartner 's feat also marked the 65th anniversary of U.S. test pilot Chuck Yeager 's successful attempt to break the sound barrier in an aircraft . Baumgartner landed in eastern New Mexico after jumping from a world record 128,100 feet ( 39,045 m ) , or 24.26 miles , and broke the sound barrier as he traveled at speeds up to 833.9 mph ( 1342 km / h or Mach 1.26 ) . In the press conference after his jump , it was announced he was in freefall for 4 minutes , 18 seconds , the second longest freefall after the 1960 jump of Joseph Kittinger for 4 minutes , 36 seconds . Alan Eustace ( edit ) In October 2014 , Alan Eustace , a senior vice president at Google , broke Baumgartner 's record for highest sky - dive and also broke the sound barrier in the process . Legacy ( edit ) David Lean directed The Sound Barrier , a fictionalized retelling of the de Havilland DH 108 test flights . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See `` Speed of sound '' for the science behind the velocity called the sound barrier , and `` Sonic boom '' for information on the sound associated with supersonic flight . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 19 August 2007 ) . `` A Sonic Boom '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` F - 14 Condensation cloud in action . '' web.archive.org . Retrieved : August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ sonic barrier . thefreedictionary.com Jump up ^ sound barrier . oxforddictionaries.com Jump up ^ May , Mike . `` Crackin ' good mathematics . '' American Scientist , Volume 90 , Issue 5 , September -- October 2002 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble . `` Did Dinosaurs Break the Sound Barrier ? '' The New York Times , December 2 , 1997 . Retrieved : January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yoshimura , Akira , translated by Retsu Kaiho and Michael Gregson ( 1996 ) . Zero ! Fighter . Westport , Connecticut , USA : Praeger Publishers . p. 108 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95355 - 6 . Jump up ^ Portway , Donald ( 1940 ) . Military Science Today . London : Oxford University Press . p. 18 : `` For various reasons it is fairly certain that the maximum attainable speed under self - propelled conditions will be that of sound in air , '' i.e. , 750 mph ( 1,210 km / h ) Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( November 1948 ) . `` The ' Brickwall ' in the Sky '' . Astounding Science Fiction . pp. 78 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Corey C. `` The Amazing George Welch , Part Two , First Through the Sonic Wall . '' Planes and Pilots Of World War Two , 1998 -- 2000 . Retrieved : June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Compressibility Dive Tests on the North American P - 51D Airplane , ( ' Mustang IV ' ) AAF No. 44 - 14134 ( Technical report ) . Wright Field . 9 October 1944 . Jump up ^ Spitfire -- Typical high speed dive . spitfireperformance.com Jump up ^ Dick , Steven J. , ed. ( 2010 ) . NASA 's First 50 Years : Historical Perspectives ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 084965 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mutke , Hans Guido . `` The Unknown Pilot '' . Archived from the original on 6 February 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nazi - era pilot says he broke sound barrier first '' . news24. 12 August 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Me 262 and the Sound Barrier . '' aerospaceweb.org . Retrieved : August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Schulz , Matthias ( 19 February 2001 ) . `` Flammenritt über dem Moor '' . Der Spiegel . Jump up ^ `` Pilot claims he broke sound barrier first '' . USA Today . 19 June 2001 . Jump up ^ Käsmann , Ferdinand C.W. ( 1999 ) Die schnellsten Jets der Welt ( in German ) . Berlin : Aviatic - Verlag GmbH . pp. 17 , 122 . ISBN 3 - 925505 - 26 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Brian ( 19 May 2009 ) . `` Skeptoid # 154 : Was Chuck Yeager the First to Break the Sound Barrier ? '' . Skeptoid . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Footnote : On March 1st 1945 , did Lothar Sieber become the first person to break the sound barrier ? '' Doug 's Darkworld : War , Science , and Philosophy in a Fractured World , November 25 , 2008 . Retrieved : November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Durant , Frederick C. and George S. James . `` Early Experiments with Ramjet Engines in Flight . '' First Steps Toward Space : Proceedings of the First and Second History Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics at Belgrade , Yugoslavia , September 26 , 1967 . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution Press , 1974 . Jump up ^ Brown , Eric ( August -- November 1980 ) . `` Miles M. 52 : The Supersonic Dream . '' Air Enthusiast Thirteen . ISSN 0143 - 5450 . Jump up ^ Beamont , Roland . Testing Early Jets . London : Airlife , 1990 . ISBN 1 - 85310 - 158 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Miles on Supersonic Flight '' . Aviation History : 355 . 3 October 1946 . Jump up ^ Watkins , David ( 1996 ) , de Havilland Vampire : The Complete History , Thrupp , Gloucestershire : Budding Books , p. 40 , ISBN 1 - 84015 - 023 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rivas , Brian , and Bullen , Annie ( 1996 ) , John Derry : The Story of Britain 's First Supersonic Pilot , William Kimber , ISBN 0 - 7183 - 0099 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wood , Derek ( 1975 ) . Project Cancelled . Indianapolis : The Bobbs - Merrill Company Inc. p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 672 - 52166 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bancroft , Dennis . `` Faster Than Sound . '' NOVA Transcripts , PBS , air date : 14 October 1997 . Retrieved : 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jay . The X-Planes : X-1 to X-45 . Hinckley , UK : Midland , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 85780 - 109 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Ray ( 1963 ) . The North American Sabre . London : Macdonald . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Wasserzieher , Bill ( August 2011 ) . `` I Was There : When the DC - 8 Went Supersonic '' . Air & Space Magazine . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ barrier / source. html `` Sound Barrier . '' DiracDelta.co.uk : Science and Engineering Encyclopedia . Retrieved : October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Douglas Passenger Jet Breaks Sound Barrier . '' dc8.org . Retrieved : August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` China Airlines Flight 006 . '' aviation-safety.net . Retrieved : August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A rocket powered sled runs along the ground on the rails in Muroc . '' Universal International News , January 22 , 1948 . Retrieved : September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Timeline . '' NASA . Retrieved : September 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sunseri , Gina and Kevin Doak . `` Felix Baumgartner : Daredevil Lands on Earth After Record Breaking Supersonic Leap . '' ABC News , October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Markoff . `` Alan Eustace Jumps From Stratosphere , Breaking Felix Baumgartner 's World Record '' New York Times October 24 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) `` Breaking the Sound Barrier . '' Modern Marvels ( TV program ) . July 16 , 2003 . Hallion , Dr. Richard P. `` Saga of the Rocket Ships . '' AirEnthusiast Five , November 1977 -- February 1978 . Bromley , Kent , UK : Pilot Press Ltd. , 1977 . Miller , Jay . The X-Planes : X-1 to X-45 , Hinckley , UK : Midland , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 85780 - 109 - 1 . Pisano , Dominick A. , R. Robert van der Linden and Frank H. Winter . Chuck Yeager and the Bell X-1 : Breaking the Sound Barrier . Washington , DC : Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum ( in association with Abrams , New York ) , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 5535 - 0 . Radinger , Willy and Walter Schick . Me 262 ( in German ) . Berlin : Avantic Verlag GmbH , 1996 . ISBN 3 - 925505 - 21 - 0 . Rivas , Brian ( 2012 ) , A Very British Sound Barrier : DH 108 , A Story of Courage , Triumph and Tragedy , Walton - on - Thames , Surrey : Red Kite , ISBN 978 - 1 - 90659 - 204 - 2 . Winchester , Jim . `` Bell X-1 . '' Concept Aircraft : Prototypes , X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft ( The Aviation Factfile ) . Kent , UK : Grange Books plc , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84013 - 809 - 2 . Wolfe . Tom . The Right Stuff . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 25033 - 2 . Yeager , Chuck , Bob Cardenas , Bob Hoover , Jack Russell and James Young . The Quest for Mach One : A First - Person Account of Breaking the Sound Barrier . New York : Penguin Studio , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87460 - 4 . Yeager , Chuck and Leo Janos . Yeager : An Autobiography . New York : Bantam , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 25674 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sound barrier . Fluid Mechanics , a collection of tutorials by Dr. Mark S. Cramer , Ph. D Breaking the Sound Barrier with an Aircraft by Carl Rod Nave , Ph. D a video of a Concorde reaching Mach 1 at intersection TESGO taken from below An interactive Java applet , illustrating the sound barrier . ( hide ) Extremes of motion Speed Wave ( Light Sound ) Vehicle Spacecraft Aircraft propeller - based transcontinental FAI records Water - borne vehicle sailing underwater transatlantic Land vehicle ( rocket - based wheel - driven production car ( by speed / by acceleration ) railed motorcycle production motorcycle ( by speed / by acceleration ) British Distance Space ( furthest spacecraft furthest landing on another world furthest travels on another world furthest humans closest spacecraft to the Sun ) Aircraft ( furthest flight highest altitude FAI records ) Deepest Earth ocean dive Endurance Space ( most enduring spaceflight most endurance on another world most time as a person in space most enduring population of a spacecraft ) Aircraft See also Spaceflight records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sound_barrier&oldid=832596875 '' Categories : Airspeed Sound Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 22 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the person credited with breaking the sound barrier on land | [
"On October 15, 1997, in a vehicle designed and built by a team led by Richard Noble, Royal Air Force pilot Andy Green became the first person to break the sound barrier in a land vehicle in compliance with Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile rules. The vehicle, called the ThrustSSC (\"Super Sonic Car\"), captured the record 50 years and one day after Yeager's first supersonic flight."
] | [
"Royal Air Force pilot Andy Green"
] |
-901645742448395577 | Wiz Khalifa | Wiz Khalifa - wikipedia Wiz Khalifa Wiz Khalifa Wiz Khalifa in 2012 Cameron Jibril Thomaz ( 1987 - 09 - 08 ) September 8 , 1987 ( age 30 ) Minot , North Dakota , U.S. Occupation Rapper singer songwriter actor Years active 2005 -- present Spouse ( s ) Amber Rose ( m . 2013 -- 2014 ) Children Awards List of awards and nominations Musical career Origin Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , U.S. Genres Hip hop Labels Rostrum Taylor Gang Atlantic Warner Bros . Associated acts Berner Big Sean Chevy Woods Currensy Juicy J Mac Miller Smoke DZA Snoop Dogg Ty Dolla Sign Website wizkhalifa.com Cameron Jibril Thomaz ( born September 8 , 1987 ) , known professionally as Wiz Khalifa , is an American rapper , singer - songwriter and actor . He released his debut album , Show and Prove , in 2006 , and signed to Warner Bros. Records in 2007 . His Eurodance - influenced single , `` Say Yeah '' , received urban radio airplay , charting on the Rhythmic Top 40 and Hot Rap Tracks charts in 2008 . Khalifa parted with Warner Bros. and released his second album , Deal or No Deal , in November 2009 . He released the mixtape Kush and Orange Juice as a free download in April 2010 ; he then signed with Atlantic Records . He is also well known for his debut single for Atlantic , `` Black and Yellow '' , which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . His debut album for the label , Rolling Papers , was released on March 29 , 2011 . He followed that album with O.N.I.F.C. on December 4 , 2012 , which was backed by the singles `` Work Hard , Play Hard '' and `` Remember You '' . Wiz released his fifth album Blacc Hollywood on August 18 , 2014 , backed by the lead single `` We Dem Boyz '' . In March 2015 , he released `` See You Again '' for the soundtrack of the film Furious 7 and the song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for 12 non-consecutive weeks . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2005 -- 2008 : Early mixtapes and Show and Prove 2.2 2009 -- 2010 : Deal or No Deal and signing with Atlantic Records 2.3 2010 -- 2012 : Mainstream success , Rolling Papers and O.N.I.F.C. 2.4 2013 -- present : Blacc Hollywood and Rolling Papers 2 3 Personal life 4 Honors 5 Discography 6 Filmography 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 8.1 Notes 9 External links Early life Khalifa was born Cameron Jibril Thomaz on September 8 , 1987 in Minot , North Dakota , to parents serving in the military . His parents divorced when Khalifa was about three years old . He is a military brat with his parents ' military service causing him to move regularly . Khalifa lived in Germany , the United Kingdom , and Japan before settling in Pittsburgh where he attended Taylor Allderdice High School . His stage name is derived from Khalifa , an Arabic word meaning `` successor '' , and wisdom , which was shortened to Wiz when Khalifa was a young boy . Khalifa stated to spinner.com that the name also came from being called `` young Wiz ' cause I was good at everything I did , and my granddad is Muslim , so he gave me that name ; he felt like that 's what I was doing with my music . '' He got a tattoo of his stage name on his 17th birthday . Career 2005 -- 2008 : early mixtapes and Show and Prove Rostrum Records president Benjy Grinberg first heard about Wiz Khalifa in 2004 when the rapper 's contribution to a mixtape of various new Pittsburgh artists attracted his interest . When Grinberg finally met the 16 - year - old artist , he immediately decided he wanted to work with him , later telling HitQuarters : `` Even though he was n't all the way developed you could just tell that he was a diamond in the rough , and that with some polishing , guidance and backing he could become something special . '' Khalifa signed to the label shortly after and began a seven - year period of artist development . Khalifa released his first mixtape , Prince of the City : Welcome to Pistolvania , in 2005 . The mixtape paved the way for his first full - length album entitled Show and Prove in 2006 . Khalifa was declared an `` artist to watch '' that year in Rolling Stone magazine . In 2007 , Khalifa signed to Warner Bros. Records and released two mixtapes through Rostrum Records : Grow Season , hosted by DJ Green Lantern and released on July 4 , 2007 , and Prince of the City 2 , released on November 20 , 2007 . His debut Warner Bros. single `` Say Yeah '' reached number 25 on the Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 music chart and number 20 on Billboard 's Hot Rap Tracks . The song samples `` Better Off Alone '' by Alice Deejay . Khalifa 's vocals from `` Say Yeah '' appear near the end of Pittsburgh mash up producer Girl Talk 's 2008 album , Feed the Animals , over music from Underworld 's `` Born Slippy '' , Usher 's `` Love in This Club '' , and the Cure 's `` In Between Days '' . Khalifa appeared with The Game , David Banner and Play - n - Skillz at U92 's Summer Jam at the USANA Amphitheatre in West Valley City , Utah on August 2 , 2008 . Khalifa released the mixtapes Star Power in September 2008 , and Flight School in April 2009 on Rostrum Records . Khalifa parted ways with Warner Bros. Records in July 2009 after numerous delays in releasing his planned debut album for the label , First Flight . Khalifa stated to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette that , `` I learned a lot during my time there and matured as an artist during the process . I 'm happy to be moving on with all of my material and having the chance to be in control of my next moves '' . Khalifa appeared with Girl Talk , Modey Lemon , Donora , Grand Buffet , and Don Caballero at the Amphitheatre at Station Square in Pittsburgh on July 31 , 2009 , where he announced that his relationship with Warner Bros. was over . 2009 -- 2010 : Deal or No Deal and signing with Atlantic Records Wiz Khalifa performing at Columbia University in New York City in April 2010 . Continuing his association with Rostrum Records , Khalifa released the single `` Teach U to Fly '' , and the mixtape How Fly , a collaboration with New Orleans rapper Curren $ y , on August 9 , 2009 . Khalifa introduced a more melodic style on the mixtape , alternating between singing and rapping . He opened for Wu - Tang Clan member U-God at the 2009 CMJ Music Marathon in New York City . Khalifa released the mixtape Burn After Rolling on November 2 , 2009 , where he raps over familiar beats from other artists , including the songs `` If I Were A Boy '' and `` Diva '' by Beyoncé , `` Walking on a Dream '' by Empire of the Sun , `` Luchini AKA This Is It '' by Camp Lo , and `` Best I Ever Had '' by Drake . Khalifa released his second album , Deal or No Deal , on November 24 , 2009 . Khalifa performed at Emo 's in Austin , Texas in March 2010 as part of the 2010 South by Southwest Music Festival . He appeared on the cover of XXL magazine that same month , for the magazine 's annual list of Top 10 Freshman , which included Donnis , J. Cole , Pill , Freddie Gibbs , and Fashawn . Wiz Khalifa was named 2010 `` Rookie Of The Year '' by `` The Source '' , with alongside Rick Ross , `` The Man Of The Year '' . He toured with rapper Yelawolf on a 20 - date tour , the Deal Or No Deal Tour . Khalifa released the free mixtape Kush and Orange Juice for download on June 14 , 2010 . Due to Khalifa 's devoted grassroots fan base , the mixtape became the No. 1 trending topic on Twitter with the hash tag # kushandorangejuice , and `` Kush and Orange Juice download '' ranked No. 1 on Google 's hot search trends . Citing music industry insiders , New York magazine wrote that Khalifa signed with Atlantic Records in April 2010 , although the rapper did not confirm it . He stated to AllHipHop in June 2010 that he was working on a new album , but was weighing his options and had not yet decided on a label to distribute it . Khalifa confirmed to MTV on July 30 that he was signing an Atlantic Records deal . Wiz Khalifa on stage in Boston in August 2010 . Khalifa was featured in a remix and video for the 2010 Rick Ross single `` Super High '' , alongside Curren $ y . He guested on the mixtape Grey Goose , Head Phones , and Thirsty Women by St. Louis rapper M.C , and was featured on the track `` The Breeze ( Cool ) '' on rapper Wale 's August 2010 mixtape More About Nothing . Khalifa was named MTV 's Hottest Breakthrough MC of 2010 , winning with nearly 70,000 votes , and beating out finalists Nicki Minaj , J. Cole , Travis Porter , and Diggy Simmons . Khalifa appeared at the Soundset 2010 festival in May 2010 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , alongside Method Man & Redman , Del the Funky Homosapien and Hieroglyphics , Atmosphere , Murs , Cage , and others . He performed at the 2010 Rock the Bells festival , along with hip hop veterans Wu - Tang Clan , Snoop Dogg , Lauryn Hill , A Tribe Called Quest , Rakim , KRS - One , Jedi Mind Tricks and Slick Rick . Khalifa declined an invitation to tour with rapper Drake and launched his own Waken Baken Tour , a 50 - city national tour with rapper Yelawolf . His official DJ on the tour was DJ Bonics . The tour , scheduled to last from September to November 2010 , has , as of October , sold out every venue . In November 2010 , during his `` Waken Baken '' tour at East Carolina University , Khalifa was arrested for possession and trafficking of marijuana . He was released the next morning after a $300 K bail , and resumed his tour . Khalifa performed in a cypher during the 2010 BET Hip - Hop Awards . 2010 -- 2012 : mainstream success , Rolling Papers and O.N.I.F.C. Wiz Khalifa at SXSW in 2010 Khalifa released `` Black and Yellow '' , his first single for Rostrum / Atlantic , produced by Stargate , which has received radio airplay . The single peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 ; the title of the song refers to the colours of the City of Pittsburgh . Khalifa released his debut album with Atlantic Records in 2011 . He appeared with Curren $ y on the track `` Scaling the Building '' on producer Ski Beatz ' 2010 album , 24 Hour Karate School . On March 29 , 2011 , Khalifa released his first studio album , Rolling Papers in the US . The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart , with first - week sales of 197,000 copies in the United States . Shortly afterward on March 31 , 2011 Wiz Khalifa performed at Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia as part of the school 's annual Dooley 's Weekend . On June 26 , 2011 , Khalifa was nominated and won Best New Artist at the BET Awards of 2011 . Khalifa collaborated with British rapper Tinie Tempah whom Tinie announced in an interview with Rolling Stone that his next single is to be called `` Till I 'm Gone '' and would feature Wiz Khalifa and was produced by Stargate . The single and the video song were released at the end of June 2011 . On April 11 , 2012 , Khalifa announced that he will release his second studio album titled Only Nigga In First Class but that it will be abbreviated as O.N.I.F.C. for release to mainstream markets . O.N.I.F.C. debuted at number two with 131,000 in first week sales . The album has spawned two singles `` Work Hard , Play Hard '' and `` Remember You '' both receiving good commercial acclaim and with the former going platinum . Wiz spoke with rapper 50 Cent , whom he collaborated with on the song `` Telescope '' , about making a movie together . 2013 -- present : Blacc Hollywood and Rolling Papers 2 In April 2013 , Khalifa revealed that after having his son he decided to work on a new album that he was planning to release in 2013 . On April 17 , 2013 , Wiz Khalifa and Curren $ y announced that they will drop their collaboration EP Live in Concert on April 20 , 2013 . The EP featured seven new songs . On June 24 , 2013 , he announced that his fifth studio album would be titled Blacc Hollywood and would be released in 2013 . On September 3 , 2013 , Khalifa revealed he had recorded songs with Miley Cyrus and Juicy J for Blacc Hollywood . In October 2013 , Mannie Fresh confirmed that he provided production for the album . On February 11 , 2014 , Khalifa released Blacc Hollywood 's first single titled `` We Dem Boyz '' . On March 31 , 2015 , Wiz Khalifa released an EP with fellow Taylor Gang artist Ty Dolla $ ign , Talk About It In The Morning . That same month , Khalifa released the song `` See You Again '' , a tribute to Paul Walker , who died during filming for Furious 7 . Khalifa performing in Toronto , July 2016 After releasing several `` Weedmixes '' on SoundCloud , including `` Ziplocc '' and `` Maan ! '' , Wiz took to Twitter to create hype about his new mixtape , 28 Grams , which was due to be released on May 25 , 2014 . However , Wiz was arrested for marijuana possession the day before , and there were fears that the mixtape would be pushed back . After posting a `` jail selfie '' and hashtagging `` FreeTrapWiz '' on Twitter , he was released hours later , meaning the mixtape would go ahead with its intended release date . On January 23 , 2015 , Khalifa was featured on a remix release of the Fall Out Boy song `` Uma Thurman '' . On May 18 , they performed the song together on the 2015 Billboard Music Awards show . In the summer of 2015 , he began touring the United States with Fall Out Boy and Hoodie Allen in a tour titled `` The Boys of Zummer Tour '' . The tour featured performances of `` Uma Thurman '' by Fall Out Boy and Khalifa . Later that year , on December 15 , 2015 , Wiz released the mixtape `` Cabin Fever 3 '' . During the Golden Globes on January 10 , 2016 , Wiz announced that his next album , titled Khalifa , would be released on the 22nd of that month . However , the album was released on February 5 , 2016 . On May 24 , 2016 , he released `` Pull Up '' , a standalone single in promotion of his upcoming album , Rolling Papers 2 . The Album is set to release on July 13 , 2018 . In 2016 , Khalifa sued former manager Benjy Grinberg and Rostrum Records because of a `` 360 deal '' that he signed which he claimed was unfair . Khalifa is seeking $1 million in compensation as well as punitive damages and attorney fees . He and Grinberg split after 10 years of partnership . Personal life Khalifa began dating model Amber Rose in early 2011 . They got engaged on March 1 , 2012 , and married on July 8 , 2013 . They have one son , Sebastian Taylor ( born 2013 ) . On September 24 , 2014 , it was announced that Rose would be filing for divorce , citing irreconcilable differences . As of 2015 , Khalifa and Rose have joint custody of their son . Khalifa is open about his use of cannabis , and he has claimed in many interviews that he spends $10,000 a month on cannabis , and also smokes daily . As of early 2014 , Khalifa no longer pays for cannabis and is sponsored by The Cookie Company , a medical marijuana dispenser which sells his `` Khalifa Kush '' ( KK ) strain , which he partnered with RiverRock Cannabis to create . Khalifa started practising Brazilian jiu - jitsu in May 2017 with Rigan Machado , an 8th degree red and black belt . Shortly after , he began training in Muay Thai with former UFC bantamweight title contender Cat Zingano and at the Unbreakable Performance Center in Los Angeles . On April 24 , 2018 , Thai boxing legend Saenchai hosted a private Muay Thai seminar for Khalifa at Unbreakable . Honors Pittsburgh City Council declared 12 - 12 - 12 ( December 12 , 2012 ) to be Wiz Khalifa Day in the city . Khalifa graduated from Pittsburgh 's Taylor Allderdice High School and in January 2012 , purchased a home in nearby Canonsburg , Pennsylvania . Discography Main article : Wiz Khalifa discography Show and Prove ( 2006 ) Deal or No Deal ( 2009 ) Rolling Papers ( 2011 ) Mac & Devin Go to High School ( with Snoop Dogg ) ( 2011 ) O.N.I.F.C. ( 2012 ) Blacc Hollywood ( 2014 ) Rolling Papers 2 ( 2018 ) Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2012 Gangs of Roses 2 : Next Generation Timmy Mac & Devin Go to High School Devin TBA High School 2 Devin Television Year Title Role Notes 2012 Master of the Mix Special Guest Star ; episode : Final Challenge Punk 'd Season 9 , episode 12 This Is How I Made It Season 1 , episode 9 Ridiculousness Season 2 , episode 11 2014 The Eric Andre Show Himself Episode : `` Wiz Khalifa ; Aubrey Peeples '' 2016 American Dad ! Mateo Voice role Episode : `` Bahama Mama '' Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Wiz Khalifa References Notes Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Richards , Dave ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` He 'll make it hot '' . Erie Times - News . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rising rap Wiz kid 's got the right mix '' . Boston Herald ( ' the edge ' Boston Herald.Com ) . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Order Rolling Papers '' . Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Leads Hot 100 for 10th Week '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cordor , Cyril . `` Wiz Khalifa '' . Allmusic . Retrieved on June 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mervis , Scott ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Pittsburgh City Council makes 12 - 12 - 12 Wiz Khalifa Day '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive interview : hip hop phenomenon Wiz Khalifa '' . Brotha Ash Productions . March 18 , 2006 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Still , Jennifer ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa : ' I got name tattoo at 17 ' '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Thompson , Troy ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Interview : SXSW 2010 '' . Spinner . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Benjy Grinberg '' . HitQuarters . October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa '' . November 28 , 2006 . Rolling Stone ; retrieved August 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Kuperstein , Slava ( September 10 , 2011 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Working On Next Album '' . HipHop DX . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breihan , Tom ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` Girl Talk 's Pop - Music Car - Wreck '' . The Village Voice ; retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burger , David ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` U92 's Summer Jam : Rap producers get a chance to shine '' , The Salt Lake Tribune ; retrieved August 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mervis , Scott ( July 18 , 2009 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa , Warner Bros. part ways '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved on July 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tady , Scott ( August 1 , 2009 ) . `` A new wave hits Pittsburgh music '' , Beaver County Times ; retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCray , Mike ( November 3 , 2009 ) . `` Mixtape Review : Wiz Khalifa '' . Creative Loafing Charlotte ; retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Todd , Deborah M. ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Rapper Wiz Khalifa drops ' Deal or No Deal ' after frustrating time with Warner Bros . '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ; retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Pete ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` It 's Good To Make Time For A Bro , Even After SXSW and NX35 '' , Dallas Observer ; retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Jayson ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` Rick Ross Named The Source 's Man Of The Year '' . MTV.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Noz , Andrew ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` Review : Wiz Khalifa & Yelawolf @ 9 : 30 Club '' , Washington City Paper ; retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vozick - Levinson , Simon ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' Kush and Orange Juice ' mixtape blows up '' . Entertainment Weekly ; retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` Hip - Hop 's New Business Model : Major - Label Rappers Stay ' Independent ' '' , New York ; retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ziegbe , Mawuse ; Calloway , Sway ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Was Working On Atlantic Deal ' For A Minute ' , MTV.com ; retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Calls Rick Ross ' ' Super High ' Remix ' A Blessing ' '' , MTV.com ; retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin . J. ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Rapper M.C. grabs attention on new mixtape '' , St. Louis Post-Dispatch ; retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCray , Mike ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` Mixtape Review : Wale 's More About Nothing '' . Creative Loafing Charlotte ; retrieved August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( July 25 , 2010 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Is MTV News ' ' Hottest Breakthrough MC Of 2010 ' ! '' ; Mtv.com , retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Riemensheider , Chris ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` A different atmosphere at Rhymesayers '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved on September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Humphress , Corey ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Wu - Tang Clan , Rakim , More to Perform Full Albums at Rock the Bells 2010 '' , Paste ; retrieved June 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barley , Nicole ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` Free Style '' . Whirl Magazine . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mervis , Scott ( September 2 , 2010 ) . `` Local Scene : 09 / 02 / 10 '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ; retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa 's `` Black & Yellow '' And Four Other Hot Football Fight Songs `` , Billboard.com ; retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Todd , Deborah M. ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Rising hip - hop stars call Pittsburgh home '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ; retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Nick ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Legendary Producer Ski Beatz Proves He Has n't Missed a Beat with 24 Hour Karate School '' , Seattle Weekly ; retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Britney Spears Snares Sixth No. 1 on Billboard 200 with ' Femme Fatale ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best New Artist : BET Awards '' . BET . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tinie Tempah is Optimistic About Breaking Through in the U.S by Matthew Perpetua on April 18 , 2011 . RollingStone.com . Jump up ^ First Look : Tinie Tempah feat Wiz Khalifa , playforlife.fm ; retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Markman , Rob ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Already ' Working On ' Rolling Papers Follow - Up '' . MTV . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Woodruff ( October 9 , 2011 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa begins work on new album '' . TheCelebrityCafe.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . HITS Daily Double . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Talks Possible Movie & Soundtrack With 50 Cent '' . Xxlmag.com . December 25 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Plans to Release New Album This Year '' . Rap-Up.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In Typical Stoner Fashion , Wiz Khalifa & Curren $ y Are Dropping `` Live In Concert '' On 4 / 20 `` . Complex. April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Announces New Album ' Blacc Hollywood ' '' . Rap-Up.com . June 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker , Soren ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Has Collaborated With Miley Cyrus , Adele For `` Blacc Hollywood '' `` . HipHop DX . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rys , Dan ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Mannie Fresh Has Hot Boys , Mos Def And Wiz Khalifa Projects Coming Up '' . Xxlmag.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PREMIERE ! Wiz Khalifa x Ty Dolla $ ign `` Talk About it in the Morning '' EP - Taylor Gang `` . Taylorgangent.com. 2015 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Edwin ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Shares Hazy New Record `` Ziplocc ( Weedmix ) '' `` . Complex . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Reworks ScHoolboy Q 's `` Man Of The Year '' For `` Maan ! ( Weedmix ) '' `` . Complex. April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hart , Georgia ( May 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa posts ' jail selfie ' after being arrested for ' possession of marijuana ' '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Out Boy & Wiz Khalifa Perform ' Uma Thurman ' at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias . `` Fall Out Boy & Wiz Khalifa Announce Co-Headlining Summer Tour '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mervis , Scott . `` Wiz Khalifa , Fall Out Boy tour coming in July '' . Post-Gazette.com . Post Gazette . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fall Out Boy . `` Fall Out Boy on Facebook - `` It 's happening ... '' `` . Facebook.com/FallOutBoy . Fall Out Boy . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DCD2 Records on Facebook - `` you ready for the biggest tour of the zummer ? ... '' `` . Facebook.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Announces `` Khalifa '' Release Date `` . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ DiMelgio , Mary ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa releases lead single from Rolling Papers 2 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Hayden ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa sues over unfair 360 deal '' . Radio.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa On Twitter '' . Twitter.com. April 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christie D'Zurilla ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Amber Rose , Wiz Khalifa engaged ; ' Love Is Everywhere ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa and Amber Rose Tie the Knot '' . Billboard . July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa and Amber Rose Welcome Son Sebastian Taylor '' . People . February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CBS Pittsburgh ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Pittsburgh Native Wiz Khalifa Getting Divorced '' . CBS Pittsburgh . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Claire Rutter ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` Amber Rose and Wiz Khalifa ' settle for joint custody over son Sebastian ' '' . Mirror . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiz Khalifa Shirts says : ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Spends $10,000 a Month on Weed , May Be A `` Bad Guy '' `` . Thefader.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa and other celebrities to market own brands of legalized marijuana '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Jeff ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Khalifa partners with RiverRock Cannabis to manufacture his own line of regulated marijuana strains , products and concentrates '' . People.com . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Is Studying Jiu Jitsu '' . Sports . 2017 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Is Now Training Jiu - Jitsu With Rigan Machado '' . Jiu - Jitsu Times . 2017 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa 's Getting Serious About MMA Training '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa training MMA striking with UFC 's Cat Zingano '' . The Underground . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hip Hop Star Wiz Khalifa trains Muay Thai with Saenchai '' . The Official Website of Cristiane `` Cyborg '' Santos. 2018 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` YOKKAO Hosts Private Seminar With Saenchai For Wiz Khalifa '' . YOKKAO News - Muay Thai and MMA News ! . 2018 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Machosky , Michael ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Pittsburgh native Wiz Khalifa holds to his hometown roots '' . Tribune - Review . Jump up ^ Dayton , Rick ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Buys Home In Washington County '' . CBS Pittsburgh . Jump up ^ REAL 92.3 LA ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa talks about new app and album on The Real After Party '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tardio , Andres ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Snoop Dogg & Wiz Khalifa Announce `` Mac + Devin Go To High School '' Part 2 `` . HipHop DX . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wiz Khalifa Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wiz Khalifa . Official website Wiz Khalifa at MTV Wiz Khalifa on IMDb Preceded by Mumford & Sons Saturday Night Live musical guest May 2 , 2015 Succeeded by Florence + the Machine Wiz Khalifa Discography Studio albums Show and Prove Deal or No Deal Rolling Papers O.N.I.F.C. Blacc Hollywood Rolling Papers 2 Collaborations TGOD Mafia : Rude Awakening ( with Juicy J ) ( 2016 ) Soundtracks Mac & Devin Go to High School ( with Snoop Dogg ) ( 2011 ) EPs Live in Concert ( with Curren $ y ) ( 2013 ) Mixtapes Flight School ( 2009 ) Kush & Orange Juice ( 2010 ) Cabin Fever ( 2011 ) Taylor Allderdice ( 2012 ) Cabin Fever 2 ( 2012 ) 28 Grams ( 2014 ) Cabin Fever 3 ( 2015 ) Laugh Now , Fly Later ( 2017 ) Related articles Rostrum Records Taylor Gang Records Amber Rose Mac & Devin Go to High School Wiz Khalifa singles Discography Rolling Papers `` Black and Yellow '' `` Roll Up '' `` On My Level '' `` The Race '' `` No Sleep '' Mac & Devin Go to High School `` Young , Wild & Free '' O.N.I.F.C. `` Work Hard , Play Hard '' `` Remember You '' Blacc Hollywood `` We Dem Boyz '' `` You and Your Friends '' Khalifa `` Bake Sale '' TGOD Mafia : Rude Awakening `` All Night '' Rolling Papers 2 `` Something New '' `` Hopeless Romantic '' Other singles `` Say Yeah '' `` We Own It ( Fast & Furious ) '' `` Shell Shocked '' `` See You Again '' `` Burn Slow '' `` King of Everything '' `` Pull Up '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Gang Up '' Featured singles `` Till I 'm Gone '' `` Oh My '' `` 5 O'Clock '' `` I 'm On '' `` Payphone '' `` Till I Die '' `` Celebration '' `` Do n't Make Em Like You '' `` Hate Bein ' Sober '' `` Molly '' `` Beat It '' `` 23 '' `` Think About It '' `` Feelin ' Myself '' `` Or Nah '' `` Party Girls '' `` Bigroom Blitz '' `` Kush Ups '' `` Fuck Apologies '' Promotional singles `` Double Vision '' ( Remix ) `` Bright Lights Bigger City '' ( Remix ) `` Sleazy Remix 2.0 : Get Sleazier '' `` KK '' `` Stayin Out All Night '' `` Promises '' `` So High '' `` Go Hard or Go Home '' `` No Social Media '' Other songs `` Taylor Gang '' `` Smokin ' On '' `` Let It Go '' Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song 1998 -- 2000 `` When You Believe '' Music & Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` Music of My Heart '' Music & Lyrics : Diane Warren ( 1999 ) `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Music & Lyrics : David Hartley , Sting ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` May It Be '' Music & Lyrics : Enya , Nicky Ryan , Roma Ryan ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music & Lyrics : Jeff Bass , Eminem , Luis Resto , ( 2002 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' Music & Lyrics : Christopher Guest , Eugene Levy , Michael McKean ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music & Lyrics : Mick Jagger , David Stewart ( 2004 ) `` Hustle & Flow '' Music & Lyrics : Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) `` Listen '' Music & Lyrics : Scott Cutler , Henry Krieger , Anne Preven ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music & Lyrics : Glen Hansard , Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music & Lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music & Lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` If I Rise '' Music & Lyrics : Rollo Armstrong , Dido , A.R. Rahman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2020 `` Life 's a Happy Song '' Music & Lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music & Lyrics : Adele , Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music & Lyrics : Common , John Legend ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' Music & Lyrics : Andrew Cedar , DJ Frank E , Wiz Khalifa , Charlie Puth ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz ; Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) BNF : cb16524446n ( data ) GND : 1013281136 ISNI : 0000 0001 2121 3353 LCCN : no2007011188 MusicBrainz : f5dfa020 - ad69 - 41cd - b3d4 - fd7af0414e94 SUDOC : 158084063 VIAF : 29145970173932251436 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiz_Khalifa&oldid=855495046 '' Categories : 1987 births African - American male actors African - American male rappers American hip hop singers American male film actors American male television actors Atlantic Records artists East Coast hip hop musicians Living people Male actors from Philadelphia Military brats Musicians from Pittsburgh People from Canonsburg , Pennsylvania Rappers from Pittsburgh Pop rappers Warner Bros. 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-1910507003900866343 | The Price Is Right (U.S. game show) | The Price Is Right ( U.S. game show ) - Wikipedia The Price Is Right ( U.S. game show ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current version of the series . For the overall franchise , see The Price Is Right . For the original version , see The Price Is Right ( 1956 U.S. game show ) . For other uses , see The Price Is Right ( disambiguation ) . `` Come on down ! '' redirects here . For other uses , see Come on down ! ( disambiguation ) . The Price Is Right Genre Game show Created by Bob Stewart Mark Goodson Bill Todman Directed by Marc Breslow ( 1972 -- 86 ) Paul Alter ( 1986 -- 2001 ) Bart Eskander ( 2000 -- 09 ) Rich DiPirro ( 2009 -- 11 ) Michael Dimich ( 2011 -- 12 ) Ryan Polito ( 2012 -- 13 ) Adam Sandler ( 2013 -- present ) Presented by Bob Barker ( 1972 -- 2007 ) Drew Carey ( 2007 -- present ) Nighttime : Dennis James ( 1972 -- 77 ) Bob Barker ( 1977 -- 80 ) Tom Kennedy ( 1985 -- 86 ) Narrated by Johnny Olson ( 1972 -- 85 ) Rod Roddy ( 1986 -- 2003 ) Rich Fields ( 2004 -- 10 ) George Gray ( 2011 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Edd Kalehoff Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 45 No. of episodes 8,000 ( as of April 7 , 2014 ) Nighttime ( 1972 -- 80 ) : 300 Nighttime ( 1985 -- 86 ) : 170 Production Location ( s ) CBS Television City Running time 38 -- 48 minutes ( 1975 -- present ) 22 -- 26 minutes ( 1972 -- 75 ; 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) Production company ( s ) Mark Goodson - Bill Todman Productions ( 1972 -- 84 ) Price Productions ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ; 1972 -- 94 ) Mark Goodson Productions ( 1984 -- 2007 ) All American Television ( 1996 -- 98 ) Pearson Television ( 1999 -- 2002 ) FremantleMedia ( 2002 -- present ) in association with CBS Distributor FremantleMedia for CBS Viacom Enterprises ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ) The Television Program Source ( 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) Release Original network CBS Syndicated ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 1972 -- 2008 ) HDTV ( 1080i ) ( 2008 -- present ) Audio format Mono ( 1972 -- 88 ) CBS StereoSound ( 1988 -- 97 ) Digital Stereo ( 1997 -- 2013 ) 5.1 Surround ( 2013 -- present ) Original release September 4 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 04 ) -- present Nighttime : September 10 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 10 ) -- September 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 09 - 13 ) ( weekly ) September 9 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 09 ) -- September 5 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 05 ) ( daily ) Chronology Preceded by The Price Is Right ( 1956 -- 65 ) Related shows The New Price Is Right ( 1994 -- 95 ) External links www.priceisright.com Production website www.cbs.com/shows/the_price_is_right/ The Price Is Right is an American television game show created by Bob Stewart , Mark Goodson and Bill Todman . The show revolves around contestants competing to identify accurate pricing of merchandise to win cash and prizes . Contestants are selected from the studio audience when the announcer proclaims the show 's famous catchphrase , `` Come on down ! '' The program premiered on September 4 , 1972 on CBS . Bob Barker was the series ' longest - running host from its 1972 debut until his retirement in June 2007 , when Drew Carey took over . Barker was accompanied by a series of announcers , beginning with Johnny Olson , followed by Rod Roddy and then Rich Fields . In April 2011 , George Gray became the announcer . The show has used several models , most notably Anitra Ford , Janice Pennington , Dian Parkinson , Holly Hallstrom and Kathleen Bradley . While retaining some elements of the original version of the show , the 1972 version has added many new distinctive gameplay elements . The Price Is Right has aired over 8,000 episodes since its debut and is one of the longest - running network series in United States television history . In a 2007 article , TV Guide named The Price Is Right the `` greatest game show of all time . '' The show 's 46th season premiered on September 18 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 One Bid 1.2 Pricing games 1.3 Showcase Showdown 1.4 The Showcase 2 Personnel 2.1 Hosts 2.2 Announcers 2.3 Models 2.4 Production staff 3 Production 3.1 Audience and contestant selection 3.2 Taping 3.3 Production company 4 Broadcast history 4.1 Syndicated productions 4.1. 1 1972 -- 1980 4.1. 2 1985 -- 86 4.1. 3 The New Price Is Right 4.2 CBS primetime specials and series 4.3 Gameshow Marathon 5 Reality web show spinoffs 5.1 Road to Price 5.2 The Price is Right Male Model Search 6 Documentary Film 7 Prizes 7.1 Automobiles 7.2 Winnings records 8 Reception 8.1 Awards 8.2 Critical reaction 9 Controversy 9.1 Lawsuits 9.2 Plinko board incident 9.3 40th anniversary 10 Merchandise 10.1 DVD release 10.2 Board games 10.3 Computer and electronic games 10.4 Slot machines 10.5 Scratch - off tickets 10.6 Live casino game 11 References 11.1 Works cited 12 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The gameplay of the show consists of four distinct competition elements , in which nine preliminary contestants ( or six , depending on the episode 's running time ) are eventually narrowed to two finalists who compete in the game 's final element , the `` Showcase '' . One bid ( edit ) At the beginning of the show , four contestants are called from the audience by the announcer to take a spot on the front row behind bidding podiums , which are embedded into the front edge of the stage . This area is known as `` Contestants ' Row '' . The announcer shouts `` Come on down ! '' after calling each selected contestant 's name , a phrase which has become a trademark of the show . The four contestants in Contestants ' Row compete in a bidding round to determine which contestant will play the next pricing game ( the round is known as `` One Bid , '' which gets its name and format from one of two types of bidding rounds that existed on the 1950s version of the show ) . A prize is shown and each contestant gives a single bid for the item . In the first One - Bid game of each episode , bidding begins with the contestant on the viewer 's left - to - right . In subsequent One - Bid rounds , the order of bidding still moves from the viewer 's left - to - right , but it begins with the contestant most recently called down . Contestants are instructed to bid in whole dollars since the retail price of the item is rounded to the nearest dollar and another contestant 's bid can not be duplicated . If a contestant thinks the others have overbid , he or she bids $1 on the item . The contestant whose bid is closest to the actual retail price of the prize without going over wins that prize and gets to play the subsequent pricing game . If all four contestants overbid , short buzzer tones sound , the lowest bid is announced and the bids are erased . The host then instructs the contestants to re-bid below the lowest previous bid . If a contestant bids the actual retail price , a bell rings and the contestant wins a cash bonus in addition to the prize . From the introduction of the bonus in 1977 until 1998 , the `` perfect bid '' bonus was $100 ; it was permanently increased to the current $500 in 1998 . On The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular , the bonus was $1,000 . After each pricing game , another contestant is called to `` come on down '' to fill the spot of the contestant that won the previous round . The newest contestant bids first in each One Bid round . Contestants who fail to win a One Bid round -- thus never making it onstage to play a pricing game -- receive consolation prizes , currently $300 , often sponsored by companies revealed by the announcer near the end of the show , before the Showcase . Pricing games ( edit ) See also : List of The Price Is Right pricing games After winning the One Bid , the contestant joins the host onstage for the opportunity to win additional prizes or cash by playing a pricing game . After the pricing game ends , a new contestant is selected for Contestants ' Row and the process is repeated . Six pricing games are played on each hour - long episode ; three games per episode were played in the original half - hour format . Pricing game formats vary widely , ranging from simple dilemma games in which a contestant chooses one of two options to win to complex games of chance or skill in which guessing prices increases the odds of winning . On a typical hour - long episode , two games are played for a car , one game is played for a cash prize and the other three games offer expensive household merchandise or trips . Usually , at least one of the six games involves the pricing of grocery items , while another usually involves smaller prizes that can be used to win a larger prize package . Originally , five pricing games were in the rotation . Since then , more games have been created and added to the rotation and , starting with the 60 - minute expansion in 1975 , the rate at which games premiered increased . Some pricing games were eventually discontinued , while others have been a mainstay since the show 's debut in 1972 . As of 2017 , the rotation is among 77 games . On the 1994 syndicated version hosted by Doug Davidson , the rules of several games were modified and other aesthetic changes were made . Notably , the grocery products used in some games on the daytime version were replaced by small merchandise prizes , generally valued at less than $100 . Beginning in 2008 , episodes of The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular featured rule changes to some pricing games which rewarded a $1 million bonus to the contestant if specific goals were achieved while playing the pricing game . Showcase Showdown ( edit ) `` Showcase Showdown '' redirects here . For the band , see Showcase Showdown ( band ) . Since the show 's expansion to 60 minutes in 1975 , each episode features two playings of the Showcase Showdown , occurring after the third and sixth pricing games . Each playing features the three contestants who played the preceding pricing games spinning `` The Big Wheel '' to determine who advances to the Showcase , the show 's finale . The contestants play in the order of the value of his or her winnings thus far ( including the One Bid ) , with the contestant who has won the most spinning last . The wheel contains 20 sections showing values from 5 ¢ to $1.00 , in increments of five cents . Contestants are allowed a maximum of two spins . The first contestant spins the wheel and may choose to stop with his or her score or spin again , adding the value of the second spin to their first . The second contestant then spins the wheel and tries to match or beat the leader 's score ; if he or she fails to do so , the contestant must spin again . If the second contestant 's first spin matches or beats the score of the first contestant , he or she has the option of stopping or spinning again . The third contestant then spins ; if his or her score is less than the leader then he or she will be required to spin again . In the event the second or third contestant 's first spin ties the score of the leader , he or she will be given the option of spinning again as an alternative to entering a `` spin - off '' as described below . If their total score of any contestant is less than that of the current leader , is beaten by the score of any subsequent contestant , or over $1.00 , the contestant is eliminated from the game . The contestant whose score is nearest to $1.00 without going over advances to the Showcase at the end of the episode . Any spin that fails to make at least one complete revolution does not count ; the contestant is given the opportunity to spin again , and if the contestant has visible difficulty in physically performing the task , the host can assist them . If the first two contestants both spin twice and go over $1.00 , the last contestant automatically advances to the Showcase and is given only one spin to determine their score ; this is to ensure that a contestant advances to the showcase , avoiding a potential `` triple over '' scenario in which no one would advance . Any contestant whose score equals $1.00 ( from either the first spin or the sum of two spins ) receives a $1,000 bonus and , since December 1978 , is allowed a bonus spin . The contestant wins an additional $10,000 for landing on either 5 ¢ or 15 ¢ ( which are adjacent to the $1.00 space and painted green ) , or an additional $25,000 for landing on $1.00 . From December 1978 to September 22 , 2008 , the bonuses were $5,000 and $10,000 for landing on a green section and the $1.00 , respectively . If the wheel stops on any other amount or fails to make at least one revolution , the contestant wins no more money . The wheel is positioned on 5 ¢ prior to the bonus spin so that it can not land on a winning prize without making a complete revolution . Two or more contestants who are tied with the leading score compete in a `` spin - off '' . Each contestant is allowed one additional spin and the contestant with the higher score advances to the Showcase . Multiple spin - offs are played until the tie is broken . Those who hit $1.00 in their spin - off spin still get $1,000 and a bonus spin . If two or more contestants tie with a score of $1.00 , their bonus spins also determine their spin - off score . Only the spin - off score , not any bonus money won , determines which contestant moves on to the Showcase ; thus , a person who wins the $10,000 bonus for landing on 15 ¢ would still lose the spin - off if their opponent lands on 20 ¢ or more . A tie in a bonus spin spin - off means the ensuing second spin - off will be spun with no bonuses available . Each spin must make one complete revolution in order to qualify . If a player 's bonus spin spin - off does not make a complete revolution , the contestant must spin again , and the spin will be scored as in a second round of a spin - off ( no bonuses ) . The Showcase ( edit ) At the end of the episode , the two contestants with the highest winnings , or since 1975 on hour - long episodes , the two Showcase Showdown winners , advance to the Showcase . A `` showcase '' of prizes ( currently two or three prizes ) is presented and the top winner has the option of placing a bid on the total value of the showcase or passing the showcase to the runner - up , who is then required to bid . A second showcase is then presented and the contestant who had not bid on the first showcase makes his or her bid . Unlike the One Bid , the contestant bidding on the second showcase may bid the same amount as their opponent on the first showcase , since the two contestants are bidding on different prize packages . The contestant who has bid nearer to the price of their own showcase without going over wins the prizes in his or her showcase . Any contestant who overbids is disqualified regardless of their opponent 's result . A double overbid results in neither contestant winning a showcase . Since 1974 , any contestant who comes within a specified amount from the actual retail price of their own showcase without going over wins both showcases . Until 1998 , the amount was less than $100 . In 1998 , it became the current $250 or less . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Bob Barker ( host from September 1972 to June 2007 ) Drew Carey ( host since October 2007 ) Bob Barker began hosting The Price Is Right on September 4 , 1972 and completed a 35 - year tenure on June 15 , 2007 . Barker was hired as host while still hosting the stunt comedy show Truth or Consequences . His retirement coincided with his 50th year as a television host . His final show aired on June 15 , 2007 and was repeated in primetime , leading into the network 's coverage of the 34th Daytime Emmy Awards . In addition to hosting , Barker became Executive Producer of the show in March 1988 when Frank Wayne died and continued as such until his retirement , gaining significant creative control over the series between 2000 and his 2007 retirement . He also was responsible for creating several of the show 's pricing games , as well as launching The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular primetime spin - off . Reruns of Barker 's final season were aired throughout the summer from the Monday after his final show ( June 18 , 2007 ) until the Friday before Drew Carey 's debut as host ( October 12 , 2007 ) , when the season 35 finale was re-aired . During his time as host , Barker missed only one taping of four episodes ; Dennis James , then hosting the syndicated nighttime version of the show , filled in for him on these shows in December 1974 . After he became a noted animal rights advocate in 1981 shortly after the death of his wife Dorothy Jo , Barker signed off each broadcast , informing viewers with the public service message , `` Help control the pet population : have your pets spayed or neutered . '' Carey continued the tradition upon becoming the new host . On October 31 , 2006 , Barker announced that he would retire from the show at the end of season 35 . In March 2007 , CBS and FremantleMedia began a search for the next host of the show . Carey , who was hosting Power of 10 at the time , was chosen and , in a July 23 , 2007 interview on Late Show with David Letterman , made the announcement . Carey 's first show aired October 15 , 2007 . Barker has made several guest appearances since Carey took over as host : on the April 16 , 2009 episode to promote his autobiography , Priceless Memories ; on the December 12 , 2013 , as part of `` Pet Adoption Week '' that coincided with his 90th birthday ; and on the episode which aired on April Fools ' Day in 2015 , hosting the first One Bid and pricing game as part of April Fool 's Day . The 2013 April Fools ' show featured Carey and announcer George Gray modeling the prizes while the show 's models performed hosting and announcing duties for the day . On the April Fools ' Day episode in 2014 , Craig Ferguson , Carey 's former castmate from The Drew Carey Show , and Shadoe Stevens hosted and announced , swapping places with Carey and Gray respectively , who performed the same roles on the previous night 's episode of The Late Late Show . Announcers ( edit ) Johnny Olson , the announcer for many Goodson - Todman shows of the era , was the program 's original announcer until his death in October 1985 . Olson was replaced by Rod Roddy in February 1986 , who remained with the program until shortly before his death in October 2003 . Los Angeles meteorologist Rich Fields took over as the announcer in April 2004 and stayed on until the end of season 38 in August 2010 . Following a change of direction and a search for an announcer with more experience in improvisational comedy , veteran TV host George Gray was confirmed as the show 's current announcer on the April 18 , 2011 episode . After Olson 's and Roddy 's deaths in 1985 and 2003 , respectively and Fields ' departure in 2010 , a number of announcers auditioned before a permanent replacement was hired . In addition to Roddy , Gene Wood , Rich Jeffries , and Bob Hilton auditioned to replace Olson . Former Family Feud announcer Burton Richardson , Paul Boland , and former Supermarket Sweep announcer Randy West substituted for Roddy during his illnesses . In addition to West and Richardson , Daniel Rosen , Art Sanders , Roger Rose , Don Bishop and current Wheel of Fortune announcer Jim Thornton also auditioned for the role eventually filled by Fields . Richardson substituted for Fields while he recovered from laryngitis in December 2006 . In addition to Gray , TV host JD Roberto , comedians Jeff B. Davis , Brad Sherwood , and David H. Lawrence XVII , and actor / comedian Steve White also auditioned for the role . Models ( edit ) Main article : The Price Is Right models To help display its many prizes , the show has featured several models who were known , during Barker 's time on the show , as `` Barker 's Beauties '' . Some longer - tenured Barker 's Beauties included Kathleen Bradley ( 1990 -- 2000 ) , Holly Hallstrom ( 1977 -- 1995 ) , Dian Parkinson ( 1975 -- 1993 ) , and Janice Pennington ( 1972 -- 2000 ) . Pennington and Bradley were both dismissed from the program in 2000 , allegedly because they had given testimony on Hallstrom 's behalf in the wrongful termination litigation she pursued against Barker and the show . Following the departures of Nikki Ziering , Heather Kozar and Claudia Jordan in the 2000s , producers decided to use a rotating cast of models ( up to ten ) until the middle of season 37 , after which the show reverted to five regular models . Since March 2008 , the models include Rachel Reynolds , Amber Lancaster and Gwendolyn Osbourne ; Manuela Arbeláez joined the cast in April 2009 , replacing Brandi Sherwood and James O'Halloran joined the cast in December 2014 . Carey does not use a collective name for the models , but refers to them by name , hoping that the models will be able to use the show as a `` springboard '' to further their careers . In a change from previous policy , the models appearing on a given episode are named individually in the show 's credits and are formally referred as `` The Price Is Right models '' when collectively grouped at events . Since season 37 , the show often uses a guest model for certain prizes , often crossing over from another CBS property or come courtesy of the company providing the prize . Some such models have been male , especially for musical instruments , tools , trucks and motorcycles , and used in guest appearances during the Showcase . Owing to the traditionally female demographic of daytime television shows , along with the pregnancies of Reynolds and Osbourne , CBS announced that the game show would add a male model for a week during season 41 , fitting with other countries with the franchise that have used an occasional male model . The show held an internet search for the man in an online competition that featured Mike Richards , the show 's executive producer , Reynolds , Lancaster , Osbourne and Arbeláez serving as judges and mentors during the web series , narrated by Gray . Viewers selected the winner in October 2012 . On October 5 , 2012 , CBS announced that the winner of the male model online competition was Rob Wilson of Boston , Massachusetts . Wilson appeared as a model on episodes through April 15 , 2014 . This contest was scheduled to be repeated in 2014 , with auditions taking place during the FIFA World Cup break between May and July 2014 . On December 8 , 2014 , CBS announced that the winner of the second male model online competition was James O'Halloran . Production staff ( edit ) The game show production team of Mark Goodson and Bill Todman was responsible for producing the original as well as the revival versions of the game show . Goodson - Todman staffer Bob Stewart is credited with creating the original version of The Price Is Right . Roger Dobkowitz was the producer from 1984 to 2008 , having worked with the program as a production staffer since the show 's debut after graduating from San Francisco State University . Occasionally , Dobkowitz appeared on - camera when answering a question posed by the host , usually relating to the show 's history or records . When he left the show at the end of season 36 , Variety reported that it was unclear whether he was retiring or was fired , although Carey indicated in a later interview with Esquire that Dobkowitz was fired . As of 2011 , the show uses multiple producers , all long - time staffers . Adam Sandler ( not to be confused with the actor ) is the producer of the show . Stan Blits , who joined the show in 1980 and Sue MacIntyre are the co-producers . Kathy Greco joined the show in 1975 and became producer in 2008 ; she announced her retirement October 8 , 2010 on the show 's website , effective at the end of the December 2010 tapings . Her last episode as producer , which aired January 27 , 2011 , featured a theme in tribute to her . The show 's official website featured a series of videos including an interview with Greco as a tribute to her 35 years in the days leading up to her final episode . Frank Wayne , a Goodson - Todman staffer since the 1950s , was the original executive producer of the CBS version of the show . Barker assumed that role after Wayne 's death in March 1988 , as previously stated . Previous producers have included Jay Wolpert , Barbara Hunter and Phil Wayne Rossi ( Wayne 's son ) . Michael Dimich assumed the director 's chair in June 2011 . Marc Breslow , Paul Alter , Bart Eskander and Rich DiPirro each served long stints previously as director . Former associate directors Andrew Felsher and Fred Witten , as well as technical director Glenn Koch , have directed episodes strictly on a fill - in basis . Sandler began directing episodes in 2012 , and became the official director in 2013 . Aside from Barker , the show 's production staff remained intact after Carey became host . FremantleMedia executive Syd Vinnedge was named the program 's new executive producer , with Richards becoming co-executive producer after Dobkowitz 's departure . Richards was a candidate to replace Barker as host in 2007 , before Carey was ultimately chosen . Richards succeeded Vinnedge as executive producer when the 2009 -- 10 season started , with Tracy Verna Soiseth joining Richards as co-executive producer in 2010 . Vinnedge remains credited as an executive consultant to the show . Production ( edit ) Audience and contestant selection ( edit ) Many audience members arrive early on the day of a taping , and often camp out the night before to attend . Most have already received tickets for that day 's show , although some hope to get same - day tickets . Audience members are then given the iconic name tags with a temporary identification number , which is also written on the person 's ticket . A Social Security Number ( or some national I.D. number for non-U.S. audience members ) is also required to be submitted . Audience members are eventually brought through in groups of twelve for brief interviews with the production staff . Contrary to popular belief , contestant names are not chosen at random ; rather , the interviews determine possible selections for the nine contestants per taping from among the pool of approximately 325 audience members . Since 1988 , the minimum age for audience members has been 18 ; prior to 1988 , teenagers and children as young as 12 were present in the audience . With few exceptions , anyone at least 18 years old who attends a taping of the show has the potential to become a contestant . Those ineligible include current candidates for political office , employees of CBS Corporation or its affiliates , RTL Group or any firm involved in offering prizes for the show . Contestants who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year or either two other game shows or any version of The Price Is Right itself within the past ten years are also ineligible . The show 's staff alerts potential contestants -- in person , on the show 's website and on the tickets themselves -- to dress in `` street clothes '' and not to wear costumes , such as those used to attract attention on Let 's Make a Deal , another show that featured contestants selected from the audience . Those who have attended tapings in June 2008 noted that producers disallowed audience members from wearing fake eyeglasses designed to look similar to those worn by Carey , a restriction that has since been relaxed . Instead , contestants will often wear shirts with hand - decorated slogans . Members of the Armed Forces are often in uniform . Cell phones , tape recorders , backpacks , price lists and portable electronic devices are not allowed in the studio . Prospective contestants obtain tickets by contacting a third - party ticketing operator via the show 's website , which is promoted on - air during the broadcast . Prior to 2011 , ticketing was directly through CBS , originally via mail , with online ticket access added in 2005 . The mail practice ended after CBS began outsourcing ticketing to the third - party operator . Occasionally , episodes are taped with special audience restrictions . For Memorial Day in 1991 , an episode was taped with an audience composed entirely of those who had served in the Armed Forces . Similar primetime episodes were taped in 2002 , honoring each branch of the United States military and a sixth episode honoring police officers and firefighters . An annual military episode has been taped starting Season 38 in 2008 , originally on Veteran 's Day , but moved in Season 41 ( 2013 ) to Independence Day , features an all - military audience , a Marine band playing the winner 's service anthem , and contestants being called by rank . The 2008 episode contained a unique rule in which each One Bid featured one contestant from the Army , Navy , Air Force and Marines , and One Bid winners also won a $1,000 gift card . As each contestant won his / her way onstage , he / she was replaced by a member of the same branch of service . Most civilian attendees were retired or disabled veterans or family members of military . The 2009 version eliminated the service member from the same branch replacing another after advancing from Contestants ' Row rule . Additionally , members from the United States Coast Guard were invited to the show . Beginning in 2009 , some episodes have featured special themes with two contestants competing as teams , such as married or engaged couples for Valentine 's Day and the `` Ultimate Wedding Shower '' episode . There have also been episodes with children who are minors ( normally not allowed to compete ) teamed with a parent ( for Mother 's Day and Father 's Day ) or grandparent ( for Grandparents Day ) , as well as teen drivers and students for `` Ultimate Spring Break '' and `` Back to School '' . In these cases the adult player ( not the minor ) must make all final decisions in the game play , such as when calling numbers or prices . Two taped episodes had to be replaced as a contestant was related to a CBS employee and therefore ineligible to be on the show . The other contestants who appeared on that episode were awarded their prizes , but the episode was never aired and can not be shown because of policies imposed by Barker over prizes on the show . There have been similar instances over the years of ineligible contestants appearing on stage , but these individuals were not edited out of the final broadcast since it was discovered in post-production . Usually , these episodes air with a disclaimer from the announcer added in post-production that one of the contestants was found ineligible ( not specifying which one ) . Standards and Practices guidelines for game shows state that if an ineligible contestant wins a One - Bid and the other contestants on Contestants ' Row at the time do not win a subsequent One - Bid , they are not considered to have made an appearance on the show and are immediately eligible again once the error has been discovered . Taping ( edit ) Except for the 30th Anniversary Special , which was taped at Harrah 's Rio in Las Vegas , Nevada , The Price Is Right has been taped in Studio 33 in CBS Television City in Hollywood , California for its entire run . The studio , which is also used for other television productions , was renamed the Bob Barker Studio in the host 's honor on the ceremonial 5,000 th episode taped in March 1998 . When Carey became host , there was talk of the show traveling in the future . The program is usually produced in about an hour , although if there is a guest involved , some tapings will last longer because of question and answer sessions by the audience and the guest , which the host usually moderates . Two episodes are usually taped each day , normally with three taping days per week ( Monday through Wednesday , with one episode taped at 12 : 00 pm and another at 4 : 00 pm ) . The program is taped in advance of its airdate . For example , the show broadcast on February 28 , 2008 was taped on January 16 . As with many other shows that start production in the summer , the lead time varies during the season , as many as fifteen weeks to as little as one day . The audience is entertained by the announcer before taping begins and in case of guests , the guest will answer questions from the audience . After the taping session , there is a drawing for a door prize . On some episodes , all members of the audience receive a prize from a sponsor or celebrity guest ; those prizes are usually mentioned in the Showcase ( such as a complimentary slice of Papa John 's Pizza , an NHL Winter Classic game puck , a couples ' gift box from Hershey 's or a book authored by a guest ) . Television and Internet viewers have also been directed to the show 's official website to enter a drawing for a similar prize offered to all viewers or another prize related to the special offer ( such as the Rock of Ages signed CD ) . Some episodes are taped `` out - of - order '' so that a specific episode will air after other episodes have aired . Notably , the Christmas Week episodes are usually taped in early December outside of the regular rotation . An episode may be taped out - of - order if a prize package reflects a trip to an event that is taking place close to the date that episode will air ( primarily with CBS properties such as the Academy of Country Music Awards , NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , and various NFL on CBS games , most notably CBS Super Bowl years since Carey took over , but other games are offered ) . Other episodes may be aired out - of - order because of game - related incidents or situations beyond the network 's control . Most episodes which have aired out of order have occurred when the show is taped far in advance , but in the time between the show taping and its airdate , a natural disaster took place at the trip venue . This happened in June 2005 with episodes that featured trips to New Orleans ( which was later struck by Hurricane Katrina ) , with airdates moved to May and June 2006 and again in April 2010 with episodes that featured trips to Nashville , Tennessee ( due to the May 2010 Tennessee floods ) , with airdates moved to September 2010 . Production company ( edit ) The version of the series that began in 1972 was originally `` A Mark Goodson -- Bill Todman Production '' in association with CBS . After Todman died in July 1979 , the unit became known as simply Mark Goodson Productions and was announced as such on The Price Is Right from 1984 to June 2007 . Today , the series is produced by FremantleMedia and copyrighted by The Price Is Right Productions , Inc. , a joint venture of RTL Group and CBS . For the sake of tradition and through special permission from RTL 's subsidiary FremantleMedia , the show continued to use the Mark Goodson Productions name , logo and announcement at the end of each episode until Barker 's retirement , even after FremantleMedia purchased and absorbed the Goodson - Todman holdings . The show is now credited as a FremantleMedia production . Broadcast history ( edit ) The Price Is Right premiered on September 4 , 1972 at 10 : 30 am ET ( 9 : 30 CT ) on CBS , one of three game shows to debut that day , the other two being The Joker 's Wild at 10 : 00 am ET and Gambit at 11 : 00 am ET . The show was first billed as The New Price Is Right to distinguish itself from the earlier / original version ( 1956 -- 65 ) hosted by Bill Cullen , but it proved so popular in its own right that , in June 1973 , the producers decided to drop the word `` New '' from its title . On March 26 , 1973 , CBS moved The Price Is Right to 3 : 00 pm ET , pairing it with Match Game as part of what became the highest - rated pairing in daytime . The show remained in that time slot until August 11 , 1975 when it permanently returned to the morning lineup at 10 : 30am ET . During one week ( September 8 -- 12 , 1975 ) , the show bumped Gambit off as it experimented with sixty - minute episodes . The result of the experiment led to the permanent expansion on November 3 , 1975 , moving its start time to 10 : 00 am EST . On March 7 , 1977 , The Price Is Right moved back to 10 : 30am and remained there until April 23 , 1979 , when it assumed its 11 : 00 am EST slot , where it has been since then . The format of the show has since remained virtually unchanged . New pricing games are generally added each year , while others are removed . In addition , prizes and pricing games have kept pace with inflation , with games originally designed for four - digit prices of prizes ( most often cars ) to be adjusted to allow for five - digit prices . While the set has been redesigned and upgraded , the show maintained a similar aesthetic element from its premiere in 1972 . In season 36 , CBS began offering full episodes of the show available for free viewing on the network 's website . The show also began broadcasting in high definition with The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular primetime specials ( the normal daytime version continued to air in 4 : 3 standard definition ) . The show made the full transition to HD broadcasts beginning with season 37 . During the weeks of September 28 , 2009 , September 20 and October 4 , 2010 , two new episodes aired each weekday on CBS . In 2009 , the additional episodes filled a gap between the cancellation of the daytime drama Guiding Light and the debut of Let 's Make a Deal . In 2010 , the extra episodes aired between the cancellation of As the World Turns and the debut of The Talk . The intervening week offered a second episode of Let 's Make a Deal . The 2009 second episode aired in the time slot vacated by Guiding Light at 10 : 00 am or 3 : 00 pm ET / PT , depending on the affiliate 's choice . In 2010 , the second episode aired in the former As the World Turns time slot , at 2 : 00 pm ET / PT . Syndicated Productions ( edit ) Three syndicated versions of The Price Is Right have aired . The first two followed the same format as the half - hour daytime version but were intended to air on most stations in the early evening in the pre-prime time slot , and as such they were referred by the announcer as `` the nighttime Price Is Right . '' 1972 -- 1980 ( edit ) Dennis James hosted the original nighttime syndicated version of The Price Is Right from 1972 to 1977 . A weekly syndicated version debuted the week after the daytime show and continued to air until September 1980 . It was distributed by Viacom Enterprises , which had started as the syndication arm of CBS . When Mark Goodson devised the revival of Price for the 1972 -- 73 season , it was intended for a nighttime broadcast under new rules for early - prime syndication and Goodson named Dennis James to host the show . ( When CBS commissioned a new daily daytime version , Goodson also wanted James to host the show , but CBS wanted Barker , who was hosting Truth or Consequences at the time , to take it . Barker offered to compromise by hosting The Joker 's Wild , but CBS again insisted Barker host Price instead . ) James eventually hosted a taping day ( four half - hour episodes ) of the daytime show in December 1974 when Barker fell ill and was unable to participate in the episode tapings . The two versions were largely similar at the beginning , as both were called The New Price Is Right . Some games had rule differences because of the larger budget and less commercial time on the nighttime show ; for example , Double Prices was played for two prizes instead of one . This version retained the 1972 half - hour format for its entire run and never adopted the daytime show 's Double Showcase rule or the Showcase Showdown added to the daytime format when it expanded to an hour in 1975 . As of season two , the word `` New '' was dropped from the program 's name . It was titled The Price Is Right ( as the daytime show was by this time as well ) , often referred to on the air as `` the nighttime Price Is Right . '' In most of the U.S. , stations carried the syndicated Price as one of several weekly programs aired in one of the time slots in the hour before prime time which were created by the 1971 FCC Prime Time Access Rule . Though the nighttime version originally had higher ratings , by 1975 , the ratings started to drop . After the fifth nighttime season in 1977 , when the contract with NBC 's owned and operated stations ended , James ' contract was not renewed . CBS ' owned and operated stations picked the show up and the decision was made to hire Barker , whose Truth or Consequences was taped two years ahead and had stopped production in 1975 . The series taped its 300th and final episode on March 12 , 1980 and was canceled after weekly syndicated game shows had fallen out of popularity in favor of daily offerings ( such as Family Feud , which expanded to daily syndication the same year The Nighttime Price Is Right ended ) . With a run of eight seasons , it was one of the longest - running weekly syndicated game shows of the era and the longest - running regularly scheduled prime - time version of Price ( the 1957 -- 1964 run was seven seasons ) . 1985 -- 86 ( edit ) Five years later , veteran host Tom Kennedy starred in a new daily syndicated version , which also used the traditional half - hour format and was syndicated by The Television Program Source . Like the previous syndicated series , this version had a slightly larger budget than its daytime counterpart . A perfect bid during the One - Bids won that contestant a $500 bonus ( compared to $100 awarded on the daytime show during the same period ) ; this bonus would permanently carry over to the daytime show in 1998 . This version used the same models as the daytime show as well as announcer Johnny Olson , who as noted above died during the season . Unlike the daytime series , which employed a series of guest announcers until a permanent replacement was decided upon , the syndicated series brought Gene Wood in to fill in for Olson . When the daytime series decided on Rod Roddy as the permanent replacement for Olson , he took over the syndicated series from Wood as well . Like its predecessor , this syndicated edition of Price was intended to be aired in the Prime Time Access slots on local stations . However , local stations found themselves bombarded with game shows and other series looking for spots on stations in an increasingly crowded market . This often resulted in shows like Price airing anywhere that they could be fit into a station 's programming lineup , such as in the early morning period or in late - night slots . As a consequence , the show would not be able to find its intended audience and the ratings reports would reflect this . Price was no exception , as many of the stations that bought the series placed it in these less desirable slots and the show could not find a foothold against the popular shows of the day , such as the runaway success of the syndicated Wheel of Fortune . Compared to some of the other shows on the market during this period , Price was a modest success , but it did not meet the very high expectations stations and producers had for the series . As a result , the show was not renewed beyond its first season . A total of 170 episodes were produced , and they aired in first - run from September 9 , 1985 to May 30 , 1986 . During the six years it held the rights to Price , the Kennedy version is the only one of the three syndicated versions that was rerun by GSN . The New Price Is Right ( edit ) Main article : The New Price Is Right ( 1994 game show ) Eight years after the cancellation of Kennedy 's Price Is Right , a new syndicated version premiered on September 12 , 1994 , hosted by Doug Davidson and distributed by Paramount Domestic Television . This series featured several significant changes : eliminating Contestants ' Row , a different format for the Showcase Showdown , a Showcase featuring only one contestant , a completely different set and a much larger budget ( even when compared to the two previous syndicated runs ) that gave contestants the potential to win up to five times what they could win on the daytime show . However , this version found even more trouble finding an audience than the two previous syndicated series did and ended its run on January 27 , 1995 , after only 16 weeks of first - run shows . Several stylistic elements of this series , as well as many of its music cues , were later integrated into both the daytime version and nighttime specials . CBS primetime specials and series ( edit ) CBS attempted to break NBC 's dominance of Thursday night prime time by The Cosby Show and Family Ties with a six - episode summer series , The Price Is Right Special , beginning in August 1986 . On August 23 , 1996 , CBS aired an hour - long 25th Anniversary Special , using the half - hour gameplay format and featuring a number of retrospective clips . The 30th Anniversary Special was recorded at Harrah 's Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas and aired on January 31 , 2002 . This one - time road trip enticed 5,000 potential contestants to line up for 900 available tickets , causing an incident that left one person injured . A second six - episode primetime series saluting various branches of the United States armed forces , police officers and firefighters aired during the summer of 2002 , as a tribute to the heroes of the terrorist attacks of 2001 . During the series The Price Is Right Salutes , spinning $1.00 in a bonus spin during the Showcase Showdown was worth $100,000 instead of the usual $10,000 . The success of the primetime series , which aired mostly in the summer , along with the rise of `` million dollar '' game shows , led to CBS launching another primetime series in 2003 , titled The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular . The 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike and original success in the Nielsen ratings led CBS to commission ten more episodes of the primetime series . This series introduced set changes as the show was broadcast in high definition television for the first time and the set used for these episodes ( except for the black floor ) was moved to the daytime show in 2008 . On the primetime series , larger and more expensive prizes were generally offered than on the daytime show . The Showcase frequently offered multiple or very - expensive cars . In the first sixteen $1,000,000 Spectaculars all hosted by Barker , the payoff for landing on the $1.00 during a bonus spin in the Showcase Showdown was increased to $1 million . Beginning with the seventh special , if nobody had received a bonus spin in either Showcase Showdown , the winner of the Showcase received one bonus spin for a chance at $1 million . If both contestants overbid , an audience member was chosen at random to spin the wheel . This rule was later changed so that in the event of a double overbid , the contestant who overbid by the lower amount received the bonus spin for a chance at $1 million . The million - dollar spin was eliminated in 2008 , and instead contestants were given two ways to winning the prize . One pricing game per episode was selected as a `` million - dollar game '' , with a secondary objective needing to be met in order for the contestant to win the money . Contestants were also awarded the million dollar bonus if they managed to win both Showcases , and the range the players had to come within was initially increased to $1,000 , then reduced to $500 . This format lasted one season ( 2008 ) , which was made as replacement programming . On February 12 , 2016 , CBS announced that it would air three primetime Price is Right specials themed around its reality show franchises The Amazing Race , Big Brother , and Survivor along with the appearance of their respective hosts from all three franchises Phil Keoghan , Julie Chen and Jeff Probst . The episodes featured fans of the three programs playing alongside past participants from them . The specials were filmed in March 2016 , and aired over three consecutive nights , May 23 -- 25 , 2016 . Gameshow Marathon ( edit ) On May 31 , 2006 , The Price Is Right was featured on the series Gameshow Marathon , one of seven classic game shows hosted by talk show host and actress Ricki Lake . This version combined aspects of the Barker and Davidson versions with the celebrity contestants playing three pricing games , followed by a Showcase Showdown where the two contestants with the highest scores moved on to the Showcase . The winner of the Showcase also earned a spot in Finalists ' Row . This version was announced by Fields and taped in Studio 46 . It also marked the first Price Is Right episode directed by DiPirro , who replaced Eskander as the director on the daytime show in January 2009 . Reality web show spinoffs ( edit ) Road to Price ( edit ) Road to Price is a six episode reality documentary show aired on the now - defunct CBS Innertube from September 20 to 27 in 2006 . The program featured nine teenage boys driving to Los Angeles in a refurbished mini-school bus as they leave their hometown of Merrimack , New Hampshire in order to be on The Price is Right . The episode of The Price is Right featuring the cast aired September 27 , 2006 . The Price Is Right male model search ( edit ) Five episodes aired on their official website priceisright.com from October 27 to November 11 , 2014 . The series was created in order to replace the first male Price model Rob Wilson as he pursued an acting career in the online version of the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children . During the webisode series , hopeful contestants attempt to be selected as the next male model . Judges included Mike Richards , Manuela Arbeláez , Amber Lancaster , Gwendolyn Osborne - Smith , Rachel Reynolds , Rob Wilson and former Miss America Shanna Moakler . The three finalists appeared on the CBS daytime talk show The Talk . Online voting determined the winner , and James O'Halloran became the newest cast member . He began appearing with the episode which aired December 15 , 2014 . Documentary film ( edit ) Released on October 13 , 2017 and was directed by CJ Wallis , this documentary explores how contestant Ted Slauson became adept at memorizing the prices of the prizes and products on the show since its inception in 1972 by culminating with Slauson helping a contestant bid perfectly on a showcase in 2008 which resulted in one of the biggest controversies in game show history that was covered by Time Magazine , Esquire , TMZ and more . It also featured guest appearances by Bob Barker , Roger Dobkowitz , Kevin Pollak and Drew Carey . Prizes ( edit ) As of November 2009 , the show had given away approximately $250 million in cash and prizes . Furs have not been offered as prizes since Barker 's tenure as host ( although wool and leather are now permitted ) . Several Barker - imposed prohibitions have been lifted since his departure , such as offering products made of leather or leather seats in vehicles and showing simulated meat props on barbecues and in ovens . The show has also offered couture clothing and accessories , featuring designers such as Coach Inc. , Louis Vuitton and Limited Brands in an attempt to attract a younger demographic , as well as backyard play equipment such as JumpSport Trampolines and electronics such as smartphones , personal computer systems , video game systems and entertainment centers . Other prizes which have frequently appeared on the show since its beginnings include automobiles , furniture , trips and cash . The most expensive prize offered on this version of the show was a Ferrari 458 Italia Spider sports car , priced at $285,716 , that appeared on the April 25 , 2013 episode during `` Big Money Week '' . The prize was offered during the 3 Strikes pricing game . Prior to this , the most expensive prize was a Tesla Roadster ( valued at $112,845 ) , featured on the April 22 , 2010 episode in the pricing game Golden Road . Automobiles ( edit ) Since the show 's debut , automobiles have been a signature prize on The Price Is Right . Most hour - long episodes have two pricing games that are each played for an automobile and in most episodes ( although not all ) , at least one showcase will include an automobile . For special episodes , such as the 5,000 th episode , there will often be more cars offered . From 1991 to 2008 , almost all automobiles offered on the show were made by companies based in the United States , specifically Detroit 's Big Three ( although cars made by these companies ' foreign subsidiaries or in a joint - venture with a foreign company were also offered ) . The move was made by Barker , in his capacity as executive producer , as a sign of patriotism during the first Iraq war in 1991 and as a show of support to the American car industry , which was particularly struggling at that time . When Chrysler merged with German automaker Daimler - Benz in 1998 to form Daimler Chrysler AG ( now simply Daimler AG after Chrysler split from the automaker ; Chrysler is now controlled by Italian automaker Fiat ) , the foreign ownership of Chrysler did not affect carrying any Chrysler - related models . Since Barker 's retirement , cars made by foreign companies have been offered , most notably Honda , which has several factories throughout Ohio ( the home state of Carey and then - announcer Fields ) . Through product placement , certain episodes in 2008 and 2009 featured Honda as the exclusive automobile manufacturer for vehicles offered on that episode . The major European ( Volkswagen , BMW , Daimler , Fiat and Volvo ) and Asian ( Hyundai - Kia , Toyota , Mitsubishi , Mazda , Nissan and Honda ) manufacturers have all provided cars on the show since the ban was lifted , with premium foreign cars almost exclusively used for games that generally offer higher - priced cars , such as Golden Road and 3 Strikes . Starting around 2010 , vintage and classic cars have occasionally been offered as prizes for games which do not involve pricing them . Among them have been a 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air and a 1964 Bentley S3 . These cars are usually offered in games where their prices are irrelevant to gameplay , such as Hole in One and Bonus Game . Winnings records ( edit ) The record for the largest individual total in cash and prizes on a daytime episode is held by Christen Freeman . On the October 28 , 2016 episode , which aired during Big Money Week , Freeman won $210,000 in cash during a playing of Cliff Hangers . During the episode , game rules were modified to offer a top prize of $250,000 , which was reduced by $10,000 for every step the mountain climber took . In addition to her One Bid prize and an additional $1,000 won during the Showcase Showdown , Freeman 's grand total was $212,879 . The record for winnings on the primetime show is currently held by Adam Rose . On February 22 , 2008 , the first The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular episode since Carey became host , Rose won $20,000 playing Grand Game and won both showcases , which included a Cadillac XLR convertible in his own showcase and a Ford Escape Hybrid in his opponent 's showcase , plus a $1 million bonus for being within $1,000 of the actual retail price of his own showcase , bringing his total to $1,153,908 . Terry Kniess holds the record for the closest bid on a showcase without going over , guessing the exact price of the showcase he was given . Kniess , an avid viewer of the show , recorded and watched every episode for four months prior to when he and his wife had tickets to attend in September 2008 . Kniess learned that many prizes were repeatedly used ( always at the same price ) and began taking notes . Kniess was selected as a contestant on September 22 , 2008 , lost his pricing game ( the only contestant to do so that episode ) , made it to the final showcase and guessed the exact amount of $23,743 for his showcase . Many show staffers , including Carey , were worried that the show was rigged and that Kniess was cheating . Kniess later explained that he had seen all three items of the showcase before and knew the general prices in the thousands . The 743 he used because it was his PIN , based on his wedding date and his wife 's birth month . Carey attributed his subdued reaction to the perfect bid by saying , `` Everybody thought someone had cheated . We 'd just fired Roger Dobkowitz , and all the fan groups were upset about it ... I remember asking , ' Are we ever going to air this ? ' And nobody could see how we could . So I thought the show was never going to air . I thought somebody had cheated us , and I thought the whole show was over . I thought they were going to shut us down , and I thought I was going to be out of a job . '' Kniess later defended his actions , claiming that he never cheated , and in the end , was awarded his prizes . ( His feat can be comparable to the actions of Michael Larson , who appeared on the CBS 1980s game show Press Your Luck , and won $110,237 by memorizing the board sequence . ) Reception ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) The Price Is Right has received seven Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show , in 1988 , 1996 , 1997 , 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2016 . Critical reaction ( edit ) The Price Is Right has generally been praised and remained a stalwart in television ratings over its long history . In a 2007 article , TV Guide named the program the `` greatest game show of all time . '' The introduction of the program ushered in a new era of game shows -- moving away from the knowledge - based quiz show format , creating `` a noisy , carnival atmosphere that challenged cultural norms and assumptions represented in previous generations of quiz shows '' . The show 's early reception was not as universally positive , as critics lamented the show 's stark departure from the highbrow norms of the Golden Age of Television ; original nighttime host Dennis James admitted that even his own housekeeper did not watch the show for that reason , but also defended the series , saying `` CBS , who never wanted game shows , just put three game shows on the air , so they know they had better join the fight or lose out , because game shows have a tremendous appeal . The critics will always look down their noses , but you ca n't have The Bell Telephone Hour on and still stay in competition ( ... ) If you want to read books , read books . '' Controversy ( edit ) Lawsuits ( edit ) Since the mid-1990s , the program production company and in some cases the executive producer ( both Barker and Richards , the executive producer since September 2009 ) have been sued by numerous women . Most of the lawsuits involved models and other staff members in cases of sexual harassment , wrongful termination and racial discrimination . Allegations of sexual harassment brought by Parkinson led to Barker calling a press conference to admit a past consensual sexual relationship with her , while denying any harassment and alleging instead that she was only angry with him for calling off the relationship . Barker was widowed in 1981 following the death of his wife , Dorothy Jo . It has also been alleged that Barker and senior staff created a hostile work environment , particularly to those who testified for the plaintiffs suing Barker . Responding to the controversy just before his retirement , Barker told William Keck of USA Today , `` ( The allegations have ) been such a problem . I do n't want to say anything about them . They ( were ) disgusting ; I do n't want to mention them . '' The Barker - era lawsuits , except for one , were settled out of court . After Barker dropped his slander suit against Hallstrom , she eventually countersued and received millions in settlement . There are two lawsuits in litigation : a pregnancy discrimination suit involving Sherwood and a sexual harassment suit involving Lanisha Cole , filed in September 2011 . Plinko board incident ( edit ) The Plinko board is often used by RTL Group - licensed lottery promotions , CBS affiliates and Fremantle 's Ludia video game division to promote the show . For the promotions , two fishing lines ( one on each side of the board , hanging from the side down towards the center slot ) are used to rig the game so the dropped chip always lands in the $10,000 slot . After an advertisement for the show 's Ludia video game was taped , the wires were mistakenly left in place for the 1 : 00 pm taping of The Price Is Right on July 22 , 2008 . As a contestant was playing the game , three consecutive chips she dropped landed in the $10,000 slot . As the fourth chip was being dropped , a co-producer realized that the wires were still in place and stopped the chip as it bounced down the board , informing Carey of the situation . The wires were removed and the entire segment was re-shot for the show from the point where the contestant began dropping chips . CBS Standards and Practices allowed the contestant to keep the $30,000 won prior to the removal of the wires as well as the money won with the five chips after the mistake had been corrected . However , the segment that aired ( when the show was broadcast on December 5 , 2008 ) did not refer to the mistake or the amount of money won prior to the removal of the wires . 40th Anniversary ( edit ) The show aired a 40th Anniversary Special on September 4 , 2012 . The entire audience was made up of former contestants . Barker did not appear , stating that he believed that he had been excluded for criticizing some of the prizes given away after Carey became host , such as a trip to the Calgary Stampede rodeo . Although he did not appear in person , vintage clips of Barker hosting the show were shown during the episode . Barker appeared on the show twice afterwards , once in December 2013 during Pet Adoption Week , celebrating his 90th birthday , and again on April 1 , 2015 as the guest host for the first pricing game , part of an April Fool 's Day storyline involving Carey and Plinko being kidnapped to Let 's Make a Deal . Merchandise ( edit ) The Price Is Right has expanded beyond television to home and casino - based games . DVD release ( edit ) A four - disc DVD box set , titled The Best of `` The Price Is Right , '' was released on March 25 , 2008 . The set features four episodes of the 1956 -- 1965 Bill Cullen series , 17 episodes of the Barker 1972 -- 1975 daytime series and the final five daytime episodes hosted by Barker . In accordance with Barker 's animal - rights wishes , which remain in effect beyond his retirement , any episodes with fur coats as prizes can not be aired or released into home media formats . This includes the first three daytime shows recorded in 1972 , plus most of the 1970s syndicated run . Board games ( edit ) Seven board games have been produced . One of them was a variation of a card game , using prizes and price tags from the 1956 version . The second was based more closely on the original version of the show . Three games were produced during the 1970s by Milton Bradley , with Contestants ' Row , some pricing games and , in the case of the third version , a spinner for the Big Wheel . In the first two versions , decks of cards had various grocery items , small prizes and larger prizes . The third version simply had cards for each game that included ten sets of `` right '' answers , all using the same price choices . The instruction book specified what color cards were necessary for each round . The 1986 version , again by Milton Bradley , was similar in scope to the earlier version , with new prizes and more games , but lacking the Big Wheel , similar to the Davidson version . The instruction book refers to Contestants ' Row as the `` Qualifying Round '' and the pricing games as `` Solo Games . '' The book also instructs players to use items priced under $100 as One Bids . The 1998 version of the game , by Endless Games , was virtually identical to the 1986 release , with the same games , prizes and even the same prices . The only changes were that the number tiles were made of cardboard bits instead of plastic and the cars from the deck of prizes with four - digit prices were removed . The 2004 version , again by Endless Games , was a complete departure from previous home versions . Instead of different prize cards and games , the game consisted of everything needed to play 45 games and enough materials to create all the games not technically included if the `` host '' wished to and knew their rules . The Big Wheel spinner was also restored , this time with the numbers in the correct order . Additionally , the prices , instead of being random numbers that could change each time the game was played , were actual prices taken from episodes of the TV show . To fit everything in the box , grocery items and prizes were listed in the instruction book and games were played on dry erase boards . A spinner determined the game to be played next , although its use was not necessarily required if the `` host '' wished to build his own game lineup . Computer and electronic games ( edit ) In 1990 , GameTek created a Price Is Right computer game for the DOS and Commodore 64 platforms and other systems to fit in their line of other game show games . A handheld Tiger game was made in 1998 with four pricing games . A DVD game with 12 pricing games , live casino show host Todd Newton and video of prizes taken directly from the show was produced by Endless Games in 2005 . A 2008 DVD edition , also from Endless Games , featured many changes based on season 36 and included seven new games : Half Off , More or Less , Swap Meet , Secret X , That 's Too Much , Coming or Going and Hole in One . It also featured both host Drew Carey and announcer Rich Fields . CBS.com featured an online Price Is Right - based game in the late - 1990s , which was plugged in the closing credits of each episode . The game consisted of choosing which of the four bidders in Contestant 's Row was closest to the price of a prize without going over . Additionally , Mobliss provides a suite of pricing games for cellular phones . On March 26 , 2008 , Ludia ( in connection with Ubisoft ) launched The Price Is Right video game for PC . A version for the Wii and Nintendo DS platforms was released in September 2008 , while a version for the iOS was released in November 2008 . The show 's announcer , Fields , was the host of the computer version . The virtual set in the game resembles the set used in seasons 31 to 34 . During the taping of this promotion , the Plinko board was rigged so that all chips dropped landed in the highest value slot on the board . After production wrapped , the wires used to rig the board were mistakenly left in place , leading to an incident during a taping of the daytime show which had to be edited and re-shot . Ludia announced that all three platforms will receive a new version of the video game that was previewed at the Target Bullseye Lounge during the Electronic Entertainment Expo trade show on June 2 -- 4 , 2009 . The Price Is Right 2010 Edition was released on September 22 , 2009 . In the fall of 2010 , Ludia developed a multi-player version for Facebook . A third Ludia adaptation , The Price Is Right Decades , featuring set designs , pricing games and prizes taken from the 1970s through 2000s ; was initially released for the Wii in October 2011 , with an Xbox 360 and iOS release following in November and December . The Price Is Right 2010 Edition and The Price Is Right Decades have also been released as downloads within the PlayStation Store for the PlayStation 3 in May 2010 and April 2012 , respectively . Irwin Toys released an electronic tabletop version in 2008 featuring Contestant 's Row , the Big Wheel , a physical Plinko board with chips , Showcases and seven pricing games . Jakks Pacific released a Plug It in and Play version of The Price Is Right in 2009 , featuring Carey and Fields . Slot machines ( edit ) A series of video slot machines were manufactured for North American casinos by International Game Technology . Although gameplay varies by machine , each feature themes and motifs found on the show , including the Showcase Showdown , with themes used following Carey 's start as host . Others feature pricing games as gameplay elements , including Plinko , Cliff Hangers , Punch a Bunch , Dice Game , and Money Game . Scratch - off tickets ( edit ) A scratchcard version of the game is being offered by several U.S. and Canadian lotteries , featuring adaptations of Plinko , Cliff Hangers , the Showcase Showdown and the Showcase . The top prize varies with each version . Live casino game ( edit ) Main article : The Price Is Right Live ! After the 30th anniversary episode taped in Las Vegas in 2002 , Harrah 's and RTL Group began producing live licensed shows ( dubbed The Price Is Right Live ! ) at their venues , with several performers , including Roger Lodge , Newton and Gray hosting , with West , Rosen and Dave Walls announcing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Price is Right ' Celebrates its 8000th Episode on Monday , April 7 '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Brings New Syndicated Shows '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan and Wostbrock , pp. 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land 's The 100 Greatest TV Quotes & Catchphrases Hits the Air With a Comprehensive List of TV 's Most Memorable Expressions Over the Past 60 Years '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . November 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 4 , 1972 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Games -- www.priceisright.com '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The sequence of the money values on the wheel is 5 ¢ , $1.00 , 15 ¢ , 80 ¢ , 35 ¢ , 60 ¢ , 20 ¢ , 40 ¢ , 75 ¢ , 55 ¢ , 95 ¢ , 50 ¢ , 85 ¢ , 30 ¢ , 65 ¢ , 10 ¢ , 45 ¢ , 70 ¢ , 25 ¢ , 90 ¢ . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` Barker 's final ' Price ' airing June 15 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David Bauder ( July 23 , 2007 ) . `` Price is Right for Drew Carey '' . Fox News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dovarganes , Damian ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Bob Barker to mark his 90th birthday on `` The Price is Right '' `` . CBS News . Associated Press . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Season 43 . Episode 7073K. April 1 , 2015 . CBS . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Price is Right ' and ' Let 's Make a Deal ' Both Celebrate April Fool 's Day with Themed Shows April 1 '' . TV By the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` It 's no joke : Carey , Ferguson swap jobs on April Fool 's ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Olsen , Longtime Announcer On Television Game Shows , At Age 75 '' . Chicago Tribune . October 13 , 1985 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Announcer Chosen At Last for Price Is Right '' . Wichita Eagle . March 6 , 1986 . p. 14A . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hanashiro , Robert ( October 28 , 2003 ) . `` Price is Right Announcer Rod Roddy Dies '' . USA Today . Los Angeles : Gannett Company . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` For announcer , ' Right ' job came along '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Welcomes Three Guest Announcers in its New Season '' . cbs.com . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fields , Rich . `` Statement from Fields announcing his departure from The Price is Right '' . richfields.tv . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` The Price is Right Has a New Announcer '' . About.com . About Entertainment . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jessica Su ( September 23 , 2004 ) . `` Bob Barker to face courtroom battle after model 's suit ruled valid '' . Court TV . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` Drew Carey 's the big wheel at ' The Price Is Right ' '' . USA Today . Hollywood , California . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Price Is Right ' Looking For the Right Male Model '' . Associated Press . August 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Male Model Winner Announced '' . CBS . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Season 42 . Episode 6702 . April 15 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` ' Price Is Right ' producer exits : Dobkowitz departs show after 36 seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Chris ( July 11 , 2010 ) . `` TV 's Crowning Moment of Awesome '' . Esquire . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grece , Kathy ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Kathy Greco Makes a Difficult Decision '' . The Price Is Right . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandler , Adam ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Farewell and Welcome '' . The Price Is Right . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` ' Price ' names executive producer '' . Variety . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Episode 5331 . October 18 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Episode 5273K . October 20 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ Smith , Ken ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` ' Price ' is still ' Right ' for Bob Barker fans '' . MSNBC . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Just In : Price Revises Its Eligibility Rules '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . February 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket Information '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On - Camera Audiences Connects Fans with Their Favorite TV Shows '' . RedOrbit . May 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The New Price Is Right . Episode # 0101 - 2 / 0013D . CBS. and The New Price Is Right . Episode # 0013D ( R ) . CBS . Jump up ^ Barker - hosted episodes that offered fur coats can not air or be released to DVD . The policy does not apply to episodes with other hosts and both wool coats and leather items have been offered on Carey episodes . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 5,000 th Price Is Right '' . TPIR.tv . pp. 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sterngold , James ( September 19 , 1999 ) . `` Hollywood Uncanned '' . New York Times . p. 2 . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Price is Right -- Ticket Information '' . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Recipes from Guy Fieri ! '' . The Price Is Right . February 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mark McDermott . `` Mark Goodson and Bill Todman '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maurice DuBois ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` Drew 's Debut : Carey ' Price Is Right ' Era Begins '' . WCBS . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Nighttime Price Is Right '' Station List `` . j-shea.com . March 10 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barker , Bob ( 2009 ) . Priceless Memories . Center Street . p. 38 . ISBN 1 - 59995 - 135 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette . `` Bob Barker on saying goodbye to The Price Is Right '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . Game Show Utopia . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Nighttime Price Is Right with Tom Kennedy '' . TPIR.tv . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2002 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The New Price is Right ( 1994 ) '' . TPIR.tv . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Will `` Price '' Be Right for a CBS Win in Ratings Battle Against `` Cosby '' ? `` . Daily News of Los Angeles . August 14 , 1986 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Showdown in Vegas : Special Features '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Show Producers Pay a Price for Free Tickets '' . Studio Briefing . Internet Movie Database . January 18 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2004 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes : Special Features '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Plans The Price Is Right Primetime Specials '' . Broadcasting and Cable . January 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Price Is Right to Air 3 Reality Show Crossover Primetime Specials '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Come on Down ... to Primetime ! CBS to Air Three Special Primetime Editions of Network Television 's # 1 Daytime Series , The Price Is Right '' . CBS Press Express . 12 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Guide to visiting TPIR in Person '' . PlanetRicki.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` '' ROAD TO PRICE '' A SIX - PART REALITY SERIES CHRONICLING NINE TEENAGERS ' CROSS-COUNTRY BUS TRIP TO `` THE PRICE IS RIGHT '' TO STREAM ON CBS 'S BROADBAND CHANNEL INNERTUBE `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . September 15 , 2006 . Retrieved September 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Price Official Website ( via CBS.com ) '' . CBS.com . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' THE PRICE IS RIGHT 'S '' FIRST EVER NATIONWIDE SEARCH FOR THE SHOW 'S NEXT MALE MODEL CONTINUES WITH 30 FINALISTS `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Male Model Search Official Website ( via priceisright.com ) '' . priceisright.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect Bid : The Contestant Who Knew Too Much '' . FortyFPS Productions . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Come On Down ! Multiple Daytime Emmy Award - Winning `` The Price Is Right '' Celebrates Its 7,000 th Episode Thursday Nov. 5 on the CBS Television Network `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . October 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clayton Stairs ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Georgetown woman competes on The Price is Right '' . Georgetown , SC : South Strand News . After hearing her name called and then the iconic words , `` Come on down ... , '' she had the closest bid to win a JumpSport 14 - foot Stage Bounce Trampoline worth about $950 , according to Caly Johnson , spokesperson for CBS , the network that airs the show . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Episode 6323 . April 25 , 2013 . 38 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ Blanco , Sebastian ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Earth Day Prizelust : Tesla Roadster on Price is Right is most expensive freebie ever '' . Autoblog . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Price is Right . Season 45 . Episode 7665K. 28 October 2016 . CBS . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular . Season 36 . Episode 0024SP . February 22 , 2008 . CBS . Carey : `` Adam 's won $1,153,908 worth of prizes today on The Price Is Right . '' ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Joanne ( May 9 , 2007 ) . `` Barker still a prize : Durable host gave ' Price Is Right ' a long spin '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About the Show : Bob Barker '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hoerschelmann , Olaf . `` Quiz and Game Shows '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis James '' ( PDF ) . Radical Software . 2 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 11 . Spring 1973 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Bob Barker '' . Larry King Live . December 26 , 2002 . CNN . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` The time is right for Barker '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dawidziak , Mark ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Right time for farewell : Specials mark end of career for game - show host Bob Barker '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` The Time Is Right : At 83 , Barker Departs ' Price Is Right , ' And CBS Reminiscences With Two Specials '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Shegerian & Associates Files Pregnancy Discrimination Lawsuit on Behalf of Former Miss USA Brandi Sherwood Against CBS 's Game Show The Price Is Right '' . Business Wire . Los Angeles . March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Enrico ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Model Lanisha Cole sues `` Price is Right '' producers for sexual harassment `` . CBS News . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Wrong ! -- TMZ.com '' . `` The Price is Wrong ! -- TMZ.com '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Barker Speaks Out After Exclusion From ' The Price Is Right ' 40th Anniversary Special '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corneau , Allison ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Barker `` Fine '' With Exclusion from Price Is Right 40th Anniversary Special `` . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( April 8 , 2008 ) . `` The Best of The Price is Right '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right ( 1958 ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Price Is Right ( 1974 ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . MobyGames . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Price is Right DVD Edition '' . Endless Games . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Price is Right 2nd DVD Edition '' . Endless Games . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . Mobliss . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Announces Three New Game Show Titles '' . IGN . May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Everyone Can Be A Gamer With Jakks Pacific 's High - Tech Toys For a Low - Tech Budget '' . Kids Turn Central . January 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Showcase Showdown '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Video Slots Featuring Fishing Game '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Fort Knox Mystery Progressives '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Plinko '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Cliff Hangers '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Bingo Featuring Punch A Bunch '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Bingo Featuring Dice Game '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Price is Right Slots Featuring Money Game '' ( PDF ) . International Game Technology . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Lottery Game -- New Jersey Lottery '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Works cited ( edit ) Schwartz , David ; Ryan , Steve & Wostbrock , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official website at CBS.com Official website at FremantleMedia.com The Price Is Right on IMDb The Price Is Right at TV.com Awards Preceded by The $25,000 Pyramid Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show 1996 -- 97 2007 2013 2016 Succeeded by The $25,000 Pyramid Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Cash Cab Jeopardy ! Incumbent The Price Is Right United States Versions The Price Is Right The Price Is Right ( 1956 -- 65 ) The New Price Is Right ( 1994 -- 95 ) Gameshow Marathon The Price Is Right Live ! Production List of The Price Is Right pricing games Models International Australia Current series 1957 - 1974 original series United Kingdom France Mexico Philippines Italy Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! 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( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Price_Is_Right_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=806313175 '' Categories : 1970s American television series 1972 American television series debuts 1980s American television series 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American game shows CBS network shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television series by FremantleMedia Television series by Mark Goodson - Bill Todman Productions The Price Is Right Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2012 Use mdy dates from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 04 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the price is right season 46 start | [
"The Price Is Right has aired over 8,000 episodes since its debut and is one of the longest-running network series in United States television history. In a 2007 article, TV Guide named The Price Is Right the \"greatest game show of all time.\" The show's 46th season premiered on September 18, 2017."
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-1286298354476185707 | Travelers (TV series) | Travelers ( TV series ) - wikipedia Travelers ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2016 Canadian - American TV series . For the 2007 ABC TV series , see Traveler ( TV series ) . Travelers Genre Science fiction Created by Brad Wright Starring Eric McCormack MacKenzie Porter Nesta Cooper Jared Abrahamson Reilly Dolman Patrick Gilmore Composer ( s ) Adam Lastiwka Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 15 Production Producer ( s ) Eric McCormack Location ( s ) Vancouver , BC , Canada Running time 45 mins Distributor Showcase ( Canada ) Netflix ( international ) Release Original network Showcase ( Canada ) Netflix ( international ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) -- present External links Website www.showcase.ca/travelers Travelers is a science fiction television series created by Brad Wright , starring Eric McCormack . The series is a co-production between Netflix and Showcase . The first season comprises 12 episodes and premiered on Showcase on October 17 , 2016 ; the entire series premiered globally ( outside of Canada ) on Netflix , on December 23 , 2016 . On February 8 , 2017 , Netflix and Showcase renewed the show for a second season . Season 2 production began in March 2017 , ahead of the Canadian premiere on Showcase scheduled to air on October 16 , 2017 , which will be followed by a Netflix release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) Thousands of special operatives , sent back in time from the future , are tasked with preventing the collapse of society . These operatives , known as `` travelers '' , take over the body of a 21st - century individual via a transfer of consciousness ; to minimize impact on the timeline , it is performed moments before the person 's recorded time of death . The transfer requires the exact location of the target ; smart phones and GPS have made this possible only from the early 21st century onward . Prepared using social media and public records concerning their targets , small teams of travelers must maintain their hosts ' pre-existing lives as cover while carrying out missions , dictated by their director in the future , aimed at saving the world from a series of catastrophic events . The Director communicates with travelers via pre-pubescent children used as messengers ; unlike adults , any child can safely be taken over for a few minutes and then released from control . The show focuses on one team of five travelers , starting from their transfers of consciousness . As the series progresses , travelers affect the present and future in unanticipated ways . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Eric McCormack as Grant MacLaren ( Traveler 3468 ) , the team 's leader , who assumes the life of an FBI special agent . MacKenzie Porter as Marcy Warton ( Traveler 3569 ) , the team 's medic , who assumes the life of an intellectually disabled woman . Nesta Cooper as Carly Shannon ( Traveler 3465 ) , the team 's tactician , who assumes the life of a stay - at - home single mother . Jared Abrahamson as Trevor Holden ( Traveler 0115 ) , the team 's engineer , who assumes the life of a high school athlete . Reilly Dolman as Philip Pearson ( Traveler 3326 ) , the team 's historian , who assumes the life of a college - aged heroin addict . Patrick Gilmore as David Mailer , Marcy 's social worker . Recurring ( edit ) Ian Tracey as Ray Green , Philip 's lawyer and later friend ; a gambling addict . Arnold Pinnock as Walt Forbes , Grant 's partner at the FBI . J. Alex Brinson as Jeff Conniker , Carly 's abusive ex-boyfriend and the father of her son ; a policeman . William MacDonald as Gary Holden , Trevor 's father . Teryl Rothery as Patricia Holden , Trevor 's mother . David Lewis as Major Gleason , a hotheaded military officer . Kyra Zagorsky as Dr. Delaney , a brilliant scientist who developed a method for collecting and storing antimatter . Leah Cairns as Kathryn `` Kat '' MacLaren , Grant 's wife who works in antiques restoration . Kristine Cofsky as Officer Victoria Boyd , Traveler 3185 , a fellow traveler assuming the life of a police officer . Giacomo Baessato as Private Wilson , a military soldier who works for Gleason . Alyssa Lynch as Renee Bellamy , a high school student and Trevor 's girlfriend . Jennifer Spence as Grace Day , Trevor 's high school counselor , and later Traveler 0027 , a programmer who helped create the Director . Tom McBeath as Ellis , Traveler 0014 , a programmer assuming the life of a farmer . Eileen Pedde as Mom , a fellow traveler who assumes the role of a mother in a family of four . Yasmeene Ball as Charlotte , a misfire traveler historian ; later a traveler assassin . Douglas Chapman as Luca , a traveler on Hall 's team . Glynis Davies as Jacqueline , a representative of Child Protective Services . Melanie Papalia as Beth , an FBI analyst working for MacLaren . Karin Konoval as Bloom , Traveler 0117 , a high ranking traveler engineer . Louis Ferreira as Sergeant Rick Hall , a jaded traveler team leader . Jason Gray - Stanford as Aaron Donner , Traveler 4022 ( and later Traveler 4024 ) , a bomber . Enrico Colantoni as Vincent Ingram , Traveler 0001 , the creator of the Traveler technology , who was sent back to September 11 , 2001 who then went off mission . Amanda Tapping , as Dr. Perrow , a psychologist . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) The non-Canadian Netflix release was on December 23 , 2016 , before the final two episodes of Season 1 aired on Showcase . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Travelers '' Nick Hurran Brad Wright October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) Four unconnected people suddenly undergo personality changes at what would have been their moments of death : Marcy , a young woman with a learning disability , is assaulted but fights off her attackers and is no longer impaired ; high - schooler Trevor concedes a mixed martial arts fight after being overmatched ; heroin - addicted college student Philip drops his syringe just as his roommate injects a fatal overdose ; and young mother Carly stares down her baby 's abusive father . FBI agent MacLaren tracks their subsequent communication and confronts them ; they reveal that they are among thousands of time travelers sent from the future to avert a global crisis , and that MacLaren was to die that night while pursuing a murderer they have already killed ; MacLaren is taken over by a fifth traveler . `` Protocol 6 '' Andy Mikita Gillian Muller October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) To prevent an explosion that kills thousands , the team steals antimatter from a military convoy . The material 's intended recipient is a new traveler who fails to prevent his host 's suicide , forcing the team to improvise . After failing to upgrade their containment device , the team returns the antimatter to its origin facility . They form a tenuous alliance with Dr. Delaney , who produced the antimatter ; history records her as complicit in the weaponization of antimatter , but she actually opposes Major Gleason 's ambitions . MacLaren informs Delaney that they will return soon . Philip retains his host 's heroin addiction . MacLaren meets his wife , Kat , but also resumes a preexisting relationship with Carly . Marcy works to build trust with a confused David . `` Aleksander '' Andy Mikita Tara Armstrong & Mika Collins October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) Philip obsesses over the lives the team is forbidden to save , writing the names and T.E.L.L.s of all potential candidates on the warehouse wall . He secretly tips off the FBI to prevent killings . He leads the team to rescue abducted child Aleksander Andrieko before his murder , falsely claiming it as a mission from the Director . As a messenger , Aleksander exposes the ruse . MacLaren decides to abandon the `` mission '' , but Philip refuses , drawing his weapon . Aleksander is saved , his captors are killed , and Philip survives a gunshot wound ; Marcy reveals his heroin addiction to the others , and plans to wean him . Jeff investigates the assault on Marcy , and detects the personality changes . David covers for her . The team adjusts to the 21st - century 's contrast with the scarcity of their native era . `` Hall '' Martin Wood Pat Smith November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) MacLaren and Forbes stake out a criminal transaction that becomes a shootout . MacLaren 's team is directed to assist an older traveler team : the incident 's survivors , whose leader , Rick Hall , reveals that the deal was the assigned transfer of a device with a Russian traveler team . MacLaren is shocked by the violence between teams and by Hall 's jadedness . Hall 's teammates , Carter and Luca , are both dying , but Marcy saves Luca by transfusing Carter 's blood ; Marcy suspects Luca is her brother due to his suffering from night terrors . Hall demands that he become the leader of a merged team , and demands MacLaren kill Forbes to prevent their exposure . MacLaren and Forbes arrest Hall and Luca , and the team transfers the device . Trevor quits football to focus on his grades , but is grounded . Ray demands more gambling information from Philip . Carly rebukes Jeff , who harasses Marcy . Carly and MacLaren sleep together . 5 5 `` Room 101 '' Martin Wood Brad Wright November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) A family of four are about to die in a car crash when the mother , father , and son become travelers . Charlotte , the daughter , retains her identity when the team 's historian 's transfer misfires , so MacLaren sends her to stay with her grandparents until the others complete their mission . Trevor , Carly , Marcy , and Philip are abducted and interrogated about the future until Carly kills their guard . David alerts MacLaren when Marcy does n't come home , who is able to find and rescue the team with Officer Boyd . MacLaren was forced to cancel the team 's mission with the family team , and Carly speculates this was their unidentified captor 's goal . 6 6 `` Helios 685 '' Helen Shaver Rebecca Hales November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) Travelers transfer into a cult preparing for mass suicide . MacLaren 's team , the cult , and many other travelers , including senior engineer Bloom , meet at the antimatter facility . Bloom reveals that the future is not as united as it once was . Dosed with antitoxin , they release a toxic cloud to force a local evacuation . Gleason interrogates Delaney until MacLaren returns her to the facility and explains the nature of travelers . Gleason discovers Delaney 's escape and prepares to return to her lab . Using the antimatter to power an x-ray laser , the travelers intend to deflect asteroid Helios 685 , saving millions of lives and preventing the environmental catastrophes and devastating wars that led to their dark future . Deflecting Helios has been the Director 's main goal , even though it could possibly prevent the travelers ' own births in the future . Gleason leads an assault , killing most of the cult travelers and Bloom before she can fire the laser . However , travelers transfer into him and his soldiers , sacrificing themselves to complete the mission . Gleason fires the laser while MacLaren and his team save Delaney from the antimatter explosion on Bloom 's orders . MacLaren is unsure of the mission 's success , as his team remains in the present . 7 7 `` Protocol 5 '' Helen Shaver SB Edwards & Ashley Park & Pat Smith & Jason Whiting November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) Resuming their hosts ' lives , the team suffer paranoia and hallucinations , side effects of the antitoxin . MacLaren 's coworkers hold a surprise party for his 15th anniversary with the bureau . Kat confronts him about lying to Forbes ; he seduces her , but she is certain he is cheating . During their kiss , MacLaren hallucinates that Kat is a woman with a shaved head , likely from the future . It is revealed that she has Carly 's number tattooed on her neck . Their intimacy growing , David reluctantly helps Marcy perform surgery on herself to prevent seizures . Carly rebuffs a representative of Child Protective Services . Trevor reins in his host 's delinquency , and he and Renee meditate . Ray takes Philip to a twelve - step meeting for drug addicts and gets him a pet turtle for which to care . Trevor and Philip learn the team has a new mission . 8 8 `` Donner '' Will Waring Ashley Park & Pat Smith December 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 05 ) A suicide bomber and his victims are set to become travelers , but the bomb explodes and only Donner , the bomber , survives . Devastated by his failure , Donner tries to betray the traveler program to the authorities , but the entire hearing is populated by travelers who hold a trial and convict Donner of treason . Donner is overwritten by a new traveler , who must serve Donner 's prison sentence , and reports that things in the future are getting worse . Luca approaches Donner in prison , implying that he has lost faith in the Director . Ken , David 's boss , believes David 's relationship with Marcy is inappropriate . Upon meeting Marcy , he believes she has defrauded the system . Marcy saves David 's job by repaying her benefits . Grace , Trevor 's guidance counselor , and Jacqueline , Carly 's social worker , genuinely care about them , respectively . Grace tries to help Trevor with his academics , and Jacqueline promise that she will not let the system fail Carly and her child . Philip discovers that gambling outcomes are deviating slightly from the historic record . 9 9 `` Bishop '' Will Waring Amanda Smith December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) After asking Marcy to move out , David admits he ca n't bear to be without her . She tells him she is dying , and they kiss . Trevor tries to connect with his father . Jeff files assault charges , preventing Carly from finding a job . She asks him to take the baby for an afternoon , unaware he has tipped Kat off to Carly 's relationship with MacLaren . Under orders , a traveler murders her host 's Cabinet - member husband , and instructs MacLaren to board a flight as Congressman Bishop 's seatmate . In flight , MacLaren learns he is to activate a stasis field to save himself and Bishop , while all others aboard will die in a crash . MacLaren discovers Kat followed him on board , believing she would witness his infidelity . He instructs Kat and Bishop to use the stasis device , and attempts to survive impact unaided , using only Philip 's knowledge of the crash . At the crash site , the team resuscitate Kat and Bishop , and Bishop is overwritten . MacLaren is taken away by traveler paramedics before the team can reach him to Carly 's dismay . 10 10 `` Kathryn '' Andy Mikita Jason Whiting & SB Edwards December 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) Marcy erases Kat 's memory of the crash and of the preceding day , and stage her home to make it appear as if she drank too much the night before . Philip removes MacLaren 's car from the airport , but Forbes believes it is theft . Carly extracts Philip , while Forbes and Kat search for MacLaren . Carly loses custody of her son until the trial . An advanced traveler medical team treats MacLaren with nanites to repair his massive internal damage . Trevor undergoes a painful procedure to grow a transplant heart for MacLaren . Unconscious , MacLaren experiences memories of his host 's life with Kat . He discovers that they were deeply in love , and that she very much wanted to have children . She did n't because MacLaren feared losing Kat after she suffered a life - threatening miscarriage . He also sees that they began to grow apart due to MacLaren 's work commitments . MacLaren recovers in time to stage a cover story for Forbes , claiming that Philip is MacLaren 's confidential informant and went rogue to prove that MacLaren 's life is insecure . MacLaren returns home , and tries to apologize to Kat , but she avoids him . 11 11 `` Marcy '' Andy Mikita Jason Whiting December 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 26 ) Grace is due to die , so Trevor kidnaps her to save her life . Believing he is insane , she flees and is overwritten despite having avoided the accident that would have killed her . Grace and another newly arrived traveler , Ellis , are computer programmers who have fled an anti-Director faction in the future . Ellis has developed a code that is sought by this faction , and has returned to the 21st - century to keep it from them . David and Marcy consummate their relationship . However , her condition worsens and Boyd stabilizes her , but Marcy is near death . In the future , Grace was in charge of social media research and identifying the candidates . She wants to correct Marcy 's condition with a experimental overwrite . She offers to redirect Marcy 's original transfer into the functional part of her brain , saving her at the cost of her 21st - century memories . MacLaren lets Marcy decide , and she decides to speak to David first . However , her condition becomes critical shortly before David returns home , and she is overwritten by her earlier self . Her team introduces her to David . 12 12 `` Grace '' Amanda Tapping Ashley Park January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) Kathryn confronts MacClaren about an affair she believes he is having , leading him to end his relationship with Carly . Charlotte , the misfire historian , is overwritten and murders her team . She attempts to assassinate Grace , but Trevor stops her . Grace reveals that the anti-Director faction was responsible for the team 's abduction . Charlotte is shot by Jeff while attempting to kill Carly . Ellis reveals that he has built a quantum frame that the Director , an advanced AI , can use to travel to the present to escape the faction . David is held at gunpoint by another assassin but is saved by Marcy . The team arrives at the farm where Trevor has received a text to destroy the frame . Carly reveals she received an order to kill MacLaren and holds him at gunpoint . Assassins surround the farm as Ellis shoots Trevor to keep him from harming the frame . Grace jumps in front of Trevor and is shot as well . Ellis shuts down the perimeter shield in the hope that the Director will help them and delivers a message to destroy the frame shortly before he dies . It is revealed that the people surrounding them are not anti-Director assassins , but FBI agents led by Forbes . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 13 `` Ave Machina '' Andy Mikita Brad Wright October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 14 `` Protocol 4 '' Andy Mikita Jason Whiting October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 15 `` Jacob '' Andy Mikita Pat Smith and Ashley Park October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 16 `` 11 : 27 '' TBA TBA November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 17 5 `` Jenny '' Andy Mikita Jason Whiting and Ken Kabatoff November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) A deadly disease is spreading around the world , and the travelers must get to the bottom of where it came from and how to stop it , before it 's too late . Critical reception ( edit ) Hanh Nguyen , writing for IndieWire , gives the first three episodes a grade of `` B + '' , finding the series ' appeal `` in how the core group of five travelers adjust to life in our present , '' noting the `` human nature in the travelers '' . Neil Genzlinger , writing for The New York Times , described the show as `` tasty '' , and `` enjoyable science fiction if you can ignore the contradictions '' , with `` some attention - grabbing flourishes and fine acting '' . Lawrence Devoe , of TheaterByte.com , calls the series `` tautly paced and suspenseful '' with `` well - developed characters '' , declaring that `` Brad Wright has a real knack for creating futuristic series '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Travelers , starring Eric McCormack and created and written by Brad Wright , coming to Netflix '' . Netflix Media Center . April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix nabs Eric McCormack time - travel drama from Stargate creator '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sci - fi thriller Travelers from Stargate SG - 1 co-creator ordered to series at Netflix , Eric McCormack to star '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eric McCormack sci - fi series Travelers renewed for season 2 by Netflix & Showcase '' . Deadline.com . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showcase Announces Thrilling Fall Schedule '' . Showcase . August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix picks up time travel drama series Travelers starring Eric McCormack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Travelers Episode Guide '' . zap2it . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh . `` ' Travelers ' Review : Netflix 's Fun and Freaky Time - Travel Series Makes Us Appreciate Our Present Time '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil . `` Review : In Travelers , some serious time - sharing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Devoe , Lawrence D. `` Travelers : Season One ( TheaterByte TV Series Review ) '' . TheatreByte . 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( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Legend of Monkey ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Altered Carbon ( TBA ) Black Earth Rising ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) Seven Seconds ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Travelers_(TV_series)&oldid=808647370 '' Categories : 2016 Canadian television series debuts American science fiction television series English - language television programs Time travel television series Canadian science fiction television series Showcase network shows Television series by Corus Entertainment Netflix original programming 2016 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian television series Television series produced in Vancouver Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français 한국어 Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 06 : 05 . 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"Travelers is a science fiction television series created by Brad Wright, starring Eric McCormack.[1][2] The series is a co-production between Netflix and Showcase. The first season comprises 12 episodes and premiered on Showcase on October 17, 2016; the entire series premiered globally (outside of Canada) on Netflix, on December 23, 2016.[3] On February 8, 2017, Netflix and Showcase renewed the show for a second season. Season 2 production began in March 2017, ahead of the Canadian premiere on Showcase scheduled to air on October 16, 2017, which will be followed by a Netflix release.[4][5]"
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"October 16, 2017"
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-5533129609689198905 | Chinese New Year | Chinese New Year - wikipedia Chinese New Year Jump to : navigation , search Chinese New Year Official name Ancient Chinese : 歲 首 ; `` year 's start '' Also called Spring Festival Observed by The Chinese Worldwide Type Cultural , religious ( Chinese folk religion , Buddhist , Confucian , Daoism ) Celebrations Lion dances , dragon dances , fireworks , family gathering , family meal , visiting friends and relatives ( 拜年 , bàinián ) , giving red envelopes , decorating with chunlian Date Chinese lunar new year 2018 date Friday , 16 February , Dog 2019 date Tuesday , 5 February , Pig 2020 date Saturday , 25 January , Rat Frequency Annual Related to Lantern Festival , which concludes the celebration of the Chinese New Year . Mongol New Year ( Tsagaan Sar ) , Tibetan New Year ( Losar ) , Japanese New Year ( Shōgatsu ) , Korean New Year ( Seollal ) , Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) Chinese New Year `` Spring Festival ( Chinese New Year ) '' in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Traditional Chinese 春節 Simplified Chinese 春节 Literal meaning `` Spring Festival '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chūn jié Wade -- Giles Ch'un chieh IPA ( ʈʂhwə́n tɕjě ) Wu Suzhounese Tshen tsìh Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Chēun jit IPA ( tshɵ́n tsīːt̚ ) Jyutping Ceon1 zit3 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Chhun cheh Tâi - lô Tshun tseh Chinese New Year , also known as the Spring Festival ( simplified Chinese : 春节 ; traditional Chinese : 春節 ; pinyin : Chūn Jié ) in modern China , and one of the Lunar New Years in Asia , is an important Chinese festival celebrated at the turn of the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar . Celebrations traditionally run from the evening preceding the first day , to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first calendar month . The first day of the New Year falls on the new moon between the 21st of January and 20th of February In 2018 , the first day of the Lunar New Year was on Friday , 16 February , initiating the year of the Dog . It is one of the world 's most prominent and celebrated festivals , with the largest annual mass human migration in the world . It is a major holiday in Greater China and has had strong influence on the lunar new year celebrations of its geographic neighbours , including Singapore , Indonesia , Malaysia , Korea , Thailand , Vietnam , Cambodia , Mauritius , Australia , and the Philippines . The New Year festival is centuries old and associated with several myths and customs . Traditionally , the festival was a time to honour deities as well as ancestors . Within China , regional customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Lunar New Year vary widely . Often , the evening preceding Lunar New Year 's Day is an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner . It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house , in order to sweep away any ill - fortune and to make way for incoming good luck . Windows and doors are decorated with red colour paper - cuts and couplets with popular themes of `` good fortune '' or `` happiness '' , `` wealth '' , and `` longevity '' . Other activities include lighting firecrackers and giving money in red paper envelopes . In about one third of the Mainland population , or 500 million Northerners , dumplings ( especially those of vegetarian fillings ) feature prominently in the meals celebrating the festival . Offerings to the gods . House doorway decorated for the New Year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dates in Chinese lunisolar calendar 2 Mythology 3 Public holiday 4 Festivities 4.1 Preceding days 4.2 New Year 's Eve 4.3 First day 4.4 Second day 4.5 Third day 4.6 Fourth day 4.7 Fifth day 4.8 Seventh day 4.9 Eighth day 4.10 Ninth day 4.11 Tenth day 4.12 Fifteenth day 5 Traditional food 6 Practices 6.1 History 6.2 Red envelopes 6.3 Gift exchange 6.4 Markets 6.5 Fireworks 6.5. 1 Firecracker ban 6.6 Music 6.7 Clothing 6.8 Family portrait 6.9 Symbolism 6.10 Nianhua 6.11 Flowers 6.12 Icons and ornaments 6.13 Spring travel 7 Festivities outside China and Taiwan 7.1 Southeast Asia 7.2 Australia and New Zealand 7.3 North America 7.3. 1 New York 7.3. 2 California 7.4 Europe 7.5 India and Pakistan 8 Greetings 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Dates in Chinese lunisolar calendar ( edit ) Chinese New Year in Singapore Chinatown . Chinese New Year eve in Meizhou on 8 February 2005 . Chinese New Year in Kobe , Japan Southeast Asia 's largest temple -- Kek Lok Si near George Town in Penang , Malaysia -- illuminated in preparation for the Lunar New Year . Interactive chart of the dates of Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 . In the SVG graphic , hover over or click a year on the left to highlight an almost - repeating block of 19 years starting with that year . Main article : Chinese calendar The lunisolar Chinese calendar determines the date of Lunar New Year . The calendar is also used in countries that have been influenced by , or have relations with , China -- such as Korea , Japan and Vietnam , though occasionally the date celebrated may differ by one day or even one moon cycle due to using a meridian based on a different capital city in a different time zone or different placements of intercalary months . In the Gregorian calendar , the Lunar New Year begins at the new moon that falls between 21 January and 20 February . The median date of Chinese New Year 's Day is lichun ( Chinese : 立春 ; `` start of spring '' ) on 4 or 5 February , the solar term next to Dahan ( Chinese : 大寒 ; `` major cold '' ) . Chinese calendar defines the lunar month with winter solstice as the 11th month , which means that Chinese New Year usually falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice ( rarely the third if an intercalary month intervenes ) . The Gregorian Calendar dates for Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 are below , along with the year 's presiding animal zodiac and its Stem - branch . The traditional Chinese calendar follows a Metonic cycle ( like the modern Jewish Calendar ) , and returns to the same date in Gregorian calendar roughly . The names of the Earthly Branches have no English counterparts and are not the Chinese translations of the animals . Alongside the 12 - year cycle of the animal zodiac there is a 10 - year cycle of heavenly stems . Each of the ten heavenly stems is associated with one of the five elements of Chinese astrology , namely : Wood , Fire , Earth , Metal , and Water . The elements are rotated every two years while a yin and yang association alternates every year . The elements are thus distinguished : Yang Wood , Yin Wood , Yang Fire , Yin Fire , etc . These produce a combined cycle that repeats every 60 years . For example , the year of the Yang Fire Rat occurred in 1936 and in 1996 , 60 years apart . Many people inaccurately calculate their Chinese birth - year by converting it from their Gregorian birth - year . As the Chinese New Year starts in late January to mid-February , the previous Chinese year dates through 1 January until that day in the new Gregorian year , remaining unchanged from the previous Gregorian year . For example , the 1989 year of the Snake began on 6 February 1989 . The year 1989 is generally aligned with the year of the Snake . However , the 1988 year of the Dragon officially ended on 5 February 1989 . This means that anyone born from 1 January to 5 February 1989 was actually born in the year of the Dragon rather than the year of the Snake . Many online Chinese Sign calculators do not account for the non-alignment of the two calendars , using Gregorian - calendar years rather than official Chinese New Year dates . One scheme of continuously numbered Chinese - calendar years assigns 4709 to the year beginning , 2011 , but this is not universally accepted ; the calendar is traditionally cyclical , not continuously numbered . Although the Chinese calendar traditionally does not use continuously numbered years , outside China its years are sometimes numbered from the purported reign of the mythical Yellow Emperor in the 3rd millennium BCE . But at least three different years numbered 1 are now used by various scholars , making the year beginning CE 2015 the `` Chinese year '' 4712 , 4713 , or 4652 . Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week 24 Jan Snake Wednesday 2026 17 Feb Horse Tuesday 2002 12 Feb Horse Tuesday 2027 6 Feb Goat Saturday 2003 1 Feb Goat Saturday 2028 26 Jan Monkey Wednesday 22 Jan Monkey Thursday 2029 13 Feb Rooster Tuesday 2005 9 Feb Rooster Wednesday 2030 3 Feb Dog Sunday 2006 29 Jan Dog Sunday 2031 23 Jan Pig Thursday 2007 18 Feb Pig Sunday 2032 11 Feb Rat Wednesday 2008 7 Feb Rat Thursday 2033 31 Jan Ox Monday 2009 26 Jan Ox Monday 2034 19 Feb Tiger Sunday 14 Feb Tiger Sunday 2035 8 Feb Rabbit Thursday 2011 3 Feb Rabbit Thursday 2036 28 Jan Dragon Monday 2012 23 Jan Dragon Monday 2037 15 Feb Snake Sunday 2013 10 Feb Snake Sunday 2038 4 Feb Horse Thursday 2014 31 Jan Horse Friday 2039 24 Jan Goat Monday 2015 19 Feb Goat Thursday 2040 12 Feb Monkey Sunday 2016 8 Feb Monkey Monday 2041 1 Feb Rooster Friday 2017 28 Jan Rooster Saturday 2042 22 Jan Dog Wednesday 2018 16 Feb Dog Friday 2043 10 Feb Pig Tuesday 2019 5 Feb Pig Tuesday 2044 30 Jan Rat Saturday 2020 25 Jan Rat Saturday 2045 17 Feb Ox Friday 2021 12 Feb Ox Friday 2046 6 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2022 1 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2047 26 Jan Rabbit Saturday 2023 22 Jan Rabbit Sunday 2048 14 Feb Dragon Friday 2024 10 Feb Dragon Saturday 2049 2 Feb Snake Tuesday 2025 29 Jan Snake Wednesday 2050 23 Jan Horse Sunday Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week 2051 11 Feb Goat Saturday 2076 5 Feb Monkey Wednesday 2052 1 Feb Monkey Thursday 2077 24 Jan Rooster Sunday 2053 19 Feb Rooster Wednesday 2078 12 Feb Dog Saturday 2054 8 Feb Dog Sunday 2079 2 Feb Pig Thursday 2055 28 Jan Pig Thursday 2080 22 Jan Rat Monday 2056 15 Feb Rat Tuesday 2081 9 Feb Ox Sunday 2057 4 Feb Ox Sunday 2082 29 Jan Tiger Thursday 2058 24 Jan Tiger Thursday 2083 17 Feb Rabbit Wednesday 2059 12 Feb Rabbit Wednesday 2084 6 Feb Dragon Sunday 2060 2 Feb Dragon Monday 2085 26 Jan Snake Friday 2061 21 Jan Snake Friday 2086 14 Feb Horse Thursday 2062 9 Feb Horse Thursday 2087 3 Feb Goat Monday 2063 29 Jan Goat Monday 2088 24 Jan Monkey Saturday 2064 17 Feb Monkey Sunday 2089 10 Feb Rooster Thursday 2065 5 Feb Rooster Thursday 2090 30 Jan Dog Monday 2066 26 Jan Dog Tuesday 2091 18 Feb Pig Sunday 2067 14 Feb Pig Monday 2092 7 Feb Rat Thursday 2068 3 Feb Rat Friday 2093 27 Jan Ox Tuesday 2069 23 Jan Ox Wednesday 2094 15 Feb Tiger Monday 2070 11 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2095 5 Feb Rabbit Saturday 2071 31 Jan Rabbit Saturday 2096 25 Jan Dragon Wednesday 2072 19 Feb Dragon Friday 2097 12 Feb Snake Tuesday 2073 7 Feb Snake Tuesday 2098 1 Feb Horse Saturday 2074 27 Jan Horse Saturday 2099 21 Jan Goat Wednesday 2075 15 Feb Goat Friday 2100 9 Feb Monkey Tuesday The date of Chinese New Year 's Day ( 1912 -- 2101 ) Year Date 1 - 19AM 20 - 38AM 39 - 57AM 58 - 76AM 77 - 95AM 96 - 114AM 115 - 133AM 134 - 152AM 153 - 171AM 172 - 190AM 1912 -- 1930 1931 -- 1949 1950 -- 1968 1969 -- 1987 1988 -- 2006 2007 -- 2025 2026 -- 2044 2045 -- 2063 2064 -- 2082 2083 -- 2101 17 Feb Rat Rènzǐ Goat Xīnwèi Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu Dragon Wùchén Pig Dīnghaì + Horse Bíngwǔ Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn Rabbit Guìmǎo 6 Feb Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū Snake Jǐsì Rat Wùzǐ + Goat Dīngwèi Tiger Bíngyín Rooster Yǐyǒu − Dragon Jiǎchén 26 Jan Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén + Pig Xīnhaì + Horse Gēngwǔ + Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì 14 Feb Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū Snake Guìsì Rat Rènzǐ + Goat Xīnwèi + Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu − Dragon ' Wùchén Pig Dīnghaì Horse Bíngwǔ 3 Feb Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì + Horse Jiǎwǔ Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn + Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū Snake Jǐsì − Rat Wùzǐ Goat Dīngwèi 23 Jan Snake Dīngsì Rat Bíngzǐ + Goat Yǐwèi + Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén Pig Xīnhaì Horse Gēngwǔ Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn + 11 Feb Horse Wùwǔ Ox Dīngchǒu Monkey Bíngshēn + Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū − Snake Guìsì − Rat Rènzǐ Goat Xīnwèi Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu − 31 Jan Goat Jǐwèi + Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì Horse Jiǎwǔ Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn + Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū − 19 Feb Monkey Gēngshēn + Rabbit Jǐmǎo Dog Wùxū − Snake Dīngsì − Rat Bíngzǐ Goat Yǐwèi Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén Pig Xīnhaì − 8 Feb Rooster Xīnyǒu Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − Ox Dīngchǒu − Monkey Bíngshēn Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū Snake Guìsì − Rat Rènzǐ − 28 Jan Dog Rènxū Snake Xīnsì − Rat Gēngzǐ Goat Jǐwèi Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì Horse Jiǎwǔ − Ox Guìchǒu − 15 Feb Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn + Rabbit Jǐmǎo + Dog Wùxū + Snake Dīngsì Rat ' Bíngzǐ Goat Yǐwèi Tiger Jiǎyín 5 Feb Rat Jiǎzǐ Goat Guìwèi Tiger Rènyín Rooster Xīnyǒu Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − Ox Dīngchǒu − Monkey Bíngshēn Rabbit Yǐmǎo 24 Jan Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn + Rabbit Guìmǎo + Dog Rènxū + Snake Xīnsì Rat Gēngzǐ + Goat Jǐwèi Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén + 12 Feb Tiger Bíngyín + Rooster Yǐyǒu + Dragon Jiǎchén + Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn Rabbit Jǐmǎo Dog Wùxū Snake Dīngsì 2 Feb Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì Rat Jiǎzǐ Goat Guìwèi − Tiger Rènyín − Rooster Xīnyǒu − Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − 22 Jan Dragon Wùchén + Pig Dīnghaì Horse Bíngwǔ − Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn Rabbit Guìmǎo Dog Rènxū Snake Xīnsì − Rat Gēngzǐ Goat Jǐwèi − 9 Feb Snake Jǐsì + Rat Wùzǐ + Goat Dīngwèi Tiger Bíngyín Rooster Yǐyǒu Dragon Jiǎchén + Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn 29 Jan Horse Gēngwǔ + Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn + Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì Rat Jiǎzǐ + Goat Guìwèi Tiger Rènyín Rooster Xīnyǒu − Note : a day later ; Note : a day earlier . Note : The New Year 's Day of 1985 is 20 Feb , a month later . Note : AM = anno Mínguó Mythology ( edit ) Hand - written Chinese New Year 's poetry pasted on the sides of doors leading to people 's homes , Lijiang , Yunnan According to tales and legends , the beginning of the Chinese New Year started with a mythical beast called the Nian . Nian would eat villagers , especially children . One year , all the villagers decided to go hide from the beast . An old man appeared before the villagers went into hiding and said that he 's going to stay the night , and decided to get revenge on the Nian . All the villagers thought he was insane . The old man put red papers up and set off firecrackers . The day after , the villagers came back to their town to see that nothing was destroyed . They assumed that the old man was a deity who came to save them . The villagers then understood that the Nian was afraid of the color red and loud noises . When the New Year was about to come , the villagers would wear red clothes , hang red lanterns , and red spring scrolls on windows and doors . People also used firecrackers to frighten away the Nian . From then on , Nian never came to the village again . The Nian was eventually captured by Hongjun Laozu , an ancient Taoist monk . The Nian became Hongjun Laozu 's mount . Public holiday ( edit ) Chinese New Year is observed as a public holiday in a number of countries and territories where there is a sizable Chinese population . Since Chinese New Year falls on different dates on the Gregorian calendar every year on different days of the week , some of these governments opt to shift working days in order to accommodate a longer public holiday . In some countries , a statutory holiday is added on the following work day when the New Year falls on a weekend , as in the case of 2013 , where the New Year 's Eve ( 9 February ) falls on Saturday and the New Year 's Day ( 10 February ) on Sunday . Depending on the country , the holiday may be termed differently ; common names are `` Chinese New Year '' , `` Lunar New Year '' , `` New Year Festival '' , and `` Spring Festival '' . For New Year celebrations that are lunar but not based on the Chinese New Year ( such as Korea 's Seollal and Vietnam 's Tết ) , see the article on Lunar New Year . For other countries where Chinese New Year is celebrated but not an official holiday , see the section below on Festivities outside China . Country and region Official name Description Number of days Brunei Tahun Baru Cina New Year 's Eve ( half - day ) and New Year 's Day . Hong Kong Lunar New Year The first three days . Indonesia Tahun Baru Imlek ( Sin Cia ) New Year 's Day . Macau Chinese New Year The first three days . Mainland China Spring Festival ( Chūn Jié ) The first 3 days . Usually , the Saturday before and the Sunday after Chinese New Year are declared working days , and the 2 additionally gained holidays are added to the official 3 days of holiday , so that people have 7 consecutive days , including weekends . 7 ( de jure ) 3 ( de facto ) Malaysia Tahun Baru Cina The first 2 days and a half - day on New Year 's Eve . Philippines Bagong Taón ng mga Tsino New Year 's Day . Taiwan Spring Festival New Year 's Eve and the first 3 working days . Singapore Chinese New Year The first 2 days and a half - day on New Year 's Eve . Vietnam Lunar New Year The first 3 days . Festivities ( edit ) `` Red couplets and red lanterns are displayed on the door frames and light up the atmosphere . The air is filled with strong Chinese emotions . In stores in Beijing , Shanghai , Wuhan , and other cities , products of traditional Chinese style have started to lead fashion trend ( s ) . Buy yourself a Chinese - style coat , get your kids tiger - head hats and shoes , and decorate your home with some beautiful red Chinese knots , then you will have an authentic Chinese - style Spring Festival . '' -- Xinwen Lianbo , January 2001 , quoted by Li Ren , Imagining China in the Era of Global Consumerism and Local Consciousness During the festival , people around China will prepare different gourmet for families and guests . Influenced by the flourished cultures , foods from different places look and taste totally different . Among them , the most well - known ones are dumplings from northern China and Tangyuan from southern China . Preceding days ( edit ) On the eighth day of the lunar month prior to Chinese New Year , the Laba holiday ( simplified Chinese : 腊八 ; traditional Chinese : 臘八 ; pinyin : làbā ) , a traditional porridge , Laba porridge ( simplified Chinese : 腊八粥 ; traditional Chinese : 臘八粥 ; pinyin : làbā zhōu ) , is served in remembrance of an ancient festival , called La , that occurred shortly after the winter solstice . Pickles such as Laba garlic , which turns green from vinegar , are also made on this day . For those that believe in Buddhism , the Laba holiday is also considered Bodhi Day . Layue ( simplified Chinese : 腊月 ; traditional Chinese : 臘月 ; pinyin : Làyuè ) is a term often associated with Chinese New Year as it refers to the sacrifices held in honor of the gods in the twelfth lunar month , hence the cured meats of Chinese New Year are known as larou ( simplified Chinese : 腊肉 ; traditional Chinese : 臘肉 ; pinyin : làròu ) . The porridge was prepared by the women of the household at first light , with the first bowl offered to the family 's ancestors and the household deities . Every member of the family was then served a bowl , with leftovers distributed to relatives and friends . It 's still served as a special breakfast on this day in some Chinese homes . The concept of the `` La month '' is similar to Advent in Christianity . Many families eat vegetarian on Chinese New Year eve , the garlic and preserved meat are eaten on Chinese New Year day . Receive the Gods in Chinese New Year , ( 1900s ) On the days immediately before the New Year celebration , Chinese families give their homes a thorough cleaning . There is a Cantonese saying `` Wash away the dirt on nin ya baat '' ( Chinese : 年 廿 八 , 洗 邋遢 ; pinyin : nián niàn bā , xǐ lātà ; Jyutping : nin4 jaa6 baat3 , sai2 laap6 taap3 ( laat6 taat3 ) ) , but the practice is not restricted to nin ya baat ( the 28th day of month 12 ) . It is believed the cleaning sweeps away the bad luck of the preceding year and makes their homes ready for good luck . Brooms and dust pans are put away on the first day so that the newly arrived good luck can not be swept away . Some people give their homes , doors and window - frames a new coat of red paint ; decorators and paper - hangers do a year - end rush of business prior to Chinese New Year . Homes are often decorated with paper cutouts of Chinese auspicious phrases and couplets . Purchasing new clothing and shoes also symbolize a new start . Any hair cuts need to be completed before the New Year , as cutting hair on New Year is considered bad luck due to the homonymic nature of the word `` hair '' ( fa ) and the word for `` prosperity '' . Businesses are expected to pay off all the debts outstanding for the year before the new year eve , extending to debts of gratitude . Thus it is a common practice to send gifts and rice to close business associates , and extended family members . In many households where Buddhism or Taoism is prevalent , home altars and statues are cleaned thoroughly , and decorations used to adorn altars over the past year are taken down and burned a week before the new year starts , to be replaced with new decorations . Taoists ( and Buddhists to a lesser extent ) will also `` send gods back to heaven '' ( Chinese : 送 神 ; pinyin : sòngshén ) , an example would be burning a paper effigy of Zao Jun the Kitchen God , the recorder of family functions . This is done so that the Kitchen God can report to the Jade Emperor of the family household 's transgressions and good deeds . Families often offer sweet foods ( such as candy ) in order to `` bribe '' the deities into reporting good things about the family . Prior to the Reunion Dinner , a prayer of thanksgiving is held to mark the safe passage of the previous year . Confucianists take the opportunity to remember their ancestors , and those who had lived before them are revered . Some people do not give a Buddhist prayer due to the influence of Christianity , with a Christian prayer offered instead . New Year 's Eve ( edit ) The biggest event of any Chinese New Year 's Eve is the annual reunion dinner . Dishes consisting of special meats are served at the tables , as a main course for the dinner and offering for the New Year . This meal is comparable to Thanksgiving dinner in the U.S. and remotely similar to Christmas dinner in other countries with a high percentage of Christians . In northern China , it is customary to make dumplings ( jiaozi ) after dinner to eat around midnight . Dumplings symbolize wealth because their shape resembles a Chinese sycee . In contrast , in the South , it is customary to make a glutinous new year cake ( niangao ) and send pieces of it as gifts to relatives and friends in the coming days . Niángāo ( Pinyin ) literally means `` new year cake '' with a homophonous meaning of `` increasingly prosperous year in year out '' . After dinner , some families go to local temples hours before the new year begins to pray for a prosperous new year by lighting the first incense of the year ; however in modern practice , many households hold parties and even hold a countdown to the new year . Traditionally , firecrackers were lit to scare away evil spirits with the household doors sealed , not to be reopened until the new morning in a ritual called `` opening the door of fortune '' ( simplified Chinese : 开 财 门 ; traditional Chinese : 開 財 門 ; pinyin : kāicáimén ) . Beginning in 1982 , the CCTV New Year 's Gala is broadcast in China four hours before the start of the New Year and lasts until the succeeding early morning . A tradition of going to bed late on New Year 's Eve , or even keeping awake the whole night and morning , known as shousui ( 守岁 ) , is still practised as it is thought to add on to one 's parents ' longevity . First day ( edit ) The first day is for the welcoming of the deities of the heavens and earth , officially beginning at midnight . It is a traditional practice to light fireworks , burn bamboo sticks and firecrackers and to make as much of a din as possible to chase off the evil spirits as encapsulated by nian of which the term Guo Nian was derived . Many Buddhists abstain from meat consumption on the first day because it is believed to ensure longevity for them . Some consider lighting fires and using knives to be bad luck on New Year 's Day , so all food to be consumed is cooked the days before . On this day , it is considered bad luck to use the broom , as good fortune is not to be `` swept away '' symbolically . Most importantly , the first day of Chinese New Year is a time to honor one 's elders and families visit the oldest and most senior members of their extended families , usually their parents , grandparents and great - grandparents . For Buddhists , the first day is also the birthday of Maitreya Bodhisattva ( better known as the more familiar Budai Luohan ) , the Buddha - to - be . People also abstain from killing animals . Lion Dance for Chinese New Year celebration in Surabaya , Indonesia Some families may invite a lion dance troupe as a symbolic ritual to usher in the Chinese New Year as well as to evict bad spirits from the premises . Members of the family who are married also give red envelopes containing cash known as lai see ( Cantonese dialect ) or angpow ( Hokkien dialect / Fujian ) , or hongbao ( Mandarin ) , a form of blessings and to suppress the aging and challenges associated with the coming year , to junior members of the family , mostly children and teenagers . Business managers also give bonuses through red packets to employees for good luck , smooth - sailing , good health and wealth . While fireworks and firecrackers are traditionally very popular , some regions have banned them due to concerns over fire hazards . For this reason , various city governments ( e.g. , Kowloon , Beijing , Shanghai for a number of years ) issued bans over fireworks and firecrackers in certain precincts of the city . As a substitute , large - scale fireworks display have been launched by governments in such city - states as Hong Kong and Singapore . However , it is a tradition that the indigenous peoples of the walled villages of New Territories , Hong Kong are permitted to light firecrackers and launch fireworks in a limited scale . Second day ( edit ) Incense is burned at the graves of ancestors as part of the offering and prayer ritual . The second day of the Chinese New Year , known as `` beginning of the year '' ( simplified Chinese : 开 年 ; traditional Chinese : 開 年 ; pinyin : kāinián ) , was when married daughters visited their birth parents , relatives and close friends . ( Traditionally , married daughters did n't have the opportunity to visit their birth families frequently . ) During the days of imperial China , `` beggars and other unemployed people circulate ( d ) from family to family , carrying a picture ( of the God of Wealth ) shouting , `` Cai Shen dao ! '' ( The God of Wealth has come ! ) . '' Householders would respond with `` lucky money '' to reward the messengers . Business people of the Cantonese dialect group will hold a ' Hoi Nin ' prayer to start their business on the 2nd day of Chinese New Year so they will be blessed with good luck and prosperity in their business for the year . As this day is believed to be The Birthday of Che Kung , a deity worshipped in Hong Kong , worshippers go to Che Kung Temples to pray for his blessing . A representative from the government asks Che Kung about the city 's fortune through kau cim . Some believe that the second day is also the birthday of all dogs and remember them with special treats . Third day ( edit ) The third day is known as `` red mouth '' ( Chinese : 赤口 ; pinyin : Chìkǒu ) . Chikou is also called `` Chigou 's Day '' ( Chinese : 赤 狗 日 ; pinyin : Chìgǒurì ) . Chigou , literally `` red dog '' , is an epithet of `` the God of Blazing Wrath '' ( Chinese : 熛 怒 之 神 ; pinyin : Biāo nù zhī shén ) . Rural villagers continue the tradition of burning paper offerings over trash fires . It is considered an unlucky day to have guests or go visiting . Hakka villagers in rural Hong Kong in the 1960s called it the Day of the Poor Devil and believed everyone should stay at home . This is also considered a propitious day to visit the temple of the God of Wealth and have one 's future told . Fourth day ( edit ) In those communities that celebrate Chinese New Year for 15 days , the fourth day is when corporate `` spring dinners '' kick off and business returns to normal . Other areas that have a longer Chinese New Year holiday will celebrate and welcome the gods that were previously sent on this day . Fifth day ( edit ) This day is the god of Wealth 's birthday . In northern China , people eat jiaozi , or dumplings , on the morning of powu ( Chinese : 破五 ; pinyin : pòwǔ ) . In Taiwan , businesses traditionally re-open on the next day ( the sixth day ) , accompanied by firecrackers . It is also common in China that on the 5th day people will shoot off firecrackers to get Guan Yu 's attention , thus ensuring his favor and good fortune for the new year . Seventh day ( edit ) Main article : Renri The seventh day , traditionally known as Renri ( the common person 's birthday ) , is the day when everyone grows one year older . In some overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia , such as Malaysia and Singapore , it is also the day when tossed raw fish salad , yusheng , is eaten for continued wealth and prosperity . For many Chinese Buddhists , this is another day to avoid meat , the seventh day commemorating the birth of Sakra , lord of the devas in Buddhist cosmology who is analogous to the Jade Emperor . Chinese New Year 's celebrations , on the eighth day , in the Metro Vancouver suburb of Richmond , British Columbia , Canada . Eighth day ( edit ) Another family dinner is held to celebrate the eve of the birth of the Jade Emperor , the ruler of heaven . People normally return to work by the eighth day , therefore the Store owners will host a lunch / dinner with their employees , thanking their employees for the work they have done for the whole year . Approaching 12 midnight on this day , Hokkien people prepare for the `` Jade Emperor ritual '' ( Hokkien : 拜 天公 Pài Thin - kong ) during which incense is burnt and food offerings made to the Jade Emperor and also to Zao Jun , the Kitchen god who reports on each family to the Jade Emperor . Some people will hold a ritual prayer after midnight on the eighth day . In Malaysia , especially , people light fireworks , often more than on the first day . This practice of Bai Ti Gong can also be seen in Singapore . Ninth day ( edit ) The ninth day of the New Year is a day for Chinese to offer prayers to the Jade Emperor of Heaven in the Daoist Pantheon . The ninth day is traditionally the birthday of the Jade Emperor . This day , called Ti Kong Dan ( Hokkien : 天公 诞 Thin - kong Tan ) , Ti Kong Si ( Hokkien : 天公 生 Thin - kong Sin ) or Pai Ti Kong ( Hokkien : 拜 天公 Pài Thin - kong ) , is especially important to Hokkiens , even more important than the first day of the Chinese New Year . Come midnight of the eighth day of the new year , Hokkiens will offer thanks to the Emperor of Heaven . A prominent requisite offering is sugarcane . Legend holds that the Hokkien were spared from a massacre by Japanese pirates by hiding in a sugarcane plantation during the eighth and ninth days of the Chinese New Year , coinciding with the Jade Emperor 's birthday . Since `` sugarcane '' ( Hokkien : 甘蔗 kam - chià ) is a near homonym to `` thank you '' ( Hokkien : 感谢 kám - siā ) in the Hokkien dialect , Hokkiens offer sugarcane on the eve of his birthday , symbolic of their gratitude . In the morning of this birthday ( traditionally anytime from midnight to 7 am ) , Taiwanese households set up an altar table with 3 layers : one top ( containing offertories of six vegetables ( Chinese : 六 斋 ; pinyin : liù zhāi ) , noodles , fruits , cakes , tangyuan , vegetable bowls , and unripe betel , all decorated with paper lanterns ) and two lower levels ( containing the five sacrifices and wines ) to honor the deities below the Jade Emperor . The household then kneels three times and kowtows nine times to pay obeisance and wish him a long life . Incense , tea , fruit , vegetarian food or roast pig , and gold paper is served as a customary protocol for paying respect to an honored person . Tenth day ( edit ) The Jade Emperor 's party is celebrated on this day . Fifteenth day ( edit ) The fifteenth day of the new year is celebrated as `` Yuanxiao Festival '' ( simplified Chinese : 元宵 节 ; traditional Chinese : 元宵 節 ; pinyin : Yuán xiāo jié ) , also known as `` Shangyuan Festival '' ( simplified Chinese : 上 元 节 ; traditional Chinese : 上 元 節 ; pinyin : Shàng yuán jié ) or the Lantern Festival ( otherwise known as Chap Goh Mei Chinese : 十 五 暝 ; pinyin : Shíwǔmíng ; literally : `` the fifteen night '' in Fujian dialect ) . Rice dumplings tangyuan ( simplified Chinese : 汤圆 ; traditional Chinese : 湯圓 ; pinyin : tang yuán ) , a sweet glutinous rice ball brewed in a soup , are eaten this day . Candles are lit outside houses as a way to guide wayward spirits home . This day is celebrated as the Lantern Festival , and families walk the street carrying lighted lanterns . In China , Malaysia and Singapore , this day is celebrated by individuals seeking for a romantic partner , akin to Valentine 's Day . Normally , single women would write their contact number on mandarin oranges and throw it in a river or a lake while single men would collect them and eat the oranges . The taste is an indication of their possible love : sweet represents a good fate while sour represents a bad fate . This day often marks the end of the Chinese New Year festivities . Traditional food ( edit ) One version of niangao , Chinese New Year cake A reunion dinner , named as `` Nian Ye Fan '' , is held on New Year 's Eve during which family members gather for celebration . The venue will usually be in or near the home of the most senior member of the family . The New Year 's Eve dinner is very large and sumptuous and traditionally includes dishes of meat ( namely , pork and chicken ) and fish . Most reunion dinners also feature a communal hot pot as it is believed to signify the coming together of the family members for the meal . Most reunion dinners ( particularly in the Southern regions ) also prominently feature specialty meats ( e.g. wax - cured meats like duck and Chinese sausage ) and seafood ( e.g. lobster and abalone ) that are usually reserved for this and other special occasions during the remainder of the year . In most areas , fish ( traditional Chinese : 魚 ; simplified Chinese : 鱼 ; pinyin : yú ) is included , but not eaten completely ( and the remainder is stored overnight ) , as the Chinese phrase `` may there be surpluses every year '' ( traditional Chinese : 年 年 有餘 ; simplified Chinese : 年 年 有余 ; pinyin : niánnián yǒu yú ) sounds the same as `` let there be fish every year . '' Eight individual dishes are served to reflect the belief of good fortune associated with the number . If in the previous year a death was experienced in the family , seven dishes are served . Red packets for the immediate family are sometimes distributed during the reunion dinner . These packets often contain money in certain numbers that reflect good luck and honorability . Several foods are consumed to usher in wealth , happiness , and good fortune . Several of the Chinese food names are homophones for words that also mean good things . Like many other New Year dishes , certain ingredients also take special precedence over others as these ingredients also has similar - sounding names with prosperity , good luck , or even counting money . Food item Description Buddha 's delight An elaborate vegetarian dish served by Chinese families on the eve and the first day of the New Year . A type of black hair - like algae , pronounced `` fat choy '' in Cantonese , is also featured in the dish for its name , which sounds like `` prosperity '' . Hakkas usually serve kiu nyuk ( Chinese : 扣 肉 ; pinyin : kòuròu ) and ngiong teu fu . Chicken Boiled chicken is served because it is figured that any family , no matter how humble their circumstances , can afford a chicken for Chinese New Year . Fish Is usually eaten or merely displayed on the eve of Chinese New Year . The pronunciation of fish ( 魚 yú ) makes it a homophone for `` surpluses '' ( 餘 yú ) . Leek Is usually served in a dish with rondelles of Chinese sausage or Chinese cured meat during Chinese New Year . The pronunciation of leek ( 蒜苗 / 大蒜 Suàn miáo / Dà suàn ) makes it a homophone for `` calculating ( money ) '' ( 算 Suàn ) . The Chinese cured meat is so chosen because it is traditionally the primary method for storing meat over the winter and the meat rondelles resemble coins . Jau gok The main Chinese new year dumpling for Cantonese families . It is believed to resemble a sycee or yuánbǎo , the old Chinese gold and silver ingots , and to represent prosperity for the coming year . Jiaozi The common dumpling eaten in northern China , also believed to resemble sycee . Mandarin oranges Oranges , particularly mandarin oranges , are a common fruit during Chinese New Year . They are particularly associated with the festival in southern China , where its name is a homophone of the word for `` luck '' in dialects such as Teochew ( in which 橘 , jú , and 吉 , jí , are both pronounced gik ) . Melon seed / Guazi ( Chinese : 瓜子 ; pinyin : guāzi ) Other variations include sunflower , pumpkin and other seeds . It symbolizes fertility and having many children . Niangao Most popular in eastern China ( Jiangsu , Zhejiang and Shanghai ) because its pronunciation is a homophone for `` a more prosperous year ( 年 高 lit . year high ) '' . Nian gao is also popular in the Philippines because of its large Chinese population and is known as tikoy ( Chinese : 甜 粿 , from Min Nan ) there . Known as Chinese New Year pudding , nian gao is made up of glutinous rice flour , wheat starch , salt , water , and sugar . The color of the sugar used determines the color of the pudding ( white or brown ) . Noodles Families may serve uncut noodles ( making them as long as they can ) , which represent longevity and long life , though this practice is not limited to the new year . Sweets Sweets and similar dried fruit goods are stored in a red or black Chinese candy box . Rougan ( Yok Gon ) Chinese salty - sweet dried meat , akin to jerky , which is trimmed of the fat , sliced , marinated and then smoked for later consumption or as a gift . Taro cakes ( Chinese : 芋頭 糕 , yùtougāo ) Made from the vegetable taro , the cakes are cut into squares and often fried . Turnip cakes ( Chinese : 蘿蔔 糕 , luóbogāo ) A dish made of shredded radish and rice flour , usually fried and cut into small squares . Yusheng or Yee sang ( traditional Chinese : 魚 生 ; simplified Chinese : 鱼 生 ; pinyin : yúshēng ) Raw fish salad . Eating this salad is said to bring good luck . This dish is usually eaten on the seventh day of the New Year , but may also be eaten throughout the period . Practices ( edit ) History ( edit ) In 1928 , the ruling Kuomintang party in China decreed that Chinese New Year will fall on 1 Jan of the Gregorian Calendar , but this was abandoned due to overwhelming opposition from the populace . In 1967 during the Cultural Revolution , official Chinese New Year celebrations were banned in China . The State Council of the People 's Republic of China announced that the public should `` Change Customs '' , have a `` revolutionized and fighting Spring Festival '' , and since people needed to work on Chinese New Year Eve , they did n't have holidays during Spring Festival day . The public celebrations were reinstated by the time of the Chinese economic reform . Red envelopes ( edit ) Red packets for sale in a market in Taipei , Taiwan , before the Year of the Rat Shoppers at a New Year market in Chinatown , Singapore Traditionally , red envelopes or red packets ( Cantonese : lai sze or lai see ; 利 是 , 利 市 or 利 事 ; Pinyin : lìshì ; Mandarin : hóngbāo 红包 ; Hokkien : ang pow ; POJ : âng - pau ; Hakka : fung bao ) are passed out during the Chinese New Year 's celebrations , from married couples or the elderly to unmarried juniors . It is also common for adults or young couples to give red packets to children . During this period , red packets are also known as 壓歲錢 / 压岁钱 ( yàsuìqián , which was evolved from 壓 祟 錢 / 压 祟 钱 , literally , `` the money used to suppress or put down the evil spirit '' ) . Red packets almost always contain money , usually varying from a couple of dollars to several hundred . Per custom , the amount of money in the red packets should be of even numbers , as odd numbers are associated with cash given during funerals ( 帛 金 : báijīn ) . The number 8 is considered lucky ( for its homophone for `` wealth '' ) , and $8 is commonly found in the red envelopes in the US . The number six ( 六 , liù ) is also very lucky as it sounds like `` smooth '' ( 流 , liú ) , in the sense of having a smooth year . The number four ( 四 ) is the worst because its homophone is `` death '' ( 死 ) . Sometimes chocolate coins are found in the red packets . Odd and even numbers are determined by the first digit , rather than the last . Thirty and fifty , for example , are odd numbers , and are thus appropriate as funeral cash gifts . However , it is common and quite acceptable to have cash gifts in a red packet using a single bank note -- with ten or fifty yuan bills used frequently . It is customary for the bills to be brand new printed money . Everything regarding the New Year has to be new in order to have good luck and fortune . The act of asking for red packets is normally called ( Mandarin ) : 讨 紅包 tǎo - hóngbāo , 要 利 是 or ( Cantonese ) : 逗 利 是 . A married person would not turn down such a request as it would mean that he or she would be `` out of luck '' in the new year . Red packets are generally given by established married couples to the younger non-married children of the family . It is custom and polite for children to wish elders a happy new year and a year of happiness , health and good fortune before accepting the red envelope . Red envelopes are then kept under the pillow and slept on for seven nights after Chinese New Year before opening because that symbolizes good luck and fortune . In Taiwan in the 2000s , some employers also gave red packets as a bonus to maids , nurses or domestic workers from Southeast Asian countries , although whether this is appropriate is controversial . The Japanese have a similar tradition of giving money during the New Year , called Otoshidama . Gift exchange ( edit ) Chinese candy box In addition to red envelopes , which are usually given from older people to younger people , small gifts ( usually food or sweets ) are also exchanged between friends or relatives ( of different households ) during Chinese New Year . Gifts are usually brought when visiting friends or relatives at their homes . Common gifts include fruits ( typically oranges , and never pears ) , cakes , biscuits , chocolates , and candies . Certain items should not be given , as they are considered taboo . Taboo gifts include : items associated with funerals ( i.e. handkerchiefs , towels , chrysanthemums , items colored white and black ) items that show that time is running out ( i.e. clocks and watches ) sharp objects that symbolize cutting a tie ( i.e. scissors and knives ) items that symbolize that you want to walk away from a relationship ( examples : shoes and sandals ) mirrors homonyms for unpleasant topics ( examples : `` clock '' sounds like `` the funeral ritual '' , green hats because `` wear a green hat '' sounds like `` cuckold '' , `` handkerchief '' sounds like `` goodbye '' , `` pear '' sounds like `` separate '' , and `` umbrella '' sounds like `` disperse '' ) . Markets ( edit ) Markets or village fairs are set up as the New Year is approaching . These usually open - air markets feature new year related products such as flowers , toys , clothing , and even fireworks and firecrackers . It is convenient for people to buy gifts for their new year visits as well as their home decorations . In some places , the practice of shopping for the perfect plum tree is not dissimilar to the Western tradition of buying a Christmas tree . Hong Kong filmmakers also release `` New Year celebration films '' ( 賀歲 片 ) , mostly comedies , at this time of year . Fireworks ( edit ) A Chinese man setting off fireworks during Chinese New Year in Shanghai . Bamboo stems filled with gunpowder that were burnt to create small explosions were once used in ancient China to drive away evil spirits . In modern times , this method has eventually evolved into the use of firecrackers during the festive season . Firecrackers are usually strung on a long fused string so it can be hung down . Each firecracker is rolled up in red papers , as red is auspicious , with gunpowder in its core . Once ignited , the firecracker lets out a loud popping noise and , as they are usually strung together by the hundreds , the firecrackers are known for their deafening explosions that are thought to scare away evil spirits . The burning of firecrackers also signifies a joyful time of year and has become an integral aspect of Chinese New Year celebrations . Firecracker ban ( edit ) The use of firecrackers , although a traditional part of celebration , has over the years led to many unfortunate outcomes . There have been reported incidents every year of users of fireworks being blinded , losing body parts , or suffering other grievous injuries , especially during the Chinese New Year season . Hence , many governments and authorities eventually enacted laws completely banning the use of firecrackers privately , primarily because of safety issues . Taiwan -- Beginning 2008 , firecrackers are banned in urban areas , but still allowed in rural areas . Mainland China -- As of 2008 , most urban areas in mainland China permit firecrackers . In the first three days of the traditional New Year , it is a tradition that people compete with each other by playing with firecrackers . However , many urban areas banned them in the 1990s . For example , they were banned in Beijing 's urban districts from 1993 to 2005 . In 2004 , 37 people were killed in a stampede when four million people gathered for a rumoured Lantern Festival firework display in nearby Miyun . Since the ban was lifted , the firecracker barrage has been tremendous . In Beijing , firecrackers are typically not allowed inside the 5th ring road . But this is overlooked by authorities for the holiday , provided there are no government buildings nearby ; some residents in major cities look down on street - level fireworks from their tower blocks . Bans are rare in rural areas . Vietnam -- 1996 , fireworks were banned across the country because of its dangers . Hong Kong -- Fireworks are banned for security reasons -- some speculate a connection between firework use and the 1967 Leftist Riot . However , the government would put on a fireworks display in Victoria Harbour on the second day of the Chinese New Year for the public . Similar displays are also held in many other cities in and outside China . Singapore -- a partial ban on firecrackers was imposed in March 1970 after a fire killed six people and injured 68 . This was extended to a total ban in August 1972 , after an explosion that killed two people and an attack on two police officers attempting to stop a group from letting off firecrackers in February 1972 . As a result of this ban , the Chingay Parade was set up to preserve the spirit and culture . However , in 2003 , the government allowed firecrackers to be set off during the festive season . At the Chinese New Year light - up in Chinatown , at the stroke of midnight on the first day of the Chinese New Year , firecrackers are set off under controlled conditions by the Singapore Tourism Board with assistance from demolition experts from the Singapore Armed Forces . Other occasions where firecrackers are allowed to be set off are determined by the tourism board or other government organizations . However , they are not allowed to be commercially sold . Malaysia -- firecrackers are banned for the similar reasons as in Singapore . However , many Malaysians manage to smuggle them from Thailand and the Philippines to meet their private needs . Indonesia -- Firecrackers and fireworks are forbidden in public during the Chinese New Year , especially in areas with significant non-Chinese population in order to avoid any conflict between the two . However , there were some exceptions . The usage of firecrackers is legal in some metropolitan areas such as Jakarta and Medan , where the degree of racial and cultural tolerance is higher . United States -- In 2007 , New York City lifted its decade - old ban on firecrackers , allowing a display of 300,000 firecrackers to be set off in Chinatown 's Chatham Square . Under the supervision of the fire and police departments , Chinatown , Los Angeles regularly lights firecrackers every New Year 's Eve , mostly at temples and the shrines of benevolent associations . The San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade , the largest outside China , is accompanied by numerous firecrackers , both officially sanctioned and illicit . Australia -- Australia , except the Northern Territory , does not allow use of fireworks at all , except when used by a licensed pyrotechnician . These rules also need a permit from local government , and from any relevant local bodies such as maritime or aviation authorities ( as relevant to the types of fireworks being used ) and hospitals , schools , etc. , within a certain range . Philippines -- Despite the rise in firecracker - related injuries in 2009 , the Department of Health has acknowledged that a total ban on firecrackers in the country will be hard to implement . Davao City , the first city in the country to impose a firecracker ban , has enjoyed injury - free celebrations for at least the last 15 years . Their ban has been in effect since 2002 . Music ( edit ) `` Happy New Year ! '' ( Chinese : 新年 好 呀 ; pinyin : Xīn Nián Hǎo Ya ; literally : `` New Year 's Good , Ya '' ) is a popular children 's song for the New Year holiday . The melody is similar to the American folk song , Oh My Darling , Clementine . Chorus : Happy New Year ! Happy New Year ! ( Chinese : 新年 好 呀 ! 新年 好 呀 ! ; pinyin : Xīnnián hǎo ya ! Xīnnián hǎo ya ! ) Happy New Year to you all ! ( Chinese : 祝贺 大家 新年 好 ! ; pinyin : Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo ! ) We are singing ; we are dancing . ( Chinese : 我们 唱歌 , 我们 跳舞. ; pinyin : Wǒmen chànggē , wǒmen tiàowǔ . ) Happy New Year to you all ! ( Chinese : 祝贺 大家 新年 好 ! ; pinyin : Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo ! ) Clothing ( edit ) Girls dressed in red ( Hong Kong ) . Clothing mainly featuring the color red or bright colors is commonly worn throughout the Chinese New Year because it was once believed that red could scare away evil spirits and bad fortune . In addition , people typically wear new clothes from head to toe to symbolize a new beginning in the new year . Wearing new clothes also symbolizes having more than enough things to use and wear in the new year . Red is a color of good luck . Family portrait ( edit ) In some places the taking of a family portrait is an important ceremony after the relatives are gathered . The photo is taken at the hall of the house or taken in front of the house . The most senior male head of the family sits in the center . Symbolism ( edit ) See also : Fu character An inverted character fu is a sign of arriving blessings . As with all cultures , Chinese New Year traditions incorporate elements that are symbolic of deeper meaning . One common example of Chinese New Year symbolism is the red diamond - shaped fu characters ( Chinese : 福 ; pinyin : fú ; Cantonese Yale : fuk1 ; literally : `` blessings , happiness '' ) , which are displayed on the entrances of Chinese homes . This sign is usually seen hanging upside down , since the Chinese word dao ( Chinese : 倒 ; pinyin : dào ; literally : `` upside down '' ) , is homophonous or nearly homophonous with ( Chinese : 到 ; pinyin : dào ; literally : `` arrive '' ) in all varieties of Chinese . Therefore , it symbolizes the arrival of luck , happiness , and prosperity . For the Cantonese - speaking people , if the fuk sign is hung upside down , the implied dao ( upside down ) sounds like the Cantonese word for `` pour '' , producing `` pour the luck ( away ) '' , which would usually symbolize bad luck ; this is why the fuk character is not usually hung upside - down in Cantonese communities . Red is the predominant color used in New Year celebrations . Red is the emblem of joy , and this color also symbolizes virtue , truth and sincerity . On the Chinese opera stage , a painted red face usually denotes a sacred or loyal personage and sometimes a great emperor . Candies , cakes , decorations and many things associated with the New Year and its ceremonies are colored red . The sound of the Chinese word for `` red '' ( simplified Chinese : 红 ; traditional Chinese : 紅 ; pinyin : hóng ; Cantonese Yale : hung4 ) is in Mandarin homophonous with the word for `` prosperous '' . Therefore , red is an auspicious color and has an auspicious sound . Nianhua ( edit ) Chinese New Year festival in Chinatown , Boston Nianhua can be a form of Chinese colored woodblock printing , for decoration during Chinese New Year . Flowers ( edit ) The following are popular floral decorations for the New Year and are available at new year markets . Floral Decor Meaning Plum Blossom symbolizes luckiness Kumquat symbolizes prosperity Narcissus symbolizes prosperity Bamboo a plant used for any time of year Sunflower means to have a good year Eggplant a plant to heal all of your sickness Chom Mon Plant a plant which gives you tranquility Icons and ornaments ( edit ) Icons Meaning Illustrations Lanterns These lanterns that differ from those of Mid-Autumn Festival in general . They will be red in color and tend to be oval in shape . These are the traditional Chinese paper lanterns . Those lanterns , used on the fifteenth day of the Chinese New Year for the Lantern Festival , are bright , colorful , and in many different sizes and shapes . Decorations Decorations generally convey a New Year greeting . They are not advertisements . Fai Chun -- Chinese calligraphy of auspicious Chinese idioms on typically red posters -- are hung on doorways and walls . Other decorations include a New year picture , Chinese knots , and papercutting and couplets . Dragon dance and Lion dance Dragon and lion dances are common during Chinese New Year . It is believed that the loud beats of the drum and the deafening sounds of the cymbals together with the face of the Dragon or lion dancing aggressively can evict bad or evil spirits . Lion dances are also popular for opening of businesses in Hong Kong and Macau . Fortune gods Cai Shen Ye , Che Kung , etc . Spring travel ( edit ) Scene of the 2009 Chunyun period inside Beijing West Railway Station Main article : Chunyun Traditionally , families gather together during the Chinese New Year . In modern China , migrant workers in China travel home to have reunion dinners with their families on Chinese New Year 's Eve . Owing to the large number of interprovincial travellers , special arrangements were made by railways , buses and airlines starting from 15 days before the New Year 's Day . This 40 - day period is called chunyun , and is known as the world 's largest annual migration . More interurban trips are taken in mainland China in this period than the total population of China . In Taiwan , spring travel is also a major event . The majority of transportation in western Taiwan is in a north - south direction : long distance travel between urbanized north and hometowns in rural south . Transportation in eastern Taiwan and that between Taiwan and its islands is less convenient . Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China began in 2003 as part of Three Links , mostly for `` Taiwanese businessmen '' to return to Taiwan for the new year . Festivities outside China and Taiwan ( edit ) Decorations on the occasion of Chinese New Year - River Hongbao 2016 , Singapore Chinese New Year is also celebrated annually in many countries with significant Chinese populations . These include countries throughout Asia , Oceania , and North America . Sydney , London , and San Francisco claim to host the largest New Year celebration outside of Asia and South America . Southeast Asia ( edit ) In some countries of Southeast Asia , Chinese New Year is a national public holiday and considered to be one of the most important holidays of the year . Chinese New Year 's Eve is typically a half - day holiday for Malaysia and Singapore . The biggest celebrations take place in Malaysia ( notably in Kuala Lumpur , George Town and Klang ) and Singapore . Gaya Street in Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia filled with Chinese lanterns during the New Year celebration . In Singapore , Chinese New Year is accompanied by various festive activities . One of the main highlights is the Chinatown celebrations . In 2010 , this included a Festive Street Bazaar , nightly staged shows at Kreta Ayer Square and a lion dance competition . The Chingay Parade also features prominently in the celebrations . It is an annual street parade in Singapore , well known for its colorful floats and wide variety of cultural performances . The highlights of the Parade for 2011 include a Fire Party , multi-ethnic performances and an unprecedented travelling dance competition . Lanterns hanged around Senapelan street , the Pekanbaru Chinatown Chinese New Year is considered to be the most important festival for Filipino - Chinese in the Philippines , and its celebration has also extended to the non-Chinese majority Filipinos . In 2012 , Chinese New Year was included in public holidays in the Philippines , which is only the New Year 's Day itself . Chinese New Year , officially named Tahun Baru Imlek or Sin Cia in Hokkien , has also been celebrated by Chinese - Indonesians since 1999 after President Suharto stepped down . It was declared as a 1 - day public holiday in 2003 and the other two days were unofficial Chinese New Year holidays , celebrated by all Indonesians ( 2 days ) and Chinese Indonesians ( 3 days ) . Big Chinese population cities and towns like Jakarta , Medan , Singkawang , Pangkal Pinang , Binjai , Bagansiapiapi , Tanjungbalai , Pematangsiantar , Selat Panjang , Tanjung Pinang , Batam , Ketapang and Pontianak always have its own New Year 's celebration every years with parade and fireworks . A lot shopping malls decorated its building with lantern , Chinese words and lion or dragon with red and gold as main color . Lion dance is a common sight around Chinese houses , temples and its shophouses . Usually , the Buddhist , Confucian and Taoist Chinese will burn a big incesce made by aloeswood with dragon - decorated at front of their house. The temple is open 24 hours at the first day , their also distributes a red envelopes and sometimes rice , fruits or sugar to the poor around . Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) Melbourne : Chinese New Year in Chinatown With one of the largest Chinese populations outside of Asia , Sydney also claims to have the largest Chinese New Year Celebrations outside of Asia with over 600,000 people attending the celebrations in Chinatown annually . The events there span over three weeks including the launch celebration , outdoor markets , evening street food stalls , Chinese top opera performances , dragon boat races , a film festival and multiple parades that incorporate Chinese , Japanese , Korean people and Vietnamese performers . More than 100,000 people attend notably the main parade with over 3,500 performers . The festival also attracts international media coverage , reaching millions of viewers in Asia . The festival in Sydney is organized in partnership with a different Chinese province each year . Apart from Sydney , other state capital cities in Australia also celebrate Chinese New Year due to large number of Chinese residents . The cities include : Brisbane , Adelaide , Melbourne Box Hill and Perth . The common activities are lion dance , dragon dance , New Year market and food festival . In the Melbourne suburb of Footscray , Victoria a Lunar New Year celebration initially focusing on the Vietnamese New Year has expanded into a celebration of the Chinese New Year as well as the April New Year celebrations of the Thais , Cambodians , Laotians and other Asian Australian communities who celebrate the New Year in either January / February or April . The city of Wellington hosts a two - day weekend festival for Chinese New Year , and a one - day festival is held in Dunedin , centred on the city 's Chinese gardens . North America ( edit ) Play media Chinese lunar new year in Washington DC Many cities in North America sponsor official parades for Chinese New Year . Among the cities with such parades are San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York City , Boston , Chicago , Mexico City , Toronto , and Vancouver . However , even smaller cities that are historically connected to Chinese immigration , such as Butte , Montana , have recently hosted parades . New York ( edit ) Multiple groups in New York City cooperate to sponsor a week - long Lunar New Year celebration . The festivities include cultural festival , music concert , fireworks on the Hudson River near the Chinese Consulate , and special exhibits . In June 2015 , New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio declared that the Lunar New Year would be made a public school holiday . California ( edit ) Lion costume for New Year parade , Los Angeles , 1953 The San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade is the oldest and largest event of its kind outside of Asia , and the largest Asian cultural event in North America . The festival incorporates Grant and Kearny Streets into its street festival and parade route , respectively . The use of these streets traces its lineage back to early parades beginning the custom in San Francisco . In 1849 , with the discovery of gold and the ensuing California Gold Rush , over 50,000 people had come to San Francisco to seek their fortune or just a better way of life . Among those were many Chinese , who had come to work in the gold mines and on the railroad . By the 1860s , the residents of San Francisco 's Chinatown were eager to share their culture with their fellow San Francisco residents who may have been unfamiliar with ( or hostile towards ) it . The organizers chose to showcase their culture by using a favorite American tradition -- the parade . They invited a variety of other groups from the city to participate , and they marched down what today are Grant Avenue and Kearny Street carrying colorful flags , banners , lanterns , drums and firecrackers to drive away evil spirits . In San Francisco , over 100 units participate in the annual Chinese New Year Parade held since 1958 . The parade is attended by some 500,000 people along with another 3 million TV viewers . Europe ( edit ) London : Chinatown with Chinese New Year decoration In London , the celebrations take place throughout Chinatown , Leicester Square and Trafalgar Square . Festivities include a parade , cultural feast , fireworks , concerts and performances . The celebration attracts between 300,000 and 500,000 people yearly according to the organisers . In Paris , the celebrations are held since the 1980s in several districts during one month with many performances and the main of the three parades with 40 groups and 4,000 performers is attended alone by more than 200,000 people in the 13th arrondissement . India and Pakistan ( edit ) Chinese New Year 2014 Celebration in Kolkata The Chinese New Year celebrated in Kolkata The Chinese New Year celebrated in Kolkata Many celebrate the festival in Chinatown , Kolkata , India where a significant community of people of Chinese origin exists . In Kolkata , Chinese New Year is celebrated with lion and dragon dance . In Pakistan , the Chinese New Year is also celebrated among the sizable Chinese expatriate community that lives in the country . During the festival , the Chinese embassy in Islamabad arranges various cultural events in which Pakistani arts and cultural organizations and members of the civil society also participate . Greetings ( edit ) The Chinese New Year is often accompanied by loud , enthusiastic greetings , often referred to as 吉祥 話 ( jíxiánghuà ) in Mandarin or 吉利 說話 ( Kat Lei Seut Wa ) in Cantonese , loosely translated as auspicious words or phrases . New Year couplets printed in gold letters on bright red paper , referred to as chunlian ( 春聯 ) or fai chun ( 揮 春 ) , are another way of expressing auspicious new year wishes . They probably predate the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , but did not become widespread until then . Today , they are ubiquitous with Chinese New Year . Some of the most common greetings include : simplified Chinese : 新年 快乐 ; traditional Chinese : 新年 快樂 ; pinyin : Xīnniánkuàilè ; Jyutping : san1 nin4 faai3 lok6 ; Pe̍h - ōe - jī : Sin - nî khòai - lo̍k ; Hakka : Sin Ngen Kai Lok ; Taishanese : Slin Nen Fai Lok . A more contemporary greeting reflective of Western influences , it literally translates from the greeting `` Happy new year '' more common in the west . But in northern parts of China , traditionally people say simplified Chinese : 过年 好 ; traditional Chinese : 過年 好 ; pinyin : Guònián Hǎo instead of simplified Chinese : 新年 快乐 ; traditional Chinese : 新年 快樂 ( Xīnniánkuàile ) , to differentiate it from the international new year . And 過年 好 ( Guònián Hǎo ) can be used from the first day to the fifth day of Chinese New Year . However , 過年 好 ( Guònián Hǎo ) is considered very short and therefore somewhat discourteous . Gong Hei Fat Choi at Lee Theatre Plaza , Hong Kong simplified Chinese : 恭喜 发财 ; traditional Chinese : 恭喜 發財 ; pinyin : Gōngxǐfācái ; Hokkien : Kiong hee huat chai ( POJ : Kiong - hí hoat - châi ) ; Cantonese : Gung1 hei2 faat3 coi4 ; Hakka : Gung hee fatt choi , which loosely translates to `` Congratulations and be prosperous '' . Often mistakenly assumed to be synonymous with `` Happy New Year '' , its usage dates back several centuries . While the first two words of this phrase had a much longer historical significance ( legend has it that the congratulatory messages were traded for surviving the ravaging beast of Nian , in practical terms it may also have meant surviving the harsh winter conditions ) , the last two words were added later as ideas of capitalism and consumerism became more significant in Chinese societies around the world . The saying is now commonly heard in English speaking communities for greetings during Chinese New Year in parts of the world where there is a sizable Chinese - speaking community , including overseas Chinese communities that have been resident for several generations , relatively recent immigrants from Greater China , and those who are transit migrants ( particularly students ) . Numerous other greetings exist , some of which may be exclaimed out loud to no one in particular in specific situations . For example , as breaking objects during the new year is considered inauspicious , one may then say 歲 歲 平安 ( Suìsuì - píng'ān ) immediately , which means `` everlasting peace year after year '' . Suì ( 歲 ) , meaning `` age '' is homophonous with 碎 ( suì ) ( meaning `` shatter '' ) , in demonstration of the Chinese love for wordplay in auspicious phrases . Similarly , 年 年 有餘 ( niánnián yǒu yú ) , a wish for surpluses and bountiful harvests every year , plays on the word yú that can also refer to 魚 ( yú meaning fish ) , making it a catch phrase for fish - based Chinese new year dishes and for paintings or graphics of fish that are hung on walls or presented as gifts . The most common auspicious greetings and sayings consist of four characters , such as the following : 金玉 滿堂 Jīnyùmǎntáng -- `` May your wealth ( gold and jade ) come to fill a hall '' 大 展 鴻圖 Dàzhǎnhóngtú -- `` May you realize your ambitions '' 迎春 接 福 Yíngchúnjiēfú -- `` Greet the New Year and encounter happiness '' 萬事 如意 Wànshìrúyì -- `` May all your wishes be fulfilled '' 吉慶 有餘 Jíqìngyǒuyú -- `` May your happiness be without limit '' 竹 報 平安 Zhúbàopíng'ān -- `` May you hear ( in a letter ) that all is well '' 一本萬利 Yīběnwànlì -- `` May a small investment bring ten - thousandfold profits '' 福 壽 雙全 Fúshòushuāngquán -- `` May your happiness and longevity be complete '' 招財 進 寶 Zhāocáijìnbǎo -- `` When wealth is acquired , precious objects follow '' These greetings or phrases may also be used just before children receive their red packets , when gifts are exchanged , when visiting temples , or even when tossing the shredded ingredients of yusheng particularly popular in Malaysia and Singapore . Children and their parents can also pray in the temple , in hopes of getting good blessings for the new year to come . Children and teenagers sometimes jokingly use the phrase 恭喜 發財 , 紅包 拿 來 ( in Traditional Chinese ; Simplified Chinese : 恭喜 发财 , 红包 拿 来 ; Pinyin : gōngxǐfācái , hóngbāo nálái ; Cantonese : 恭喜 發財 , 利 是 逗 來 ; Jyutping : gung1 hei2 faat3 coi4 , lei6 si6 dau6 loi4 ) , roughly translated as `` Congratulations and be prosperous , now give me a red envelope ! '' . In Hakka the saying is more commonly said as ' Gung hee fatt choi , hung bao diu loi ' which would be written as 恭喜 發財 , 紅包 逗 來 -- a mixture of the Cantonese and Mandarin variants of the saying . Back in the 1960s , children in Hong Kong used to say 恭喜 發財 , 利 是 逗 來 , 斗 零 唔 愛 ( Cantonese , Gung Hei Fat Choy , Lai Si Tau Loi , Tau Ling M Ngoi ) , which was recorded in the pop song Kowloon Hong Kong by Reynettes in 1966 . Later in the 1970s , children in Hong Kong used the saying : 恭喜 發財 , 利 是 逗 來 , 伍 毫 嫌 少 , 壹 蚊 唔 愛 ( Cantonese ) , roughly translated as , `` Congratulations and be prosperous , now give me a red envelope , fifty cents is too little , do n't want a dollar either . '' It basically meant that they disliked small change -- coins which were called `` hard substance '' ( Cantonese : 硬 嘢 ) . Instead , they wanted `` soft substance '' ( Cantonese : 軟 嘢 ) , which was either a ten dollar or a twenty dollar note . See also ( edit ) Overseas Chinese Lunar New Year fireworks display in Hong Kong The Birthday of Che Kung Celebrations of Lunar New Year in other parts of Asia : Korean New Year ( Seollal ) Japanese New Year ( Shōgatsu ) Mongolian New Year ( Tsagaan Sar ) Tibetan New Year ( Losar ) Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) Similar Asian Lunisolar New Year celebrations that occur in April : Burmese New Year ( Thingyan ) Cambodian New Year ( Chaul Chnam Thmey ) Lao New Year ( Pii Mai ) Sri Lankan New Year ( Aluth Avuruddu ) Thai New Year ( Songkran ) Chinese New Year Gregorian Holiday in Malaysia Malaysia Chinese New Year Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Asia welcomes lunar New Year '' . BBC . 1 February 2003 . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : 中國 古代 歲 首 分 那 幾 種 ? 各 以 何 為 起點 ? ( In ancient China , how to decide the starting point of a year ? ) ( in Chinese ) . Central Weather Bureau . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ And extremely rarely , 21 February , such as in 2033 , the first occurrence since the 1645 calendar reform -- Helmer Aslaksen , `` The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar '' Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year 2011 '' . VisitSingapore.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Festivals , Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius '' . Mauritius Tourism Authority . Archived from the original on 11 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines adds Chinese New Year to holidays -- Yahoo ! News Philippines '' . Ph.news.yahoo.com. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Updated 3 December 2011 -- 12 : 00 am ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` List of nationwide holidays for 2014 The Official Gazette '' . gov.ph . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year '' . History . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Aslaksen , Helmer ( July 17 , 2010 ) , The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar ( PDF ) , National University of Singapore Jump up ^ Chiu , Lisa . `` The History of Chinese New Year '' . About.com . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year Calendar '' . Chinese New Year . chinesenewyears.info . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See Chinese calendar for details and references . Jump up ^ `` The Origin of Lunar New Year and the legend of Nian '' . Ancient Origins. 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy Holidays '' . Embassy of the United States : Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei Darussalam . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General holidays for 2018 '' . Hong Kong Government . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Public Holidays in Indonesia '' . AngloINFO , the global expat network : INDONESIA . AngloINFO Limited . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Schedule '' . Embassy of the United States : Jakarta , Indonesia . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays in 2014 '' . Macao SARG Portal . Macao SAR of the People 's Republic of China . 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Public Holiday Calendar '' . TravelChinaGuide . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Schedule '' . Embassy of the United States : Beijing , China . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jadual hari kelepasan am persekutuan 2012 '' ( Federal Public Holiday Schedule 2012 ) ( PDF ) ( in Malay ) . Putrajaya , Malaysia : Jabatan Perdana Menteri ( Department of the Prime Minister ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HOLIDAYS '' . Embassy of the United States : Kuala Lumpur , Mayalsia . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation No. 831 , s . 2014 by the President of the Philippines , Declaring the Regular Holidays , Special ( Non-Working ) Days , and Special Holiday ( for all Schools ) for the Year 2015 '' ( Press release ) . Malacañang Palace , Manila : Republic of the Philippines . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of nationwide holidays for 2015 '' . Official Gazette . Republic of the Philippines . 23 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Before You Go : Useful Information : Public Holidays '' . Taiwan , the heart of Asia . Tourism Bureau , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Chinese Lunar year : Lunar New Year 's Eve ; 1st , 2nd , 3rd of the 1st month by lunar calendar Jump up ^ 2015 Work Calendar ( Revised Version ) , Directorate - General of Personnel Administration , 27 October 2014 , archived from the original on 23 September 2015 Jump up ^ `` AIT Offices to Close for Multiple Holidays in February '' ( Press release ) . American Institute in Taiwan . 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Public Holidays 2013 '' ( Press release ) . Ministry of Manpower , Government of Singapore . 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Holidays '' . Embassy of the United States : Singapore . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Li Ren ( 2003 ) . `` Imagining China in the Era of Global Consumerism and Local Consciousness : Media , Mobility , and the Spring Festival '' . PhD thesis , College of Communications , Ohio University . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Edited for grammar . Jump up ^ Bodde , Derk . Festivals in Classical China : New Year and other Annual Observances during the Han Dynasty , Princeton University Press , 1975 , pp. 49 ff . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Kong , Shiu L. Chinese Culture and Lore . HK : University of Toronto Press , 1989 , p. 48 Jump up ^ `` ¬ K _̧ ' '' ... ctps.tp.edu.tw . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( 赤 狗 日 ) '' . 140.111. 34.46 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz and Brandauer , Folk Religion in an Urban Setting , Hong Kong , 1969 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Greg . `` Chinese New Year Traditions '' . About.com . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lin Meirong ( 2011 ) . `` Jade Emperor '' . Encyclopedia of Taiwan . Council for Cultural Affairs . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Conceicao , Jeanne Louise ( 2009 ) . `` Hokkien community '' . Singapore Infopedia . National Library Board Singapore . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands throw oranges to mark Chap Goh Meh '' . Thestar.com.my. 1 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Thianchai Iamworamet . Chinese - Thai Dictionary . Bangkok : Ruamsarn , 1998 . page 73 , 272 . ( เธียร ชัย เอี่ยม วร เมธ . พจนานุกรม จีน - ไทย . กรุงเทพฯ : รวม สาส์น , 2541 . หน้า 73 , 272 . ) ISBN 978 - 974 - 246 - 307 - 6 Jump up ^ Symbolic Foods Of Chinese New Year -- Hungry History Jump up ^ Huang , Wei ; Xie , Ying ( January 2012 ) . `` The New Year That Was n't '' . NewsChina . NewsChinaMagazine . Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Alice K. Chinese New Year . Compass Point Books . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ofw chinese new year things to remember '' ( PDF ) . South East Asia Group ( an agency introducing foreign workers to work in Taiwan ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ 家庭 外 傭 過年 習俗 應 注意 事項 ( JPEG ) ( in Chinese , Vietnamese , Indonesian , Thai , and English ) . South East Asia Group . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Culture : New Years -- Cantonese Culture Notes and Phrases '' . chinese-lessons.com . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ David ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Green Hat a No - No '' . Jump up ^ Mack , Lauren ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Chinese Gift - Giving : What Not to Buy -- Avoid These Chinese Gift - Giving Blunders '' . About.com . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Firecrackers '' . Infopedia.nlb.gov.sg. 15 April 1999 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing to loose 12 - year ban on firecrackers '' . People 's Daily . 20 July 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ This is the figure given by the China Daily , citing the official news agency Xinhua . However , some caution should be exercised over it : although a small proportion of Beijing 's population , it is ten times the normal population of Miyun County . Mandarin handles large numbers differently from English , so translation errors are common . Jump up ^ `` Rumors of fireworks display lead to stampede '' . China Daily . 11 February 2004 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Soulprints : 1970 '' . BOOKSOUL . BOOKSOUL International Pte Ltd. 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Chingay Past '' . Chingay Parade Singapore . 2006 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Peer , Akbur M. ( 2002 ) . Policing Singapore in the 19th and 20th centuries . Singapore Police Force . p. 100 . ISBN 981 - 04 - 7024 - X . Jump up ^ Chin , Ava ( 17 February 2007 ) . `` Can you pig it ? New York goes hog - wild for Chinese New Year '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 19 February 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 新年 好 ( xīnniánhǎo ) Happy New Year '' . eChineseLearning.com . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wood , Frances . `` The Boxer Rebellion , 1900 : A Selection of Books , Prints and Photographs '' . British Library . Retrieved 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ China 's holiday rush begins early , BBC Jump up ^ Shan , Shelley ( 7 January 2012 ) . `` Ministry warns of heavy Lunar New Year holiday traffic '' . Taipei Times . Lee , I - chia ( 25 January 2012 ) . `` Despite rain , millions hit the road '' . Taipei Times . Lee , I - chia ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` Early start beats tolls and congestion as holiday ends '' . Taipei Times ... total traffic volume on Friday was 2.7 million vehicles , about 1.7 times the average daily traffic volume of about 1.6 million . `` We estimate the total traffic volume ( yesterday ) was between 2.1 million and 2.3 million vehicles , '' Chen said . `` Northbound traffic volume was much higher than southbound and peak hours were between 3 pm and 6 pm . '' Jump up ^ Chinese New Year parade doomed as Baird government 's new route ' too narrow ' for floats Jump up ^ `` London -- Chinese New Year -- `` The largest celebrations outside of Asia '' `` . BBC . 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kim , Ryan ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Year of the Tiger off to roaring start at parade '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year in Southeast Asia '' . Goseasia.about.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore in spring : Chinatown Chinese New Year Celebrations 2010 '' . VisitSingapore.com . Archived from the original on 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chingay Parade Singapore 2011 '' . VisitSingapore.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chinggay Parade 2011 Highlights '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . `` Chinggay Parade 2011 Highlights '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang - Yau Hoon ( 2009 ) . `` The politics of Imlek '' . Inside Indonesia . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ AFP ( 22 January 2012 ) . `` Chinese - Indonesians celebrate once - forbidden roots '' . Taipei Times . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Sydney Chinese New Year Twilight Parade '' . sydneychinesenewyear.com. 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City of Sydney Official Chinese New Year Website '' . Cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au. 1 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year in Australia '' . www.chinesenewyear.net.au . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ East Meets West Lunar New Year Festival Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year Festival , Wellington New Zealand '' . Chinesenewyear.co.nz . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tourists flock for Year of the Rooster '' . www.odt.co.nz. 28 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Airlines Chinese New Year Parade in San Francisco '' . Chineseparade.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Dragon Parade '' . Chinese Chamber of Commerce of Los Angeles . 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Heather . `` Chinese Lunar New Year in New York City : 2015 -- Do n't miss out on Lunar New Year festivities in NYC '' . About.com . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Chinatown , Boston '' . Chinatown Main Street . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce Events '' . Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Realizarán desfile en DF por Año Nuevo chino '' . El Universal . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year Parade in Vancouver '' . Seechinatown.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Rhein , Jamie ( 16 February 2007 ) . `` A Chinese New Year Parade in Butte , Montana ? Sure '' . Gadling.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fireworks Fly on Hudson River For Chinese Lunar New Year '' . CBSNewYork. 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` With Lunar New Year Show , Another Link to China for a New York Fireworks Family '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Harris , Elizabeth A. ; Grynbaum , Michael M. ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Mayor de Blasio to Make Lunar New Year a School Holiday '' . New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year festival & Parade '' . chineseparade.com. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best San Francisco Bay Area Events , Weekends & Festivals 2013 '' . hiddensf.com. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year 2013 -- Year of the Snake starts in style '' . chinatownlondon.org. 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London 's Chinese New Year is More Chinese than Ever Before '' . londonnet.co.uk. 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le Nouvel An Chinois à Paris 2013 '' . sortiraparis.com. 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le Nouvel An Chinois '' . mairie13.paris.fr. 2 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le grand défilé du Nouvel An Chinois '' . mairie13.paris.fr. 2 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Iqbal , Myra ( 15 February 2013 ) . `` Chinese New Year : Celebrating spring and all it brings '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese new year : Pakistan in photo show '' . The Express Tribune . 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CELEBRATING THE CHINESE NEW YEAR WITH THE PAKISTAN - CHINA INSTITUTE '' . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year celebrated in Islamabad '' . CCTV English . 15 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 22 References ( edit ) Welch , Patricia Bjaaland ( 1997 ) . Chinese New Year . Oxford University Press . External links ( edit ) Media related to Chinese New Year at Wikimedia Commons Public holidays in China Golden weeks Spring Festival National Day Other holidays New Year 's Day Lantern Festival Qingming Festival Workers ' Day Duanwu Festival Mid-Autumn Festival Public holidays in Hong Kong New Year 's Day Lunar New Year ( first 3 days of the period ) Ching Ming Festival Good Friday Holy Saturday Easter Monday Buddha 's Birthday Labour Day Tuen Ng Festival Hong Kong SAR Establishment Day Mid-Autumn Festival PRC National Day Chung Yeung Festival Christmas Day Boxing Day Cancelled Queen 's Birthday Liberation Day Double Ten Day Remembrance Day Chinese New Year Culture of China Topics Nian Lion dance Dragon dance New Year picture Red envelope Reunion dinner Fireworks Firecracker Chinese dragon Fu Food Nian gao Spring pancake Jiaozi Bakkwa Buddha 's delight Fa gao Fat choy Yau gok Kralan Kuih Lotus seed Pineapple tart Squab Taro cake Turnip cake Yusheng Melon seed Mandarin orange Fish Other CCTV New Year 's Gala Chinese calendar Chunyun Color in Chinese culture San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade Golden Week China portal Holidays portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_New_Year&oldid=826708824 '' Categories : Buddhist holidays Chinese New Year Chinese - Australian culture Non-Gregorian January observances Non-Gregorian February observances New Year celebrations Public holidays in China Public holidays in Malaysia Observances set by the Chinese calendar Winter events in China Winter holidays ( Northern Hemisphere ) Summer holidays ( Southern Hemisphere ) Hidden categories : CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Malay - language sources ( ms ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Thai - language sources ( th ) Articles containing Chinese - language text Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 16 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | chinese new year what is it the year of | [
"Chinese New Year,[2] also known as the Spring Festival (simplified Chinese: 春节; traditional Chinese: 春節; pinyin: Chūn Jié) in modern China, and one of the Lunar New Years in Asia, is an important Chinese festival celebrated at the turn of the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar. Celebrations traditionally run from the evening preceding the first day, to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first calendar month. The first day of the New Year falls on the new moon between the 21st of January and 20th of February[3] In 2018, the first day of the Lunar New Year was on Friday, 16 February, initiating the year of the Dog."
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"year of the Dog"
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5166468628455186597 | Stockout | Stockout - wikipedia Stockout Jump to : navigation , search A stockout , or out - of - stock ( OOS ) event is an event that causes inventory to be exhausted . While out - of - stocks can occur along the entire supply chain , the most visible kind are retail out - of - stocks in the fast - moving consumer goods industry ( e.g. , sweets , diapers , fruits ) . Stockouts are the opposite of overstocks , where too much inventory is retained . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extent 2 Causes 3 Shopper response 4 Impact 5 Identifying and reducing retail out - of - stocks 6 Sources 7 See also Extent ( edit ) The global average of retail out - of - stocks is 8.3 % . This means that shoppers will have a 42 % chance of fulfilling a ten - item shopping list without encountering a stockout . Despite the initiatives designed to improve the collaboration of retailers and their suppliers , such as Efficient Consumer Response ( ECR ) , and despite the increasing use of new technologies such as radio - frequency identification ( RFID ) and point - of - sales data analytics , this situation has improved little over the past decades . Causes ( edit ) Recent surveys on retail out - of - stocks suggests that instore operations are fundamental to reducing retail out - of - stocks . Around 70 - 90 % of stockouts are caused by defective shelf replenishment practices , as opposed to the 10 - 30 % resulting from the upstream supply chain , such as a shortage of supply from a supplier . This broad knowledge offers retailers the opportunity to improve on - shelf availability through internal measures . However , it requires a detailed understanding of the causes for out - of - stocks . A shortage of working capital may limit the value of orders that can be placed each month . This could be caused by poor cash flow management or other inventory issues such as too much cash tied up in high levels of excess . Shopper response ( edit ) Stockouts frustrate shoppers and force them to take a number of corrective actions that are beyond the retailer 's control . Understanding how consumers respond to stockouts is therefore the starting point for retailers who wish to improve on - shelf availability . When shoppers are unable to find an item that they had intended to purchase , they might switch stores , purchase substitute items ( brand switch , size switch , category switch ) , postpone their purchase or decide not to buy the item at all . Although these responses differ in severity , each entails negative consequences for retailers . Stockouts cause lost sales , dissatisfy shoppers , diminish store loyalty , jeopardize marketing efforts , and obstruct sales planning , because substitution disguises true demand . Moreover , shopper surveys reveal stockouts to currently be the most prevalent annoyance to shoppers . Shoppers spend a considerable amount of time looking for and asking for out - of - stock items . Shopper response to stockouts has been investigated by researchers with respect to cognitive response ( e.g. perceived availability ) , affective response ( e.g. store satisfaction ) , behavioural response ( e.g. brand switching ) and aggregated response in terms of category sales effects . Studies find shopper response to out - of stocks depends on brand - related antecedents ( e.g. brand equity ) , product and category - related antecedents ( hedonic level ) , store - related antecedents ( e.g. service or price - oriented ) , shopper - related antecedents ( e.g. shopper age ) and situational antecedents ( e.g. purchase urgency ) . Impact ( edit ) Depending on the shopper response to an out - of - stock , manufacturer and retailer incur various losses . Both manufacturer and retailer face a direct loss of the potential sale when a consumer faces an out - of - stock because the shopper purchases the item at another store or does not purchase it at all . Additionally , when a substitution is made , the retailer also loses an additional portion of the potential sale because the shopper tends to switch to smaller and / or cheaper substitutes . In addition to the direct losses , both the retailer and the manufacturer incur additional indirect losses due to decreased customer satisfaction that results in less overall reliance on the particular retailers and brands . When an out - of - stock leads to purchase at another store , this provides the consumer an opportunity to try a different store . Consumer behavior theory argues that trial precedes adoption , and , thus , an out - of - stock sets the stage for possible permanent store switching . When an out - of - stock leads to purchase of a competing brand , the consumer trial can lead to possible permanent brand switching as well . Research findings show that a typical retailer loses about 4 percent of sales due to having items out - of - stock . A loss of sales of 4 percent translates into an earnings per share loss of about $0.012 ( 1.2 cents ) for the average firm in the grocery retailing sector , where the average earnings per share , already is about $0.25 ( 25 cents ) per year . Identifying and reducing retail out - of - stocks ( edit ) Identification of stock levels can reduce out - of - stocks . The traditional method is to perform a manual audit of the store and manually look for `` gaps '' on the shelves . Due to differing sales velocities and replenishment schedules , the effectiveness of manual stockout audits depends heavily on their frequency and timing , and on avoiding human counting errors . A second method makes use of point - of - sale data or , more specifically , scanner data . Based upon historical sales data , the latency period between sales is taken as a gauge of whether an item is on the shelf . It is a preferred method for investigating fast - selling retail items , such as soda cans . Out - of - stocks may also be identified by using inventory data , depending on its accuracy . Finally , various types of technology , such as RFID , shelf stoppers and weight or light sensors , can be used . However , these technologies are so far not equipped to monitor the condition of the retail items ( e.g. undamaged labels ) . Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gruen , Thomas W. and Daniel Corsten ( 2008 ) , A Comprehensive Guide to Retail Out - of - Stock Reduction in the Fast - Moving Consumer Goods Industry , Grocery Manufacturers of America , Washington , DC , ISBN 978 - 3 - 905613 - 04 - 9 . http://itsoutofstock.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/OOS-Guide-2008-Revision.pdf Jump up ^ Aastrup , J. and Kotzab , H. ( 2010 ) , `` Forty years of out - of - stock research -- and shelves are still empty '' , International Review of Retail , Distribution & Consumer Research , Vol. 20 No. 1 , pp. 147 - 64 . ^ Jump up to : Gruen , Thomas W. , Daniel Corsten and Sundar Bharadwaj ( 2002 ) . Retail Out of Stocks : A Worldwide Examination of Causes , Rates , and Consumer Responses . Washington , D.C. : Grocery Manufacturers of America . http://itsoutofstock.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/GMA_2002_-Worldwide_OOS_Study.pdf Jump up ^ McKinnon , A.C. , Mendes , D. and Nabateh , M. ( 2007 ) , `` In - store logistics : an analysis of on - shelf availability and stockout response for three product groups '' , International Journal of Logistics : Research and Applications , Vol. 10 No. 3 , pp. 251 - 68 . Jump up ^ Rajaram , K. and Tang , C.S. ( 2001 ) , `` The impact of product substitution on retail merchandising '' , European Journal of Operational Research , Vol. 135 No. 3 , pp. 582 - 601 . Jump up ^ Campo , K. , Gijsbrechts , E. and Nisol , P. ( 2003 ) , `` The impact of retailer stockouts on whether , how much , and what to buy '' , International Journal of Research in Marketing , Vol. 20 No. 3 , pp. 273 - 86 . Jump up ^ EMFI ( 2008 ) , Consumer Trends , Leusden , The Netherlands . Jump up ^ Zinn , W. and Liu , P.C. ( 2008 ) , `` A comparison of actual and intended consumer behavior in response to retail stockouts '' , Journal of Business Logistics , Vol. 29 No. 2 , pp. 141 - 59 . Jump up ^ Sloot , L.M. , Verhoef , P.C. and Franses , P.H. ( 2005 ) , `` The impact of brand equity and the hedonic level of products on consumer stock - out reactions '' , Journal of Retailing , Vol. 81 No. 1 , pp. 15 - 34 . Jump up ^ Ehrenthal , J.C.F. , Gruen , T.W. , & Hofstetter , J.S. ( 2012 ) . Value - attenuation in distribution networks : Insights from a service dominant - logic perspective on retail out - of - stocks . Presented at 2012 AMA Winter Marketing Educator 's Conference , St. Petersburg , FL , USA . http://itsoutofstock.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/WE_AMA2012_Vale-attenuation_EhrenthalGruenHofstetter.pdf Jump up ^ Ehrenthal , J.C.F. , & Stölzle , W. ( 2011 ) . Improving On - Shelf Availability Through Store - Level Root Cause Analysis : LOG - HSG . Jump up ^ Papakiriakopoulos , D. , Pramatari , K. and Doukidis , G. ( 2009 ) , `` A decision support system for detecting products missing from the shelf based on heuristic rules '' , Decision Support Systems , Vol. 46 , pp. 685 - 94 . Jump up ^ Raman , A. , DeHoratius , N. and Ton , Z. ( 2001 ) , `` Execution : the missing link in retail operations '' , California Management Review , Vol. 43 No. 3 , pp. 136 - 52 . See also ( edit ) Backorder Cannibalization DMSMS Just in time ( business ) Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition Safety stock Service level Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stockout&oldid=788480786 '' Categories : Scarcity Supply chain management terms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017 , at 17 : 19 . About Wikipedia | what problems may occur if the merchandise inventory is too low | [
"A stockout, or out-of-stock (OOS) event is an event that causes inventory to be exhausted. While out-of-stocks can occur along the entire supply chain, the most visible kind are retail out-of-stocks in the fast-moving consumer goods industry (e.g., sweets, diapers, fruits). Stockouts are the opposite of overstocks, where too much inventory is retained."
] | [
"stockout, or out-of-stock"
] |
-2100500488818401802 | Cam Brainard | Cam Brainard - Wikipedia Cam Brainard Jump to : navigation , search Cam `` Buzz '' Brainard Cameron Duane Brainard ( 1962 - 05 - 21 ) May 21 , 1962 ( age 55 ) Clio , Michigan , United States Education Central Michigan University Occupation Voice over artist , broadcaster , host Television Disney Channel This Week in Baseball Travel Channel Spouse ( s ) Sandy Brainard Children Hank Brainard Cam `` Buzz '' Brainard ( born Cameron Duane Brainard ; May 21 , 1962 ) is an American voice actor , narrator , and radio personality , originally from Clio , Michigan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Voice Over Talent 2 SiriusXM The Highway 3 Acting 4 Personal life 5 References 6 External links Voice over talent ( edit ) As a voice talent , Brainard is known as the main announcer for the Disney Channel from July 2001 until 2016 . He first gained notoriety as the `` smart aleck '' narrator with a cult - following on the syndicated television show Maximum Exposure , also known as `` Max X . '' As a sports announcer , Brainard hosted `` This Week In Baseball '' on FOX ( taking over for the late Mel Allen ) from 2000 until the show ended its run after more than 30 years in 2011 . He also narrated `` Breed All About It '' for Animal Planet and was the promo voice for the TV series Friends in syndication . He took over the voice of Rotor the Walrus on the ABC Television show Sonic the Hedgehog during its run . Currently , Brainard is the voice of television 's `` World Access '' on the Travel Channel , as well as many television and radio commercials . Audiences also hear his voice on more than 500 radio stations in the U.S. and Canada , and growing . His formats range from AC to Hot AC , Christian Radio to Country , and from Rock to Adult Hits . SiriusXM the Highway ( edit ) Brainard has one of the largest daily audiences of any country music radio personality in North America , as the weekday afternoon host on `` The Highway , '' SiriusXM radio 's new country channel 56 based in Nashville . As of Winter 2014 , Sirius XM had 27 million subscribers . With a live audience of hundreds weekly , Cam `` Buzz Brainard '' hosts the `` Music Row Happy Hour '' on SiriusXM The Highway most Friday afternoons from Jimmy Buffett 's Margaritaville Cafe in downtown Nashville . He is credited with discovering a number of country music hitmakers . As host of the weekly SiriusXM music discovery program `` On The Horizon , '' Brainard showcases unsigned and up - and - coming country artists . Los Angeles radio audiences were the first to hear `` Buzz Brainard '' as co-host of the Morning show on KZLA - FM . Later , he hosted the syndicated `` Music City Saturday Night '' show and `` GAC Nights Radio '' live from Nashville . Acting ( edit ) Acting credits include Clear and Present Danger , Face / Off , Parting Glances and The Net . Personal life ( edit ) Brainard was born in Clio , Michigan and raised in Flint , Michigan . He married with Sandy Brainard and together they have a son , Hank . He was educated at the prestigious Central Michigan University . He used to resides in Los Angeles , California and Nashville , Tennessee . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roose , Bill ( April 13 , 2013 ) `` Voice actor , narrator is biggest Wing 's fan in Nashville '' Brainard was also an announcer for Cartoon Network 's Juicy Drop Pop Giveaway in 2004 . http://redwings.nhl.com/club/blogpostprint.htm?id=16391 The Wheel Deal , Retrieved August 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/upfront-central/upfront-2014-travel-channel-greenlights-10-original-series/130198 Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( January 7 , 2015 ) `` SiriusXM Tops 2014 Targets , but 2015 Guidance Comes Up Short - Satellite Radio Company Ends 2014 with 27.3 Million Subscribers '' https://www.wsj.com/articles/siriusxm-tops-2014-targets-but-2015-guidance-comes-up-short-1420633678 Retrieved January 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.wxyz.com/entertainment/music/stephen-clark/buzz-brainard-uses-his-radio-siriusxm-radio-show-to-find-the-next-big-thing-in-music Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/satellite-radio-siriusxm-highway-breaks-countrys-next-big-stars-20150105 Jump up ^ http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/70895/superadio-launches-music-city-saturday-night Jump up ^ http://www.bizjournals.com/nashville/stories/2007/12/10/daily29.html External links ( edit ) Cam Brainard on IMDb Cam `` Buzz '' Brainard at Sirius / XM The Highway , Nashville , TN ( hide ) This Week in Baseball Hosts Mel Allen Cam Brainard Warner Fusselle Ozzie Smith Contributors Jennie Finch Tommy Lasorda Seasons Original run 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 Fox revival Production Jeff Scott Joe Reichler Mike Vickers Related shows The Baseball Bunch Fox Saturday Baseball Major League Baseball Game of the Week NBC Game of the Week Key affiliates O&O NBC stations KTTV ( Los Angeles ) WGN Chicago WTBS ( Atlanta ) WWOR ( New York ) RSNs PASS ( Detroit ) Sportsnet ( Toronto ) This article about an American voice actor born in the 1960s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cam_Brainard&oldid=797140487 '' Categories : 1962 births Living people People from Clio , Michigan American male voice actors American voice actor , 1960s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Place of birth missing ( living people ) All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 05 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the guy who voiced disney channel | [
"\n\nCam \"Buzz\" Brainard\n\n\nBorn\nCameron Duane Brainard\n(1962-05-21) May 21, 1962 (age 55)\nClio, Michigan, United States\n\n\nEducation\nCentral Michigan University\n\n\nOccupation\nVoice over artist, broadcaster, host\n\n\nTelevision\nDisney Channel\nThis Week in Baseball\nTravel Channel\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nSandy Brainard\n\n\nChildren\nHank Brainard\n\n",
"\n\nCam \"Buzz\" Brainard\n\n\nBorn\nCameron Duane Brainard\n(1962-05-21) May 21, 1962 (age 55)\nClio, Michigan, United States\n\n\nEducation\nCentral Michigan University\n\n\nOccupation\nVoice over artist, broadcaster, host\n\n\nTelevision\nDisney Channel\nThis Week in Baseball\nTravel Channel\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nSandy Brainard\n\n\nChildren\nHank Brainard\n\n"
] | [
"Cameron",
"\"Buzz\" Brainard"
] |
2168997129720163989 | Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series) | Dancing with the Stars ( Irish TV series ) - wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( Irish TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the current series , see Dancing with the Stars ( Irish series 2 ) . Dancing with the Stars Genre Talent show Created by Fenia Vardanis Richard Hopkins Karen Smith Presented by Amanda Byram Nicky Byrne Judges Julian Benson Loraine Barry Brian Redmond Darren Bennett Voices of Jack Boylan Country of origin Republic of Ireland Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 24 ( as of 25th March 2018 ) Production Location ( s ) Ardmore Studios Running time 120 minutes Production company ( s ) ShinAwil Release Original network RTÉ One Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Original release 8 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 08 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Strictly Come Dancing Dancing with the Stars Dancing with the Stars is an Irish reality television series , airing on RTÉ One that started on 8 January 2017 , hosted by Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne . The show is based on the original UK version , and is part of the Dancing with the Stars franchise . The judging panel consists of Julian Benson , Loraine Barry and Brian Redmond . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Format 2.1 Judges and hosts 2.2 Professional dancers and their partners 3 Main series results 3.1 Series 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Series 2 ( 2018 ) 4 References 5 External links Production ( edit ) In August 2016 , it was confirmed that RTÉ One would broadcast an Irish version of Dancing with the Stars , which would replace the successful The Voice of Ireland , which was cancelled in order for the broadcaster to order the new show . A producer of the show commented , `` We 've got fantastic production people in Ireland who , I believe , deliver a show that 's comparable with any of those shows on a fraction of the budget . So we 're looking forward to the task of doing this equally the same way . '' It became quickly apparent that the television studios at RTE Television Centre in Dublin were too small for the large scale production of Dancing with the Stars would require , with the largest television studio at RTE Studio 4 at 6,525 Sq Ft would be too small and so the production have had to be based in Ardmore Studios located in County Wicklow , whose largest studio there are 15,000 Sq Ft . Format ( edit ) The format of the series follows celebrities being paired up with professional dancers , who perform predetermined dances each week for judges ' scores and public votes , with the couple with the lowest amount of points being eliminated , until the winning couple remains . Judges and hosts ( edit ) On 18 December 2016 , RTÉ confirmed that Julian Benson , Loraine Barry and Brian Redmond would be the judges on the programme . Creative producer Darren Bennett stood in for Benson , during week five , six , seven and eight , who was absent due to illness . People in the running to be host of the show included former Westlife musician and 2012 Strictly Come Dancing contestant Nicky Byrne ; as well as popular radio host Ray D'Arcy , though D'Arcy ruled himself out of the running in August 2016 . In October 2016 , it was reported that Marty Whelan had auditioned to host the show . In November , it was reported that Amanda Byram had been selected as one of the hosts . In December , it was confirmed that Byrne would host alongside Byram . It was also confirmed that Bláthnaid Treacy would be hosting RTÉ Two spin - off show , Ca n't Stop Dancing , airing on Friday nights before the live shows . Professional dancers and their partners ( edit ) ( hide ) Professional Average Series 1 Series 2 Curtis Pritchard 17.8 Thalia Heffernan Norah Casey Emily Barker 19.9 Hughie Maughan Rob Heffernan Giulia Dotta 20.6 Des Bishop Tomás O'Leary John Nolan 21.5 Teresa Mannion Deirdre O'Kane Kai Widdrington 24 Katherine Lynch Anna Geary Karen Byrne 22.2 Des Cahill Jake Carter Ksenia Zsikhotska 20.2 Dayl Cronin Marty Morrissey Robert Rowiński 16.8 N / A Maia Dunphy Ryan McShane 25.6 Denise McCormack Erin McGregor Sean Smullen 14.3 Dr. Eva Orsmond N / A Valeria Milova 20.7 Aidan O'Mahony Bernard O'Shea Vitali Kozmin 25.8 Aoibhín Garrihy Alannah Beirne Key : Winner of the series Second place Third place First elimination of the series Withdrew in the series Participating in current series Week 7 of Series 1 and Week 6 of Series 2 was ' Switch - Up Week ' in which the celebrities danced with different pros for one week only . The table above reflects this as it excludes each pro 's regular celebrity partner 's Switch - Up Week score and includes their Switch - Up Week partner 's score . Main series results ( edit ) Series Premiere date Finale date Number of couples Number of weeks Winners Runners - up 8 January 2017 26 March 2017 11 12 Aidan O'Mahony & Valeria Milova Aoibhín Garrihy & Vitali Kozmin Denise McCormack & Ryan McShane 7 January 2018 25 March 2018 Jake Carter & Karen Byrne Anna Geary & Kai Widdrington Deirdre O'Kane & John Nolan Series 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Dancing with the Stars ( Irish series 1 ) The first series of Dancing with the Stars started on 8 January 2017 and finished on 26 March 2017 . Series 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Dancing with the Stars ( Irish series 2 ) The second series began on 7 January 2018 and finished on 25 March 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Curran , Sarah ( 21 October 2016 ) . `` Marty Whelan Auditions to Host Dancing with the Stars ! '' . RSVP Magazine . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Entertainment.ie ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` Irish ' Dancing with the Stars ' have reportedly chosen their host '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Dancing with the Stars to take centre stage on RTÉ One '' . RTÉ . ^ Jump up to : O'Donnell , Áine ( 18 December 2016 ) . `` The judges for Dancing With The Stars have been REVEALED - Goss '' . goss.ie . ^ Jump up to : RTE One ( @ RTEOne ) ( 18 December 2016 ) . `` / / Meet the Judges / / We can finally introduce you to our # DWTSIrl judges - Julian Benson , Brian Redmond & Loraine ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` RTÉ drops The Voice for Dancing with the Stars '' . RTÉ . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ardmore.ie/stages Jump up ^ `` The host of RTE 's Dancing with the Stars has been CONFIRMED '' . 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Byram , Byrne ' so excited ' to host Irish Dancing with the Stars '' . RTÉ. 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nicky Byrne and Amanda Byram confirm they 're hosting Dancing With The Stars '' . Irish Independent . 6 December 2016 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars cha chas to second series '' . RTÉ. 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deirdre O'Kane to waltz her way onto DWTS in January '' . RTÉ. 3 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dancing with the Stars ( Ireland ) Series Winners Aidan O'Mahony Jake Carter International versions of Dancing with the Stars United Kingdom ( original ) Albania Argentina Australia Austria Brazil Globo RecordTV Bulgaria Chile Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece India Ireland Israel Macedonia Mexico New Zealand Norway Pakistan Peru Poland Romania Serbia Slovakia South Africa SABC M - Net South Korea Spain Sweden Thailand Ukraine United States English Junior Spanish Vietnam Home - produced entertainment on RTÉ Television Late - night talk The Big Interview Later with Clate McKeown Lifelines The Lucy Kennedy Show The Panel The Podge and Rodge Show Ryan Confidential Quizzes All Kinds of Everything Blackboard Jungle Brendan O'Carroll's Hot Milk and Pepper Challenging Times Jackpot The Lyrics Board Know Your Sport Know The Score Play the Game Quicksilver Rapid Roulette Where in the World ? Who Knows Ireland Best ? Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Reality At Your Service Cabin Fever Celebrity Farm Charity Lords of the Ring Fáilte Towers Operation Transformation Room to Improve Stars Go Racing Variety The All Ireland Talent Show The Brendan Grace Show Dancing with the Stars Davis at Large The Late Late Show The Live Mike Ryantown Secrets Trom agus Éadrom The Voice of Ireland You 're a Star See also Navigational box for home - produced comic programming Navigational box for home - produced drama Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(Irish_TV_series)&oldid=842517523 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars ( Irish TV series ) 2017 Irish television series debuts Irish reality television series RTÉ television programmes 2010s Irish television series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2017 Pages using infobox television with alias parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 23 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is dancing with the stars ireland recorded | [
"It became quickly apparent that the television studios at RTE Television Centre in Dublin were too small for the large scale production of Dancing with the Stars would require, with the largest television studio at RTE Studio 4 at 6,525 Sq Ft would be too small and so the production have had to be based in Ardmore Studios located in County Wicklow, whose largest studio there are 15,000 Sq Ft.[7]"
] | [
"Ardmore Studios located in County Wicklow"
] |
1478358317623098015 | MTV | MTV - wikipedia MTV Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the main MTV channel . For other channels related to MTV , see List of MTV channels . For other uses , see MTV ( disambiguation ) . MTV Launched August 1 , 1981 ; 36 years ago ( 1981 - 08 - 01 ) Owned by Viacom Picture format 1080i 480i Country United States Language English Headquarters New York City , New York Formerly called Music Television ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Website mtv.com Availability Satellite DirecTV 331 ( SD / HD ) 1331 ( VOD ) Dish Network 160 ( SD / HD ) 1333 ( HD ) Cable Available on many US cable providers Check local listings for channel numbers IPTV Verizon Fios 210 ( SD ) 710 ( HD ) AT&T U-verse 1502 ( HD ) 502 ( SD ) Streaming media TVPlayer Watch live ( UK only ) ( TVPlayer Plus subscription required ) Part of a series on MTV in the United States MTV channels MTV MTV2 Classic Tres MTV Live MTVU Programs on MTV MTV personalities Censorship on MTV MTV Generation Viacom Media Networks MTV ( originally an initialism of Music Television ) is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks ( a division of Viacom ) and headquartered in New York City . Launched on August 1 , 1981 , the channel originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as `` video jockeys '' ( VJs ) . At first , MTV 's main target demographic was young adults , but today it is primarily teenagers , particularly high school and college students . MTV has toned down its music video programming significantly in recent years , and its programming now consists mainly of original reality , comedy and drama programming and some off - network syndicated programs and films , with limited music video programming in off - peak time periods . It has also become involved in promoting left - wing political issues and progressive social causes . The network received criticism towards this change of focus , both by certain segments of its audience and musicians . MTV 's influence on its audience , including issues involving censorship and social activism , has also been a subject of debate for several years . In recent years , MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music - related cable media . Its ratings had been said to be failing systematically , as younger viewers increasingly shift towards other media platforms , with yearly ratings drops as high as 29 % ; thus there was doubt of the lasting relevance of MTV towards young audiences . In April 2016 , newly appointed MTV president Sean Atkins announced plans to restore music programming to the channel , including the return of MTV Unplugged . After nine years off air , TRL , MTV 's flagship series , returned on October 2 , 2017 . MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally , some of which have gone independent , with approximately 90.6 million American households in the United States receiving MTV as of January 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Previous concepts ( 1964 -- 1977 ) 1.2 Pre-history ( 1977 -- 1981 ) 1.3 Launch 1.4 Original VJs and format ( 1981 -- 1994 ) 1.5 Breaking the `` color barrier '' ( 1981 -- 1983 ) 1.6 Video Music Awards ( 1984 -- present ) 1.7 Special , annual events ( 1986 -- present ) 1.8 Live concert broadcasts ( 1985 -- 2005 ) 1.9 Formatted music series ( 1986 -- 2008 ) 1.10 Rise of the directors ( 1990 -- 1993 ) 1.11 Alternative is mainstream ( 1991 -- 1997 ) 1.12 Electronica and pop ( 1997 -- 1999 ) 1.13 Return of the Rock ( 1997 -- 2004 ) 1.14 Total Request Live ( 1998 -- 2008 ) 1.15 Milestones and specials ( 1999 -- 2011 ) 1.16 Decline in music videos ( 1995 -- 2008 ) 1.17 FNMTV and AMTV ( 2008 -- present ) 1.18 Recent music programs ( 2009 -- present ) 1.19 Post-TRL live shows ( 2009 -- present ) 2 Other programs 2.1 First format evolution ( 1985 -- 1991 ) 2.2 Reality programs ( 1992 -- present ) 2.3 Animated programs ( 1991 -- 2016 ) 2.4 Comedy and drama programs ( 1989 -- present ) 2.5 Rebroadcast programs 2.6 Impact and recognition ( 2010 ) 3 Logo and branding 4 `` I Want My MTV ! '' 5 Influence and controversies 5.1 Subsequent concepts 5.2 Censorship 5.3 Andrew Dice Clay 5.4 Beavis and Butt - head 5.5 Dude , This Sucks 5.6 Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show 5.6. 1 Nipplegate 5.7 Moral criticism 5.8 Jersey Shore 5.9 Resolutions for White Guys 6 Social activism 6.1 Choose or Lose 6.2 Rock the Vote 6.3 MTV Act and Power of 12 6.4 Elect This 7 Beyond MTV 7.1 Sister channels in the US 7.2 Internet 7.3 MTV around the world 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 9.2 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Previous concepts ( 1964 -- 1977 ) ( edit ) See also : Music video § History and development Several earlier concepts for music video - based television programming had been around since the early 1960s . The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s . The creative use of music videos within their 1964 film A Hard Day 's Night , particularly the performance of the song `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , led MTV later on June 26 , 1999 , to honor the film 's director Richard Lester with an award for `` basically inventing the music video '' . In his book The Mason Williams FCC Rapport , author Mason Williams states that he pitched an idea to CBS for a television program that featured `` video - radio '' , where disc jockeys would play avant - garde art pieces set to music . CBS rejected the idea , but Williams premiered his own musical composition `` Classical Gas '' on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour , where he was head writer . In 1970 , Philadelphia - based disc jockey Bob Whitney created The Now Explosion , a television series filmed in Atlanta and broadcast in syndication to other local television stations throughout the United States . The series featured promotional clips from various popular artists , but was canceled by its distributor in 1971 . Several music programs originating outside of the US , including Australia 's Countdown and the United Kingdom 's Top of the Pops , which had initially aired music videos in lieu of performances from artists who were not available to perform live , began to feature them regularly by the mid-1970s . In 1974 , Gary Van Haas , vice president of Televak Corporation , introduced a concept to distribute a music video channel to record stores across the United States , and promoted the channel , named Music Video TV , to distributors and retailers in a May 1974 issue of Billboard . The channel , which featured video disc jockeys , signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television . The service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981 . Pre-history ( 1977 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) In 1977 , Warner Cable a division of Warner Communications and the precursor of Warner - Amex Satellite Entertainment launched the first two - way interactive cable television system named QUBE in Columbus , Ohio . The QUBE system offered many specialized channels . One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound , a music channel that featured concert footage and music - oriented television programs . With the interactive QUBE service , viewers could vote for their favorite songs and artists . The original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman , who later became president and chief executive officer ( CEO ) of MTV Networks . Pittman had test - driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15 - minute show , Album Tracks , on New York City television station WNBC - TV in the late 1970s . Pittman 's boss Warner - Amex executive vice president John Lack had shepherded PopClips , a television series created by former Monkee - turned solo artist Michael Nesmith , whose attention had turned to the music video format in the late 1970s . The inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealand 's TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures , which premiered in 1976 . The concept itself had been in the works since 1966 , when major record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge . Few artists made the long trip to New Zealand to appear live . Launch ( edit ) The first images shown on MTV were a montage of the Apollo 11 moon landing Further information : First music videos aired on MTV On Saturday , August 1 , 1981 , at 12 : 01 am Eastern Time , MTV launched with the words `` Ladies and gentlemen , rock and roll , '' spoken by John Lack and played over footage of the first Space Shuttle launch countdown of Columbia ( which took place earlier that year ) and of the launch of Apollo 11 . Those words were immediately followed by the original MTV theme song , a crunching rock tune composed by Jonathan Elias and John Petersen , playing over the American flag changed to show MTV 's logo changing into various textures and designs . MTV producers Alan Goodman and Fred Seibert used this public domain footage as a concept ; Seibert said that they had originally planned to use Neil Armstrong 's `` One small step '' quote , but lawyers said that Armstrong owned his name and likeness and that he had refused , so the quote was replaced with a beeping sound . A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of every hour in various forms , from MTV 's first day until it was pulled in early 1986 in the wake of the Challenger disaster . The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles ' `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' , originally only available to homes in New Jersey . This was followed by the video for Pat Benatar 's `` You Better Run '' . Sporadically , the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR . MTV 's lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years . But these graphics differed on MTV 's first day of broadcast ; they were set in a different typeface and included information such as the year and record label name . As programming chief , Robert W. Pittman recruited and managed a team for the launch that included Tom Freston ( who succeeded Pittman as CEO of MTV Networks ) , Fred Seibert , John Sykes , Carolyn Baker ( original head of talent and acquisition ) , Marshall Cohen ( original head of research ) , Gail Sparrow ( of talent and acquisition ) , Sue Steinberg ( executive producer ) , Julian Goldberg , Steve Lawrence , Geoff Bolton ; studio producers and MTV News writers / associate producers Liz Nealon , Nancy LaPook and Robin Zorn ; Steve Casey ( creator of the name `` MTV '' and its first program director ) , Marcy Brafman , Ronald E. `` Buzz '' Brindle , and Robert Morton . Kenneth M. Miller is credited as being the first technical director to officially launch MTV from its New York City - based network operations facility . MTV 's effect was immediate in areas where the new music video channel was carried . Within two months , record stores in areas where MTV was available were selling music that local radio stations were not playing , such as Men at Work , Bow Wow Wow and the Human League . MTV sparked the Second British Invasion , with British acts , who had been accustomed to using music videos for half a decade , featuring heavily on the channel . MTV targeted an audience between the ages of twelve to thirty - four . However , according to MTV 's self conducted research over 50 % of its audience is between twelve and twenty - four . Furthermore , this particular group would watch MTV for an average of thirty minutes to two hours a day . Original VJs and format ( 1981 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) MTV 's original logo , used from August 1 , 1981 to March 18 , 2009 . It is still used in other countries . Further information : List of MTV VJs The original purpose of MTV was to be `` music television '' , playing music videos 24 hours a day and seven days a week , guided by on - air personalities known as VJs , or video jockeys . The original slogans of the channel were `` You 'll never look at music the same way again '' , and `` On cable . In stereo . '' MTV 's earliest format was modeled after AOR ( album - oriented rock ) radio ; MTV would transition to mimic a full Top 40 station in 1984 . Fresh - faced young men and women were hired to host the channel 's programming and to introduce music videos that were being played . The term VJ was coined , which was a play on the initialism DJ ( disc jockey ) . Many VJs eventually became celebrities in their own right . The original five MTV VJs in 1981 were Nina Blackwood , Mark Goodman , Alan Hunter , J.J. Jackson and Martha Quinn . The VJs would record intro and outro voiceovers before broadcast , along with music news , interviews , concert dates and promotions . These segments would appear to air live and debut across the MTV program schedule 24 hours a day and seven days a week , although the segments themselves were pre-taped within a regular work week at MTV 's studios . The early music videos that made up the bulk of MTV 's programming in the 1980s were promotional videos ( or `` promos '' , a term that originated in the United Kingdom ) that record companies had commissioned for international use or concert clips from any available sources . Rock bands and performers of the 1980s who had airplay on MTV ranged from new wave to hard rock or heavy metal bands such as Adam Ant , Bryan Adams , The Pretenders , Blondie , Eurythmics , Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , Culture Club , Mötley Crüe , Split Enz , Prince , Ultravox , Duran Duran , Van Halen , Bon Jovi , RATT , Def Leppard , The Police , and The Cars . The channel also rotated the music videos of `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , who made a career out of parodying other artists ' videos . MTV also aired several specials by `` Weird Al '' in the 1980s and 1990s under the title Al TV . MTV also played classic rock acts from the 1980s and earlier decades , including David Bowie , Dire Straits ( whose 1985 song and video `` Money for Nothing '' both referenced MTV and also included the slogan `` I want my MTV '' in its lyrics ) , Journey , Rush , Linda Ronstadt , Genesis , Billy Squier , Aerosmith , The Rolling Stones , Eric Clapton , The Moody Blues , John Mellencamp , Daryl Hall & John Oates , Billy Joel , Robert Palmer , Rod Stewart , The Who , and ZZ Top ; newly solo acts such as Peter Gabriel , Robert Plant , Phil Collins , Paul McCartney , David Lee Roth , and Pete Townshend ; supergroup acts such as Asia , The Power Station , Yes , The Firm , and Traveling Wilburys , as well as forgotten acts such as Michael Stanley Band , Shoes , Blotto , Ph. D. , Rockpile , Bootcamp , Silicon Teens and Taxxi . The hard rock band Kiss publicly appeared without their trademark makeup for the first time on MTV in 1983 . The first country - music video aired on MTV was `` Angel of the Morning '' by Juice Newton , which first aired on MTV in 1981 . During the early days of the channel , MTV would occasionally let other stars take over the channel within an hour as `` guest VJs '' . These guests included musicians such as Adam Ant , Billy Idol , Phil Collins , Simon LeBon , and Nick Rhodes of Duran Duran , Tina Turner ; and comedians such as Eddie Murphy , Martin Short , Dan Aykroyd , and Steven Wright ; as they chose their favorite music videos . The 1983 film Flashdance was the first film in which its promoters excerpted musical segments from it and supplied them to MTV as music videos , which the channel then aired in regular rotation . In addition to bringing lesser - known artists into view , MTV was instrumental in adding to the booming eighties dance wave . Videos ' budgets increased , and artists began to add fully choreographed dance sections . Michael Jackson 's music became synonymous with dance . In addition to learning the lyrics , fans also learned his choreography so they could dance along . Madonna capitalized on dance in her videos , using classically trained jazz and break - dancers . Along with extensive costuming and make - up , Duran Duran used tribal elements , pulled from Dunham technique , in `` The Wild Boys '' , and Kate Bush used a modern dance duet in `` Running Up That Hill '' . MTV brought more than music into public view , it added to the ever - growing resurgence of dance in the early 1980s that has carried through to today . In 1984 , more record companies and artists began making video clips for their music than in the past , realizing the popularity of MTV and the growing medium . In keeping with the influx of videos , MTV announced changes to its playlists in the November 3 , 1984 , issue of Billboard magazine , that would take effect the following week . The playlist categories would be expanded to seven , from three ( light , medium , heavy ) ; including New , Light , Breakout , Medium , Active , Heavy and Power . This would ensure artists with hit records on the charts would be get the exposure they deserved , with Medium being a home for the established hits still on the climb up to the top 10 ; and Heavy being a home for the big hits -- without the bells and whistles -- just the exposure they commanded . In 1985 , MTV spearheaded a safe - sex initiative as a response to the AIDS epidemic that continues to influence sexual health currently . In this light , MTV pushed teens to pay more attention to safe - sex because they were most likely more willing to hear this message from MTV than their parents . This showed that MTV was not always influencing youth negatively . Even though in other aspects , MTV was provocative , they had this campaign to showcase their positive influence on youths and safe sex -- a campaign that still is alive today : `` Its Your Sex Life '' . Breaking the `` color barrier '' ( 1981 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) Michael Jackson , whose discography included music videos such as `` Beat It '' , `` Billie Jean '' , and `` Thriller '' During MTV 's first few years on the air , very few black artists were included in rotation on the channel . The select few who were in MTV 's rotation were Michael Jackson , Prince , Eddy Grant , Donna Summer , Joan Armatrading , Musical Youth , and Herbie Hancock . The very first people of color to perform on MTV was the British band The Specials , which featured an integrated line - up of white and black musicians and vocalists . The Specials ' video `` Rat Race '' was played as the 58th video on the station 's first day of broadcasting . MTV rejected other black artists ' videos , such as Rick James ' `` Super Freak '' , because they did not fit the channel 's carefully selected album - oriented rock format at the time . The exclusion enraged James ; he publicly advocated the addition of more black artists ' videos on the channel . Rock legend David Bowie also questioned MTV 's lack of black artists during an on - air interview with VJ Mark Goodman in 1983 . MTV 's original head of talent and acquisition , Carolyn B. Baker , who was black , had questioned why the definition of music had to be so narrow , as had a few others outside the network . `` The party line at MTV was that we were n't playing black music because of the ' research ' '' , said Baker years later . `` But the research was based on ignorance ... we were young , we were cutting edge . We did n't have to be on the cutting edge of racism . '' Nevertheless , it was Baker who had personally rejected Rick James ' video for Super Freak `` because there were half - naked women in it , and it was a piece of crap . As a black woman , I did not want that representing my people as the first black video on MTV . '' The network 's director of music programming , Buzz Brindle , told an interviewer in 2006 , `` MTV was originally designed to be a rock music channel . It was difficult for MTV to find African American artists whose music fit the channel 's format that leaned toward rock at the outset . '' Writers Craig Marks and Rob Tannenbaum noted that the channel `` aired videos by plenty of white artists who did n't play rock . '' Andrew Goodwin later wrote , `` ( MTV ) denied racism , on the grounds that it merely followed the rules of the rock business . '' MTV senior executive vice president Les Garland complained decades later , `` The worst thing was that ' racism ' bullshit ... there were hardly any videos being made by black artists . Record companies were n't funding them . They never got charged with racism . '' However , critics of that defense pointed out that record companies were not funding videos for black artists because they knew that they would have difficulty persuading MTV to play them . Before 1983 , Michael Jackson also struggled to receive airtime on MTV . To resolve the struggle and finally `` break the color barrier '' , the president of CBS Records at the time , Walter Yetnikoff , denounced MTV in a strong , profane statement , threatening to take away MTV 's ability to play any of the record label 's music videos . However , Les Garland , then acquisitions head , said he decided to air Jackson 's `` Billie Jean '' video without pressure from CBS . This was contradicted by CBS head of Business Affairs David Benjamin in Vanity Fair . According to The Austin Chronicle , Jackson 's video for the song `` Billie Jean '' was `` the video that broke the color barrier , even though the channel itself was responsible for erecting that barrier in the first place . '' But change was not immediate . `` Billie Jean '' was not added to MTV 's `` medium rotation '' playlist ( two to three airings per day ) until after it had already reached # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . In the final week of March , it was in `` heavy rotation '' , one week before the MTV debut of Jackson 's `` Beat It '' video . Prince 's `` Little Red Corvette '' joined both videos in heavy rotation at the end of April . At the beginning of June , `` Electric Avenue '' by Eddy Grant would join `` Billie Jean '' , which was still in heavy rotation until mid-June . At the end of August , `` She Works Hard for the Money '' by Donna Summer was in heavy rotation on the channel . Herbie Hancock 's `` Rockit '' and Lionel Richie 's `` All Night Long '' would be placed in heavy rotation at the end of October and the beginning of November respectively . In final week of November , Donna Summer 's `` Unconditional Love '' would be in heavy rotation . When Jackson 's elaborate video for `` Thriller '' was released late in the year , which raised the ambition bar for what a video could be , the network 's support for it was total ; subsequently , more pop and R&B videos were played on MTV . Regardless of the timeline , many black artists had their videos played in `` heavy '' rotation the following year ( 1984 ) . Along with Herbie Hancock , Prince , Donna Summer , other black artists such as Billy Ocean , Stevie Wonder , Tina Turner , Lionel Richie , Ray Parker Jr , Rockwell , The Pointer Sisters , The Jacksons , Sheila E and Deniece Williams all had videos played in heavy rotation on MTV . Eventually , videos from the emerging genre of rap and hip hop would also begin to enter rotation on MTV . A majority of the rap artists appearing on MTV in the mid-1980s such as Run - DMC , The Fat Boys , Whodini , LL Cool J , and the Beastie Boys were from the East Coast . Video music Awards ( 1984 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : MTV Video Music Awards In 1984 , the channel produced its first MTV Video Music Awards show , or VMAs . The first award show , in 1984 , was punctuated by a live performance by Madonna of `` Like A Virgin '' . The statuettes that are handed out at the Video Music Awards are of the MTV moonman , the channel 's original image from its first broadcast in 1981 . Presently , the Video Music Awards are MTV 's most watched annual event . Special , annual events ( 1986 -- present ) ( edit ) Further information : List of MTV special events MTV began its annual Spring Break coverage in 1986 , setting up temporary operations in Daytona Beach , Florida , for a week in March , broadcasting live eight hours per day . `` Spring break is a youth culture event '' , MTV 's vice president Doug Herzog said at the time . `` We wanted to be part of it for that reason . It makes good sense for us to come down and go live from the center of it , because obviously the people there are the kinds of people who watch MTV . '' The channel 's coverage featured numerous live performances from artists and bands on location . The annual tradition would continue into the 2000s , when it would become de-emphasized and handed off to mtvU , the spin - off channel of MTV targeted at college campuses . The channel would later expand its beach - themed events to the summer , dedicating most of each summer season to broadcasting live from a beach house at various locations away from New York City , eventually leading to channel - wide branding throughout the summer in the 1990s and early 2000s such as Motel California , Summer Share , Isle of MTV , SoCal Summer , Summer in the Keys , and Shore Thing . MTV VJs would host blocks of music videos , interview artists and bands , and introduce live performances and other programs from the beach house location each summer . In the 2000s , as the channel reduced its airtime for music videos and eliminated much of its in - house programming , its annual summer - long events came to an end . MTV would also hold week - long music events that would take over the presentation of the channel . Examples from the 1990s and 2000s include All Access Week , a week in the summer dedicated to live concerts and festivals ; Spankin ' New Music Week , a week in the fall dedicated to brand new music videos ; and week - long specials that culminated in a particular live event , such as Wanna be a VJ and the Video Music Awards . At the end of each year , MTV takes advantage of its home location in New York City to broadcast live coverage on New Year 's Eve in Times Square . Several live music performances are featured alongside interviews with artists and bands that were influential throughout the year . For many years from the 1980s to the 2000s , the channel upheld a tradition of having a band perform a cover song at midnight immediately following the beginning of the new year . Live concert broadcasts ( 1985 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) Throughout its history , MTV has covered global benefit concert series live . For most of July 13 , 1985 , MTV showed the Live Aid concerts , held in London and Philadelphia and organized by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia . While the ABC network showed only selected highlights during primetime , MTV broadcast 16 hours of coverage . Along with VH1 , MTV broadcast the Live 8 concerts , a series of concerts set in the G8 states and South Africa , on July 2 , 2005 . Live 8 preceded the 31st G8 summit and the 20th anniversary of Live Aid . MTV drew heavy criticism for its coverage of Live 8 . The network cut to commercials , VJ commentary , or other performances during performances . Complaints surfaced on the Internet over MTV interrupting the reunion of Pink Floyd . In response , MTV president Van Toeffler stated that he wanted to broadcast highlights from every venue of Live 8 on MTV and VH1 , and clarified that network hosts talked over performances only in transition to commercials , informative segments or other musical performances . Toeffler acknowledged that `` MTV should not have placed such a high priority on showing so many acts , at the expense of airing complete sets by key artists . '' He also blamed the Pink Floyd interruption on a mandatory cable affiliate break . MTV averaged 1.4 million viewers for its original July 2 broadcast of Live 8 . Consequently , MTV and VH1 aired five hours of uninterrupted Live 8 coverage on July 9 , with each channel airing different blocks of artists . Formatted music series ( 1986 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) Further information : List of MTV music programs MTV had debuted Dial MTV in 1986 , a daily top ten music video countdown show for which viewers could call the toll - free telephone number 1 - 800 - DIAL - MTV to request a music video . The show would be replaced by MTV Most Wanted in 1991 , which ran until 1996 , and later saw a spiritual successor in Total Request Live . The phone number remained in use for video requests until 2006 . Also in 1986 , the channel introduced 120 Minutes , a show that would feature low - rotation , alternative rock and other `` underground '' videos for the next 14 years on MTV and three additional years on sister channel MTV2 . The program then became known as Subterranean on MTV2 . Eight years later , on July 31 , 2011 , 120 Minutes was resurrected with Matt Pinfield taking over hosting duties once again and airing monthly on MTV2 . Another late night music video show was added in 1987 , Headbangers Ball , which featured heavy metal music and news . Before its abrupt cancellation in 1995 , it featured several hosts including Riki Rachtman and Adam Curry . A weekly block of music videos with the name Headbangers Ball aired from 2003 to 2011 on sister channel MTV2 , before spending an additional two years as a web - only series on MTV2 's website , until Headbangers Ball was discontinued once again in 2013 . In 1988 , MTV debuted Yo ! MTV Raps , a hip hop / rap formatted program . The program continued until August 1995 . It was renamed to simply Yo ! and aired as a one - hour program from 1995 to 1999 . The concept was reintroduced as Direct Effect in 2000 , which became Sucker Free in 2006 and was cancelled in 2008 , after briefly celebrating the 20th anniversary of Yo ! MTV Raps throughout the months of April and May 2008 . Despite its cancellation on MTV , a weekly countdown of hip hop videos known as Sucker Free still airs on MTV2 through the present day . In 1989 , MTV began to premiere music - based specials such as MTV Unplugged , an acoustic performance show , which has featured dozens of acts as its guests and has remained active in numerous iterations on various platforms for over 20 years . To further cater to the growing success of R&B , MTV introduced the weekly Fade to Black in the summer of 1991 , which was hosted by Al B. Sure ! . The show would be reformatted into the better known MTV Jams the following year , which incorporated mainstream hip - hop into the playlist . Bill Bellamy would become the new and ongoing host . The show became so successful it spawned its own Most Wanted spinoff titled Most Wanted Jams . Rise of the directors ( 1990 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) By the early 1990s , MTV was playing a combination of pop - friendly hard rock acts , chart - topping metal and hard rock acts such as Metallica , Nirvana and Guns N ' Roses , pop singers such as Michael Jackson , Madonna , 2 Unlimited , and New Kids on the Block , and R&B groups such as New Edition , En Vogue , Bell Biv Devoe , SWV , Tony Toni Tone , TLC and Boyz II Men , while introducing hit rappers Vanilla Ice and MC Hammer . MTV progressively increased its airing of hip hop acts , such as LL Cool J , Queen Latifah , Salt - n - Pepa , Naughty By Nature , Onyx , MC Lyte , and Sir - Mix - A-Lot , and by 1993 , the channel added West Coast rappers previously associated with gangsta rap , with a less pop - friendly sound , such as Tupac Shakur , Ice Cube , Warren G , Ice - T , Dr. Dre , Tone Loc , and Snoop Doggy Dogg . To accompany the new sounds , a new form of music videos came about : more creative , funny , artistic , experimental , and technically accomplished than those in the 1980s . Several noted film directors got their start creating music videos . After pressure from the Music Video Production Association , MTV began listing the names of the videos ' directors at the bottom of the credits by December 1992 . As a result , MTV 's viewers became familiar with the names of Spike Jonze , Michel Gondry , David Fincher , Mary Lambert , Samuel Bayer , Matt Mahurin , Mark Romanek , Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris , Anton Corbijn , Mark Pellington , Tarsem , Hype Williams , Jake Scott , Jonathan Glazer , Marcus Nispel , F. Gary Gray , Jim Yukich , Russell Mulcahy , Steve Barron , Marty Callner , and Michael Bay , among others . As the PBS series Frontline explored , MTV was a driving force that catapulted music videos to a mainstream audience , turning music videos into an art form as well as a marketing machine that became beneficial to artists . Danny Goldberg , chairman and CEO of Artemis Records , said the following about the art of music videos : `` I know when I worked with Nirvana , Kurt Cobain cared as much about the videos as he did about the records . He wrote the scripts for them , he was in the editing room , and they were part of his art . And I think they stand up as part of his art , and I think that 's true of the great artists today . Not every artist is a great artist and not every video is a good video , but in general having it available as a tool , to me , adds to the business . And I wish there had been music videos in the heyday of The Beatles , and The Rolling Stones . I think they would 've added to their creative contribution , not subtracted from it . '' Alternative is mainstream ( 1991 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Nirvana led a sweeping transition into the rise of alternative rock music on MTV in 1991 with their video for `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' . By late 1991 going into 1992 , MTV began frequently airing videos from their heavily promoted `` Buzz Bin '' , such as Nirvana , Pearl Jam , Alice in Chains , Soundgarden , Nine Inch Nails , Tori Amos , PM Dawn , Arrested Development , Björk , and Gin Blossoms . MTV increased rotation of its weekly alternative music program 120 Minutes and added the daily Alternative Nation to play videos of these and other underground music acts . Subsequently , grunge and alternative rock had a rise in mainstream tastes , while 1980s - style glam bands and traditional rockers were phased out , with some exceptions such as Aerosmith and Tom Petty . Older acts such as R.E.M. and U2 remained relevant by making their music more experimental or unexpected . They also played lots of hard rock acts such as Pantera , Death and other heavy / death metal acts at the time period . In 1993 , more hit alternative rock acts were on heavy rotation , such as Stone Temple Pilots , Soul Asylum , Rage Against the Machine , Marilyn Manson , Tool , Beck , Therapy ? , Radiohead , and The Smashing Pumpkins . Other hit acts such as Weezer , Collective Soul , Blind Melon , The Cranberries , Bush , and Silverchair would follow in the next couple of years . Alternative bands that appeared on Beavis and Butt - Head included White Zombie . By the next few years , 1994 through 1997 , MTV began promoting new power pop acts , most successfully Green Day and The Offspring , and ska - rock acts such as No Doubt , The Mighty Mighty Bosstones and Sublime . Pop singers were added to the rotation with success as long as they were considered `` alternative , '' such as Alanis Morissette , Jewel , Fiona Apple , and Sarah McLachlan . Electronica and pop ( 1997 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) By 1997 , MTV focused heavily on introducing electronica acts into the mainstream , adding them to its musical rotation , including The Prodigy , The Chemical Brothers , Moby , Aphex Twin , Pendulum , Daft Punk , The Crystal Method , Butthole Surfers and Fatboy Slim . Some musicians who proceeded to experiment with electronica were still played on MTV including Madonna , U2 , David Bowie , Radiohead , and Smashing Pumpkins . That year , MTV also attempted to introduce neo-swing bands , but they did not meet with much success . However , in late 1997 , MTV began shifting more progressively towards pop music , inspired by the success of the Spice Girls and the rise of boy bands in Europe . Between 1998 and 1999 , MTV 's musical content consisted heavily of videos of boy bands such as Backstreet Boys and NSYNC , as well as teen pop `` princesses '' such as Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , Lynda Thomas , Mandy Moore , and Jessica Simpson . Airplay of rock , electronica , and alternative acts was reduced . Hip - hop music continued in heavy rotation , through the likes of Puff Daddy , Jermaine Dupri , Master P , DMX , Busta Rhymes , Lil ' Kim , Jay - Z , Missy Elliott , Lauryn Hill , Eminem , Foxy Brown , Ja Rule , Nas , Timbaland , and their associates . R&B was also heavily represented with acts such as Aaliyah , Janet Jackson , Destiny 's Child , 702 , Monica , and Brandy . Return of the rock ( 1997 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Beginning in late 1997 , MTV progressively reduced its airing of rock music videos , leading to the slogan among skeptics , `` Rock is dead . '' The facts that at the time rock music fans were less materialistic , and bought less music based on television suggestion , were cited as reasons that MTV abandoned its once staple music . MTV instead devoted its musical airtime mostly to pop and hip hop / R&B music . All rock - centric shows were eliminated and the rock - related categories of the Video Music Awards were pared down to one . From this time until 2004 , MTV made some periodic efforts to reintroduce pop rock music videos to the channel . By 1998 through 1999 , the punk - rock band Blink - 182 received regular airtime on MTV due in large part to their `` All the Small Things '' video that made fun of the boy bands that MTV was airing at the time . Meanwhile , some rock bands that were not receiving MTV support , such as Korn and Creed , continued to sell albums . Then , upon the release of Korn 's rock / rap hybrid album Follow the Leader , MTV began playing Korn 's videos `` Got the Life '' and `` Freak on a Leash '' . A band sponsored by Korn , Limp Bizkit , received airtime for its cover of George Michael 's `` Faith '' , which became a hit . Subsequently , MTV began airing more rap / rock hybrid acts , such as Limp Bizkit and Kid Rock . Some rock acts with more comical videos , such as Rob Zombie , Red Hot Chili Peppers and Foo Fighters , also received airtime . In the fall of 1999 , MTV announced a special Return of the Rock weekend , in which new rock acts received airtime , after which a compilation album was released . System of a Down , Staind , Godsmack , Green Day , Incubus , Papa Roach , P.O.D. , Sevendust , Powerman 5000 , Slipknot , Kittie , Static X , and CKY were among the featured bands . These bands received some airtime on MTV and more so on MTV2 , though both channels gave emphasis to the rock / rap acts . By 2000 , Sum 41 , Linkin Park , Jimmy Eat World , Mudvayne , Cold , At the Drive - In , Alien Ant Farm , and other acts were added to the musical rotation . MTV also launched digital cable channel MTVX to play rock music videos exclusively , an experiment that lasted until 2002 . A daily music video program on MTV that carried the name Return of the Rock ran through early 2001 , replaced by a successor , All Things Rock , from 2002 until 2004 . Total Request live ( 1998 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1515 Broadway in Times Square Main article : Total Request Live Also by 1997 , MTV was criticized heavily for not playing as many music videos as it had in the past . In response , MTV created four shows that centered on music videos : MTV Live , Total Request , Say What ? , and 12 Angry Viewers . Also at this time , MTV introduced its new studios in Times Square . A year later , in 1998 , MTV merged Total Request and MTV Live into a live daily top ten countdown show , Total Request Live , which would become known as TRL ( the original host being Carson Daly ) and secure its place as the channel 's unofficial flagship program . In the fall of 1999 , a live studio audience was added to the show . By spring 2000 , the countdown reached its peak . The program enjoyed success playing the top ten pop , rock , R&B , and hip hop music videos , and featuring live interviews with artists and celebrities . From 1998 to 2001 , MTV also aired several other music video programs from its studios in Times Square and on location at various beach - themed locations each summer . These programs included Say What ? Karaoke , a game show hosted by Dave Holmes that evolved from Say What ? , MTV 's earlier program that ran the lyrics of music videos across the screen . TRL Wannabes aired from 1999 to 2000 and featured a selection of music videos that just missed the TRL top ten . VJ for a Day , hosted by Raymond Munns , continued this concept in early 2001 . VJ for a Day was an extension of an annual event , Wanna be a VJ , which aired each spring from 1998 to 2000 to select a new VJ to host programs on MTV . MTV also aired Hot Zone , hosted by Ananda Lewis , which featured pop music videos during the midday time period and was a casual alternative to TRL ; it later became MTV Hits . Other programs were Direct Effect , Return of the Rock , MTV Jams , BeatSuite , MTV Soul , and blocks of music videos hosted by VJs simply called Music Television in the spirit of the channel 's original purpose . During the September 11 , 2001 terror attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon , MTV suspended all of its programming , along with its sister cable channel VH1 , and it began simulcasting coverage from CBS News ( the news division of CBS ) , which was acquired by MTV parent Viacom two years earlier ) until about 11 : 00 pm . ET that night . The channels then played a looped set of music videos without commercial interruption until an MTV News special edition of TRL aired on September 14 , 2001 . In 2002 , Carson Daly left MTV and TRL to pursue a late night talk show on NBC . After his departure , the relevance and impact of Total Request Live slowly diminished . TRL ultimately remained a part of MTV 's regular program schedule for ten years . The series came to an end with a special finale episode , Total Finale Live , which aired November 16 , 2008 , and featured all the show 's hosts from over the years , many special guests from the history of the show , and played its last music video , `` ... Baby One More Time '' by Britney Spears . Milestones and specials ( 1999 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Around 1999 through 2001 , as MTV aired fewer music videos throughout the day , it regularly aired compilation specials from its then 20 - year history to look back on its roots . An all - encompassing special , MTV Uncensored , premiered in 1999 and was later released as a book . MTV celebrated its 20th anniversary on August 1 , 2001 , beginning with a 12 - hour long retrospective called MTV20 : Buggles to Bizkit , which featured over 100 classic videos played chronologically , hosted by various VJs in reproductions of MTV 's old studios . The day of programming culminated in a three - hour celebratory live event called MTV20 : Live and Almost Legal , which was hosted by Carson Daly and featured numerous guests from MTV 's history , including the original VJs from 1981 . Various other related MTV20 specials aired in the months surrounding the event . Janet Jackson became the inaugural honoree of the `` mtvICON '' award , `` an annual recognition of artists who have made significant contributions to music , music video and pop culture while tremendously impacting the MTV generation . '' Subsequent recipients included Aerosmith , Metallica and The Cure . Five years later , on August 1 , 2006 , MTV celebrated its 25th anniversary . On their website , MTV.com , visitors could watch the very first hour of MTV , including airing the original promos and commercials from Mountain Dew , Atari , Chewels gum , and Jovan . Videos were also shown from The Buggles , Pat Benatar , Rod Stewart , and others . The introduction of the first five VJs was also shown . Additionally , MTV.com put together a `` yearbook '' consisting of the greatest videos of each year from 1981 to 2006 . MTV itself only mentioned the anniversary once on TRL . Although MTV reached its 30th year of broadcasting in 2011 , the channel itself passed over this milestone in favor of its current programming schedule . The channel instead aired its 30th anniversary celebrations on its sister networks MTV2 and VH1 Classic . Nathaniel Brown , senior vice president of communications for MTV , confirmed that there were no plans for an on - air MTV celebration similar to the channel 's 20th anniversary . Brown explained , `` MTV as a brand does n't age with our viewers . We are really focused on our current viewers , and our feeling was that our anniversary was n't something that would be meaningful to them , many of whom were n't even alive in 1981 . '' Decline in music videos ( 1995 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) From 1995 to 2000 , MTV played 36.5 % fewer music videos . MTV president Van Toeffler explained : `` Clearly , the novelty of just showing music videos has worn off . It 's required us to reinvent ourselves to a contemporary audience . '' Despite targeted efforts to play certain types of music videos in limited rotation , MTV greatly reduced its overall rotation of music videos by the mid-2000s . While music videos were featured on MTV up to eight hours per day in 2000 , the year 2008 saw an average of just three hours of music videos per day on MTV . The rise of social media and websites like YouTube as a convenient outlet for the promotion and viewing of music videos signaled this reduction . As the decade progressed , MTV continued to play some music videos instead of relegating them exclusively to its sister channels , but around this time , the channel began to air music videos only in the early morning hours or in a condensed form on Total Request Live . As a result of these programming changes , Justin Timberlake implored MTV to `` play more damn videos ! '' while giving an acceptance speech at the 2007 Video Music Awards . Despite the challenge from Timberlake , MTV continued to decrease its total rotation time for music videos in 2007 , and the channel eliminated its long - running special tags for music videos such as `` Buzzworthy '' ( for under - represented artists ) , `` Breakthrough '' ( for visually stunning videos ) , and `` Spankin ' New '' ( for brand new videos ) . Additionally , the historic Kabel typeface , which MTV displayed at the beginning and end of all music videos since 1981 , was phased out in favor of larger text and less information about the video 's record label and director . The classic font can still be seen in `` prechyroned '' versions of old videos on sister network MTV Classic , which had their title information recorded onto the same tape as the video itself . FNMTV and AMTV ( 2008 -- present ) ( edit ) Prior to its finale in 2008 , MTV 's main source of music videos was Total Request Live , airing four times per week , featuring short clips of music videos along with VJs and guests . MTV was experimenting at the time with new ideas for music programs to replace the purpose of TRL but with a new format . In mid-2008 , MTV premiered new music video programming blocks called FNMTV and a weekly special event called FNMTV Premieres , hosted from Los Angeles by Pete Wentz of the band Fall Out Boy , which was designed to premiere new music videos and have viewers provide instantaneous feedback . The FNMTV Premieres event ended before the 2008 Video Music Awards in September . With the exception of a holiday themed episode in December 2008 and an unrelated Spring Break special in March 2009 with the same title , FNMTV Premieres never returned to the channel 's regular program schedule , leaving MTV without any music video programs hosted by VJs for the first time in its history . AMTV , the name of MTV 's music video programming from 2009 to 2013 Music video programming returned to MTV in March 2009 as AMTV , an early morning block of music videos that originally aired from 3 am to 9 am on most weekdays . It was renamed Music Feed in 2013 with a reduced schedule . Unlike the FNMTV block that preceded it , Music Feed features many full - length music videos , including some older videos that have been out of regular rotation for many years on MTV . It also features music news updates , interviews , and performances . Music Feed is the only current program on MTV 's main channel that is dedicated to music videos . During the rest of the day , MTV also plays excerpts from music videos in split screen format during the closing credits of most programs , along with the address of a website to encourage the viewer to watch the full video online . MTV has positioned its website , MTV.com , as its primary destination for music videos . Recent music programs ( 2009 -- present ) ( edit ) MTV again resurrected the long - running series MTV Unplugged in 2009 with performances from acts such as Adele and Paramore . However , unlike past Unplugged specials , these new recordings usually only aired in their entirety on MTV 's website , MTV.com . Nevertheless , short clips of the specials are shown on MTV during the AMTV block of music videos in the early morning hours . On June 12 , 2011 , MTV aired a traditional television premiere of a new installment of MTV Unplugged instead of a web debut . The featured artist was rapper Lil Wayne and the show debuted both on MTV and MTV2 . The channel followed up with a similar television premiere of MTV Unplugged with Florence and the Machine on April 8 , 2012 . MTV launched 10 on Top in May 2010 , a weekly program airing on Saturdays and hosted by Lenay Dunn , that counts down the top 10 most trending and talked about topics of the week ( generally focused on entertainment ) . Dunn also appeared in segments between MTV 's shows throughout the day as a recognizable personality and face of the channel in the absence of traditional VJs aside from its MTV News correspondents . The animated series Beavis and Butt - head returned to MTV in October 2011 , with new episodes . As with the original version of the series that ran from 1993 to 1997 , the modern - day Beavis and Butt - head features segments in which its main characters watch and criticize music videos . Sometime in 2012 , MTV debuted Clubland , which previously existed as an hour of EDM videos during the AMTV video block . The show has no host , but most editorial content is pushed online by the show 's Tumblr and other social media outlets like Facebook and Twitter . MTV launched a new talk show based on hip hop music on April 12 , 2012 , called Hip Hop POV , hosted by Amanda Seales , Bu Thiam , Charlamagne , Devi Dev , and Sowmya Krishnamurthy . The show featured hosted commentary on the headlines in hip hop culture , providing opinions on new music , granting insider access to major events , and including artist interviews . Hip Hip POV lasted several episodes before going on hiatus . The show was supposed to return in Fall 2012 , but was moved to MTV2 instead , where it was rebranded and merged with Sucker Free Countdown . The new show debuted as The Week in Jams on October 28 , 2012 . Post-trl live shows ( 2009 -- present ) ( edit ) MTV launched a live talk show , It 's On with Alexa Chung , on June 15 , 2009 . The host of the program , Alexa Chung , was described as a `` younger , more Web 2.0 '' version of Jimmy Fallon . Although it was filmed in the same Times Square studio where TRL used to be broadcast , the network stated that `` the only thing the two shows have in common is the studio location . '' It 's On was cancelled in December of the same year , which again eliminated the only live in - studio programming from MTV 's schedule , just one year after TRL was also cancelled . Shortly after Michael Jackson died on June 25 , 2009 , the channel aired several hours of Jackson 's music videos , accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities . The temporary shift in MTV 's programming culminated the following week with the channel 's live coverage of Jackson 's memorial service . MTV aired similar one - hour live specials with music videos and news updates following the death of Whitney Houston on February 11 , 2012 , and the death of Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys on May 4 , 2012 . The channel tried its hand again at live programming with the premiere of a half - hour program called The Seven in September 2010 . The program counted down seven entertainment - related stories of interest to viewers ( and included some interview segments among them ) , having aired weekdays at 5 pm with a weekend wrap - up at 10 am ET . Shortly after its debut , the show was slightly retooled as it dropped co-host Julie Alexandria but kept fellow co-host Kevin Manno ; the Saturday recap show was eliminated as well . The Seven was cancelled on June 13 , 2011 . Manno 's only assignment at MTV post-Seven was conducting an interview with a band which only aired on MTV.com . Manno is no longer employed with MTV and has since appeared as an occasional correspondent on the LXTV - produced NBC series 1st Look . Presently , MTV airs sporadic live specials called MTV First . The short program , produced by MTV News , debuted in early 2011 and continues to air typically once every couple of weeks on any given weekday . The specials usually begin at 7 : 53 pm . ET , led by one of MTV News ' correspondents who will conduct a live interview with a featured artist or actor who has come to MTV to premiere a music video or movie trailer . MTV starts its next scheduled program at 8 : 00 pm , while the interview and chat with fans continues on MTV.com for another 30 to 60 minutes . Since its debut in 2011 , MTV First has featured high - profile acts such as Lady Gaga , Katy Perry , Usher and Justin Bieber . In the absence of daily live programs such as TRL , It 's on with Alexa Chung and The Seven to facilitate such segments , the channel now uses MTV First as its newest approach to present music video premieres and bring viewers from its main television channel to its website for real - time interaction with artists and celebrities . On April 21 , 2016 , MTV announced that new Unplugged episodes will begin airing as well as a weekly performance series called Wonderland . On that same day , immediately after the death of Prince , MTV interrupted its usual programming to air Prince 's music videos . However , Wonderland was short lived . In 2017 , the network shifted focus away from scripted to reality while keeping the notion from 2016 to incorporate more music . In July 2017 , it was announced that TRL would be returning to the network on October 2 , 2017 . Other programs ( edit ) MTV HD logo As MTV expanded , music videos were no longer the centerpiece of its programming . Conventional television shows came to replace the VJ - guided music video programming . Today , MTV presents a wide variety of non-music - related television shows aimed primarily at the 12 - to 18 - year - old demographic . First format Evolution ( 1985 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) Further information : List of programs broadcast by MTV and List of MTV award shows In 1985 , Viacom bought Warner - Amex Satellite Entertainment , which owned MTV and Nickelodeon , renaming the company MTV Networks and beginning this expansion . Before 1987 , MTV featured almost exclusively music videos , but as time passed , they introduced a variety of other shows , including some that were originally intended for other channels . Non-music video programming began in the late 1980s , with the introduction of a music news show The Week in Rock , which was also the beginning of MTV 's news division , MTV News . Around this time , MTV also introduced a fashion news show , House of Style ; a dance show , Club MTV ; and a game show , Remote Control . Programs like these did not feature music videos , but they were still largely based around the world of music . Following the success of the MTV Video Music Awards , in an effort to branch out from music into movies and broader pop culture , MTV started the MTV Movie Awards in 1992 , which continues presently . MTV also created an award show for Europe after the success of the Video Music Awards . The MTV Europe Music Awards , or the EMAs , were created in 1994 , ten years after the debut of the VMAs . These new shows would be just the beginning of new genres of shows to make an impact on MTV . As the format of the network continued to evolve , more genres of shows began to appear . In the early 1990s , MTV debuted its first reality shows , The Real World and Road Rules . Reality programs ( 1992 -- present ) ( edit ) During the latter half of the 1990s and early 2000s , MTV placed a stronger focus on reality shows and related series , building on the success of The Real World and Road Rules . The first round of these shows came in the mid-1990s , with game shows such as Singled Out , reality - based comedy shows such as Buzzkill , and late - night talk shows such as The Jon Stewart Show and Loveline . The next round of these shows came in approximately the late 1990s , as MTV shifted its focus to prank / comedic shows such as The Tom Green Show and Jackass , and game shows such as The Challenge ( aka Real World / Road Rules Challenge ) , The Blame Game , webRIOT , and Say What ? Karaoke . A year later , in 2000 , MTV 's Fear became one of the first scare - based reality shows and the first reality show in which contestants filmed themselves . MTV continued to experiment with late night talk shows in the early 2000s with relatively short - lived programs such as Kathy 's So - Called Reality , starring Kathy Griffin ; and The New Tom Green Show . Some of the reality shows on the network also followed the lives of musicians . The Osbournes , a reality show based on the everyday life of Black Sabbath frontman Ozzy Osbourne , his wife Sharon , and two of their children , Jack and Kelly , premiered on MTV in 2002 . The show went on to become one of the network 's biggest - ever successes and was also recognized for the Osbourne family members ' heavy use of profanity , which MTV censored for broadcast . It also kick - started a musical career for Kelly Osbourne , while Sharon Osbourne went on to host her own self - titled talk show on US television . Production ended on The Osbournes in November 2004 . In the fall of 2004 , Ozzy Osbourne 's reality show Battle for Ozzfest aired ; the show hosted competitions between bands vying to play as part of Ozzfest , a yearly heavy metal music tour across the United States hosted by Osbourne . In 2003 , MTV added Punk 'd , a project by Ashton Kutcher to play pranks on various celebrities , and Pimp My Ride , a show about adding aesthetic and functional modifications to cars and other vehicles . Another show was Newlyweds : Nick and Jessica , a reality series that followed the lives of pop singers Jessica Simpson and Nick Lachey , a music celebrity couple . It began in 2003 and ran for four seasons , ending in early 2005 ; the couple later divorced . The success of Newlyweds was followed in June 2004 by The Ashlee Simpson Show , which documented the beginnings of the music career of Ashlee Simpson , Jessica Simpson 's younger sister . In 2005 and 2006 , MTV continued its focus on reality shows , with the debuts of shows such as 8th & Ocean , Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County , Next , The Hills , Two - A-Days , My Super Sweet 16 , Parental Control , and Viva La Bam , featuring Bam Margera . In 2007 , MTV aired the reality show A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila , chronicling MySpace sensation Tila Tequila 's journey to find a companion . Her bisexuality played into the series -- both male and female contestants were vying for love -- and was the subject of criticism . It was the # 2 show airing on MTV at that time , behind The Hills . A spin - off series from A Shot at Love , titled That 's Amoré ! , followed a similar pursuit from previous A Shot at Love contestant Domenico Nesci . MTV also welcomed Paris Hilton to its lineup in October 2008 , with the launch of her new reality series , Paris Hilton 's My New BFF . In 2009 , MTV aired Snoop Dogg 's second program with the channel , Dogg After Dark , and the show College Life , based at the University of Wisconsin - Madison . Pauly D and The Situation of Jersey Shore in 2011 In late 2009 , MTV shifted its focus back to Real World - style reality programming with the premiere of Jersey Shore , a program that brought high ratings to the channel and also caused controversy due to some of its content . With backlash towards what some consider too much superficial content on the network , a 2009 New York Times article also stated the intention of MTV to shift its focus towards more socially conscious media , which the article labels `` MTV for the Obama era . '' Shows in that vein included T.I. 's Road to Redemption and Fonzworth Bentley 's finishing school show From G 's to Gents . The channel also aired a new show around this time titled 16 and Pregnant , which documented the lives of teenagers expecting babies . This had a follow - up show after the first season titled Teen Mom , which follows some of the teens through the first stages with their newborns . MTV found further success with The Buried Life , a program about four friends traveling across the country to check off a list of `` 100 things to do before I die '' and helping others along the way . Another recent reality program is MTV 's Hired , which follows the employment interviewing process ; candidates meet with career coach Ryan Kahn from University of Dreams and at the end of each episode one candidate lands the job of their dreams . In 2011 , MTV premiered an amateur video clip show Ridiculousness , in the vein of Tosh. 0 on sister network Comedy Central . In 2012 , Punk 'd returned with a revolving door of new hosts per episode . Meanwhile , spin - offs from Jersey Shore such as The Pauly D Project and Snooki & JWoww were produced . MTV announced plans to re-enter the late - night comedy space in 2012 , with Nikki & Sara Live , an unscripted series by comedians Nikki Glaser and Sara Schaefer . The program initially aired weekly from MTV 's studios in Times Square . Animated programs ( 1991 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Further information : MTV Animation In a continuing bid to become a more diverse network focusing on youth and culture as well as music , MTV added animated shows to its lineup in the early 1990s . The animation showcase Liquid Television ( a co-production between BBC and MTV produced in San Francisco by Colossal Pictures ) was one of the channel 's first programs to focus on the medium . In addition to airing original shows created specifically for MTV , the channel also occasionally aired episodes of original cartoon series produced by sister channel Nickelodeon ( Nicktoons ) in the early 1990s . MTV has a history of cartoons with mature themes including Beavis and Butt - Head , Æon Flux , The Brothers Grunt , Celebrity Deathmatch , Undergrads , Clone High , and Daria . Although the channel has gone on to debut many other animated shows , few of MTV 's other cartoon series have been renewed for additional seasons , regardless of their reception . In September 2009 , the channel aired Popzilla , which showcased and imitated celebrities in an animated form . MTV again reintroduced animated programming to its lineup with the return of Beavis and Butt - Head in 2011 after 14 years off the air , alongside brand new animated program Good Vibes . In January 2016 , MTV returned to animation with Greatest Party Story Ever . Comedy and drama programs ( 1989 -- present ) ( edit ) Further information : List of MTV comedy programs and List of MTV drama programs MTV has a long history of airing both comedy and drama programs with scripted or improvised premises . Examples from the 1990s and 2000s include sketch - based comedies such as Just Say Julie , The Ben Stiller Show , The State , The Jenny McCarthy Show , The Lyricist Lounge Show , and Doggy Fizzle Televizzle , as well as soap operas such as Undressed and Spyder Games . The channel expanded its programming focus in late 2000s and early 2010s to include more scripted programs . The resurgence of scripted programming on MTV saw the introduction of comedy shows such as Awkward. and The Hard Times of RJ Berger , and dramas such as Skins and Teen Wolf . In June 2012 , MTV confirmed that it would develop a series based on the Scream franchise . The series is now in its third season . Rebroadcast programs ( edit ) In recent years , MTV has re-aired other programs from other Viacom - owned networks , such as BET 's College Hill , and VH1 programs I Love New York and Flavor of Love . Other programs from non-Viacom networks include reruns of the shows Fastlane ( from Fox ) , Life As We Know It ( from ABC ) , Scrubs ( from ABC and NBC ) , and CW programs America 's Next Top Model , Beauty and the Geek , and Hidden Palms . MTV also began showing movies targeted toward the young adult demographic , including 8 Mile , My Boss 's Daughter , Shaun of the Dead , and Napoleon Dynamite ( the latter of which the network had a hand in producing ) . The channel has also broadcast several of its own films from its production division MTV Films , such as Crossroads and Jackass : The Movie , and airs original made - for - television movies from MTV Studios such as Super Sweet 16 : The Movie . Impact and recognition ( 2010 ) ( edit ) In 2010 , a study by the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation found that of 207.5 hours of prime time programming on MTV , 42 % included content reflecting the lives of gay , bisexual and transgender people . This was the highest in the industry and the highest percentage ever . Logo and branding ( edit ) One of many MTV station IDs used during the 1980s ; this one was designed by Henry Selick . MTV 's now - iconic logo was designed in 1981 by Manhattan Design ( a collective formed by Frank Olinsky , Pat Gorman and Patty Rogoff ) under the guidance of original creative director Fred Seibert . The block letter `` M '' was sketched by Rogoff , with the scribbled word `` TV '' spraypainted by Olinksky . The primary variant of MTV 's logo at the time had the `` M '' in yellow and the `` TV '' in red . But unlike most television networks ' logos at the time , the logo was constantly branded with different colors , patterns and images on a variety of station IDs . The only constant aspects of MTV 's logo at the time were its general shape and proportions , with everything else being dynamic . MTV launched on August 1 , 1981 , with an extended network ID featuring the first landing on the moon ( with still images acquired directly from NASA ) , which was a concept of Seibert 's executed by Buzz Potamkin and Perpetual Motion Pictures . The ID then cut to the American flag planted on the moon 's surface changed to show the MTV logo on it , which rapidly changed into different colors and patterns several times per second as the network 's original guitar - driven jingle was played for the first time . After MTV 's launch , the `` moon landing '' ID was edited to show only its ending , and was shown at the top of every hour until early 1986 , when the ID was scrapped in light of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster . The ID ran `` more than 75,000 times each year ( 48 times each day ) , at the top and bottom of every hour every day '' according to Seibert . Comparison of MTV 's original 1980s branding and its 2010 branding From the late 1990s to the early 2000s , MTV updated its on - air appearance at the beginning of every year and each summer , creating a consistent brand across all of its music - related shows . This style of channel - wide branding came to an end as MTV drastically reduced its number of music - related shows in the early to mid 2000s . Around this time , MTV introduced a static and single color digital on - screen graphic to be shown during all of its programming . Starting with the premiere of the short - lived program FNMTV in 2008 , MTV started using a revised and chopped down version of its original logo during most of its on - air programming . It became MTV 's official logo on February 8 , 2010 and officially debuted on its website . The channel 's full name `` Music Television '' was officially dropped , with the revised logo largely the same as the original logo , but without the initialism , the bottom of the `` M '' being cropped and the `` V '' in `` TV '' being branched off . This change was most likely made to reflect MTV 's more prominent focus on reality and comedy programming and less on music - related programming . However , much like the original logo , the new logo was designed to be filled in with a seemingly unlimited variety of images . It is used worldwide , but not everywhere existentially . The new logo was first used on MTV Films logo with the 2010 film Jackass 3D . MTV 's rebranding was overseen by Popkern . On June 25 , 2015 , MTV International rebranded its on - air look with a new vaporwave and seapunk - inspired graphics package . It included a series of new station IDs featuring 3D renderings of objects and people , much akin to vaporwave and seapunk `` aesthetics '' . Many have derided MTV 's choice of rebranding , insisting that the artistic style was centered on denouncing corporate capitalism ( many aesthetic pieces heavily incorporate corporate logos of the 1970s , 80s and 90s , which coincidentally include MTV 's original logo ) rather than being embraced by major corporations like MTV . Many have also suggested that MTV made an attempt to be relevant in the modern entertainment world with the rebrand . In addition to this , the rebrand was made on exactly the same day that the social media site Tumblr introduced Tumblr TV , an animated GIF viewer which featured branding inspired by MTV 's original 1980s on - air look . Tumblr has been cited as a prominent location of aesthetic art , and thus many have suggested MTV and Tumblr `` switched identities '' . The rebrand also incorporated a modified version of MTV 's classic `` I Want My MTV ! '' slogan , changed to read `` I Am My MTV '' . Vice has suggested that the slogan change represents `` the current generation 's movement towards self - examination , identity politics and apparent narcissism . '' MTV also introduced MTV Bump , a website that allows Instagram and Vine users to submit videos to be aired during commercial breaks , as well as MTV Canvas , an online program where users submit custom IDs to also be aired during commercial breaks . `` I want My MTV ! '' ( edit ) The channel 's iconic `` I want my MTV ! '' advertising campaign was launched in 1982 . It was first developed by George Lois and was based on a cereal commercial from the 1950s with the slogan `` I want my Maypo ! '' that Lois adapted unsuccessfully from the original created by animator John Hubley . Lois 's first pitch to the network was roundly rejected when Lois insisted that rock stars like Mick Jagger should be crying when they said the tag line , not unlike his failed ' Maypo ' revamp . His associate , and Seibert mentor Dale Pon took over the campaign , strategically and creatively , and was able to get the campaign greenlit when he laughed the tears out of the spots . From then on -- with the exception of the closely logos on the first round of commercials -- Pon was the primary creative force . All the commercials were produced produced by Buzz Potamkin and his new company Buzzco Productions , directed first by Thomas Schlamme and Alan Goodman and eventually by Candy Kugel . The campaign featured popular artists and celebrities , including Pete Townshend , Pat Benatar , Adam Ant , David Bowie , The Police , Kiss , Culture Club , Billy Idol , Hall & Oates , Cyndi Lauper , Madonna , Lionel Richie , Ric Ocasek , John Mellencamp , Peter Wolf , Joe Elliot , Stevie Nicks , Rick Springfield and Mick Jagger , interacting with the MTV logo on - air and encouraging viewers to call their cable or satellite providers and request that MTV be added to their local channel lineups . Eventually , the slogan became so ubiquitous that it made an appearance as a lyric sung by Sting on the Dire Straits song `` Money for Nothing '' , whose music video aired in regular rotation on MTV when it was first released in 1985 . Influence and controversies ( edit ) The channel has been a target of criticism by various groups about programming choices , social issues , political correctness , sensitivity , censorship , and a perceived negative social influence on young people . Portions of the content of MTV 's programs and productions have come under controversy in the general news media and among social groups that have taken offense . Some within the music industry criticized what they saw as MTV 's homogenization of rock ' n ' roll , including the punk band the Dead Kennedys , whose song `` M.T.V. -- Get Off the Air '' was released on their 1985 album Frankenchrist , just as MTV 's influence over the music industry was being solidified . MTV was also the major influence on the growth of music videos during the 1980s . Subsequent concepts ( edit ) HBO also had a 30 - minute program of music videos called Video Jukebox , that first aired around the time of MTV 's launch and would last until late 1986 . Also around this time , HBO , as well as other premium channels such as Cinemax , Showtime and The Movie Channel , would occasionally play one or a few music videos between movies . SuperStation WTBS launched Night Tracks on June 3 , 1983 , with up to 14 hours of music video airplay each late night weekend by 1985 . Its most noticeable difference was that black artists received airplay that MTV initially ignored . The program ran until the end of May 1992 . A few markets also launched music - only channels including Las Vegas ' KVMY ( channel 21 ) , which debuted in the summer of 1984 as KRLR - TV and branded as `` Vusic 21 '' . The first video played on that channel was `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' , following in the footsteps of MTV . Shortly after TBS began Night Tracks , NBC launched a music video program called Friday Night Videos , which was considered network television 's answer to MTV . Later renamed simply Friday Night , the program ran from 1983 to 2002 . ABC 's contribution to the music video program genre in 1984 , ABC Rocks , was far less successful , lasting only a year . TBS founder Ted Turner started the Cable Music Channel in 1984 , designed to play a broader mix of music videos than MTV 's rock format allowed . But after one month as a money - losing venture , Turner sold it to MTV , who redeveloped the channel into VH1 . Shortly after its launch , The Disney Channel aired a program called D - TV , a play on the MTV acronym . The program used music cuts , both from current and past artists . Instead of music videos , the program used clips of various vintage Disney cartoons and animated films to go with the songs . The program aired in multiple formats , sometimes between shows , sometimes as its own program , and other times as one - off specials . The specials tended to air both on The Disney Channel and NBC . The program aired at various times between 1984 and 1999 . In 2009 , Disney Channel revived the D - TV concept with a new series of short - form segments called Re-Micks . Censorship ( edit ) Main article : Censorship on MTV MTV has edited a number of music videos to remove references to drugs , sex , violence , weapons , racism , homophobia and / or advertising . Many music videos aired on the channel were either censored , moved to late - night rotation , or banned entirely from the channel . In the 1980s , parent media watchdog groups such as the Parents Music Resource Center ( PMRC ) criticized MTV over certain music videos that were claimed to have explicit imagery of satanism . As a result , MTV developed a strict policy on refusal to air videos that may depict Satanism or anti-religious themes . This policy led MTV to ban music videos such as `` Jesus Christ Pose '' by Soundgarden in 1991 and `` Megalomaniac '' by Incubus in 2004 ; however , the controversial band Marilyn Manson was among the most popular rock bands on MTV during the late 1990s and early 2000s . On September 28 , 2016 , on an AfterBuzz TV live stream , Scout Durwood said that MTV had a `` no appropriation policy '' that forbid her from wearing her hair in cornrows in an episode of Mary + Jane . She said , `` I wanted to cornrow my hair , and they were like , ' That 's racist . ' '' Andrew Dice Clay ( edit ) During the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards ceremony , comedian Andrew Dice Clay did his usual `` adult nursery rhymes '' routine ( which he had done in his stand - up acts ) , after which the network executives imposed a lifetime ban . Billy Idol 's music video for the song `` Cradle of Love '' originally had scenes from Clay 's film The Adventures of Ford Fairlane when it was originally aired ; scenes from the film were later excised . During the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards , Clay was in attendance where he confirmed that the channel lifted the ban . Beavis and Butt - head ( edit ) Main article : Beavis and Butt - head § Allegations of promoting dangerous behavior In the wake of controversy that involved a child burning down his house after allegedly watching Beavis and Butt - head , MTV moved the show from its original 7 p.m. time slot to an 11 p.m. time slot . Also , Beavis ' tendency to flick a lighter and yell `` fire '' was removed from new episodes , and controversial scenes were removed from existing episodes before their rebroadcast . Some extensive edits were noted by series creator Mike Judge after compiling his Collection DVDs , saying that `` some of those episodes may not even exist actually in their original form . '' Dude , this Sucks ( edit ) A pilot for a show called Dude , This Sucks was canceled after teens attending a taping at the Snow Summit Ski Resort in January 2001 were sprayed with liquidized fecal matter by a group known as `` The Shower Rangers '' . The teens later sued , with MTV later apologizing and ordering the segment 's removal . Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy After Viacom 's purchase of CBS , MTV was selected to produce the Super Bowl XXXV halftime show in 2001 , airing on CBS and featuring Britney Spears , NSYNC and Aerosmith . Due to its success , MTV was invited back to produce another halftime show in 2004 , which would spark a nationwide debate and controversy that would drastically change Super Bowl halftime shows , MTV 's programming , and radio censorship . When CBS aired Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 , MTV was again chosen to produce the halftime show , with performances by such artists as Nelly , Diddy , Janet Jackson , and Justin Timberlake . The show became controversial , however , after Timberlake tore off part of Jackson 's outfit while performing `` Rock Your Body '' with her , revealing her right breast . All involved parties apologized for the incident , and Timberlake referred to the incident as a `` wardrobe malfunction '' . Michael Powell , former chairman of the Federal Communications Commission , ordered an investigation the day after broadcast . In the weeks following the halftime show , MTV censored much of its programming . Several music videos , including `` This Love '' and `` I Miss You '' , were edited for sexual content . In September 2004 , the FCC ruled that the halftime show was indecent and fined CBS $550,000 . The FCC upheld it in 2006 , but federal judges reversed the fine in 2008 . The Super Bowl itself would not feature another modern act for its halftime show until The Black Eyed Peas performed at Super Bowl XLV in 2011 . Nipplegate ( edit ) Timberlake and Jackson 's controversial event gave way to a `` wave of self - censorship on American television unrivaled since the McCarthy era '' . After the sudden event , names surfaced such as nipplegate , Janet moment , and boobgate , and this spread politically , furthering the discussion into the 2004 presidential election surrounding `` moral values '' and `` media decency '' . Moral criticism ( edit ) The Christian right organization American Family Association has also criticized MTV from perceptions of negative moral influence , describing MTV as promoting a `` pro-sex , anti-family , pro-choice , drug culture '' . In 2005 , the Parents Television Council ( PTC ) released a study titled `` MTV Smut Peddlers '' , which sought to expose excessive sexual , profane , and violent content on the channel , based on MTV 's spring break programming from 2004 . Jeanette Kedas , an MTV network executive , called the PTC report `` unfair and inaccurate '' and `` underestimating young people 's intellect and level of sophistication '' , while L. Brent Bozell III , then - president of the PTC , stated : `` the incessant sleaze on MTV presents the most compelling case yet for consumer cable choice '' , referring to the practice of cable and satellite companies to allow consumers to pay for channels à la carte . In April 2008 , PTC released The Rap on Rap , a study covering hip - hop and R&B music videos rotated on programs 106 & Park and Rap City , both shown on BET , and Sucker Free on MTV . PTC urged advertisers to withdraw sponsorship of those programs , whose videos PTC stated targeted children and teenagers containing adult content . Jersey Shore ( edit ) Main article : Controversies of Jersey Shore MTV received significant criticism from Italian American organizations for Jersey Shore , which premiered in 2009 . The controversy was due in large part to the manner in which MTV marketed the show , as it liberally used the word `` guido '' to describe the cast members . The word `` guido '' is generally regarded as an ethnic slur when referring to Italians and Italian Americans . One promotion stated that the show was to follow , `` eight of the hottest , tannest , craziest Guidos , '' while yet another advertisement stated , `` Jersey Shore exposes one of the tri-state area 's most misunderstood species ... the GUIDO . Yes , they really do exist ! Our Guidos and Guidettes will move into the ultimate beach house rental and indulge in everything the Seaside Heights , New Jersey scene has to offer . '' Prior to the series debut , Unico National formally requested that MTV cancel the show . In a formal letter , the company called the show a `` direct , deliberate and disgraceful attack on Italian Americans . '' Unico National President Andre DiMino said in a statement , `` MTV has festooned the ' bordello - like ' house set with Italian flags and red , white and green maps of New Jersey while every other cutaway shot is of Italian signs and symbols . They are blatantly as well as subliminally bashing Italian Americans with every technique possible . '' Around this time , other Italian organizations joined the fight , including the NIAF and the Order Sons of Italy in America . MTV responded by issuing a press release which stated in part , `` The Italian American cast takes pride in their ethnicity . We understand that this show is not intended for every audience and depicts just one aspect of youth culture . '' Following the calls for the show 's removal , several sponsors requested that their ads not be aired during the show . These sponsors included Dell , Domino 's Pizza and American Family Insurance . Despite the loss of certain advertisers , MTV did not cancel the show . Moreover , the show saw its audience increase from its premiere in 2009 , and continued to place as MTV 's top - rated programs during Jersey Shore 's six - season run , ending in 2012 . Resolutions for white Guys ( edit ) In December 2016 , MTV online published a social justice - oriented New Year 's resolution - themed video directed towards cisgender heterosexual white men , which was mostly about white guilt , cultural appropriation , the Black Lives Matter movement as well as broadly defined racism . The video caused widespread outrage online , including video responses from well - known online personas , and was deleted from MTV 's YouTube channel . The video was then reuploaded to their channel , with MTV claiming the new video contained `` updated graphical elements '' . The new video quickly received over 10,000 dislikes and fewer than 100 likes from only 20,000 views , and MTV deleted the video for a second time . Social activism ( edit ) In addition to its regular programming , MTV has a long history of promoting social , political , and environmental activism in young people . The channel 's vehicles for this activism have been Choose or Lose , encompassing political causes and encouraging viewers to vote in elections ; Fight For Your Rights , encompassing anti-violence and anti-discrimination causes ; think MTV ; and MTV Act and Power of 12 , the newest umbrellas for MTV 's social activism . Choose or Lose ( edit ) MTV Choose or Lose logo In 1992 , MTV started a pro-democracy campaign called Choose or Lose , to encourage over 20 million people to register to vote , and the channel hosted a town hall forum for then - candidate Bill Clinton . In recent years , other politically diverse programs on MTV have included True Life , which documents people 's lives and problems , and MTV News specials , which center on very current events in both the music industry and the world . One special show covered the 2004 US Presidential election , airing programs focused on the issues and opinions of young people , including a program where viewers could ask questions of Senator John Kerry . MTV worked with P. Diddy 's `` Vote or Die '' campaign , designed to encourage young people to vote . Additionally , MTV aired a documentary covering a trip by the musical group Sum 41 to the Democratic Republic of the Congo , documenting the conflict there . The group ended up being caught in the midst of an attack outside of the hotel and were subsequently flown out of the country . The channel also began showing presidential campaign commercials for the first time during the 2008 US presidential election . This has led to criticism , with Jonah Goldberg opining that `` MTV serves as the Democrats ' main youth outreach program . '' Rock the vote ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) Campaign to motivate young adults to register and vote . MTV Act and Power of 12 ( edit ) In 2012 , MTV launched MTV Act and Power of 12 , its current social activism campaigns . MTV Act focuses on a wide array of social issues , while Power of 12 was a replacement for MTV 's Choose or Lose and focused on the 2012 US presidential election . Elect this ( edit ) In 2016 , MTV continued its pro-democracy campaign with Elect This , an issue - oriented look at the 2016 election targeting Millennials . Original content under the `` Elect This '' umbrella includes `` Infographica , '' short animations summarizing MTV News polls ; `` Robo - Roundtable , '' a digital series hosted by animatronic robots ; `` The Racket , '' a multi-weekly digital series ; and `` The Stakes , '' a weekly political podcast . Beyond MTV ( edit ) Since its launch in 1981 , the brand `` MTV '' has expanded to include many additional properties beyond the original MTV channel , including a variety of sister channels in the US , dozens of affiliated channels around the world , and an Internet presence through MTV.com and related websites . Sister channels in the US ( edit ) Further information : MTV Networks MTV operates a group of channels under MTV Networks -- a name that continues to be used for the individual units of the now Viacom Media Networks , a division of corporate parent Viacom . In 1985 , MTV saw the introduction of its first true sister channel , VH1 , which was originally an acronym for `` Video Hits One '' and was designed to play adult contemporary music videos . Today , VH1 is aimed at celebrity and popular culture programming which include many reality shows . Another sister channel , CMT , targets the country music and southern culture market . The advent of satellite television and digital cable brought MTV greater channel diversity , including its current sister channels MTV2 and MTV Tr3́s ( now Tr3́s ) , which initially played music videos exclusively but now focus on other programming . MTV also broadcasts MTVU , a college - oriented channel on campus at various universities . In the 2000s , MTV launched MTV HD , a 1080i high definition simulcast feed of MTV . Until Viacom 's main master control was upgraded in 2013 , only the network 's original series after 2010 ( with some pre-2010 content ) are broadcast in high definition , while music videos , despite being among the first television works to convert to high definition presentation in the early 2000s , were presented in 4 : 3 standard definition , forcing them into a windowboxing type of presentation ; since that time all music videos are presented in HD , and are framed to their on director 's preference . Jersey Shore , despite being shot with widescreen HD cameras , was also presented with SD windowboxing ( though the 2018 Family Vacation revival is in full HD ) . The vast majority of providers carry MTV HD . MTV Networks also operates MTV Live , a high - definition channel that features original HD music programming and HD versions of music related programs from MTV , VH1 and CMT . The channel was launched in January 2006 as MHD ( Music : High Definition ) . The channel was officially rebranded as MTV Live on February 1 , 2016 . In 2005 and 2006 , MTV launched a series of channels for Asian Americans . The first channel was MTV Desi , launched in July 2005 , dedicated toward South - Asian Americans . Next was MTV Chi , in December 2005 , which catered to Chinese Americans . The third was MTV K , launched in June 2006 and targeted toward Korean Americans . Each of these channels featured music videos and shows from MTV 's international affiliates as well as original US programming , promos , and packaging . All three of these channels ceased broadcasting on April 30 , 2007 . On August 1 , 2016 , the 35th anniversary of the original MTV 's launch , VH1 Classic was rebranded as MTV Classic . The channel 's programming focused on classic music videos and programming ( including notable episodes of MTV Unplugged and VH1 Storytellers ) , but skews more towards the 1980s , 1990s and 2000s . The network aired encores of 2000s MTV series such as Beavis and Butt - Head and Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County . The network 's relaunch included a broadcast of MTV 's first hour on the air , which was also simulcast on MTV and online via Facebook live streaming . MTV Classic only retained three original VH1 Classic programs , which were That Metal Show , Metal Evolution and Behind the Music Remastered , although repeats of current and former VH1 programs such as Pop - Up Video and VH1 Storytellers remained on the schedule . However , the rebranded MTV Classic had few viewers , and declined quickly to become the least - watched English - language cable network rated by Nielsen at the end of 2016 . At the start of 2017 it was re-programmed into an all - video network . Internet ( edit ) MTV.com in 2008 In the late 1980s , before the World Wide Web , MTV VJ Adam Curry began experimenting on the Internet . He registered the then - unclaimed domain name `` MTV.com '' in 1993 with the idea of being MTV 's unofficial new voice on the Internet . Although this move was sanctioned by his supervisors at MTV Networks at the time , when Curry left to start his own web - portal design and hosting company , MTV subsequently sued him for the domain name , which led to an out - of - court settlement . The service hosted at the domain name was originally branded `` MTV Online '' during MTV 's first few years of control over it in the mid-1990s . It served as a counterpart to the America Online portal for MTV content , which existed at AOL keyword MTV until approximately the end of the 1990s . After this time , the website became known as simply `` MTV.com '' and served as the Internet hub for all MTV and MTV News content . MTV.com experimented with entirely video - based layouts between 2005 and 2007 . The experiment began in April 2005 as MTV Overdrive , a streaming video service that supplemented the regular MTV.com website . Shortly after the 2006 Video Music Awards , which were streamed on MTV.com and heavily utilized the MTV Overdrive features , MTV introduced a massive change for MTV.com , transforming the entire site into a Flash video - based entity . Much of users ' feedback about the Flash - based site was negative , demonstrating a dissatisfaction with videos that played automatically , commercials that could not be skipped or stopped , and the slower speed of the entire website . The experiment ended in February 2006 as MTV.com reverted to a traditional HTML - based website design with embedded video clips , in the style of YouTube and some other video - based websites . From 2006 to 2007 , MTV operated an online channel , MTV International , targeted to the broad international market . The purpose of the online channel was to air commercial - free music videos once the television channels started concentrating on shows unrelated to music videos or music - related programming . The channel responded to the rise of the Internet as the new central place to watch music videos in October 2008 by launching MTV Music ( later called MTV Hive ) , a website that featured thousands of music videos from MTV and VH1 's video libraries , dating back to the earliest videos from 1981 . A newly created division of the company , MTV New Media , announced in 2008 that it would produce its own original web series , in an attempt to create a bridge between old and new media . The programming is available to viewers via personal computers , cell phones , iPods , and other digital devices . In the summer of 2012 , MTV launched a music discovery web site called Artists. MTV . MTV stated , `` While technology has made it way easier for artists to produce and distribute their own music on their own terms , it has n't made it any simpler to find a way to cut through all the Internet noise and speak directly to all of their potential fans . The summer launch of Artists. MTV is an attempt to help music junkies and musicians close the gap by providing a one - stop place where fans can listen to and buy music and purchase concert tickets and merchandise . '' Today , MTV.com remains the official website of MTV , and it expands on the channel 's broadcasts by bringing additional content to its viewers . The site 's features include an online version of MTV News , podcasts , a commercial streaming service , movie features , profiles and interviews with recording artists and from MTV 's television programs . MTV around the World ( edit ) Further information : List of MTV channels MTV Networks has launched numerous native - language regional variants of MTV - branded channels to countries around the world . 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Jump up ^ `` Censorship & Scandals : Beavis & Butt - head '' . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Judge ( 2005 ) . Beavis and Butt - head : The Mike Judge Collection Volume 1 Taint to Greatness the Journey of Beavis and Butt - head ( Part 1 ) ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` MTV Sorry for Poop - Flinging '' . ABC News . April 6 , 2001 . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Teens Sue MTV Over Defecation Incident ? '' . Billboard. April 6 , 2001 . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ el greco ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` More on MTV 's ' Dude , This Sucks ' '' . THAT TIME HAS COME . Blogger . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith , N'Sync add spice to MTV - driven halftime show '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . January 28 , 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apologetic Jackson says ' costume reveal ' went awry '' . CNN.com . Associated Press . 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ParentsTV.org . Parents Television Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Study : MTV delivers a diet of sleaze '' . USA Today . Associated Press . February 2 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Moss , Linda ; Umstead , R. Thomas ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` PTC Puts a Bad ' Rap ' On BET , MTV '' . Multichannel news . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Crupi , Anthony ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` PTC Blasts MTV , BET '' . Mediaweek . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` FoxNews.com '' . FoxNews.com. April 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` ' Jersey Shore ' Castmember Defends Show Against Detractors '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MTV.ca '' . MTV.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Unico.org Jump up ^ Raymond , Adam K. ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Italian Group Asks MTV to Yank Jersey Shore '' . NYmag.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Italian - Americans slam ' Jersey Shore ' '' . UPI.com . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` NIAF.org '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ItalianAware.com '' . ItalianAware.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Vincent Jackson ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` Italian groups target MTV '' . PressOfAtlanticCity.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Salamone , Gina ( December 22 , 2009 ) . `` Dell pulls ads from ' Jersey Shore ' ; MTV show loses another sponsor over claims of ' ethnic bashing ' '' . New York : NYdailyNews.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' MTV News ' Deletes YouTube Video Telling `` White Guys '' What They Could Do Better In 2017 After Backlash `` . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fury Erupts Online After MTV Suggests New Year 's Resolutions For White Guys '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' White guys ' get New Year 's resolutions via ultra-liberal MTV News '' . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV 's New Year 's ' Resolutions for White Guys ' Slammed as ' Racist , ' ' Disgusting ' '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chasmar , Jessica . `` MTV News offers ' 2017 resolutions for white guys ' : ' Blue Lives Matter is n't a thing ' '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MTV 's traveling `` Choose or Lose '' vehicle brings politics . Salon . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Tom , `` The Real Story of the Youth Vote in the 2004 Election . Archived May 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . '' Underscorebleach.net , 2004 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved on 2006 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Vargas , Jose Antonio , `` Vote or Die ? Well , They Did Vote . '' Washingtonpost.com , 2004 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved on 2006 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Rocked : Sum 41 in Congo '' War Child Canada . 2001 -- 2006 . Archived January 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Weprin , Alex ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Breaking Tradition , MTV to Accept Political Advertising '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jonah . `` Jonah Goldberg - Very Different Visions '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Act '' . Act.mtv.com . August 10 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lauren Grillo . `` MTV '' . Power of 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Elect What ? `` Elect This . '' `` . MTV Press . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Networks ' MHD : Music High - Definition Channel Kicks Into High Gear With New Programming and a New Name -- Palladia '' . Jump up ^ `` MTV Classic bringing The 2011 Beavis and Butt - Head , Aeon Flux and music videos back on - air '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Launches ' Classic ' Channel Dedicated to 1990s '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ; Maglio , Tony ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` 21 Least - Watched Cable Channels , From MTV Classic to Sprout '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Crupi , Anthony ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Small Change : Why Niche Cable Nets Are on Their Last Legs Media - AdAge '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MTV vs. Curry '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` MTV today announced the launch of the new hybrid channel , `` MTV Overdrive '' `` . Jump up ^ `` MTV switches to Adobe Flash - based website '' . Jump up ^ `` MTV.com returns to HTML - based website '' . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Director Hustles New Web Series '' . NewTeeVee . August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` MTV , Craig Brewer team up for online drama '' . Commercial Appeal . July 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` MTV To Launch Artists. MTV Music Hub '' . MTV News . March 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Bibliography ( edit ) Blackwood , Nina / Goodman , Mark / Hunter , Alan / Quinn , Martha / Edwards , Gavin ( 2013 ) . VJ : The Unplugged Adventures of MTV 's First Wave . Atria . ISBN 1 - 4516 - 7812 - 6 . Denisoff , R. Serge ( 1988 ) . Inside MTV . Transaction . ISBN 0 - 88738 - 864 - 7 . McGrath , Tom ( 1996 ) . MTV : The Making of a Revolution . Running Pr . ISBN 1 - 56138 - 703 - 7 . MTV ( 2001 ) . MTV Uncensored . MTV . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 2682 - 7 . Prato , Greg ( 2011 ) . MTV Ruled the World : The Early Years of Music Video . Createspace . ISBN 0 - 578 - 07197 - 5 . Tannenbaum , Rob / Marks , Craig ( 2012 ) . I Want My MTV : The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution . Plume . ISBN 0 - 452 - 29856 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Merchants of Cool ( PBS ) External links ( edit ) Official website Directory of MTV sites MTV on Google+ Viacom Corporate directors Bob Bakish ( CEO ) Ellen V. Futter Alan C. Greenberg Charles Phillips Sumner Redstone ( Chairman Emeritus ) Shari Redstone William Schwartz Viacom Media Networks BET Networks BET BET Gospel BET Her BET Hip - Hop BET Jams BET Soul Global Entertainment Group CMT CMT Music Comedy Central Comedy Central Extra Logo TV MTV MTV2 MTVU RateMyProfessors.com MTV Classic MTV Live MTV Tres Paramount Network TV Land VH1 VH1 Classic Europe Nickelodeon Group Nickelodeon Nick at Nite Nick Jr . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who forms the major segment of audience for mtv music videos | [
"MTV targeted an audience between the ages of twelve to thirty-four. However, according to MTV's self conducted research over 50% of its audience is between twelve and twenty-four. Furthermore, this particular group would watch MTV for an average of thirty minutes to two hours a day. [29]"
] | [
"between the ages of twelve to thirty-four."
] |
-2839068749068852869 | Company (military unit) | Company ( military unit ) - wikipedia Company ( military unit ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Military organization Typical units Typical numbers Typical commander fireteam 2 -- 4 lance corporal / corporal squad / section 8 -- 14 sergeant platoon 15 -- 45 second lieutenant / lieutenant company 80 -- 150 captain / major battalion / cohort 300 -- 800 lieutenant colonel regiment / brigade / legion 1,000 -- 5,500 colonel / brigadier general division 10,000 -- 25,000 major general corps 30,000 -- 50,000 lieutenant general field army 100,000 -- 300k general army group front 2 + field armies field marshal / five - star general region / theater 4 + army groups Six - star rank / Commander - in - chief ( hide ) Army units and organization Subordinated element Fireteam Ø Squad / Crew Section / Patrol Platoon / Flight Unit Company / Battery / Troop Battalion / Cohort / Squadron Regiment Formation Brigade / Group / Wing x Division / Legion xx Corps xxx Command Field army xxxx Army group / Front xxxxx Region / Theater XXXXXX Temporary Detachment Patrol Task force Brigade group Flying column Field force Combat command Battlegroup Regimental combat team Standard NATO code for a friendly infantry company . Company B of the 113th Infantry , part of the American Expeditionary Force , France , 1919 . A company is a military unit , typically consisting of 80 -- 150 soldiers and usually commanded by a major or a captain . Most companies are formed of three to six platoons , although the exact number may vary by country , unit type , and structure . Usually several companies are grouped as a battalion or regiment , the latter of which is sometimes formed by several battalions . Occasionally , independent or separate companies are organized for special purposes , such as the 1st Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company or the 3rd Force Reconnaissance Company . These companies are not organic to a battalion or regiment , but rather report directly to a higher level organization such as a Marine Expeditionary Force headquarters ( i.e. , a corps - level command ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 British Army 3 Canadian Army 4 Soviet / Russian armed forces 4.1 Motorised rifle company 4.2 Tank company 4.3 Research company 5 United States 5.1 Army 5.1. 1 Historical background 5.1. 2 Modern use 5.2 Marine Corps 6 Disambiguation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Historical background ( edit ) The modern military company became popularized during the reorganization of the Swedish Army in 1631 under King Gustav II Adolph . For administrative purposes , the infantry was divided into companies consisting of 150 men , grouped into regiments of eight companies . Tactically , the infantry companies were organized into battalions and grouped with cavalry troops and artillery batteries to form brigades . From ancient times , some armies have commonly used a base administrative and tactical unit of around 100 men . ( Perhaps the best known is the Roman century , originally intended as a 100 - man unit , but later ranging from about 60 to 80 men , depending on the time period . ) An organization based on the decimal number system ( i.e. , by tens , hundreds , thousands , and ten - thousands ) might seem intuitive . To the Romans , for example , a unit of 100 men seemed sufficiently large to efficiently facilitate organizing a large body of men numbering into the several thousands , yet small enough that one man could reasonably expect to command it as a cohesive unit by using his voice and physical presence , supplemented by musical notes ( e.g. , drum beats , bugle or trumpet blasts , etc . ) and visual cues ( e.g. , colors , standards , guidons , etc . ) . Furthermore , recent studies have indicated that humans are best able to maintain stable relationships in a cohesive group numbering between 100 and 250 members , with 150 members being the common number ( see Dunbar 's number ) . Again , a military unit on the order of no more than 100 members , and perhaps ideally fewer , would perhaps present the greatest efficiency as well as effectiveness of control , on a battlefield where the stress , danger , fear , noise , confusion , and the general condition known as the `` fog of war '' would present the greatest challenge to an officer to command a group of men engaged in mortal combat . Until the latter half of the 19th century , when infantry troops still routinely fought in close order , marching and firing shoulder - to - shoulder in lines facing the enemy , the company remained at around 100 , or fewer , men . The advent of accurate , long - range rifle fire , repeating rifles , and machine guns necessitated highly dispersed combat formations . This , coupled with radio communication , permitted relatively small numbers of men to have much greater firepower and combat effectiveness than previously possible . Companies , however , continue to remain within the general range of 100 -- 250 members , perhaps validating the premise that men fight best ( as well as live , work , socialize , play , etc . ) in organizations of around 150 members , more or less . While historically companies were usually grouped into battalions or regiments , there were certain sub-units raised as independent companies that did not belong to a specific battalion or regiment , such as Confederate States of America state local militia companies . However , upon activation and assimilation into the army , several of these independent companies would be grouped together to form either a battalion or a regiment , depending upon the number of companies involved . ( Usually two to five would form a battalion , while six to twelve would form a regiment . ) More recent examples of separate companies would be the divisional support companies ( i.e. , signal , military police , ordnance maintenance , quartermaster , reconnaissance , and replacement companies ) of a U.S. Army , Korean War - era infantry division and the divisional aviation company of a U.S. Army `` Pentomic '' infantry division . These companies were not organic to any intermediate headquarters ( viz. , battalion / group / regiment / brigade ) , but rather reported directly to the division headquarters . British Army ( edit ) Rifle companies consist of three platoons and a company headquarters . Company - sized organisations in units with a horse - mounted heritage , such as the Household Cavalry , Royal Armoured Corps , Royal Engineers , Royal Corps of Signals , Army Air Corps , Special Air Service , Honourable Artillery Company and Royal Logistic Corps , use the term squadron instead of company , and in the Royal Artillery they are called batteries . Until after the Second World War , the Royal Engineers and Royal Signals had both squadrons and companies depending on whether the units were supporting mounted or foot formations . The British Army infantry normally identifies its rifle companies by letter ( usually , but not always , A , B and C ) within a battalion , usually with the addition of a headquarters company and a support / heavy weapons company . Some units name their companies after regimental battle honours ; this is commonly the case for composite units , for example the London Regiment with its Somme , Messines and Cambrai companies . The foot guards regiments use traditional names for some of their companies , for example Queen 's Company , Left Flank , Prince of Wales 's Company etc . Royal Marines companies are designated by a letter that is unique across the corps , not just within their command . The Intelligence Corps , Royal Army Medical Corps , Royal Military Police and Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers all have companies uniquely numbered across their corps . The defunct Royal Army Service Corps , Royal Pioneer Corps and Royal Army Ordnance Corps had companies ; the Royal Corps of Transport had squadrons . British companies are usually commanded by a major , the officer commanding ( OC ) , with a captain or senior lieutenant as second - in - command ( 2i / c ) . The company headquarters also includes a company sergeant major ( CSM ) normally holding the rank of WO2 and a company quartermaster sergeant ( CQMS ) of colour sergeant rank , the two most senior soldiers in the company . The Honourable Artillery Company is in fact a regiment , not a company , in terms of organisation and size . Canadian Army ( edit ) Canadian Army organisation is modelled after the British . A Canadian infantry battalion consists of three or four rifle companies identified by letter ( A Company , B Company , etc . ) , a Combat Support Company , and an Administration Support Company . A notable exception is The Royal Canadian Regiment , which names its companies sequentially throughout the regiment from the Duke of Edinburgh 's Company ( instead of A Company ) in the 1st Battalion to T Company in the 4th Battalion . Many regiments name their companies after battle honours or former units that make up the current regiment , for example : 75th Company -- The Toronto Scottish Regiment ( Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother 's Own ) Victoria Company -- The Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada Grenadier Company -- The Royal Regiment of Canada No. 2 ( Prince of Wales ) Company - Canadian Grenadier Guards The combat support company administratively contains the specialized platoons , such as reconnaissance , pioneer , headquarters and signals , anti-armour , and mortar . The administration support company contains the support tradesmen that a battalion requires , such as cooks , vehicle technicians , supply , medics , etc . As in the British Army , company sized units with a mounted heritage use the term squadron , and in the artillery they are called batteries . Soviet / russian armed forces ( edit ) Motorised rifle company ( edit ) 1980s Soviet Motorised Company ( BTR ) A Soviet motorised rifle company could be mounted in either BTR armoured personnel carriers or BMP infantry fighting vehicles , with the former being more numerous into the late 1980s . A BTR rifle company consisted of a company headquarters , three motorised rifle platoons and a machine gun / antitank platoon equipped with two PK machine guns and two AT - 7 Saxhorn launchers for a total of 110 personnel and 12 BTRs . A BMP rifle company had the same number of personnel and carriers and consisted of a company headquarters , three motorised rifle platoons and a machine gun platoon equipped with six RPK - 74s . While seemingly containing less firepower , US commanders were advised to include the BMP 's heavier weaponry in their calculations . Tank company ( edit ) Prior to the late 1980s , a Soviet tank company consisted of a company headquarters and three tank platoons with T - 64 , T - 72 or T - 80 tanks for a total of 39 personnel and 13 tanks ; companies using the older T - 54 , T - 55 or T - 62s tanks had 10 or 13 additional enlisted personnel . However , forces in Eastern Europe began to standardize tank companies at 10 tanks , with three tanks in each platoon instead of four . Research company ( edit ) Research companies ( single . nauchnaya rota , научная рота ) were established in 2013 , to allow conscripts with higher education to serve doing scientific and research tasks . There are 7 research companies : 2nd and 3rd research company ( Aerospace Forces ) 5th research company ( Army ) 6th research company ( General Shtab ) 7th research company ( Svyaz ) 8th research company ( Medical ) 9th research company ( RKhBZ ) United States ( edit ) Army ( edit ) Historical background ( edit ) In the 1700s , British Army , American Colonial Militia , and Provincial Regulars ( e.g. , the Virginia Regiment ) , and later American Army infantry , regiments were organized into companies of somewhat less than 100 officers and enlisted men , although the actual totals widely varied . For example , in 1775 a typical British Army infantry company contained only 47 officers and men ( including 3 officers , 5 noncommissioned officers , a drummer , and 38 privates ) . However , by 1792 an American infantry company contained 98 officers and men ( including 3 officers , 9 noncommissioned officers , a drummer , a fifer , and 84 privates ) . Beginning in 1775 American forces began to develop their own organizational doctrine somewhat based on the Franco - Prussian model ( with much influence beginning in 1777 by Continental European ex-patriots and future American generals the Marquis de Lafayette of France , Count Casimir Pulaski of Poland , and Baron von Steuben of Prussia ) . As a result , in 1776 , a Continental Army Infantry company was authorized one captain , one first lieutenant , one second lieutenant ( both lieutenants serving as platoon commanders - not designated as platoon leaders until 1943 under the `` Triangular Division '' reorganization begun in 1939 ) , an ensign ( an obsolete subaltern officer rank charged with carrying the regimental colors in rotation with the other ensigns of the battalion / regiment ) , four sergeants ( section leaders / squad leaders with two to a platoon ) , four corporals ( assistant section leaders / squad leaders with two to a platoon ) , two musicians ( a drummer and a fifer ) , and 76 privates . The company was organized into two platoons , each consisting of two sections / squads ( the terms were sometimes used interchangeably ) consisting of one sergeant , one corporal , and 19 privates . ( Wright , 1983 ) From the late 1700s up until the late 1800s , a US infantry company was commanded by a captain and assisted by a first sergeant ( first authorized in 1781 ) , and consisted of a small company headquarters and two identical platoons commanded by lieutenants . Even though from 1808 until 1821 companies were authorized two first lieutenants and two second lieutenants ( and again from 1861 to 1866 for two second lieutenants ) , the positions of company executive officer ( second - in - command ) and a third platoon commander were not authorized until 1898 when the army expanded under mobilization for the war with Spain . During the 1800s the authorized strength of infantry companies fell to a low of 54 officers and men during periods of relative peace from 1821 to 1838 and again from 1842 to 1846 . In contrast , from 1812 to 1815 ( second war with Great Britain ) , 1846 to 1848 ( war with Mexico ) , 1861 to 1890 ( American civil war and wars with the plains Indians ) , and 1898 - 1899 ( war with Spain ) authorized company strength ranged from over 100 officers and men up to a high of 119 . Also , in 1861 a company quartermaster sergeant was added to the authorized manning of an infantry company and a wagoner was reinstituted ( previously authorized from 1796 to 1808 ) to drive the company supply wagon . During the 1700s and up until the late 1800s , the company was an administrative and tactical unit seldom employed in other than as a massed formation . The standard procedure , once the company had marched into its position in the line of battle , was for the company to form facing the enemy as two ranks , by platoon , one behind the other . The commanding officer ( a captain ) , and the one to four lieutenants ( depending upon the time period ) serving as platoon commanders / assistant platoon commanders ( 1808 to 1821 ) and the executive officer would direct the fighting , leading from the front in the attack and on the flanks in the defense . The executive officer , or more usually the junior lieutenant , and the first sergeant were normally positioned behind the battle line so as to assist the company commander in overseeing the company and managing the rear ( company trains with the quartermaster sergeant and wagoner , casualties , enemy prisoners , non-combatants , deserters , etc . ) . The sergeants , acted as `` file closers '' , working the line by putting men forward to replace casualties in the front rank , encouraging men to fire , reload , move forward , etc. and if need be , physically assisting or restraining men who refused to move forward or attempted to flee . The corporals physically led by example ( much like modern fire team leaders ) by taking their place in the line with their privates and fighting alongside them . The ensign , the junior officer in the company from 1775 until 1808 and nominally the `` color bearer '' , usually either personally carried the regimental battle flag or supervised the detailed party of NCOs and privates drawn from the companies tasked with bearing and protecting the flag . The rank and position of ensign ( as well as cornet in mounted units ) was eliminated in the early 1800s when incumbents were converted to second lieutenants . It had already become the custom to assign a veteran sergeant to carry the national colors as only regiments and separate battalions were authorized to carry a `` battle flag '' . A special group of NCOs , led by the `` color sergeant '' , chosen for their experience and fighting skills , were detailed from the companies to the regimental headquarters to carry and defend the national colors ( the United States flag ) and the regimental colors ( the regiment 's unique standard bearing its branch and regiment designation as well as its battle honors and unit decorations ) . The musician ( s ) remained with the commanding officer to relay orders by sound ( i.e. , musical notes and drumbeats ) . Sometimes , the regimental commander would group the musicians as a regimental band positioned behind the left center company in the line of battle , with the drummers forming a regimental drum - line for use by the regimental commander in giving orders to the several companies by drumbeats . As needed , the musicians also served as orderlies and guards at either the company or battalion / regimental headquarters and in combat served as messengers , water carriers , stretcher bearers , and temporarily guarded enemy prisoners of war until they were passed to the rear for processing and internment . In 1898 , with the expansion of the rifle company to three platoons under mobilization for the Spanish -- American War , the company gained two officers ( an additional first lieutenant as executive officer and an additional second lieutenant to command the third platoon ) . Additionally , there was an increase in the number of noncommissioned officers ( NCOs ) to serve as section leaders ( sergeants ) and squad leaders ( corporals ) to the point that in 1901 with the increase in privates to 127 ( from 84 in 1898 ) that there were then authorized 18 corporals and six sergeants , along with two buglers ( the bugle having replaced both the drum and the fife in infantry companies ) , the wagoner , two senior NCOs ( first sergeant and quartermaster sergeant ) , and five officers for a total of 161 officers and men . In 1905 a mess sergeant was added to the company 's senior NCO staff and the company quartermaster sergeant was renamed supply sergeant . Due to mobilization for World War I , the army adopted its `` square division '' organization structure , significantly increasing unit sizes from platoon up . In 1917 a fourth platoon was added to the company , increasing its size to 256 officers and men , including six officers ( a captain as commanding officer , a first lieutenant as executive officer , and two first lieutenants and two second lieutenants as platoon commanders ) . Enlisted strength became : three senior NCOs ( first sergeant , supply sergeant , and mess sergeant ) , 12 sergeants , 33 corporals ( one company clerk and 32 squad leaders with eight per platoon ) , eight specialists ( four cooks and four mechanics ) , two buglers , 64 privates first class , and 128 privates . Of the 12 sergeants , while eight of them continued to serve as section leaders ( with two in each platoon ) , the four senior ranking sergeants were assigned to a new position in each platoon headquarters as `` assistant to platoon commander '' . This was the forerunner of the modern platoon sergeant slot created in 1943 ( originally known in 1940 as the `` platoon leader '' , as the officer was styled as the `` platoon commander '' until 1943 ) to provide an experienced senior NCO as an advisor and second - in - command to the officer commanding the platoon . Cavalry companies ( not officially re-designated as `` troops '' until 1883 ) had a similar organization to the infantry , but with fewer men , companies rarely exceeding around 70 men . In the Field Artillery , the company - equivalent unit is designated as a `` battery '' and historically consisted of a battery headquarters and two or three gun platoons , each with two gun sections . At full authorized strength , a typical battery of six gun sections would consist of approximately 100 officers and enlisted men . Modern use ( edit ) Company B , 3rd Battalion , of the 75th Ranger Regiment in Somalia , 1993 . In the United States Army , infantry companies are usually made up of three rifle platoons and a heavy weapons platoon ; mechanized infantry companies are usually made up of three rifle platoons consisting of four infantry fighting vehicles ( IFV ) each and a command element containing two IFVs ; tank companies are usually made up of three tank platoons consisting of four tanks each and a command element containing two tanks ; support companies are typically divided into platoons of specialization that may contain additional special sections . A company is usually commanded by a captain , although in some cases they may be commanded by a first lieutenant or a major . Unlike its component platoons , a company typically has additional positions of supporting staff , such as an executive officer ( XO ) , a first sergeant , a readiness / training NCO , and other positions ( e.g. , supply sergeant , armorer ) . The corresponding unit of artillery is always called a battery . Similarly , the term troop is used for cavalry units , including both the horse - mounted units of history as well as modern armored cavalry and air cavalry units . Companies that are not separate from their parent battalion are identified by letter -- for example , `` Company A , 1st Battalion , 15th Infantry Regiment '' . This would commonly be abbreviated as `` A / 1 - 15 INF '' in writing , but not in speaking . The dash in `` 1 - 15 '' indicates that the unit 's history stems from the 15th Infantry Regiment of the Army , in its lineage . Companies normally do not have their own overhead , but share the overhead of the parent organization . When the regimental headquarters exists as a separate echelon of command ( e.g. , the 75th Ranger Regiment , the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment , and the 1st Marine Regiment ) , as virtually all U.S. Army regiments did until after the Korean War , a slash separates the battalion / squadron number from the regimental number ( i.e. , B / 2 / 75 Ranger , C / 3 / 11 ACR , E / 2 / 1 Marines ) . Although not official designations , the letters are often pronounced in `` GI slang '' using the NATO phonetic alphabet or , before that , the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet , resulting in names such as `` Bravo Company '' and `` Echo Company '' ( formerly `` Baker '' and `` Easy '' companies , respectively ) . Companies with a separate table of organization and equipment ( TO&E ) are identified by a number , and are able to operate completely independently from any other unit 's support . Company - sized units that are organized under a table of distribution and allowance ( TDA ) are identified with a name or number . Company - sized units usually consist of four to six platoons each led by a lieutenant , although there are examples of combat service and combat service support companies that have seven or more platoons . For example , a transportation terminal service company normally has two ship platoons , two shore platoons , one documentation platoon , one maintenance platoon , and the headquarters platoon . While companies are typically commanded by captains , some have a special operational capacity that requires them to be commanded by an officer with greater command authority and experience ; such companies are commanded by majors , and have platoons commanded by captains . Examples of this arrangement include aviation platoons , military intelligence companies , military police companies , and special forces companies . A captain reports to his commander , usually the battalion commander ( a lieutenant colonel ) . However , there are some administrative and other duties at battalion level and larger ( brigade or division ) that are also handled by captains , for example the S - 1 , S - 2 , & S - 4 officers of a battalion ( S - 3 is a major ) , or some assistant staff positions in the G shops at division . The senior non-commissioned officer of a company is called a first sergeant . Any sergeant holding this position is referred to as `` first sergeant '' regardless of actual rank , though the non-commissioned officer assigned ordinarily has the rank of first sergeant . A master sergeant assigned to this position will be `` laterally promoted '' to the rank of first sergeant , unless the appointment is temporary . In some instances , a sergeant first class will be appointed to the job in lieu of a rank - qualified first sergeant or master sergeant . Again , in such situations , the NCO holds the duty position and title of `` First Sergeant '' , while retaining the rank of sergeant first class . Marine Corps ( edit ) Rifle Company Company Headquarters Company Commander ( Commanding Officer / CO ) -- Captain ( O - 3 ) Executive Officer ( XO ) -- usually a First Lieutenant ( O - 2 ) First Sergeant ( 1stSgt , E-8 ) Gunnery Sergeant ( GySgt , E-7 ) Property NCO ( Sgt , E-5 ) Messenger / Driver ( Pvt - LCpl , E-1 / 3 ) Rifle Platoon ( 3 ) Platoon Headquarters Platoon Commander -- Lieutenant ( O - 1 / 2 ) Platoon Sergeant -- Staff Sergeant ( E-6 ) Platoon Guide -- Sergeant ( E-5 ) Messenger -- ( Pvt - LCpl , E-1 / 3 ) Rifle Squad ( 3 ) Squad Leader -- Sergeant ( E-5 ) Fire Team ( 3 ) Team Leader / Grenadier -- Corporal ( E-4 ) Automatic Rifleman -- Lance Corporal ( E-3 ) Assistant Automatic Rifleman -- ( Pvt - LCpl , E-1 / 3 ) Rifleman / Scout -- ( Pvt - LCpl , E-1 / 3 ) Weapons Platoon Platoon Headquarters Platoon Commander -- usually a First Lieutenant ( O - 2 ) Platoon Sergeant -- Gunnery Sergeant ( E-7 ) Machine Gun Section ( 6 -- M240G 7.62 mm general - purpose machine guns ) Section Leader -- Staff Sergeant ( E-6 ) Machine Gun Squad ( 3 ) Squad Leader -- Sergeant ( E-5 ) Machine Gun Team ( 2 ) Team Leader -- Corporal ( E-4 ) Gunner -- Lance Corporal ( E-3 ) Ammunition Man -- ( Pvt - LCpl , E-1 / 3 ) LWCMS Mortar Section ( 3 -- M224 60mm Light Weight Company Mortar Systems ) Section Leader -- Staff Sergeant ( E-6 ) Mortar Squad ( 3 ) Squad Leader / Gunner -- Corporal ( E-4 ) Assistant Gunner -- Lance Corporal ( E-3 ) Ammunition Man ( 2 ) -- ( Pvt - LCpl , E-1 / 3 ) Assault Section ( 6 -- Mk153 SMAW Shoulder - launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon launchers ) Section Leader -- Sergeant ( E-5 ) Assault Squad ( 3 ) Squad Leader / Team Leader / Gunner -- Corporal ( E-4 ) Team Leader / Gunner -- Lance Corporal ( E-3 ) Assistant Gunner ( 2 ) -- ( Pvt - LCpl , E-1 / 3 ) Attachments ( notional , dependent upon mission and availability ) Company Medical Team from Medical Platoon , Headquarters and Service Company , Infantry Battalion Forward Observer from Fire Direction Center , 81mm Mortar Platoon , Weapons Company , Infantry battalion Forward Air Control Party from S - 3 Section and Communications Platoon , Headquarters and Service Company , Infantry Battalion Forward Observer Team from the Battalion 's Direct Support 155mm Howitzer Battery , Artillery Battalion Dining Facility Team from Dining Facility Section , Service Platoon , Headquarters and Service Company , Infantry Battalion Heavy Machine Gun Squad / Section ( M2HB . 50 cal. BMG and / or Mk 19 40mm AGL ) from Heavy Machine Gun Platoon , Weapons Company , Infantry Battalion Javelin Squad ( 4 -- FGM - 148 Javelin Anti-Tank Missile launchers ) from Javelin Section , Antiarmor Platoon , Weapons Company , Infantry Battalion Antitank ( TOW ) Squad ( 2 -- BGM - 71 Tube launched , Optically tracked , Wire command link guided missile launchers ) from Antitank ( TOW ) Section , Antiarmor Platoon , Weapons Company , Infantry Battalion Amphibious Assault Vehicle ( AAV ) Platoon ( 12 -- AAV - 7 Amphibious Assault Vehicles ) from the Battalion 's Direct Support AAV Company / Battalion Tank Section / Platoon ( 2 / 4 M1A2 Main Battle Tanks ) from the Battalion 's Direct Support Tank Company / Battalion Light Armored Reconnaissance ( LAR ) Platoon ( 4 LAV - 25 Light Armored Reconnaissance Vehicles ) from the Battalion 's Direct Support LAR Company / Battalion Other Ground Combat Element assets as required ( e.g. , Scout Sniper , Reconnaissance , Combat Engineer , etc . ) Weapons company A weapons company has in place of the three rifle platoons , an 81 mm mortar platoon , an anti-armor platoon , and a heavy machine gun platoon . Headquarters and Service Company Headquarters Platoon consists of Marines from S - 1 , S - 2 , S - 3 , the Nuclear , Biological , Chemical Defense section , and the Chaplain section ( one Navy chaplain and an enlisted religious program specialist ) . Communications Platoon , consisting of Radiomen , Wiremen , Techs , Data Marines , and the associated staff . Service Platoon , consisting of S - 4 , Motor Transportation , Food Service , armorers , and Supply . Scout Sniper Platoon . Medical Platoon , which includes all of the Navy medical personnel for the rifle companies and the Battalion Aid Station ( BAS ) . The allowance of 65 hospital corpsmen and two Medical Corps officers ( doctors ) is usually not completely staffed . As such , the BAS usually fields one doctor and 10 -- 12 hospital corpsmen . The remaining personnel are assigned to the rifle companies , usually five hospital corpsmen per company . Tank and Light Armored Reconnaissance ( LAR ) companies USMC tank and LAR companies are organized similarly to US Army tank and mechanized infantry companies , with the three line platoons consisting of four tanks or LAVs each , and the company command element containing two tanks or LAVs . Assault Amphibian Vehicle ( AAV ) companies AAV companies have three platoons containing four sections of three AAVs each , for a total of 12 AAVs per platoon , and a headquarters section of three AAVs . The company also includes both command and recovery variants of the AAV , giving the company a grand total of approximately 42 - 45 AAVs . Disambiguation ( edit ) Some companies were well enough known that they have been identified with their company letter . Examples include : Easy Company of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment , 101st Airborne Division , which became the focus of the BBC / HBO miniseries Band of Brothers . Able Company of the 116th Infantry Regiment , 29th Infantry Division , which landed at Dog Green Sector on Omaha Beach during the Normandy landings and suffered 96 % casualties . See also ( edit ) Military organization Infantry of the British Army Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ney , Virgil . Evolution of the U.S. Army Division 1939 - 1968 , Technical Operations , Incorporated , 1969 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ US Army , FM 100 - 2 - 3 The Soviet Army : Troops , Organization and Equipment , 4 -- 26 Jump up ^ US Army , FM 100 - 2 - 3 The Soviet Army : Troops , Organization and Equipment , Paragraph 4 -- 15 Jump up ^ US Army , FM 100 - 2 - 3 The Soviet Army : Troops , Organization and Equipment , Paragraph 4 -- 108 Jump up ^ Wright , R . The Continental Army ( 1983 ) Center of Military History : Washington , DC External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Company ( military unit ) . GND : 4257639 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Company_(military_unit)&oldid=830718711 '' Categories : Military units and formations by size Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 15 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many soldiers in a company in india | [
"A company is a military unit, typically consisting of 80–150 soldiers and usually commanded by a major or a captain. Most companies are formed of three to six platoons, although the exact number may vary by country, unit type, and structure."
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"80–150"
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-7235065221494401617 | Medical certificate | Medical certificate - wikipedia Medical certificate This article is about documentation relating to a medical examination . For certification to perform medical procedures , see medical credentials . For the television series Sick Note , see Sick Note ( TV series ) . A medical certificate or doctor 's certificate is a written statement from a physician or other medically qualified health care provider which attests to the result of a medical examination of a patient . It can serve as a `` sick note '' ( documentation that an employee is unfit for work ) or evidence of a health condition . An aegrotat ( / ˈiːɡroʊtæt / ; from Latin aegrotat , meaning ' he / she is ill ' ) or sick note is a type of medical certificate excusing a student 's absence from school for reasons of illness . Contents 1 Purpose and applications 2 Aegrotat 3 Impact on occupation 4 Eligibility 5 Falsification 6 Validation 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Purpose and applications ( edit ) Medical certificates are sometimes required to obtain certain health benefits from an employer , to make an insurance claim , for tax purposes , or for certain legal procedures . Medical certificates are used to indicate eligibility of activity , such as the use of disabled parking . Medical certificates can also be used to describe a medical condition a person has , such as blindness . Medical certificates are often used to certify that someone is free of contagious diseases , drug addiction , mental illness , or other health issues . Health criteria are often required when making an application for something , such as an eye examination to get a driver 's license . Other times medical criteria are presented voluntarily by an applicant in a self - assessment , without either a doctor or access to the person 's medical record . Specific health criteria or medical history are required for certain jobs . In the United States , most aviators are required to possess a valid medical certificate that certifies sound health as part of the requirements for piloting an airplane or helicopter . While airman certificates are issued for life , the medical certificate expires and must be renewed periodically in order continue flying privileges . Sport pilots may use a valid state driver 's license in place of a medical certificate , and glider and hot air balloon pilots are not required to obtain them . Aegrotat ( edit ) The term aegrotat ( abbreviated as aegrot ) is used primarily in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations . In the context of British undergraduate degrees a student who is too ill to finish may be awarded an aegrotat degree if the student otherwise would have passed exams or other requirements . Impact on occupation ( edit ) Except in certain unique circumstances , a holder of a medical certificate in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration may not `` act as pilot in command or in any other capacity as a required flight crewmember of an aircraft '' . A patient with conditions such as : measles , chicken - pox , hepatitis A , leprosy , typhoid fever , and whooping cough , can return to work immediately after their healing phase or medical tests . Almost always the patient may only be allowed to return to work upon submission of a medical certificate . Eligibility ( edit ) Sometimes , there are standards and procedures in place , for workers in a certain field to be eligible to receive a medical certificate . Any airman at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration must give their employees access to the National Driver Register . On top of this , other tests which are required for first - , second - and third - class airmen are : eye , ear / nose / throat / equilibrium , mental , neurologic , and cardiovascular . The India List and India Office List 1905 explains that officers on `` Long Leave in Europe '' must , among other things , provide a medical certificate , which is obtained at the Medical Board of India Office . Practical Guide to Employees ' State Insurance Act , Rules and Regulations explains that under the ESI Act , the employee must obtain a medical certificate via the ESI Dispensary / Hospital , which then gets deposited at the nearest office of the ESI Corporation . Falsification ( edit ) As many illnesses can come about suddenly , sometimes the worker will not have enough time to receive a medical certificate , or may be too sick to obtain one . In other cases , the worker may not be bothered to go to the trouble of getting one , or may be lying about their illness and want to falsify a certificate to back up their story to their boss . There have been discussions regarding whether it is okay to fire someone for submitting a fabricated medical certificates . In many cases , it is deemed wrong , such as in Australia where a bank officer was dismissed after handing in a forged certificate , which prompted a Fair Work Australia Commissioner to say they had a `` continued lack of regard for the truth '' . Another example is a WA police officer who was stood down after committing the same offense . Sometimes it is not so black and white . In one case , a woman claimed she was `` coerced into falsifying ( a ) medical certificate ( which ultimately led to her being fired ) because she was ' being bullied and treated unfairly ' by two managers '' . There are some companies that sell fake medical certificates . Although the site Doctors Note Store sells `` fake sick notes and medical certificates for workers in Australia , New Zealand and the United Kingdom '' , they add that the `` fakes are for ' novelty use only ' '' . At Flinders University , `` providing a forged medical certificate '' is viewed as academic misconduct . In New South Wales , medical professionals who `` deliberately issue a false , misleading or inaccurate certificate '' can be charged under the Medical Practice Act . This is in response to The New South Wales Medical Board `` receiving numerous complaints from employers , insurers , the courts , etc regarding the quality , accuracy and truthfulness of sickness certificates '' . Validation ( edit ) In order to prove that one 's medical certificate is authentic , the following should be done and taken into consideration : Having it written in legible text , in the doctor 's handwriting , and without `` abbreviations or medical jargon '' . Should only include facts or observations made by the doctor , and each should be justified . Should include the date of appointment , how sick the patient is , the date they can go back to work , be addressed to the recipient of the certificate ( boss etc . ) , Should only be for something `` observed by the doctor '' or `` reported by the patient and deemed to be true by the doctor '' . Can be issued after the patient has taken sick leave , but it must include the date of appointment , and the length of time the employee should be out of work for . Should consider if the patient can return to work before they have fully healed , but with `` altered duties '' . Respect `` rights to confidentiality '' and consent of patient ( sometimes , the reason for sick leave may be personal and the patient may request it taken off the certificate , in which case `` it should be made clear to the patient that the information provided on the certificate may not be sufficient to attract sick leave and that an employer has the ultimate right to accept or to reject a certificate '' . Falsifying a medical certificate is a form of fraud . See also ( edit ) Birth certificate Death certificate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Employers should not question a doctor 's certificate : AMA '' . Workplaceinfo.com.au. 2014 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor 's certificate questioned after MP skips parliament '' . Medical Observer. 2012 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ S. Ashtekar ( 1 January 2001 ) . Health and Healing : A Manual of Primary Health Care . Orient Blackswan . pp. 576 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 1624 - 3 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Medical certificates '' . Workplaceinfo.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mohammad , Hassan ( 2016 ) . Shail Medical and Maitarniti Centre . Daira Dubai . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Transportation , Federal Aviation Administration ( 2009 ) . Pilot 's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge . Government Printing Office . p. 16 - 2 . ISBN 0160823676 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A New Zealand university policy on aegrotat degrees Jump up ^ Staff , National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( 1982 ) . `` The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America '' : 12 . Jump up ^ Manual Of Community Nursing and Communicable Diseases . p. 487 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff , National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( 1982 ) . `` The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America '' : 67 . Jump up ^ The India List and India Office List . p. 262 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Practical Guide to Employees ' State Insurance Act , Rules and Regulations . p. 126 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sacked for Submitting False Medical Certificates - Fair ? '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Employee sacked for creating false medical certificate '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Officer stood down for allegedly forging medical certificate '' . December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sacked worker forged medical certificate and claimed she nearly died because the way she was treated '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Sick Notes & Medical Certificates '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AMA warns over fake sick notes '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Important Changes to the University 's Student Policies and Procedures '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Medical Certificates Policy '' . p. 67 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) One and another sample medical certificate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_certificate&oldid=851959634 '' Categories : Medicine in society Documents Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 18 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do you get a medical certificate from | [
"A medical certificate or doctor's certificate[1][2] is a written statement from a physician or other medically qualified health care provider which attests to the result of a medical examination of a patient.[3] It can serve as a \"sick note\" (documentation that an employee is unfit for work) or evidence of a health condition.[4]\n",
"A medical certificate or doctor's certificate[1][2] is a written statement from a physician or other medically qualified health care provider which attests to the result of a medical examination of a patient.[3] It can serve as a \"sick note\" (documentation that an employee is unfit for work) or evidence of a health condition.[4]\n"
] | [
"physician",
"other medically qualified health care provider"
] |
-6801301490159077604 | List of cities in New Zealand | List of cities in New Zealand - wikipedia List of cities in New Zealand Jump to : navigation , search Auckland Wellington Christchurch Hamilton Napier - Hastings Tauranga Dunedin Palmerston North Nelson Rotorua New Plymouth Whangarei Invercargill Whanganui Gisborne Map showing locations of urban areas in New Zealand The word `` city '' began to take on two meanings in New Zealand after the local government reforms of 1989 . Before the reforms , a borough council with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city . The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built - up area , so there was little difference between the urban area and the local government area . In 1989 , the structure of the local government in New Zealand was significantly reorganised . The new district councils and city councils were nearly always much larger geographically , and they covered both urban land and the surrounding rural land . Many locations that once had had a `` city council '' are now governed by a `` district council '' . The word `` city '' is used in a general sense to describe the urban areas of New Zealand , independent of local body boundaries . This informal usage is jealously guarded . The district government of the town of Gisborne , for example , adamantly described itself as the first `` city '' in the world to see the new millennium . However , Gisborne is governed by a `` district council '' , though its status as a city is not generally disputed in New Zealand . Similarly , there is no `` city council '' in Auckland , though its status as a city is not generally disputed due to its size . Today an urban area has to be at least 50,000 residents before it can be proclaimed as a city . Contents ( hide ) 1 Urban areas by population 2 City councils 2.1 Populations of present - day city ( and Auckland ) councils 2.2 Cities during provincialism , 1852 to 1876 2.3 Cities , 1877 to 1989 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Urban areas by population ( edit ) The populations given in the table below are provisional New Zealand resident populations , June 2017 , and they refer to the entire urban area , unless otherwise stated . Auckland , the largest city in New Zealand Wellington , the capital city of New Zealand Antigua Boat Sheds on the Avon River , Central Christchurch Hamilton Tauranga Napier Dunedin Palmerston North Nelson Rotorua from Mt . Ngongotaha Whangarei New Plymouth Invercargill Whanganui from Durie Hill Gisborne Rank ( population ) Urban area Population Area ( km2 ) Population density ( people / km2 ) Notes Auckland 7006153470000000000 ♠ 1,534,700 7003108600000000000 ♠ 1,086 7003141320000000000 ♠ 1,413.2 Wellington 7005412500000000000 ♠ 412,500 7002444000000000000 ♠ 444 7002929100000000000 ♠ 929.1 Christchurch 7005396700000000000 ♠ 396,700 7002608000000000000 ♠ 608 7002652500000000000 ♠ 652.5 Hamilton 7005235900000000000 ♠ 235,900 7002877000000000000 ♠ 877 7002269000000000000 ♠ 269.0 5 Tauranga 7005137900000000000 ♠ 137,900 7002178000000000000 ♠ 178 7002774700000000000 ♠ 774.7 6 Napier - Hastings 7005133000000000000 ♠ 133,000 7002375000000000000 ♠ 375 7002354700000000000 ♠ 354.7 7 Dunedin 7005120200000000000 ♠ 120,200 7002255000000000000 ♠ 255 7002471400000000000 ♠ 471.4 8 Palmerston North 7004853000000000000 ♠ 85,300 7002178000000000000 ♠ 178 7002479200000000000 ♠ 479.2 9 Nelson 7004667000000000000 ♠ 66,700 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 7002456800000000000 ♠ 456.8 10 Rotorua 7004588000000000000 ♠ 58,800 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 7002660700000000000 ♠ 660.7 11 Whangarei 7004577000000000000 ♠ 57,700 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7002433800000000000 ♠ 433.8 12 New Plymouth 7004575000000000000 ♠ 57,500 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 7002513400000000000 ♠ 513.4 13 Invercargill 7004508000000000000 ♠ 50,800 7002123000000000000 ♠ 123 7002413000000000000 ♠ 413.0 14 Whanganui 7004403000000000000 ♠ 40,300 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 7002383800000000000 ♠ 383.8 15 Gisborne 7004366000000000000 ♠ 36,600 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 7002430600000000000 ♠ 430.6 Notes : Kapiti Urban Area ( 42,300 ) is the only Statistics New Zealand main urban area not listed . It spans the towns of Otaki , Paekakariki , Paraparaumu , Raumati and Waikanae , and is not considered to be a city . It is part of the Greater Wellington Regional Council 's area -- though listed separately by Statistics New Zealand . Hundreds of people there commute daily to Wellington for work , and the suburban commuter rail network serves the Kapiti area . If Kapiti were added to Wellington the total population of the Wellington urban area would be approximately 450,000 . The population for the Hamilton urban zone is 198,600 , the Cambridge urban zone is 20,200 and the Te Awamutu urban zone is 17,250 . The population for the Hastings urban zone is 70,000 and for the Napier urban zone is 63,100 . Still widely referred to by its older spelling of Wanganui . Blenheim ( 31,300 ) is rarely referred to as a city . Pukekohe , a town not far south of Auckland , has an estimated population of 30,800 . Timaru ( 29,000 ) once had a city council , but is now administered by a district council . It is classified as a secondary urban area by Statistics New Zealand . It is still considered a city and the principal centre of South Canterbury . Road signs state `` city centre '' rather than `` town centre '' . Taupō ( 24,500 ) is rarely referred to as a city . Masterton ( 21,800 ) , the main centre in the Wairarapa , is rarely referred to as a city . Levin ( 20,900 ) , the main centre in the Horowhenua district , is not considered to be a city . Tokoroa was long expected to become a city when its population continued to grow past 18,000 during the 1980s . However , with the fallback in the forestry industry , Tokoroa 's main industry , many jobs were lost and Tokoroa 's population declined . It now has 13,950 residents . City councils ( edit ) Populations of present - day city ( and Auckland ) councils ( edit ) The populations given are the latest ( June 2017 ) Statistics New Zealand estimated resident populations . Rank ( pop . ) City council Population First proclaimed Auckland 7006165720000000000 ♠ 1,657,200 1871 Christchurch 7005381500000000000 ♠ 381,500 1868 Wellington 7005212700000000000 ♠ 212,700 1870 Hamilton 7005165400000000000 ♠ 165,400 1936 5 Tauranga 7005131500000000000 ♠ 131,500 1963 6 Dunedin 7005128800000000000 ♠ 128,800 1865 7 Lower Hutt 7005104700000000000 ♠ 104,700 1941 8 Palmerston North 7004873000000000000 ♠ 87,300 1930 9 Napier 7004620000000000000 ♠ 62,000 1950 10 Porirua 7004561000000000000 ♠ 56,100 1965 11 Invercargill 7004548000000000000 ♠ 54,800 1930 12 Nelson 7004514000000000000 ♠ 51,400 1874 13 Upper Hutt 7004432000000000000 ♠ 43,200 1966 Many cities were reorganised into districts by the Local Government Commission in 1989 under the Local Government Act 1974 , for example Timaru . Other urban areas that are no longer cities , such as Rotorua and Whangarei , have higher populations than some present cities . The most recently proclaimed city is Tauranga , which became a city , for the second time , from 1 March 2004 . Christchurch ( 1862 and 1868 ) and Invercargill ( 1930 and 1991 ) have also been declared cities more than once . Under Section 27 of the Local Government Act 2002 , a district may become a city by either a `` reorganisation scheme '' with the Local Government Commission , or under Section 27 ( 1 ) it may apply for a change in status under Schedule 3 , Clause 7 . The new city must have `` a population of not less than 50,000 persons '' , be `` predominantly urban '' and `` a distinct entity and a major centre of activity within the region '' ( or regions ) that it is encompassed by . Existing cities are grandfathered under Schedule 2 , Part 2 of the Act . The only new city council so far under this section is the Tauranga City Council , from 1 March 2004 . Previously , under Section 37L of the Local Government Act 1974 , new cities could only be formed from a `` reorganisation scheme '' . The same criteria were used . The last city to be constituted under this section was Invercargill , which was re-reorganised into a city in 1991 . In 1991 the Lower Hutt City Council became the Hutt City Council by a special Act of Parliament ( 1 ) that which did not change the name ( 2 ) of the city of Lower Hutt ; the city 's coat of arms still refers to the `` City of Lower Hutt '' . Cities during provincialism , 1852 to 1876 ( edit ) During provincialism in New Zealand , from 1852 until abolition in 1876 , there was no uniform system of local authorities in New Zealand . There is thus some argument over which of the following cities was the first . Nelson ( 1858 , by Letters Patent ) Christchurch ( November 1862 , revoked June 1868 , both by provincial ordinance , and restored October 1868 by Act of Parliament ) Otago ( later Dunedin ) ( July 1865 ) The Municipal Corporations Act 1876 included the first schedule of cities , with the dates they were constituted . Dunedin was the first city in New Zealand to be described in an Act of Parliament as ' City of ... ' , something now automatic under the Local Government Act 2002 . Dunedin ( 4 July 1865 ) Christchurch ( 28 May 1868 ) Wellington ( 16 September 1870 ) Auckland ( 24 April 1871 ) Nelson ( 30 March 1874 ) Cities , 1877 to 1989 ( edit ) Up to October 1989 , the Local Government Commission under took reorganisations of local government . As a result , some cities were reorganised into other larger cities or changed to districts , and some of these areas are still considered cities by many New Zealanders . This is a list as at circa 1986 . North Island Whangarei ( 1964 ) Auckland Auckland ( 1871 ) East Coast Bays Takapuna Birkenhead Waitemata ( 1974 ) Mt Albert Papatoetoe Manukau ( 1965 ) Papakura Tamaki Hamilton ( 1936 ) New Plymouth ( 1949 ) Tauranga ( 1963 ) ( lost city status 1989 , regained 2004 ) Bethlehem Mount Maunganui Papamoa Welcome Bay Rotorua ( 1962 , merged into Rotorua District , 1979 ) Gisborne ( 1955 ) Napier ( 1950 ) Hastings ( 1956 ) Wanganui ( 1924 ) ( merged with surrounding counties to become Whanganui District , 1989 ) Palmerston North ( 1930 ) Wellington Wellington ( 1870 ) Upper Hutt ( 1966 ) Lower Hutt ( 1941 ) Porirua ( 1965 ) South Island Nelson ( 1874 ) Christchurch ( 1868 ) Timaru ( 1948 ) Dunedin ( 1865 ) Invercargill ( 1930 ) See also ( edit ) List of towns in New Zealand List of New Zealand urban areas Territorial authorities of New Zealand List of cities and towns in the South Island List of cities and towns in the South Island by population City status in the United Kingdom Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Local Government Act 2002 , Schedule 3 part 16 , Cities '' . New Zealand Government . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Subnational Population Estimates : At 30 June 2017 ( provisional ) '' . Statistics New Zealand . 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . For urban areas , `` Subnational population estimates ( UA , AU ) , by age and sex , at 30 June 1996 , 2001 , 2006 - 16 ( 2017 boundary ) '' . Statistics New Zealand . 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom from Crowding : Living Density Table 1 '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . ( Areas are based on 2001 boundaries . Water bodies of areas greater than 15 hectares are excluded ) References ( edit ) Gordon McLauchlan ( Editor ) , Illustrated Encyclopedia of New Zealand , The , Auckland : David Bateman , 1989 ( second edition ) ( ISBN 1 - 86953 - 007 - 1 ) -- confirmation , pre-1989 dates External links ( edit ) Statistics New Zealand Subnational Population Estimates Tauranga status change , 2003 -- specific details Local Government ( Tauranga City Council ) Order 2003 ( Governor - General 's Order - in - Council , 2 October 2003 ) Local Government Commission press release ( PDF ) Local Government Commission decision full text ( PDF ) Tauranga 's city status returns ( The New Zealand Herald , 12 August 2003 ) Local Government Online Limited site -- confirmation , post-1989 council names Territorial authorities of New Zealand Cities North Island Auckland Hamilton Tauranga Napier Palmerston North Porirua Upper Hutt Lower Hutt Wellington South Island Nelson Christchurch Dunedin Invercargill Districts North Island Far North Whangarei Kaipara Thames - Coromandel Hauraki Waikato Matamata - Piako Waipa South Waikato Otorohanga Rotorua Waitomo Taupo Western Bay of Plenty Whakatane Kawerau Opotiki Gisborne Wairoa Hastings Central Hawke 's Bay New Plymouth Stratford South Taranaki Ruapehu Whanganui Rangitikei Manawatu Tararua Horowhenua Kapiti Coast Masterton Carterton South Wairarapa South Island Tasman Marlborough Buller Grey Westland Kaikoura Hurunui Waimakariri Selwyn Ashburton Timaru Mackenzie Waimate Waitaki Queenstown - Lakes Central Otago Clutha Gore Southland Other Chatham Islands Authorities in italics are unitary authorities New Zealand articles History Timeline Military history Treaty of Waitangi New Zealand Wars Women 's suffrage New Zealand and Antarctica Colony Dominion Independence Geography Biodiversity Caves Climate Earthquakes Environment Geology Islands North Island South Island Lakes Marine reserves National parks Rivers Time zones Cities Auckland Christchurch Dunedin Hamilton Invercargill New Plymouth Napier -- Hastings Nelson Palmerston North Rotorua Tauranga Wellington capital Subdivisions Regions Territorial authorities Politics Constitution Elections Electoral system Political parties Foreign relations Human rights Disability Intersex LGBT Transgender Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Law enforcement Military Monarchy Parliament ( House of Representatives ) Government Cabinet Governor - General list Ministers Ministries Prime Minister list Economy Agriculture Companies Energy Rogernomics Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Society Citizenship Crime Demographics Education Immigration Languages Māori New Zealand English New Zealand Sign Language People `` Kiwi '' Māori Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Literature Māori culture Media Music National symbols Coat of arms Flag Public holidays Radio Religion Sport Television Outline Book Portal List of cities in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand&oldid=833332560 '' Categories : Populated places in New Zealand Lists of cities by country Lists of places in New Zealand Lists of cities by population Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Esperanto Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური 日本 語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 22 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the smallest city in new zealand | [
"\n\nRank (population)\nUrban area\nPopulation\nArea\n(km²)[3]\nPopulation\ndensity\n(people/km²)\nNotes\n\n\n1\nAuckland\n7006153470000000000♠1,534,700\n7003108600000000000♠1,086\n7003141320000000000♠1,413.2\n\n\n\n2\nWellington\n7005412500000000000♠412,500\n7002444000000000000♠444\n7002929100000000000♠929.1\n1\n\n\n3\nChristchurch\n7005396700000000000♠396,700\n7002608000000000000♠608\n7002652500000000000♠652.5\n\n\n\n4\nHamilton\n7005235900000000000♠235,900\n7002877000000000000♠877\n7002269000000000000♠269.0\n2\n\n\n5\nTauranga\n7005137900000000000♠137,900\n7002178000000000000♠178\n7002774700000000000♠774.7\n\n\n\n6\nNapier-Hastings\n7005133000000000000♠133,000\n7002375000000000000♠375\n7002354700000000000♠354.7\n3\n\n\n7\nDunedin\n7005120200000000000♠120,200\n7002255000000000000♠255\n7002471400000000000♠471.4\n\n\n\n8\nPalmerston North\n7004853000000000000♠85,300\n7002178000000000000♠178\n7002479200000000000♠479.2\n\n\n\n9\nNelson\n7004667000000000000♠66,700\n7002146000000000000♠146\n7002456800000000000♠456.8\n\n\n\n10\nRotorua\n7004588000000000000♠58,800\n7001890000000000000♠89\n7002660700000000000♠660.7\n\n\n\n11\nWhangarei\n7004577000000000000♠57,700\n7002133000000000000♠133\n7002433800000000000♠433.8\n\n\n\n12\nNew Plymouth\n7004575000000000000♠57,500\n7002112000000000000♠112\n7002513400000000000♠513.4\n\n\n\n13\nInvercargill\n7004508000000000000♠50,800\n7002123000000000000♠123\n7002413000000000000♠413.0\n\n\n\n14\nWhanganui\n7004403000000000000♠40,300\n7002105000000000000♠105\n7002383800000000000♠383.8\n4\n\n\n15\nGisborne\n7004366000000000000♠36,600\n7001850000000000000♠85\n7002430600000000000♠430.6\n\n"
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"Gisborne"
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-6687607247794534842 | Encephalitis | Encephalitis - wikipedia Encephalitis Jump to : navigation , search Encephalitis MRI scan image shows high signal in the temporal lobes and right inferior frontal gyrus in someone with HSV encephalitis . Specialty Neurology , Infectious disease Symptoms Headache , fever , confusion , stiff neck , vomiting Complications Seizures , trouble speaking , memory problems , problems hearing Duration Weeks to months for recovery Types Herpes simplex , West Nile , Rabies , Eastern equine encephalitis , others Causes Infection , autoimmune , certain medication , unknown Diagnostic method Based on symptoms , supported by blood tests , medical imaging , analysis of cerebrospinal fluid Treatment Antiviral medication , anticonvulsants , corticosteroids , artificial respiration Prognosis Variable Frequency 4.3 million ( 2015 ) Deaths 150,000 ( 2015 ) Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain . Severity is variable . Symptoms may include headache , fever , confusion , a stiff neck , and vomiting . Complications may include seizures , hallucinations , trouble speaking , memory problems , and problems with hearing . Causes of encephalitis include viruses such as herpes simplex virus or rabies , bacteria , fungus , or parasites . Other causes include autoimmune diseases and certain medication . In many cases the cause remains unknown . Risk factors include a weak immune system . Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by blood tests , medical imaging , and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid . Certain types are preventable with vaccines . Treatment may include , antiviral medication ( such as acyclovir ) , anticonvulsants , and corticosteroids . Treatment generally takes place in hospital . Some people require artificial respiration . Once the immediate problem is under control , rehabilitation may be required . In 2015 , encephalitis was estimated to have affected 4.3 million people and resulted in 150,000 deaths worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 Viral 2.2 Bacterial and other 2.3 Limbic encephalitis 2.4 Autoimmune encephalitis 2.5 Encephalitis lethargica 3 Diagnosis 4 Prevention 5 Treatment 6 Prognosis 7 Epidemiology 8 Terminology 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Adult patients with encephalitis present with acute onset of fever , headache , confusion , and sometimes seizures . Younger children or infants may present irritability , poor appetite and fever . Neurological examinations usually reveal a drowsy or confused patient . Stiff neck , due to the irritation of the meninges covering the brain , indicates that the patient has either meningitis or meningoencephalitis . Cause ( edit ) Rabies virus Viral ( edit ) Main articles : Viral encephalitis and Herpesviral encephalitis Viral encephalitis can occur either as a direct effect of an acute infection , or as one of the sequelae of a latent infection . The majority of viral cases of encephalitis have an unknown cause , however the most common identifiable cause of viral encephalitis is from herpes simplex infection . Other causes of acute viral encephalitis are rabies virus , poliovirus , and measles virus . Additional possible viral causes are arbovirus ( St. Louis encephalitis , West Nile encephalitis virus ) , bunyavirus ( La Crosse strain ) , arenavirus ( lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus ) and reovirus ( Colorado tick virus ) . The Powassan virus is a rare cause of encephalitis . Bacterial and other ( edit ) It can be caused by a bacterial infection , such as bacterial meningitis , or may be a complication of a current infectious disease syphilis ( secondary encephalitis ) . Certain parasitic or protozoal infestations , such as toxoplasmosis , malaria , or primary amoebic meningoencephalitis , can also cause encephalitis in people with compromised immune systems . Lyme disease or Bartonella henselae may also cause encephalitis . Other bacterial pathogens , like Mycoplasma and those causing rickettsial disease , cause inflammation of the meninges and consequently encephalitis . A non-infectious cause includes acute disseminated encephalitis which is demyelinated . Limbic encephalitis ( edit ) Limbic encephalitis refers to inflammatory disease confined to the limbic system of the brain . The clinical presentation often includes disorientation , disinhibition , memory loss , seizures , and behavioral anomalies . MRI imaging reveals T2 hyperintensity in the structures of the medial temporal lobes , and in some cases , other limbic structures . Some cases of limbic encephalitis are of autoimmune origin . Autoimmune encephalitis ( edit ) Main article : Autoimmune encephalitis Autoimmune encephalitis signs can include catatonia , psychosis , abnormal movements , and autonomic dysregulation . Antibody - mediated anti-N - methyl - D - aspartate - receptor encephalitis and Rasmussen encephalitis are examples of autoimmune encephalitis . Anti-N - methyl - D - aspartate - receptor encephalitis is the most common autoimmune form , and is accompanied by ovarian teratoma in 58 percent of affected women 18 - 45 years of age . Encephalitis lethargica ( edit ) Main article : Encephalitis lethargica Encephalitis lethargica is identified by high fever , headache , delayed physical response , and lethargy . Individuals can exhibit upper body weakness , muscular pains , and tremors , though the cause of encephalitis lethargica is not currently known . From 1917 to 1928 , an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica occurred worldwide . Diagnosis ( edit ) Spinal tap on a newborn People should only be diagnosed with encephalitis if they have a decreased or altered level of consciousness , lethargy , or personality change for at least twenty - four hours without any other explainable cause . Diagnosing encephalitis is done via a variety of tests : Brain scan , done by MRI , can determine inflammation and differentiate from other possible causes . EEG , in monitoring brain activity , encephalitis will produce abnormal signal . Lumbar puncture ( spinal tap ) , this helps determine via a test using the cerebral - spinal fluid , obtained from the lumbar region . Blood test Urine analysis Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) testing of the cerebrospinal fluid , to detect the presence of viral DNA which is a sign of viral encephalitis . Prevention ( edit ) Vaccination is available against tick - borne and Japanese encephalitis and should be considered for at - risk individuals . Post-infectious encephalomyelitis complicating smallpox vaccination is avoidable , for all intents and purposes , as smallpox is nearly eradicated . Contraindication to Pertussis immunization should be observed in patients with encephalitis . Treatment ( edit ) Treatment ( which is based on supportive care ) is as follows : Antiviral medications ( if virus is cause ) Antibiotics , ( if bacteria is cause ) Steroids are used to reduce brain swelling Sedatives for restlessness Acetaminophen for fever Occupational and physical therapy ( if brain is affected post-infection ) Pyrimethamine - based maintenance therapy is often used to treat Toxoplasmic Encephalitis ( TE ) , which is caused by Toxoplasma gondii and can be life - threatening for people with weak immune systems . The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) , in conjunction with the established pyrimethamine - based maintenance therapy , decreases the chance of relapse in patients with HIV and TE from approximately 18 % to 11 % . This is a significant difference as relapse may impact the severity and prognosis of disease and result in an increase in healthcare expenditure . Prognosis ( edit ) Identification of poor prognostic factors include thrombocytopenia , cerebral edema , status epilepticus , and thrombocytopenia . In contrast , a normal encephalogram at the early stages of diagnosis is associated with high rates of survival . Epidemiology ( edit ) Encephalitis deaths per million persons in 2012 0 - 0 1 - 1 2 - 2 3 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 14 15 - 24 25 - 45 The number of new cases a year of acute encephalitis in Western countries is 7.4 cases per 100,000 population per year . In tropical countries , the incidence is 6.34 per 100,000 per year . The number of cases of encephalitis has not changed much over time , with about 250,000 cases a year from 2005 to 2015 in the US . Approximately seven per 100,000 people were hospitalized for encephalitis in the US during this time . In 2015 , encephalitis was estimated to have affected 4.3 million people and resulted in 150,000 deaths worldwide . Herpes simplex encephalitis has an incidence of 2 -- 4 per million population per year . Terminology ( edit ) Encephalitis with meningitis is known as meningoencephalitis . While encephalitis with involvement of the spinal cord is known as encephalomyelitis . The word is from Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος , enképhalos `` brain '' , composed of ἐν , en , `` in '' and κεφαλή , kephalé , `` head '' , and the medical suffix - itis `` inflammation '' . See also ( edit ) Rasmussen 's encephalitis Bickerstaff 's encephalitis La Crosse encephalitis Wernicke 's encephalopathy Meningitis Cerebritis Encephalomyelitis Zika Virus Naegleriasis ( primary amoebic meningoencephalitis / PAM ) World Encephalitis Day References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Meningitis and Encephalitis Information Page '' . NINDS . Archived from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meningitis and Encephalitis Fact Sheet '' . National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke . Archived from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` Global , regional , and national incidence , prevalence , and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries , 1990 -- 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 '' . Lancet . 388 ( 10053 ) : 1545 -- 1602 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31678 - 6 . PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282 . ^ Jump up to : GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` Global , regional , and national life expectancy , all - cause mortality , and cause - specific mortality for 249 causes of death , 1980 -- 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 '' . Lancet . 388 ( 10053 ) : 1459 -- 1544 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31012 - 1 . PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281 . ^ Jump up to : `` Encephalitis '' . NHS Choices. 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Symptoms of encephalitis '' . NHS . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Shmaefsky , Brian ; Babcock , Hilary ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . Meningitis . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9781438132167 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Roos , Karen L. ; Tyler , Kenneth L. ( 2015 ) . `` Meningitis , Encephalitis , Brain Abscess , and Empyema '' . Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine ( 19 ed . ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 9780071802154 . Jump up ^ Fisher , D.L. ; Defres , S. ; Solomon , T. ( 2015 ) . `` Measles - induced encephalitis '' . QJM. 108 ( 3 ) : 177 -- 182 . doi : 10.1093 / qjmed / hcu113 . PMID 24865261 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , P.G.E. ( 2004 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Viral Encephalitis : Causes , Differential Diagnosis , and Management '' . Journal of Neurology , Neurosurgery & Psychiatry . 75 ( Suppl 1 ) : i10 -- 5 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 2003.034280 . PMC 1765650 . PMID 14978145 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Ashar , Bimal H. ; Miller , Redonda G. ; Sisson , Stephen D. ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . Johns Hopkins Internal Medicine Board Review : Certification and Recertification . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 1455706922 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hama , Kiwa ; Ishiguchi , Hiroshi ; Tuji , Tomikimi ; Miwa , Hideto ; Kondo , Tomoyoshi ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Neurosyphilis with Mesiotemporal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities '' . Internal Medicine . 47 ( 20 ) : 1813 -- 7 . doi : 10.2169 / internalmedicine. 47.0983 . PMID 18854635 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Encephalitis : Practice Essentials , Background , Pathophysiology '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Larner , A.J. ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) . Neuropsychological Neurology : The Neurocognitive Impairments of Neurological Disorders . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107607606 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Armangue , Thaís ; Petit - Pedrol , Mar ; Dalmau , Josep ( 2012 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Autoimmune Encephalitis in Children '' . Journal of child neurology. 27 ( 11 ) : 1460 -- 9 . doi : 10.1177 / 0883073812448838 . PMC 3705178 . PMID 22935553 . Jump up ^ Ropper , Allan H. ; Dalmau , Josep ; Graus , Francesc ( March 2018 ) . `` Antibody - Mediated Encephalitis '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 378 ( 9 ) : 840 -- 851 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1708712 . Jump up ^ encephalitis_lethargica at NINDS Jump up ^ Venkatesan , A ; Tunkel , AR ; Bloch , KC ; Lauring , AS ; Sejvar , J ; Bitnun , A ; Stahl , JP ; Mailles , A ; Drebot , M ; Rupprecht , CE ; Yoder , J ; Cope , JR ; Wilson , MR ; Whitley , RJ ; Sullivan , J ; Granerod , J ; Jones , C ; Eastwood , K ; Ward , KN ; Durrheim , DN ; Solbrig , MV ; Guo - Dong , L ; Glaser , CA ; International Encephalitis , Consortium . ( October 2013 ) . `` Case definitions , diagnostic algorithms , and priorities in encephalitis : consensus statement of the international encephalitis consortium '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 57 ( 8 ) : 1114 -- 28 . doi : 10.1093 / cid / cit458 . PMC 3783060 . PMID 23861361 . Jump up ^ `` Encephalitis : Diagnosis '' . NHS Choices . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kneen R , Michael BD , Menson E , Mehta B , Easton A , Hemingway C , Klapper PE , Vincent A , Lim M , Carrol E , Solomon T ( 2012 ) . `` Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children - Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy , Immunology and Infection Group national guidelines '' . J. Infect. 64 ( 5 ) : 449 -- 77 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jinf. 2011.11. 013 . PMID 22120594 . Jump up ^ `` Tick - borne Encephalitis : Vaccine '' . International travel and health . World Health Organization . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese encephalitis '' . Immunization , Vaccines and Biologicals . World Health Organization . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CDC Media Statement on Newly Discovered Smallpox Specimens '' . www.cdc.gov . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Contraindications and Precautions to Commonly Used Vaccines in Adults '' . Vaccines . Center for Disease Control . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Encephalitis ^ Jump up to : Connolly MP , Goodwin E , Schey C , Zummo J ( 2017 ) . `` Toxoplasmic encephalitis relapse rates with pyrimethamine - based therapy : systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Pathogens and global health . 111 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 44 . doi : 10.1080 / 20477724.2016. 1273597 . PMC 5375610 . PMID 28090819 . ^ Jump up to : Venkatesan , A ( June 2015 ) . `` Epidemiology and outcomes of acute encephalitis '' . Current Opinion in Neurology . 28 ( 3 ) : 277 -- 82 . doi : 10.1097 / WCO. 0000000000000199 . PMID 25887770 . Jump up ^ Jmor F , Emsley HC , et al. ( October 2008 ) . `` The incidence of acute encephalitis syndrome in Western industrialised and tropical countries '' . Virology Journal . 5 ( 134 ) : 134 . doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 422X - 5 - 134 . PMC 2583971 . PMID 18973679 . Jump up ^ Rozenberg , F ; Deback C ; Agut H ( June 2011 ) . `` Herpes simplex encephalitis : from virus to therapy '' . Infectious Disorders Drug Targets. 11 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 250 . doi : 10.2174 / 187152611795768088 . PMID 21488834 . Jump up ^ `` Woodhouse 's English - Greek Dictionary '' ( in German ) . The University of Chicago Library . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ The word seems to have had a meaning of `` lithic imitation of the human brain '' at first , according to the Trésor de la langue française informatisé ( cf . the article on `` encéphalite '' Archived 2017 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ) . The first use in the medical sense is attested from the early 19th century in French ( J. Capuron , Nouveau dictionnaire de médecine , chirurgie ... , 1806 ) , and from 1843 in English respectively ( cf . the article `` encephalitis '' in the Online Etymology Dictionary ) . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Steiner , I. ; Budka , H. ; Chaudhuri , A. ; Koskiniemi , M. ; Sainio , K. ; Salonen , O. ; Kennedy , P.G.E. ( 1 May 2005 ) . `` Viral encephalitis : a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management '' . European Journal of Neurology . 12 ( 5 ) : 331 -- 343 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 1331.2005. 01126. x . PMID 15804262 . Basavaraju , Sridhar V. ; Kuehnert , Matthew J. ; Zaki , Sherif R. ; Sejvar , James J. ( September 2014 ) . `` Encephalitis Caused by Pathogens Transmitted through Organ Transplants , United States , 2002 -- 2013 '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 20 ( 9 ) : 1443 -- 51 . doi : 10.3201 / eid2009. 131332 . PMC 4178385 . PMID 25148201 . National Center for Biotechnology Information . `` Encephalitis '' . PubMed Health . National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . External links ( edit ) WHO : Viral Encephalitis Classification V T D ICD - 10 : A83 - A86 , B94. 1 , G05 ICD - 9 - CM : 323 MeSH : D004660 DiseasesDB : 22543 External resources MedlinePlus : 001415 eMedicine : emerg / 163 Inflammation Acute Plasma - derived mediators Bradykinin complement C3 C5a MAC coagulation Factor XII Plasmin Thrombin Cell - derived mediators preformed : Lysosome granules biogenic amines Histamine Serotonin synthesized on demand : cytokines IFN - γ IL - 8 TNF - α IL - 1 eicosanoids Leukotriene B4 Prostaglandins Nitric oxide Kinins Chronic Macrophage Epithelioid cell Giant cell Granuloma Processes Traditional Rubor Calor Tumor Dolor Functio laesa Modern Acute - phase reaction / Fever Vasodilation Increased vascular permeability Exudate Leukocyte extravasation Chemotaxis Specific locations Nervous CNS Encephalitis Myelitis Meningitis Arachnoiditis PNS Neuritis eye Dacryoadenitis Scleritis Episcleritis Keratitis chorioretinitis Retinitis Chorioretinitis Blepharitis Conjunctivitis Uveitis ear Otitis externa Otitis media Labyrinthitis Mastoiditis Cardiovascular Carditis Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis Vasculitis Arteritis Phlebitis Capillaritis Respiratory upper Sinusitis Rhinitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis lower Tracheitis Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonitis Pleuritis Mediastinitis Digestive mouth Stomatitis Gingivitis Gingivostomatitis Glossitis Tonsillitis Sialadenitis / Parotitis Cheilitis Pulpitis Gnathitis tract Esophagitis Gastritis Gastroenteritis Enteritis Colitis Enterocolitis Duodenitis Ileitis Caecitis Appendicitis Proctitis accessory Hepatitis Ascending cholangitis Cholecystitis Pancreatitis Peritonitis Integumentary Dermatitis Folliculitis Cellulitis Hidradenitis Musculoskeletal Arthritis Dermatomyositis soft tissue Myositis Synovitis / Tenosynovitis Bursitis Enthesitis Fasciitis Capsulitis Epicondylitis Tendinitis Panniculitis Osteochondritis : Osteitis / Osteomyelitis Spondylitis Periostitis Chondritis Urinary Nephritis Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Reproductive female Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Parametritis Cervicitis Vaginitis Vulvitis Mastitis male Orchitis Epididymitis Prostatitis Seminal vesiculitis Balanitis Posthitis Balanoposthitis pregnancy / newborn Chorioamnionitis Funisitis Omphalitis Endocrine Insulitis Hypophysitis Thyroiditis Parathyroiditis Adrenalitis Lymphatic Lymphangitis Lymphadenitis Diseases of the nervous system , primarily CNS ( G04 -- G47 , 323 -- 349 ) Inflammation Brain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Spinal cord Myelitis : Poliomyelitis Demyelinating disease Transverse myelitis Tropical spastic paraparesis Epidural abscess Both / either Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Myalgic Meningoencephalitis Brain / encephalopathy Degenerative Extrapyramidal and movement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige 's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff person Dementia Tauopathy Alzheimer 's Early - onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia / Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick 's Dementia with Lewy bodies Posterior cortical atrophy Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh disease Demyelinating autoimmune Multiple sclerosis Neuromyelitis optica Schilder 's disease hereditary Adrenoleukodystrophy Alexander Canavan Krabbe ML PMD VWM MFC CAMFAK syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Marchiafava -- Bignami disease Alpers ' disease Episodic / paroxysmal Seizure / epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus Myoclonic epilepsy Headache Migraine Familial hemiplegic Cluster Tension Cerebrovascular TIA Amaurosis fugax Transient global amnesia Acute aphasia Stroke MCA ACA PCA Foville 's Millard -- Gubler Lateral medullary Medial medullary Weber 's Lacunar stroke Sleep disorders Insomnia Hypersomnia Sleep apnea Obstructive Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome Narcolepsy Cataplexy Kleine -- Levin Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder Delayed sleep phase disorder Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder Jet lag CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus / NPH Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye 's Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto 's encephalopathy Spinal cord / myelopathy Syringomyelia Syringobulbia Morvan 's syndrome Vascular myelopathy Foix -- Alajouanine syndrome Spinal cord compression Both / either Degenerative SA Friedreich 's ataxia Ataxia - telangiectasia MND UMN only : Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only : Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA SMA - PCH SMA - LED SMA - PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio -- Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis NDL : 00568595 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encephalitis&oldid=828890564 '' Categories : Encephalitis Infectious diseases Inflammations Acute pain Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 10 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which is the most common cause of acute encephalitis in the united states | [
"Viral encephalitis can occur either as a direct effect of an acute infection, or as one of the sequelae of a latent infection. The majority of viral cases of encephalitis have an unknown cause, however the most common identifiable cause of viral encephalitis is from herpes simplex infection.[8] Other causes of acute viral encephalitis are rabies virus, poliovirus, and measles virus.[9]"
] | [
"herpes simplex infection"
] |
-1398295163350416804 | South Korea at the Olympics | South Korea at the Olympics - wikipedia South Korea at the Olympics Jump to : navigation , search South Korea at the Olympics IOC code KOR NOC Korean Olympic Committee Website www.sports.or.kr ( in Korean ) ( in English ) Medals Gold Silver Bronze Total 121 112 104 337 Summer appearances 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter appearances 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Other related appearances Korea ( 2018 ) The Republic of Korea ( commonly known as South Korea ) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1948 , and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then , except for 1980 which they boycotted . South Korea has also participated in every Winter Olympic Games since 1948 , except for the 1952 games . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Hosted Games 3 Medal tables 3.1 Medals by Summer Games 3.2 Medals by Winter Games 3.3 Medals by summer sport 3.4 Medals by winter sport 4 Most successful Olympians 4.1 Notes 5 Participated event by competition 5.1 Summer Olympics 5.2 Winter Olympics 6 References 7 External links 8 See also History ( edit ) The first Korean athletes to win medals did so at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin , when Sohn Kee - chung and Nam Sung - yong won gold and bronze respectively in the men 's marathon . However , as Korea was under Japanese rule at that time , and , since both athletes were members of the Japanese team , the IOC credits both medals to Japan . South Korea won its first medals as an independent nation at its first appearance in 1948 , and won its first gold medal in 1976 . South Korean athletes have won a total of 267 medals at the Summer Games , with the most gold medals won in archery , and 70 medals at the Winter Games , a majority in short track speed skating . The nation has won more medals in this winter sport than any other nation since it was introduced to the Olympic program in 1992 . The National Olympic Committee for Korea is the Korean Olympic Committee , and was founded in 1946 and recognized in 1947 . During the 1998 - 2007 Sunshine Policy era , South Korea and North Korea symbolically marched as one team at the opening ceremonies of the 2000 and 2004 Olympics ; but competed separately . Hosted Games ( edit ) The Republic of Korea has hosted the Games on two occasions : Games Host city Dates Nations Participants Events 1988 Summer Olympics Seoul 17 September -- 2 October 160 8,391 263 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang 9 -- 25 February 92 2,952 102 Medal tables ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count * Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . Medals by Summer Games ( edit ) Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank 1948 London 50 0 0 32 1952 Helsinki 19 0 0 37 1956 Melbourne 35 0 29 1960 Rome 36 0 0 0 0 -- 1964 Tokyo 154 0 27 1968 Mexico City 54 0 36 1972 Munich 42 0 0 33 1976 Montreal 50 6 19 1980 Moscow did not participate 1984 Los Angeles 175 6 6 7 19 10 1988 Seoul 401 12 10 11 33 1992 Barcelona 226 12 5 12 29 7 1996 Atlanta 300 7 15 5 27 10 2000 Sydney 281 8 10 10 28 12 2004 Athens 264 9 12 9 30 9 2008 Beijing 267 13 11 8 32 7 2012 London 248 13 9 8 30 5 2016 Rio de Janeiro 204 9 9 21 8 2020 Tokyo future event 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles Total 90 87 90 267 15 Medals by Winter Games ( edit ) Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank 1948 St. Moritz 0 0 0 0 -- 1952 Oslo did not participate 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 0 0 0 0 -- 1960 Squaw Valley 7 0 0 0 0 -- 1964 Innsbruck 7 0 0 0 0 -- 1968 Grenoble 8 0 0 0 0 -- 1972 Sapporo 5 0 0 0 0 -- 1976 Innsbruck 0 0 0 0 -- 1980 Lake Placid 10 0 0 0 0 -- 1984 Sarajevo 15 0 0 0 0 -- 1988 Calgary 28 0 0 0 0 -- 1992 Albertville 23 10 1994 Lillehammer 24 6 6 1998 Nagano 38 6 9 2002 Salt Lake City 48 0 14 2006 Turin 41 6 11 7 2010 Vancouver 46 6 6 14 5 2014 Sochi 71 8 13 2018 Pyeongchang 122 5 8 17 7 2022 Beijing Future event Total 31 25 14 70 15 Medals by summer sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Archery 23 9 7 39 Taekwondo 12 5 19 Judo 11 16 16 43 Wrestling 11 11 14 36 Shooting 7 8 16 Badminton 6 7 6 19 Fencing 5 11 Boxing 7 10 20 Weightlifting 6 6 15 Table tennis 12 18 Handball 7 Gymnastics 9 Swimming 0 Athletics 0 Baseball 0 Golf 0 0 Field hockey 0 0 Basketball 0 0 Football 0 0 Volleyball 0 0 Total 90 87 90 267 Medals by winter sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Short track speed skating 24 13 11 48 Speed skating 5 8 16 Figure skating 0 Skeleton 0 0 Bobsleigh 0 0 Curling 0 0 Snowboarding 0 0 Total 31 25 14 70 Most successful olympians ( edit ) A South Korean volunteer at the Games of the XXIV Olympiad . Athlete Sport Type Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Jin Jong - oh Shooting Summer 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 0 6 Kim Soo - Nyung Archery Summer 1988 , 1992 , 2000 6 Chun Lee - Kyung Short track speed skating Winter 1992 , 1994 , 1998 0 5 Park Sung - Hyun Archery Summer 2004 , 2008 0 Ahn Hyun - Soo Short track speed skating Winter 2002 , 2006 0 Jin Sun - Yu Short track speed skating Winter 2006 0 0 Yun Mi - Jin Archery Summer 2000 , 2004 0 0 Kim Ki - Hoon Short track speed skating Winter 1992 , 1994 0 0 Notes ( edit ) On 11 February 2014 , Lee Sang - hwa won the gold medal for the women 's 500m longtrack speedskating race at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics , having previously won the one at the 2010 Games . She became the third woman and first Korean woman to win back - to - back golds at the 500m . Yuna Kim won a gold medal at Vancouver and a silver medal at Sochi for Women 's Figure Skating Participated event by competition ( edit ) Summer Olympics ( edit ) Nation 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Archery Athletics Badminton d Baseball d d d d d Basketball Bowling d Boxing Canoeing and kayaking Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo d d Tennis d d Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling d : demonstration sports e : exhibition sports Winter Olympics ( edit ) Event 48 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating d Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating d : Demonstration sports References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James O'Brien ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Heather Richardson falls short of medal , Lee Sang - hwa wins 500m gold '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ Yonhap News Agency ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) . `` ( Olympics ) Speed skater Lee Sang - hwa poised for gold in women 's 500 meters '' . GlobalPost . External links ( edit ) `` Republic of Korea '' . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Olympic Medal Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . `` South Korea '' . Sports-Reference.com . See also ( edit ) South Korea at the Paralympics List of flag bearers for South Korea at the Olympics Category : Olympic competitors for South Korea South Korea at the Asian Games Nations that have competed at the Olympic Games Nations at the Summer Olympics Nations at the Winter Olympics tropical nations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Summer Winter Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Korea ( unified ) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand East Timor Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Summer Winter Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Olympic Athletes from Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Winter Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Other Independent Olympians Refugee Olympic Team Historical Australasia Bohemia British West Indies Republic of China Czechoslovakia East Germany Mixed teams Netherlands Antilles North Borneo North Yemen Rhodesia Russian Empire Saar Serbia and Montenegro South Yemen Soviet Union Unified Team United Team of Germany West Germany Yugoslavia National sports teams of South Korea A1 GP Amateur boxing American football Association football U-23 U-20 U-17 / W U-20 U-17 / CP Badminton Baseball Basketball U-19 U-17 / W U-19 U-17 Beach soccer Cricket Field hockey Futsal Handball Ice hockey U-20 / W Korfball Rugby M7 W7 Short track Squash Tennis Volleyball Water polo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Korea_at_the_Olympics&oldid=835114051 '' Categories : South Korea at the Olympics Hidden categories : Articles with Korean - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски मराठी Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 16 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the olympics were held in korea | [
"\n\nGames\nHost city\nDates\nNations\nParticipants\nEvents\n\n\n1988 Summer Olympics\nSeoul\n17 September – 2 October\n160\n8,391\n263\n\n\n2018 Winter Olympics\nPyeongchang\n9 – 25 February\n92\n2,952\n102\n\n"
] | [
"1988"
] |
-5218273058748681066 | The Titan's Curse | The Titan 's Curse - wikipedia The Titan 's Curse The Titan 's Curse The front cover of the first U.S. edition . Author Rick Riordan Cover artist John Rocco Country United States Series Percy Jackson & the Olympians ( Book 3 ) Genre Fantasy , Greek mythology , young - adult novel Publisher Miramax Books / Hyperion Books for Children Publication date May 1 , 2007 Media type Print ( hardcover ) , audiobook Pages 312 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 0145 - 1 OCLC 76863948 LC Class PZ7. R4829 Tit 2007 Preceded by The Sea of Monsters Followed by The Battle of the Labyrinth The Titan 's Curse is an American fantasy - adventure novel based on Greek mythology written by Rick Riordan . It was released on May 1 , 2007 , and is the third novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series and the sequel to The Sea of Monsters . It is about the adventures of the fourteen - year - old demigod Percy Jackson as he and his friends go on a dangerous quest to rescue his friend Annabeth Chase and the Greek goddess Artemis , who have both been kidnapped . The Titan 's Curse was published by Miramax Books , an imprint of Hyperion Books for Children and thus Disney Publishing ( succeeded by the Disney Hyperion imprint ) . It was released in the United States and the United Kingdom on May 1 , 2007 . The novel was also released in audiobook format , read by Jesse Bernstein . Mostly well - received , The Titan 's Curse was nominated for numerous awards , winning ones such as the No. 1 The New York Times children 's series best seller and Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick for 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Prophecy 1.1. 1 Meaning 2 Main characters 3 Critical reception 3.1 Awards and nominations 4 Audiobook 5 Sequel 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Percy Jackson , Annabeth Chase , and Thalia Grace get a ride from Mrs. Jackson to Westover Hall , a boarding school in Bar Harbor , Maine , to escort two sibling half - bloods named Nico and Bianca di Angelo that Grover Underwood has found . They are attacked by a manticore named Dr. Thorn . Though Artemis and her hunters arrive to help , Dr. Thorn jumps off a cliff with Annabeth on his back . Artemis is troubled by the manticore 's mention of a `` Great Stirring '' of monsters , and goes off alone to hunt an Olympus - destroying monster she believes to have finally returned from Tartarus . She sends the half - bloods and Hunters ( whose number now includes Bianca di Angelo ) to Camp Half - Blood with her brother Apollo . While there , Nico settles into camp life ; Percy and Blackjack save a sea monster Percy nicknames Bessie ; and Artemis 's lieutenant Zoë Nightshade has mysterious dreams about the goddess being in grave danger . Percy has similar dreams about Annabeth saving Luke from being crushed by the ceiling of some cave and holding it up for him . Both are unable to act , however , until the Oracle ( a shriveled mummy ) somehow leaves the attic where it was kept and delivers the Huntress a prophecy . Chiron and Zoë organize a quest , but Percy is forbidden from going because the Hunters refuse to travel with a boy . He successfully sneaks away from camp on Blackjack , though he is almost stopped by Mr. D ( Dionysus ) who agrees to let him go because there is a good chance that Percy will get killed while on the quest . When they arrive in Washington , D.C. , Percy notices Dr. Thorn heading into the National Museum of Natural History , and follows him using an invisibility cap . Luke and a man called the General are there , and summon spartoi to hunt the official quest group , who are currently in the National Air and Space Museum nearby . Percy runs to warn them , but they are attacked by the Nemean Lion before they can leave . They flee , and , on the advice of Apollo , travel to Cloudcroft , New Mexico . In Cloudcroft , Grover senses the presence of Pan , who sends the Erymanthian Boar to help them escape the spartoi who have caught up with them . The boar carries them as far as Gila Claw , Arizona and the `` junkyard of the gods '' . After a brief encounter with Ares and Aphrodite , the group enters the junkyard , where Bianca tries to take a cursed statuette for Nico . Her theft awakens a prototype of Talos , and she gives her life to bring it down . The remaining quest members travel to the Hoover Dam , and , after narrowly escaping the spartoi again , arrive in San Francisco on the backs of two bronze flying angels . Once there , Percy seeks out Nereus and learns that the monster Artemis was hunting is Bessie , the monster he saved , who is an ophiotaurus . After a final encounter with Dr. Thorn in which Percy pleads with Mr. D to help him defeat the manticore , Grover heads back to Camp Half - Blood with the ophiotaurus . Zoë , Percy , and Thalia go to find Frederick Chase in the hope that he will help them reach their final destination : Mount Tamalpais , which is the modern location of the Titans ' fortress on Mount Othrys . With Mr. Chase 's car , they travel to the Garden of Hesperides . Zoë is wounded by the dragon Ladon while they pass through . From the place where Atlas once held up the sky , they see Artemis now doing his job . Seeing Annabeth tied up and held hostage by Luke and learning that `` the General '' is Zoë 's father , the Titan Atlas , Percy takes the sky from Artemis so she can fight the Titan 's advance guard . Artemis engages Atlas and is able to trap him under the sky again , but not before he seriously wounds Zoë by pushing her off of a cliff . Thalia battles Luke , and he falls from a cliff , apparently dead . With the help of Mr. Chase , who arrives in a biplane he has fitted with machine guns with Celestial bronze bullets , they escape and travel to a nearby airfield in Artemis ' silver chariot . Zoë dies shortly after landing and Artemis makes a constellation in her honor . The rest of the group then heads for Olympus . During the winter solstice meeting , the gods are finally convinced by Artemis to take action against the Titans . Thalia is also asked by Artemis to become an immortal Huntress , and her acceptance is the only thing that prevents the onset of the Great Prophecy . Percy is told by his father that Luke is somehow not dead , and he and Annabeth return to Camp Half - Blood worried about the future . Before he can relax , however , Percy is forced to explain Bianca 's death to Nico . Nico blames Percy , and when a group of spartoi arrive to attack the son of Poseidon , Nico banishes them to the realm of Hades , and Percy realizes that he must be a son of Hades . Nico runs away , and the only people Percy tells the truth are Annabeth and Grover . They promise to hide this fact from everyone else , especially the Titan 's army . Prophecy ( edit ) The prophecy given by the oracle to Zoë Nightshade reads : Five shall go west to the goddess in chains , One shall be lost in the land without rain , The bane of Olympus shows the trail , Campers and Hunters combined prevail , The Titan 's curse must one withstand , And one shall perish by a parent 's hand . Meaning ( edit ) 1. The group consisting of Zoë , Thalia , Grover , Bianca , and Percy ( originally Phoebe ) . The questers travel to Mount Othrys in the west to free Artemis from her confinement . 2 . Bianca sacrificed herself in the desert to save the group against a defective prototype of Hephaestus ' robot , Talos . 3 . They followed the Ophiotaurus ( half cow , half serpent ) named Bessie , which was called the bane of Olympus because if he was sacrificed in flames , the person that sacrificed it would have the power to destroy Olympus . During the quest , it keeps appearing in various bodies of water . 4 . The only way the quest would be successful was if campers and Hunters worked together . The quest consisted of three campers ( Percy , Grover , and Thalia ) and two Hunters ( Zoë and Bianca ) . 5 . The curse of holding the sky above the earth had to be taken by someone ( Luke took the sky from Atlas ; Annabeth took the sky from Luke ; Artemis took it from Annabeth ; Percy took it for Artemis and Artemis forced Atlas back under the sky ) . 6 . In the end , Zoë after already suffering from being poisoned by the dragon Ladon , was killed by her father Atlas after he tossed her against a wall . Main characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Camp Half - Blood characters Percy Jackson : Percy , a 14 - year - old demigod and son of Poseidon , is the protagonist as well as the series ' narrator . He embarks on a journey to save Annabeth and the Greek goddess Artemis , who have both been kidnapped . Thalia Grace : Thalia is a 15 - year - old demigod daughter of Zeus . Though she appears in Percy 's dream in the first book , she makes a full appearance at the end of The Sea of Monsters and is given a greater role in the third book . Thalia is described as looking very punk , with electric blue eyes , black clothes , and spiky hair . Her personality is often described as `` independent and many times sarcastic . '' Thalia is a lot like Percy and consequently , they often argue . She is heartbroken by Luke 's betrayal , it is supposed that she had feelings for him . She is also afraid of heights , which she reluctantly admits to Percy , despite the fact that she is daughter of Zeus , God of the Sky . Annabeth Chase : Annabeth is a 14 - year - old demigod and the daughter of Athena . She is friends with Percy , Thalia and Grover . She is kidnapped along with Artemis by the Titans . She has a great passion and interest for architecture and she wishes to be an architect when she is older . Although she has a growing love interest in Percy , her feelings for Luke remain a problem between the two . Percy returns her feelings without realizing it , and is oblivious to how she feels about him . Grover Underwood : A large - hearted satyr whose favorite foods are aluminum cans and cheese enchiladas . He is 28 years old , yet has the appearance of a teenager due to the satyrs ' slower growth rate ( half that of humans ) . He wants to become a searcher for Pan , the satyr god of nature and the wild , who fell into a `` deep sleep '' due to the humans ' pollution of the world . Bianca di Angelo : Bianca is a 12 - year - old demigod and the daughter of Hades . She and her ten - year - old brother Nico were trapped in the Lotus Casino , where time is slowed down , but in the beginning of the book , they were released and attended quest in the `` Junkyard of the Gods '' . Zoë Nightshade : Zoë is the daughter of Atlas , a banished Hesperid for helping the hero Hercules , and the first lieutenant of the Hunters of Artemis . She often has trouble updating her language and uses Old English . She dies after being bitten by Ladon , who protects the immortality - giving golden apple tree , and after her father Atlas , throws her against a pile of rocks . Artemis turns her spirit into a constellation soon after her death for remembrance . She and Thalia developed grudges against each other after Thalia did not want to join the hunters , but they get along when they do not think about it . Luke Castellan : The 21 - year - old demigod son of Hermes , Luke is the main antagonist of the series . He is the sidekick to , Kronos ; Kronos ' followers and army gather on a ship called the Princess Andromeda . He is thought dead but it is later revealed he survived . Nico di Angelo : The 10 - year - old demigod son of Hades and older sister Bianca di Angelo are rescued from a manticore by Percy , Annabeth , Thalia , and Grover . He is left at camp during the quest , but stays in the Hermes cabin because his parentage has not yet been discovered . He leaves camp after hearing Percy broke his promise , letting Bianca die . Before he leaves , he sends an army of skeletal warriors back to the underworld . Critical reception ( edit ) The Titan 's Curse received relatively positive reviews , which often lauded the humor and action in the story . Children 's Literature , which commended the book 's fast pace and humor , wrote , `` Readers will relate to good natured Percy , the protagonist . '' Kirkus Reviews awarded it a starred review with , `` This third in the Olympians series makes the Greek myths come alive in a way no dreary classroom unit can ... will have readers wondering how literature can be this fun . This can stand alone , though newcomers to the series will race back to the first two volumes and eagerly await a fourth installment . '' School Library Journal praised the `` adventurous '' plot as well as the book 's appeal : `` Teachers will cheer for Percy Jackson and the Olympians as they inspire students to embrace Greek mythology and score the ultimate Herculean challenge : getting kids to read . All in all , a winner of Olympic proportions and a surefire read - aloud . '' Booklist 's starred review approved of the novel 's humor action , and plotting : `` The Percy Jackson & the Olympians series is built around a terrific idea -- that the half - mortal offspring of Greek gods live among us , playing out struggles of mythic scale -- and Riordan takes it from strength to strength with this exciting installment , adding even more depth to the characters and story arc while retaining its predecessors ' nonstop laughs and action . '' Kidsreads raved , `` Rick Riordan 's Olympian adventures have gained great popularity thanks to their combination of humor , adventure and a winning hero ... Readers who are familiar with ancient mythology will enjoy Riordan 's tongue - in - cheek approach ; those who are n't just might be tempted to go to the original sources to learn more . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Titan 's Curse received several literature - related awards , including : number one The New York Times children 's series best seller and Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick for 2007 . It was also a Quill Award nominee . Audiobook ( edit ) An eight - hour - and - forty - eight - minute audiobook read by the actor Jesse Bernstein and published by Listening Library was released on April 24 , 2007 . AudioFile Magazine lauded Bernstein 's interpretation , writing , `` Sounding alternately young , or old , or really scary , Jesse Bernstein ... effectively voices the confusion and loss the team experiences . '' Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Percy Jackson and the Battle of the Labyrinth In The Battle of the Labyrinth , Annabeth and Percy find an entrance into the Labyrinth during a game of capture the flag . Percy soon learns that Luke had used the entrance and will lead his army through the Labyrinth straight in to the heart of camp . To get into the Labyrinth , Percy has to find the symbol of Daedalus , the Greek letter delta , ( Δ ) on a passageway , touch it , and then enter the Labyrinth . Using the Labyrinth , Percy tries to find Daedalus so Luke can not get Ariadne 's string , thereby foiling Luke 's invasion . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Children 's literature portal Mythology portal Speculative fiction portal Mythology Greek gods Mount Olympus Greek mythology References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Titan 's curse '' ( first edition ) . LC Online Catalog . Library of Congress ( lccn.loc.gov ) . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Titan 's Curse '' . Rick Riordan . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Titan 's Curse '' . Kirkus Reviews . April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Starred review . ^ Jump up to : `` The Titan 's Curse '' . Random House . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Titan 's Curse ( Percy Jackson and the Olympians , Book 3 ) ( Hardcover ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Mike W. ( June 1 , 2007 ) . `` Local author 's fantasy fiction has made him a best seller '' . San Antonio Business Journal . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bass , Deborah ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` Hugely Anticipated Finale to Blockbuster Percy Jackson & the Olympians Series Goes on Sale Today '' . Disney Book Group . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Summer 2007 Children 's Book Sense Picks '' . American Booksellers Association . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( April 1 , 2007 ) . The Titan 's Curse . Percy Jackson & the Olympians . Hyperion Books for Children . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 0145 - 1 . OCLC 76863948 . Jump up ^ `` The Titan 's Curse : Barnes & Noble '' . Barnes and Noble . Retrieved April 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Titan 's Curse '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Piehl , Norah . `` The Titan 's Curse : Percy Jackson & the Olympians , Book Three '' . KidsReads . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 2007 Quill Award Nominees Are ... '' New York : WNBC . July 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Titan 's Curse : Percy Jackson and the Olympians , Book 3 ( Unabridged ) '' . audible.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE TITAN 'S CURSE : Percy Jackson and the Olympians , Book 3 '' . AudioFile . September 2009 . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Titan 's Curse : Percy Jackson and the Olympians : Book 3 '' . booksontape.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Titan 's Curse ( Percy Jackson and the Olympians , Book 3 ) ( AUDIOBOOK ) ( UNABRIDGED ) ( Audio CD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Titan 's Curse Percy Jackson and the Olympians Series , Book 3 '' . Listen Up ! Vermont . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( May 8 , 2008 ) . The Battle of the Labyrinth . Percy Jackson & the Olympians . Hyperion Books for Children . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 0146 - 8 . OCLC 180753884 . External links ( edit ) Rick Riordan Myth Master at publisher Penguin Books ( UK ) Percy Jackson & the Olympians at publisher Disney - Hyperion Books ( US ) Rick Riordan at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database hide The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles by Rick Riordan Percy Jackson & the Olympians Novels The Lightning Thief The Sea of Monsters The Titan 's Curse The Battle of the Labyrinth The Last Olympian The Demigod Files Films Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Film cast members Stage The Lightning Thief ( musical ) The Heroes of Olympus Novels The Lost Hero The Son of Neptune The Mark of Athena The House of Hades The Blood of Olympus The Demigod Diaries The Trials of Apollo Novels The Hidden Oracle The Dark Prophecy The Burning Maze Other Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes The Son of Sobek The Staff of Serapis The Crown of Ptolemy Characters Percy Jackson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Titan%27s_Curse&oldid=844296504 '' Categories : 2007 American novels Percy Jackson & the Olympians 2007 fantasy novels Sequel novels 2007 children 's books Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2012 Pages to import images to Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 00 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many pages are in percy jackson and the titan's curse | [
"\nThe Titan's Curse\n\n\nThe front cover of the first U.S. edition.\n\n\n\nAuthor\nRick Riordan\n\n\nCover artist\nJohn Rocco\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nSeries\nPercy Jackson & the Olympians (Book 3)\n\n\nGenre\nFantasy, Greek mythology, young-adult novel\n\n\nPublisher\nMiramax Books/Hyperion Books for Children[1]\n\n\n\nPublication date\n\nMay 1, 2007[2][3]\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (hardcover), audiobook\n\n\nPages\n312[1]\n\n\nISBN\n978-1-4231-0145-1\n\n\nOCLC\n76863948\n\n\nLC Class\nPZ7.R4829 Tit 2007[1]\n\n\nPreceded by\nThe Sea of Monsters\n\n\nFollowed by\nThe Battle of the Labyrinth\n\n"
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-2491664002706062771 | Water conflicts between Malaysia and Singapore | Water conflicts between Malaysia and Singapore - Wikipedia Water conflicts between Malaysia and Singapore Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Singapore and Malaysia have a long - standing conflict over water supplies . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 20th century 1.2 21st century 2 Water self - sufficiency 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 References History ( edit ) 20th century ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first water agreement was signed between Sultan Ibrahim II the Sultan of Johor and the Municipal Commissioners of the Town of Singapore on 5 December 1927 , under the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements . It is no longer in force . On 1 September 1961 , the Federation of Malaya signed an agreement giving Singapore the right to draw up to 86 million imperial gallons ( 390,000 m ) of water per day collectively from the Tebrau River , the Skudai River , the Pontian Reservoir , and the Gunung Pulai Reservoir , with effect through 2011 . On 29 September 1962 , a further agreement was signed providing Singapore the right to draw up to 250 million imperial gallons ( 1,100,000 m ) per day from the Johor River , with effect until 2061 . Both agreements stipulated the price of 3 Malaysian cents per 1,000 imperial gallons ( 4,500 L ) . In 1994 , Linggiu Reservoir was built upstream of the Johor River and collects and releases rainwater . This pushes seawater back into the sea , ensuring that the river water is not too salty to be treated . It is operated by the PUB . 21st century ( edit ) The Malaysian government has stated that the agreements were signed in a different time and that the price should increase . It cites the example of water sold by China to Hong Kong in the past , which was approximately US $5.8 per 1,000 imperial gallons ( 4,500 L ) . However , this price comparison is not directly applicable because while Hong Kong has borne the cost of constructing the infrastructure and China has borne the cost of maintaining to provide water to Hong Kong , Singapore paid for all the costs of the reservoirs in Johor , the dams , pipelines , plant , equipment , etc. , and Singapore paid all costs of operating and maintaining the infrastructure . On 31 August 2011 , the 2011 water agreement expired , and the waterworks and facilities were handed over to the Johor state government . The handover included the Skudai and Gunung Pulai water treatment plants , which were built by the Public Utilities Board and managed by them for 50 years , as well as two pump houses in Pontian and Tebrau . Water self - sufficiency ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Malaysia is a reliable provider of water to Singapore but has used threats of cutting off the water supply to pressure Singapore politically . Seeking greater independence and freedom from such pressures , Singapore has pursued an expensive strategy of water self - sufficiency . As of 2003 , about 40 % of Singapore 's water came from Malaysia . The proportion has been decreasing as Singapore has pursued its Four Tap Strategy of sourcing water from rainwater , recycling , desalination , and importation . By 2010 , Singapore had constructed five Newater plants , a desalination plant and a new water barrage to increase rainwater supply . The Newater / desalination plants have the capability to supply 40 % of Singapore 's water needs as at 2010 . The limit of rainwater catchment had a second and larger desalination plant constructed in 2013 . Singapore 's water needs are anticipated to double in the next 50 years . Planned Newater output will triple to meet 50 % of needs by year 2060 whilst desalination investment will raise output to meet 30 % of needs . By the expiry of the 1962 water agreement in 2061 , the necessity for Malaysia water import should be eliminated . Singapore also sells about 22.7 million litres of treated water to Johor each day See also ( edit ) Foreign relations of Singapore Further reading ( edit ) `` 1927 Water Agreement '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . Lee Poh Onn ( 2003 ) . `` The water issue between Singapore and Malaysia : no solution in sight ? '' ( PDF ) . Ecomics and Finance No. 1 . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Finding ways to increase water supply from Johor River '' , The Straits Times , 17 January 2018 Jump up ^ Water Supplies Department of Hong Kong Annual Report 2010 / 11 - Optimising Water Supplies ( 3.11 MB ) Jump up ^ `` 1961 water agreement with Johor expires on Wednesday '' . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on 22 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Finding ways to increase water supply from Johor River '' , The Straits Times , 17 January 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_conflicts_between_Malaysia_and_Singapore&oldid=829868757 '' Categories : Water resource conflicts Malaysia -- Singapore relations Water and politics Water supply and sanitation in Singapore Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia Environmental disasters in Asia Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 08 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when will malaysia stop selling water to singapore | [
"Singapore's water needs are anticipated to double in the next 50 years. Planned Newater output will triple to meet 50% of needs by year 2060 whilst desalination investment will raise output to meet 30% of needs. By the expiry of the 1962 water agreement in 2061, the necessity for Malaysia water import should be eliminated."
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34703247222089680 | Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego | Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego - wikipedia Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego Jump to : navigation , search Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego San Diego , California Marine Corps Recruit Depot Historic District U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district Show map of San Diego County , California Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Location S of jct. of Barnett Ave. and Pacific Hwy. , San Diego , California Coordinates 32 ° 44 ′ 31 '' N 117 ° 11 ′ 50 '' W / 32.74194 ° N 117.19722 ° W / 32.74194 ; - 117.19722 Coordinates : 32 ° 44 ′ 31 '' N 117 ° 11 ′ 50 '' W / 32.74194 ° N 117.19722 ° W / 32.74194 ; - 117.19722 Area 110 acres ( 45 ha ) Architect Goodhue , Bertram G. ; Dawson Construction Co . Architectural style Mission / Spanish Revival NRHP reference # 90001477 Added to NRHP January 31 , 1991 Type Military base Site information Controlled by United States Marine Corps Site history Built 1919 In use 1919 -- present Garrison information Current commander BG William M. Jurney Garrison Recruit training Drill instructor training Recruiter training Marine Corps Recruit Depot ( commonly referred to as MCRD ) San Diego is a United States Marine Corps military installation in San Diego , California . It lies between San Diego Bay and Interstate 5 , adjacent to San Diego International Airport and the former Naval Training Center San Diego . MCRD San Diego 's main mission is the initial training of enlisted male recruits living west of the Mississippi River . Over 21,000 recruits are trained each year . The Depot also is the home to the Marine Corps ' Recruiter School and Western Recruiting Region 's Drill Instructors School . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Recruit training 3 Tenant organizations and facilities 4 Possibility of closure 5 In popular culture 5.1 Film and TV 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The emblem above the MCRD main gate . A drill instructor , Gunnery Sergeant , walks the long hallway at the MCRD . The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Photograph of Lance Corporal Molly , the English Bulldog mascot of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego Marines made an amphibious landing in San Diego in 1846 from USS Savannah and USS Congress during the Mexican -- American War . Marines made a presence in San Diego again in July 1914 , but ground was not broken for a permanent base until March 2 , 1919 . The initial proposal for the base came from Congressman William Kettner , who also proposed construction of Naval Training Center San Diego . The Marine base only became a reality due to the perseverance of its first commanding officer , Colonel Joseph Henry Pendleton ( later a general and the namesake of Camp Pendleton ) . Before the commissioning of the base on Dutch Flats , the Marines were based in Balboa Park . The structures were designed by architect Bertram Goodhue in the Spanish Colonial Revival style , and they echo the style used for the buildings of the 1915 Panama -- California Exposition ( also inspired by Goodhue ) . The base and its original buildings are now on the National Register of Historic Places listings in San Diego County , California . By 1921 , the base was formally commissioned , and in 1923 it became the Marine Corps ' recruit training center for the western United States . During World War II , the flow of recruits into the base surged , with 18,000 recruits arriving in one month . In 1948 , the base was formally named Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego . Recruit training ( edit ) Main article : United States Marine Corps Recruit Training The base 's main mission is to train new United States Marine Corps recruits , specifically males recruited from west of the Mississippi River , but also from some areas east of the river , such as Wisconsin , Michigan , the Chicago metropolitan area and New Orleans . All women are trained at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island . Marine Corps march in parade route at graduation from basic training in San Diego ( December 20 , 2013 ) Chapel at Marine Corps Depot San Diego at Christmas season Recruit training for those enlisted in the United States Marine Corps , includes a thirteen - week process during which the recruit becomes cut off from the civilian world and must adapt to a Marine Corps lifestyle . During training , drill instructors train recruits in a wide variety of subjects including weapons training , Marine Corps Martial Arts Program , personal hygiene and cleanliness , close order drill , and Marine Corps history . The training emphasizes physical fitness , and recruits must attain a minimum standard of fitness to graduate by passing a Physical Fitness Test . Recruits must also meet minimum combat - oriented swimming qualifications , qualify in rifle marksmanship with the M16A4 service rifle , and pass a 54 - hour simulated combat exercise known as `` The Crucible '' . Unlike training at Parris Island , recruits must leave the depot to conduct field training . At Edson Range aboard Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton , recruits fire on the rifle range , conduct field training , and undergo the Crucible . At the conclusion , recruits return to MCRD San Diego for Marine week and then graduation . Tenant organizations and facilities ( edit ) In addition to recruit training , MCRD San Diego is also home to the Drill Instructor 's School for the Western Recruiting Region and the Recruiter 's School for the entire Marine Corps . The Coast Guard also has a presence on board MCRD , with the Pacific Area Tactical Law Enforcement Team and the Maritime Safety and Security Team . The base is also home to the MCRD San Diego Command Museum . Several schools pertinent to the Marine Corps mission are and have been based at MCRD . Among these was the `` Sea School , '' which trained the Marine Detachments for duty aboard Naval vessels . The Communications and Electronics School was formerly located there . Possibility of closure ( edit ) Some politicians have pushed for the closure of MCRD San Diego , primarily because it occupies what is now extremely valuable land adjacent to the city 's harbor and airport . Although the installation was not on the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure list proposed by the Pentagon , the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission asked the Pentagon for a written explanation as to why the MCRD was not proposed to be closed and consolidated into the depot at Parris Island . The Commission noted that the Navy and Air Force had successfully consolidated training facilities without risk to the mission or risk of loss of `` surge capability '' ( the ability to quickly increase the rate of recruit training if circumstances make that necessary ) . They also noted that the military value of San Diego is lower than Parris Island due in part to encroachment and land constraints . Closure meets heavy resistance from the Marine Corps , because of the status of the parade deck as a memorial to veterans of World War II , Korea , Vietnam , and Iraq , as well as the cost of relocation of the Depot . In a July 14 , 2005 public response to the Commission , Gordon R. England , the acting Deputy Secretary of Defense , stated that the Department of Defense did not recommend San Diego 's closure because it would create a single point of failure in regard to Parris Island 's vulnerability to hurricanes , among other threats . He also noted that the payback on such a closure would take over 100 years , due to the need for new construction at Parris Island and the need to relocate rather than eliminate personnel from San Diego . United States Marine Corps portal In popular culture ( edit ) Film and TV ( edit ) Vietnam War - era recruit training at MCRD San Diego is depicted in the 1970 TV film , Tribes ( film ) , starring Darren McGavin and Jan - Michael Vincent . Portions of the movie were filmed on location at MCRD . Recruits marching on the parade deck at MCRD San Diego are shown during the opening montage of the 1960s TV show Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. . References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ http://www.mcrdsd.marines.mil/Leaders/MCRDSD-Leaders/Article/841774/briggen-bill-jurney Jump up ^ Historical article at militarymuseum.org Jump up ^ La Tourette , Robert , LT USN ( June 1968 ) . `` The San Diego Naval Complex '' . Proceedings . United States Naval Institute . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Starr , Raymond G. ( Fall 2000 ) . `` Book Review : The History of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot , San Diego '' . San Diego Historical Society . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denger , CW2 Mark J. `` Panama - California Exposition '' . California State Military Museum . California Military Department . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MCRD Spared From Base Closure List '' . 10 News San Diego . July 19 , 2005 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Base closure panel asks why S.D. sites are n't being eyed '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . July 2 , 2005 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Fahey , John Edward ( 1974 ) . History of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot at San Diego 1911 - 1974 , Masters Thesis , History Department , University of San Diego . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 30 . Champie , Elmore A. ( 1958 ) . A Brief History of the Marine Corps Base and Recruit Depot , San Diego , California ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Historical Branch , United States Marine Corps . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego . Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego official website USMC Recruiters School Drill Instructors School , Western Recruiting Region . USMC Recruit Depot San Diego Base Overview & PCS Information ( MarineCorpsUSA.org ) United States Marine Corps Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Marine Corps generals United States Congress House Subcommittee on Seapower and Expeditionary Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Major commands Organization of the Marine Corps Headquarters Marine Corps Marine Forces Command II Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Pacific I Marine Expeditionary Force III Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Reserve Fleet Marine Force Atlantic Pacific Marine Corps Combat Development Command Small Wars Center and Irregular Warfare Integration Division ( SWC / IWID ) Operations Analysis Directorate ( OAD ) Training & Education Command ( TECOM ) United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory Structure Marine Air - Ground Task Force Bases Battalions Regiments Brigades Divisions MEF / Corps Marine aviation Marine expeditionary unit Special Operations Marine Raiders Marine Raider Regiment Recon Force Division Personnel and training Personnel Personnel Rank insignia MOS Notable Marines Historical Marines Marine Astronauts Criminal Investigation Division Judge Advocate Division Chaplain of the Marine Corps Associated organizations Training Training Recruit Training School of Infantry Officer Candidates School The Basic School Martial Arts Program Uniforms and equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Weapons Vehicles and aircraft Individual equipment History and traditions History Culture Acronyms and terms Birthday Ball Eagle , Globe , and Anchor Flag Marine Band Drum and Bugle Corps Marine One Silent Drill Platoon White House Sentries Service Numbers Marine Corps War Memorial Marines ' Hymn National Museum Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Rifleman 's Creed Semper Fidelis History of Hispanics in the USMC History of women in the USMC Women 's Reserve Honorary Marine Toys for Tots Portal Operational military installations of California Army Fort Fort Irwin Fort Hunter Liggett Airfield Bicycle Lake Fresno Los Alamitos Heliport O'Sullivan Roberts Range Camp Parks Camp San Luis Obispo Logistics Sierra Army Depot School Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center Marines Air Station Miramar Pendleton Bases MCRD San Diego Camp Pendleton Twentynine Palms Range Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range Mountain Warfare Training Center Edson Range Logistics Barstow Navy Depot Broadway Complex Seal Beach Military Sealift Command Long Beach Outlying landing field Imperial Beach San Clemente Island San Nicolas Island Base Coronado Point Loma San Diego Ventura County ( composed of NAS Point Mugu , NCBC Port Hueneme ) Air Station Lemoore North Island El Centro Range China Lake Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range School Naval Postgraduate School Air Force Air base Beale Edwards Los Angeles March Travis Vandenberg Range R - 2508 Complex National Guard Army Los Alamitos Camp Roberts Camp San Luis Obispo Air Channel Islands Fresno Moffett Field School California Military Academy Coast Guard Air Station Humboldt Bay Los Angeles Sacramento San Francisco San Diego Station Coast Guard Island Golden Gate Training Center Training Center Petaluma U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_San_Diego&oldid=815324561 '' Categories : National Register of Historic Places in San Diego Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in California Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California Buildings and structures in San Diego Military in San Diego United States Marine Corps bases United States Marine Corps schools Bertram Goodhue buildings Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in California Military facilities in San Diego County , California World War II sites in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from October 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia page with obscure country or subdivision Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Marine Corps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 05 : 01 . 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"Marine Corps Recruit Depot (commonly referred to as MCRD) San Diego is a United States Marine Corps military installation in San Diego, California. It lies between San Diego Bay and Interstate 5, adjacent to San Diego International Airport and the former Naval Training Center San Diego.[3] MCRD San Diego's main mission is the initial training of enlisted male recruits living west of the Mississippi River. Over 21,000 recruits are trained each year. The Depot also is the home to the Marine Corps' Recruiter School and Western Recruiting Region's Drill Instructors School."
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-4673782336623916102 | My Everything (Ariana Grande album) | My Everything ( Ariana Grande album ) - wikipedia My Everything ( Ariana Grande album ) My Everything Studio album by Ariana Grande Released August 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 25 ) Recorded October 2013 -- May 2014 Studio Various ( show ) Conway Recording Studios , Record Plant Studios , Hollywood and Zeddi Studios and Vietom Studios ( Los Angeles , California ) Wolf Cousins Studios and P.S Studios Stockholm , Sweden Matzah Ball Studios and Doe Studios ( New York City ) Genre Pop R&B Length 40 : 31 Label Republic Producer Scott `` Scooter '' Braun ( exec . ) Wendy Goldstein ( exec . ) Ariana Grande ( exec . ) Max Martin Shellback Benny Blanco Savan Kotecha Ryan Tedder Tommy Brown Darkchild Ilya Salmanzadeh Zedd Key Wane Pop & Oak Ariana Grande chronology Christmas Kisses ( 2013 ) Christmas Kisses 2013 My Everything ( 2014 ) The Remix ( 2015 ) The Remix 2015 Singles from My Everything `` Problem '' Released : April 28 , 2014 `` Break Free '' Released : July 2 , 2014 `` Bang Bang '' Released : July 28 , 2014 `` Love Me Harder '' Released : September 30 , 2014 `` One Last Time '' Released : February 10 , 2015 My Everything is the second studio album by American singer and actress Ariana Grande , released on August 25 , 2014 by Republic Records . Grande wanted My Everything to sound as `` an evolution '' from her debut album , Yours Truly ( 2013 ) ; it explores more mature themes and genres . In the album 's production , Ariana worked with a host of producers -- including Max Martin , Shellback , Benny Blanco , Ryan Tedder , Darkchild , Ilya Salmanzadeh , Zedd , and David Guetta . Upon its release , the album debuted atop the Billboard 200 , selling 169,000 copies in its first week . It debuted at number one in Australia and Canada as well , and peaked in the top ten of twenty countries worldwide . As of April 2018 , the album has sold 735,000 copies in the United States . My Everything was preceded by the lead single `` Problem '' , which features Australian rapper Iggy Azalea . After its release on April 28 , 2014 , the single debuted at number three the week of May 17 , selling over 400,000 copies in its first week and eventually peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Break Free '' , featuring German - Russian musician and producer Zedd , was released as the second single on July 2 , and peaked at the fourth position on the Hot 100 . The fourth single , `` Love Me Harder '' , featuring The Weeknd , was released on September 30 , 2014 and peaked at number seven . Final single `` One Last Time '' reached number thirteen . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in 2015 , My Everything was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album . Contents 1 Background and recording 2 Music and lyrics 3 Release and promotion 4 Singles 4.1 Promotional singles 5 Critical reception 6 Accolades 7 Commercial performance 8 Track listing 9 Personnel 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 11 Certifications 12 Release history 13 See also 14 References Background and Recording `` It 's an album that I want to do a little bit different . I do n't want it to sound like an extension of Yours Truly . I want it to sound like an evolution . I want to explore more sounds and experiment a little bit . I have a bunch of ideas I 'm very excited about and a lot of stuff cooking . '' -- Grande , on the album . Grande 's debut studio album Yours Truly was released on September 3 , 2013 , and was met with critical acclaim . Later that month , in an interview with Rolling Stone , Grande stated that she had begun writing and working on her second studio album and had already completed two songs . Recording sessions began in October 2013 with Grande working with previous producers from her debut album Harmony Samuels and Tommy Brown . Grande was initially aiming at releasing the album around February 2014 . In January 2014 , Grande confirmed she had been working with new producers Ryan Tedder , Savan Kotecha , Benny Blanco , Key Wane and Max Martin . Grande stated in late February that she wanted to name her album after a song she had finished that weekend that is very honest and makes her cry . It was announced on March 3 , 2014 that Grande would be featured on the fifth single from Chris Brown 's album X titled `` Do n't Be Gone Too Long '' . The single was originally set for release on March 25 , 2014 . However , it was postponed due to Brown being sent to jail awaiting trial on assault charges . Grande had announced the song 's delay on March 17 , 2014 via Twitter stating `` My loves ... so obviously some things have changed recently ... So we have to delay the dbgtl countdown , some things are out of our control '' . That same night she held a live stream to make up for the single 's delay , where she previewed four new songs from her second album . Two days following the announcement , Grande revealed that due to the song 's delay , she would be releasing the first single from her upcoming sophomore studio album instead . She finished working on the album in late May 2014 . On June 28 , Grande confirmed the title of the album to be My Everything and the release date to be August 25 , 2014 . The photos for the packaging in the album were taken on May 27 , 2014 . Grande stated that she chose the cover artwork because she felt that `` each song is so strongly themed that I just wanted to have a very simple overall cover . So that within each song we could create more visual themes . '' Music and lyrics My Everything is a pop - R&B album . It revisits the ' 90 's retro - R&B style present in Grande 's debut album Yours Truly : Annie Zaleski from The A.V. Club , described the album as a `` slick throwback to melodramatic ' 80s and ' 90s pop . '' The album 's tracks include EDM , hip hop tunes and piano - driven ballads . The album opens with `` Intro '' , in which Grande addresses her fans : `` I 'll give you all I have and nothing less , I promise '' . The second track is the lead single `` Problem '' , an uptempo dance - pop song influenced by R&B , jazz , hip hop and funk . Rap - Up described the track as an `` infectious horn - heavy jam '' that features a `` carefree '' Grande `` declaring her independence '' . It includes `` an empowering verse from Iggy Azalea and a whispering Big Sean on the hook . '' `` One Last Time '' is a dance - pop and EDM - light song . The album continues with `` Why Try '' , co-written and co-produced by Ryan Tedder and Benny Blanco and features the lyrics `` Now we 're screaming just to see who 's louder '' . Some critics expressed an opinion that the song has a similar composition with Beyoncé 's `` XO '' ( 2013 ; also produced by Tedder ) . `` Break Free '' A 22 - second sample of `` Break Free '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . The following track is the EDM song `` Break Free '' . The song combines the EDM and electro genres . In an interview with Billboard , Grande described the song as `` fantastic and super-experimental for ( her ) '' and stated : `` I never thought I 'd do an EDM song , but that was an eye - opening experience , and now all I want to do is dance . '' The album 's first of three ballads , `` Best Mistake '' , features Big Sean . Billboard described it as `` A moody ballad that grows stickier upon each listen , `` Best Mistake '' carries a tidy collection of impressive production details , the momentary string stabs among them `` . Musically , it is a minimal hip - hop piano ballad lament that utilizes instrumentation from strings and a drum machine . It tells a story about a couple trying to `` make up their minds about the future of their relationship , with deep affection buried underneath their problems . '' `` Be My Baby '' featuring Cashmere Cat is a `` bouncy R&B jam '' . The song was compared with Mariah Carey 's songs . The eighth track , `` Break Your Heart Right Back '' , featuring Childish Gambino , is about her boyfriend cheating on her with a man and contains the lyrics `` I know you 're mad ' cause I found out / Want you to feel what I feel right now '' . The song interpolates Diana Ross 's `` I 'm Coming Out . '' `` Love Me Harder '' A 23 - second sample of `` Love Me Harder '' , a mid-tempo synthpop and R&B , an example of strong R&B influences in the album . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Love Me Harder '' , featuring The Weeknd , is a mid-tempo synthpop and R&B song , which starts small before its `` ' throbbing ' , electro - heavy chorus '' , with a guitar riff , while `` big vacuum-esque synths zip '' can be heard throughout the track . Rob Copsey wrote for The Official Charts Company that the song reminded him of Drake at his most emotional . Lyrically , the song has Grande demanding romantic satisfaction , using double entendres about BDSM . The track `` Just a Little Bit of Your Heart '' is the album 's second ballad , co-written by Harry Styles . Official Charts compared the eleventh track , `` Hands on Me '' , featuring A $ AP Ferg , with Rihanna 's `` Cockiness ( Love It ) '' ( 2012 ) and Azalea 's `` Fancy '' ( 2014 ) . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard described `` Hands on Me '' as `` an out - of - left - field banger that removes Grande from her teenybopper phase and finds the 21 - year - old discovering her inner Rihanna with lines . '' The title track `` My Everything '' concludes the standard edition of the album on a somber note , recalling `` Intro '' , and concerns Grande 's struggles to regain the solid footing she once had with her partner . The first bonus track on deluxe edition , `` Bang Bang '' , featuring Jessie J and Nicki Minaj is an up - tempo , `` soulful '' song that features a `` clap - heavy '' production built over `` big bouncy beats and horn blasts '' . The next track was described by Billboard as `` short , snappy and sumptuous , ' Only 1 ' is a light confection that succeeds due to its busy , intricate percussion '' . The deluxe edition of My Everything concludes with the track `` You Do n't Know Me '' . Release and promotion Grande performing during The Honeymoon Tour at JIExpo in Jakarta . On June 28 , 2014 , Grande announced that her album would be available for pre-order through her website . Those who pre-ordered the album would get exclusive access to Grande 's concert stream that will be held on August 24 where she will perform songs from her album live for the first time . Grande embarked on her first world tour titled The Honeymoon Tour in support of the album which began in February 2015 . In the weeks preceding the release of My Everything , several previews of songs from the album were released . On July 7 , 2014 Grande posted a teaser of `` Best Mistake '' onto her Instagram page . The song features rapper Big Sean . On July 27 , 2014 , a preview of `` Be My Baby '' was filmed at a concert of featured artist , Cashmere Cat , and uploaded to YouTube , by a fan . Grande retweeted a link to the video on her Twitter profile . She then retweeted a second snippet on August 4 . Twenty days before the album 's release , Grande released a preview of `` Love Me Harder '' , which features Canadian recording artist The Weeknd , onto her Instagram profile . On August 20 , four songs from the album , `` Why Try '' , `` Be My Baby '' , `` Love Me Harder '' , and `` Just a Little Bit of Your Heart '' , were released courtesy of MTV . On August 24 , Grande opened the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards with `` Break Free '' and then later appeared to perform `` Bang Bang '' with Jessie J and Nicki Minaj . Following her performance on the show , My Everything was released worldwide on August 25 , 2014 . During the week of its release , commercials aired on television to promote My Everything as well as the Beats Pill . On August 29 , Grande performed `` Problem '' , `` Break Free '' , `` Bang Bang '' , and `` Break Your Heart Right Back '' on The Today Show . In addition to performing , Grande was also interviewed , forecasted to weather and brought her grandmother for an interview of her own . On September 5 , Grande performed the title track from My Everything during the Stand Up to Cancer television program in dedication to her grandfather , who had died from cancer earlier that year . Singles Grande premiered her first single `` Problem '' , which features Australian rapper Iggy Azalea , at the 2014 Radio Disney Music Awards and released it for digital download later that night on April 28 , 2014 . The song debuted at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold 438,000 units in its first week making it the fifth largest debut by a woman in history . The single later peaked at number 2 on the Hot 100 , holding that position for five non-consecutive weeks . The single has sold 3.7 million copies in the US and has been certified sextuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in March 2016 . The second single , `` Break Free '' , features electronic music producer Zedd and was released on July 2 , 2014 . The song debuted at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 with 161,000 downloads sold in its first week . After the release of the song 's music video , `` Break Free '' soared on the Hot 100 from number 18 to number 4 , while Grande 's other singles , `` Bang Bang '' and `` Problem '' were also in the top 10 that week , at numbers 10 and 7 respectively . With three songs in the top 10 , Ariana Grande became the second female lead artist to have three singles in the top 10 since Adele in 2012 . It also reached number 1 on the Billboard Dance / Electronic Digital Songs chart . `` Break Free '' has sold 1.9 million copies as of April 2018 , and is certified triple platinum by the RIAA . `` Bang Bang '' by Jessie J , Ariana Grande , and Nicki Minaj , was first sent to hot adult contemporary radios on July 28 , 2014 , through Republic Records , the label that houses all three artists , being released as a digital download on July 29 , 2014 , through Lava and Republic , and serves as a joint single . It serves as the lead single from Jessie J 's album Sweet Talker , and the third single from My Everything . The song debuted at number 6 , and peaked at number 3 on the Hot 100 , while debuting at the top spot in the United Kingdom . As of November 2017 , `` Bang Bang '' was certified sextuple platinum by the RIAA , and has sold 3.4 million copies in the US since its release . The fourth single , `` Love Me Harder '' , which features Canadian PBR&B artist The Weeknd , was released to rhythmic crossover radio on September 30 , 2014 . It debuted at number 79 , and later peaked at number 7 on the Hot 100 , making Grande the artist with the most top - ten singles in 2014 . It also became The Weeknd 's first top ten entry in the United States . As of April 2018 , the song had sold 1.7 million copies in the United States and has been certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . `` One Last Time '' was released to rhythmic crossover and contemporary hit radio stations on February 10 , 2015 , as the fifth and final single . It debuted at number 80 on the Hot 100 and peaked at number 13 , becoming the only single from the album to not reach the top ten . As of April 2018 , `` One Last Time '' has sold 881,000 digital units in the US , and is certified Platinum by the RIAA . Promotional singles `` Best Mistake '' featuring Big Sean was released on August 12 , 2014 as a promotional single to those who preorder the album . Shortly after its release , `` Best Mistake '' reached No. 1 on the Billboard Twitter Real - Time and the iTunes singles chart . It sold 104,000 units in its first week landing at number 6 on the Digital Songs chart . It also peaked at number 49 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Critical reception Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic ? 6.3 / 10 Metacritic 64 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club C+ Billboard 81 / 100 Entertainment Weekly B -- The Guardian Los Angeles Times The Observer Pitchfork Media 7.7 / 10 Rolling Stone Slant Magazine On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to ratings and reviews from mainstream critics , My Everything received an average of 64 , based on 19 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Rob Sheffield , writing for Rolling Stone , says , `` My Everything proves , she 's already a major force '' on a release showing how Grande is growing up because `` It 's a confident , intelligent , brazen pop statement , mixing bubblegum diva vocals with EDM break - beats . '' Adam Markovitz says for Entertainment Weekly how `` Grande has picked a set of songs so lyrically bland , sonically inoffensive , and artistically empty that they produce a zero - impact experience -- musical vanilla fro - yo poured directly into your ears . '' Markovitz states , `` It 's by no means painful ; there are even moments of fun , including the thigh - high - boot swagger of summer smashes ' Problem ' and ' Bang Bang , ' both of which borrow their strut from coheadliners Iggy Azalea and Jessie J with Nicki Minaj , respectively . '' Mikael Wood , writing on behalf of the Los Angeles Times , finds Grande in impressive form because she is `` deeply cheerful yet with guns blazing , an innocent newcomer no more . '' Elysa Gardner , on behalf of USA Today , writes that Grande `` digs into ballads and more emotionally earnest fare '' simultaneously , doing so with a `` girlish playfulness ... and a sense of growing confidence '' , and she is `` Blending sugar and spice '' together to create a pleasing concoction to satisfy the varying palates of her supporters . '' Stephen Thomas Erlewine says for AllMusic that `` Grande does n't embody the songs the way an old - fashioned diva would , but she functions as a likeable pop ringleader , stepping aside when the track calls for it and then unleashing a full - throated wail when it 's her time to shine . '' Jason Lipshutz from Billboard writes that the album `` turned Grande into a dance artist , pop artist , and soul artist '' with a more uniformed and more mature sound . Gary Graff says on behalf of The Oakland Press that it is `` a solid step forward for Grande , which makes ' there 's more to see ' an intriguing promise rather than a threat . '' In a 7.7 out of ten review for Pitchfork , Meaghan Garvey explains how it `` feels like Grande 's arrival as a true pop fixture , not just a charming novelty ... and while the best songs here may not be timeless , they certainly feel right for right now . '' The album was placed at number eleven on Digital Spy 's Best Albums of 2014 list . Jessica Goodman and Ryan Kistobak of The Huffington Post included the album on their list of 2014 's best releases , commenting that the album makes sure `` Grande 's sheer talent did not go unnoticed '' . In a more mixed review , Jim Farber from the New York Daily News writes that Grande 's `` sexed - up '' vocals and range are shown off but the `` constant jerking back and forth between styles interrupts any sense of flow . '' Caroline Sullivan from The Guardian praises Grande 's vocals but feels that the songs are indistinct and have a `` facelessness '' to them . Annie Zaleski writes for The A.V. Club how it `` is so well - constructed and designed to succeed , it rarely loosens up enough to let any depth of character ( or real surprises ) surface '' , yet it `` further establishes Grande as a consummate performer and vocal interpreter . '' Kitty Empire from The Observer notes that Grande 's vocal ability is showcased but that the songs lack personality . Evan Sawdey , writing for PopMatters , comments that Grande is mimicking other artists , leaving her distinguished voice with only the support of hollow lyricism . In agreement , Will Robinson rates the album a 2.5 out of five for Sputnikmusic , telling how it `` ends up ringing hollow . '' Adelle Platon writing for Vibe magazine , and she is positive towards the album 's sound and compares Grande 's vocals to those of Mariah Carey and Christina Aguilera . Andrew Chan writing on behalf of Slant Magazine how `` she emphasizes the sheer fun of singing over any sense of emotional urgency '' , yet `` What her voice lacks in depth , texture , and variety will probably take time to acquire . '' More than three years after the album 's release , Grande 's graceful , yet precarious , kneeling pose on a stool for the album 's cover suddenly became a viral subject on Twitter , spawning a humorous conspiracy theory , memes , a `` challenge '' taken up by many to try to recreate the pose , and international press coverage . Accolades Year Award Category Result Ref . 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Album Nominated 2015 Grammy Awards Best Pop Vocal Album Nominated Commercial performance On August 27 , Billboard reported that My Everything would sell over 160,000 copies in its first week . My Everything officially debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 169,000 copies in its first week . By doing so , Grande attained her second consecutive number - one album in the country , becoming the first female artist to have her first two albums debut at number one since Scottish singer Susan Boyle did it with I Dreamed a Dream ( 2009 ) and The Gift ( 2010 ) . The album has sold 735,000 copies in the United States as of April 2018 . In March 2016 , the RIAA certified the album double platinum , for combined album sales , on - demand audio , video streams , track sales equivalent of two million album - equivalent units . In Japan , My Everything remained atop the iTunes Store chart for nine weeks , thus earning Grande the longest at number one in 2014 , breaking the previous record held by Frozen : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . Track listing My Everything -- Standard edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Intro '' Tommy Brown Victoria McCants Ariana Grande Brown 1 : 20 2 . `` Problem '' ( featuring Iggy Azalea ) Ilya Salmanzadeh Max Martin Savan Kotecha Amethyst Kelly Grande Martin Ilya Shellback Peter Carlsson 3 : 13 3 . `` One Last Time '' David Guetta Kotecha Giorgio Tuinfort Rami Yacoub Carl Falk Falk Rami Ilya Tuinfort Kotecha 3 : 17 4 . `` Why Try '' Benjamin Levin Ryan Tedder Ammar Malik Noel Zancanella Tedder Benny Blanco Zancanella 3 : 31 5 . `` Break Free '' ( featuring Zedd ) Anton Zaslavski Martin Kotecha Zedd Martin 3 : 35 6 . `` Best Mistake '' ( featuring Big Sean ) Sean Anderson Dwane Weir II Grande Key Wane Sauce 3 : 53 7 . `` Be My Baby '' ( featuring Cashmere Cat ) Levin Magnus August Høiberg Theron Thomas Timothy Thomas Peder Losnegård Benny Blanco Cashmere Cat Lido 3 : 36 8 . `` Break Your Heart Right Back '' ( featuring Childish Gambino ) Kirby Dockery Andrew `` Pop '' Wansel Warren `` Oak '' Felder Donald Glover Bernard Edwards Nile Rodgers Steven Jordan Christopher Wallace Sean Combs Mason Betha Pop & Oak 4 : 13 9 . `` Love Me Harder '' ( with The Weeknd ) Martin Kotecha Peter Svensson Ali Payami Abel Tesfaye Ahmad Balshe Payami Svensson P. Carlsson 3 : 56 10 . `` Just a Little Bit of Your Heart '' Harry Styles Johan Carlsson J. Carlsson P. Carlsson 3 : 51 11 . `` Hands on Me '' ( featuring A $ AP Ferg ) Rodney Jerkins Alicia Renee Williams Adrianne Birge Darold Ferguson , Jr . Darkchild Hot Sauce 3 : 13 12 . `` My Everything '' Grande Brown McCants Taylor Parks Brown McCants 2 : 48 Total length : 40 : 31 show My Everything -- Deluxe edition ( bonus tracks ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 13 . `` Bang Bang '' ( with Jessie J and Nicki Minaj ) Martin Kotecha Rickard Göransson Onika Maraj Martin Göransson Ilya Kuk Harrell 3 : 18 14 . `` Only 1 '' Grande Brown Travis Sayles McCants Dennis Jenkins Grande Brown Sayles McCants 3 : 14 15 . `` You Do n't Know Me '' Grande Harmony Samuels Helen `` Carmen Reece '' Culver Al Sherrod Lambert Maurice David Wade Samuels Jo Blaq 3 : 52 Total length : 51 : 10 show My Everything -- Italian edition ( bonus tracks ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 16 . `` One Last Time '' ( featuring Fedez ) Guetta Kotecha Tuinfort Yacoub Falk Falk Yacoub Ilya Tuinfort Kotecha 3 : 18 17 . `` Love Me Harder '' ( Grande and The Weeknd ) ( Alex Ghenea Remix ) Martin Kotecha Svensson Payami Tesfaye Balshe Payami Svensson P. Carlsson 3 : 32 18 . `` One Last Time '' ( Gazzo Remix ) Guetta Kotecha Tuinfort Yacoub Falk Falk Yacoub Ilya Tuinfort Kotecha 4 : 05 show My Everything -- French new edition ( bonus tracks ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 16 . `` One Last Time '' ( Attends - moi ) ( featuring Kendji Girac ) Guetta Kotecha Tuinfort Rami Yacoub Falk Falk Yacoub Ilya Tuinfort Kotecha 3 : 14 17 . `` Love Me Harder '' ( with The Weeknd ) ( Alex Ghenea Remix ) Martin Kotecha Svensson Payami Tesfaye Balshe Payami Svensson P. Carlsson 3 : 32 18 . `` One Last Time '' ( Gazzo Remix ) Guetta Kotecha Tuinfort Yacoub Falk Falk Yacoub Ilya Tuinfort Kotecha 4 : 05 show My Everything -- Belgian Fnac deluxe edition ( bonus disc ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Problem '' ( featuring Iggy Azalea ) ( DJ Buddha Dub Remix ) Salmanzadeh Martin Kotecha Kelly Martin Ilya Shellback P. Carlsson 6 : 52 2 . `` Problem '' ( featuring Iggy Azalea ) ( DJ Class Remix ) Salmanzadeh Martin Kotecha Kelly Martin Ilya Shellback P. Carlsson 5 : 15 show My Everything -- Latin American edition ( bonus track ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 16 . `` Problem '' ( featuring Iggy Azalea and J Balvin ) Salmanzadeh Martin Kotecha Kelly Martin Ilya Shellback P. Carlsson 3 : 13 Total length : 54 : 23 show My Everything -- Walmart exclusive edition ( bonus track ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 16 . `` Problem '' ( featuring Iggy Azalea ) ( Wayne G Club Mix ) Salmanzadeh Martin Kotecha Kelly Martin Ilya Shellback P. Carlsson Wayne G 6 : 35 Total length : 57 : 45 show My Everything -- Target exclusive edition ( bonus tracks ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 16 . `` Cadillac Song '' Grande Brown Sayles McCants Leon Sylvers Brown Sayles McCants 2 : 52 17 . `` Too Close '' Grande Samuels Culver Lambert Wade Samuels Jo Blaq 3 : 35 Total length : 57 : 27 show My Everything -- Japanese edition ( bonus tracks ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 16 . `` Cadillac Song '' Grande Brown Sayles McCants Sylvers Brown Sayles McCants 2 : 52 17 . `` Too Close '' Grande Samuels Culver Lambert Wade Samuels Jo Blaq 3 : 35 18 . `` Baby I '' ( featuring Taro Hakase ) Kenneth `` Babyface '' Edmonds Antonio Dixon Patrick `` J. Que '' Smith Edmonds Dixon 3 : 17 Total length : 60 : 44 show My Everything -- Japanese deluxe edition ( bonus DVD ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Problem '' ( featuring Iggy Azalea ) ( Music video ) 3 : 28 2 . `` Problem '' ( featuring Iggy Azalea ) ( Lyric video ) 3 : 14 3 . `` Official Interview '' 8 : 00 Total length : 14 : 42 Notes ^ ( a ) denotes a vocal producer ^ ( b ) denotes a co-producer ^ ( c ) denotes a remixer Sample credits `` Break Your Heart Right Back '' contains elements of both `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' by The Notorious B.I.G. and `` I 'm Coming Out '' by Diana Ross . `` Cadillac Song '' contains samples from `` How Love Hurts '' , written by Leon Sylvers . Personnel Adapted from album liner notes . Vocal credits Ariana Grande -- lead vocals Big Sean -- featured artist , background vocals Iggy Azalea -- featured artist The Weeknd -- featured artist ASAP Ferg -- featured artist Childish Gambino -- featured artist Victoria McCants -- background vocals Savan Kotecha -- background vocals Ilya -- background vocals Jeanette Olsson -- background vocals Max Martin -- background vocals Sibel -- background vocals Joi Gilliam -- background vocals Taura Stinson -- background vocals Chonita `` N'Dambi '' Gillespie -- background vocals Rickard Goransson -- background vocals Managerial and creative Andre Marsh -- A&R coordinator Wendy Goldstein -- A&R , executive producer Naim Alli McNair -- A&R Jessica Severn -- album design Ariana Grande -- executive producer Scott `` Scooter '' Braun -- executive producer , management Allison Kaye -- management Tom Munro -- photographer Donna Gryn -- marketing manager Brad Haugen -- marketing manager Laura Hess -- marketing manager Technical Ariana Grande -- executive producer Victoria McCants -- vocal producer Tommy Brown -- producer , programmer , engineer Serban Ghenea -- mixing John Hanes -- mixing engineer Tom Coyne -- mastering Aya Merrill -- mastering Ilya -- producer , vocal producer , guitar , bass , keys , programmer Max Martin -- producer , vocal producer , keys , programmer Savan Kotecha -- producer , vocal producer Shellback -- producer , keys , programmer Peter Carlsson -- vocal producer , engineer , vocal engineer Sam Holland -- engineer Leon Silva -- saxophone Rami Yacoub -- producer , vocal producer , programmer Carl Falk -- producer , programmer , guitar Eric Weaver -- engineer Benjamin Levin -- producer , programmer , instrumentation Ryan Tedder -- producer , programmer , instrumentation Noel Zancanella -- producer , programmer , instrumentation Chris Sclafani -- engineer Matthew Tryba -- engineer Bradford H. Smith -- assistant engineer Phil Seaford -- assistant mixing engineer Andrew Luftman -- production coordinator Seif Hussain -- production coordinator Anton Zaslavski -- producer , mixing , programmer , instrumentation Ryan Shanahan -- engineer Jesse Taub -- engineer Cory Brice -- engineer Dwane Weir -- producer Sauce -- vocal producer Magnus August Hoiberg -- producer , programmer , instrumentation Peder Losnegard -- producer , programmer , instrumentation Pop Wansel -- producer Oak Felder -- producer Kevin Guardado -- assistant producer Peter Svenssin -- producer Ali Payami -- producer , programmer , bass , drums , keyboard , percussion Jason Quenneville -- engineer Niklas Ljungfelt -- guitar Peter Zimney -- saxophone Johan Carlsson -- producer , vocal producer , programmer , instrumentation Mattias Bylund -- strings Rodney Jerkins -- producer , instrumentation Paul Dawson -- producer , instrumentation Matt Champlin -- recorder Kim Lumpkin -- production coordinator Rickard Goransson -- producer , programmer , percussion Jonas Thander -- horns Travis Sayles -- producer , instrumentation Harmony Samuels -- producer , instrumentation Carmen Reece -- vocal arranger Jose Cardoza -- engineer , recorder Jo Blaq -- vocal producer Charts Weekly charts Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 11 Brazilian Albums ( ABPD ) 7 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Chinese Albums ( Sino ) 8 Croatian Albums ( HDU ) 31 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 French Albums ( SNEP ) 18 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 5 Greek Albums ( IFPI Greece ) 5 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 35 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 9 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) 7 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Taiwanese Albums ( G - Music ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Year - end charts Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 37 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 99 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 154 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 46 Danish Albums ( Tracklisten ) 46 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 32 French Albums ( SNEP ) 146 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 85 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 35 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) 26 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 49 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 21 UK Albums ( OCC ) 88 US Billboard 200 46 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 75 Danish Albums ( Tracklisten ) 14 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 60 French Albums ( SNEP ) 103 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 55 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 83 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) 22 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 UK Albums ( OCC ) 89 US Billboard 200 17 Chart ( 2017 ) Position UK Albums ( OCC ) 81 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 15,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Gold 50,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 10,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 181,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 3 × Platinum 180,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000 South Korea 1,541 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 327,521 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 735,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history Region Date Edition Format Label Ref . Germany August 22 , 2014 Standard Digital download Island Ireland United Kingdom Various August 25 , 2014 Standard Deluxe CD digital download Universal Music Philippines August 30 , 2014 Deluxe CD United States April 21 , 2015 Standard LP Republic See also List of number - one albums of 2014 ( Norway ) List of number - one albums of 2014 ( Australia ) List of number - one albums of 2014 ( Canada ) List of number - one albums of 2014 ( U.S. ) References ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Ariana Grande 's Career Album & Song Sales '' . Billboard . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grammys 2015 : See the Full List of Nominees '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Krishnamurthy , Sowmya ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A : Ariana Grande on ' Yours Truly ' and Judging Miley Cyrus '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Twitter announces she 's working on second album in studio '' . Music Times . Jump up ^ Joanne , Dorke ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` Ariana Grande Confirms New Song ' Ridiculous ' '' . MTV News UK . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Starts Working On Her Second Album '' . Disneydreaming.com . Jump up ^ Lee , Christina . `` Ariana Grande Talks Working With Max Martin For Second Album '' . SpinMedia . Jump up ^ Fox , Sarah . `` Ariana Grande back to work in the studio , recording second album '' . Grimm Media Publications LLC . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande Talks ' Problem ' Single & Second Album , Due Out August / September '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` progress update ! I think I want to name the album ... '' Facebook . Jump up ^ Smith , Carl ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande Teases Her Second Album : `` It 's Very Special and Honest ' '' . Sugar Scape . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike . `` Ariana Grande 's Duet With Chris Brown Is Apparently Called `` Do n't Be Gone Too Long '' `` . SpinMedia . ^ Jump up to : Wass , Mike . `` Chris Brown And Ariana Grande 's Duet `` Do n't Be Gone Too Long '' Has Been Postponed `` . SpinMedia . Jump up ^ Inocencio , Marc . `` Ariana Grande Teases Four New Songs During LiveStream : Listen '' . Ryan Seacrest Productions . Jump up ^ Garibaldi , Christina ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande Teases New Music In Livestream ... And Everyone Missed It ? '' . MTV . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana . `` now you 'll be getting my 1st '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Grande confirms Brown single is on hold '' . Think Agency . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Is Completing Her Sophomore Album This Week '' . Disney Dreaming . May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peters , Mitchell . `` Ariana Grande Announces Second Album ' My Everything , ' Teases ' Break Free ' Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Teases `` Problem '' Music Video : It 's Coming Soon ! `` . Tiger Beat . May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Announces Exclusive Concert ! '' . Youtube . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` My Everything -- Billboard Review '' . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zaleski , Annie ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande 's sweet , sweet fantasies are polished but disappointing '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande 's ' My Everything ' : Album Review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts ' My Everything '' ' Review `` . Official Charts . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kristobak , Ryan ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande Drops New Single ' Problem ' Featuring Iggy Azalea '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . ; and `` Ariana Grande & Iggy Azalea ' Problem ' Review '' . Idolator. April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wass , Mike . `` Ariana Grande Debuts `` Problem '' With Sexy Radio Disney Music Awards Performance : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Ariana Grande 's hot new single ' Problem ' is problem - free anthem for the summer ( LISTEN ) '' . MusicTimes.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Ariana Grande f / Iggy Azalea -- ' Problem ' '' . Rap - Up . SpinMedia. April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( February 8 , 2015 ) . `` Ariana Grande goes it alone on new single ' One Last Time ' '' . Official Chart Company . Jump up ^ Sawdey , Evan ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande : My Everything PopMatters '' . PopMatters . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande My Everything '' . Rob Sheffield -- Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . 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Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana . `` To everybody who has preordered My Everything ... '' Twitter . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyndman , Jessica . `` Ariana Grande And Big Sean Slow It Down On ' Best Mistake ' '' . MTV . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` iTunes update '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` Ariana Grande 's `` Best Mistake '' Sales Reach 104k `` . Headline Planet . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith . `` Billboard 200 : Did ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Soundtrack Stay at No. 1 ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` My Everything by Ariana Grande reviews Any Decent Music '' . www.anydecentmusic.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metacritic . `` Critic Reviews for My Everything '' . CBS Interactive . 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Republic Records ( Universal Music Group ) . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking ABPD -- CD -- 25 / 08 / 2014 a 31 / 08 / 2014 '' . ABPD / Nielsen ( in Portuguese ) . Revista Sucesso . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 综合 榜 2014 年 第 48 周 '' ( in Chinese ) . Jump up ^ `` Top of the Shops -- službena tjedna lista prodanih albuma u Hrvatskoj '' ( in Croatian ) . HDU . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ 8 , 2014 / `` Oricon Top 50 Albums : September 8 , 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Album Chart -- 2014.08. 24 ~ 2014.08. 30 '' ( in Korean ) . GAON . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puesto # 4 del # Top100MX del ... '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Twitter . September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 6 , 2014 / 40 / `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Weekly Top 20 : 2014 / 8 / 22 -- 2014 / 8 / 28 '' ( in Chinese ) . G - Music . August 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 6 , 2014 / 7502 / `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Albums 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2014 -- Albums '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year - End Charts -- Top Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ALBUM TOP - 100 2015 '' . Hitlisten ( in Danish ) . IFPI . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN -- ALBUM 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de l'année : Top Albums Fusionnés -- 2014 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 年間 アルバム ヒット チャート 2014 年 ( 平成 26 年 ) ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los Más Vendidos 2014 '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas ( AMPROFON ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Albums of 2014 '' . nztop40.co.nz . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Album -- År 2014 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Albums Chart Top 100 -- 2014 '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year - End Charts -- Billboard 200 Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Albums 2015 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN -- ALBUM 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de l'année : Top Albums Fusionnés -- 2015 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- CLASSIFICHE `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : LA MUSICA ITALIANA '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 年間 アルバム ヒット チャート 2015 年 ( 平成 27 年 ) ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los Más Vendidos 2015 -- Mejor posición '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Album -- År 2015 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Albums Chart Top 100 -- 2015 '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Year - End Charts -- Billboard 200 Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Album Chart Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Ariana Grande in the field Interpret . Enter My Everything in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Brazilian album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' . IFPI.dk . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Select 2014 年 9 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ My Everything album sales in Japan : In 2014 : 年間 アルバム ヒット チャート 2014 年 ( 平成 26 年 ) ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . In 2015 : 年間 アルバム ヒット チャート 2015 年 ( 平成 27 年 ) ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Type Ariana Grande in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and My Everything in the box under TÍTULO Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Album Chart '' . Gaon Chart . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2015 년 02 월 Album Chart '' . Gaon Chart . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter My Everything in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : Ariana Grande 's sweet start to album campaign '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- My Everything '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Musik -- My Everything ( Standard Edition ) '' von Ariana Grande `` . Itunes.apple.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande 's New Album ' My Everything ' Is Released August 25th ! Check Out Cover Here '' . directlyrics.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Musik -- My Everything ( Standard edition ) '' von Ariana Grande `` . Itunes.apple.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Musik -- My Everything ( Deluxe Edition ) '' von Ariana Grande `` . Itunes.apple.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Ariana Grande Fan Party '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande -- My Everything ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Ariana Grande Discography Awards and nominations Songs Live performances Studio albums Yours Truly My Everything Dangerous Woman Sweetener Other releases Christmas Kisses The Remix Christmas & Chill The Best Singles `` Put Your Hearts Up '' `` The Way '' `` Baby I '' `` Right There '' `` Last Christmas '' `` Santa Tell Me '' `` Problem '' `` Break Free '' `` Bang Bang '' `` Love Me Harder '' `` One Last Time '' `` E Più Ti Penso '' `` Focus '' `` Dangerous Woman '' `` Into You '' `` Side to Side '' `` Everyday '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' `` No Tears Left to Cry '' `` God Is a Woman '' Other songs `` Almost Is Never Enough '' `` Best Mistake '' `` Be Alright '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Greedy '' `` The Light Is Coming '' `` Goodnight n Go '' Collaborations `` Popular Song '' `` All My Love '' `` Adore '' `` Research '' `` Boys Like You '' `` Over and Over Again '' `` My Favorite Part '' `` Faith '' `` Heatstroke '' `` Dance to This '' `` Bed '' Concert tours The Listening Sessions The Honeymoon Tour Dangerous Woman Tour The Sweetener Sessions Related articles Frankie Grande One Love Manchester Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Everything_(Ariana_Grande_album)&oldid=856958112 '' Categories : 2014 albums Ariana Grande albums Republic Records albums Albums produced by Harmony Samuels Albums produced by Max Martin Albums produced by Shellback ( record producer ) Albums produced by Ilya Salmanzadeh Albums produced by Benny Blanco Albums produced by Ryan Tedder Albums produced by Key Wane Albums produced by Rodney Jerkins Albums produced by Warren `` Oak '' Felder Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song just a little bit of your heart | [
"My Everything – Standard edition[112]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Intro\"\nTommy Brown\nVictoria McCants\nAriana Grande\nBrown1:202.\"Problem\" (featuring Iggy Azalea)\nIlya Salmanzadeh\nMax Martin\nSavan Kotecha\nAmethyst Kelly\nGrande[113]\n\nMartin\nIlya\nShellback\nPeter Carlsson[a]\n3:133.\"One Last Time\"\nDavid Guetta\nKotecha\nGiorgio Tuinfort\nRami Yacoub\nCarl Falk\n\nFalk\nRami\nIlya[b]\nTuinfort[b]\nKotecha[a]\n3:174.\"Why Try\"\nBenjamin Levin\nRyan Tedder\nAmmar Malik\nNoel Zancanella\n\nTedder\nBenny Blanco\nZancanella\n3:315.\"Break Free\" (featuring Zedd)\nAnton Zaslavski\nMartin\nKotecha\n\nZedd\nMartin\n3:356.\"Best Mistake\" (featuring Big Sean)\nSean Anderson\nDwane Weir II\nGrande\n\nKey Wane\nSauce[a]\n3:537.\"Be My Baby\" (featuring Cashmere Cat)\nLevin\nMagnus August Høiberg\nTheron Thomas\nTimothy Thomas\nPeder Losnegård\n\nBenny Blanco\nCashmere Cat\nLido\n3:368.\"Break Your Heart Right Back\" (featuring Childish Gambino)\nKirby Dockery\nAndrew \"Pop\" Wansel\nWarren \"Oak\" Felder\nDonald Glover\nBernard Edwards\nNile Rodgers\nSteven Jordan\nChristopher Wallace\nSean Combs\nMason Betha\nPop & Oak4:139.\"Love Me Harder\" (with The Weeknd)\nMartin\nKotecha\nPeter Svensson\nAli Payami\nAbel Tesfaye\nAhmad Balshe\n\nPayami\nSvensson\nP. Carlsson[a]\n3:5610.\"Just a Little Bit of Your Heart\"\nHarry Styles\nJohan Carlsson\n\nJ. Carlsson\nP. Carlsson[a]\n3:5111.\"Hands on Me\" (featuring A$AP Ferg)\nRodney Jerkins\nAlicia Renee Williams\nAdrianne Birge\nDarold Ferguson, Jr.\n\nDarkchild\nHot Sauce\n3:1312.\"My Everything\"\nGrande\nBrown\nMcCants\nTaylor Parks\n\nBrown\nMcCants[a]\n2:48Total length:40:31",
"My Everything – Standard edition[112]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Intro\"\nTommy Brown\nVictoria McCants\nAriana Grande\nBrown1:202.\"Problem\" (featuring Iggy Azalea)\nIlya Salmanzadeh\nMax Martin\nSavan Kotecha\nAmethyst Kelly\nGrande[113]\n\nMartin\nIlya\nShellback\nPeter Carlsson[a]\n3:133.\"One Last Time\"\nDavid Guetta\nKotecha\nGiorgio Tuinfort\nRami Yacoub\nCarl Falk\n\nFalk\nRami\nIlya[b]\nTuinfort[b]\nKotecha[a]\n3:174.\"Why Try\"\nBenjamin Levin\nRyan Tedder\nAmmar Malik\nNoel Zancanella\n\nTedder\nBenny Blanco\nZancanella\n3:315.\"Break Free\" (featuring Zedd)\nAnton Zaslavski\nMartin\nKotecha\n\nZedd\nMartin\n3:356.\"Best Mistake\" (featuring Big Sean)\nSean Anderson\nDwane Weir II\nGrande\n\nKey Wane\nSauce[a]\n3:537.\"Be My Baby\" (featuring Cashmere Cat)\nLevin\nMagnus August Høiberg\nTheron Thomas\nTimothy Thomas\nPeder Losnegård\n\nBenny Blanco\nCashmere Cat\nLido\n3:368.\"Break Your Heart Right Back\" (featuring Childish Gambino)\nKirby Dockery\nAndrew \"Pop\" Wansel\nWarren \"Oak\" Felder\nDonald Glover\nBernard Edwards\nNile Rodgers\nSteven Jordan\nChristopher Wallace\nSean Combs\nMason Betha\nPop & Oak4:139.\"Love Me Harder\" (with The Weeknd)\nMartin\nKotecha\nPeter Svensson\nAli Payami\nAbel Tesfaye\nAhmad Balshe\n\nPayami\nSvensson\nP. Carlsson[a]\n3:5610.\"Just a Little Bit of Your Heart\"\nHarry Styles\nJohan Carlsson\n\nJ. Carlsson\nP. Carlsson[a]\n3:5111.\"Hands on Me\" (featuring A$AP Ferg)\nRodney Jerkins\nAlicia Renee Williams\nAdrianne Birge\nDarold Ferguson, Jr.\n\nDarkchild\nHot Sauce\n3:1312.\"My Everything\"\nGrande\nBrown\nMcCants\nTaylor Parks\n\nBrown\nMcCants[a]\n2:48Total length:40:31"
] | [
"Harry Styles",
"Johan Carlsson"
] |
4128358051546438141 | Acromion | Acromion - Wikipedia Acromion Acromion Left scapula . Posterior view . Acromion shown in red . Details Identifiers Latin Acromion MeSH D000174 TA A02. 4.01. 009 FMA 23260 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) In human anatomy , the acromion ( from Greek : akros , `` highest '' , ōmos , `` shoulder '' , plural : acromia ) is a bony process on the scapula ( shoulder blade ) . Together with the coracoid process it extends laterally over the shoulder joint . The acromion is a continuation of the scapular spine , and hooks over anteriorly . It articulates with the clavicle ( collar bone ) to form the acromioclavicular joint . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Surfaces 1.2 Borders 1.3 Variation 1.3. 1 Os acromiale 2 In other animals 3 Additional images 4 Notes 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The acromion forms the summit of the shoulder , and is a large , somewhat triangular or oblong process , flattened from behind forward , projecting at first lateralward , and then curving forward and upward , so as to overhang the glenoid cavity . Surfaces ( edit ) Its superior surface , directed upward , backward , and lateralward , is convex , rough , and gives attachment to some fibers of the deltoideus , and in the rest of its extent is subcutaneous . Its inferior surface is smooth and concave . Borders ( edit ) Its lateral border is thick and irregular , and presents three or four tubercles for the tendinous origins of the deltoid . Its medial border , shorter than the lateral , is concave , gives attachment to a portion of the trapezius , and presents about its center a small oval surface for articulation with the acromial end of the clavicle . Variation ( edit ) There are three morphologically distinct types of acromia and a correlation between these morphologies and rotator cuff tear : Type Prevalence Angle of anterior slope Rotator cuff tear Flat 17.1 % 13.18 3.0 % Curved 42.9 % 29.98 24.2 % Hooked 39.3 % 26.98 69.8 % Os acromiale ( edit ) The acromion has four ossification centers called ( from tip to base ) pre-acromion , meso - acromion , meta - acromion , and basi - acromion . In most cases , the first three fuse at 15 -- 18 years , whereas the base part fuses to the scapular spine at 12 years . However , in between 1 % and 15 % of cases , this osseous union fails and the acromion remains separate as an accessory bone . This condition is referred to as os acromiale , but rarely causes pain . Earlier estimates of its prevalence were as low as 1.4 % , and this higher estimate was made by Sammarco in the year 2000 , based on radiographic and anatomical studies . Four types of os acromiale can be distinguished : A non-union between the meso - and meta - acromia , the most common or typical os acromiale A non-union between the pre - and meso - acromia A non-union between the pre - and meso - acromia ; and between the meso - and meta - acromia , atypical A non-union between the pre - and meso - acromia ; between the pre - and meso - acromia ; and between the meta - and basi - acromia This feature was common in skeletons recovered from the Mary Rose shipwreck : it is thought that in those men , much archery practice from childhood on with the mediaeval war bow ( which needs a pull three times as strong as the modern standard Olympic bow ) pulled at the acromion so much that it prevented bony fusion of the acromion with the scapula . Although historically regarded as an incidental finding , the os acromiale may occasionally produce symptoms from subacromial impingement or instability at the site of non-union . In people with symptoms of os acromiale , dynamic ultrasound sometimes shows hypermobility in the area during shoulder movement , or graded compression with the probe . See also : Ossification of scapula Plan of ossification of the scapula . Posterior side . Acromion visible at upper left , in blue . Radiograph of the shoulder showing an os acromiale In other animals ( edit ) The acromion process of bats ( Mammalia : Chiroptera ) is particularly elongated compared to that of humans . Turtles have an acromion that forms the anterior part of the triradiate pectoral girdle ( together with the coracoid and scapula ) . In this highly specialized endoskeletal structure , the scapula is a dorsal ( directed upwards ) process attached to the first rib ; the coracoid is a posteroventral ( directed backward and down ) process ; and the acromion is a medioventral ( directed inwards and down ) process ( also known as the prescapular process ) located at the base of the scapula . This had led to some controversy regarding the evolutionary origin of turtles , because in both pareiasaurs and non-mammalian therapsids the acromion is located at the dorsal tip of the scapula . In modern turtles , the acromion projects ventrally and articulates with the plastron ( the flat lower part of the shell ) , but it evolved in a common ancestor of pareiasaurs and turtles long before the plastron . In these primitive ancestors , the acromion projected forward to form a strong and flexible articulation between the shoulder girdle and the clavicle . Notwithstanding these changes , the acromion of turtles retains its original function , to support the shoulder girdle and increase stride length . The shoulder girdle of a snapping turtle . ( 1 ) Acromion , ( 2 ) scapula , and ( 3 ) coracoid Additional images ( edit ) Left scapula . Acromion shown in red . Animation . Acromion shown in red . Left scapula . Posterior view . Acromion labeled at top left . Left scapula . Posterior view . Acromion is `` 10 '' Left scapula . Anterior view . Acromion labeled at top right . Left scapula . Anterior view . Acromion is `` 2 '' Left scapula . Lateral view . Acromion is `` 4 '' The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints , and the proper ligaments of the scapula . Anterior view . Notes ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 203 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) ^ Jump up to : Gray 's Anatomy 1918 , see infobox Jump up ^ Habermeyer , Magosch & Lichtenberg 2006 , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Warner , Beim & Higgins 1998 , Introduction Jump up ^ Sammarco , VJ ( March 2000 ) . `` Os acromiale : frequency , anatomy , and clinical implications '' . J Bone Joint Surg Am. 82 ( 3 ) : 394 -- 400 . PMID 10724231 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Habermeyer , Magosch & Lichtenberg 2006 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Kurtz CA , Humble BJ , Rodosky MW , Sekiya JK . Symptomatic os acromiale . J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2006 ; 14 : 12 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arend CF . Ultrasound of the Shoulder . Master Medical Books , 2013 . Chapter on os acromiale available at ShoulderUS.com Jump up ^ Rieppel & Reisz 1999 Jump up ^ Lee 1996 , Abstract Habermeyer , Peter ; Magosch , Petra ; Lichtenberg , Sven ( 2006 ) . Classifications and Scores of the Shoulder . Heidelberg : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 24350 - 2 . Lee , Michael S.Y. ( January 22 , 1996 ) . `` The Homologies and Early Evolution of the Shoulder Girdle in Turtles '' . Proc. R. Soc . Lond . B. 263 ( 1366 ) : 111 -- 117 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1996.0018 . Rieppel , Olivier ; Reisz , Robert R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Origin and Early Evolution of Turtles '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 30 : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 30.1. 1 . Warner , Jon J.P. ; Beim , Gloria M. ; Higgins , Laurence ( September 1998 ) . `` The Treatment of Symptomatic Os Acromiale '' . The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery . 80 : 1320 -- 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acromion . hide Bones of the arm Shoulder girdle , clavicle conoid tubercle trapezoid line costal tuberosity subclavian groove Scapula fossae ( subscapular , supraspinatous , infraspinatous ) notches ( suprascapular , great scapular ) glenoid cavity tubercles ( infraglenoid , supraglenoid ) spine of scapula acromion coracoid process angles ( superior , inferior , lateral ) Humerus upper extremity : necks ( anatomical , surgical ) tubercles ( greater , lesser ) bicipital groove body : radial sulcus deltoid tuberosity lower extremity : capitulum trochlea epicondyles ( lateral , medial ) supracondylar ridges ( lateral , medial ) fossae ( radial , coronoid , olecranon ) Forearm Radius near elbow ( head , tuberosity ) near wrist ( ulnar notch , styloid process , Lister 's tubercle ) Ulna near elbow ( tuberosity , olecranon , coronoid process , radial notch , trochlear notch ) near wrist ( styloid process ) Hand Carpal bones scaphoid lunate triquetral pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate hamulus Metacarpal bones 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Phalanges proximal intermediate distal Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acromion&oldid=825165026 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Vertebrate anatomy Scapula Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Қазақша Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 21 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the acromion process of the scapula articulates with the | [
"In human anatomy, the acromion (from Greek: akros, \"highest\", ōmos, \"shoulder\", plural: acromia) is a bony process on the scapula (shoulder blade). Together with the coracoid process it extends laterally over the shoulder joint. The acromion is a continuation of the scapular spine, and hooks over anteriorly. It articulates with the clavicle (collar bone) to form the acromioclavicular joint."
] | [
"the clavicle"
] |
1109467049756992765 | Adobe Photoshop version history | Adobe Photoshop version history - wikipedia Adobe Photoshop version history This table shows the Adobe Photoshop version history and operating system compatibility in charts , starting with the first versions by independent creators and brothers Thomas and John Knoll in the summer of 1988 . The license to distribute the program was purchased by Adobe Systems in September 1988 . Contents 1 Version history 1.1 0.87 1.2 1.0 1.3 2.0 1.4 3.0 1.5 4.0 1.6 5.0 1.7 6.0 1.8 7.0 1.9 CS ( 8.0 ) 1.10 CS2 ( 9.0 ) 1.11 CS3 ( 10.0 ) 1.12 CS4 ( 11.0 ) 1.13 CS5 ( 12.0 ) 1.14 CS6 , CS6 Extended ( 13.0 ) 1.15 CC ( 14.0 ) 1.16 CC ( 14.1 ) 1.17 CC ( 14.2 ) 1.18 CC 2014 ( 15.0 or 20140508. r. 58 ) 1.19 CC 2014.2. 2 ( 15.2. 2 or 20141204. r. 310 ) 1.20 CC 2015 ( 16.0 or 20150529. r. 88 ) 1.21 CC 2015.1 ( 16.1 or 20151114. r. 301 ) 1.22 CC 2015.5 ( 17.0 or 20160603. r. 88 ) 1.23 CC 2015.5. 1 ( 17.0. 1 or 20160722. r. 156 ) 1.24 CC 2017 ( 18.0 or 20161012. r. 53 ) 1.25 CC 2017.0. 1 ( 18.0. 1 or 20161130. r. 29 ) 1.26 CC 2017.1. 0 ( 18.1. 0 or 20170309. r. 207 ) 1.27 CC 2017.1. 1 ( 18.1. 1 or 20170425. r. 252 ) 1.28 CC 2018 ( 19.0. 0 ) 1.29 CC 2018 ( 19.0. 1 ) 1.30 CC 2018 ( 19.1 ) 1.31 CC 2018 ( 19.1. 1 ) 1.32 CC 2018 ( 19.1. 2 ) 1.33 CC 2018 ( 19.1. 3 ) 1.34 CC 2018 ( 19.1. 4 ) 1.35 CC 2018 ( 19.1. 5 ) 1.36 CC 2018 ( 19.1. 6 ) 1.37 CC 2019 ( 20.0. 0 ) 2 Compatibility 2.1 macOS 2.2 Windows 3 References 4 External links Version history ( edit ) Version Platform Codename Release date Notes and significant changes 0.07 Macintosh Bond January 1988 Not publicly released - This demo was the first known copy of Photoshop with any public exposure . 0.63 October 1988 0.87 0.87 Seurat March 1989 First version distributed commercially ( by the scanner company Barneyscan ) , though distributed as `` Barneyscan XP '' . 10 1.0 February 1990 Last release for System 6.0. 3 In February 2013 the source code of this version was donated to the Computer History Museum . 2.0 2.0 Fast Eddy June 1991 Paths CMYK Color EPS Rasterization Last release for System 6.0. 4 2.5 Merlin November 1992 16 bit per channel support `` Deluxe '' edition available on CD - ROM First version for Microsoft Windows . Last release for System 6.0. 7 Windows Brimstone IRIX , Solaris November 1993 3.0 3.0 Macintosh Tiger Mountain September 1994 Support for Win32s Tabbed Palettes Layers Last release for Windows 3.0 , Windows NT 3.5 , System 7 and 80386 processors Windows , IRIX , Solaris November 1994 4.0 4.0 Macintosh , Windows Big Electric Cat November 1996 Adjustment Layers Actions ( macros ) Navigator palette Grids and Guides Free Transform tool Multicolor gradients and Gradient Editor Gallery Effects filters Digimarc image watermarking PNG file format PDF file format Last version to support Radius and SuperMac NuBus hardware acceleration Last version to support 68K Macs Last release for Windows 3.1 x , Windows NT 3.51 , System 7.1 and 80486 processors 5.0 5.0 Strange Cargo May 1998 Editable type ( previously , type was rasterized as soon as it was added ) Multiple Undo ( History Palette ) Color Management Magnetic Lasso and Pen Freeform Pen Spot Color channels increased 16 bit / channel support Channel Mixer adjustment Layer Effects Automation plugins Color Samplers Measure tool Last release for System 7.5 5.5 February 1999 Bundled with ImageReady Save for Web Extract Last release for Windows 95 , NT 4.0 RTM , SP1 - SP3 , Mac OS 7.6 and Mac OS 8 6.0 6.0 Venus in Furs September 2000 Vector Shapes Updated User Interface `` Liquify '' filter Layer styles / Blending Options dialog Last release for Windows NT 4.0 SP4 - SP5 , 2000 RTM , SP1 , Mac OS 8.5 and Mac OS 8.6 , Mac OS 9 and Intel Pentium , MMX and Pentium II 7.0 7.0 Mac OS ' Classic ' / Mac OS X , Windows Liquid Sky March 2002 Made text fully vector Healing Brush New painting engine Spell check Find / Replace 7.0. 1 August 2002 Camera RAW 1. x ( optional plugin ) Last release for Windows 98 , 98SE , ME , NT 4.0 SP6a , 2000 SP2 , Mac OS 9.1 , Mac OS 9.2 , Mac OS X Cheetah and Puma CS ( 8.0 ) CS ( 8.0 ) Mac OS X , Windows Dark Matter October 2003 Adobe Photoshop CS Camera RAW 2. x Highly modified `` Slice Tool '' Shadow / Highlight command Match Color command Lens Blur filter Smart Guides Real - Time Histogram Detection and refusal to print scanned images of various banknotes Macrovision copy protection based on Safe cast DRM technology Scripting support for JavaScript and other languages Hierarchical layer groups 16 bit per channel layers , painting , and adjustments Support for files over 2 Gigabytes Documents up to 300,000 pixels in either dimension Type on a path Last release for Windows 2000 SP3 and XP RTM Cs2 ( 9.0 ) CS2 ( 9.0 ) Mac OS X , Windows 2000 / XP Space Monkey April 4 , 2005 Adobe Photoshop CS2 Camera RAW 3. x Smart Objects Image Warp Spot healing brush Red - Eye tool Lens Correction filter Smart Sharpen Vanishing Point Better memory management on 64 - bit PowerPC G5 Macintosh machines running Mac OS X 10.4 High dynamic range imaging ( HDRI ) support ( 32 bit per channel floating point ) More smudging options , such as `` Scattering '' Modified layer selection , such as ability to select more than one layer . Last release for Windows 2000 SP4 , XP SP1 , Mac OS X Jaguar , Panther and Intel Pentium III CS3 ( 10.0 ) CS3 , CS3 Extended ( 10.0 ) Universal Mac OS X , Windows XP SP2 or later Red Pill April 16 , 2007 Adobe Photoshop CS3 Extended Native support for the Intel - based Macintosh platform and improved support for Windows Vista Revised user interface Feature additions to Adobe Camera RAW Quick Select tool Alterations to Curves , Vanishing Point , Channel Mixer , Brightness and Contrast , and the Print dialog Black - and - white conversion adjustment Auto Align and Auto Blend layers Smart ( non-destructive ) Filters Mobile device graphic optimization Improvements to cloning and healing More complete 32 bit / HDR support ( layers , painting , more filters and adjustments ) Faster launching ImageReady removed Last release for Windows Vista RTM and Leopard on PowerPC Macs CS4 ( 11.0 ) CS4 , CS4 Extended ( 11.0 ) Universal Mac OS X , Windows XP SP2 or later Stonehenge October 15 , 2008 Smoother panning and zooming and fluid canvas rotation OpenGL display acceleration in Photoshop Native support for 64 - bit on Windows Vista x64 Adjustments panel Masks panel Improved Adobe Photoshop Lightroom workflow Content - aware scaling Extended depth of field New file display options ( tabbed document display and n - up views ) New file management and workspaces with Adobe Bridge CS4 Last release for Windows XP SP2 , Mac OS X Tiger and AMD Athlon XP CS5 ( 12.0. ) CS5 , CS5 Extended ( 12.0 ) Mac OS X , Windows XP SP3 or newer White Rabbit April 30 , 2010 Content Aware Fill Puppet Warp Tool 64 bit for Mac OS X Bristle Tips Mixer Brush Automatic Lens Correction Easier HDR toning for beginners Improved selection and masking controls Camera RAW grain control New Blend modes : Subtract and Divide GPU HUD controls for brush resize , color picker , color sampling Improved Ray Tracing quality and speed ( Extended ) Repousse 3D extrusion tool ( Extended ) Image based lights ( Extended ) CS5. 1 , CS5. 1 Extended ( 12.1. 1 , 12.0. 5 ) May 3 , 2011 Interacts with remote applications over TCP / IP , such as tablets and other computers . Subscription model pricing Last release for Windows Vista SP1 , SP2 , and Mac OS X Leopard on Intel - based Macs CS6 , CS6 Extended ( 13.0 ) CS6 , CS6 Extended ( 13.0 ) Superstition May 7 , 2012 UI redesign ( all new icons and optional dark UI ) Auto and background saves Content - aware Patch and Move tools ( extensions of content - aware fill introduced in previous version ) Blur Gallery includes Tilt Shift , Iris and Field that can be used to create depth of field effects Color Range : skin tone and face detection Adobe Camera RAW 7 Enhanced crop tool with straighten option New properties panel that can be used to vary properties of adjustment layers Enhanced video support Oil Paint filter now ships with the program Adaptive Wide Angle filter Paragraph and Character Styles Built in support for Middle Eastern languages Updated Printing UI 3DLUT adjustment Overhauled vector tools including stroking of vector paths , dotted or dashed Snap to Pixel for vector tools and transforms 3D UI completely redone , now easier to use Last release for Windows XP SP3 and Mac OS X Snow Leopard CC ( 14.0 ) CC ( 14.0 ) Mac OS X , Windows 7 or newer Lucky 7 June 17 , 2013 Camera Shake Reduction Former Extended features now always included Intelligent Upsampling Camera Raw as a filter Editable rounded rectangles Improved 3D painting Share on Behance Conditional Actions System antialiasing style for type Min and Max filter round kernel Sync preferences with Cloud CC ( 14.1 ) CC ( 14.1 ) September 2013 Adobe Generator Generate image assets from layers Edge Reflow integration through Adobe Generator Camera shake reduction improvements CC ( 14.2 ) CC ( 14.2 ) Single Malt Whiskey Cat January 2014 Perspective Warp Linked smart objects 3D Printing support Publish 3D models on Sketchfab Adobe Camera Raw 8.3 CC 2014 ( 15.0 or 20140508. r. 58 ) CC 2014 ( 15.0 or 20140508. r. 58 ) June 2014 Blur Gallery motion effects Focus Mask Expanded Mercury Graphics Engine support Smart Object improvements Adobe Camera Raw 8 enhancements CC 2014.2. 2 ( 15.2. 2 or 20141204. r. 310 ) CC 2014.2. 2 ( 15.2. 2 or 20141204. r. 310 ) December 2014 Last release for Windows 8 , Lion , Mountain Lion and Intel Pentium 4 CC 2015 ( 16.0 or 20150529. r. 88 ) CC 2015 ( 16.0 or 20150529. r. 88 ) Dedicated to Thomas and John Knoll ( Adobe Photoshop 25th Anniversary ) June 15 , 2015 Artboards Adobe Stock marketplace Design Space ( Preview ) offers a designated mode for websites and mobile apps designers Camera Raw as a filter Some Layer styles can now be added up to 10 instances Redesign image export feature Adobe Camera Raw 9.1 Linked files in CC Libraries Realtime healing previews CC 2015.1. ( 16.1 or 20151114. r. 301 ) CC 2015.1 ( 16.1 or 20151114. r. 301 ) November 30 , 2015 New Creative Cloud Libraries capabilities Design Space ( Preview ) enhancements Modern user experience on desktop and touch devices More creative options with SVG import Enhanced export experience CC 2015.1. 2 ( 16.2 or 20160113. r. 355 ) Dedicated to Thomas and John Knoll ( Adobe Photoshop 25th Anniversary ) January 20 , 2016 This update includes 25 changes to resolve customer reported workflow issues including ( but not limited to ) : Crash Reporter : Crash when creating Character Styles and when saving a document in certain scenarios Unable to record the command , Select All Layers Tools reset to default set after closing / opening doc or quitting / relaunching Photoshop with Start Screen New Swatch > Add to Library check box setting is not sticky when invoked from color picker Issue with Cmd / Ctrl key for selecting layers in the Layer panel German translation error for Workspaces Improved clickable area for dialog buttons Export Presets on 2x artboards result in incorrectly scaled assets Edit of Library raster graphic in Indesign or Illustrator fails to open the doc in Photoshop unless Photoshop is already running Several ScriptUI bugs Pasted content centers on artboard when zoomed in to portion of the artboard Scripting Support gives an error during launch -- Subsequent crashing Sampling a color with the gradient tool and panels hidden does n't sample the color Crash when opening certain . IFF files and hang / crash when opening / closing certain . PNG files Unable to drag and drop the artwork from Illustrator to Photoshop ( Windows only ) Welcome screen causes redraw / flicker even if not show if Narration is enabled ( Windows only ) Recent Files stops working after opening 100 + files Clicking onto disabled `` Start '' workspace leads to switching to `` Photography '' workspace Typo in the HangingPunCtuation property used for scripting Multiple files are stacked on top of one another , rather than cascaded , when tabbed documents are disabled CC 2015.5 ( 17.0 or 20160603. r. 88 ) CC 2015.5 ( 17.0 or 20160603. r. 88 ) Haiku June 20 , 2016 Better collaboration with Libraries Match Font Updated Libraries panel Create patterns with Capture CC Improved artboards Showcase your work with Adobe Portfolio Selection and Masking Space Content - Aware Crop Export enhancements 3D printing to Microsoft 3MF ( Windows 10 only ) CC 2015.5. 1 ( 17.0. 1 or 20160722. r. 156 ) CC 2015.5. 1 ( 17.0. 1 or 20160722. r. 156 ) August 8 , 2016 Keyboard shortcuts repaired Fixed exporting nested layers `` Rasterize EPS Format '' remembers setting Embed color profile saved Cursor fixed while using transform paragraph text Color printing disabled when using App Manage Color ( Mac only ) Fixed file not found error Several changes to select and mask Last release for OS X Mavericks CC 2017 ( 18.0 or 20161012. r. 53 ) CC 2017 ( 18.0 or 20161012. r. 53 ) Big Rig November 2 , 2016 In - app search Tighter integration with Adobe XD Stock templates , 3D objects , and search Support for SVG color fonts Introducing Typekit Marketplace Better overall performance CC 2017.0. 1 ( 18.0. 1 or 20161130. r. 29 ) CC 2017.0. 1 ( 18.0. 1 or 20161130. r. 29 ) December 16 , 2016 Touch Bar support for Apple MacBook Pro Fixes CC 2017.1. 0 ( 18.1. 0 or 20170309. r. 207 ) CC 2017.1. 0 ( 18.1. 0 or 20170309. r. 207 ) April 5 , 2017 Program error when converting to bitmap using pattern dither with a selection Performance issues with TrueType and OpenType fonts Blank menu entry in the context menu for 3D type 3D show or hide polygons issue with Reveal All Layer groups with changed blend modes corrupt files Touch bar sliders are too big Ca n't write file when you have group ACL for the file on MacOS Numerous other issues fixed in the areas of 3D , Actions , Search , Learn Panel , Performance , Touch Bar , and Type CC 2017.1. 1 ( 18.1. 1 or 20170425. r. 252 ) CC 2017.1. 1 ( 18.1. 1 or 20170425. r. 252 ) April 25 , 2017 Scratch Disk size error Nik Dfine 2 freezes on macOS Sierra Error : Ca n't save changes to the Adobe Photoshop document before quitting The last - used grouped tool is forgotten after using the Move tool ( V ) AppleScript : Open options error while launching Photoshop Patches for some vulnerabilities and various other bug fixes Last release for OS X Yosemite CC 2018 ( 19.0. 0 ) CC 2018 ( 19.0. 0 ) White Lion October 18 , 2017 New Stroke smoothing features New Curvature Pen tool Support for Spherical panoramas editing Streamlined brush management Access your Lightroom photos in Photoshop Supporting variable fonts Email or share your creations to several services directly from within Photoshop Tooltips have been enriched Support for Microsoft Surface Dial Upscale photos with AI Option for automatically symmetrical paint Color Range Mask for Camera Raw CC 2018 ( 19.0. 1 ) CC 2018 ( 19.0. 1 ) November 14 , 2017 This update includes a few ( 10 + ) changes for the top customer reported issues in 19.0 including ( but not limited to ) : Healing and spot healing brush lag Alt - backspace taking two hits to work Character leading broken Resize image during place not working CC 2018 ( 19.1 ) CC 2018 ( 19.1 ) January 14 , 2018 This update includes many ( 40 + ) changes for the top customer reported issues in 19.0. 1 including ( but not limited to ) : Selections Improvements Advanced Support for Windows High - Density Monitors Improved Microsoft Surface Dial support Better SVG Compatibility with Adobe XD CC 2018 ( 19.1 1 ) CC 2018 ( 19.1. 1 ) February , 2018 This update includes the following changes : Crash while using the Artboard tool after Width or Height is changed to 100 % . Issues while using the Pen tool with Photoshop CC version 19.1 ( macOS - only ) Hidden panel not rendering properly when the user hovers to reveal them Crash while running distortion filters against large - sized 16 - bit RGB images On certain hardware configurations , the canvas draws at the wrong size in floating document frames . Crash while changing the Other cursor to Precise when the Magnetic Lasso tool is selected TIFF files are written with unaligned tag data . Issue while using the Properties panel : The default tracking value is 1 and negative values do n't work . ( Windows - only ) Lens Flare preview repeats at 175 % and 225 % . Vanishing Point pixel data distorted while hovering over with brush tools Issue while finding the path specified for the CanoScan 9000F Mark II scanner ( Windows - only ) Old font name flashing in the Font Name field of the Character panel when arrowing through the fonts CC 2018 ( 19.1 2 ) CC 2018 ( 19.1. 2 ) March , 2018 This update includes the following changes : The Print dialog box settings revert to default on launch . PNG images open with distortion . Unlinked layer mask does not resize with image . Wrong selection with a hidden layer in clipping mask . Smallest swatch size fills large space on screen . Mac stylus interaction with panels gets stuck in down state . Legacy smoothing re-enables on launch when disabled . CC 2018 ( 19.1 3 ) CC 2018 ( 19.1. 3 ) April , 2018 This update includes the following changes : Images are zoomed in unexpectedly when opened Right - Click / contextual menus do n't work correctly in Full Screen Mode Crash when creating a pin on non-contiguous puppet warp mesh Export to SVG gets stuck in processing loop Copy SVG from text layer results in error CC 2018 ( 19.1 4 ) CC 2018 ( 19.1. 4 ) May , 2018 This update includes the following changes : Error ' Could not complete your request because the file - format module can not parse the file ' when opening image files ( Windows - only ) Error ' Could not create a new document . There is n't enough room to display this document ' when no windows or tabs are open . ( Windows - only ) Focus lost when sampling an image with Color Picker . Pressing the Enter key does n't apply the sampled color and close the Color Picker dialog Relative checkbox state in the Canvas Size dialog no longer saved across sessions Eyedropper tool ca n't sample colors from outside the Photoshop app on Windows computer with NVIDIA drivers CC 2018 ( 19.1 5 ) CC 2018 ( 19.1. 5 ) June , 2018 This update includes the following fixes : Invalid numeric entry - An integer between 96 and 8 is required . Closest value inserted . Could not complete your request because there is not enough memory ( RAM ) . Crash when editing - Clone stamp , copying / pasting a layer mask , painting CC 2018 ( 19.1 6 ) CC 2018 ( 19.1. 6 ) August , 2018 This update includes the following fixes : Security fix for a memory corruption issue when opening . tga and . pct files . CC 2019 ( 20.0. 0 ) CC 2019 ( 20.0. 0 ) B Winston October , 2018 This update includes the following fixes : Artboard Full Screen mode jumps back to center Quick Export does not work Auto - Complete in File Info does not work Print dialog box does not retain settings on next use and the preview appears pixelated Video render is stuck at 50 % WIA support returns error Feathered mask displays incorrect value temporarily UI doubled in size on Windows 10 Displacement effects error message : Could Not Complete Request Because of Disc Error Images open unexpectedly small with multiple monitor configuration Alt + click on adjustment layer does not prompt the New Layer dialog box on Windows Steals focus when you run batch processes with the Image Processor on Mac Editing and updating smart objects with mask mishandles the Smart Liquify effect Vibrance adjustment renders differently Select All Layers no longer records in action Actions ignore modal control for renaming layer Patch Tool functionality issue with recent updates Action shortcut overrides keyboard shortcut without an error message Crash on splash screen Black border do n't print The dialog box displayed when you save a document does n't relate to the relevant document Rotating a floating image with rulers visible does n't resize the window correctly Color mode when you open a PDF is random The limit error message for PSD file size is vague Color Range dialog box gets stuck in setting View > Fit Artboard to Screen is disabled Replace color does not work Crash on Nik software in actions Retina screen resolution slows path creation Accelerator keys broken in Layers Panel context menu Color Picker for changing shape colors does n't work with web colors enabled Build up does n't work when smoothing is on Right - click paste function to change layer name to copied text does n't work on macOS Folder. selectDialog prompt text does not set in the dialog box on Windows Transform box bounces when you try to transform Raw data creates large file sizes Paste into Metadata panel is dysfunctional Unable to use a shortcuts to Scroll Through The Layers with a European foreign language keyboard Levels dialog box auto options ' snap neutral midtones ' state resets when you change algorithms JavaScript app. batch method ignores specified action set Photoshop becomes unresponsive after you add new layers using CC Library Artboard Blending options stopped working Document status flyout is hard to read Layer > New > Artboard wo n't obey preset background color and stays bright white Artboard Tool does n't scale properly , even when constrained Video Render displays the following error : The operation could not be completed . macOS picker does n't load swatch on High Sierra Compatibility ( edit ) macOS ( edit ) OS version Latest release Latest update System 6.0. 3 1.0. 7 System 6.0. 4 2.0. 1 System 6.0. 7 2.5 2.5. 1 System 7. 0 3.0. 1 System 7.1 4.0. 1 System 7.5 5.0. 2 Mac OS 7.6 - Mac OS 8 5.5 5.5 Mac OS 8.5 - Mac OS 9 6 6.0. 1 Mac OS 9.1 - Mac OS X 10.1 7 7.0. 1 Mac OS X 10.2 - 10.3 CS2 9.0 10.4 CS4 11.0 10.5 CS3 10.0. 1 10.5 CS5. 1 12.1 10.6 CS6 13.1. 2 10.7 - 10.8 CC 2014 15.2. 2 10.9 CC 2015.5 17.0. 1 10.10 CC 2017.1. 1 18.1. 1 10.11 and later CC 2019 20.0. 0 ( current ) Windows ( edit ) OS version Latest release Latest update Windows 3.0 3.0 3.0. 4 Windows 3.1 x 4.0 4.0. 1 Windows NT 3.5 3.0 3.0. 5 Windows NT 3.51 4.0 4.0. 1 Windows 95 5.5 Windows 98 , Windows ME , Windows NT 4.0 7 7.0. 1 Windows 2000 CS2 9.0. 2 Windows XP CS6 13.0. 1 Windows Vista CS5. 1 12.0. 4 Windows 8 CC 2014 15.2. 2 Windows 10 Build 1607 CC 2018 19.1. 6 Windows 7 , Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 CC 2019 20.0. 0 ( current ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : History of Photoshop Jump up ^ Adobe Photoshop Source Code Archived May 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Adobe releases original Photoshop source code for nostalgic developers '' . theverge.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Connolly ( [email protected] ) . `` 1999 : SUMMARY : Solaris - Adobe Products ( a little long ) '' . Sunmanagers.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Photoshop and CDS '' . Jump up ^ `` Adobe Creative Suite 4 Now Shipping '' . 2008 - 10 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Adobe Ships Creative Suite 5 '' . 2010 - 04 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Photoshop : What is the difference between Photoshop CS5 and the version of Photoshop that comes with Creative Suite 5.5 ? '' . Feedback.photoshop.com. 2011 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Security update - Photoshop CS5. 1 , CS5 '' . adobe.com. 2012 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Adobe Ships Creative Suite 5.5 '' . 2011 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Adobe Creative Suite 6 Now Available '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Photoshop CC 2015.1. 2 Update Now Available '' . Jeffrey Tranberry . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Photoshop CC 2015.5 Now Available '' . Jeff Tranberry . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Photoshop CC 2015.5. 1 Update Now Available '' . Jeff Tranberry . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Release Notes - Photoshop CC ( 2017 release ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` New features summary for the 2017 release of Photoshop CC '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` New features summary for the October 2017 release of Photoshop CC '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Photoshop CC 19.0. 1 now available '' . Feedback.photoshop.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Photoshop CC 19.1 now available '' . Feedback.photoshop.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fixed issues in Adobe Photoshop CC '' . helpx.adobe.com . Retrieved 23 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fixed issues in Adobe Photoshop CC '' . helpx.adobe.com . Retrieved 18 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adobe - Photoshop : For Macintosh : Adobe Photoshop 6.0. 1 Update '' . Jump up ^ `` Adobe - Photoshop : For Macintosh : Adobe Photoshop 7.0. 1 update '' . Jump up ^ `` Adobe - Photoshop : For Macintosh : Adobe Photoshop 10.0. 1 update for Adobe Photoshop CS3 '' . Jump up ^ `` Adobe - Photoshop : For Macintosh : Adobe Photoshop 12.0. 4 update for Adobe Photoshop CS5 '' . External links ( edit ) `` 20 Years of Adobe Photoshop '' . webdesignerdepot.com. 2010 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adobe_Photoshop_version_history&oldid=866496488 '' Categories : Adobe Photoshop Software version histories Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia मराठी Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 18 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the latest version of adobe photoshop cs6 | [
"\n\n\nOS version\n\nLatest release\n\nLatest update\n\n\nWindows 3.0\n\n3.0\n\n3.0.4\n\n\nWindows 3.1x\n\n4.0\n\n4.0.1\n\n\nWindows NT 3.5\n\n3.0\n\n3.0.5\n\n\nWindows NT 3.51\n\n4.0\n\n4.0.1\n\n\nWindows 95\n\n5.5\n\n\n\n\nWindows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT 4.0\n\n7\n\n7.0.1\n\n\nWindows 2000\n\nCS2\n\n9.0.2\n\n\nWindows XP\n\nCS6\n\n13.0.1\n\n\nWindows Vista\n\nCS5.1\n\n12.0.4\n\n\nWindows 8\n\nCC 2014\n\n15.2.2\n\n\n Windows 10 Build 1607\n\nCC 2018\n\n19.1.6\n\n\nWindows 7, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10\n\nCC 2019\n\n20.0.0 (current)\n"
] | [
"13.0.1"
] |
448836776682800003 | Flag of Brazil | Flag of Brazil - wikipedia Flag of Brazil Jump to : navigation , search Brazil Name A Auriverde , Bandeira Auriverde ( Yellow - and - green flag ) Use National flag and ensign Proportion 7 : 10 Adopted 19 November 1889 ( original 21 - star version ) 1 June 1960 ( 22 - star version ) 28 May 1968 ( 23 - star version ) 11 May 1992 ( current 27 - star version ) Design A green field with the large yellow diamond ( rhombus ) in the center bearing the blue disk , which is formed the celestial globe , depicted the starry sky of twenty - seven small white five - pointed stars spanned by the white equatorial curved band with the National Motto : `` ORDEM E PROGRESSO '' ( Portuguese for `` ORDER AND PROGRESS '' ) , written in green . Designed by Raimundo Teixeira Mendes The flag of Brazil ( Portuguese : Bandeira do Brasil ) , known in Portuguese as A Auriverde ( The Yellow - and - green One ) , is a blue disc depicting a starry sky ( which includes the Southern Cross ) spanned by a curved band inscribed with the national motto `` Ordem e Progresso '' ( `` Order and Progress '' ) , within a yellow rhombus , on a green field . Brazil officially adopted this design for its national flag on November 19 , 1889 -- four days after the Proclamation of the Republic , to replace the flag of the Empire of Brazil . The concept was the work of Raimundo Teixeira Mendes , with the collaboration of Miguel Lemos , Manuel Pereira Reis and Décio Villares . The Brazilian flag is regarded as one of the most beautiful national flags as it stands out due to its uniqueness in colour and design . The green field and the yellow rhombus from the previous imperial flag , though slightly modified in hue and shape , were preserved -- the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I , the first Emperor of Brazil , while the yellow represented the House of Habsburg of his wife , Empress Maria Leopoldina . A blue circle with white five - pointed stars replaced the arms of the Empire of Brazil -- its position in the flag reflects the sky over the city of Rio de Janeiro on November 15 , 1889 . The motto Ordem e Progresso is inspired by Auguste Comte 's motto of positivism : `` L'amour pour principe et l'ordre pour base ; le progrès pour but '' ( `` Love as a principle and order as the basis ; progress as the goal '' ) . Each star corresponds to a Brazilian Federative Unit and , according to Brazilian Law , the flag must be updated in case of creation or extinction of a state . At the time the flag was first adopted in 1889 , it held 21 stars . Then it received one more star in 1960 ( representing the city - state of Guanabara ) , then another in 1968 ( representing Acre ) , and finally four more stars in 1992 ( representing Amapá , Roraima , Rondônia and Tocantins ) , totalling 27 stars in its current version . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial Brazil ( 1500 -- 1815 ) 1.2 United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and the Algarves ( 1815 -- 1822 ) 1.3 Empire of Brazil ( 1822 -- 1889 ) 1.4 Republic of Brazil ( 1889 -- present ) 2 Design 2.1 Construction 2.1. 1 Stars 2.1. 2 Stars and States 2.1. 3 Colours 3 Flag protocol 3.1 Folding 3.2 Flag anthem 4 Other flags 4.1 Governmental flags 4.1. 1 Military flags 4.1. 1.1 Naval jack 4.2 Previous flags 4.3 Previous governmental flags 4.4 Rejected flags 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Colonial Brazil ( 1500 -- 1815 ) ( edit ) The flag of the Princes of Brazil was a standard for the Portuguese heir , though often used in Brazil due to the namesake of the princes The Portuguese territories in the Americas , corresponding roughly to what is now Brazil , never had their own official flag , since Portuguese tradition encouraged hoisting the flag of the Kingdom of Portugal in all territories of the Portuguese Crown . The first Brazilian vexillological symbols were private maritime flags used by Portuguese merchant ships that sailed to Brazil . A flag with green and white stripes was used until 1692 . The green and white colors represented the House of Braganza and the national colours of Portugal . In 1692 , that flag was no longer used by ships that sailed to Brazil and became the flag of the merchant vessels in coastal Portugal . In 1692 , a new flag was introduced for merchant vessels sailing to Brazil . The new flag had a white field with a golden armillary sphere . The armillary sphere had served as the personal emblem of King Manuel I of Portugal ( reigned 1494 - 1521 ) . During his reign Portuguese ships used it widely , and eventually it became a national emblem of Portugal and , more specifically , of the Portuguese empire . A similar flag was introduced for the Portuguese ships that sailed to India , but with a red armillary sphere . Despite representing the entire Portuguese empire , the armillary sphere began to be used more extensively in Brazil -- the largest and most developed colony at the time -- not only in maritime flags , but also on coins and other media . It eventually became the unofficial ensign of Brazil . United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and the Algarves ( 1815 -- 1822 ) ( edit ) Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves Armorial flag of the Kingdom of Brazil In 1815 , Brazil was elevated to the rank of kingdom , and the kingdoms of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves were united as a single state -- the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves . The Charter Act of 1816 established the insignia of the new kingdom . It specified that the arms of the Kingdom of Brazil was to be composed of a gold armillary sphere on a blue field . During this time , the flag of Brazil was the flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and the Algarves . Empire of Brazil ( 1822 -- 1889 ) ( edit ) Flag of the independent Kingdom of Brazil ( 7 September -- 12 October 1822 ) First flag of the Empire of Brazil with 19 stars ( 1822 -- 1870 ) Second flag of the Empire of Brazil with 20 stars ( 1870 -- 1889 ) The imperial flag of Brazil was designed by Jean - Baptiste Debret as the Royal Standard of the Prince Royal of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves , Pedro I . After the Brazilian Declaration of Independence , and with the coronation of Pedro I as Emperor of Brazil , the Royal Standard was modified to become the flag of the Empire of Brazil . The new flag featured the imperial coat of arms within a yellow rhombus , on a green field . The green and yellow colors represented the dynastic houses of Pedro I and his consort Maria Leopoldina of Austria . The imperial flag was slightly modified during the reign of Pedro II , when an extra star was added to the imperial arms to conform to the new territorial organization of the country . Republic of Brazil ( 1889 -- present ) ( edit ) Provisional flag of the Republic of the United States of Brazil ( 15 November -- 19 November 1889 ) First flag of the Republican Brazil with 21 stars ( 1889 -- 1960 ) Second flag of the Republican Brazil with 22 stars ( 1960 -- 1968 ) First flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil with 23 stars ( 1968 -- 1992 ) Second flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil with 27 stars ( 1992 -- present ) Upon the proclamation of the Republic , one of the civilian leaders of the movement , the lawyer Ruy Barbosa , proposed a design for the nation 's new flag strongly inspired by the flag of the United States . It was flown from 15 November 1889 , until 19 November 1889 , when Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca ( acting as provisional president of Brazil ) vetoed the design , citing concerns that it looked too similar to the flag of another state . Fonseca suggested that the flag of the new republic should resemble the old imperial flag . This was intended to underscore continuity of national unity during the transition from a constitutional monarchy to a republic . Raimundo Teixeira Mendes presented a project in which the imperial coat of arms was replaced by a blue celestial globe and the positivist motto . It was presented to Fonseca , who promptly accepted . The flag was designed by a group formed by Raimundo Teixeira Mendes , Miguel Lemos , Manuel Pereira Reis and Décio Villares . It was officially adopted on 19 November 1889 . The flag has been modified on three occasions to add additional stars intended to reflect newly created states : 1960 ( 22 stars ) , 1968 ( 23 stars ) and 1992 ( 27 stars ) . In contrast to many other national flags with elements representing political subdivisions , modifications to the flag of Brazil were not always made promptly upon political reorganisation , resulting in multi-year periods of history where there was a mismatch between the number of stars and the number of states and federal districts . The most recent modification was made on 11 May 1992 , with the addition of four stars to the celestial globe ( representing states created between 1982 and 1991 ) , and a slight change in the stars ' positions was made to match the astronomical coordinates correctly . Design ( edit ) The decree no . 4 , issued on 19 November 1889 , legally replaced the flag used under the constitutional monarchy with the new national flag . On 11 May 1992 , the law no. 8,421 , altered the celestial globe with the addition of six stars . Construction ( edit ) Construction sheet with the official dimensions of the flag . The precise positions of the 27 stars on the globe make the Brazilian flag one of the most complicated national flags to construct . The official design is defined by law no. 5,700 , issued on 1 September 1971 . The flag 's length is twenty modules and the width , fourteen , translating into an aspect ratio of 10 : 7 . The distance of the vertices of the yellow rhombus to the outer frame is a module and seven - tenths ( 1.7 m ) . The blue circle in the middle of the yellow rhombus has a radius of three and a half modules ( 3.5 m ) . The center of the arcs of the white band is two modules ( 2m ) to the left of the meeting point of the extended vertical diameter of the circle with the base of the outer frame . The radius of the lower arc of the white band is eight modules ( 8m ) and the radius of the upper arc of the white band is eight and a half modules ( 8.5 m ) . The width of the white band is a half of a module ( 0.5 m ) . The caption `` Ordem e Progresso '' is written in green letters . The letter P lies on the vertical diameter of the circle . The letters of the word `` Ordem '' and the word `` Progresso '' are a third of a module ( 0.33 m ) tall . The width of these letters are three - tenths of a module ( 0.30 m ) . The conjunction E has a height of three - tenths of a module ( 0.30 m ) and a width of a quarter of a module ( 0.25 m ) . The stars are of five different sizes : first , second , third , fourth and fifth magnitudes . They are drawn within circles whose diameters are : three - tenths of a module ( 0.30 m ) for the first magnitude , a quarter of a module ( 0.25 m ) for the second magnitude ; a fifth of a module ( 0.20 m ) for the third magnitude , a seventh of a module ( 0.14 m ) for the fourth magnitude , and a tenth of a module ( 0.10 m ) for the fifth magnitude . Stars ( edit ) Professor Paulo Araújo Duarte of the Federal University of Santa Catarina bears this out , saying `` In truth , the creators of our republican flag intended to represent the stars in the sky at Rio de Janeiro at 8 : 30 in the morning on 15 November 1889 , the moment at which the constellation of the Southern Cross was on the meridian of Rio de Janeiro and the longer arm ( of the cross ) was vertical . '' Another article , citing `` O Céu da Bandeira ( The Sky of the Flag ) '' , by J.R.V. Costa , says the exact time was actually 08 : 37 . This last article includes the designer of the flag 's explanation of his intentions regarding the stars . According to Brazil 's national act number 5,700 of 1 September 1971 , the flag portrays the stars as they would be seen by an imaginary observer an infinite distance above Rio de Janeiro standing outside the firmament in which the stars are meant to be placed ( i.e. as found on a celestial globe ) . Thus Beta Crucis appears to the right of the constellation and Delta Crucis to the left , in mirror image of the way they actually appear in the sky ( and , coincidentally , the way they appear on the Brazilian coat of arms ) . The star Spica is the only one above of the white band ; it symbolises part of Brazilian territory in the northern hemisphere ( and the State of Pará ) . The Sigma Octantis ( south pole star ) is small , but all the other stars turn around it . Its unique position in the sky of south hemisphere represents the stability of the Federal District in the Brazilian union . The shining star in constellation represent the size of territory of the state in the Brazilian region ( constellation ) . The flag of Brazil contains 27 stars , representing the Brazilian states and the Federal District . The constellation of the Southern Cross is on the meridian ( indicated by the number 6 in the diagram ) . To the south of it is Polaris Australis ( Sigma Octantis , numbered 7 ) , representing the Federal District . The motto appears on a band roughly coincident with the ecliptic . A single star lies above the band , representing the large northern state of Pará , which straddles the Equator . The constellations and stars on the flag A list of constellations and stars on the map : Procyon ( α Canis Minoris ) . Canis Major : five stars , the largest depicting Sirius . Canopus ( α Carinae ) . Spica ( α Virginis ) . Hydra : two stars , the largest depicting Alphard . Crux Australis : five stars , the largest depicting Alpha Crucis . Sigma Octantis ( σ Octantis , south pole star ) . Triangulum Australe : three stars of similar size . Scorpius : eight stars , the largest depicting Antares . Stars and states ( edit ) The stars depicted on the flag and the states they represent are : State Star Constellation Size ( 1 = largest ) State made Star added Amazonas Alpha Canis Minoris ( Procyon ) Canis Minor , the Little Dog 1889 1889 Mato Grosso Alpha Canis Majoris ( Sirius ) Canis Major , the Great Dog 1889 1889 Amapá Beta Canis Majoris ( Mirzam ) Canis Major , the Great Dog 1991 1992 Rondônia Gamma Canis Majoris ( Muliphen ) Canis Major , the Great Dog 1982 1992 Roraima Delta Canis Majoris ( Wezen ) Canis Major , the Great Dog 1991 1992 Tocantins Epsilon Canis Majoris ( Adhara ) Canis Major , the Great Dog 1992 Pará Alpha Virginis ( Spica ) Virgo , the Virgin 1889 1889 Piauí Alpha Scorpii ( Antares ) Scorpius , the Scorpion 1889 1889 Maranhão Beta Scorpii ( Graffias ) Scorpius , the Scorpion 1889 1889 Ceará Epsilon Scorpii ( Larawag ) Scorpius , the Scorpion 1889 1889 Alagoas Theta Scorpii ( Sargas ) Scorpius , the Scorpion 1889 1889 Sergipe Iota Scorpii Scorpius , the Scorpion 1889 1889 Paraíba Kappa Scorpii Scorpius , the Scorpion 1889 1889 Rio Grande do Norte Lambda Scorpii ( Shaula ) Scorpius , the Scorpion 1889 1889 Pernambuco Mu Scorpii ( Xamidimura & Pipirima ) Scorpius , the Scorpion 1889 1889 Mato Grosso do Sul Alpha Hydrae ( Alphard ) Hydra , the Water Serpent 1979 1960 Acre Gamma Hydrae Hydra , the Water Serpent 1962 1968 São Paulo Alpha Crucis ( Acrux or Estrela de Magalhães ) Crux , the Southern Cross 1889 1889 Rio de Janeiro Beta Crucis ( Mimosa ) Crux , the Southern Cross 1889 1889 Bahia Gamma Crucis ( Gacrux ) Crux , the Southern Cross 1889 1889 Minas Gerais Delta Crucis Crux , the Southern Cross 1889 1889 Espírito Santo Epsilon Crucis ( Ginan ) Crux , the Southern Cross 1889 1889 Rio Grande do Sul Alpha Trianguli Australis ( Atria ) Triangulum Australe , the Southern Triangle 1889 1889 Santa Catarina Beta Trianguli Australis Triangulum Australe , the Southern Triangle 1889 1889 Paraná Gamma Trianguli Australis Triangulum Australe , the Southern Triangle 1889 1889 Goiás Alpha Carinae ( Canopus ) Carina , the Keel of Argo 1889 1889 Distrito Federal Sigma Octantis ( Polaris Australis ) Octans , the Octant 5 1889 1889 ^ Brazil 's original Federal District was created in 1889 from the former neutral municipality covering the then - capital city of Rio de Janeiro , and represented on the flag by the star Sigma Octantis ( Polaris Australis ) . In 1960 , to correspond with the creation of the new capital , Brasília , the Federal District was reconstituted on new territory carved out of the state of Goiás ; it continued to be represented on by the flag by Sigma Octantis . The former Federal District became the new state of Guanabara and a new star , Alphard , was added to the flag to represent it . Guanabara was eliminated as a separate state in 1975 ; however , Alphard was not removed from the flag and from 1975 to 1979 it represented no state . When the new state of Mato Grosso do Sul was created in 1979 , it was assigned Alphard . Colours ( edit ) The flag 's colours are not accurately specified in any legal document . Approximate colours are listed below : Green Yellow Blue White RGB 0 / 156 / 59 255 / 223 / 0 0 / 39 / 118 255 / 255 / 255 Hexadecimal # 009c3b # ffdf00 # 002776 # ffffff CMYK 100 / 0 / 100 / 0 0 / 13 / 100 / 0 100 / 67 / 0 / 54 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 Flag protocol ( edit ) The flag being replaced in a monthly ceremony held at the Praça dos Três Poderes ( Three Powers Plaza ) in Brasília The federal law no. 5,700 , issued on 1 September 1971 , defines the flag protocol in Brazil . The flag must be permanently hoisted at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília . The flag must be raised and lowered daily at the presidential palaces ( Palácio do Planalto and Palácio da Alvorada ) ; ministries ; National Congress ; Supreme Federal Tribunal ; Supreme Court of Justice ; seats of the Executive , Legislative and Judicial branches ; diplomatic missions ; Federal , state and local institutions ; and merchant navy units . When a flag is no longer fit to use , it must be delivered to a military facility to be burned during a special ceremony on 19 November ( `` Flag Day '' ) . The flag must be flown at half - staff when the President decrees official mourning . In addition , state and local governments may decree official mourning with the death of a mayor or governor . When the flag is displayed at half - staff , prior to raising or lowering it , the flag must be raised to the top of the flagpole and then lowered to the halfway mark . When the flag is being carried in procession , a black crape ribbon must be tied to the top of the mast . A foreign flag may only be flown with a Brazilian Flag along its right side . The only exceptions are when the foreign flag is displayed in an embassy or consulate and in prize - giving ceremonies of sport competitions won by foreign athletes . When multiple flags are raised or lowered simultaneously , the Brazilian Flag must be the first to reach the top of the flagpole and the last to reach the bottom . Folding ( edit ) Stage Description Example First The upper half of the flag 's height is folded into the reverse side . Second The folding proceeds by folding the flag 's lower half into the reverse side until most of the blue disc and the motto face up . Third The flag is then folded into three parts along the width axis , with the fly and hoist folded into the reverse side , leaving the blue disc and motto facing up . Flag Anthem ( edit ) Vocal Brazilian Flag Anthem performed by the Brazilian Army choir . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Brazilian Flag Anthem ( Hino à Bandeira Nacional ) is a song dedicated to the country 's flag . It is performed on 19 November ( Flag Day ) . The Portuguese lyrics were written by poet Olavo Bilac , and the music composed by Francisco Braga . Portuguese lyrics English translation 1 . Salve , lindo pendão da esperança ! Salve , símbolo augusto da paz ! Tua nobre presença à lembrança A grandeza da Pátria nos traz . Chorus Recebe o afeto que se encerra Em nosso peito juvenil , Querido símbolo da terra , Da amada terra do Brasil ! 2 . Em teu seio formoso retratas Este céu de puríssimo azul , A verdura sem par destas matas , E o esplendor do Cruzeiro do Sul . ( Chorus ) 3 . Contemplando o teu vulto sagrado , Compreendemos o nosso dever , E o Brasil por seus filhos amado , Poderoso e feliz há de ser ! ( Chorus ) 4 . Sobre a imensa nação brasileira , Nos momentos de festa ou de dor , Paira sempre , sagrada bandeira , Pavilhão da justiça e do amor ! ( Chorus ) 1 . Hail , precious banner of hope ! Hail , August symbol of peace ! Thy noble presence to our minds The greatness of our motherland does bring . Chorus Take the affection enclosed In our youthful chest , Dear symbol of the land , Of the beloved land of Brazil ! 2 . In thy beauteous bosom thou portrayest This sky of purest blue , The peerless greenness of these forests , And the splendor of the Southern Cross . ( Chorus ) 3 . Beholding thy sacred shadow , We understand our duty , And Brazil , loved by its children , Powerful and happy shall be ! ( Chorus ) 4 . Over the immense Brazilian Nation , In times of happiness or grief , Hover always , o sacred flag , Pavilion of justice and love ! ( Chorus ) Other flags ( edit ) See also : List of Brazilian flags Governmental flags ( edit ) The president and vice president are also represented by their own flag . The Presidential Standard is a dark green rectangle ( ratio 2 : 3 ) holding the national coat of arms on its center . It is usually hoisted at the President 's official residence , the Palácio da Alvorada , and at the President 's workplace , the Palácio do Planalto . It is also displayed on the presidential car , as small - sized flags . The Vice Presidential Standard is a yellow rectangle ( ratio 2 : 3 ) with twenty - three blue stars disposed in a cross dividing the flag into four equal quadrants , with the coat of arms in the middle of the upper left quadrant . Presidential Standard Vice Presidential Standard Flag of the Minister of Defense Military flags ( edit ) Some of the branches of the Brazilian military also have their own flags . The flag of the Brazilian Army The flag of the Brazilian Navy The flag of a Brazilian naval admiral Flag - insignia of the chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Brazilian Armed Forces . Naval jack ( edit ) The Brazilian naval jack ( jaque ) is a rectangular flag ( ratio 3 : 4 ) bearing 21 white stars on a dark blue field -- a horizontal row of 13 and a vertical column of 9 , orthogonally displayed . Naval jack . Previous flags ( edit ) The list below identifies previous flags used in Brazil . Flag of the Military Order of Christ ( 1332 -- 1651 ) Flag of the Royal Family ( 1500 -- 1521 ) Flag of John III ( 1521 -- 1616 ) Flag of the Iberian Union ( 1616 -- 1640 ) Flag of the Restoration ( 1640 -- 1683 ) Flag of the Principality of Brazil ( 1645 -- 1816 ) Flag of Peter II ( 1683 -- 1706 ) Flag of John V ( 1707 -- 1750 ) Flag of the Royal family ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ( 1816 -- 1821 ) Flag of the Kingdom of Brazil ( 1815 -- 1822 ; putative ) Flag of the Brazilian Kingdom ( 18 September -- 1 December 1822 ) Flag of the Empire of Brazil , first version ( 1 December 1822 -- c. 1870 ) Flag of the Empire of Brazil , second version ( c. 1870 -- 15 November 1889 ) Provisional Flag of Republic of the United States of Brazil ( 15 - 19 November 1889 ) First Flag of the United States of Brazil ( 19 November 1889 -- 14 April 1960 ) Second Flag of the United States of Brazil ( 14 April 1960 -- 28 May 1968 ) First Flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil ( 28 May 1968 -- 11 May 1992 ) Second Flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil ( 11 May 1992 -- present ) Previous governmental flags ( edit ) Presidential Standard of the United States of Brazil ( 1907 -- 1947 ) Presidential Standard of the United States of Brazil ( 1947 -- 1968 ) Presidential Standard of the Federative Republic of Brazil ( 1968 -- 1971 ) Presidential Standard of the Federative Republic of Brazil ( 1971 -- 1992 ) Vice Presidential Standard of the Federative Republic of Brazil ( 1971 -- 1992 ) Rejected flags ( edit ) The best - known rejected flags are listed below . Several projects were heavily inspired by the green - yellow Imperial Flag , while a black - white - red pattern was also proposed . Those colours would represent the major groups of Brazilian population , red being the native Indians , white the European settlers and immigrants and black the Africans . Project of Júlio Ribeiro , 1888 . Eventually became the flag of the State of São Paulo with the addition of Acre on the Map Project of Antônio da Silva Jardim , 1890 Project of José Maria da Silva Paranhos , Jr. , 1890 Project of Oliveira Valadão , 1892 Project of Eurico de Góis , 1908 Project of Wenceslau Escobar , 1908 Second project of Eurico de Góis , 1933 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This flag was never actually used , its design being deducted from the flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves . See also ( edit ) Brazil portal List of Brazilian flags References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The World Factbook : Brazil -- Flag description CIA . Retrieved on 8 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bandeiras e significados Historianet . Retrieved on 9 October 2010 . ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ Bandeiras navais Portuguesas Archived 2010 - 11 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Associação Nacional de Cruzeiros . Retrieved on 9 October 2010 . ( in Portuguese ) . ^ Jump up to : Carta de Lei de 13 de Maio de 1816 John Carter Brown Library . Retrieved on 9 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Decreto de D. Pedro I de 18 de setembro de 1822 Wikisource . Retrieved on 9 October 2010 . ( in Portuguese ) . ^ Jump up to : Um estudo histórico perceptual : A Bandeira Brasileira sem Brasil Archived 2011 - 07 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Seysell , Ricardo . Universidade Estadual Paulista ) , 2006 . Retrieved on 10 October 2010 . ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ Designers of the Flag Flags of the World . Retrieved on 8 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Símbolos Nacionais Archived 2010 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Exército Brasileiro . Retrieved on 8 October 2010 . ( in Portuguese ) . ^ Jump up to : Brazil : Evolution of the Modern National Flag Flags of the World . Retrieved on 11 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Símbolos e Hinos : Bandeira Nacional Archived May 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Brasil.gov.br . Retrieved on 9 October 2010 . ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ Law on the National Flag : details of construction Flags of the World . Retrieved on 8 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Duarte , Paulo Araújo . `` Astronomia na Bandeira Brasileira '' . Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina . Archived from the original on 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 9 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naming Stars '' . IAU.org . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian flag '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Uso da Bandeira Nacional Brasil República . Retrieved on 15 June 2009 . ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ Lei no. 5,700 de 1 de Setembro de 1971 Presidência da República . Retrieved on 9 October 2010 . ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ Hino à Bandeira Nacional -- Coral ( Exército Brasileiro ) Dominiopublico.gov.br . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 10 . ( in Portuguese ) . ^ Jump up to : Hino à Bandeira Nacional Archived 2014 - 02 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Exército Brasileiro . Retrieved on 10 October 2010 . ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ President and Vice President ( Brazil ) Flags of the World . Retrieved on 9 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Cerimonial da Marinha Archived 2010 - 08 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Marinha do Brasil . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 09 . ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Bandeiras Históricas do Brasil '' . Exército Brasileiro ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Projetos de mudança da Bandeira Nacional Brasileira BrasilRepública . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 08 . ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ MARTIUS , p. 381 External links ( edit ) Brazil at Flags of the World http://www.flagscorner.com/brazilian-flag/ Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Brazil . National symbols of Brazil Official Flag Coat of arms National anthem National seal Other Republic 's Effigy National bird National fauna National flora Patron saint Flags of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Brazil&oldid=821704894 '' Categories : Flags of Brazil National flags National symbols of Brazil Southern Cross flags Hidden categories : Articles with Portuguese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 03 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does it say on the brazil flag | [
"The flag of Brazil (Portuguese: Bandeira do Brasil), known in Portuguese as A Auriverde (The Yellow-and-green One), is a blue disc depicting a starry sky (which includes the Southern Cross) spanned by a curved band inscribed with the national motto \"Ordem e Progresso\" (\"Order and Progress\"), within a yellow rhombus, on a green field. Brazil officially adopted this design for its national flag on November 19, 1889 — four days after the Proclamation of the Republic, to replace the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The concept was the work of Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, with the collaboration of Miguel Lemos, Manuel Pereira Reis and Décio Villares. The Brazilian flag is regarded as one of the most beautiful national flags as it stands out due to its uniqueness in colour and design."
] | [
"\"Ordem e Progresso\" (\"Order and Progress\")"
] |
-2730089146795913341 | Michael Jordan | Michael Jordan - wikipedia Michael Jordan Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Michael Jordan , see Michael Jordan ( disambiguation ) . Michael Jordan Michael Jordan receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama in 2016 at the White House in Washington , D.C. Charlotte Hornets Position Owner League NBA ( 1963 - 02 - 17 ) February 17 , 1963 ( age 55 ) Brooklyn , New York Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Listed weight 216 lb ( 98 kg ) Career information High school Emsley A. Laney ( Wilmington , North Carolina ) College North Carolina ( 1981 -- 1984 ) NBA draft 1984 / Round : 1 / Pick : 3rd overall Selected by the Chicago Bulls Playing career 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 , 2001 -- 2003 Position Shooting guard Number 23 , 45 , 12 Career history 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 Chicago Bulls 2001 -- 2003 Washington Wizards Career highlights and awards 6 × NBA champion ( 1991 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 6 × NBA Finals MVP ( 1991 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 5 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 1996 , 1998 ) 14 × NBA All - Star ( 1985 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 , 2002 , 2003 ) 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 1988 , 1996 , 1998 ) 10 × All - NBA First Team ( 1987 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) All - NBA Second Team ( 1985 ) NBA Defensive Player of the Year ( 1988 ) 9 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 1988 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 1985 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 1985 ) 10 × NBA scoring champion ( 1987 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 3 × NBA steals leader ( 1988 , 1990 , 1993 ) 2 × NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 1987 , 1988 ) No. 23 retired by Chicago Bulls No. 23 retired by Miami Heat 3 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) 2 × USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 1983 , 1984 ) Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 1991 ) NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team NCAA champion ( 1982 ) Consensus national college player of the year ( 1984 ) 2 × Consensus first - team All - American ( 1983 , 1984 ) ACC Player of the Year ( 1984 ) 2 × First - team All - ACC ( 1983 , 1984 ) ACC Rookie of the Year ( 1982 ) No. 23 retired by the University of North Carolina Career statistics Points 32,292 ( 30.1 ppg ) Rebounds 6,672 ( 6.2 rpg ) Assists 5,633 ( 5.3 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player FIBA Hall of Fame as player Medals ( hide ) Men 's Basketball Representing the United States Olympic Games 1984 Los Angeles Men 's basketball 1992 Barcelona Men 's basketball FIBA Americas Championship 1992 Portland Men 's basketball Pan American Games 1983 Caracas Men 's basketball Michael Jeffrey Jordan ( born February 17 , 1963 ) , also known by his initials , MJ , is an American retired professional basketball player . Jordan played 15 seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for the Chicago Bulls and Washington Wizards . His biography on the NBA website states : `` By acclamation , Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time . '' Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s . He is currently the principal owner and chairman of the NBA 's Charlotte Hornets . Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina . As a freshman , he was a member of the Tar Heels ' national championship team in 1982 . Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick . He quickly emerged as a league star and entertained crowds with his prolific scoring . His leaping ability , demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in slam dunk contests , earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness . He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball . In 1991 , he won his first NBA championship with the Bulls , and followed that achievement with titles in 1992 and 1993 , securing a `` three - peat '' . Although Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the beginning of the 1993 -- 94 NBA season and started a new career playing minor league baseball , he returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three additional championships in 1996 , 1997 , and 1998 , as well as a then - record 72 regular - season wins in the 1995 -- 96 NBA season . Jordan retired for a second time in January 1999 , but returned for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of the Wizards . Jordan 's individual accolades and accomplishments include five Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Awards , ten All - NBA First Team designations , nine All - Defensive First Team honors , fourteen NBA All - Star Game appearances , three All - Star Game MVP Awards , ten scoring titles , three steals titles , six NBA Finals MVP Awards , and the 1988 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award . Among his numerous accomplishments , Jordan holds the NBA records for highest career regular season scoring average ( 30.12 points per game ) and highest career playoff scoring average ( 33.45 points per game ) . In 1999 , he was named the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century by ESPN , and was second to Babe Ruth on the Associated Press 's list of athletes of the century . Jordan is a two - time inductee into the Basketball Hall of Fame , having been enshrined in 2009 for his individual career , and again in 2010 as part of the group induction of the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ( `` The Dream Team '' ) . He became a member of the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2015 . Jordan is also known for his product endorsements . He fueled the success of Nike 's Air Jordan sneakers , which were introduced in 1985 and remain popular today . Jordan also starred as himself in the 1996 film Space Jam . In 2006 , he became part - owner and head of basketball operations for the Charlotte Bobcats ; he bought a controlling interest in 2010 . In 2015 , Jordan became the first billionaire player in NBA history as a result of the increase in value of NBA franchises . He is the third - richest African - American , behind Oprah Winfrey and Robert F. Smith . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 High school career 3 College career 4 Professional career 4.1 Early NBA years ( 1984 -- 1987 ) 4.2 Pistons roadblock ( 1987 -- 1990 ) 4.3 First three - peat ( 1991 -- 1993 ) 4.3. 1 Gambling controversy 4.4 First retirement and stint in minor league baseball ( 1993 -- 1994 ) 4.5 `` I 'm back '' : Return to the NBA ( 1995 ) 4.6 Second three - peat ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 4.7 Second retirement ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 4.8 Washington Wizards comeback ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 5 Olympic career 6 Post-retirement 6.1 Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets 7 Player profile 8 NBA career statistics 8.1 Regular season 8.2 Playoffs 9 Legacy 10 Personal life 11 Media figure and business interests 12 Awards and honors 12.1 College awards and honors 12.2 NBA awards and honors 12.3 Other awards and honors 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 Further reading 18 External links Early years Jordan was born in Brooklyn , New York , to Deloris ( née Peoples ) , who worked in banking , and James R. Jordan Sr. , an equipment supervisor . His family moved to Wilmington , North Carolina , when he was a toddler . Jordan is the fourth of five children . He has two older brothers , Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan , Jr. , one older sister , Deloris , and one younger sister , Roslyn . Jordan 's brother James retired in 2006 as the Command Sergeant Major of the 35th Signal Brigade of the XVIII Airborne Corps in the U.S. Army . High School career Jordan going in for a slam - dunk for the Laney High School varsity basketball team , 1979 -- 80 . Jordan attended Emsley A. Laney High School in Wilmington , where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball , baseball , and football . He tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year , but at 5'11 '' ( 1.80 m ) , he was deemed too short to play at that level . His taller friend , Harvest Leroy Smith , was the only sophomore to make the team . Motivated to prove his worth , Jordan became the star of Laney 's junior varsity squad , and tallied several 40 - point games . The following summer , he grew four inches ( 10 cm ) and trained rigorously . Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster , Jordan averaged about 20 points per game over his final two seasons of high school play . As a senior , he was selected to the McDonald 's All - American Team after averaging a triple - double : 29.2 points , 11.6 rebounds , and 10.1 assists . Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs , including Duke , North Carolina , South Carolina , Syracuse , and Virginia . In 1981 , Jordan accepted a basketball scholarship to North Carolina , where he majored in cultural geography . College career Jordan 's number 23 jersey among others in the rafters of The Dean Smith Center As a freshman in coach Dean Smith 's team - oriented system , he was named ACC Freshman of the Year after he averaged 13.4 points per game ( ppg ) on 53.4 % shooting ( field goal percentage ) . He made the game - winning jump shot in the 1982 NCAA Championship game against Georgetown , which was led by future NBA rival Patrick Ewing . Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career . During his three seasons at North Carolina , he averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0 % shooting , and added 5.0 rebounds per game ( rpg ) . He was selected by consensus to the NCAA All - American First Team in both his sophomore ( 1983 ) and junior ( 1984 ) seasons . After winning the Naismith and the Wooden College Player of the Year awards in 1984 , Jordan left North Carolina one year before his scheduled graduation to enter the 1984 NBA draft . The Chicago Bulls selected Jordan with the third overall pick , after Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets ) and Sam Bowie ( Portland Trail Blazers ) . One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of a center . However , Trail Blazers general manager Stu Inman contended that it was not a matter of drafting a center , but more a matter of taking Sam Bowie over Jordan , in part because Portland already had Clyde Drexler , who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan . ESPN , citing Bowie 's injury - laden college career , named the Blazers ' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history . Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986 . Professional career Early NBA years ( 1984 -- 1987 ) During his rookie season with the Bulls , Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5 % shooting . He quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas , and appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated with the heading `` A Star Is Born '' just over a month into his professional career . The fans also voted in Jordan as an All - Star starter during his rookie season . Controversy arose before the All - Star game when word surfaced that several veteran players -- led by Isiah Thomas -- were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving . This led to a so - called `` freeze - out '' on Jordan , where players refused to pass the ball to him throughout the game . The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play , and he would go on to be voted Rookie of the Year . The Bulls finished the season 38 -- 44 and lost to the Milwaukee Bucks in four games in the first round of the playoffs . Jordan 's second season was cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year , causing him to miss 64 games . Despite Jordan 's injury and a 30 -- 52 record ( at the time it was fifth worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history ) , the Bulls made the playoffs . Jordan recovered in time to participate in the playoffs and performed well upon his return . Against a 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics team that is often considered one of the greatest in NBA history , Jordan set the still - unbroken record for points in a playoff game with 63 in Game 2 . The Celtics , however , managed to sweep the series . Jordan had completely recovered in time for the 1986 -- 87 season , and he had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history . He became the only player other than Wilt Chamberlain to score 3,000 points in a season , averaging a league high 37.1 points on 48.2 % shooting . In addition , Jordan demonstrated his defensive prowess , as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200 steals and 100 blocked shots in a season . Despite Jordan 's success , Magic Johnson won the league 's Most Valuable Player Award . The Bulls reached 40 wins , and advanced to the playoffs for the third consecutive year . However , they were again swept by the Celtics . Pistons roadblock ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Jordan ( center ) in 1987 Jordan again led the league in scoring during the 1987 -- 88 season , averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5 % shooting and won his first league MVP Award . He was also named the Defensive Player of the Year , as he had averaged 1.6 blocks and a league high 3.16 steals per game . The Bulls finished 50 -- 32 , and made it out of the first round of the playoffs for the first time in Jordan 's career , as they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games . However , the Bulls then lost in five games to the more experienced Detroit Pistons , who were led by Isiah Thomas and a group of physical players known as the `` Bad Boys '' . In the 1988 -- 89 season , Jordan again led the league in scoring , averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8 % shooting from the field , along with 8 rpg and 8 assists per game ( apg ) . The Bulls finished with a 47 -- 35 record , and advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals , defeating the Cavaliers and New York Knicks along the way . The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit The Shot over Craig Ehlo at the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series . However , the Pistons again defeated the Bulls , this time in six games , by utilizing their `` Jordan Rules '' method of guarding Jordan , which consisted of double and triple teaming him every time he touched the ball . The Bulls entered the 1989 -- 90 season as a team on the rise , with their core group of Jordan and young improving players like Scottie Pippen and Horace Grant , and under the guidance of new coach Phil Jackson . Jordan averaged a league leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6 % shooting , to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg in leading the Bulls to a 55 -- 27 record . They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating the Bucks and Philadelphia 76ers . However , despite pushing the series to seven games , the Bulls lost to the Pistons for the third consecutive season . First three - peat ( 1991 -- 1993 ) In the 1990 -- 91 season , Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9 % shooting , 6.0 rpg , and 5.5 apg for the regular season . The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in 16 years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season . With Scottie Pippen developing into an All - Star , the Bulls had elevated their play . The Bulls defeated the New York Knicks and the Philadelphia 76ers in the opening two rounds of the playoffs . They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival , the Detroit Pistons , awaited them . However , this time the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four - game sweep . The Bulls advanced to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history to face the Los Angeles Lakers , who had Magic Johnson and James Worthy , two formidable opponents . The Bulls won the series four games to one , and compiled a 15 -- 2 playoff record along the way . Perhaps the best known moment of the series came in Game 2 when , attempting a dunk , Jordan avoided a potential Sam Perkins block by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket . In his first Finals appearance , Jordan posted per game averages of 31.2 points on 56 % shooting from the field , 11.4 assists , 6.6 rebounds , 2.8 steals , and 1.4 blocks . Jordan won his first NBA Finals MVP award , and he cried while holding the NBA Finals trophy . Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the 1991 -- 92 season , establishing a 67 -- 15 record , topping their franchise record from 1990 -- 91 . Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 points , 6.4 rebounds and 6.1 assists per game on 52 % shooting . After winning a physical 7 - game series over the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs and finishing off the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals in 6 games , the Bulls met Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers in the Finals . The media , hoping to recreate a Magic -- Bird rivalry , highlighted the similarities between `` Air '' Jordan and Clyde `` The Glide '' during the pre-Finals hype . In the first game , Jordan scored a Finals - record 35 points in the first half , including a record - setting six three - point field goals . After the sixth three - pointer , he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside . Marv Albert , who broadcast the game , later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying , `` I ca n't believe I 'm doing this . '' The Bulls went on to win Game 1 , and defeat the Blazers in six games . Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg , 4.8 rpg , and 6.5 apg , while shooting 53 % from the floor . In the 1992 -- 93 season , despite a 32.6 ppg , 6.7 rpg , and 5.5 apg campaign , Jordan 's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended as he lost the award to his friend Charles Barkley . Coincidentally , Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and his Phoenix Suns in the 1993 NBA Finals . The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game - winning shot by John Paxson and a last - second block by Horace Grant , but Jordan was once again Chicago 's leader . He averaged a Finals - record 41.0 ppg during the six - game series , and became the first player in NBA history to win three straight Finals MVP awards . He scored more than 30 points in every game of the series , including 40 or more points in 4 consecutive games . With his third Finals triumph , Jordan capped off a seven - year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships , but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life . Gambling controversy During the Bulls ' playoff run in 1993 , controversy arose when Jordan was seen gambling in Atlantic City , New Jersey , the night before a game against the New York Knicks . In that same year , he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses , and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course . In 2005 , Jordan talked to Ed Bradley of the CBS evening show 60 Minutes about his gambling and admitted that he made some reckless decisions . Jordan stated , `` Yeah , I 've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I 've pushed the envelope . Is that compulsive ? Yeah , it depends on how you look at it . If you 're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family , then yeah . '' When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family , Jordan replied , `` No . '' First retirement and stint in minor league baseball ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Michael Jordan Birmingham Barons -- No. 45 & No. 35 Outfielder Batted : Right Threw : Right Professional debut Southern League : April 8 , 1994 , for the Birmingham Barons Arizona Fall League : 1994 , for the Scottsdale Scorpions Last Southern League appearance March 10 , 1995 , for the Birmingham Barons Southern League statistics ( through 1994 ) Batting average . 202 Home runs Runs batted in 51 Arizona Fall League statistics Batting average . 252 Teams Birmingham Barons ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Scottsdale Scorpions ( 1994 ) Jordan in training with the Scottsdale Scorpions On October 6 , 1993 , Jordan announced his retirement , citing a loss of desire to play the game . Jordan later stated that the death of his father three months earlier also shaped his decision . Jordan 's father was murdered on July 23 , 1993 , at a highway rest area in Lumberton , North Carolina , by two teenagers , Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery , who carjacked his luxury Lexus bearing the license plate `` UNC 0023 '' . His body was dumped in a South Carolina swamp and was not discovered until August 3 . The assailants were traced from calls that they made on James Jordan 's cell phone . The two criminals were caught , convicted at trial , and sentenced to life in prison . Jordan was close to his father ; as a child he had imitated his father 's proclivity to stick out his tongue while absorbed in work . He later adopted it as his own signature , displaying it each time he drove to the basket . In 1996 , he founded a Chicago area Boys & Girls Club and dedicated it to his father . In his 1998 autobiography For the Love of the Game , Jordan wrote that he had been preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992 . The added exhaustion due to the Dream Team run in the 1992 Olympics solidified Jordan 's feelings about the game and his ever - growing celebrity status . Jordan 's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world . Jordan then further surprised the sports world by signing a minor league baseball contract with the Chicago White Sox on February 7 , 1994 . He reported to spring training in Sarasota , Florida , and was assigned to the team 's minor league system on March 31 , 1994 . Jordan has stated this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father , who had always envisioned his son as a Major League Baseball player . The White Sox were another team owned by Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf , who continued to honor Jordan 's basketball contract during the years he played baseball . In 1994 , Jordan played for the Birmingham Barons , a Double - A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox , batting . 202 with three home runs , 51 runs batted in , 30 stolen bases , 114 strikeouts , 51 base on balls , and 11 errors . He also appeared for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the 1994 Arizona Fall League , batting . 252 against the top prospects in baseball . On November 1 , 1994 , his number 23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known as The Spirit outside the new United Center . `` I 'm back '' : return to the NBA ( 1995 ) In the 1993 -- 94 season , the Bulls achieved a 55 -- 27 record without Jordan in the lineup , and lost to the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs . The 1994 -- 95 Bulls were a shell of the championship team of just two years earlier . Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs , Chicago was 31 -- 31 at one point in mid-March . The team received help , however , when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls . In March 1995 , Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike , as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player . On March 18 , 1995 , Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two - word press release : `` I 'm back . '' The next day , Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana Pacers in Indianapolis , scoring 19 points . The game had the highest Nielsen rating of a regular season NBA game since 1975 . Although he could have opted to wear his normal number in spite of the Bulls having retired it , Jordan instead wore number 45 , as he had while playing baseball . Although he had not played an NBA game in a year and a half , Jordan played well upon his return , making a game - winning jump shot against Atlanta in his fourth game back . He then scored 55 points in the next game against the Knicks at Madison Square Garden on March 28 , 1995 . Boosted by Jordan 's comeback , the Bulls went 13 -- 4 to make the playoffs and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Orlando Magic . At the end of Game 1 , Orlando 's Nick Anderson stripped Jordan from behind , leading to the game - winning basket for the Magic ; he would later comment that Jordan `` did n't look like the old Michael Jordan '' and that `` No. 45 does n't explode like No. 23 used to . '' Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game , which Chicago won . Before the game , Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former number , 23 . The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA . Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black . He averaged 31 points per game in the series , but Orlando won the series in 6 games . Second three - peat ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Jordan was freshly motivated by the playoff defeat , and he trained aggressively for the 1995 -- 96 season . The Bulls were strengthened by the addition of rebound specialist Dennis Rodman , and the team dominated the league , starting the season at 41 -- 3 . The Bulls eventually finished with the then - best regular season record in NBA history , 72 -- 10 ; this record was later surpassed by the 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors . Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg and won the league 's regular season and All - Star Game MVP awards . In the playoffs , the Bulls lost only three games in four series ( Miami Heat 3 -- 0 , New York Knicks 4 -- 1 , Orlando Magic 4 -- 0 ) . They defeated the Seattle SuperSonics 4 -- 2 in the NBA Finals to win their fourth championship . Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time , surpassing Magic Johnson 's three Finals MVP awards . He also achieved only the second sweep of the MVP Awards in the All - Star Game , regular season and NBA Finals , Willis Reed having achieved the first , during the 1969 -- 70 season . Because this was Jordan 's first championship since his father 's murder , and it was won on Father 's Day , Jordan reacted very emotionally upon winning the title , including a memorable scene of him crying on the locker room floor with the game ball . In the 1996 -- 97 season , the Bulls started out 69 -- 11 , but missed out on a second consecutive 70 - win season by losing their final two games to finish 69 -- 13 . However , this year Jordan was beaten for the NBA MVP Award by Karl Malone . The Bulls again advanced to the Finals , where they faced Malone and the Utah Jazz . The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan 's career . He won Game 1 for the Bulls with a buzzer - beating jump shot . In Game 5 , with the series tied at 2 , Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus . In what is known as the `` Flu Game '' , Jordan scored 38 points , including the game - deciding 3 - pointer with 25 seconds remaining . The Bulls won 90 -- 88 and went on to win the series in six games . For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances , Jordan received the Finals MVP award . During the 1997 NBA All - Star Game , Jordan posted the first triple double in All - Star Game history in a victorious effort ; however , he did not receive the MVP award . Jordan with coach Phil Jackson , 1997 Jordan and the Bulls compiled a 62 -- 20 record in the 1997 -- 98 season . Jordan led the league with 28.7 points per game , securing his fifth regular - season MVP award , plus honors for All - NBA First Team , First Defensive Team and the All - Star Game MVP . The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season , including surviving a seven - game series with the Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Finals ; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with the Knicks . After winning , they moved on for a rematch with the Jazz in the Finals . The Bulls returned to the Delta Center for Game 6 on June 14 , 1998 , leading the series 3 -- 2 . Jordan executed a series of plays , considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history . With the Bulls trailing 86 -- 83 with 41.9 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter , Phil Jackson called a timeout . When play resumed , Jordan received the inbound pass , drove to the basket , and hit a shot over several Jazz defenders , cutting the Utah lead to 86 -- 85 . The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to forward Karl Malone , who was set up in the low post and was being guarded by Rodman . Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass , but Jordan cut behind him and took the ball out of his hands for a steal . Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused , eyeing his defender , Jazz guard Bryon Russell . With 10 seconds remaining , Jordan started to dribble right , then crossed over to his left , possibly pushing off Russell , although the officials did not call a foul . With 5.2 seconds left , Jordan gave Chicago an 87 -- 86 lead with a game - winning jumper , the climactic shot of his Bulls career . Afterwards , John Stockton missed a game - winning three - pointer . Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship and second three - peat . Once again , Jordan was voted the Finals MVP , having led all scorers averaging 33.5 points per game , including 45 in the deciding Game 6 . Jordan 's six Finals MVPs is a record ; Shaquille O'Neal , Magic Johnson , LeBron James and Tim Duncan are tied for second place with three apiece . The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series in history . Game 6 also holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history . Second retirement ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Plaque at the United Center that chronicles Jordan 's career achievements . With Phil Jackson 's contract expiring , the pending departures of Scottie Pippen and Dennis Rodman looming , and being in the latter stages of an owner - induced lockout of NBA players , Jordan retired for the second time on January 13 , 1999 . On January 19 , 2000 , Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player , but as part owner and President of Basketball Operations for the Washington Wizards . Jordan 's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive . He controlled all aspects of the Wizards ' basketball operations , and had the final say in all personnel matters . Opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed . He managed to purge the team of several highly paid , unpopular players ( such as forward Juwan Howard and point guard Rod Strickland ) , but used the first pick in the 2001 NBA draft to select high schooler Kwame Brown , who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons . Despite his January 1999 claim that he was `` 99.9 % certain '' that he would never play another NBA game , in the summer of 2001 Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback , this time with his new team . Inspired by the NHL comeback of his friend Mario Lemieux the previous winter , Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training , holding several invitation - only camps for NBA players in Chicago . In addition , Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach , Doug Collins , as Washington 's coach for the upcoming season , a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return . Washington Wizards comeback ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Jordan as a member of the Washington Wizards , April 14 , 2003 On September 25 , 2001 , Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards , indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . In an injury - plagued 2001 -- 02 season , he led the team in scoring ( 22.9 ppg ) , assists ( 5.2 apg ) , and steals ( 1.42 spg ) . However , torn cartilage in his right knee ended Jordan 's season after only 60 games , the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the 1994 -- 95 season . Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season , averaging 24.3 points , 5.4 assists , and 6.0 rebounds , and shooting 41.9 % from the field in his 53 starts . His last seven appearances were in a reserve role , in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game . Playing in his 14th and final NBA All - Star Game in 2003 , Jordan passed Kareem Abdul - Jabbar as the all - time leading scorer in All - Star Game history ( a record since broken by Kobe Bryant ) . That year , Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games , starting in 67 of them . He averaged 20.0 points , 6.1 rebounds , 3.8 assists , and 1.5 steals per game . He also shot 45 % from the field , and 82 % from the free throw line . Even though he turned 40 during the season , he scored 20 or more points 42 times , 30 or more points nine times , and 40 or more points three times . On February 21 , 2003 , Jordan became the first 40 - year - old to tally 43 points in an NBA game . During his stint with the Wizards , all of Jordan 's home games at the MCI Center were sold out , and the Wizards were the second most - watched team in the NBA , averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road . However , neither of Jordan 's final two seasons resulted in a playoff appearance for the Wizards , and Jordan was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him . At several points he openly criticized his teammates to the media , citing their lack of focus and intensity , notably that of the number one draft pick in the 2001 NBA draft , Kwame Brown . With the recognition that 2002 -- 03 would be Jordan 's final season , tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA . In his final game at the United Center in Chicago , which was his old home court , Jordan received a four - minute standing ovation . The Miami Heat retired the number 23 jersey on April 11 , 2003 , even though Jordan never played for the team . At the 2003 All - Star Game , Jordan was offered a starting spot from Tracy McGrady and Allen Iverson , but refused both . In the end , he accepted the spot of Vince Carter , who decided to give it up under great public pressure . Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16 , 2003 in Philadelphia . After scoring only 13 points in the game , Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds remaining in the third quarter and his team trailing the Philadelphia 76ers , 75 -- 56 . Just after the start of the fourth quarter , the First Union Center crowd began chanting `` We want Mike ! '' After much encouragement from coach Doug Collins , Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game , replacing Larry Hughes with 2 : 35 remaining . At 1 : 45 , Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers ' Eric Snow , and stepped to the line to make both free throws . After the second foul shot , the 76ers in - bounded the ball to rookie John Salmons , who in turn was intentionally fouled by Bobby Simmons one second later , stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench . Jordan received a three - minute standing ovation from his teammates , his opponents , the officials , and the crowd of 21,257 fans . Olympic career Jordan on the `` Dream Team '' in 1992 Jordan played on two Olympic gold medal - winning American basketball teams . He won a gold medal as a college player in the 1984 Summer Olympics . The team was coached by Bob Knight and featured players such as Patrick Ewing , Sam Perkins , Chris Mullin , Steve Alford , and Wayman Tisdale . Jordan led the team in scoring , averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament . In the 1992 Summer Olympics , he was a member of the star - studded squad that included Magic Johnson , Larry Bird , and David Robinson and was dubbed the `` Dream Team '' . Jordan was the only player to start all 8 games in the Olympics . Playing limited minutes due to the frequent blowouts , Jordan averaged 14.9 ppg , finishing second on the team in scoring . Jordan and fellow Dream Team members Patrick Ewing and Chris Mullin are the only American men 's basketball players to win Olympic gold medals as amateurs and professionals . Post-retirement Jordan on a golf course in 2007 After his third retirement , Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards . However , his previous tenure in the Wizards ' front office had produced the aforementioned mixed results and may have also influenced the trade of Richard `` Rip '' Hamilton for Jerry Stackhouse ( although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002 ) . On May 7 , 2003 , Wizards owner Abe Pollin fired Jordan as Washington 's President of Basketball Operations . Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed , and that if he had known he would be fired upon retiring he never would have come back to play for the Wizards . Jordan kept busy over the next few years . He stayed in shape , played golf in celebrity charity tournaments , and spent time with his family in Chicago . He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles . Since 2004 , Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports , a professional closed - course motorcycle road racing team that competed with two Suzukis in the premier Superbike championship sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association ( AMA ) until the end of the 2013 season . In 2006 , Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago 's Hales Franciscan High School . The Jordan Brand has made donations to Habitat for Humanity and a Louisiana branch of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America . Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets On June 15 , 2006 , Jordan bought a minority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats , becoming the team 's second - largest shareholder behind majority owner Robert L. Johnson . As part of the deal , Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation , with the title `` Managing Member of Basketball Operations . '' Despite Jordan 's previous success as an endorser , he has made an effort not to be included in Charlotte 's marketing campaigns . A decade earlier , Jordan had made a bid to become part - owner of Charlotte 's original NBA team , the Charlotte Hornets , but talks collapsed when owner George Shinn refused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations . In February 2010 , it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats . As February wore on , it became apparent that Jordan and former Houston Rockets president George Postolos were the leading contenders for ownership of the team . On February 27 , the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group , MJ Basketball Holdings , to buy the team pending NBA approval . On March 17 , the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan 's purchase , making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team . It also made him the league 's only African - American majority owner of an NBA team . During the 2011 NBA lockout , The New York Times wrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players ' share of basketball - related income at 50 percent and as low as 47 . Journalists observed that , during the labor dispute in 1998 , Jordan had told Washington Wizards then - owner Abe Pollin , `` If you ca n't make a profit , you should sell your team . '' Jason Whitlock of FoxSports.com called Jordan a `` sellout '' wanting `` current players to pay for his incompetence . '' He cited Jordan 's executive decisions to draft disappointing players Kwame Brown and Adam Morrison . During the 2011 -- 12 NBA season that was shortened to 66 games by the lockout , the Bobcats posted a 7 -- 59 record . Their . 106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history . `` I 'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year . It 's very , very frustrating '' , Jordan said later that year . Player profile Jordan goes to the basket for a score in 1987 . Jordan was a shooting guard who was also capable of playing as a small forward ( the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with the Washington Wizards ) , and as a point guard . Jordan was known throughout his career for being a strong clutch performer . With the Bulls , he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds , including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests . His competitiveness was visible in his prolific trash - talk and well - known work ethic . As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan , management had to trade away players who were not `` tough enough '' to compete with him in practice . To help improve his defense , he spent extra hours studying film of opponents . On offense , he relied more upon instinct and improvisation at game time . Noted as a durable player , Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986 -- 87 to 2001 -- 02 , when he injured his right knee . He played all 82 games nine times . Jordan has frequently cited David Thompson , Walter Davis , and Jerry West as influences . Confirmed at the start of his career , and possibly later on , Jordan had a special `` Love of the Game Clause '' written into his contract ( unusual at the time ) which allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time , anywhere . Jordan had a versatile offensive game . He was capable of aggressively driving to the basket , as well as drawing fouls from his opponents at a high rate ; his 8,772 free throw attempts are the ninth - highest total of all time . As his career progressed , Jordan also developed the ability to post up his opponents and score with his trademark fadeaway jump shot , using his leaping ability to `` fade away '' from block attempts . According to Hubie Brown , this move alone made him nearly unstoppable . Despite media criticism as a `` selfish '' player early in his career , Jordan 's 5.3 assists per game also indicate his willingness to defer to his teammates . After shooting under 30 % from three - point range in his first five seasons in the NBA , including a career - low 13 % in the 1987 -- 88 season , Jordan improved to a career - high 50 % in the 1994 -- 95 season . The three - point shot became more of a focus of his game from 1994 -- 95 to 1996 -- 97 , when the NBA shortened its three - point line to 22 ft ( 6.7 m ) ( from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ) . His three - point field - goal percentages ranged from 35 % to 43 % in seasons in which he attempted at least 230 three - pointers between 1989 -- 90 and 1996 -- 97 . For a guard , Jordan was also a good rebounder ( 6.2 per game ) . In 1988 , Jordan was honored with the NBA 's Defensive Player of the Year Award and became the first NBA player to win both the Defensive Player of the Year and MVP awards in a career ( since equaled by Hakeem Olajuwon , David Robinson , and Kevin Garnett ; Olajuwon is the only player other than Jordan to win both during the same season ) . In addition , he set both seasonal and career records for blocked shots by a guard , and combined this with his ball - thieving ability to become a standout defensive player . He ranks third in NBA history in total steals with 2,514 , trailing John Stockton and Jason Kidd . Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan 's defensive contributions than his offensive ones . He was also known to have strong eyesight ; broadcaster Al Michaels said that he was able to read baseball box scores on a 27 - inch television clearly from about 50 feet away . NBA career statistics For a comprehensive listing of Jordan 's statistics , see List of career achievements by Michael Jordan . Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Jordan won an NBA championship * Led the league NBA record Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1984 -- 85 Chicago 82 * 82 * 38.3 . 515 . 173 . 845 6.5 5.9 2.4 . 8 28.2 1985 -- 86 Chicago 18 7 25.1 . 457 . 167 . 840 3.6 2.9 2.1 22.7 1986 -- 87 Chicago 82 * 82 * 40.0 . 482 . 182 . 857 5.2 4.6 2.9 1.5 37.1 * 1987 -- 88 Chicago 82 82 * 40.4 * . 535 . 132 . 841 5.5 5.9 3.2 * 1.6 35.0 * 1988 -- 89 Chicago 81 81 40.2 * . 538 . 276 . 850 8.0 8.0 2.9 . 8 32.5 * 1989 -- 90 Chicago 82 * 82 * 39.0 . 526 . 376 . 848 6.9 6.3 2.8 * . 7 33.6 * 1990 -- 91 † Chicago 82 * 82 * 37.0 . 539 . 312 . 851 6.0 5.5 2.7 1.0 31.5 * 1991 -- 92 † Chicago 80 80 38.8 . 519 . 270 . 832 6.4 6.1 2.3 . 9 30.1 * 1992 -- 93 † Chicago 78 78 39.3 . 495 . 352 . 837 6.7 5.5 2.8 * . 8 32.6 * 1994 -- 95 Chicago 17 17 39.3 . 411 . 500 . 801 6.9 5.3 1.8 . 8 26.9 1995 -- 96 † Chicago 82 82 37.7 . 495 . 427 . 834 6.6 4.3 . 5 30.4 * 1996 -- 97 † Chicago 82 82 * 37.9 . 486 . 374 . 833 5.9 4.3 1.7 . 5 29.6 * 1997 -- 98 † Chicago 82 * 82 * 38.8 . 465 . 238 . 784 5.8 3.5 1.7 . 5 28.7 * 2001 -- 02 Washington 60 53 34.9 . 416 . 189 . 790 5.7 5.2 1.4 . 4 22.9 2002 -- 03 Washington 82 67 37.0 . 445 . 291 . 821 6.1 3.8 1.5 . 5 20.0 Career 1,072 1,039 38.3 . 497 . 327 . 835 6.2 5.3 2.3 . 8 30.1 All - Star 13 13 29.4 . 472 . 273 . 750 4.7 4.2 2.8 . 5 20.2 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1985 Chicago 42.8 . 436 . 125 . 828 5.8 8.5 2.8 1.0 29.3 1986 Chicago 45.0 . 505 1.000 . 872 6.3 5.7 2.3 1.3 43.7 Chicago 42.7 . 417 . 400 . 897 7.0 6.0 2.0 2.3 35.7 1988 Chicago 10 10 42.7 . 531 . 333 . 869 7.1 4.7 2.4 36.3 Chicago 17 17 42.2 . 510 . 286 . 799 7.0 7.6 2.5 . 8 34.8 1990 Chicago 16 16 42.1 . 514 . 320 . 836 7.2 6.8 2.8 . 9 36.7 1991 † Chicago 17 17 40.5 . 524 . 385 . 845 6.4 8.4 2.4 1.4 31.1 1992 † Chicago 22 22 41.8 . 499 . 386 . 857 6.2 5.8 2.0 . 7 34.5 1993 † Chicago 19 19 41.2 . 475 . 389 . 805 6.7 6.0 2.1 . 9 35.1 1995 Chicago 10 10 42.0 . 484 . 367 . 810 6.5 4.5 2.3 1.4 31.5 1996 † Chicago 18 18 40.7 . 459 . 403 . 818 4.9 4.1 1.8 . 3 30.7 1997 † Chicago 19 19 42.3 . 456 . 194 . 831 7.9 4.8 1.6 . 9 31.1 1998 † Chicago 21 21 41.5 . 462 . 302 . 812 5.1 3.5 1.5 . 6 32.4 Career 179 179 41.8 . 487 . 332 . 828 6.4 5.7 2.1 . 8 33.4 Legacy Jordan in 1997 Jordan 's marked talent was clear from his rookie season . In his first game in Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks , Jordan received a prolonged standing ovation , a rarity for an opposing player . After Jordan scored a playoff record 63 points against the Boston Celtics on April 20 , 1986 , Celtics star Larry Bird described him as `` God disguised as Michael Jordan . '' Jordan led the NBA in scoring in 10 seasons ( NBA record ) and tied Wilt Chamberlain 's record of seven consecutive scoring titles . He was also a fixture on the NBA All - Defensive First Team , making the roster nine times ( NBA record shared with Gary Payton , Kevin Garnett and Kobe Bryant ) . Jordan also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 points per game , respectively . By 1998 , the season of his Finals - winning shot against the Jazz , he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer . In the regular season , Jordan was the Bulls ' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs ; he would always ask for the ball at crunch time . Jordan 's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second - highest in NBA history . He retired with 32,292 points in regular season play , placing him fourth on the NBA 's all - time scoring list behind Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Karl Malone , and Kobe Bryant . With five regular - season MVPs ( tied for second place with Bill Russell -- only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has won more , with six ) , six Finals MVPs ( NBA record ) , and three All - Star Game MVPs , Jordan is the most decorated player in NBA history . Jordan finished among the top three in regular - season MVP voting 10 times , and was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 . He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship , an NBA championship , and an Olympic gold medal ( doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men 's basketball teams ) . Since 1976 , the year of the NBA 's merger with the American Basketball Association , Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team . In the All - Star Game fan ballot , Jordan received the most votes nine times , more than any other player . `` There 's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us . '' -- Magic Johnson Many of Jordan 's contemporaries have said that Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time . In 1999 , an ESPN survey of journalists , athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century , above such luminaries as Babe Ruth and Muhammad Ali . Jordan placed second to Babe Ruth in the Associated Press 's December 1999 list of 20th century athletes . In addition , the Associated Press voted him the greatest basketball player of the 20th century . Jordan has also appeared on the front cover of Sports Illustrated a record 50 times . In the September 1996 issue of Sport , which was the publication 's 50th - anniversary issue , Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years . Jordan 's athletic leaping ability , highlighted in his back - to - back slam dunk contest championships in 1987 and 1988 , is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players . Several current NBA players -- including LeBron James and Dwyane Wade -- have stated that they considered Jordan their role model while they were growing up . In addition , commentators have dubbed a number of next - generation players `` the next Michael Jordan '' upon their entry to the NBA , including Anfernee `` Penny '' Hardaway , Grant Hill , Allen Iverson , Kobe Bryant , LeBron James , Vince Carter , and Dwyane Wade . Although Jordan was a well - rounded player , his `` Air Jordan '' image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills , defense , and fundamentals of young players , a fact Jordan himself has lamented . I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan ; the marketing of Michael Jordan . Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see , which was scoring and dunking . That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all - around game , but it was never really publicized . During his heyday , Jordan did much to increase the status of the game , but the popularity of the NBA in the U.S. appears to have declined since his last title . Television ratings in particular increased only during his time in the league , and Finals ratings have not returned to the level reached during his last championship - winning season . Jordan receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama at the White House . In August 2009 , the Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield , Massachusetts , opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers , as well as from the 1992 `` Dream Team '' . The exhibit also has a batting glove to signify Jordan 's short career in minor league baseball . After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame , he selected Class of 1996 member David Thompson to present him . As Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009 , when he was growing up in North Carolina , he was not a fan of the Tar Heels and greatly admired Thompson , who played at rival North Carolina State . In September , he was inducted into the Hall with several former Bulls teammates in attendance , including Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman , Charles Oakley , Ron Harper , Steve Kerr , and Toni Kukoč . Two of Jordan 's former coaches , Dean Smith and Doug Collins , were also among those present . His emotional reaction during his speech -- when he began to cry -- was captured by Associated Press photographer Stephan Savoia and would later go viral on social media as the Crying Jordan Internet meme . In 2016 , President Barack Obama honored Jordan with the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Personal life Jordan married Juanita Vanoy in September 1989 , and they had two sons , Jeffrey Michael and Marcus James , and a daughter , Jasmine . Jordan and Vanoy filed for divorce on January 4 , 2002 , citing irreconcilable differences , but reconciled shortly thereafter . They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29 , 2006 , commenting that the decision was made `` mutually and amicably '' . It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement ( equivalent to $204 million in 2017 ) , making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time . In 1991 , Jordan purchased a lot in Highland Park , Illinois , to build a 56,000 square foot mansion , which was completed four years later . Jordan listed his Highland Park mansion for sale in 2012 . Both of his sons attended Loyola Academy , a private Roman Catholic high school located in Wilmette , Illinois . Jeffrey graduated as a member of the 2007 graduating class and played his first collegiate basketball game on November 11 , 2007 , for the University of Illinois . After two seasons , Jeffrey left the Illinois basketball team in 2009 . He later rejoined the team for a third season , then received a release to transfer to the University of Central Florida , where Marcus was attending . Marcus transferred to Whitney Young High School after his sophomore year at Loyola Academy and graduated in 2009 . He began attending UCF in the fall of 2009 , and played three seasons of basketball for the school . On July 21 , 2006 , a judge in Cook County , Illinois , determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim . Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret . Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file a paternity suit after Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991 . A DNA test showed Jordan was not the father of the child . He proposed to his longtime girlfriend , Cuban - American model Yvette Prieto , on Christmas 2011 , and they were married on April 27 , 2013 , at Bethesda - by - the - Sea Episcopal Church . It was announced on November 30 , 2013 , that the two were expecting their first child together . On February 11 , 2014 , Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel . Media figure and Business interests Michael Jordan in 2008 Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history . He has been a major spokesman for such brands as Nike , Coca - Cola , Chevrolet , Gatorade , McDonald 's , Ball Park Franks , Rayovac , Wheaties , Hanes , and MCI . Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade , appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991 , including the `` Be Like Mike '' commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan . Nike created a signature shoe for him , called the Air Jordan . One of Jordan 's more popular commercials for the shoe involved Spike Lee playing the part of Mars Blackmon . In the commercials Lee , as Blackmon , attempted to find the source of Jordan 's abilities and became convinced that `` it 's got ta be the shoes '' . The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of `` shoe - jackings '' where people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint . Subsequently , Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the `` Jordan Brand '' . The company features an impressive list of athletes and celebrities as endorsers . The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those of North Carolina , Cal , Georgetown , and Marquette . Jordan also has been associated with the Looney Tunes cartoon characters . A Nike commercial shown during 1992 's Super Bowl XXVI featured Jordan and Bugs Bunny playing basketball . The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996 live action / animated film Space Jam , which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former 's first retirement from basketball . They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI . Jordan also made an appearance in the music video of Michael Jackson 's `` Jam '' ( 1992 ) . Jordan 's yearly income from the endorsements is estimated to be over forty million dollars . In addition , when Jordan 's power at the ticket gates was at its highest point , the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games . Due to this , Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US $30 million per season . An academic study found that Jordan 's first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion . Most of Jordan 's endorsement deals , including his first deal with Nike , were engineered by his agent , David Falk . Jordan has described Falk as `` the best at what he does '' and that `` marketing-wise , he 's great . He 's the one who came up with the concept of ' Air Jordan . ' '' In June 2010 , Jordan was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 20th-most powerful celebrity in the world with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010 . According to the Forbes article , Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike . In June 2014 , Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire , after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80 % to 89.5 % . On January 20 , 2015 , Jordan was honored with the Charlotte Business Journal 's Business Person of the Year for 2014 . In 2017 , he became a part owner of the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball . Forbes designated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017 . From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements , Jordan 's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million , the most of any retired athlete . As of April 2017 , his current net worth is estimated at $1.31 billion by Forbes . Jordan is the third - richest African - American as of 2017 , behind Oprah Winfrey and Robert F. Smith . Awards and honors James Worthy , Jordan , and Dean Smith at a North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball game honoring the 1957 and 1982 men 's basketball teams . Main article : List of career achievements by Michael Jordan College awards and honors Two - time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame class of 2009 -- individual class of 2010 -- as a member of the `` Dream Team '' NCAA national championship -- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill : 1981 -- 82 ACC Freshman of the Year -- 1981 -- 82 Two - time Consensus NCAA All - American First Team -- 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 ACC Men 's Basketball Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 USBWA College Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 Naismith College Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 Adolph Rupp Trophy -- 1983 -- 84 John R. Wooden Award -- 1983 -- 84 Number 23 retired by the North Carolina Tar Heels NBA awards and honors Six - time NBA champion Six - time NBA Finals MVP Five - time NBA MVP 10 - time NBA scoring leader ( 1987 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 14 - time NBA All - Star Three - time NBA All - Star Game MVP 11 - time All - NBA Nine - time NBA All - Defensive First Team Two - time NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion -- 1987 , 1988 NBA Rookie of the Year -- 1984 -- 85 IBM Award winner -- 1985 NBA Defensive Player of the Year -- 1987 -- 88 Named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 Number 23 retired by the Chicago Bulls Number 23 retired by the Miami Heat Other awards and honors U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame -- class of 2009 ( as a member of the `` Dream Team '' ) FIBA Hall of Fame -- class of 2015 Two - time Olympic Gold Medal winner -- 1984 , 1992 `` Triple Crown of Basketball '' winner Three - time AP Athlete of the Year -- 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year -- 1991 Section of Madison Street in Chicago renamed Michael Jordan Drive -- 1994 Ranked No. 1 by SLAM Magazine 's Top 50 Players of All - Time Ranked No. 1 by ESPN SportsCentury 's Top North American Athletes of the 20th century North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame 1997 Marca Leyenda winner Seven - time ESPY Award winner ( in various categories ) Statue in front of the United Center 2016 Presidential Medal of Freedom Sources : See also African American portal Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal Michael Jordan Steakhouse Michael Jordan 's Restaurant Michael Jordan : Chaos in the Windy City Michael Jordan in Flight NBA 2K11 NBA 2K12 Notes Jump up ^ Jordan wore a nameless no . 12 jersey in a February 14 , 1990 game against the Orlando Magic because his no . 23 jersey had been stolen . Jordan scored 49 points , setting a franchise record for players wearing that jersey number . References Jump up ^ Strauss , Chris . `` The greatest No. 12 that no one is talking about '' , USA Today , December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( February 15 , 1990 ) . `` Magic has the Bulls ' number : Catledge leads rally ; Jordan scores 49 points '' , Chicago Tribune , pg . A1 . Jump up ^ Rein , Kotler and Shields , pg. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Markovits and Rensman , pg. 89 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . `` Sports of The Times ; Air Jordan And Just Plain Folks '' , The New York Times , June 15 , 1991 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Skidmore , Sarah . `` 23 years later , Air Jordans maintain mystique '' , The Seattle Times , January 10 , 2008 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan biography , 23jordan.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . Sachare , pgs. 172 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Michael Jordan 's big brother ends Army career '' , charlotte.com , May 16 , 2006 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Halberstam , pgs. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Poppel , Seth . `` Michael Jordan Did n't Make Varsity -- At First '' , Newsweek , October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan : The Stats , infoplease.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Williams , Lena . PLUS : Basketball ; `` A McDonald 's Game For Girls , Too '' , The New York Times , December 7 , 2001 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ SportsCenter , ESPN , air date February 2 , 2007 . Lucas , Adam . Lucas : One Extraordinary Night , tarheelblue.cstv.com , February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , pgs. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ LeFeber , pg. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan , databaseBasketball.com , archived link , archive date February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ qtd. in Lazenby , Roland . `` Michaelangelo : Portrait of a Champion '' . Michael Jordan : The Ultimate Career Tribute . Bannockburn , Illinois : H&S Media , 1999 . pg. 128 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( November 26 , 1984 ) . `` Trail Blazers do n't regret bypassing Jordan '' . USA Today . p. 6C . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , Bob ( November 25 , 1984 ) . `` Portland GM is happy with Bowie '' . Chicago Tribune . p . B2 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David . The 100 worst draft picks ever , ESPN . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morris , Mike . `` The Legend : A Highlight - Reel History of the NBA 's Greatest Player '' . Michael Jordan : The Ultimate Career Tribute . Bannockburn , Illinois : H&S Media , 1999 . pg. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Jane . `` Jordan Makes People Wonder : Is He the New Dr. J ? '' , The New York Times , October 21 , 1984 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` Jordan dazzles crowd at Garden '' , The New York Times , October 19 , 1984 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Roy S. `` Jordan - Led Bulls Romp Before 19,252 '' , The New York Times , November 9 , 1984 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ SI cover search December 10 , 1984 , Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1984 -- 85 Game Log and Scores , Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan bio , National Basketball Association . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Bulls ( 1966 -- ) , Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Records of Playoff Teams '' , The Sporting News ( April 28 , 1986 ) , pg. 46 . Jump up ^ Top 10 Teams in NBA History at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 6 , 2007 ) , National Basketball Association . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : God Disguised as Michael Jordan , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Adds Most Valuable Player Award to Honors '' , The Washington Post ( May 26 , 1988 ) , pg . D8 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan statistics , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1987 -- 88 Game Log and Scores , Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , pg. 235 . Jump up ^ Jordan Hits `` The Shot '' , National Basketball Association . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Bulls 1990 -- 91 Game Log and Scores , Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton . Basketball ; Bulls Brush Aside Pistons for Eastern Title , The New York Times , May 28 , 1991 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilbon , Michael . Great Shot ! Jordan 's Best Amazingly Goes One Better , The Washington Post , pg . D01 , June 7 , 1991 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 1991 Finals stats , National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Finals Most Valuable Player , National Basketball Association . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Larry . Michael Jordan transcends hoops , ESPN . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated cover , May 11 , 1992 . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan Blazes Away From Long Range , National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ A Stroll Down Memory Lane , National Basketball Association . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Paxson 's Trey Propels Bulls Into NBA History , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack . `` ' The Desire Is n't There ' '' , Sports Illustrated , October 18 , 1993 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave . `` Sports of The Times ; Jordan 's Atlantic City Caper '' , The New York Times , May 27 , 1993 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Monifa . `` Jordan on gambling : ' Very embarrassing ' '' ( scroll down to see article ) , Chicago Sun - Times , available at winningstreak.com , October 21 , 2005 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan Still Flying High , CBS News , August 20 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . `` A Humbled Jordan Learns New Truths '' , The New York Times , April 11 , 1994 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Andrew . `` ' I Believe We Killed Jordan 's Dad ' '' , Chicago Tribune , January 4 , 1996 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Janofsky , Michael ( August 16 , 1993 ) . `` Two Men Are Charged With Murder Of Jordan '' , The New York Times . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison . The Nation ; `` So Many Criminals Trip Themselves Up '' , The New York Times , August 22 , 1993 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Edward . `` On the City 's West Side , Jordan 's Legacy Is Hope '' , The Washington Post , January 14 , 1998 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan , family attend groundbreaking ceremony for James Jordan Center '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 88 ( 14 ) : 51 -- 53 . August 14 , 1995 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Jordan , pg. 100 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ; Rodgers , Ted ( October 18 , 1993 ) . `` Europe loses a role model ; Even in countries where basketball is a minor pursuit , Jordan 's profile looms large -- includes related article on Jordan 's stature in Japan '' . The Sporting News . 216 ( 16 ) : 35 . ISSN 0038 - 805X . Jump up ^ The Sporting News Official NBA Register 1994 -- 95 , pg. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan Chronology , Sports Illustrated , January 12 , 1999 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan : A Tribute , Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey . Basketball ; `` Jordan Keeping the Basketball World in Suspense '' , The New York Times , March 10 , 1995 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan Statue '' . United Center . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Artner , Alan G. ( November 2 , 1994 ) . `` Jordan Truly Larger Than Life : Sculpture Shows Spirit Of The Man , But Little More '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bye - bye , No. 23 : Buzz went to see Michael Jordan 's Chicago ... '' Chicago Tribune . November 8 , 1994 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Phil . `` What Goes Up ... Must Come Down , Or So It Seems '' , Sports Illustrated , March 20 , 1995 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lazenby , pgs. 513 -- 515 . Jump up ^ Lazenby , pgs. 511 -- 512 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan returns to Bulls in overtime loss to Indiana Pacers -- Chicago Bulls '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 87 ( 21 ) : 51 -- 53 . April 3 , 1995 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Hausman , Jerry A. and Gregory K. Leonard . `` Superstars in the National Basketball Association : Economic Value and Policy . '' Journal of Labor Economics , 15 ( 4 ) : 586 -- 624 ( 587 ) , 1997 . doi : 10.1086 / 209839 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch . Memories of MJ 's first two acts , ESPN , September 10 , 2001 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Walks , Matt ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Flashback : 20 years ago today , Anderson forces MJ back to No. 23 '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark . `` NBA Fines Jordan for Shoes , Bulls for No. 23 '' , Los Angeles Times , May 12 , 1995 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Steve . The greatest team in history -- day four : Chicago Bulls , BBC . Retrieved March 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 Game Log and Scores , Archived January 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NBA Team Regular Season Records for Wins , Basketball - Reference . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 Game Log and Scores , Archived January 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burns , Marty . 23 to remember , Sports Illustrated , January 16 , 1999 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Belock , Joe ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` NBA All - Star Game 's most memorable moments '' , New York Daily News . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , pg. 119 . Jump up ^ Smith , Stephen A. ( May 30 , 1998 ) . `` Still In The Hunt : Pacers Hold Off Bulls To Force Game 7 '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lazenby , pg. 596 . ^ Jump up to : Greatest Finals Moments , National Basketball Association . Retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kerber , Fred . Former NBA Ref Blasts Officiating , New York Post , August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knott , Tom . `` Someone has to win Eastern Conference '' , The Washington Times , December 8 , 2006 . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Deveney , Sean . Crying Foul , sportingnews.com , March 14 , 2005 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Jeff . History of the NBA Finals : Chicago Bulls vs. Utah Jazz -- 1998 , sportingnews.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Brady , Erik . `` Wizards show Jordan the door '' , USA Today , May 7 , 2003 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Making his move , Sports Illustrated , February 22 , 2001 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Marcus . Losing never looked so good for Wizards , USA Today , March 1 , 2001 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilbon , Michael . `` So Long , Kwame , Thanks for Nothing '' , The Washington Post , July 16 , 2005 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Araton , Harvey . `` Sports of The Times ; Old Coach Rejoins Old Warrior '' , The New York Times , October 2 , 2001 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : White , Joseph . `` Jordan comeback raises questions '' , cbc.ca , September 23 , 2001 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan watched Lemieux 's comeback very closely , ESPN , October 2 , 2001 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . 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Bad chemistry left MJ unable to win in Washington , Sports Illustrated , April 12 , 2003 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , K.C. Lengthy ovation moves Jordan , Chicago Tribune , January 25 , 2003 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Heat retires first number , Sports Illustrated , April 11 , 2003 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Thanks , but no thanks : Jordan not interested in ceremonial starting role , Sports Illustrated , February 8 , 2003 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zeisberger , Mike . Vince 's wild ride , slam.canoe.ca , December 18 , 2004 . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sixers Prevail in Jordan 's Final Game , National Basketball Association , April 16 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad -- 1984 , USA Basketball , Inc . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Games of the XXVth Olympiad -- 1992 , USA Basketball Inc . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Jordan Brand Donates $500,000 to Boys and Girls Club in Louisiana , Reuters , February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan to Become Part Owner of the Charlotte Bobcats , National Basketball Association , June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan writes state of Bobcats letter to fans , ESPN , June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved February 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Shinn says others interested in buying piece of Hornets , lubbockonline.com , May 10 , 1999 . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Marty ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` Michael Jordan & Charlotte Bobcats -- NBA Legend Wants to Buy Team , Report '' , National Ledger . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . MJ to buy controlling stake in Bobcats , ESPN , February 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan purchase of Bobcats approved , ESPN , March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ His Airness flies away with century 's best award , Archived June 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . lubbockonline.com , December 11 , 1999 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan 's 50 SI Covers , Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final Out : 1996 '' , Sport , volume 90 , issue 7 , July 1999 , pg. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbard , Jan . Michael Jordan interview , Hoop Magazine , April 1997 , via nba.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Curry . `` In An Orbit All His Own '' , Sports Illustrated , November 9 , 1987 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . James says he 'll decide his future soon , Sports Illustrated , April 16 , 2003 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ginsbrug , Steve . `` Wade scoffs at Jordan comparisons '' , Reuters , June 21 , 2006 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stein , Mark . Kobe , Hill deal with being the next Michael , ESPN , October 29 , 2001 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris . The next ' next Jordan ' , money.cnn.com , June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey . `` Sports of The Times ; Will James Be the Next Jordan or the Next Carter ? '' , The New York Times , December 28 , 2005 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rovell , Darren . NBA could cash in if TV ratings soar with Jordan , ESPN , September 23 , 2001 . Retrieved March 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kent , Milton ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` NBA Finals TV ratings finish highest since Michael Jordan 's last title '' , The Washington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hall opens a Jordan exhibit '' , The New York Times ( August 3 , 2009 ) , pg . D5 . Jump up ^ Spears , Marc J. `` Thompson to open Hall 's doors for Jordan '' , Yahoo ! Sports , September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam . Jordan makes a Hall of Fame address , National Basketball Association , September 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Germano , Sara ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Jordan Surges on Web as ' Crying Jordan ' '' , The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carson , Dan ( April 5 , 2016 ) . How Crying Jordan became the most divisive image on the Internet , Fox Sports . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom '' , whitehouse.gov . The White House . November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan , wife end marriage ' mutually , amicably ' , ESPN , December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan , Wife to Divorce After 17 Years , People , December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Forbes : Jordan Divorce Most Costly Ever , The Washington Post , April 14 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tadena , Nathalie and Momo Zhou . Divorce Has a Hefty Price Tag for Celebrities , Billionaires , abcnews.go.com , August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodkin , Dennis . `` Michael Jordan Lists Highland Park Mansion for $29 Million '' , Chicago Magazine , February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Heir Jordan out to prove he can play like Mike , nbcsports.msnbc.com , July 9 , 2005 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jeff Jordan prepares for life after hoops , ESPN , June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jordan Returns to Illini , Illinois Fighting Illini , October 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan 's Career at Illinois Ends , The New York Times , May 21 , 2010 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Jordan lands at Central Florida , ESPN , June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom . `` Second Jordan son headed to Division - I , at UCF '' , USA Today , April 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marcus Jordan leaving Central Florida 's program '' , SI.com , August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . `` Judge says Jordan not obligated to pay ex-lover '' , USA Today , June 12 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Judge : Alleged deal between Jordan , ex-lover invalid '' , ESPN , July 22 , 2006 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 , Jump up ^ Jordan 's former girlfriend should n't get another cent , USA Today , November 25 , 2002 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jordan 's Ex-Lover Counters With $5 Million Lawsuit , whiotv.com , November 19 , 2002 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Troop , Caleb . `` Bobcats owner Michael Jordan is engaged '' , WCNC - TV , December 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jennifer . `` Michael Jordan Marries Model Yvette Prieto '' , People , April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reuters . Michael Jordan marries longtime girlfriend , Chicago Tribune , April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . Reports : Michael Jordan , wife Yvette Prieto expecting first child , Sports Illustrated , November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie . Michael Jordan , Wife Yvette Prieto Expecting First Child Seven Months After Tying the Knot , Us Weekly , November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan , Yvette Prieto welcome twin girls , CBS News , February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rovell , Darren . `` Jordan 's 10 greatest commercials ever '' , ESPN , February 17 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vancil , Mark . `` Michael Jordan : Phenomenon '' , Hoop Magazine , December 1991 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan '' , Forbes . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Team Jordan , nike.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan Brand Gearing Up For March Madness , nikeinc.com , March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horovitz , Bruce . ' Hare Jordan ' May Give Animation Ads a Lift , Los Angeles Times , January 28 , 1992 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , pg. 96 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jam '' ( 1992 ) -- Michael Jackson 's 20 Greatest Videos : The Stories Behind the Vision `` , Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Redenbach , Andrew . A Multiple Product Endorser can be a Credible Source , Cyber-Journal of Sport Marketing . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ # 18 Michael Jordan , Forbes . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` Cashing in on the ultimate cash cow '' , ESPN , April 15 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan signs deal with Bulls worth more than $30 million '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 82 ( 17 ) : 51 . September 15 , 1997 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Mathur , Lynette Knowles , Ike Mathur and Nanda Rangan . `` The Wealth Effects Associated with a Celebrity Endorser : The Michael Jordan Phenomenon . '' Journal of Advertising Research , May , 67 -- 73 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Powell , Shaun ( March 29 , 1999 ) . `` Executive privilege '' . The Sporting News . 223 ( 13 ) : 10 . ISSN 0038 - 805X . Jump up ^ Benes , Alejandro . `` Fame Jam '' , Archived June 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . cigaraficionado.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # 20 Michael Jordan '' . Forbes , 2010 . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Adam ( June 20 , 2014 ) . Michael Jordan Becomes First Billionaire NBA Player , Archived June 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Fox Business Network . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Jordan Is A Billionaire After Increasing Stake In Hornets '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spanberg , Eric ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Jordan in tears as he accepts Business Person of the Year honors '' , Charlotte Business Journal . Retrieved January 21 . 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Barry ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Loria agrees to sell Miami Marlins to Sherman and Jeter , source says '' , Miami Herald . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan named world 's highest - paid athlete ever , National Basketball Association , December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neuharth - Keusch , AJ ( March 31 , 2016 ) . Michael Jordan tops Forbes ' list of highest - paid retired athletes , USA Today . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 27 . 2017 . Jump up ^ Nsehe , Mfonobong ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Black Billionaires 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan to be inducted into FIBA Hall of Fame '' , ESPN , July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AP Athletes of the Year '' , Associated Press . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Robert ( March 1 , 1994 ) . `` Jordan to get his own street near stadium '' , Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New Top 50 '' . SLAM Magazine . June 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan 's Streak Crashes and Burns at Indy , National Basketball Association , December 27 , 2001 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cover . Sports Illustrated , December 23 , 1991 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Bibliography External video Discussion with Halberstam on Playing for Keeps : Michael Jordan and the World He Made , February 22 , 1999 , C - SPAN Condor , Bob . Michael Jordan 's 50 Greatest Games . Carol Publishing Group , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2030 - 8 . Halberstam , David . Playing for Keeps : Michael Jordan and the World He Made . Broadway Books , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 0444 - 5 . Jordan , Michael . For the Love of the Game : My Story . New York City : Crown Publishers , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 609 - 60206 - 5 . Kruger , Mitchell . One Last Shot : The Story of Michael Jordan 's Comeback . New York City : St. Martin 's Paperbacks , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 99223 - 1 . Lazenby , Roland . Michael Jordan : The Life . New York City : Little , Brown and Company , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 19477 - 8 . LaFeber , Walter . Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism . W.W. Norton , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32369 - 6 . Markovits , Andrei S. and Lars Rensman . Gaming the World : How Sports are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture . Princeton University Press , June 3 , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13751 - 3 . Porter , David L. Michael Jordan : A Biography , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33767 - 3 . Rein , Irving J. ; Kotler , Philip ; Shields , Ben ( 2006 ) . The Elusive Fan : Reinventing Sports in a Crowded Marketplace . The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 149114 - 3 . Sachare , Alex . The Chicago Bulls Encyclopedia . Chicago : Contemporary Books , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8092 - 2515 - 6 . The Sporting News Official NBA Register 1994 -- 95 . The Sporting News , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89204 - 501 - 3 . Further reading Leahy , Michael ( 2004 ) , When Nothing Else Matters : Michael Jordan 's Last Comeback , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7648 - 1 McGovern , Mike ( 2005 ) , Michael Jordan : basketball player , Ferguson , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5876 - 1 External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Michael Jordan '' dated January 19 , 2013 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutMichael Jordanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Michael Jordan at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Michael Jordan biography at the Wayback Machine ( archived July 7 , 2006 ) at NBA Encyclopedia Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Michael Jordan at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Career statistics and player information from The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Michael Jordan Career Retrospective on YouTube Michael Jordan on IMDb Michael Jordan articles in the archive of the Chicago Tribune Michael Jordan Main Career achievements The Shot Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals 1982 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game Air Jordan ( Jumpman ) Jordan Rules Family James R. Jordan Sr. ( father ) Jeffrey Jordan ( son ) Marcus Jordan ( son ) Films Space Jam Michael Jordan : An American Hero Michael Jordan to the Max Like Mike Video games Jordan vs. Bird : One on One Michael Jordan in Flight Michael Jordan : Chaos in the Windy City Space Jam NBA 2K11 NBA 2K12 Other Michael Jordan statue The Jordan Rules `` Jam '' Michael Jordan 's Restaurant Michael Jordan 's Steakhouse Crying Jordan Be Like Mike ProStars When Nothing Else Matters Current majority team owners in the National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Basketball Partners ( Boston Celtics ) Mikhail Prokhorov ( Brooklyn Nets ) The Madison Square Garden Company ( New York Knicks ) Joshua Harris ( Philadelphia 76ers ) Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment ( Toronto Raptors ) Central Jerry Reinsdorf ( Chicago Bulls ) Dan Gilbert ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Tom Gores ( Detroit Pistons ) Herbert Simon ( Indiana Pacers ) Wesley Edens and Marc Lasry ( Milwaukee Bucks ) Southeast Tony Ressler ( Atlanta Hawks ) Michael Jordan ( Charlotte Hornets ) Micky Arison ( Miami Heat ) RDV Sports , Inc . ( Orlando Magic ) Ted Leonsis ( Washington Wizards ) Western Conference Southwest Mark Cuban ( Dallas Mavericks ) Tilman Fertitta ( Houston Rockets ) Robert Pera ( Memphis Grizzlies ) Gayle Benson ( New Orleans Pelicans ) Spurs Sports & Entertainment ( Julianna Holt , Chairman & CEO ) ( San Antonio Spurs ) Northwest Ann Walton Kroenke ( Denver Nuggets ) Glen Taylor ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) Professional Basketball Club ( Clayton Bennett , Chairman & CEO ) ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) Paul Allen ( Portland Trail Blazers ) Gail Miller ( Utah Jazz ) Pacific Peter Guber and Joe Lacob ( Golden State Warriors ) Steve Ballmer ( Los Angeles Clippers ) Jeanie Buss ( Los Angeles Lakers ) Robert Sarver ( Phoenix Suns ) Vivek Ranadivé ( Sacramento Kings ) Links to related articles Oscar Robertson Trophy winners 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Hazzard 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Alcindor 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : Dantley 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Morrison & Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Adolph Rupp Trophy winners 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Redick 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Oladipo 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky Sporting News Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year 1943 : Phillip 1944 : Hall 1945 : Mikan 1946 : Kurland 1947 -- 49 : None selected 1950 : Arizin 1951 : White 1952 -- 57 : None selected 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradley 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : P. Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : King 1990 : Scott 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Respert 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : T.J. Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Brown 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Oladipo 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Associated Press Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Valentine 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Naismith Men 's College Player of the Year 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Dawkins 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson NABC Player of the Year 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Brooks 1981 : Ainge 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Respert 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Williams 2002 : Gooden & Williams 2003 : Collison 2004 : Nelson & Okafor 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Morrison & Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Green 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Valentine 2017 : Mason 2018 : Brunson UPI College Basketball Player of the Year Award winners 1955 : Gola 1956 : B. Russell 1957 : Forte 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : C. Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Jackson 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Allen John R. Wooden Men 's Player of the Year Award winners 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : P. Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Ainge 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : T.J. Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Atlantic Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1954 : Hemric 1955 : Hemric 1956 : Shavlik 1957 : Rosenbluth 1958 : Brennan 1959 : Pucillo 1960 : Shaffer 1961 : Chappell 1962 : Chappell 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Mullins 1965 : Cunningham 1966 : Vacendak 1967 : Miller 1968 : Miller 1969 : Roche 1970 : Roche 1971 : Davis 1972 : Parkhill 1973 : Thompson 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Thompson 1976 : Kupchak 1977 : Griffin 1978 : Ford 1979 : Gminski 1980 : King 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Bias 1986 : Bias 1987 : Grant 1988 : Ferry 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Scott 1991 : Monroe 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Rogers 1994 : Hill 1995 : J. Smith 1996 : Duncan 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Carrawell 2001 : Battier & Forte 2002 : Dixon 2003 : Howard 2004 : Hodge 2005 : Redick 2006 : Redick 2007 : Dudley 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Lawson 2010 : Vásquez 2011 : N. Smith 2012 : Zeller 2013 : Green & Larkin 2014 : Warren 2015 : Okafor 2016 : Brogdon 2017 : Jackson 2018 : Bagley ACC Athlete of the Year Athlete of the Year 1954 : Joel Shankle 1955 : Dickie Hemric 1956 : Dave Sime 1957 : Lennie Rosenbluth 1958 : Dick Christy 1959 : Lou Pucillo 1960 : Mike McGee 1961 : Roman Gabriel 1962 : Len Chappell 1963 : Art Heyman 1964 : Jeff Mullins 1965 : Brian Piccolo 1966 : Danny Talbott 1967 : Bobby Bryant 1968 : Larry Miller 1969 : Frank Quayle 1970 : Charlie Scott 1971 : Don McCauley 1972 : Barry Parkhill 1973 : David Thompson 1974 : Tony Waldrop 1975 : David Thompson 1976 : John Lucas 1977 : Phil Ford 1978 : Phil Ford 1979 : Renaldo Nehemiah 1980 : Julie Shea 1981 : Julie Shea 1982 : James Worthy 1983 : Ralph Sampson 1984 : Michael Jordan 1985 : B.J. Surhoff 1986 : Len Bias 1987 : Riccardo Ingram 1988 : Danny Ferry 1989 : Danny Ferry Male Athlete of the Year 1990 : Clarkston Hines 1991 : Christian Laettner 1992 : Christian Laettner 1993 : Charlie Ward 1994 : Charlie Ward 1995 : Randolph Childress 1996 : Kris Benson 1997 : Tim Duncan 1998 : Antawn Jamison 1999 : Elton Brand 2000 : Joe Hamilton 2001 : Shane Battier 2002 : Juan Dixon 2003 : Chris Rotelli 2004 : Philip Rivers 2005 : Sean May 2006 : J.J. Redick 2007 : Walter Dix 2008 : Tyler Hansbrough 2009 : Matt Hill 2010 : Ned Crotty 2011 : Ngoni Makusha 2012 : Luke Kuechly 2013 : Jarmere Jenkins 2014 : Jameis Winston 2015 : Laken Tomlinson 2016 : Deshaun Watson 2017 : Deshaun Watson Female Athlete of the Year 1990 : Shannon Higgins 1991 : Dawn Staley 1992 : Dawn Staley 1993 : Mia Hamm 1994 : Beverly Smith 1995 : Tisha Venturini 1996 : Kelly Amonte Hiller 1997 : Sarah Forbes 1998 : Vanessa Webb 1999 : Cindy Parlow 2000 : Jen Adams 2001 : Jen Adams 2002 : Bea Bielik 2003 : Alana Beard 2004 : Alana Beard 2005 : Kelly Dostal 2006 : Paula Infante 2007 : Lindsey Harding 2008 : Angela Tincher 2009 : Casey Nogueira 2010 : Whitney Engen 2011 : Katie O'Donnell 2012 : Rebecca Ward 2013 : Crystal Dunn 2014 : Alyssa Thomas 2015 : Morgan Brian 2016 : Molly Seidel 2017 : Kenzie Kent 1983 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Dale Ellis Patrick Ewing Michael Jordan Keith Lee Sam Perkins Ralph Sampson Wayman Tisdale Second Team Clyde Drexler Sidney Green John Paxson Steve Stipanovich Jon Sundvold Darrell Walker Randy Wittman 1984 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Patrick Ewing Michael Jordan Akeem Olajuwon Sam Perkins Wayman Tisdale Second Team Michael Cage Devin Durrant Keith Lee Chris Mullin Melvin Turpin Leon Wood North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball 1981 -- 82 NCAA champions 21 Jimmy Black 22 Buzz Peterson 23 Michael Jordan 32 John Brownlee 41 Sam Perkins 44 Matt Doherty 50 Cecil Exum 52 James Worthy ( MOP ) Head coach Dean Smith Assistant coaches Bill Guthridge Eddie Fogler Roy Williams 1984 NBA Draft First round Hakeem Olajuwon Sam Bowie Michael Jordan Sam Perkins Charles Barkley Melvin Turpin Alvin Robertson Lancaster Gordon Otis Thorpe Leon Wood Kevin Willis Tim McCormick Jay Humphries Michael Cage Terence Stansbury John Stockton Jeff Turner Vern Fleming Bernard Thompson Tony Campbell Kenny Fields Tom Sewell Earl Jones Michael Young Second round Devin Durrant Victor Fleming Ron Anderson Cory Blackwell Stuart Gray Steve Burtt Jay Murphy Eric Turner Steve Colter Tony Costner Othell Wilson Charles Jones Ben Coleman Charlie Sitton Danny Young Anthony Teachey Tom Sluby Willie White Greg Wiltjer Fred Reynolds Gary Plummer Jerome Kersey Ronnie Williams NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon IBM Award 1984 : Johnson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Barkley 1987 : Barkley 1988 : Barkley 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Robinson 1992 : Rodman 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Robinson 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Robinson 1997 : Hill 1998 : K. Malone 1999 : Mutombo 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : Duncan NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award 1983 : Moncrief 1984 : Moncrief 1985 : Eaton 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Cooper 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Eaton 1990 : Rodman 1991 : Rodman 1992 : Robinson 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Mutombo 1996 : Payton 1997 : Mutombo 1998 : Mutombo 1999 : Mourning 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Mutombo 2002 : Wallace 2003 : Wallace 2004 : Artest 2005 : Wallace 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Camby 2008 : Garnett 2009 : Howard 2010 : Howard 2011 : Howard 2012 : Chandler 2013 : Gasol 2014 : Noah 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Leonard 2017 : Green NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis Slam Dunk Contest winners 1984 : Nance 1985 : Wilkins 1986 : Webb 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Walker 1990 : Wilkins 1991 : Brown 1992 : Ceballos 1993 : Miner 1994 : Rider 1995 : Miner 1996 : Barry 1997 : Bryant 2000 : Carter 2001 : Mason 2002 : Richardson 2003 : Richardson 2004 : Jones 2005 : Smith 2006 : Robinson 2007 : Green 2008 : Howard 2009 : Robinson 2010 : Robinson 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Evans 2013 : Ross 2014 : Wall 2015 : LaVine 2016 : LaVine 2017 : Robinson III 2018 : Mitchell Chicago Bulls 1990 -- 91 NBA champions 2 Hopson 5 Paxson 10 Armstrong 14 Hodges 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 34 King 42 Williams 53 Levingston 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1991 -- 92 NBA champions 5 Paxson 10 Armstrong 14 Hodges 20 Hansen 21 King 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 42 Williams 53 Levingston 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1992 -- 93 NBA champions 5 Paxson 6 Tucker 10 Armstrong 20 Walker 21 King 22 McCray 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 42 Williams 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 NBA champions 0 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 22 Salley 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 53 Edwards 91 Rodman Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Rodgers Cleamons Paxson Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 NBA champions 00 Parish 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 18 Dele 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 35 Caffey 91 Rodman Head coach Phil Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1997 -- 98 NBA champions 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 8 Simpkins 9 Harper 13 Longley 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Burrell 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 91 Rodman Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA season steals leaders 1974 : Steele 1975 : Barry 1976 : Watts 1977 : Buse 1978 : Lee 1979 : Carr 1980 : Richardson 1981 : Johnson 1982 : Johnson 1983 : Richardson 1984 : Green 1985 : Richardson 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Robertson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Stockton 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Robertson 1992 : Stockton 1993 : Jordan 1994 : McMillan 1995 : Pippen 1996 : Payton 1997 : Blaylock 1998 : Blaylock 1999 : Gill 2000 : Jones 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : Iverson 2004 : Davis 2005 : Hughes 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Davis 2008 : Paul 2009 : Paul 2010 : Rondo 2011 : Paul 2012 : Paul 2013 : Paul 2014 : Paul 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Curry 2017 : Green 2018 : Oladipo National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2009 Players Michael Jordan David Robinson John Stockton Coaches Jerry Sloan C. Vivian Stringer Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe C. Murphy Nash Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Washington N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Lobo Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western FIBA Hall of Fame inductees Coaches ( 22 ) Alexeyeva Canavesi Díaz - Miguel Donohue Ferrándiz A. Gomelsky E. Gomelsky Gaze Iba Ivković Kondrashin Newell Nikolić Novosel Primo Rubini Smith Soares Stirling Summitt Yow Žeravica Contributors ( 35 ) Airaldi Rivarola Ashry Atakol Bouffard Busnel Calvo Carneiro Dos Reis Greim Hepp Jones Killian Klieger Kozlowski López Martín Naismith Otto Pitzl Popović Ramsay Samaranch Šaper Saporta Scuri Seguro de Luna Semashko Seye Moreau Stanković Steitz Stern Ueda Vitale Wahby Yoon Players ( 55 ) A. Belov S. Belov Berkovich Cameron Chazalon Ćosić Cruz Dalipagić Daneu Delibašić Divac Donovan Edwards Epi Fasoulas Furlong Galis Gaze Gonçalves González Herrera Jean - Jacques Jordan Kićanović Korać Kukoč Maciel Marcari Marčiulionis Martín Marzorati Meneghin Meyers Miller Mujanović Olajuwon O'Neal Pasos Petrović Raga Rigaudeau Robertson Robinson Rodríguez Ronchetti Russell Sabonis Schmidt Semjonova Slavnić Timms Tkachenko Valters Voynova Zasulskaya Teams ( 1 ) 1992 United States Olympic Team ( `` The Dream Team '' ) Technical officials ( 14 ) Arabadjian Bain Belošević Blanchard Dimou Hopenhaym Kassai Kostin Lazarov Pfeuti Rae Reverberi Rigas Righetto United States men 's basketball squad -- 1983 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Cage Jordan Master Mullin Perkins Pinckney Price Reynolds Sitton Stokes Tisdale Wood Coach : Hartman United States men 's basketball squad -- 1984 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Alford 5 Turner 6 Ewing 7 Fleming 8 Robertson 9 Jordan 10 Kleine 11 Koncak 12 Mullin 13 Tisdale 14 Perkins 15 Wood Coach : Knight United States squad -- 1992 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly United States men 's basketball squad -- 1992 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. men 's national team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. men 's national team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook Chicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice president of basketball operations : John Paxson General manager : Gar Forman Head coach : Fred Hoiberg Culture Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull `` Sirius '' Ray Clay Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green / Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit ( Michael Jordan statue ) Lore Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot Championship riots Trent Tucker Rule Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen 72 -- 10 Michael Jordan 's last shot Rivals Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Miami Heat New York Knicks Retired numbers 10 23 33 Coach General Manager G League affiliate Windy City Bulls NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Eastern Conference Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 Hall of Famers George Gervin Artis Gilmore Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Robert Parish Scottie Pippen Dennis Rodman Jerry Sloan Nate Thurmond Tex Winter Jerry Reinsdorf Media TV WGN ( through WGN Sports ) NBC Sports Chicago CN100 Radio WSCR Announcers Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington Charlotte Hornets Founded in 1988 Formerly the Charlotte Bobcats ( 2004 -- 2014 ) Based in Charlotte , North Carolina Franchise History Seasons 1988 Expansion Draft 2004 Expansion Draft Draft history All - time roster Head coaches Accomplishments Broadcasters Current season Arenas Charlotte Coliseum Spectrum Center Administration Owner Michael Jordan President of basketball operations / General manager Mitch Kupchak Head coach James Borrego General managers Scheer Bass Bickerstaff Higgins Cho Kupchak G League affiliate Greensboro Swarm Retired numbers 13 Hall of Famers Robert Parish Alonzo Mourning Dave Cowens Larry Brown Culture and lore Buzz City George Shinn Hugo Charlotte Honey Bees `` Grandmama '' `` Zo '' Patrick K. Doughty NBA Playoff appearances ( 10 ) 1993 1995 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2014 2016 Media TV Fox Sports Carolinas Fox Sports Southeast Radio WFNZ Announcers Eric Collins Dell Curry Stephanie Ready Steve Martin Miami Heat Founded in 1988 Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Franchise Team history Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas Miami Arena American Airlines Arena G League affiliates Florida Flame Arkansas RimRockers Albuquerque Thunderbirds Sioux Falls Skyforce General managers Schaffel Wohl Pfund Riley Elisburg NBA Championships ( 3 ) 2006 2012 2013 Eastern Conference Championships ( 5 ) 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 Culture and lore Micky Arison Pat Riley Michael Baiamonte Burnie `` The Heat Is On '' ( Glenn Frey song ) Shaq The Decision The Big Three 27 in a row The Shot Retired numbers 10 23 32 33 Rivals Chicago Bulls New York Knicks Media TV Fox Sports Sun Radio 790 The Ticket Announcers Eric Reid Tony Fiorentino Jason Jackson Mike Inglis BIBSYS : 26929 BNE : XX1017832 BNF : cb139910665 ( data ) GND : 119184486 ISNI : 0000 0001 1455 4934 LCCN : n86020198 NDL : 00514147 SNAC : w6pk1hw4 SUDOC : 032511205 VIAF : 114945073 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jordan&oldid=843517751 '' Categories : Michael Jordan 1963 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American billionaires African - American investors African - American sportsmen African - American sports executives and administrators All - American college men 's basketball players American businesspeople in retailing American investors American sports executives and administrators Baseball players from New York ( state ) Baseball players from North Carolina Basketball players at the 1982 NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four Basketball players at the 1983 Pan American Games Basketball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics Basketball players from New York ( state ) Basketball players from North Carolina Birmingham Barons players Businesspeople from Illinois Businesspeople from New York City Businesspeople from North Carolina Charlotte Bobcats executives Charlotte Bobcats owners Charlotte Hornets executives Chicago Bulls draft picks Chicago Bulls players FIBA Hall of Fame inductees McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association players with retired numbers North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball players Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States Pan American Games medalists in basketball Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) People from Highland Park , Illinois Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Scottsdale Scorpions players Shoe designers Shooting guards Sportspeople from Brooklyn Sportspeople from Wilmington , North Carolina United States men 's national basketball team players Washington Wizards executives Washington Wizards players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Curlie links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oromoo ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 17 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did michael jordan first play in the nba | [
"Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in 1982. Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick. He quickly emerged as a league star and entertained crowds with his prolific scoring. His leaping ability, demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in slam dunk contests, earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness. He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball.[6] In 1991, he won his first NBA championship with the Bulls, and followed that achievement with titles in 1992 and 1993, securing a \"three-peat\". Although Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the beginning of the 1993–94 NBA season and started a new career playing minor league baseball, he returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three additional championships in 1996, 1997, and 1998, as well as a then-record 72 regular-season wins in the 1995–96 NBA season. Jordan retired for a second time in January 1999, but returned for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of the Wizards."
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"1984"
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-4771134392550135821 | Convention on the Rights of the Child | Convention on the Rights of the Child - Wikipedia Convention on the Rights of the Child Convention on the Rights of the Child Parties to the convention Signed , but not ratified Non-signatory Signed 20 November 1989 Location New York City Effective 2 September 1990 Condition 20 ratifications Signatories 140 Parties 196 ( all eligible states except the United States ) Depositary UN Secretary - General Languages Arabic , Chinese , English , French , Russian , Spanish UN Convention on the Rights of the Child at Wikisource Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( commonly abbreviated as the CRC or UNCRC ) is a human rights treaty which sets out the civil , political , economic , social , health and cultural rights of children . The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen , unless the age of majority is attained earlier under national legislation . Nations that ratify this convention are bound to it by international law . Compliance is monitored by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child , which is composed of members from countries around the world . Once a year , the Committee submits a report to the Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly , which also hears a statement from the CRC Chair , and the Assembly adopts a Resolution on the Rights of the Child . Governments of countries that have ratified the Convention are required to report to , and appear before , the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child periodically to be examined on their progress with regards to the advancement of the implementation of the Convention and the status of child rights in their country . Their reports and the committee 's written views and concerns are available on the committee 's website . The UN General Assembly adopted the Convention and opened it for signature on 20 November 1989 ( the 30th anniversary of its Declaration of the Rights of the Child ) . It came into force on 2 September 1990 , after it was ratified by the required number of nations . Currently , 196 countries are party to it , including every member of the United Nations except the United States . Two optional protocols were adopted on 25 May 2000 . The First Optional Protocol restricts the involvement of children in military conflicts , and the Second Optional Protocol prohibits the sale of children , child prostitution and child pornography . Both protocols have been ratified by more than 160 states . A third optional protocol relating to communication of complaints was adopted in December 2011 and opened for signature on 28 February 2012 . It came into effect on 14 April 2014 . Contents 1 Contents 1.1 Global standards and cultural relativism 1.2 Child marriage and slavery 2 States party and signatories 2.1 Azerbaijan 2.2 Canada 2.3 India 2.4 Iran 2.5 Ireland 2.6 Israel 2.7 New Zealand 2.8 Saudi Arabia 2.9 United Kingdom 2.10 United States 3 Optional protocols 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Contents ( edit ) The Convention deals with the child - specific needs and rights . It requires that the `` nations that ratify this convention are bound to it by international law '' . Ratifying states must act in the best interests of the child . In all jurisdictions implementing the Convention requires compliance with child custody and guardianship laws as that every child has basic rights , including the right to life , to their own name and identity , to be raised by their parents within a family or cultural grouping , and to have a relationship with both parents , even if they are separated . The Convention obliges states to allow parents to exercise their parental responsibilities . The Convention also acknowledges that children have the right to express their opinions and to have those opinions heard and acted upon when appropriate , to be protected from abuse or exploitation , and to have their privacy protected , and it requires that their lives not be subject to excessive interference . The Convention also obliges signatory states to provide separate legal representation for a child in any judicial dispute concerning their care and asks that the child 's viewpoint be heard in such cases . The Convention forbids capital punishment for children . In its General Comment 8 ( 2006 ) the Committee on the Rights of the Child stated that there was an `` obligation of all state parties to move quickly to prohibit and eliminate all corporal punishment and all other cruel or degrading forms of punishment of children '' . Article 19 of the Convention states that state parties must `` take all appropriate legislative , administrative , social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence '' , but it makes no reference to corporal punishment . The Committee 's interpretation of this section to encompass a prohibition on corporal punishment has been rejected by several state parties to the Convention , including Australia , Canada and the United Kingdom . The European Court of Human Rights has referred to the Convention when interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights . Global standards and cultural relativism ( edit ) Global human rights standards were challenged at the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna ( 1993 ) when a number of governments ( prominently China , Indonesia , Malaysia and Iran ) raised serious objections to the idea of universal human rights . There are unresolved tensions between `` universalistic '' and `` relativistic '' approaches in the establishment of standards and strategies designed to prevent or overcome the abuse of children 's capacity to work . Child marriage and slavery ( edit ) Some scholars link slavery and slavery - like practices for many child marriages . Child marriage as slavery is not directly addressed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child . States party and Signatories ( edit ) Currently 196 countries are parties to the treaty ( some with stated reservations or interpretations ) . This includes every member of the United Nations ( except the United States ) , plus the Cook Islands , Niue , the State of Palestine , and the Holy See . The United States has not ratified it . South Sudan did not sign the convention , however ratification was complete in January 2015 . Somalia 's domestic ratification finished in January 2015 and the instrument was deposited with the United Nations in October 2015 . All successor states of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ( Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Czech Republic , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , Slovenia , and Slovakia ) made declarations of succession to the treaty and currently apply it . The convention does not apply in the territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia , Gibraltar , Guernsey and Tokelau . Azerbaijan ( edit ) Azerbaijan ratified Convention on the Rights of the Child on 21 July 1992 . In terms of the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child , a significant number of laws , decrees and resolutions were approved in Azerbaijan by the President and the Cabinet of Ministers focusing on the development of the child welfare system . In this regard , the Convention No 182 on `` Elimination of the worst forms of child labour '' and Recommendation No 190 of the International Labour Organization and the Hague Convention on International adoption of children were ratified by Milli Majlis in 2004 . There is a concern over the administration of juvenile justice in Azerbaijan , mostly regarding compliance with articles 37 , 39 and 40 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child , as well as other relevant standards such as the Beijing Rules , the Riyadh Guidelines and the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty . Therefore , international organizations assisted Azerbaijan to improve the situation in the field of juvenile justice . Juvenile offenders have been added to the Presidential pardons on a regular basis . Azerbaijan has built cooperation with many international organizations , in particular with UNICEF in the field of child protection . In 1993 , UNICEF began its activity in Azerbaijan . In 2005 , Azerbaijan and UNICEF signed a 5 - year country program . The country program for 2005 - 2009 was implemented in the field of child protection , children 's health and nutrition , children 's education and youth health , their development and participation . In addition , UNICEF supports Azerbaijan in developing juvenile justice system , establishing alternative care system and raising awareness among youth about HIV / AIDS . Canada ( edit ) Canada became a signatory to the Convention on 28 May 1990 and ratified in 1991 . Youth criminal laws in Canada underwent major changes resulting in the Youth Criminal Justice Act ( YCJA ) which went into effect on 1 April 2003 . The Act specifically refers to Canada 's different commitments under the Convention . The convention was influential in the administrative Law decision of Baker v Canada ( Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ) . India ( edit ) India ratified UNCRC on 11 December 1992 , agreeing in principles all articles except with certain reservations on issues relating to child labor . In India there is law that children under the age of 18 should not work , but there is no outright ban on child labor , and the practice is generally permitted in most industries except those deemed `` hazardous '' . Although a law in October 2006 banned child labor in hotels , restaurants , and as domestic servants , there continues to be high demand for children as hired help in the home . Current estimates as to the number of child laborers in the country range from the government 's conservative estimate of 4 million children under 14 years of age to the much higher estimates of children 's rights activists , which hover around 60 million . Little is being done to address the problem since the economy is booming and the nuclear family is spreading , thereby increasing demand for child laborers . In India many people are still suffering from non-nutritious food , many parents are still leaving their children on riverside , in trains etc . Under the auspices of the Unicef financed Odisha initiative the Government of India is specifying the outline of a means of change and improvement in child care , and many trusts such as childLine , Plan India and savethechildren too are taking efforts to outdate child labor from India . A few of the organisations who work with children 's rights in India are Plan India , CRY ( Child Rights and You ) , Save the Children , Bal Vikas Dhara - New Delhi , Bachpan Bachao Andolan , CHORD - Hyderabad . Iran ( edit ) See also : The Rights of the Child in Iran Iran has adhered to the convention ( except for alleged child slavery ) since 1991 and ratified it in the Parliament in 1994 . Upon ratification , Iran made the following reservation : `` If the text of the Convention is or becomes incompatible with the domestic laws and Islamic standards at any time or in any case , the Government of the Islamic Republic shall not abide by it . '' Iran has also signed the both optional protocols which relate to the special protection of children against involvement in armed conflict and the sale of children and sexual exploitation . Although Iran is a state party to the Convention , international human rights organisations and foreign governments routinely denounced executions of Iranian child offenders as a violation of the treaty . But on 10 February 2012 , Iran 's parliament changed the controversial law of executing juveniles . In the new law , the age of 18 ( solar year ) would be for both genders considered the cut - off for adulthood and offenders under this age will be sentenced under a separate law . Based on the previous Islamic law , which was revised , girls at the age of 9 and boys at 15 ( lunar year , 11 days shorter than a solar year ) were fully responsible for their crimes . `` According to Islamic sources , the criterion for criminal responsibility is reaching the age of maturity which , according to the Shi'ite School of the IRI , is 9 lunar years ( 8 years and 9 months ) for girls and 15 lunar years ( 14 years and 7 months ) for boys . '' Ireland ( edit ) Ireland signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 30 September 1990 and ratified it , without reservation , on 28 September 1992 . In response to criticisms expressed in the 1998 review by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child in Geneva , the Irish government established the office of Ombudsman for Children and drew up a national children 's strategy . In 2006 , following concerns expressed by the committee that the wording of the Irish Constitution does not allow the State to intervene in cases of abuse other than in very exceptional cases , the Irish government undertook to amend the constitution to make a more explicit commitment to children 's rights . Israel ( edit ) Israel ratified the Convention in 1991 . In 2010 , UNICEF criticized Israel for its failure to create a government - appointed commission on children 's rights or to adopt a national children 's rights strategy or program in order to implement various Israeli laws addressing children 's rights . The report criticizes Israel for holding that the Convention does not apply in the West Bank and for defining as Palestinians under the age of 16 in the occupied territories as children , even though Israeli law defines a child as being under 18 , in line with the Convention . A contemporaneous report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development found that Israel 's investment in children is below the international average and the actual investment had fallen between 1995 and 2006 . In 2012 , the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child criticized Israel for its bombing attacks on Palestinians in the Gaza Strip , stating , `` Destruction of homes and damage to schools , streets and other public facilities gravely affect children '' and called them `` gross violations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child , its Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict and international humanitarian law '' . It also criticized Palestinian rocket attacks from Gaza on southern Israel which traumatized Israeli children , calling on all parties to protect children . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand ratified the Convention on 6 April 1993 with reservations concerning the right to distinguish between persons according to the nature of their authority to be in New Zealand , the need for legislative action on economic exploitation -- which it argued was adequately protected by existing law , and the provisions for the separation of juvenile offenders from adult offenders . In 1994 , the Court of Appeal of New Zealand dismissed the suggestion that the Minister for Immigration and his department were at liberty to ignore the convention , arguing that this would imply that the country 's adherence was `` at least partly window - dressing '' . The Children 's Commissioner Act 2003 enhanced the office of Children 's Commissioner , giving it significantly stronger investigative powers . The Office of the Children 's Commissioner is responsible for convening the UNCROC Monitoring Group , which monitors the New Zealand Government 's implementation of the Children 's Convention , it 's Optional Protocols and the Government 's response to recommendations from the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child . The monitoring group comprises members from the Human Rights Commission ( New Zealand ) , UNICEF New Zealand , Action for Children and Youth Aotearoa and Save the Children New Zealand . In May 2007 , New Zealand passed the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 , which removed the defence of `` reasonable force '' for the purpose of correction . In its third and final vote , Parliament voted 113 to eight in favour of the legislation . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Saudi Arabia ratified the Convention in 1996 , with a reservation `` with respect to all such articles as are in conflict with the provisions of Islamic law '' which is the national law . The Committee on the Rights of the Child , which reviewed Saudi Arabia 's treatment of children under the Convention in January 2005 , strongly condemned the government for its practice of imposing the death penalty on juveniles , calling it `` a serious violation of the fundamental rights '' . The committee said it was `` deeply alarmed '' over the discretionary power judges hold to treat juveniles as adults : In its 2004 report the Saudi Arabian government had stated that it `` never imposes capital punishment on persons ... below the age of 18 '' . The government delegation later acknowledged that a judge could impose the death penalty whenever he decided that the convicted person had reached his or her majority , regardless of the person 's actual age at the time of the crime or at the time of the scheduled execution . United Kingdom ( edit ) The United Kingdom ratified the Convention on 16 December 1991 , with several declarations and reservations , and made its first report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in January 1995 . Concerns raised by the Committee included the growth in child poverty and inequality , the extent of violence towards children , the use of custody for young offenders , the low age of criminal responsibility , and the lack of opportunities for children and young people to express views . The 2002 report of the Committee expressed similar concerns , including the welfare of children in custody , unequal treatment of asylum seekers , and the negative impact of poverty on children 's rights . In September 2008 , the UK government decided to withdraw its reservations and agree to the Convention in these respects . The 2002 report 's criticism of the legal defence of `` reasonable chastisement '' of children by parents , which the Committee described as `` a serious violation of the dignity of the child '' , was rejected by the UK Government . The Minister for Children , Young People and Families commented that while fewer parents are using smacking as a form of discipline , the majority said they would not support a ban . In evidence to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights , the Committee was criticised by the Family Education Trust for `` adopting radical interpretations of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in its pursuit of an agenda '' . The Joint Committee 's report recommended that `` the time has come for the Government to act upon the recommendations of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child concerning the corporal punishment of children and the incompatibility of the defence of reasonable chastisement with its obligations under the Convention . '' The UK Government responded that `` the use of physical punishment is a matter for individual parents to decide '' . Although child slavery is difficult to gauge within the UK , child slaves are imported into the UK and sold . United states ( edit ) Main article : U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child The United States government played an active role in the drafting of the Convention and signed it on 16 February 1995 , but has not ratified it . It has been claimed that American opposition to the Convention stems primarily from political and religious conservatives . For example , The Heritage Foundation sees `` a civil society in which moral authority is exercised by religious congregations , family , and other private associations is fundamental to the American order '' . and the Home School Legal Defense Association ( HSLDA ) argues that the CRC threatens homeschooling . The United States had permitted the execution and life imprisonment of juvenile offenders , in contravention of the Article 37 of the Convention . In 2005 , a Supreme Court decision declared juvenile executions to be unconstitutional as `` cruel and unusual punishment '' ; in 2012 , the Court held that mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders . State laws regarding the practice of closed adoption may also require overhaul in light of the Convention 's position that children have a right to identity from birth . During his 2008 campaign for President , Senator Barack Obama described the failure to ratify the Convention as `` embarrassing '' and promised to review the issue but he never did . No President of the United States has submitted the treaty to the United States Senate requesting its advice and consent to ratification since the US signed it in 1995 . The United States has ratified two of the optional protocols to the Convention , the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict , and the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children , Child Prostitution and Child Pornography . Optional protocols ( edit ) Two optional protocols were adopted by the UN General Assembly . The first , the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict requires parties to ensure that children under the age of 18 are not recruited compulsorily into their armed forces , and calls on governments to do everything feasible to ensure that members of their armed forces who are under 18 years do not take part in hostilities . This protocol entered into force on 12 July 2002 . As of 29 August 2018 , 167 states are party to the protocol and another 14 states have signed but not ratified it . The second , the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children , Child Prostitution and Child Pornography , requires parties to prohibit the sale of children , child prostitution and child pornography . It entered into force on 18 January 2002 . As of 29 August 2018 , 173 states are party to the protocol and another 9 states have signed but not ratified it . A third , the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure , which would allow children or their representatives to file individual complaints for violation of the rights of children , was adopted in December 2011 and opened for signature on 28 February 2012 . The protocol currently has 51 signatures and 45 ratifications : it entered into force on 14 April 2014 following the tenth ratification three months beforehand . See also ( edit ) Adultcentrism Cartoons for Children 's Rights Child advocacy Child custody Child labor Child laundering Child survival revolution Children 's rights Children 's Rights Education Children 's rights movement CRY America Declaration of the Rights of the Child Evolving capacities Execution of Rizana Nafeek iRights Framework Intergenerational equity International child abduction International Play Association Save the Children Stop Child Executions Student voice Youth voice Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention , 1999 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : United Nations Treaty Collection . Convention on the Rights of the Child Archived 11 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 49 . ( Deadlink ) Jump up ^ Article 47 . Jump up ^ `` Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . ^ Jump up to : Child Rights Information Network ( 2008 ) . Convention on the Rights of the Child . Retrieved 26 November 2008 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 44 Resolution 25 . Convention on the Rights of the Child A / RES / 44 / 25 20 November 1989 . Retrieved 22 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Amnesty International USA ( 2007 ) . Convention on the Rights of the Child : Frequently Asked Questions Archived 22 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 26 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UN convention on the rights of the child '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : United Nations Treaty Collection : Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict . Retrieved on 20 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : United Nations Treaty Collection : Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children , child prostitution and child pornography . Retrieved on 20 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNTC '' . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ General Comment 8 , Committee on the Rights of the Child . Jump up ^ Article 19 , Convention on the Rights of the Child . Jump up ^ Simalis , Linda ( 21 March 2010 ) . `` Aussie parents to defy UN smacking ban '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Sydney . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Elaine E. ( 2003 ) . `` Can International Conventions Drive Domestic Law Reform ? The Case of Physical Punishment of Children '' in Dewar J. , Parker S. ( eds . ) Family law : processes , practices , pressures : proceedings of the Tenth World Conference of the International Society of Family Law , July 2000 , Brisbane , Australia . Oxford : Hart , p. 488 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 308 - 9 ^ Jump up to : White , Ben ( 1999 ) . `` DEFINING THE INTOLERABLE : Child work , global standards and cultural relativism '' . Childhood. 6 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Turner , Catherine ( 2013 ) . `` Out of the Shadows : Child Marriage and Slavery '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNTC '' . Archived from the original on 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Treaty Collection '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Joint statement on Somalia 's ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF Azerbaijan - Media centre - UNICEF Azerbaijan launched special edition of State of the World 's Children to mark the 20th Anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the Parliament '' . www.unicef.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Child Protection System in Azerbaijan : Situation Analysis '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : FS . `` Rights of children '' . www.mfa.gov.az . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Protection of children rights in Azerbaijan '' . Jump up ^ `` Countries Compared by People > Rights of the Child Convention > Signatories . International Statistics at NationMaster.com '' . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 July 2012 . Jump up ^ United Nations Treaty Collections. `` 11 . Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . treaties.un.org . UN . Archived from the original on 11 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNTC '' . treaties.un.org . Archived from the original on 11 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census Data on Child Labour '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Labour & Employment , GoI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gentleman , Amelia ( 18 February 2007 ) . `` Children 's domestic labor resists India 's legal efforts '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Bokhary , F. ; Kelly , Emma ( 2010 ) . `` Child Rights , Culture and Exploitation : UK Experiences of Child Trafficking '' . Child Slavery Now . 2010 : 145 -- 159 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Rights : Iran '' . Library of Congress . 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Rights is Everyone 's Responsibility , says UNICEF Iran Representative on CRC Anniversary '' ( Press release ) . UNICEF. 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report on the death penalty in Iran '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of Human Rights . April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Reaction to the execution of Delera Darabi '' ( Press release ) . Human Rights Watch . May 2009 . Jump up ^ French reaction to the execution of Delera Darabi , May 2009 ( in French ) ; European Union 's reaction to the execution of Delera Darabi , May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iran changes law for execution of juveniles '' . Iran Independent News Service . 10 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Death penalty for people under 18 is prohibited '' . Ghanoon Online ( in Persian ) . 13 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Nayyeri , Mohammad Hossein ( 2012 ) . `` New Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran : An Overview '' . University of Essex : Research Paper Series . Jump up ^ Children 's Rights Alliance website Archived 27 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ O'Brien , Carl ( 28 September 2006 ) . `` UN to seek changes in Constitution in support of children '' . Irish Times ( Dublin ) . Jump up ^ Or Kashti ( 21 November 2010 ) . `` UNICEF : Israel negligent in guarding children 's rights '' . Haaretz ( Tel Aviv ) . Jump up ^ Children suffering devastating and lasting impact of Gaza crisis , says UN Committee on the Rights of the Child , United Nations Commission on Human Rights , 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ United Nations Treaty Collection Archived 11 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Tavita v Minister of Immigration , 17 December 1993 ( 1994 ) 2 NZLR 257 at 265 , cited in Ferdinandusse , Ward N. , Direct Application of International Criminal Law in National Courts , Cambridge University Press , 2006 , p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6704 - 207 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Children 's Commissioner Act 2003 No 121 ( as at 29 November 2007 ) , Public Act -- New Zealand Legislation '' . legislation.govt.nz. 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Children 's Commissioner Act 2003 Jump up ^ `` Our role in the Children 's Convention '' . www.occ.org.nz . Office of the Children 's Commissioner . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . The Children 's Commissioner has a statutory role to advance and monitor the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Anti-smacking legislation '' . TVNZ . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Saudi Arabia : Follow U.N. Call to End Juvenile Death Penalty , Human Rights Watch , 28 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Frost , Nick , Child Welfare : Major Themes in Health and Social Welfare , Taylor and Francis , 2004 , p. 175 ; Routledge , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 31257 - 8 Jump up ^ Davies , Martin , The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Social Work , Blackwell , 2000 , p. 354 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21451 - 9 Jump up ^ `` UK to sign UN children convention '' . BBC News . 19 September 2008 . Retrieved 19 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Easton , Mark ( 19 September 2008 ) . `` UK to give up child rights opt - outs '' . BBC reporters blog . Jump up ^ Harvey , Colin J. , Human Rights in the Community : Rights As Agents For Change , Oxford : Hart , 2005 , p. 234 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 446 - 8 Jump up ^ Hughes , Beverley , Minister for Children , Young People and Families , `` Article defending the Government 's position on smacking '' , press release , 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Evidence to the Joint Committee on Human Rights , UK Parliament , 12 May 2003 . Jump up ^ House of Lords and House of Commons Joint Committee on Human Rights , The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child , Tenth Report of Session 2002 -- 03 , page 55 . Jump up ^ `` Government Responses to Reports from the Committee '' , Session 2005 - 06 , paras. 82 , 85 , 86 : HL 104 , HC 850 . Jump up ^ Smolin , David M. `` Overcoming Religious Objections to the Convention on the Rights of the Child '' , Emory International Law Review , vol. 20 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights and Social Issues at the U.N. : A Guide for U.S. Policymakers '' , Heritage Foundation Jump up ^ `` HSLDA.org '' . Jump up ^ US Supreme Court : Roper v. Simmons , No. 03 - 633 : 1 March 2005 Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers on the UN Special Session on Children ( Human Rights Watch , May 2 , 2002 ) '' . hrw.org . Jump up ^ `` U.S. : Supreme Court Ends Child Executions ( Human Rights Watch , March 1 , 2005 ) '' . Jump up ^ Miller v. Alabama certiori to the Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama , No. 10 - 9646 ( Argued 20 March 2012 - Decided 25 June 2012 ) Jump up ^ Walden University Presidential Youth Debate Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Child Rights Information Network '' . Jump up ^ Podgers , `` The Last Holdout , '' ABA Journal at 84 ( March 2016 ) Jump up ^ Yun , Seira ( 2014 ) . `` Breaking Imaginary Barriers : Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law -- The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies . 5 ( 1 - 2 ) : 213 -- 257 . SSRN 2556825 . Jump up ^ `` UN rights chief welcomes new measure to stop violence against children '' . UN News Service Section . 20 December 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : UN Convention on the Rights of the Child United Nations General Assembly ( 20 November 1989 ) . `` Text of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . ohchr.org . UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Signatures and ratifications , at depositary UNICEF web site Procedural history , related documents and photos on the Convention on the Rights of the Child ( with protocols ) in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law NGO Alternative Reports submitted to the Committee on the Rights of the Child . Biography of Eglantyne Jebb , author of the original Declaration Section related to the CRC on the Children 's Rights Portal `` everychild.ca '' Child Rights Public Awareness Campaign of British Columbia , Canada . Resources include links and publications related to the Convention on the Rights of the Child . 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"The UN General Assembly adopted the Convention and opened it for signature on 20 November 1989 (the 30th anniversary of its Declaration of the Rights of the Child).[6] It came into force on 2 September 1990, after it was ratified by the required number of nations. Currently, 196 countries are party to it,[1] including every member of the United Nations except the United States.[5][7][8]\n"
] | [
"196"
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4303340057129798089 | The Fox and the Hound | The Fox and the Hound - wikipedia The Fox and the Hound Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel the film is based on , see The Fox and the Hound ( novel ) . The Fox and the Hound Original theatrical release poster Directed by Ted Berman Richard Rich Art Stevens Produced by Ron Miller Wolfgang Reitherman Art Stevens Story by Larry Clemmons Ted Berman David Michener Peter Young Burny Mattinson Steve Hulett Earl Kress Vance Gerry Based on The Fox and the Hound by Daniel P. Mannix Starring Mickey Rooney Kurt Russell Pearl Bailey Jack Albertson Sandy Duncan Jeanette Nolan Pat Buttram John Fiedler John McIntire Dick Bakalyan Paul Winchell Keith Mitchell Corey Feldman Music by Buddy Baker Edited by James Melton Jim Koford Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date July 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 07 - 10 ) Running time 83 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $12 million Box office $63.5 million The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated drama film produced by Walt Disney Productions and loosely based on the novel of the same name by Daniel P. Mannix . The 24th Disney animated feature film , the film tells the story of two unlikely friends , a red fox named Tod and a hound dog named Copper , who struggle to preserve their friendship despite their emerging instincts and the surrounding social pressures demanding them to be adversaries . Directed by Ted Berman , Richard Rich , and Art Stevens , the film features the voices of Mickey Rooney , Kurt Russell , Pearl Bailey , Jack Albertson , Sandy Duncan , Jeanette Nolan , Pat Buttram , John Fiedler , John McIntire , Dick Bakalyan , Paul Winchell , Keith Mitchell , and Corey Feldman . The Fox and the Hound was released to theaters on July 10 , 1981 to financial success . At the time of release it was the most expensive animated film produced to date , costing $12 million . It was re-released to theaters on March 25 , 1988 . A direct - to - video followup , The Fox and the Hound 2 , was released to DVD on December 12 , 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Animation 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reaction 6.2 Box office 7 Accolades 8 Legacy 8.1 Followup 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot After a young red fox is orphaned , Big Mama the owl , with the help of her friends Dinky the finch and Boomer the woodpecker , arranges for him to be adopted by a kindly farmer named Widow Tweed . Tweed names him Tod , because he reminds her of a toddler . Meanwhile , her neighbor , a hunter named Amos Slade , brings home a young hound puppy named Copper and introduces him to his hunting dog Chief . One day , Tod and Copper meet and become playmates , vowing to remain `` friends forever '' . Slade grows frustrated at Copper for constantly wandering off to play , and places him on a leash . While playing with Copper outside his doghouse , Tod awakens Chief . Slade and Chief chase Tod until they are stopped by Tweed . After an argument , Slade threatens to kill Tod if he trespasses on his farm again . Hunting season comes and Slade takes his dogs into the wilderness for the interim . Meanwhile , Big Mama , Dinky and Boomer attempt to explain to Tod that his friendship with Copper can no longer continue , as they are natural enemies , but Tod naively refuses to believe them , hoping that he and Copper will remain friends forever . As months pass , Tod and Copper both reach adulthood . Copper has become an experienced hunting dog , while Tod has grown up into a handsome fox . On the night of Copper 's return , Tod sneaks over to visit him . Copper explains that while he still values Tod as a friend , he is now a hunting dog and things are different . Their conversation awakens Chief , who alerts Slade . In the ensuing chase Copper catches Tod . Against better judgement , Copper lets Tod go and diverts Chief and Slade . Tod tries escaping on a railroad track , but is caught and pursued by Chief as a train suddenly passes by them . Tod ducks under the train , but Chief is struck by the train and falls into a river below , breaking his leg . Angered by this , Copper and Slade blame Tod for the accident and vow vengeance . Tweed , realizing that Tod is no longer safe with her , takes him on a drive and leaves him at a game preserve . Tod 's first night alone in the woods proves disastrous , as he inadvertently trespasses into an irritable old badger 's den . Thankfully , a friendly porcupine offers Tod shelter . That same night , Slade and Copper plan revenge on Tod . The next morning , Big Mama finds Tod and introduces him to a female fox named Vixey . Wanting to impress her , Tod tries to catch a fish , but fails due to not having survival skills . Vixey and the other animals laugh at him , but Big Mama straightens the matter by directing Tod to be himself . The two foxes reconcile and Vixey helps Tod adapt to life in the forest . Meanwhile , Slade and Copper trespass into the preserve to hunt Tod . As Tod manages to escape Slade 's leghold traps , Copper and Slade pursue both foxes . They hide in their burrow while Slade tries trapping them by setting fire to the other end of the burrow . The foxes narrowly escape without getting burned as Slade and Copper chase them up the top of a hill until they reach a waterfall . There , Slade and Copper close in for the kill , but a large bear suddenly emerges from the bushes and attacks Slade . Slade trips and falls into one of his own traps , dropping his gun slightly out of reach . Copper tries fighting the bear but is no match for it . Not willing to let his old friend die , Tod intervenes and fights off the bear until they both fall down the waterfall . With the bear gone , a bewildered Copper approaches Tod as he lies exhausted near the bank of a waterfall - created lake . When Slade appears , Copper positions himself in front of Tod to prevent Slade from shooting him , refusing to move away . Slade lowers his gun and leaves with Copper . The former friends share one last smile before parting . At home , Tweed nurses Slade back to health while the dogs rest . Copper , before resting , smiles as he remembers the day when he first met Tod . On a hill , Vixey joins Tod as they look down on the homes of Slade and Tweed . Cast Mickey Rooney as Tod Kurt Russell as Copper Pearl Bailey as Big Mama Jack Albertson as Amos Slade Sandy Duncan as Vixey Jeanette Nolan as Widow Tweed Pat Buttram as Chief John Fiedler as The Porcupine John McIntire as The Badger Dick Bakalyan as Dinky Paul Winchell as Boomer Keith Coogan as Young Tod Corey Feldman as Young Copper Production Development Wolfgang Reitherman read the original novel and found it particularly touching because one of his sons had once owned a pet fox years before . He decided it would make for a good animated feature . Thus the film began production in spring 1977 . Reitherman , Art Stevens , and Ron Miller quarreled over key sections of the film with Miller supporting the younger Stevens . Miller instructed Reitherman to surrender reins over the junior personnel , but Reitherman resisted due to a lack of trust in the young animators . Thinking the film had a weak second act , Reitherman decided to add a musical sequence of two swooping cranes voiced by Phil Harris and Charo who would sing a silly song titled `` Scoobie - Doobie Doobie Doo , Let Your Body Turn Goo '' . Live - action reference footage was shot of Charo in a sweaty pink leotard , but the scene was strongly disliked by studio personnel who felt the song was a distraction from the main plot with Stevens stating `` We ca n't let that sequence in the movie ! It 's totally out of place ! '' Stevens notified studio management and after many story conferences , the scene was removed . Reitherman later walked into Stevens 's office , slumped in a chair , and said , `` I dunno , Art , maybe this is a young man 's medium . '' He later moved onto to undeveloped projects such as Catfish Bend and died in a car accident in 1985 . Animation By late 1978 , Frank Thomas , Ollie Johnston , and Cliff Nordberg had completed their animation . Thomas had animated scenes of Tod and Cooper using dialogue Larry Clemmons had written and recorded with the child actors . This project would mark the last film to have the involvement of the Disney 's Nine Old Men who had retired early during production , and animation was turned over the next generation of directors and animators , which included John Lasseter , John Musker , Ron Clements , Glen Keane , Tim Burton , Brad Bird , Henry Selick , Chris Buck , and Mark Dindal , all of whom would finalize the animation and complete the film 's production . These animators had moved through the in - house animation training program , and would play an important role in the Disney Renaissance of the 1980s and 1990s . However , the transition between the old guard and the new resulted in arguments over how to handle the film . Reitherman had his own ideas on the designs and layouts that should be used , but the newer team backed Stevens . Animator Don Bluth animated several scenes including of Widow Tweed milking her cow , Abigail , while his team worked on the rest of the sequence , and when Tweed fires at Amos Slade 's automobile . Nevertheless , he declared Disney 's work `` stale '' and on his 42nd birthday , September 13 , 1979 , Bluth , along with Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy , entered Ron Miller 's office and turned in their resignation . Following their resignations , thirteen animators followed suit in their resignations . Though Bluth and his team had animated substantial scenes , they asked not to receive screen credit . With 17 % of the animators now gone , Miller ordered all of the resigning animators off the studio lot by noon of that same day and would later push the release of The Fox and the Hound from Christmas 1980 to summer 1981 . New animators were hired and promoted to fill the ranks . To compensate for the lack of experience of the new animators , much of the quality control would rely upon a corp of veteran assistant animators . Four years after production started , the film was finished with approximately 360,000 drawings , 110,000 painted cels and 1,100 painted backgrounds making up the finished product . A total of 180 people , including 24 animators , worked on the film . Writing In an earlier version of the film , Chief was slated to die the same as in the novel . However , the scene was modified to have Chief survive with a cast on his back paw . Animator Ron Clements , who had briefly transitioned into the story department , protested that `` Chief has to die . The picture does n't work if he just breaks his leg . Copper does n't have motivation to hate the fox . '' Likewise , younger members of the story team pleaded with Stevens to have Chief killed . Stevens countered that `` Geez , we never killed a main character in a Disney film and we 're not starting now ! '' The younger crew members took the problem to upper management who would also back Stevens . Ollie Johnston 's test animation of Chief stomping around the house with his leg in a cast was eventually kept , and Randy Cartwright re-animated the scene where Copper finds Chief 's body and had him animate Chief 's eyes opening and closing so the audience knew that he was not dead . Casting Early into production , the principal characters such as young Tod and Copper , Big Mama , and Amos Slade had already been cast . The supporting characters were cast by Disney voice regulars including Pat Buttram for Chief , Paul Winchell for Boomer , and Mickey Rooney for adult Tod who had just finished filming Pete 's Dragon . Jeanette Nolan was the second choice for Widow Tweed after Helen Hayes turned down the part . The last role to be cast was for adult Cooper . Jackie Cooper had auditioned for the role , but left the project when he demanded more money than the studio was willing to pay . While filming the Elvis television movie , former Disney child actor Kurt Russell was cast following a reading that had impressed the filmmakers , and completed his dialogue in two recording sessions . Soundtrack The Fox and the Hound Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 1981 Recorded 1980 - 1981 Genre Children 's , Classical Label Walt Disney The soundtrack album for the film was released in 1981 by Walt Disney Records . It contains songs written by Stan Fidel , Jim Stafford , and Jeffrey Patch . Track listing No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Best of Friends '' Stan Fidel Pearl Bailey 2 . `` Lack of Education '' Jim Stafford Pearl Bailey 3 . `` A Huntin ' Man '' Jim Stafford Jack Albertson 4 . `` Appreciate the Lady '' Jim Stafford Pearl Bailey 5 . `` Goodbye May Seem Forever '' Jeffrey Patch Jeanette Nolan and Chorus Release Home Media The Fox and the Hound was first released on North American VHS on March 4 , 1994 as the last video of the `` Walt Disney Classics '' collection ( it was not included in the `` Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection '' ) and in the UK in 1995 . On May 2 , 2000 , it was released to Region 1 DVD for the first time under the `` Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection '' . A 25th anniversary special edition DVD was released on October 10 , 2006 . The Fox and the Hound was released on Blu - ray Disc on August 9 , 2011 to commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary . The film was released in a 3 - disc Blu - ray / DVD Combo pack alongside its direct - to video followup The Fox and the Hound 2 in a 2 - movie Collection Edition . Featuring a new digital restoration , the Blu - ray transfer presents the film for the first time in 1.66 : 1 widescreen and also features 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio . The Fox and the Hound 2 is presented in 1.78 : 1 widescreen and features the same sound as the first film . A DVD - only edition was also released on the same day . Reception Critical reaction In The Animated Movie Guide , Jerry Beck considered the film `` average '' , though he praises the voice work of Pearl Bailey as Big Mama , and the extreme dedication to detail shown by animator Glen Keane in crafting the fight scene between Copper , Tod , and the bear . In The Disney Films , Leonard Maltin also notes that the fight scene between Copper , Tod , and the bear received great praise in the animation world . Maltin felt the film relied too much on `` formula cuteness , formula comedy relief , and even formula characterizations '' . Overall , he considered the film `` charming '' stating that it is `` warm , and brimming with personable characters '' and that it `` approaches the old Disney magic at times . '' Craig Butler from All Movie Guide stated that the film was a `` warm and amusing , if slightly dull , entry in the Disney animated canon . '' He also called it `` conventional and generally predictable '' with problems in pacing . However , he praised the film 's climax and animation , as well as the ending . His final remark is that `` Two of the directors , Richard Rich and Ted Berman , would next direct The Black Cauldron , a less successful but more ambitious project . '' Richard Corliss of Time , praised the film for an intelligent story about prejudice . He argued that the film shows that biased attitudes can poison even the deepest relationships , and the film 's bittersweet ending delivers a powerful and important moral message to audiences . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Times also praised the film , saying that `` for all of its familiar qualities , this movie marks something of a departure for the Disney studio , and its movement is in an interesting direction . The Fox and the Hound is one of those relatively rare Disney animated features that contains a useful lesson for its younger audiences . It 's not just cute animals and frightening adventures and a happy ending ; it 's also a rather thoughtful meditation on how society determines our behavior . '' TV Guide gave the film four out of five stars , saying that `` The animation here is better than average ( veteran Disney animators Wolfgang Reitherman and Art Stevens supervised the talents of a new crop of artists that developed during a 10 - year program at the studio ) , though not quite up to the quality of Disney Studios in its heyday . Still , this film has a lot of `` heart '' and is wonderful entertainment for both kids and their parents . Listen for a number of favorites among the voices . '' Michael Scheinfeld of Common Sense Media gave the film 's quality a rating of 4 out of 5 stars , stating that the film `` develops into a thoughtful examination of friendship and includes some mature themes , especially loss . '' The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 69 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 based on 26 reviews . The website 's consensus states that `` The Fox and the Hound is a likeable , charming , unassuming effort that manages to transcend its thin , predictable plot '' . Box Office In its original release , The Fox and the Hound grossed $39.9 million in domestic grosses . Its distributor rentals were reported to be $14.2 million while its international rentals grossed $43 million . The film was re-released theatrically on March 25 , 1988 , where it grossed $23.5 million . The Fox and the Hound has had a lifetime gross of $63.5 million across its original release and reissue . Accolades The film was awarded a Golden Screen Award ( German : Goldene Leinwand ) in 1982 . In the same year , it was also nominated for a Young Artist Award and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . Year Ceremony Award Result 1982 10th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated 1982 Golden Screen Awards Won 5th Youth in Film Awards Best Motion Picture - Fantasy or Comedy - Family Enjoyment Nominated Legacy As well as adaptations of the film itself , comic strips featuring the characters also appeared in stories unconnected to the film . Examples include The Lost Fawn , in which Copper uses his sense of smell to help Tod find a fawn who has gone astray ; The Chase , in which Copper must safeguard a sleepwalking Chief ; and Feathered Friends , in which the birds Dinky and Boomer have to go to desperate lengths to save one of Widow Tweed 's chickens from a wolf . A comic adaptation of the film , drawn by Richard Moore , was published in newspapers as part of Disney 's Treasury of Classic Tales . A comic - book titled The Fox and the Hound followed , with new adventures of the characters . Since 1981 and up to 2007 , a few Fox and the Hound Disney comics stories were produced in Italy , Netherlands , Brazil , France , and the United States . Followup Main article : The Fox and the Hound 2 A direct - to - video followup , The Fox and the Hound 2 , was released to DVD on December 12 , 2006 . The film takes place during the youth of Tod and Copper , before the events of the later half of the first film . The story - line involves Copper being tempted to join a band of singing stray dogs , thus threatening his friendship with Tod . The film was critically panned , with critics calling it a pale imitation of its predecessor . References ^ Jump up to : Ansen , David ( July 13 , 1981 ) . `` Forest Friendship '' . Newsweek : 81 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox and the Hound , The ( film ) - D23 '' . Disney D23 . Disney.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grant , John ( April 30 , 1998 ) . The Encyclopedia of Walt Disney 's Animated Characters : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . Disney Editions . p. 306 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6336 - 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Beck 2005 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Sito 2006 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Sito 2006 , p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley , John . `` The Animated Films of Don Bluth '' . Cataroo . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finch , Christopher ( 2004 ) . `` The End of an Era '' . The Art of Walt Disney . p. 260 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Sito 2006 , p. 290 . ^ Jump up to : Sito , Tom ( November 1998 ) . `` Disney 's The Fox and the Hound : The Coming of the Next Generation '' . Animation World Magazine . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hulett , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound - Soundtrack Details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Various - The Fox and the Hound ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound : Gold Collection DVD Review '' . DVDDizzy . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound 25th Anniversary Edition DVD Review '' . DVDDizzy . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fox and the Hound and The Fox and the Hound 2 : 2 Movie Collection Blu - ray + DVD Review '' . DVDDizzy . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck 2005 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Without Walt '' . The Disney Films . p. 275 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2010 ) . Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide . p. 490 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 22764 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) '' . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( July 20 , 1981 ) . `` Cinema : The New Generation Comes of Age '' . time.com . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1981 ) . `` The Fox and the Hound Movie Review ( 1981 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox And The Hound : Review '' . Movies.tvguide.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Scheinfeld . `` The Fox and the Hound Movie Review '' . Commonsensemedia.org . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( September 19 , 1984 ) . `` Walt Disney Productions returns to animation '' . Lewison Daily Sun . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound ( reissue ) ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fox and the Hound - Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Annual Awards '' . Young Artist Association . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Fawn '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Feathered Friends '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ A. Becattini , L. Boschi , La produzione sindacata , 1984 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` List of ' The Fox and the Hound ' Comics on Inducks '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Bibliography Beck , Jerry ( 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Reader Press . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 591 - 5 . Hulett , Steve ( December 4 , 2014 ) . Mouse In Transition : An Insider 's Look at Disney Feature Animation . Theme Park Press . ISBN 978 - 1941500248 . Sito , Tom ( October 6 , 2006 ) . Drawing the Line : The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0813124070 . External links Disney portal Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Cartoon portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fox and the Hound Official website The Fox and the Hound on IMDb The Fox and the Hound at the TCM Movie Database The Fox and the Hound at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Fox and the Hound at AllMovie The Fox and the Hound at Box Office Mojo The Fox and the Hound at Rotten Tomatoes Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - 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iday Adventure ( 2013 ) Alpha and Omega 3 : The Great Wolf Games ( 2014 ) Alpha and Omega : The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave ( 2014 ) The Swan Princess : A Royal Family Tale ( 2014 ) The Swan Princess : Princess Tomorrow , Pirate Today ( 2016 ) The Swan Princess : Royally Undercover ( 2017 ) Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fox_and_the_Hound&oldid=806561208 '' Categories : 1981 films English - language films 1981 animated films 1980s American animated films 1980s drama films 1980s coming - of - age films American buddy films American children 's animated films American children 's drama films American coming - of - age films American films Animated buddy films Animated coming - of - age films Animated drama films Animated duos Animated films about death Animated films about dogs Animated films about foxes Animated films about orphans Animated films based on novels Films about discrimination Films based on American novels Films directed by Richard Rich Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring hunters Film scores by Buddy Baker ( composer ) Films set in North America Southern Gothic films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Articles containing German - language text Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 20 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who voices copper in the fox and the hound | [
"\nMickey Rooney as Tod\nKurt Russell as Copper\nPearl Bailey as Big Mama\nJack Albertson as Amos Slade\nSandy Duncan as Vixey\nJeanette Nolan as Widow Tweed\nPat Buttram as Chief\nJohn Fiedler as The Porcupine\nJohn McIntire as The Badger\nDick Bakalyan as Dinky\nPaul Winchell as Boomer\nKeith Coogan as Young Tod\nCorey Feldman as Young Copper\n"
] | [
"Kurt Russell"
] |
-8946014326243471261 | Reign (season 3) | Reign ( season 3 ) - wikipedia Reign ( season 3 ) Reign ( season 3 ) Season 3 DVD Cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 18 Release Original network The CW Original release October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) -- June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of Reign episodes The third season of Reign , an American historical fantasy , consisted of 18 episodes which aired between October 9 , 2015 and June 20 , 2016 . The series , created by Stephanie SenGupta and Laurie McCarthy , aired on The CW . On January 11 , 2015 , The CW renewed the series for a third season . At The CW 's 2015 - 16 Upfront , it was announced that the series would be moving to a different night , airing on Fridays at 8 / 7c , instead of Thursdays at 9 / 8c . The latter half of the season , from episode 11 onward , returned on April 25 in a new Monday timeslot before Jane the Virgin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 References Season overview ( edit ) The season follows Francis ' declining health and death partway through the season , leaving Mary a widow and struggling to find new footing since she 's no longer bound to France as its queen . Francis ' brother Charles is crowned the new underaged king , with Catherine as regent . The third season also introduces the court of Queen Elizabeth of England , who plots against Mary , fends off marital prospects , and deals with her secret love affair with Robert Dudley . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Adelaide Kane as Mary , Queen of Scots Megan Follows as Catherine de ' Medici Rachel Skarsten as Elizabeth I of England Torrance Coombs as Sebastian `` Bash '' de Poitiers Toby Regbo as Francis II of France Celina Sinden as Greer Anna Popplewell as Lola Jonathan Keltz as Leith Bayard Craig Parker as Stéphane Narcisse Rose Williams as Claude of France Charlie Carrick as Robert Dudley Ben Geurens as Gideon Blackburn Recurring ( edit ) Alexandra Ordolis as Delphine Spencer MacPherson as Charles IX of France Clara Pasieka as Amy Dudley Tom Everett Scott as William Nick Lee as Nicholas Mark Ghanimé as Don Carlos of Spain Nathaniel Middleton as Christophe Dan Jeannotte as James Stewart Guest ( edit ) Rossif Sutherland as Nostradamus Amy Brenneman as Marie de Guise Michael Therriault as Aloysius Castleroy Ben Aldridge as Antoine of Navarre Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 45 `` Three Queens , Two Tigers '' Holly Dale Laurie McCarthy October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) 0.95 In England , Catherine and Elizabeth send messengers to Rome to expose Mary 's affair with Louis , but the messengers are quietly assassinated by the Vatican . Mary and Francis are in need of resources , and engage a privateer named Martin ( Sameer Usmani ) to steal for them . Martin tricks Greer , who has returned to court , into having sex with him . Elizabeth , as advised by Catherine , sends a proposal to France for her marriage to Francis 's younger brother Charles ( Spencer MacPherson ) . Francis refuses and reveals to Mary that he is dying , so Charles will soon become the new King of France . However , Mary and Francis pretend to accept the proposal , providing a diversion so their spies can kidnap Catherine and bring her back to France for imprisonment . Elizabeth is having an affair with her subject , commoner Robert Dudley ( Charlie Carrick ) , while Robert 's wife , Amy ( Clara Pasieka ) starts an affair with Elizabeth 's adviser William ( Tom Everett Scott ) as part of a plan to get her husband back . Narcisse wants to court Lola but is forbidden by Francis . Delphine , still a fugitive , tells Bash that she 's innocent of the murder she 's accused of , and that the true murderer is still in the castle . 46 `` Betrothed '' Fred Gerber Lisa Randolph October 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) 1.00 Mary and Francis prepare for the transition of power by telling Claude , Charles and Bash that Francis is dying , and asking Charles to marry Mary after Francis 's death . Charles initially refuses and sides with Catherine , but changes his mind when Catherine uses him in an attempt to assassinate the Bourbons . Under pressure from the Privy Council , Elizabeth sacrifices her friend Donatella ( Cristina Rosato ) to take the blame for Catherine 's machinations in England , and insults Robert Dudley in front of the Council so he wo n't be made ambassador . Elizabeth chooses her `` retired '' spy , Nicholas ( Nick Lee ) to be her new ambassador to France . Claude and Leith grow close , and Leith learns that Francis is dying . Mary tells Lola that Francis is dying , and warns her to be wary of Narcisse . Narcisse tricks Lola into believing that Catherine wants to destroy her ; Lola , thinking Narcisse can protect her , starts an affair with him . Bash continues to investigate Delphine and mysterious murders in the village . 47 `` Extreme Measures '' Holly Dale Drew Lindo & Wendy Riss October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) 0.90 Francis has another collapse , and the news spreads to various parties , including Antoine of Navarre and Nicholas , newly - arrived ambassador of England . Antoine has come to Francis to ask for help , and is told to sign away his claim to the French throne in return . Mary releases Catherine from prison to help block Nicholas 's attempts to interfere ; they are successful and Antoine signs away his claim . Charles accidentally causes his friend , Constance ( Jordan Monaghan ) , to overdose on opium , but she is saved with Claude and Narcisse 's help . Francis learns of Narcisse 's helping Charles and gives his blessing for Narcisse and Lola to wed immediately . Leith lets it slip to Claude that he 's afraid of developing feelings for her . Mary realizes that the alliance with Scotland is too damaging to France , so she decides not to marry Charles after Francis dies , but sets her sights on Don Carlos of Spain . Francis and Mary decide it 's best that Catherine be the regent after Francis 's death . 48 `` The Price '' Nathaniel Goodman April Blair & Robert Doty November 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 06 ) 0.94 Marie de Guise needs help evading the English - backed Protestants in Scotland , so Mary and Francis manipulate Nicholas into giving false intelligence to Elizabeth , ultimately enraging the English queen and saving Marie . Don Carlos of Spain ( Mark Ghanimé ) visits England to court Elizabeth , but is rejected when he demands she disprove a rumour that she 's secretly a man . Elizabeth tells Robert her suspicion that Amy is responsible for the rumour ; Robert assaults Amy but is quickly remorseful and promises to end his affair with Elizabeth . Bash tracks down and saves Delphine from being tortured by nuns . Charles , having learned of Delphine 's powers , orders her to revive Francis , who has died in Mary 's arms . Mary agrees to Delphine 's price of a life for a life , but when Francis awakens , Marie de Guise dies in Scotland . Catherine figures out that Narcisse tricked Lola into marrying him . Lola is suspicious that Narcisse is still keeping secrets from her . 49 `` In a Clearing '' Deborah Chow Shannon Goss November 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) 1.03 March 1560 Francis has been seemingly cured of all ills thanks to Delphine . Mary agrees to a new proposal of peace from Elizabeth and signs an accord to give up her claim to the English throne . However , Nostradamus returns to warn Catherine and Francis that he 's had another vision of Francis 's death . Francis agrees to take precautions , but leaves the castle with Mary on a trip to Paris . Along the way they stop to swim in a lake , and Mary is kidnapped by bandits . Francis comes to her rescue but is hurt in the melee . Francis , dying , asks Mary to stay in France until Charles is king and the regency is secured , and professes his wish that Mary fall in love again one day . Francis then dies in Mary 's arms . Mary , suspecting that Elizabeth was behind the bandits , confronts Nicholas in a rage and burns the accord . Later Mary learns that the bandits were Scottish Protestants hoping to assassinate her . Bash and Delphine break the spell that was binding them together , and investigate the mysterious murders , tracking them down to a man that rips out people 's hearts . 50 6 `` Fight or Flight '' Charles Binamé Lisa Randolph November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) 1.09 Late April , 1560 Three weeks have passed since Francis 's death , but Catherine has been unable to rally support from the Privy Council to be voted regent . Lord Grenier ( Ted Whittall ) , a war profiteer , attempts to manipulate the council and become regent , but is blocked by Mary and Catherine . For the sake of inspiring support for Catherine , Mary dissolves the costly French - Scottish alliance in Catherine 's name and prepares to return to Scotland . At Charles 's urging , Mary decides to stay in France until she has made a new alliance , and sends word to Don Carlos for a possible new marriage . Catherine seduces Narcisse , with the double goals of destroying his marriage with Lola , and getting his possibly crucial vote for the regency . Elizabeth , disappointed with Nicholas 's failures , replaces him as ambassador to France with Gideon Blackburn ( Ben Geurens ) , whom Elizabeth instructs to seduce Mary and sabotage her marriage prospects . Elizabeth summons Robert and Amy back to court , but Amy fakes an illness so that she and Robert can move to Cornwall for her `` health '' . Claude and Leith spend more time together , despite Leith 's wariness of their difference in status . 51 7 `` The Hound and the Hare '' Anne Wheeler Bo Yeon Kim & Erika Lippoldt December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) 1.04 Catherine believes that Narcisse will help her become regent , especially when he makes her leave her servant lover , Christophe ( Nathaniel Middleton ) , for him . However on the day of the vote , Cardinal Morel ( Blair Williams ) presents a blackened liver that supposedly belonged to Francis , `` proving '' that the king was poisoned and Catherine the likely culprit . Narcisse , with the council 's support , is declared regent . Bash and Delphine expect the killer they 're investigating to attack Greer next , but the killer attacks Delphine instead . Delphine is spared when she temporarily absorbs the killer 's murderous instinct , but is unable to identify him . Mary and Don Carlos are close to an engagement , but are stalled by Gideon Blackburn , who claims that Don Carlos has a `` dark secret '' . Upon investigation , Mary learns that Don Carlos is a masochist who desires to be flogged . Mary is reluctant , but she and Catherine stage a secret flogging session for Don Carlos which ends badly -- Don Carlos falls and cracks his skull , but survives and wanders out of the room . 52 8 `` Our Undoing '' Lee Rose Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 1.10 Don Carlos survives his injury but is brain - damaged . Fadrique , Duke of Alba ( Richard De Klerk ) investigates the accident , but Mary and Catherine escape being implicated . Narcisse holds an inquest into Catherine 's possible poisoning of Francis , but with Bash 's help , Catherine exhumes Francis 's intact corpse , proving that the blackened liver was from someone else . Unknown to all , Cardinal Morel was behind the attempt to frame Catherine at the urging of a secret party ; upon his failure , the cardinal is killed . Lord Cunningham ( Giles Panton ) , a Scottish Lord , brings Mary news of famine in Scotland , and that Elizabeth has taken Lola 's family hostage and wants Lola to travel to her court in exchange for their freedom . At Catherine 's advice , Mary gets engaged to the child - like Don Carlos , who is smitten with Mary and sends grain to Scotland at her urging . Lola discovers the truth of how Narcisse manipulated her into marrying him ; she leaves him and goes to Elizabeth 's court to save her family . 53 9 `` Wedlock '' Norma Bailey Wendy Riss & Drew Lindo January 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 15 ) 1.10 Mary 's wedding to Don Carlos approaches . Don Carlos secretly regains his memory , and seeks his revenge on Mary by asking for the crown matrimonial of Scotland . Mary is suspicious and asks Gideon for help ; he learns that Don Carlos plans to assassinate Mary after the wedding . Mary tricks Don Carlos into confessing his intentions to all , and the wedding is cancelled . Mary also learns that Gideon is being blackmailed by Elizabeth , who is holding Gideon 's daughter hostage . Elizabeth is pregnant with Robert 's child , so she pressures Robert to divorce Amy and marry her . When Amy learns of this , she goes mad and frames Robert for murder by killing herself . Catherine continues her affair with Christophe and has him elevated to a member of the King 's Guard . Claude and Leith consummate their relationship . Soon afterward Narcisse announces that Claude will be married off to a wealthy Duke , so her dowry can be used to pay some of the French crown 's debts . Delphine fears that the murderer 's killing instinct is inside her , and the murderer kills again . 54 10 `` Bruises That Lie '' Megan Follows P.K. Simmons January 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 22 ) 1.24 Mary allies with Gideon against Elizabeth ; together they fool Elizabeth 's spies by making it appear that Gideon has seduced Mary , thus securing the release of Gideon 's daughter , Agatha . However , Gideon has developed real feelings for Mary . Claude is married to Duke Boinel , who hits her on their wedding night , but she hits him back and runs away . Angered by what happened to Claude , Charles forces the Privy Council to remove Narcisse as regent and appoint Catherine instead . Unknown to them , Catherine secretly bribed Boinel to strike Claude , setting those events in motion . Claude 's marriage is annulled , and Leith promises to rise in station until he 's worthy of marrying her . Lola arrives at English court and learns that Elizabeth has no intention of releasing her family . Elizabeth is poisoned and miscarries her baby . Martin returns to France and learns that Greer is pregnant with his child , and that she 's planning to give it away to her married sister , Ellen ( Lyla Porter - Follows ) . 55 11 `` Succession '' Charles Binamé April Blair April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 0.92 Charles 's coronation is marred by the discovery of dead bodies in the castle , victims of the same murderer Bash has been tracking . With Christophe 's help , Bash finds evidence that the castle butcher ( Christopher Jacot ) is responsible , and he 's hanged . However , Catherine learns that Christophe is the true murderer , but he blackmails her into keeping his secret . Mary spends time with Gideon and his daughter , Agatha . Mary learns that the misogynist Protestant preacher John Knox is leading the persecution of Catholics in Scotland , and calls upon the Vatican for help raising an army against him . Elizabeth presses Lola for information on Mary , but Lola refuses to comply . Instead Lola tells Elizabeth her new discovery that William has been paying courtesans to dress up as Elizabeth for his pleasure . Elizabeth uses this lead to uncover that William is in love with her and poisoned her , causing her miscarriage ; she banishes him from court for good . 56 12 `` No Way Out '' Fred Gerber Wendy Riss Gatsiounis May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 0.96 Elizabeth publicly names Mary as her successor , on the condition that Elizabeth choose Mary 's next husband . Mary has Rome 's approval to raise an army , and is ordered by Archbishop Ridolfi ( Juan Chioran ) to accept Elizabeth 's terms , as they plan to assassinate Elizabeth and have Mary become queen of England . Mary asks Gideon for help finding a way to protect Elizabeth , and has sex with him ; soon after , Gideon kills his servant to protect Mary . When Elizabeth sees how much Robert is hated in England , she makes him Earl of Leicester and commands him to sail to France and wed Mary , hoping to save his life . Lola reaches out to the heartbroken Elizabeth . Mary asks if Greer will return with her to Scotland , but Greer declines . Catherine is threatened by the mysterious thirteen Red Knights who seek revenge for the wrongful execution of thirteen knights by King Henry many years ago . 57 13 `` Strange Bedfellows '' Norma Bailey Shannon Goss May 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) 0.78 Robert arrives in France and Mary agrees to marry him . Mary and Gideon discover that although the Vatican wish to put Mary on the English throne , they 're going to replace her with a distant Catholic cousin , Joseph Tudor . Gideon kidnaps Joseph but is arrested by Archbishop Ridolfi before he can expose the plot , so he passes the task of warning Elizabeth to Robert . Robert returns to England with Joseph and is hailed a hero . Elizabeth executes Joseph and declares that she will have no successor ; Robert and Mary 's engagement is cancelled as well . Mary arranges for Gideon to return to England to save him from the Vatican 's retribution , and the pair bid their goodbyes . Catherine , with Bash and Christophe 's help , learns that the Red Knights are a movement to destroy the House of Valois , and were behind the attempt to frame her for poisoning Francis . Catherine reconciles with Narcisse in her preparation to fight back . Greer breaks ties with Ellen and her husband because of their duplicity . Claude offers to financially help Leith start a new business , and he accepts . 58 14 `` To the Death '' Michael McGowan Lily Sparks May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 0.76 Mary discovers that Greer is pregnant , and uses her new Vatican - funded army to free Aloysius Castleroy , Greer 's husband , from prison . Greer and Aloysius reconcile , and leave to start a new life elsewhere . Bash confesses to Mary that his feelings for her never fully went away , and promises to go to Scotland with her . Charles and Narcisse secretly go to a high - stakes casino to win money to pay the royal soldiers . However , the Red Knights poison all the royal generals just before they 're paid , so to frame Catherine and Charles for the massacre . Elizabeth conspires with Lola to punish Beatrice Somerset , a lady who testified against Elizabeth 's mother , Anne Boleyn , which lead to Anne 's execution . Elizabeth learns that the accusation of incest against Anne was true , but Anne only resorted to it because she feared her husband King Henry VIII would kill her if she did n't give him a son . Elizabeth pardons Beatrice and rewards Lola 's loyalty by bringing Jean - Philippe to her . 59 15 `` Safe Passage '' Stuart Gillard Drew Lindo May 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) 0.95 News of the massacre gets out and defenders of the generals rise up against Catherine and Charles . Delphine is brought back to court by Charles to help flush out the Red Knights , but is killed by Christophe when she recognizes him . Bash figures out that Christophe killed Delphine and kills him . Bash also learns of Catherine 's other misdeeds -- protecting Christophe , killing Bash 's mother , and having Claude beaten to win the Regency -- and resigns as Deputy of France . Mary uses her mercenary army to protect Catherine and Charles from an uprising of their soldiers , and then leaves for Scotland for good . Narcisse and Bash join Mary on her ship ; Narcisse wants to save Lola , and Bash wants to protect Mary . Catherine falls out with Charles and Claude when they learn what she did to earn the Regency . Lola meets with Gideon , who is searching for a way to free her . 60 16 `` Clans '' Fred Gerber Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts June 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 06 ) 0.96 Mary 's ship sinks in a storm , though Mary , Narcisse and Bash are washed ashore in northern Scotland . Mary and Narcisse narrowly escape being killed by a local clan , the McFee , while Bash is taken by druids to be healed . Narcisse leaves for England after helping reunite Mary with Bash . The McFee attack and slaughter the druids , so Mary and Bash pretend to be sibling merchants in order to survive . Mary and Bash also agree to travel with the McFee -- this clan was behind the attack that killed Francis , so Mary hopes to meet their leader and exact revenge . Elizabeth and Lola entertain the Prince of Denmark ( Kyle Gatehouse ) , a potential suitor for Elizabeth , and avoid an international mishap due to Lola 's quick thinking . Elizabeth learns of Mary 's ship sinking and , believing that Mary is dead , invites Lola to join English court permanently . Charles , hoping to assert his power and be granted full kingship , pursues his own plan to stop the Red Knights , but is betrayed by one of his friends and captured . 61 17 `` Intruders '' Lee Rose April Blair & Drew Lindo June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) 0.81 Catherine , working with Leith , traps and kills most of the Red Knights , but is unable to find Charles , who has fled captivity on his own . John Knox ( Jonathan Goad ) learns of Mary 's presumed death , and pressures Mary 's bastard half - brother James Stewart ( Dan Jeannotte ) to dissolve the Scottish monarchy . Mary and Bash are brought to Munro ( John Barrowman ) , leader of the McFee ; Munro figures out who Mary is , but she kills him . Mary and Bash flee to Edinburgh , where Mary makes a triumphant entrance before the Scottish nobles . Elizabeth sends her troops to invade Scotland and take the throne , and refuses to recall them even when she hears Mary may be alive . Narcisse manages to sneak into Elizabeth 's palace to reconcile with Lola , but before Lola can escape with him , she receives a coded letter supposedly from Mary ordering her to assassinate Elizabeth . 62 18 `` Spiders in a Jar '' Deborah Chow Laurie McCarthy June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 0.93 Lola conspires with a Scottish assassin to kill Elizabeth , but the assassination attempt fails and both are captured . Elizabeth has Lola executed by public beheading , which Narcisse is there to witness . Mary consolidates her power in Scotland , and successfully uses the suicide of a Catholic priest as propaganda in gaining support . Gideon arrives in Scotland as part of an English delegation , and he and Mary resume their affair . When Mary learns of Lola 's execution , she vows to take Elizabeth 's throne , and asks Gideon to help her . James figures out that John Knox was behind the order to assassinate Elizabeth , but has no evidence . Bash leaves Mary in order to join the druids and hone his supernatural powers . Charles safely returns to French court and ousts Catherine as regent . Catherine retaliates by parading her third son , Henry , who is next in line to the throne . Catherine gives her blessing to Claude and Leith to get married , but Leith is betrayed and killed by the machinations of Martel de Guise ( Lewis Kirk ) , a jealous former lover of Claude 's . Elizabeth asks Robert to marry her , but is dismayed to learn that he has married Lettice Knollys . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` The CW Fall 2015 Schedule : Vampire Block On Thursday , Comedies On Monday , ' Reign ' Moves To Friday '' . Deadline . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) . `` The CW Announces Midseason Changes '' . ProgrammingInsider.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' adjusted up ; ' Reign , ' ' Undateable ' and other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' and ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusted up , ' Truth Be Told ' premiere holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' and ' Top Model ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Friday final ratings : Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts up , everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In Our Undoing , Catherine reads the letter from the embalmer that states the date when he received Francis 's body . The note reads `` March 29th , 1560 '' as when Francis 's body was received ; Sebastian also mentions that Francis was put in his coffin just `` two days '' later , meaning Francis 's death is around the end of March 1560 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Reign ' keeps season high , ' World 's Funniest ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ It 's been three weeks since Francis died -- and , according to Episode 8 , he was received by the embalmer on the 29th March , 1560 . This means Episode 6 is set in the third or fourth week of April . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Friday final ratings : No adjustments on a quiet night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Top Model ' finale and everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Reign ' and ' Dr. Ken ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Reign ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' hold at season highs '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' finale and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Blindspot ' and ' Reign ' adjust down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' finale and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelorette ' premiere , all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mistresses ' adjusts down , plus final NHL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' adjusts up , ' Reign ' and ' Whose Line ' ajdust down , final NBA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelorette ' adjusts up , ' Spartan ' and ' Mistresses ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reign_(season_3)&oldid=827265773 '' Categories : 2015 American television seasons 2016 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 18 : 48 . About Wikipedia | who plays prince charles in reign season 3 | [
"\nIn England, Catherine and Elizabeth send messengers to Rome to expose Mary's affair with Louis, but the messengers are quietly assassinated by the Vatican. Mary and Francis are in need of resources, and engage a privateer named Martin (Sameer Usmani) to steal for them. Martin tricks Greer, who has returned to court, into having sex with him. Elizabeth, as advised by Catherine, sends a proposal to France for her marriage to Francis's younger brother Charles (Spencer MacPherson). Francis refuses and reveals to Mary that he is dying, so Charles will soon become the new King of France. However, Mary and Francis pretend to accept the proposal, providing a diversion so their spies can kidnap Catherine and bring her back to France for imprisonment. Elizabeth is having an affair with her subject, commoner Robert Dudley (Charlie Carrick), while Robert's wife, Amy (Clara Pasieka) starts an affair with Elizabeth's adviser William (Tom Everett Scott) as part of a plan to get her husband back. Narcisse wants to court Lola but is forbidden by Francis. Delphine, still a fugitive, tells Bash that she's innocent of the murder she's accused of, and that the true murderer is still in the castle.\n"
] | [
"Spencer MacPherson"
] |
-1073366264026286642 | List of islands of New Zealand | List of islands of New Zealand - wikipedia List of islands of New Zealand New Zealand 's South Island is largely mountainous . Seen here is Walter Peak . New Zealand consists of a large number of islands ; estimated around six hundred . The two main islands , which are much larger than the rest and where most of the population lives , are the North Island , or Te Ika - a-Māui , and the South Island , or Te Waipounamu . The latter is often referred to as the `` mainland '' , especially by its residents , because it is somewhat larger ( but with a smaller population ) . However , in general practice , the mainland refers to both North Island and South Island as opposed to the smaller offshore islands . Stewart Island / Rakiura , in the south , is by far the biggest of the smaller islands , although Waiheke Island has the largest population of the smaller ones . The following is a list of some of the islands of New Zealand : Contents ( hide ) 1 Listed by size 2 Listed by highest point 3 In harbours and the open sea 4 In rivers and lakes 5 Outlying 6 Realm of New Zealand 7 Territorial claims 8 See also 9 References Listed by size ( edit ) The following table lists the largest islands of New Zealand by size . The Cook Islands , Niue , Tokelau , and islands of the Ross Dependency are excluded . Delta islands such as Rakaia Island ( 25.7 km ) , Fereday Island , Rangitata Island , and Inch Clutha ( approximately 15 km , 30 km , and 35 km respectively ) are also currently omitted , as are temporary islands in braided river channels and tidal islands such as Rabbit Island , Nelson ( 17 km ) . The country 's largest island within a lake , Pomona Island , has an area of just 2.6 km . Rank English name Māori name km % of NZ Area Population South Island Te Waipounamu , Te Wahi Pounamu , Te Waka - a-Māui , Te Waka o Aoraki 151,215 56.2 % 1,115,800 North Island Te Ika - a-Māui 113,729 42.3 % 3,677,200 Stewart Island Rakiura , Te Punga o Te Waka - a-Māui 1,683 0.6 % 400 Chatham Island Rekohu ( Moriori ) ; Wharekauri ( Māori ) 900 0.3 % 600 5 Auckland Island Motu Maha 510 0.2 % 0 6 Great Barrier Island Aotea 285 0.1 % 850 7 Resolution Island Taumoana 208.87 0.1 % 0 8 D'Urville Island Rangitoto Ki Te Tonga 150 < 0.1 % About 52 9 Campbell Island Motu Ihupuku 115 < 0.1 % 0 10 Adams Island 100 < 0.1 % 0 11 Waiheke Island Waiheke 92 < 0.1 % 9,520 12 Secretary Island Rangitoa 81.4 < 0.1 % 0 13 Arapaoa Island Arapaoa 75 < 0.1 % 50 14 Pitt Island Rangiaotea ( Moriori ) or Rangiauria ( Maori ) 62 < 0.1 % 38 15 Matakana Island Matakana 60 < 0.1 % 225 16 Raoul Island Rangitahua 29.4 < 0.1 % 6 17 Little Barrier Island Hauturu 28 0 18 Rangitoto Island Rangitoto 23.1 0 19 Antipodes Island 20 0 20 Kapiti Island Kapiti 19.7 0 21 Kawau Island Kawau 19 81 22 Long Island , Southland Motu Roa 18.99 0 23 Cooper Island Ure Toto 17.79 0 24 Ponui Island Ponui 17.7 0 25 Great Mercury Island Ahuahu 17.2 0 26 Ruapuke Island Ruapuke 16 0 27 Motutapu Island Motutapu 15.1 0 28 Codfish Island Whenua Hou 14 0 29 Mayor Island Tuhua 13 0 30 Coal Island Te Puka - Hereka 11.6 0 31 Anchor Island Puke Nui 11.37 0 32 Motiti Island Motiti 10 27 33 Big South Cape Island Taukihepa 9.4 0 Listed by highest point ( edit ) The following table lists the islands of New Zealand by their highest elevation . These islands are all in harbours or the open sea . The country 's tallest island within a lake , Pomona Island , rises to 511 metres ( 1,677 ft ) above sea level , which is about 333 metres ( 1,093 ft ) above Lake Manapouri 's normal lake level . Rank Name of island Highest point Name of peak Type of peak South Island 3,754 m ( 12,316 ft ) Mount Cook Tectonic North Island 2,797 m ( 9,177 ft ) Mount Ruapehu Volcanic Secretary Island 1,196 m ( 3,924 ft ) Mount Grono Tectonic Resolution Island 1,069 m ( 3,507 ft ) Mount Clerke Tectonic 5 Stewart Island 980 m ( 3,220 ft ) Mount Anglem Tectonic 6 D'Urville Island 729 m ( 2,392 ft ) Attempt Hill Tectonic 7 Little Barrier Island 722 m ( 2,369 ft ) Mount Hauturu Volcanic 8 Adams Island 705 m ( 2,313 ft ) Mount Dick Volcanic 9 Auckland Island 659 m ( 2,162 ft ) Cavern Peak Volcanic 10 Great Barrier Island 627 m ( 2,057 ft ) Mount Hobson Tectonic 11 Long Island , Southland 620 m ( 2,030 ft ) Tectonic 12 Campbell Island 569 m ( 1,867 ft ) Mount Honey Volcanic 13 Arapaoa Island 559 m ( 1,834 ft ) Narawhia Tectonic 14 Cooper Island 523 m ( 1,716 ft ) Tectonic 15 Kapiti Island 521 m ( 1,709 ft ) Tuteremoana Tectonic 16 Raoul Island 516 m ( 1,693 ft ) Moumoukai Peak Volcanic 17 = Anchor Island 417 m ( 1,368 ft ) Tectonic 17 = Taranga ( Hen ) Island 417 m ( 1,368 ft ) The Pinnacles Tectonic 19 Bauza Island 383 m ( 1,257 ft ) Tectonic 20 Maud Island / Te Hoiere 368 m ( 1,207 ft ) Tectonic 21 Antipodes Island 366 m ( 1,201 ft ) Mount Galloway Volcanic 22 Forsyth Island 356 m ( 1,168 ft ) Tectonic 23 Mayor Island 355 m ( 1,165 ft ) Opuahau Volcanic 24 Moutohora Island / Whale Island 353 m ( 1,158 ft ) Motu Hara Volcanic 25 Breaksea Island 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) Tectonic 26 Solander Island / Hautere 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) Tectonic 27 White Island 321 m ( 1,053 ft ) Mount Gisborne Volcanic 28 Chatham Island 299 m ( 981 ft ) Volcanic 29 Blumine Island 298 m ( 978 ft ) Tectonic 30 Manawatāwhi / Great Island ( Three Kings Islands ) 295 m ( 968 ft ) Tectonic 31 Mangere Island ( Chatham Islands ) 292 m ( 958 ft ) Whakapa Tectonic 32 Stephens Island / Takapourewa 283 m ( 928 ft ) Tectonic 33 Rangitoto Island 260 m ( 850 ft ) Rangitoto Volcanic 34 Coal Island 251 m ( 823 ft ) Tectonic 35 Codfish Island 250 m ( 820 ft ) Tectonic 36 Nukuwaiata Island ( Chetwode Islands ) 247 m ( 810 ft ) Tectonic 37 Pitt Island / Rangiauria 241 m ( 791 ft ) Waihere Tectonic 38 Macauley Island ( Kermadec Islands ) 238 m ( 781 ft ) Mount Haszard Volcanic 39 Taukihepa / Big South Cape Island 235 m ( 771 ft ) Tectonic 40 Whatupuke Island ( Hen and Chicken Islands ) 234 m ( 768 ft ) Tectonic 41 = Great Mercury Island 231 m ( 758 ft ) Mount Mohi Volcanic 41 = Waiheke Island 231 m ( 758 ft ) Maunganui Tectonic 43 Jacquemart Island ( Campbell Islands ) 229 m ( 751 ft ) Volcanic 44 Wakaterepapanui Island ( Rangitoto Islands ) 225 m ( 738 ft ) Tectonic 45 South East Island / Rangatira ( Chatham Islands ) 224 m ( 735 ft ) Tectonic 46 Rakitu Island 220 m ( 720 ft ) Tectonic 47 Aorangi Island 216 m ( 709 ft ) Tectonic 48 = Cuvier Island 214 m ( 702 ft ) Tectonic 48 = Little Mangere Island ( Chatham Islands ) 214 m ( 702 ft ) Whakapa Tectonic 50 Moekawa / South West Island ( Three Kings Islands ) 207 m ( 679 ft ) Tectonic 51 Bollons Island ( Antipodes Islands ) 202 m ( 663 ft ) Volcanic 52 Indian Island 196 m ( 643 ft ) Tectonic 53 Tawhiti Rahi Island ( Poor Knights Islands ) 191 m ( 627 ft ) Tectonic 54 Tinui Island ( Rangitoto Islands ) 190 m ( 620 ft ) Tectonic 55 Matapara / Pickersgill Island 186 m ( 610 ft ) Tectonic 56 = Great Island 185 m ( 607 ft ) Tectonic 56 = Kaikoura Island 185 m ( 607 ft ) Mitre Peak Tectonic 56 = Pearl Island ( off Stewart Island ) 185 m ( 607 ft ) Tectonic 59 Coppermine Island ( Hen and Chicken Islands ) 184 m ( 604 ft ) Huarewa Tectonic 60 Kawau Island 182 m ( 597 ft ) Grey Heights Tectonic 61 Te Kakaho Island ( Chetwode Islands ) 179 m ( 587 ft ) Tectonic 62 Motukawanui Island 177 m ( 581 ft ) Tectonic 63 Ōhau / West Island ( Three Kings Islands ) 177 m ( 581 ft ) Tectonic 64 Motutapere Island ( off Coromandel ) 175 m ( 574 ft ) Tectonic 65 Ponui Island 173 m ( 568 ft ) Ponui Tectonic 66 Motuoruhi Island ( off Coromandel ) 169 m ( 554 ft ) Tectonic 67 Lady Alice Island ( Hen and Chicken Islands ) 158 m ( 518 ft ) Tectonic 68 The Castle / Rangiwheau ( Chatham Islands ) 156 m ( 512 ft ) Tectonic 69 Long Island , Marlborough 152 m ( 499 ft ) Tectonic 70 Noble Island ( off Stewart Island ) 154 m ( 505 ft ) Tectonic 71 Chalky Island 151 m ( 495 ft ) Tectonic 72 = Red Mercury Island 150 m ( 490 ft ) Volcanic 72 = Puangiangi Island ( Rangitoto Islands ) 150 m ( 490 ft ) Tectonic In harbours and the open sea ( edit ) Adele Island Aiguilles Island Alderman Islands Allports Island Amerikiwhati Island Anatakupu Island Anchor Island Anchorage Island Aorangaia Island Araara Island Arakaninihi Island Arapaoa Island Aroha Island Awarua Rock Bare Island Bauza Island Bells Island Bench Island Bests Island Big South Cape Island Blumine Island Breaksea Island The Brothers Browns Island Calliope Island , Whangarei Heads Catherine Island , Charles Sound Cavalli Islands Chalky Island Coal Island Codfish Island / Whenuahou Cooper Island Dog Island Cuvier Island D'Urville Island Dragon Island East Island / Whangaokeno Eleanor Island , Charles Sound Elizabeth Island Fanny Island , Charles Sound Fisherman Island Forsyth Island Frenchman Island , Whangarei Heads Gannet Island Goat Island , Auckland Goat Island , Otago Harbour Goat Island / Te Mapoutahi Great Barrier Island / Aotea Great Island Green Island Guano Island , Whangarei Heads Hen and Chicken Islands High Island Herald Island , Waitematā Harbour Indian Island Kaikoura Island Kapiti Island Kawau Island King Billy Island Kopuahingahinga Island , Manukau Harbour Little Barrier Island ( Hauturu ) Long Island , Marlborough Long Island , Southland Mahurangi Island ( Goat Island ) Makaro / Ward Island Mana Island Matakana Island Matiu / Somes Island Maud Island / Te Hoiere Mauitaha Island , Whangarei Heads Mayor Island / Tuhua Mercury Islands Mokohinau Islands Mokopuna Island Motiti Island Motueka Island ( Pigeon Island ) Motuhoa Island Motuihe Island Motukaroro Island Motukawao Islands Motukiore Island , Parua Bay Motunau Island Motuoroi Island Moturaka Island Moturata / Taieri Island Motutapu Island Moutohora Island / Whale Island Native Island Ngarango Otainui Island , Manukau Harbour Ninepin Rock , Manukau Harbour Noble Island North Island Opahekeheke Island Open Bay Islands Pakatoa Island Pararekau Island , Manukau Harbour Pearl Island Pepin Island ( a tied island connected to the mainland ) Piercy Island Ponui Island Poor Knights Islands Portland Island Pourewa Island Puketutu Island , Manukau Harbour Putauhinu Island Quail Island Quarantine Island / Kamau Taurua Rabbit Island Rakino Island Rangitoto Island Rangitoto Islands , Marlborough Sounds Raratoka Island Resolution Island Ripapa Island Rotoroa Island Rurima Rocks , including Rurima Island Ruapuke Island Quarantine Island / Kamau Taurua Secretary Island Shark Island , Manukau Harbour Slipper Island South Island Stephens Island / Takapourewa Stewart Island / Rakiura Sugar Loaf Islands Takangaroa Island Tapu Te Ranga Motu Tarahiki Island Tarakanahi Island Tata Islands Tikitiki Island , ( The Ninepin ) , Bay of Islands Tiritiri Matangi Island Titi / Muttonbird Islands Tonga Island Ulva Island Urupukapuka Island Waiheke Island Walker Island Watchman Island , Waitematā Harbour Whakaari / White Island Whanganui Island White Island ( Otago ) Wiroa Island , Manukau Harbour In rivers and lakes ( edit ) Black Jacks Island ( in Lake Benmore ) Channel Islands ( in Lake Manapouri ) Dome Islands ( in Lake Te Anau ) Entrance Island ( in Lake Te Anau ) Fereday Island ( in the Rakaia River delta ) Harwich Island ( in Lake Wanaka ) Hidden Island ( in Lake Wakatipu ) Inch Clutha ( in the Clutha River delta ) Junction Island ( in Lake Benmore ) Karihoa Island ( in Waikato River ) Kaiwaka No. 1 Island ( in Waikato River delta ) Kaiwaka No. 2 Island ( in Waikato River delta ) Manutahi Island ( in Waikato River ) Mary Island ( in Lake Hauroko ) Mokoia Island ( in Lake Rotorua ) Motakorea Island ( in Waikato River ) Motuariki Island ( in Lake Tekapo ) Motukakako Island ( in Waikato River delta ) Motutaiko Island ( in Lake Taupo ) Moutoa Island ( in the Whanganui River ) Mou Tapu ( in Lake Wanaka ) Mou Waho ( in Lake Wanaka ) Motutieke Island ( in Waikato River delta ) Namuheiriro Island ( in Waikato River ) Ngahinapouri Island ( in Waikato River delta ) Opuawhanga Island ( in Waikato River ) Pigeon Island / Wāwāhi Waka ( in Lake Wakatipu ) Pig Island / Mātau ( in Lake Wakatipu ) Pomona Island ( in Lake Manapouri ) Puehunui Island ( in Waikato River delta ) Rakaia Island ( in the Rakaia River delta ) Rangitata Island ( in the Rangitata River delta ) Rona Island ( in Lake Manapouri ) Ruby Island ( in Lake Wanaka ) Silver Island ( in Lake Hawea ) Stevensons Island / Te Peka Karara ( in Lake Wanaka ) Tarahanga Island ( in Waikato River ) Tawanui Island ( in Waikato River delta ) Te Kopura Island ( in Waikato River ) Te Toki Island ( in Waikato River ) Te Weranga Okapu Island ( in Waikato River delta ) Tree Island ( in Lake Wakatipu ) Whatamakiri Island ( in Waikato River delta ) Outlying ( edit ) New Zealand also administers the following islands outside the main archipelago . Only the Chatham Islands have a permanent population although others also did in the past . Others host visitors for science , conservation , meteorological observation and tourism . Chatham Islands Chatham Island / Rekohu Forty - Fours / Motuhara Little Mangere Island Mangere Island Pitt Island / Rangiauria The Sisters / Rangitatahi South East Island / Rangatira Star Keys / Motuhope Kermadec Islands Cheeseman Island Curtis Island Macauley Island Raoul Island Solander Islands Three Kings Islands Topographical map of Antipodes Islands The New Zealand Subantarctic Islands are considered World Heritage Sites . Antipodes Islands Auckland Islands Adams Island Auckland Island Disappointment Island Enderby Island Rose Island Bounty Islands Campbell Island group Campbell Island Dent Island Folly Island ( or Folly Islands ) Jacquemart Island The Snares Realm of New Zealand ( edit ) The following islands are part of the Realm of New Zealand , but are not part of New Zealand proper : Cook Islands Aitutaki Atiu Mangaia Manihiki Manuae Mauke Mitiaro Nassau Palmerston Island Penrhyn Island / Tongareva Pukapuka Rakahanga Rarotonga Suwarrow Takutea Niue Tokelau Atafu Nukunonu Fakaofo Territorial claims ( edit ) New Zealand also claims the Ross Dependency in Antarctica , including : the Balleny Islands Buckle Island Sabrina Island Sturge Island Young Island Scott Island Roosevelt Island Coulman Island the Ross Archipelago Ross Island Beaufort Island White Island Black Island the Dellbridge Islands Inaccessible Island Tent Island Big Razorback Little Razorback See also ( edit ) New Zealand outlying islands New Zealand Subantarctic Islands Islands of the world Extreme points of New Zealand References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McSaveney , Eileen ( 24 September 2007 ) . `` Nearshore islands '' . Te Ara . Jump up ^ Taylor , Marie . Once - a-day milking next Turner challenge Archived 25 May 2012 at Archive.is , 1 May 2004 . Jump up ^ Pomona Island Charitable Trust , Department of Conservation . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Gerard Hindmarsh ( 2006 ) . Discovering D'Urville , Heritage New Zealand , Winter 2006 . New Zealand articles History Timeline Military history Treaty of Waitangi New Zealand Wars Women 's suffrage New Zealand and Antarctica Colony Dominion Independence Geography Biodiversity Caves Climate Earthquakes Environment Geology Islands North Island South Island Lakes Marine reserves National parks Rivers Time zones Cities Auckland Christchurch Dunedin Hamilton Hastings Invercargill Napier Nelson New Plymouth Palmerston North Rotorua Tauranga Wellington capital Subdivisions Regions Territorial authorities Politics Constitution Elections Electoral system Political parties Foreign relations Human rights Disability Intersex LGBT Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Law enforcement Military Monarchy Parliament ( House of Representatives ) Government Cabinet Governor - General list Ministers Prime Minister list Economy Agriculture Dairy farming Wine industry Companies Energy Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Rogernomics Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare Society Citizenship Crime Demographics Ethnic origins Education Health care Homelessness Immigration Languages Māori New Zealand English New Zealand Sign Language LGBT issues People `` Kiwi '' Māori Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Literature Māori culture Media Music National symbols Coat of arms Flag Public holidays Radio Religion Sport Television Outline Book Portal List of islands of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand&oldid=841492393 '' Categories : Islands of New Zealand Lists of islands by country Lists of landforms of New Zealand Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Boarisch Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano ქართული Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური 日本 語 Norsk Русский Suomi Svenska Українська اردو 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 05 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what are the two main islands of new zealand | [
"The two main islands, which are much larger than the rest and where most of the population lives, are the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu. The latter is often referred to as the \"mainland\", especially by its residents, because it is somewhat larger (but with a smaller population). However, in general practice, the mainland refers to both North Island and South Island as opposed to the smaller offshore islands.\n",
"The two main islands, which are much larger than the rest and where most of the population lives, are the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu. The latter is often referred to as the \"mainland\", especially by its residents, because it is somewhat larger (but with a smaller population). However, in general practice, the mainland refers to both North Island and South Island as opposed to the smaller offshore islands.\n"
] | [
"the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui",
"the South Island, or Te Waipounamu"
] |
-7052411875788108372 | History of Japan | History of Japan - Wikipedia History of Japan History of Japan Periods ( show ) Paleolithic before 14,000 BC Jōmon 14,000 -- 300 BC Yayoi 300 BC -- 300 AD Kofun 300 -- 538 Asuka 538 -- 710 Nara 710 -- 794 Heian 794 -- 1185 Kamakura 1185 -- 1333 Kenmu Restoration 1333 -- 1336 Muromachi ( Ashikaga ) Nanboku - chō Sengoku 1336 -- 1573 Azuchi -- Momoyama Nanban trade 1573 -- 1603 Edo ( Tokugawa ) Sakoku Convention of Kanagawa Bakumatsu 1603 -- 1868 Meiji Boshin War Restoration First Sino - Japanese War Boxer Rebellion Russo - Japanese War 1868 -- 1912 Taishō World War I 1912 -- 1926 Shōwa Financial crisis Militarism World War II Occupation Economic miracle Post-occupation Bubble Economy 1926 -- 1989 Heisei Lost Decade 1989 -- present Topics ( show ) Currency Earthquakes Economy Education Empire Historiography Military Naval Post-war Glossary Timeline Part of a series on the Culture of Japan History People Languages Traditions ( show ) Values Etiquette Marriage Funerals Tea ceremony Geisha Onsen / Sentō Clothing Games Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion ( show ) Buddhism Christian New religions Shinto Art ( show ) Ikebana Bonsai Gardens Pottery and porcelain Literature ( show ) Manga Poetry Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Television Cinema Mobile phone culture Anime Sport ( show ) Martial arts Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Architecture Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Organisations ( show ) Museums Japan portal The first human habitation in the Japanese archipelago has been traced to prehistoric times . The Jōmon period , named after its `` cord - marked '' pottery , was followed by the Yayoi in the first millennium BC , when new technologies were introduced from continental Asia . During this period , the first known written reference to Japan was recorded in the Chinese Book of Han in the first century AD . Between the fourth century and the ninth century , Japan 's many kingdoms and tribes gradually came to be unified under a centralized government , nominally controlled by the Emperor . This imperial dynasty continues to reign over Japan . In 794 , a new imperial capital was established at Heian - kyō ( modern Kyoto ) , marking the beginning of the Heian period , which lasted until 1185 . The Heian period is considered a golden age of classical Japanese culture . Japanese religious life from this time and onwards was a mix of native Shinto practices and Buddhism . Over the following centuries the power of the Emperor and the imperial court gradually declined and passed to the military clans and their armies of samurai warriors . The Minamoto clan under Minamoto no Yoritomo emerged victorious from the Genpei War of 1180 -- 85 . After seizing power , Yoritomo set up his capital in Kamakura and took the title of shōgun . In 1274 and 1281 , the Kamakura shogunate withstood two Mongol invasions , but in 1333 it was toppled by a rival claimant to the shogunate , ushering in the Muromachi period . During the Muromachi period regional warlords called daimyōs grew in power at the expense of the shōgun . Eventually , Japan descended into a period of civil war . Over the course of the late sixteenth century , Japan was reunified under the leadership of the daimyō Oda Nobunaga and his successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi . After Hideyoshi 's death in 1598 , Tokugawa Ieyasu came to power and was appointed shōgun by the Emperor . The Tokugawa shogunate , which governed from Edo ( modern Tokyo ) , presided over a prosperous and peaceful era known as the Edo period ( 1600 -- 1868 ) . The Tokugawa shogunate imposed a strict class system on Japanese society and cut off almost all contact with the outside world . Portugal and Japan started in 1543 their first affiliation , making the Portuguese the first Europeans to reach Japan by landing in the southern archipelago of Japan . The Netherlands were the first to establish trade relations with Japan , Japan -- Netherlands relations dating back to 1609 . The American Perry Expedition in 1853 -- 54 more completely ended Japan 's seclusion ; this contributed to the fall of the shogunate and the return of power to the Emperor in 1868 . The new national leadership of the following Meiji period transformed the isolated , feudal island country into an empire that closely followed Western models and became a great power . Although democracy developed and modern civilian culture prospered during the Taishō period ( 1912 -- 26 ) , Japan 's powerful military had great autonomy and overruled Japan 's civilian leaders in the 1920s and 1930s . The military invaded Manchuria in 1931 , and from 1937 the conflict escalated into a prolonged war with China . Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 led to war with the United States and its allies . Japan 's forces soon became overextended , but the military held out in spite of Allied air attacks that inflicted severe damage on population centers . Emperor Hirohito announced Japan 's unconditional surrender on 15 August 1945 , following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria . The Allies occupied Japan until 1952 , during which a new constitution was enacted in 1947 that transformed Japan into a constitutional monarchy . After 1955 , Japan enjoyed very high economic growth , and became a world economic powerhouse . Since the 1990s , economic stagnation has been a major issue . An earthquake and tsunami in 2011 caused massive economic dislocations and a serious nuclear power disaster . Contents 1 Geographical background 2 Overview 3 Prehistoric and ancient Japan 3.1 Paleolithic and Jōmon periods 3.2 Yayoi period 3.3 Kofun period ( c. 250 -- 538 ) 4 Classical Japan 4.1 Asuka period ( 538 -- 710 ) 4.2 Nara period ( 710 -- 794 ) 4.3 Heian period ( 794 -- 1185 ) 4.3. 1 Heian culture 5 Medieval Japan 5.1 Kamakura period ( 1185 -- 1333 ) 5.2 Literary developments of the late - Heian and Kamakura periods 5.3 Muromachi period ( 1333 -- 1568 ) 5.3. 1 Muromachi culture 6 Early modern Japan 6.1 Azuchi -- Momoyama period ( 1568 -- 1600 ) 6.2 Edo period ( 1600 -- 1868 ) 6.2. 1 Culture and philosophy 6.2. 2 Decline and fall of the shogunate 7 Modern Japan 7.1 Meiji period ( 1868 -- 1912 ) 7.1. 1 Political and social changes 7.1. 2 Rise of imperialism and the military 7.1. 3 Economic modernization and labor unrest 7.2 Taishō period ( 1912 -- 1926 ) 7.3 Shōwa period ( 1926 -- 1989 ) 7.3. 1 Manchurian Incident and the Second Sino - Japanese War 7.3. 2 World War II 7.3. 3 Occupation of Japan 7.3. 4 Postwar growth and prosperity 7.4 Heisei period ( 1989 -- present ) 8 Social conditions 9 See also 9.1 Academic journals 10 Notes 11 References 12 Books cited Geographical background ( edit ) The mountainous Japanese archipelago stretches northeast to southwest 3,000 km off the east of the Asian continent at the convergence of four tectonic plates ; it has about forty active volcanoes and experiences about 1,000 earthquakes a year . The steep , craggy mountains that cover two - thirds of its surface are prone to quick erosion from fast - flowing rivers and to mudslides . They thus have hampered internal travel and communication and driven the population to rely on transportation along coastal waters . There is a great variety to its regions ' geographical features and weather patterns , with a rainy season in most parts in early summer . Volcanic soil that washes along the 13 % of the area that makes up the coastal plains provides fertile land , and the mainly temperate climate allows long growing seasons , which with the diversity of flora and fauna provide rich resources able to support the density of the population . Overview ( edit ) See also : Age of the Gods A commonly accepted periodization of Japanese history : Dates Period Period Subperiod Main government 30,000 -- 10,000 BC Japanese Paleolithic unknown 10,000 -- 300 BC Ancient Japan Jōmon 300 BC -- 300 AD Yayoi 300 -- 538 Kofun Imperial government 538 -- 710 Classical Japan Asuka 710 -- 794 Nara 794 -- 1185 Heian 1185 -- 1333 Medieval Japan Kamakura Kamakura shogunate 1333 -- 1336 Kenmu Restoration Imperial government 1336 -- 1392 Muromachi Nanboku - chō period Ashikaga shogunate 1392 -- 1467 1467 -- 1573 Sengoku period Ashikaga shogunate and sengoku daimyōs 1573 -- 1603 Azuchi -- Momoyama Oda Nobunaga , Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu 1603 -- 1868 Early Modern Japan Edo Tokugawa period Tokugawa shogunate 1868 -- 1912 Modern Japan Meiji Pre-war Imperial government 1912 -- 1926 Taishō 1926 -- 1945 Shōwa ( Prewar ) 1945 -- 1952 Contemporary Japan Shōwa ( Occupied Post-war ) Post-war GHQ / SCAP 1952 -- 1989 Shōwa ( Post-occupation ) Parliamentary democracy 1989 -- present Heisei Prehistoric and ancient Japan ( edit ) Paleolithic and Jōmon periods ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese Paleolithic and Jōmon period Jōmon period pottery . Land bridges , during glacial periods when the world sea level is lower , have periodically linked the Japanese archipelago to the Asian continent via Sakhalin Island in the north and via the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan in the south since the beginning of the current Quaternary glaciation 2.58 million years ago . There may also have been a land bridge to Korea in the southwest , though not in the 125,000 years or so since the start of the last interglacial . The Korea Strait was , however , quite narrow at the Last Glacial Maximum from 25,000 to 20,000 years BP . The earliest firm evidence of human habitation is of early Upper Paleolithic hunter - gatherers from 40,000 years ago , when Japan was separated from the continent . Edge - ground axes dating to 32 -- 38,000 years ago , found in 224 sites in Honshu and Kyushu , are unlike anything found in neighbouring areas of continental Asia , and have been proposed as evidence for the first Homo sapiens in Japan ; watercraft appear to have been in use in this period . Radiocarbon dating has shown that the earliest fossils in Japan date back to around 32,000 - 27,000 years ago ; for example in the case of Yamashita Cave 32,100 ± 1,000 BP , in Sakitari Cave cal 31,000 -- 29,000 BP , in Shiraho Saonetabaru Cave c . 27,000 BP among others . The Jōmon period of prehistoric Japan spans from about 12,000 BC ( in some cases dates as early as 14,500 BC are given ) to about 800 BC . Japan was inhabited by a hunter - gatherer culture that reached a considerable degree of sedentism and cultural complexity . The name `` cord - marked '' was first applied by the American scholar Edward S. Morse who discovered shards of pottery in 1877 and subsequently translated it into Japanese as jōmon . The pottery style characteristic of the first phases of Jōmon culture was decorated by impressing cords into the surface of wet clay . Yayoi period ( edit ) Main article : Yayoi period A Yayoi period bronze bell , third century CE . New technologies and modes of living took over from the Jōmon culture , spreading from northern Kyushu . The date of the change was until recently thought to be around 400 BC , but radio - carbon evidence suggests a date up to 500 years earlier , between 1,000 and 800 BC . The period was named after a district in Tokyo where a new , unembellished style of pottery was discovered in 1884 . Though hunting and foraging continued , the Yayoi period brought a new reliance on agriculture . Bronze and iron weapons and tools were imported from China and Korea ; such tools were later also produced in Japan . The Yayoi period also saw the introduction of weaving and silk production , glassmaking and new techniques of woodworking . The Yayoi technologies originated on the Asian mainland . There is debate among scholars as to what extent their spread was accomplished by means of migration or simply a diffusion of ideas , or a combination of both . The migration theory is supported by genetic and linguistic studies . Hanihara Kazurō has suggested that the annual immigrant influx from the continent ranged from 350 to 3,000 . Modern Japanese are genetically more similar to the Yayoi people than to the Jōmon people -- though more so in southern Japan than in the north -- whereas the Ainu bear significant resemblance to the Jōmon people . It took time for the Yayoi people and their descendants to fully displace or intermix with the Jōmon , who continued to exist in northern Honshu until the eighth century AD . The population of Japan began to increase rapidly , perhaps with a 10-fold rise over the Jōmon . Calculations of the population size have varied from 1.5 to 4.5 million by the end of the Yayoi . Skeletal remains from the late Jōmon period reveal a deterioration in already poor standards of health and nutrition , in contrast to Yayoi archaeological sites where there are large structures suggestive of grain storehouses . This change was accompanied by an increase in both the stratification of society and tribal warfare , indicated by segregated gravesites and military fortifications . Yoshinogari site , a large moated village of the period , began to be excavated by archaeologists in the late - 1980s . During the Yayoi period , the Yayoi tribes gradually coalesced into a number of kingdoms . The earliest written work of history to mention Japan , the Book of Han completed around 82 AD , states that Japan , referred to as Wa , was divided into one hundred kingdoms . A later Chinese work of history , the Wei Zhi , states that by 240 AD one powerful kingdom had gained ascendancy over the others . According to the Wei Zhi , this kingdom was called Yamatai , though modern historians continue to debate its location and other aspects of its depiction in the Wei Zhi . Yamatai was said to have been ruled by the female monarch Himiko . Kofun period ( c. 250 -- 538 ) ( edit ) Main article : Kofun period Daisenryō Kofun , Osaka . During the subsequent Kofun period , most of Japan gradually unified under a single kingdom . The symbol of the growing power of Japan 's new leaders was the kofun burial mounds they constructed from around 250 onwards . Many were of massive scale , such as the Daisenryō Kofun ( ja ) , a 486 m - long keyhole - shaped burial mound that took huge teams of laborers fifteen years to complete . The kofun were often surrounded by and filled with numerous haniwa clay sculptures , often in the shape of warriors and horses . The center of the unified state was Yamato in the Kinai region of central Japan . The rulers of the Yamato state were a hereditary line of Emperors who still reign as the world 's longest dynasty . The rulers of the Yamato extended their power across Japan through military conquest , but their preferred method of expansion was to convince local leaders to accept their authority in exchange for positions of influence in the government . Many of the powerful local clans who joined the Yamato state became known as the uji . Territorial extent of Yamato court during the Kofun period . These leaders sought and received formal diplomatic recognition from China , and Chinese accounts record five successive such leaders as the Five kings of Wa . Craftsmen and scholars from China and the Three Kingdoms of Korea played an important role in transmitting continental technologies and administrative skills to Japan during this period . Classical Japan ( edit ) Asuka period ( 538 -- 710 ) ( edit ) Main article : Asuka period The Asuka period began in 538 AD with the introduction of the Buddhist religion from the Korean kingdom of Baekje . Since then , Buddhism has coexisted with Japan 's native Shinto religion , in what is today known as Shinbutsu - shūgō . The period draws its name from the de facto imperial capital , Asuka , in the Kinai region . The Buddhist Soga clan took over the government in 587 and controlled Japan from behind the scenes for nearly sixty years . Prince Shōtoku , an advocate of Buddhism and of the Soga cause , who was of partial Soga descent , served as regent and de facto leader of Japan from 594 to 622 . Shōtoku authored the Seventeen - article constitution , a Confucian - inspired code of conduct for officials and citizens , and attempted to introduce a merit - based civil service called the Cap and Rank System . In 607 , Shōtoku offered a subtle insult to China by opening his letter with the phrase , `` The sovereign of the land where the sun rises is sending this mail to the sovereign of the land where the sun sets '' as seen in the kanji characters for Japan ( Nippon ) thus indicating that sun 's full strength originates with Japan and China receives the waning sun . By 670 a variant of this expression , Nihon , established itself as the official name of the nation , which has persisted to this day . The word `` Nihon '' written in w : Kanji ( horizontal placement of characters ) . The text means `` Japan '' in Japanese . Prince Shōtoku was a semi-legendary regent and a politician of the Asuka period . In 645 , the Soga clan were overthrown in a coup launched by Prince Naka no Ōe and Fujiwara no Kamatari , the founder of the Fujiwara clan . Their government devised and implemented the far - reaching Taika Reforms . The reforms nationalized all land in Japan , to be distributed equally among cultivators , and ordered the compilation of a household registry as the basis for a new system of taxation . Subsequently , the Jinshin War of 672 , a bloody conflict between Prince Ōama and his nephew Prince Ōtomo , two rivals to the throne , became a major catalyst for further administrative reforms . These reforms culminated with the promulgation of the Taihō Code , which consolidated existing statutes and established the structure of the central government and its subordinate local governments . These legal reforms created the ritsuryō state , a system of Chinese - style centralized government that remained in place for half a millennium . Nara period ( 710 -- 794 ) ( edit ) Main article : Nara period In 710 , the government constructed a grandiose new capital at Heijō - kyō ( modern Nara ) modeled on Chang'an , the capital of the Chinese Tang dynasty . During this period , the first two books produced in Japan appeared : the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki , which contain chronicles of legendary accounts of early Japan and its creation myth , which describes the imperial line as descendants of the gods . The latter half of the eighth century saw the compilation of the Man'yōshū , widely considered the finest collection of Japanese poetry . During this period , Japan suffered a series of natural disasters , including wildfires , droughts , famines , and outbreaks of disease , such as a smallpox epidemic that killed over a quarter of the population . Emperor Shōmu ( r . 724 -- 49 ) feared his lack of piousness had caused the trouble and so increased the government 's promotion of Buddhism , including the construction of the temple Tōdai - ji . The funds to build this temple were raised in part by the influential Buddhist monk Gyōki , and once completed it was used by the Chinese monk Ganjin as an ordination site . Japan nevertheless entered a phase of population decline that continued well into the following Heian period . Heian period ( 794 -- 1185 ) ( edit ) Main article : Heian period Miniature model of Heian - kyō . In 784 , the capital moved briefly to Nagaoka - kyō , then again in 794 to Heian - kyō ( modern Kyoto ) , which remained the capital until 1868 . Political power within the court soon passed to the Fujiwara clan , a family of court nobles who grew increasingly close to the imperial family through intermarriage . In 858 , Fujiwara no Yoshifusa had himself declared sesshō ( `` regent '' ) to the underage Emperor . His son Fujiwara no Mototsune created the office of kampaku , which could rule in the place of an adult reigning Emperor . Fujiwara no Michinaga , a skilled statesman who became kampaku in 996 , governed during the height of the Fujiwara clan 's power and had four of his daughters married to Japanese Emperors . The Fujiwara clan held on to power until 1086 , when Emperor Shirakawa ceded the throne to his son Emperor Horikawa but continued to exercise political power , establishing the practice of cloistered rule , by which the reigning Emperor would function as a figurehead while real power was held by a retired predecessor behind the scenes . Throughout the Heian period , the power of the imperial court declined . The court became so self - absorbed with power struggles , and with the artistic pursuits of court nobles , that it neglected the administration of government outside the capital . The nationalization of land undertaken as part of the ritsuryō state decayed as various noble families and religious orders succeeded in securing tax - exempt status for their private shōen manors . By the eleventh century , more land in Japan was controlled by shōen owners than by the central government . The imperial court was thus deprived of the tax revenue to pay for its national army . In response , the owners of the shōen set up their own armies of samurai warriors . Two powerful noble families that had descended from branches of the imperial family , the Taira and Minamoto clans , acquired large armies and many shōen outside the capital . The central government began to employ these two warrior clans to help suppress rebellions and piracy . Although Japan 's population stabilized during the late - Heian period after hundreds of years of decline , this was accompanied by the growth of a new class of slaves composed of poor farmers , debtors , and criminals sold into bondage . During the early Heian period , the imperial court successfully consolidated its control over the Emishi people of northern Honshu . Ōtomo no Otomaro was the first man the court granted the title of seii tai - shōgun ( `` Great Barbarian Subduing General '' ) . In 802 , seii tai - shōgun Sakanoue no Tamuramaro subjugated the Emishi people , who were led by Aterui . By 1051 , members of the Abe clan , who occupied key posts in the regional government , were openly defying the central authority . The court requested the Minamoto clan to engage the Abe clan , whom they defeated in the Former Nine Years War . The court , thus , temporarily reasserted its authority in northern Japan . Following another civil war -- the Later Three - Year War -- Fujiwara no Kiyohira took full power ; his family , the Northern Fujiwara , controlled northern Honshu for the next century from their capital Hiraizumi . Between 812 -- 814 CE , a smallpox epidemic killed almost half of the Japanese population . In 1156 , a dispute over succession to the throne erupted and the two rival claimants ( Emperor Go - Shirakawa and Emperor Sutoku ) hired the Taira and Minamoto clans in the hopes of securing the throne by military force . During this war , the Taira clan led by Taira no Kiyomori defeated the Minamoto clan . Kiyomori used his victory to accumulate power for himself in Kyoto and even installed his own grandson Antoku as Emperor . The outcome of this war led to the rivalry between the Minamoto and Taira clans . As a result , the dispute and power struggle between both clans led to the Heiji Rebellion in 1160 . In 1180 , Taira no Kiyomori was challenged by an uprising led by Minamoto no Yoritomo , a member of the Minamoto clan whom Kiyomori had exiled to Kamakura . Though Taira no Kiyomori died in 1181 , the ensuing bloody Genpei War between the Taira and Minamoto families continued for another four years . The victory of the Minamoto clan was sealed in 1185 , when a force commanded by Yoritomo 's younger brother , Minamoto no Yoshitsune , scored a decisive victory at the naval Battle of Dan - no - ura . Yoritomo and his retainers , thus , became the de facto rulers of Japan . Heian culture ( edit ) A handscroll painting dated c. 1130 , illustrating a scene from the `` Bamboo River '' chapter of The Tale of Genji . During the Heian period , the imperial court was a vibrant center of high art and culture . Its literary accomplishments include the poetry collection Kokinshū and the Tosa Diary , both associated with the poet Ki no Tsurayuki , as well as Sei Shōnagon 's collection of miscellany The Pillow Book , and Murasaki Shikibu 's Tale of Genji , considered the supreme masterpiece of Japanese literature . The development of the kana written syllabaries was part of a general trend of declining Chinese influence during the Heian period . The Japanese missions to Tang dynasty of China , which began in the year 630 , ended during the ninth century and thereafter more typically Japanese forms of art and poetry developed . A major architectural achievement , apart from Heian - kyō itself , was the temple of Byōdō - in built in 1053 in Uji . Medieval Japan ( edit ) Kamakura period ( 1185 -- 1333 ) ( edit ) Main article : Kamakura period Upon the consolidation of power , Minamoto no Yoritomo chose to rule in consort with the imperial court in Kyoto . Though Yoritomo set up his own government in Kamakura in the Kantō region located in eastern Japan , its power was legally authorized by the Imperial court in Kyoto in several occasions . In 1192 , the Emperor declared Yoritomo seii tai - shōgun ( 征夷 大 将軍 ; Eastern Barbarian Subduing Great General ) , abbreviated shōgun . Later ( in Edo period ) , the word bakufu ( 幕府 ; originally means a general 's house or office , literally a `` tent office '' ) came to be used to mean a government headed by a shogun . The English term shogunate refers to the bakufu . Japan remained largely under military rule until 1868 . Legitimacy was conferred on the shogunate by the Imperial court , but the shogunate were the de facto rulers of the country . The court maintained bureaucratic and religious functions , and the shogunate welcomed participation by members of the aristocratic class . The older institutions remained intact in a weakened form , and Kyoto remained the official capital . This system has been contrasted with the `` simple warrior rule '' of the later Muromachi period . While the Ise branch ( ja ) of the Taira , which had fought against Yoritomo , was extinguished , other branches , as well as the Hōjō , Chiba , Hatakeyama and other families descended from the Taira , continued to thrive in eastern Japan , with some ( notably the Hōjō ) attaining high positions in the Kamakura shogunate . Yoshitsune was initially harbored by Fujiwara no Hidehira , the grandson of Kiyohira and the de facto ruler of northern Honshu . In 1189 , after Hidehira 's death , his successor Yasuhira attempted to curry favor with Yoritomo by attacking Yoshitsune 's home . Although Yoshitsune was killed , Yoritomo still invaded and conquered the Northern Fujiwara clan 's territories . In subsequent centuries , Yoshitsune would become a legendary figure , portrayed in countless works of literature as an idealized tragic hero . After Yoritomo 's death in 1199 , the office of shogun weakened . Behind the scenes , Yoritomo 's wife Hōjō Masako became the true power behind the government . In 1203 , her father , Hōjō Tokimasa , was appointed regent to the shogun , Yoritomo 's son Minamoto no Sanetomo . Henceforth , the Minamoto shoguns became puppets of the Hōjō regents , who wielded actual power . The regime that Yoritomo had established , and which was kept in place by his successors , was decentralized and feudalistic in structure , in contrast with the earlier ritsuryō state . Yoritomo selected the provincial governors , known under the titles of shugo or jitō , from among his close vassals , the gokenin . The Kamakura shogunate allowed its vassals to maintain their own armies and to administer law and order in their provinces on their own terms . In 1221 , the retired Emperor Go - Toba instigated what became known as the Jōkyū War , a rebellion against the shogunate , in an attempt to restore political power to the court . The rebellion was a failure , and led to Go - Toba himself being exiled to Oki Island , along with two other Emperors , the retired Emperor Tsuchimikado and Emperor Juntoku , who were exiled to Tosa Province and Sado Island respectively . The shogunate further consolidated its political power relative to the Kyoto aristocracy . The samurai armies of the whole nation were mobilized in 1274 and 1281 to confront two full - scale invasions launched by Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire . Though outnumbered by an enemy equipped with superior weaponry , the Japanese fought the Mongols to a standstill in Kyushu on both occasions until the Mongol fleet was destroyed by typhoons called kamikaze , meaning `` divine wind '' . In spite of the Kamakura shogunate 's victory , the defense so depleted its finances that it was unable to provide compensation to its vassals for their role in the victory . This had permanent negative consequences for the shogunate 's relations with the samurai class . Discontent among the samurai proved decisive in ending the Kamakura shogunate . In 1333 , Emperor Go - Daigo launched a rebellion in the hope of restoring full power to the imperial court . The shogunate sent General Ashikaga Takauji to quell the revolt , but Takauji and his men instead joined forces with Emperor Go - Daigo and overthrew the Kamakura shogunate . Japan nevertheless entered a period of prosperity and population growth starting around 1250 . In rural areas , the greater use of iron tools and fertilizer , improved irrigation techniques , and double - cropping increased productivity and rural villages grew . Fewer famines and epidemics allowed cities to grow and commerce to boom . Buddhism , which had been largely a religion of the elites , was brought to the masses by prominent monks , such as Hōnen ( 1133 -- 1212 ) , who established Pure Land Buddhism in Japan , and Nichiren ( 1222 -- 82 ) , who founded Nichiren Buddhism . Zen Buddhism spread widely among the samurai class . Ancient drawing depicting a samurai battling Mongol forces . Literary developments of the late - Heian and Kamakura periods ( edit ) Waka poetry flourished in the late Heian and early Kamakura periods . The aristocrat Fujiwara no Shunzei was `` the leading poet of ( his ) day '' and on a request from Emperor Go - Shirakawa compiled the Senzai Wakashū the seventh imperial collection . Donald Keene noted that Shunzei was `` the most eminent poet since Tsurayuki to have been charged with the compilation of an imperial collection '' . The anthology , commissioned in 1183 but not completed until 1188 , after the defeat of the Taira , contained poems by Taira adherents who had been officially denounced as enemies of the throne , as a gesture to calm the vengeful spirits of the Taira . It also contained poems by thirty - three female poets , the most women recognized by any of the late - Heian imperial collections . Teika , Shunzei 's son , would become even more important : his Hyakunin Isshu made him `` the arbiter of the poetic tastes of most Japanese even as late as the twentieth century '' . His later work copying manuscripts was of such importance that Keene noted that `` what we know of the literature of Teika 's day and earlier is mainly what he thought was worthy of preservation . '' He also served on the committee that compiled the eighth imperial anthology , the Shin Kokin Wakashū , and along with the itinerant monk Saigyō and Emperor Go - Toba , is considered one of the best poets represented in the collection . More poems by Saigyō were included in the collection than those of any other poet. and centuries later Matsuo Bashō selected him as the representative poet of the waka genre . The third shogun , Minamoto no Sanetomo , was the first distinctive new poet of the Kamakura period , and he studied the art under Teika 's tutelage . Among Sanetomo 's admirers include Kamo no Mabuchi and Saitō Mokichi . Zen monks were associated with the composition of poetry in Chinese , and at least one Zen monk , Shōtetsu , was notable for his contributions to the waka medium . After Shōtetsu , however , waka composition became an oddity until modern times . The Kamakura period saw an explosion in the popularity of a new genre : the `` war tale '' ( gunki monogatari ) , whose early representative works include the Hōgen Monogatari , Heiji Monogatari and Heike Monogatari . The latter work , which recounted the rise and fall of the Taira clan , has been described as `` the Japanese epic '' , and the twentieth - century novelist and essayist Kafū Nagai called it `` a unique and immortal Japanese épopée . '' These works were at least partly indebted to earlier Heian works such as the Shōmonki ( ja : 将門 記 ) and Mutsu Waki ( ja : 陸奥 話 記 ) , bare historical chronicles of battles fought against Taira no Masakado and the Earlier Nine Years ' War , narrated in a non-literary style of classical Chinese as opposed to the mixed Sino - Japanese vernacular of the later Kamakura works . Muromachi period ( 1333 -- 1568 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Muromachi period , Sengoku period , and Higashiyama period Portrait of Ashikaga Takauji who was the founder and first shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate . Takauji and many other samurai soon became dissatisfied with Emperor Go - Daigo 's Kenmu Restoration , an ambitious attempt to monopolize power in the imperial court . Takauji rebelled after Go - Daigo refused to appoint him shogun . In 1338 , Takauji captured Kyoto and installed a rival member of the imperial family to the throne , Emperor Kōmyō , who did appoint him shogun . Go - Daigo responded by fleeing to the southern city of Yoshino , where he set up a rival government . This ushered in a prolonged period of conflict between the Northern Court and the Southern Court . Takauji set up his shogunate in the Muromachi district of Kyoto . However , the shogunate was faced with the twin challenges of fighting the Southern Court and of maintaining its authority over its own subordinate governors . Like the Kamakura shogunate , the Muromachi shogunate appointed its allies to rule in the provinces , but these men increasingly styled themselves as feudal lords -- called daimyōs -- of their domains and often refused to obey the shogun . The Ashikaga shogun who was most successful at bringing the country together was Takauji 's grandson Ashikaga Yoshimitsu , who came to power in 1368 and remained influential until his death in 1408 . Yoshimitsu expanded the power of the shogunate and in 1392 , brokered a deal to bring the Northern and Southern Courts together and end the civil war . Henceforth , the shogunate kept the Emperor and his court under tight control . Map showing the territories of major daimyō families around 1570 CE . During the final century of the Ashikaga shogunate the country descended into another , more violent period of civil war . This started in 1467 when the Ōnin War broke out over who would succeed the ruling shogun . The daimyōs each took sides and burned Kyoto to the ground while battling for their preferred candidate . By the time the succession was settled in 1477 , the shogun had lost all power over the daimyō , who now ruled hundreds of independent states throughout Japan . During this Warring States period , daimyōs fought among themselves for control of the country . Some of the most powerful daimyōs of the era were Uesugi Kenshin , Takeda Shingen , and Date Masamune . One enduring symbol of this era was the ninja , skilled spies and assassins hired by daimyōs . Few definite historical facts are known about the secretive lifestyles of the ninja , who became the subject of many legends . In addition to the daimyōs , rebellious peasants and `` warrior monks '' affiliated with Buddhist temples also raised their own armies . Crest used by the daimyō Uesugi Kenshin . Amid this on - going anarchy , a Chinese ship was blown off course and landed in 1543 on the Japanese island of Tanegashima , just south of Kyushu . The three Portuguese traders on board were António Mota , Francisco Zeimoto , and presumably Fernão Mendes Pinto . They were the first Europeans to set foot in Japan . Soon European traders would introduce many new items to Japan , most importantly the musket . By 1556 , the daimyōs were already using about 300,000 muskets in their armies . The Europeans also brought Christianity , which soon came to have a substantial following in Japan . The Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier disembarked in Kyushu in 1549 . Muromachi culture ( edit ) In spite of the war , Japan 's relative economic prosperity , which had begun in the Kamakura period , continued well into the Muromachi period . By 1450 Japan 's population stood at ten million , compared to six million at the end of the thirteenth century . Commerce flourished , including considerable trade with China and Korea . Because the daimyōs and other groups within Japan were minting their own coins , Japan began to transition from a barter - based to a currency - based economy . During the period , some of Japan 's most representative art forms developed , including ink wash painting , ikebana flower arrangement , the tea ceremony , Japanese gardening , bonsai , and Noh theater . Though the eighth Ashikaga shogun , Yoshimasa , was an ineffectual political and military leader , he played a critical role in promoting these cultural developments . Early modern Japan ( edit ) Azuchi -- Momoyama period ( 1568 -- 1600 ) ( edit ) Main article : Azuchi -- Momoyama period Edo - period screen depicting the Battle of Sekigahara . It began on 21 October 1600 with a total of 160,000 men facing each other . During the second half of the 17th century Japan gradually reunified under two powerful warlords , Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi . The period takes its name from Nobunaga 's headquarters , Azuchi Castle , and Hideyoshi 's headquarters , Momoyama Castle . Nobunaga was the daimyō of the small province of Owari . He burst onto the scene suddenly in 1560 when , during the Battle of Okehazama , his army defeated a force several times its size led by the powerful daimyō Imagawa Yoshimoto . Nobunaga was renowned for his strategic leadership and his ruthlessness . He encouraged Christianity to incite hatred toward his Buddhist enemies and to forge strong relationships with European arms merchants . He equipped his armies with muskets and trained them with innovative tactics . He promoted talented men regardless of their social status , including his peasant servant Toyotomi Hideyoshi , who became one of his best generals . Japan in 1582 , territory conquered by Oda Nobunaga in grey . The Azuchi -- Momoyama period began in 1568 when Nobunaga seized Kyoto and thus effectively brought an end to the Ashikaga shogunate . He was well on his way towards his goal of reuniting all Japan in 1582 when one of his own officers , Akechi Mitsuhide , killed him during an abrupt attack on his encampment . Hideyoshi avenged Nobunaga by crushing Akechi 's uprising and emerged as Nobunaga 's successor . Hideyoshi completed the reunification of Japan by conquering Shikoku , Kyushu , and the lands of the Hōjō family in eastern Japan . He launched sweeping changes to Japanese society , including the confiscation of swords from the peasantry , new restrictions on daimyōs , persecutions of Christians , a thorough land survey , and a new law effectively forbidding the peasants and samurai from changing their social class . Hideyoshi 's land survey designated all those who were cultivating the land as being `` commoners '' , an act which effectively granted freedom to most of Japan 's slaves . As Hideyoshi 's power expanded he dreamed of conquering China and launched two massive invasions of Korea starting in 1592 . Hideyoshi failed to defeat the Chinese and Korean armies on the Korean Peninsula and the war ended only after his death in 1598 . In the hope of founding a new dynasty , Hideyoshi had asked his most trusted subordinates to pledge loyalty to his infant son Toyotomi Hideyori . Despite this , almost immediately after Hideyoshi 's death , war broke out between Hideyori 's allies and those loyal to Tokugawa Ieyasu , a daimyō and a former ally of Hideyoshi . Tokugawa Ieyasu won a decisive victory at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 , ushering in 268 uninterrupted years of rule by the Tokugawa clan . Edo period ( 1600 -- 1868 ) ( edit ) Main article : Edo period Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder and first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate . The Edo period was characterized by relative peace and stability under the tight control of the Tokugawa shogunate , which ruled from the eastern city of Edo ( modern Tokyo ) . In 1603 , Emperor Go - Yōzei declared Tokugawa Ieyasu shōgun , and Ieyasu abdicated two years later to groom his son as the second shōgun of what became a long dynasty . Nevertheless , it took time for the Tokugawas to consolidate their rule . In 1609 , the shōgun gave the daimyō of Satsuma Domain permission to invade the Ryukyu Kingdom for perceived insults towards the shogunate ; the Satsuma victory began 266 years of Ryukyu 's dual subordination to Satsuma and China . Ieyasu led the Siege of Osaka that ended with the destruction of the Toyotomi clan in 1615 . Soon after the shogunate promulgated the Laws for the Military Houses , which imposed tighter controls on the daimyōs , and the alternate attendance system , which required each daimyō to spend every other year in Edo . Even so , the daimyōs continued to maintain a significant degree of autonomy in their domains . The central government of the shogunate in Edo , which quickly became the most populous city in the world , took counsel from a group of senior advisors known as rōjū and employed samurai as bureaucrats . The Emperor in Kyoto was funded lavishly by the government but was allowed no political power . Crest of the Tokugawa family . The Tokugawa shogunate went to great lengths to suppress social unrest . Harsh penalties , including crucifixion , beheading , and death by boiling , were decreed for even the most minor offenses , though criminals of high social class were often given the option of seppuku ( `` self - disembowelment '' ) , an ancient form of suicide that now became ritualized . Christianity , which was seen as a potential threat , was gradually clamped down on until finally , after the Christian - led Shimabara Rebellion of 1638 , the religion was completely outlawed . To prevent further foreign ideas from sowing dissent , the third Tokugawa shogun , Iemitsu , implemented the sakoku ( `` closed country '' ) isolationist policy under which Japanese people were not allowed to travel abroad , return from overseas , or build ocean - going vessels . The only Europeans allowed on Japanese soil were the Dutch , who were granted a single trading post on the island of Dejima . China and Korea were the only other countries permitted to trade , and many foreign books were banned from import . During the first century of Tokugawa rule , Japan 's population doubled to thirty million , due in large part to agricultural growth ; the population remained stable for the rest of the period . The shogunate 's construction of roads , elimination of road and bridge tolls , and standardization of coinage promoted commercial expansion that also benefited the merchants and artisans of the cities . City populations grew , but almost ninety percent of the population continued to live in rural areas . Both the inhabitants of cities and of rural communities would benefit from one of the most notable social changes of the Edo period : increased literacy and numeracy . The number of private schools greatly expanded , particularly those attached to temples and shrines , and raised literacy to thirty percent . This may have been the world 's highest rate at the time and drove a flourishing commercial publishing industry , which grew to produce hundreds of titles per year . In the area of numeracy -- approximated by an index measuring people 's ability to report an exact rather than a rounded age ( age - heaping method ) , and which level shows a strong correlation to later economic development of a country -- Japan 's level was comparable to that of north - west European countries , and moreover , Japan 's index came close to the 100 percent mark throughout the nineteenth century . These high levels of both literacy and numeracy were part of the socio - economical foundation for Japan 's strong growth rates during the following century . Culture and philosophy ( edit ) Samurais could kill a commoner for the slightest insult and were widely feared by the Japanese population . Edo period , 1798 . The Edo period was a time of prolific cultural output . Haiku , whose greatest master is generally considered Matsuo Bashō ( 1644 -- 94 ) , rose as a major form of poetry . Forms of theatre developed , such as the flamboyant kabuki drama and bunraku puppet theatre , the latter of which reached its height of through the plays of Chikamatsu Monzaemon ( 1653 -- 1725 ) . Members of the wealthy merchant class who patronized this poetry and theater were said to live hedonistic lives , which came to be called ukiyo ( `` floating world '' ) . They often paid for the services of courtesans and geisha entertainers , most of whom also served as prostitutes in designated red - light districts such as Yoshiwara in Edo . This lifestyle inspired ukiyo - zōshi popular novels and ukiyo - e art , the latter of which were often woodblock prints that progressed to greater sophistication and use of multiple printed colors . Decline and fall of the shogunate ( edit ) Main articles : Bakumatsu and Meiji Restoration By the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the shogunate showed signs of weakening . The dramatic growth of agriculture that had characterized the early Edo period had ended and the government handled the devastating Tenpō famines poorly . Peasant unrest grew and government revenues fell . The shogunate cut the pay of the already financially distressed samurai , many of whom worked side jobs to make a living . Discontented samurai were soon to play a major role in engineering the downfall of the Tokugawa shogunate . At the same time , the people drew inspiration from new ideas and fields of study . Dutch books brought into Japan stimulated interest in Western learning , called rangaku or `` Dutch learning '' . The physician Sugita Genpaku , for instance , used concepts from Western medicine to help spark a revolution in Japanese ideas of human anatomy . The scholarly field of kokugaku or `` National Learning '' , developed by scholars such as Motoori Norinaga and Hirata Atsutane , promoted what it asserted were native Japanese values . For instance , it criticized the Chinese - style Neo-Confucianism advocated by the shogunate and emphasized the Emperor 's divine authority , which the Shinto faith taught had its roots in Japan 's mythic past , which was referred to as the `` Age of the Gods '' . Samurai of the Satsuma Domain during the Boshin War . The arrival in 1853 of a fleet of American ships commanded by Commodore Matthew C. Perry threw Japan into turmoil . The US government aimed to end Japan 's isolationist policies . The shogunate had no defense against Perry 's gunboats and had to agree to his demands that American ships be permitted to acquire provisions and trade at Japanese ports . The US , Great Britain , Russia , and other Western powers imposed what became known as `` unequal treaties '' on Japan which stipulated that Japan must allow citizens of these countries to visit or reside on Japanese territory and must not levy tariffs on their imports or try them in Japanese courts . The shogunate 's failure to oppose the Western powers angered many Japanese , particularly those of the southern domains of Chōshū and Satsuma . Many samurai there , inspired by the nationalist doctrines of the kokugaku school , adopted the slogan of sonnō jōi ( `` revere the Emperor , expel the barbarians '' ) . The two domains then went on to form an alliance . In August 1866 , soon after becoming shogun , Tokugawa Yoshinobu , struggled to maintain power as civil unrest continued . In November 1867 , Yoshinobu officially tendered his resignation to the Emperor and he formally stepped down ten days later . The Chōshū and Satsuma domains in 1868 convinced the young Emperor Meiji and his advisors to issue a rescript calling for an end to the Tokugawa shogunate . The armies of Chōshū and Satsuma soon marched on Edo and the ensuing Boshin War led to the eventual fall of the shogunate . Modern Japan ( edit ) Meiji period ( 1868 -- 1912 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Meiji period and Foreign relations of Meiji Japan Emperor Meiji , the 122nd Emperor of Japan . The Emperor was restored to nominal supreme power , and in 1869 , the imperial family moved to Edo , which was renamed Tokyo ( `` eastern capital '' ) . However , the most powerful men in the government were former samurai from Chōshū and Satsuma rather than the Emperor , who was fifteen in 1868 . These men , known as the Meiji oligarchs , oversaw the dramatic changes Japan would experience during this period . The leaders of the Meiji government , who are regarded as some of the most successful statesmen in human history , desired Japan to become a modern nation - state that could stand equal to the Western imperialist powers . Among them were Ōkubo Toshimichi and Saigō Takamori from Satsuma , as well as Kido Takayoshi , Ito Hirobumi , and Yamagata Aritomo from Chōshū . Political and social changes ( edit ) The Meiji government abolished the Neo-Confucian class structure and replaced the feudal domains of the daimyōs with prefectures . It instituted comprehensive tax reform and lifted the ban on Christianity . Major government priorities included the introduction of railways , telegraph lines , and a universal education system . The Meiji government promoted widespread Westernization and hired hundreds of advisers from Western nations with expertise in such fields as education , mining , banking , law , military affairs , and transportation to remodel Japan 's institutions . The Japanese adopted the Gregorian calendar , Western clothing , and Western hairstyles . One leading advocate of Westernization was the popular writer Fukuzawa Yukichi . As part of its Westernization drive , the Meiji government enthusiastically sponsored the importation of Western science , above all medical science . In 1893 , Kitasato Shibasaburō established the Institute for Infectious Diseases , which would soon become world - famous , and in 1913 , Hideyo Noguchi proved the link between syphilis and paresis . Furthermore , the introduction of European literary styles to Japan sparked a boom in new works of prose fiction . Characteristic authors of the period included Futabatei Shimei and Mori Ōgai , although the most famous of the Meiji era writers was Natsume Sōseki , who wrote satirical , autobiographical , and psychological novels combining both the older and newer styles . Ichiyō Higuchi , a leading female author , took inspiration from earlier literary models of the Edo period . Government institutions developed rapidly in response to the Freedom and People 's Rights Movement , a grassroots campaign demanding greater popular participation in politics . The leaders of this movement included Itagaki Taisuke and Ōkuma Shigenobu . Itō Hirobumi , the first Prime Minister of Japan , responded by writing the Meiji Constitution , which was promulgated in 1889 . The new constitution established an elected lower house , the House of Representatives , but its powers were restricted . Only two percent of the population were eligible to vote , and legislation proposed in the House required the support of the unelected upper house , the House of Peers . Both the cabinet of Japan and the Japanese military were directly responsible not to the elected legislature but to the Emperor . Concurrently , the Japanese government also developed a form of Japanese nationalism under which Shinto became the state religion and the Emperor was declared a living god . Schools nationwide instilled patriotic values and loyalty to the Emperor . Rise of imperialism and the military ( edit ) Further information : History of Japanese foreign relations and Military history of Japan Chinese generals surrendering to the Japanese in the Sino - Japanese War of 1894 -- 1895 . In December 1871 , a Ryukyuan ship was shipwrecked on Taiwan and the crew were massacred . In 1874 , using the incident as a pretext , Japan launched a military expedition to Taiwan to assert their claims to the Ryukyu Islands . The expedition featured the first instance of the Japanese military ignoring the orders of the civilian government , as the expedition set sail after being ordered to postpone . Yamagata Aritomo , who was born a samurai in the Chōshū Domain , was a key force behind the modernization and enlargement of the Imperial Japanese Army , especially the introduction of national conscription . The new army was put to use in 1877 to crush the Satsuma Rebellion of discontented samurai in southern Japan led by the former Meiji leader Saigo Takamori . The Japanese military played a key role in Japan 's expansion abroad . The government believed that Japan had to acquire its own colonies to compete with the Western colonial powers . After consolidating its control over Hokkaido and annexing the Ryukyu Kingdom , it next turned its attention to China and Korea . In 1894 , Japanese and Chinese troops clashed in Korea , where they were both stationed to suppress the Donghak Rebellion . During the ensuing First Sino - Japanese War , Japan 's highly motivated and well - led forces defeated the more numerous and better - equipped military of Qing China . The island of Taiwan was thus ceded to Japan in 1895 , and Japan 's government gained enough international prestige to allow Foreign Minister Mutsu Munemitsu to renegotiate the `` unequal treaties '' . In 1902 Japan signed an important military alliance with the British . Japanese Empire in 1939 . Japan next clashed with Russia , which was expanding its power in Asia . The Russo - Japanese War of 1904 -- 05 ended with the dramatic Battle of Tsushima , which was another victory for Japan 's military . Japan thus laid claim to Korea as a protectorate in 1905 , followed by full annexation in 1910 . Economic modernization and labor unrest ( edit ) During the Meiji period , Japan underwent a rapid transition towards an industrial economy . Both the Japanese government and private entrepreneurs adopted Western technology and knowledge to create factories capable of producing a wide range of goods . By the end of the period , the majority of Japan 's exports were manufactured goods . Some of Japan 's most successful new businesses and industries constituted huge family - owned conglomerates called zaibatsu , such as Mitsubishi and Sumitomo . The phenomenal industrial growth sparked rapid urbanization . The proportion of the population working in agriculture shrank from 75 percent in 1872 to 50 percent by 1920 . Japan enjoyed solid economic growth at this time and most people lived longer and healthier lives . The population rose from 34 million in 1872 to 52 million in 1915 . Poor working conditions in factories led to growing labor unrest , and many workers and intellectuals came to embrace socialist ideas . The Meiji government responded with harsh suppression of dissent . Radical socialists plotted to assassinate the Emperor in the High Treason Incident of 1910 , after which the Tokkō secret police force was established to root out left - wing agitators . The government also introduced social legislation in 1911 setting maximum work hours and a minimum age for employment . Communications became a high priority for businesses , government agencies and upscale consumers . They quickly adopted the telegraph . the telephone , phonograph , and radio . Taishō period ( 1912 -- 1926 ) ( edit ) Main article : Taishō period During the short reign of Emperor Taishō Japan developed stronger democratic institutions and grew in international power . The Taishō political crisis opened the period with mass protests and riots organized by Japanese political parties , which succeeded in forcing Katsura Tarō to resign as prime minister . This and the rice riots of 1918 increased the power of Japan 's political parties over the ruling oligarchy . The Seiyūkai and Minseitō parties came to dominate politics by the end of the so - called `` Taishō democracy '' era . The franchise for the House of Representatives had been gradually expanded since 1890 , and in 1925 universal male suffrage was introduced . However , in the same year the far - reaching Peace Preservation Law also passed , prescribing harsh penalties for political dissidents . Japan 's participation in World War I on the side of the Allies sparked unprecedented economic growth and earned Japan new colonies in the South Pacific seized from Germany . After the war Japan signed the Treaty of Versailles and enjoyed good international relations through its membership in the League of Nations and participation in international disarmament conferences . The Great Kantō earthquake in September 1923 left over 100,000 dead , and combined with the resultant fires destroyed the homes of more than three million . The growth of popular prose fiction , which began during the Meiji period , continued into the Taishō period as literacy rates rose and book prices dropped . Notable literary figures of the era included short story writer Ryūnosuke Akutagawa and the novelist Haruo Satō . Jun'ichirō Tanizaki , described as `` perhaps the most versatile literary figure of his day '' by the historian Conrad Totman , produced many works during the Taishō period influenced by European literature , though his 1929 novel Some Prefer Nettles reflects deep appreciation for the virtues of traditional Japanese culture . At the end of the Taishō period , Tarō Hirai , known by his penname Edogawa Ranpo , began writing popular mystery and crime stories . Shōwa period ( 1926 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Shōwa period and History of Japanese foreign relations Emperor Hirohito 's sixty - three - year reign from 1926 to 1989 is the longest in recorded Japanese history . The first twenty years were characterized by the rise of extreme nationalism and a series of expansionist wars . After suffering defeat in World War II , Japan was occupied by foreign powers for the first time in its history , and then re-emerged as a major world economic power . Manchurian Incident and the second Sino - Japanese war ( edit ) Play media The Empire of Japan in 1937 . Headquarters of South Manchuria Railway , Dalian , c. 1940 . Left - wing groups had been subject to violent suppression by the end of the Taishō period , and radical right - wing groups , inspired by fascism and Japanese nationalism , rapidly grew in popularity . The extreme right became influential throughout the Japanese government and society , notably within the Kwantung Army , a Japanese army stationed in China along the Japanese - owned South Manchuria Railroad . During the Manchurian Incident of 1931 , radical army officers bombed a small portion of the South Manchuria Railroad and , falsely attributing the attack to the Chinese , invaded Manchuria . The Kwantung Army conquered Manchuria and set up the puppet government of Manchukuo there without permission from the Japanese government . International criticism of Japan following the invasion led to Japan withdrawing from the League of Nations . Prime Minister Tsuyoshi Inukai of the Seiyūkai Party attempted to restrain the Kwantung Army and was assassinated in 1932 by right - wing extremists . Because of growing opposition within the Japanese military and the extreme right to party politicians , who they saw as corrupt and self - serving , Inukai was the last party politician to govern Japan in the pre-World War II era . In February 1936 young radical officers of the Imperial Japanese Army attempted a coup d'état . They assassinated many moderate politicians before the coup was suppressed . In its wake the Japanese military consolidated its control over the political system and most political parties were abolished when the Imperial Rule Assistance Association was founded in 1940 . Japanese experts inspect the scene of the ' railway sabotage ' on South Manchurian Railway , leading to the Mukden Incident and the Japanese occupation of Manchuria . Japan 's expansionist vision grew increasingly bold . Many of Japan 's political elite aspired to have Japan acquire new territory for resource extraction and settlement of surplus population . These ambitions led to the outbreak of the Second Sino - Japanese War in 1937 . After their victory in the Chinese capital , the Japanese military committed the infamous Nanking Massacre . The Japanese military failed to defeat the Chinese government led by Chiang Kai - shek and the war descended into a bloody stalemate that lasted until 1945 . Japan 's stated war aim was to establish the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , a vast pan-Asian union under Japanese domination . Hirohito 's role in Japan 's foreign wars remains a subject of controversy , with various historians portraying him as either a powerless figurehead or an enabler and supporter of Japanese militarism . The United States opposed Japan 's invasion of China and responded with increasingly stringent economic sanctions intended to deprive Japan of the resources to continue its war in China . Japan reacted by forging an alliance with Germany and Italy in 1940 , known as the Tripartite Pact , which worsened its relations with the US . In July 1941 , the United States , the United Kingdom , and the Netherlands froze all Japanese assets when Japan completed its invasion of French Indochina by occupying the southern half of the country , further increasing tension in the Pacific . World war II ( edit ) Main article : Pacific War Planes from the Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku preparing the attack on Pearl Harbor . In late 1941 , Japan 's government , led by Prime Minister and General Hideki Tojo , decided to break the US - led embargo through force of arms . On December 7 , 1941 , the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . This brought the US into World War II on the side of the Allies . Japan then successfully invaded the Asian colonies of the United States , the United Kingdom , and the Netherlands , including the Philippines , Malaya , Hong Kong , Singapore , Burma , and the Dutch East Indies . In the early stages of the war , Japan scored victory after victory . The tide began to turn against Japan following the Battle of Midway in June 1942 and the subsequent Battle of Guadalcanal , in which Allied troops wrested the Solomon Islands from Japanese control . During this period the Japanese military was responsible for such war crimes as mistreatment of prisoners of war , massacres of civilians , and the use of chemical and biological weapons . The Japanese military earned a reputation for fanaticism , often employing banzai charges and fighting almost to the last man against overwhelming odds . In 1944 the Imperial Japanese Navy began deploying squadrons of kamikaze pilots who crashed their planes into enemy ships . Atomic cloud over Hiroshima , 1945 . Life in Japan became increasingly difficult for civilians due to stringent rationing of food , electrical outages , and a brutal crackdown on dissent . In 1944 the US Army captured the island of Saipan , which allowed the United States to begin widespread bombing raids on the Japanese mainland . These destroyed over half of the total area of Japan 's major cities . The Battle of Okinawa , fought between April and June 1945 , was the largest naval operation of the war and left 77,166 Japanese soldiers and more than 140,000 Okinawans dead , suggesting that the planned invasion of mainland Japan would be even bloodier . The Japanese superbattleship Yamato was sunk en route to aid in the Battle of Okinawa . However , on August 6 , 1945 , the US dropped an atomic bomb over Hiroshima , killing over 90,000 people . This was the first nuclear attack in history . On August 9 the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchukuo , and Nagasaki was struck by a second atomic bomb . The unconditional surrender of Japan was announced by Emperor Hirohito and communicated to the Allies on August 14 , and broadcast on national radio on the following day , marking the end of Imperial Japan 's ultranationalist ideology , and was a major turning point in Japanese history . Occupation of Japan ( edit ) Main article : Occupation of Japan General Douglas MacArthur and Emperor of Japan , Hirohito , at their first meeting , September 1945 . Japan experienced dramatic political and social transformation under the Allied occupation in 1945 -- 1952 . US General Douglas MacArthur , the Supreme Commander of Allied Powers , served as Japan 's de facto leader and played a central role in implementing reforms , many inspired by the New Deal of the 1930s . The Japanese government releases members of the Japan Communist Party on October 10 , 1945 . The occupation sought to decentralize power in Japan by breaking up the zaibatsu , transferring ownership of agricultural land from landlords to tenant farmers , and promoting labor unionism . Other major goals were the demilitarization and democratization of Japan 's government and society . Japan 's military was disarmed , its colonies were granted independence , the Peace Preservation Law and Tokkō were abolished , and the International Military Tribunal of the Far East tried war criminals . The cabinet became responsible not to the Emperor but to the elected National Diet . The Emperor was permitted to remain on the throne , but was ordered to renounce his claims to divinity , which had been a pillar of the State Shinto system . Japan 's new constitution came into effect in 1947 and guaranteed civil liberties , labor rights , and women 's suffrage , and through Article 9 , Japan renounced its right to go to war with another nation . The San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951 officially normalized relations between Japan and the United States . The occupation ended in 1952 , although the US continued to administer a number of the Ryukyu Islands , with Okinawa being the last to be returned in 1972 . The US continues to operate military bases throughout the Ryukyu Islands , mostly on Okinawa , as part of the US - Japan Security Treaty . Postwar growth and prosperity ( edit ) Main articles : Post-occupation Japan and Japanese post-war economic miracle Shigeru Yoshida was a Japanese diplomat and politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954 , becoming one of the longest serving PMs in Japanese history as the second - longest serving Prime Minister of Post-occupation Japan . Shigeru Yoshida served as prime minister in 1946 -- 47 and 1948 -- 54 , and played a key role in guiding Japan through the occupation . His policies , known as the Yoshida Doctrine , proposed that Japan should forge a tight relationship with the United States and focus on developing the economy rather than pursuing a proactive foreign policy . Yoshida 's Liberal Party merged in 1955 into the new Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) , which went on to dominate Japanese politics for the remainder of the Shōwa period . Although the Japanese economy was in bad shape in the immediate postwar years , an austerity program implemented in 1949 by finance expert Joseph Dodge ended inflation . The Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) was a major boon to Japanese business . In 1949 the Yoshida cabinet created the Ministry of International Trade and Industry ( MITI ) with a mission to promote economic growth through close cooperation between the government and big business . MITI sought successfully to promote manufacturing and heavy industry , and encourage exports . The factors behind Japan 's postwar economic growth included technology and quality control techniques imported from the West , close economic and defense cooperation with the United States , non-tariff barriers to imports , restrictions on labor unionization , long work hours , and a generally favorable global economic environment . Japanese corporations successfully retained a loyal and experienced workforce through the system of lifetime employment , which assured their employees a safe job . US Secretary of State Dean Acheson signing the Treaty of Peace with Japan , September 8 , 1951 . By 1955 , the Japanese economy had grown beyond prewar levels , and by 1968 it had become the second largest in the world . The GNP expanded at an annual rate of nearly 10 % from 1956 until the 1973 oil crisis slowed growth to a still - rapid average annual rate of just over 4 % until 1991 . Life expectancy rose and Japan 's population increased to 123 million by 1990 . Ordinary Japanese people became wealthy enough to purchase a wide array of consumer goods . During this period , Japan became the world 's largest manufacturer of automobiles and a leading producer of electronics . Japan signed the Plaza Accord in 1985 to depreciate the US dollar against the yen and other currencies . By the end of 1987 , the Nikkei stock market index had doubled and the Tokyo Stock Exchange became the largest in the world . During the ensuing economic bubble , stock and real - estate loans grew rapidly . Japan became a member of the United Nations in 1956 and further cemented its international standing in 1964 , when it hosted the Olympic Games in Tokyo . Japan was a close ally of the United States during the Cold War , though this alliance did not have unanimous support from the Japanese people . As requested by the United States , Japan reconstituted its army in 1954 under the name Japan Self - Defense Forces ( JSDF ) , though some Japanese insisted that the very existence of the JSDF was a violation of Article 9 of Japan 's constitution . In 1960 , hundreds of thousands protested against amendments to the US - Japan Security Treaty . Japan successfully normalized relations with the Soviet Union in 1956 , despite an ongoing dispute over the ownership of the Kuril Islands , and with South Korea in 1965 , despite an ongoing dispute over the ownership of the islands of Liancourt Rocks . In accordance with US policy , Japan recognized the Republic of China on Taiwan as the legitimate government of China after World War II , though Japan switched its recognition to the People 's Republic of China in 1972 . Among cultural developments , the immediate post-occupation period became a golden age for Japanese cinema . The reasons for this include the abolition of government censorship , low film production costs , expanded access to new film techniques and technologies , and huge domestic audiences at a time when other forms of recreation were relatively scarce . Heisei period ( 1989 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : Heisei period Emperor Akihito 's reign began upon the death of his father , Emperor Hirohito . The economic bubble popped in 1989 , and stock and land prices plunged as Japan entered a deflationary spiral . Banks found themselves saddled with insurmountable debts that hindered economic recovery . Stagnation worsened as the birthrate declined far below replacement level . The 1990s are often referred to as Japan 's Lost Decade . Economic performance was frequently poor in the following decades and the stock market never returned to its pre-1989 highs . Japan 's system of lifetime employment largely collapsed and unemployment rates rose . The faltering economy and several corruption scandals weakened the LDP 's dominant political position . Japan was nevertheless governed by non-LDP prime ministers only in 1993 -- 96 and 2009 -- 12 . Japan 's dealing with its war legacy has strained international relations . China and Korea have found official apologies , such as those of the Emperor in 1990 and the Murayama Statement of 1995 , inadequate or insincere . Nationalist politics have exacerbated this , such as denial of the Nanking Massacre and other war crimes ; revisionist history textbooks , which have provoked protests in East Asia , and frequent visits by Japanese politicians to Yasukuni Shrine , where convicted war criminals are enshrined . Legislation in 2015 expanding the military 's role overseas was criticized as a `` war bill '' . Wreckage at a railway station destroyed during the 2011 earthquake and tsunami . In spite of Japan 's economic difficulties , this period also saw Japanese popular culture , including video games , anime , and manga , become worldwide phenomena , especially among young people . On March 11 , 2011 , one of the largest earthquakes recorded in Japan occurred in the northeast . The resulting tsunami damaged the nuclear facilities in Fukushima , which experienced a nuclear meltdown and severe radiation leakage . In the 21st century there have been increasing reports on the prevalence of sexlessness among the Japanese , including its byproducts such as a decreasing population , the increasing popularity of sexbots and the herbivore men phenomenon . Social conditions ( edit ) Social stratification in Japan became pronounced during the Yayoi period . Expanding trade and agriculture increased the wealth of society , which was increasingly monopolized by social elites . By 600 AD , a class structure had developed which included court aristocrats , the families of local magnates , commoners , and slaves . Over 90 % were commoners , who included farmers , merchants , and artisans . During the late Heian period , the governing elite consisted of three classes . The traditional aristocracy shared power with Buddhist monks and samurai , though the latter became increasingly dominant in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods . These periods witnessed the rise of the merchant class , which diversified into a greater variety of specialized occupations . Women initially held social and political equality with men , and archaeological evidence suggests a prehistorical preference for female rulers in western Japan . Female Emperors appear in recorded history until the Meiji Constitution declared strict male - only ascension in 1889 . Chinese Confucian - style patriarchy was first codified in the 7th -- 8th centuries with the ritsuryō system , which introduced a patrilineal family register with a male head of household . Women until then had held important roles in government which thereafter gradually diminished , though even in the late Heian period women wielded considerable court influence . Marital customs and many laws governing private property remained gender neutral . For reasons that are unclear to historians the status of women rapidly deteriorated from the fourteenth century and onwards . Women of all social classes lost the right to own and inherit property and were increasingly viewed as inferior to men . Hideyoshi 's land survey of the 1590s further entrenched the status of men as dominant landholders . During the US occupation following World War II , women gained legal equality with men , but faced widespread workplace discrimination . A movement for women 's rights led to the passage of an equal employment law in 1986 , but by the 1990s women held only 10 % of management positions . Hideyoshi 's land survey of the 1590s designated all who cultivated the land as commoners , an act which granted effective freedom to most of Japan 's slaves . Social structure of the Edo period . The Tokugawa shogunate rigidified long - existent class divisions , placing most of the population into a Neo-Confucian hierarchy of four occupations , with the ruling elite at the top , followed by the peasants who made up 80 % of the population , then artisans , and merchants at the bottom . Court nobles , clerics , outcasts , entertainers , and workers of the licensed quarters fell outside this structure . Different legal codes applied to different classes , marriage between classes was prohibited , and towns were subdivided into different class areas . The social stratification had little bearing on economic conditions : many samurai lived in poverty and the wealth of the merchant class grew throughout the period as the commercial economy developed and urbanization grew . The Edo - era social power structure proved untenable and gave way following the Meiji Restoration to one in which commercial power played an increasingly significant political role . Although all social classes were legally abolished at the start of the Meiji period , income inequality greatly increased . New economic class divisions were formed between capitalist business owners who formed the new middle class , small shopkeepers of the old middle class , the working class in factories , rural landlords , and tenant farmers . The great disparities of income between the classes dissipated during and after World War II , eventually declining to levels that were among the lowest in the industrialized world . Some postwar surveys indicated that up to 90 % of Japanese self - identified as being middle class . Populations of workers in professions considered unclean , such as leatherworkers and those who handled the dead , developed in the 15th and 16th centuries into hereditary outcast communities . These people , later called burakumin , fell outside the Edo - period class structure and suffered discrimination that lasted after the class system was abolished . Though activism has improved the social conditions of those from burakumin backgrounds , discrimination in employment and education lingered into the 21st century . See also ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for History of Japan . History portal Japan portal Bibliography of Japanese history Economic history of Japan Higashiyama period Historiography of Japan History of East Asia History of Japanese art History of Japanese foreign relations Foreign relations of Meiji Japan France -- Japan relations Germany -- Japan relations Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , 1930 -- 1945 History of Japan -- Korea relations History of Sino - Japanese relations , China Japanese foreign policy on Southeast Asia Japan -- Russia relations Japan -- Soviet Union relations Japan -- Soviet Union relations Japan -- United Kingdom relations Japan -- United States relations History of manga History of Tokyo List of Emperors of Japan List of Prime Ministers of Japan List of World Heritage Sites in Japan Military history of Japan Politics of Japan Timeline of Japanese history Academic journals ( edit ) Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History , in Japanese Japanese Journal of Religious Studies Journal of Japanese Studies Monumenta Nipponica , Japanese studies , in English Social Science Japan Journal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The dates of the Asuka period are not widely agreed upon , with some historians , particularly art historians , dividing the period 538 -- 710 into two or more periods . Others take a later start date for the Asuka period , for example starting it in 592 with the accession of Empress Suiko . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schirokauer 2013 , pp. 128 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Sanz , 157 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Tsutsumi Takashi ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` MIS3 edge - ground axes and the arrival of the first Homo sapiens in the Japanese archipelago '' . Quaternary International Vol. 248 , 70 -- 78 . 248 : 70 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2011.01. 030 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fujita , Masaki ( 2016 ) . `` Advanced maritime adaptation in the western Pacific coastal region extends back to 35,000 -- 30,000 years before present '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 113 ( 40 ) : 11184 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1607857113 . PMC 5056111 . Jump up ^ Shinoda , Ken - ichi ; Adachi , Noboru ( 2017 ) . `` Ancient DNA Analysis of Palaeolithic Ryukyu Islanders '' ( PDF ) . Terra Australis . Canberra , Australia : ANU Press . 45 : 51 -- 59 . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Matsu'ura , Shuji ( 1999 ) . `` A Chronological Review of Pleistocene Human Remains from the Japanese Archipelago '' ( PDF ) . Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Origins of the Japanese : 181 -- 197 . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Nakagawa , Ryohei ( 2010 ) . `` Pleistocene human remains from Shiraho - Saonetabaru Cave on Ishigaki Island , Okinawa , Japan , and their radiocarbon dating '' . Anthropological Science . The Anthropological Society of Nippon . 118 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jomon Fantasy : Resketching Japan 's Prehistory . June 22 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Habu , 42 . ^ Jump up to : Silberman et al. , 154 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Kidder , 59 . Jump up ^ Kuzmin , Y.V. ( 2006 ) . `` Chronology of the Earliest Pottery in East Asia : Progress and Pitfalls '' . Antiquity. 80 ( 308 ) : 362 -- 371 . doi : 10.1017 / s0003598x00093686 . Jump up ^ Batten , 60 . 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The Samurai Capture a King : Okinawa 1609 . Osprey Publishing , 2009 . Pp 13 . Jump up ^ Kerr , 162 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Totman , 297 . Jump up ^ McClain , 26 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Henshall , 57 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Perez , 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Totman , 308 . Jump up ^ Perez , 60 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 60 . Jump up ^ Martha Chaiklin , `` Sakoku ( 1633 -- 1854 ) '' , in Japan at War : An Encyclopedia , ed . Louis Perez ( Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , 2013 ) , 356 -- 357 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 61 . ^ Jump up to : Totman , 317 , 337 . Jump up ^ Totman , 319 -- 320 , 322 . Jump up ^ Jansen , 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Perez , 67 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 64 . Jump up ^ Jansen , 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 177 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ Hane , 213 -- 214 Jump up ^ Hane , 203 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Hane , 200 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 66 . Jump up ^ Hane , 201 -- 202 . 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Jump up ^ Henshall , 131 -- 132 , 135 . Jump up ^ Frank , 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 134 . Jump up ^ Perez , 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Morton and Olenike , 188 . Jump up ^ Totman , 562 . Jump up ^ `` The Cornerstone of Peace . '' Kyushu - Okinawa Summit 2000 : Okinawa G8 Summit Host Preparation Council , 2000 . Accessed 9 Dec 2012 . `` The Cornerstone of Peace -- number of names inscribed '' . Okinawa Prefecture . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feifer , xi , 446 -- 463 . Jump up ^ Coox , 368 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Max Fisher ( 15 August 2012 ) . `` The Emperor 's Speech : 67 Years Ago , Hirohito Transformed Japan Forever '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Perez , 151 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 144 . Jump up ^ Perez , 150 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Totman , 570 . Jump up ^ Mackie , 121 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 145 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Totman , 571 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 150 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 145 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 158 . Jump up ^ Klein , Thomas . `` The Ryukyus on the Eve of Reversion '' . Pacific Affairs . Vol. 45 , No. 1 ( Spring , 1972 ) . Pp120 . Jump up ^ 沖縄 県 の 基地 の 現状 ( in Japanese ) , Okinawa Prefectural Government Jump up ^ 沖縄 に 所在 する 在 日 米 軍 施設 ・ 区域 ( in Japanese ) , Japan Ministry of Defense Jump up ^ Perez , 156 -- 157 , 162 . Jump up ^ Perez , 159 . Jump up ^ Perez , 163 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 163 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 154 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Perez , 169 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 161 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 162 , 166 , 182 . Jump up ^ Totman , 576 . Jump up ^ Justin McCurry ; Julia Kollewe ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` China overtakes Japan as world 's second - largest economy '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Gao 2009 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Totman , 584 -- 585 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 160 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Gao 2009 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 167 . Jump up ^ Ito , 60 . Jump up ^ Totman , 580 -- 581 . Jump up ^ Togo , 234 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Togo , 162 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Togo , 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Perez , 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Totman , 669 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 181 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 185 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Meyer , 250 . Jump up ^ Leika Kihara ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` Japan eyes end to decades long deflation '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Totman , 678 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 182 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 189 -- 190 . Jump up ^ `` Japan election : Shinzo Abe and LDP in sweeping win -- exit poll '' . BBC News . December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 199 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 199 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 197 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 191 . Jump up ^ Obe , Mitsuru ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Parliament Approves Overseas Military Expansion '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 204 . Jump up ^ Ugai , Yagi & Wakai 2012 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Henshall , 187 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jason . `` Robotic Evolution . '' Sex Robots . Palgrave Macmillan , Cham , 2017 . 1 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Kawanishi , Yuko . Mental Health Challenges Facing Contemporary Japanese Society . Brill , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Farris , 26 . Jump up ^ Farris , 152 , 181 . Jump up ^ Farris , 152 , 157 . ^ Jump up to : Tonomura , 352 . Jump up ^ Tonomura , 351 . Jump up ^ Tonomura , 353 -- 354 . Jump up ^ Tonomura , 354 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Farris , 162 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Farris , 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Tonomura , 360 . Jump up ^ Hastings , 379 . Jump up ^ Totman , 614 -- 615 . ^ Jump up to : Wakita 1991 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Neary 2009 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Henshall 2012 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Neary 2009 , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Neary 2009 , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Neary 2009 , p. 393 . ^ Jump up to : Moriguchi and Saez , 80 , 88 . Jump up ^ Neary , 397 . Jump up ^ Duus , 21 . Jump up ^ Neary 2003 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Neary 2003 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Neary 2003 , p. 271 . Books cited ( edit ) Batten , Bruce Loyd ( 2003 ) . To the Ends of Japan : Premodern Frontiers , Boundaries , and Interactions . Honolulu , HI : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2447 - 1 . Bix , Hebert P. ( 2000 ) . Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan . New York , NY : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 186047 - 8 . Coox , Alvin ( 1988 ) . `` The Pacific War , '' in The Cambridge History of Japan : Volume 6 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Deal , William E ( 2006 ) . Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan . New York : Facts on File . Deal , William E and Ruppert , Brian Douglas ( 2015 ) . A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism . Chichester , West Sussex : Wiley Blackwell . Duus , Peter ( 2011 ) . `` Showa - era Japan and beyond , '' in Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society . New York : Routledge . Farris , William Wayne ( 2009 ) . Japan to 1600 : A Social and Economic History . Honolulu , HI : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3379 - 4 . Farris , William Wayne ( 1995 ) . Population , Disease , and Land in Early Japan , 645 -- 900 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Asia Center . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 69005 - 9 . Feifer , George ( 1992 ) . Tennozan : The Battle of Okinawa and the Atomic Bomb . New York : Ticknor & Fields . Frank , Richard ( 1999 ) . Downfall : The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire . New York , NY : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 100146 - 3 . Gao , Bai ( 2009 ) . `` The Postwar Japanese Economy '' . In Tsutsui , William M. A Companion to Japanese History . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 299 -- 314 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9339 - 9 . Habu , Junko ( 2004 ) . Ancient Jomon of Japan . Cambridge , MA : Cambridge Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77670 - 7 . Hane , Mikiso ( 1991 ) . Premodern Japan : A Historical Survey . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4970 - 1 . Hastings , Sally A. ( 2007 ) . `` Gender and Sexuality in Modern Japan , '' in A Companion to Japanese History . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell Publishing . Henshall , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . A History of Japan : From Stone Age to Superpower . London : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 34662 - 8 . Hunter , Janet ( 1984 ) . Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History . Berkeley : University of California Press . Imamura , Keiji ( 1996 ) . Prehistoric Japan : New Perspectives on Insular East Asia . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . Ito , Takatoshi ( 1992 ) . The Japanese Economy . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . Jansen , Marius ( 2000 ) . The Making of Modern Japan . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University . Kaner , Simon ( 2011 ) . `` The Archaeology of Religion and Ritual in the Japanese Archipelago , '' in The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Keene , Donald ( 1998 ) ( 1984 ) . A History of Japanese Literature , Vol. 3 : Dawn to the West -- Japanese Literature of the Modern Era ( Fiction ) ( paperback ed . ) . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11435 - 6 . Keene , Donald ( 1999 ) ( 1993 ) . A History of Japanese Literature , Vol. 1 : Seeds in the Heart -- Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century ( paperback ed . ) . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11441 - 7 . Kerr , George ( 1958 ) . Okinawa : History of an Island People . Rutland , Vermont : Tuttle Company . Kidder , J. Edward ( 1993 ) . `` The Earliest Societies in Japan , '' in The Cambridge History of Japan : Volume 1 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Kumar , Ann ( 2008 ) . Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan : Language , Genes and Civilisation . New York : Routledge . Large , Stephen S. ( 2007 ) . `` Oligarchy , Democracy , and Fascism , '' in A Companion to Japanese History . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell Publishing . Lauerman , Lynn ( 2002 ) . Science & Technology Almanac . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . Mackie , Vera ( 2003 ) . Feminism in Modern Japan . New York : Cambridge University Press . Maher , Kohn C. ( 1996 ) . `` North Kyushu Creole : A Language Contact Model for the Origins of Japanese , '' in Multicultural Japan : Palaeolithic to Postmodern . New York : Cambridge University Press . Mason , RHP and Caiger , JG ( 1997 ) . A History of Japan . Rutland , Vermont : Tuttle . Meyer , Milton W. ( 2009 ) . Japan : A Concise History . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . McClain , James L. ( 2002 ) . Japan : A Modern History . New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04156 - 9 . McCullough , William H. ( 1999 ) . `` The Heian Court , 794 -- 1070 , '' in The Cambridge History of Japan : Volume 2 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Moriguchi , Chiaki and Saez , Emmanuel ( 2010 ) . `` The Evolution of Income Concentration in Japan , 1886 -- 2005 , '' in Top Incomes : A Global Perspective . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Morton , W Scott and Olenike , J Kenneth ( 2004 ) . Japan : Its History and Culture . New York : McGraw - Hill . Neary , Ian ( 2003 ) . `` Burakumin at the End of History '' . Social Research . 70 ( 1 ) : 269 -- 294 . JSTOR 40971613 . Neary , Ian ( 2009 ) . `` Class and Social Stratification '' . In Tsutsui , William M. A Companion to Japanese History . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 389 -- 406 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9339 - 9 . Perkins , Dorothy ( 1991 ) . Encyclopedia of Japan . New York : Facts on File . Perez , Louis G. ( 1998 ) . The History of Japan . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30296 - 1 . Sansom , George ( 1958 ) . A History of Japan to 1334 . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 0523 - 3 . Sanz , Nuria ( 2014 ) . Human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention in Asia . UNESCO . Schirokauer , Conrad ( 2013 ) . A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations . Boston : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . Silberman , Neil Asher ( 2012 ) . The Oxford Companion to Archaeology . New York : Oxford University Press . Sims , Richard ( 2001 ) . Japanese Political History since the Meiji Renovation , 1868 -- 2000 . New York : Palgrave . Takeuchi , Rizo ( 1999 ) . `` The Rise of the Warriors , '' in The Cambridge History of Japan : Volume 2 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Togo , Kazuhiko ( 2005 ) . Japan 's Foreign Policy 1945 -- 2003 : The Quest for a Proactive Policy . Boston : Brill . Tonomura , Hitomi ( 2007 ) . `` Women and Sexuality in Premodern Japan , '' in A Companion to Japanese History . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell Publishing . Totman , Conrad ( 2005 ) . A History of Japan . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 119 - 02235 - 0 . Wakita , Osamu ( 1991 ) . `` The social and economic consequences of unification '' . In Hall , John Whitney . The Cambridge History of Japan . 4 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 96 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22355 - 3 . Walker , Brett ( 2015 ) . A Concise History of Japan . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Weston , Mark ( 2002 ) . Giants of Japan : The Lives of Japan 's Greatest Men and Women . New York , NY : Kodansha . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9882259 - 4 - 7 . Yasar , Kerim . Electrified Voices : How the Telephone , Phonograph , and Radio Shaped Modern Japan , 1868 -- 1945 ( 2018 ) Japan articles History Chronology Prehistory Paleolithic Ancient history Jōmon Yayoi Kofun Antiquity history Asuka Nara Heian Post-antiquity history Kamakura Muromachi Azuchi -- Momoyama Edo Modern history Bakumatsu Empire of Japan Meiji Taishō Shōwa Post-war Post-occupation Heisei By topic Economic Education Military Naval Imperial Army Imperial Navy Overseas actions Geography Addresses Archipelago Cities Districts Earthquakes Environment Extreme points Islands Lakes Prefectures Regions Rivers Towns Villages Politics Constitution Pre-war Elections Emperor list Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Judiciary Law Law enforcement National Diet House of Councillors House of Representatives Political parties Self - Defense Forces Air Ground Maritime Government Cabinet Fiscal policy Foreign policy Ministries Prime Minister list Deputy Prime Minister Economy Agriculture , forestry , fishing Central bank International rankings Labor Manufacturing Energy solar power Telecommunications Transport Yen Society Crime Demographics Education Etiquette Gambling Housing Languages Religion Sexuality Smoking Women Kyariaūman Culture Aesthetics Anime / Manga Architecture Art Bonsai Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore folktales Gardens Geisha Games Ikebana Kawaii Literature Martial arts Media Music Mythology Names Onsen / Sentō Sport Tea ceremony Television Theatre Japan portal Category History of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Book Category Asia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&oldid=866522974 '' Categories : History of Japan Japanese culture Politics of Japan Japanese nationalism Hidden categories : Articles with Japanese - language external links Use mdy dates from October 2015 Use American English from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikivoyage Languages Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Patois Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of the period in japanese history that began in 1868 | [
"\n\n\nDates\nPeriod\nPeriod\nSubperiod\nMain government\n\n\n30,000–10,000 BC\n\nJapanese Paleolithic\n\n \n\nunknown\n\n\n10,000–300 BC\n\nAncient Japan\n\nJōmon\n\n \n\n\n300 BC – 300 AD\n\nYayoi\n\n \n\n\n300–538\n\nKofun\n\n\n\nImperial government\n\n\n538–710\n\nClassical Japan\n\nAsuka\n\n\n\n\n710–794\n\nNara\n\n \n\n\n794–1185\n\nHeian\n\n \n\n\n1185–1333\n\nMedieval Japan\n\nKamakura\n\n \n\nKamakura shogunate\n\n\n1333–1336\n\nKenmu Restoration\n\n \n\nImperial government\n\n\n1336–1392\n\nMuromachi\n\nNanboku-chō period\n\nAshikaga shogunate\n\n\n1392–1467\n\n \n\n\n1467–1573\n\nSengoku period\n\nAshikaga shogunate and sengoku daimyōs\n\n\n1573–1603\n\nAzuchi–Momoyama\n\nOda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu\n\n\n1603–1868\n\nEarly Modern Japan\n\nEdo\n\nTokugawa period\n\nTokugawa shogunate\n\n\n1868–1912\n\nModern Japan\n\nMeiji\n\nPre-war\n\nImperial government\n\n\n1912–1926\n\nTaishō\n\n\n1926–1945\n\nShōwa (Prewar)\n\n\n1945–1952\n\nContemporary Japan\n\nShōwa (Occupied Post-war)\n\nPost-war\n\nGHQ/SCAP\n\n\n1952–1989\n\nShōwa (Post-occupation)\n\nParliamentary democracy\n\n\n1989–present\n\nHeisei\n"
] | [
"Meiji"
] |
4536445158481415509 | Jeremy Shada | Jeremy Shada - wikipedia Jeremy Shada Jump to : navigation , search Jeremy Shada Shada at the 2015 Fan Expo Canada Jaden Jeremy Shada ( 1997 - 01 - 21 ) January 21 , 1997 ( age 20 ) Boise , Idaho , U.S. Residence Burbank , California , U.S. Nationality American Other names Jaden Shada Occupation Actor , voice actor , singer , musician Years active 1999 -- present Known for Adventure Time Incredible Crew Voltron : Legendary Defender Mr. Student Body President Height 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Relatives Josh Shada and Zack Shada ( brothers ) Musical career Genres Pop punk , pop rock Instruments Vocals , Bass Labels Independent Associated acts Shauna Case , Annie Sertich , Chloe Peterson , E-40 Jaden Jeremy Shada / ˈʃeɪdə / ( born January 21 , 1997 ) is an American actor , voice actor , singer and musician who is best known for his work as the voice of Finn the Human from the American animated television series Adventure Time . He is also known for starring as various characters in the sketch - comedy series Incredible Crew and voice acts as Lance in Voltron : Legendary Defender . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Shada began acting at the age of seven soon after moving to Los Angeles with his family . He was inspired to act by his older brother Zack Shada , who had begun acting himself . Shada initially appeared in commercials . Later on , he began auditioning for voice acting and theatrical performances , taking the advice from a voice over agent . His first live action theatrical role was as Young Kurt Diamond in No Rules . He has since appeared in additional live action and voice acting roles , such as playing Charlie Pace in childhood flashbacks on Lost . In 2009 , Jeremy Shada 's agent approached him with the idea of auditioning for the role of Finn . Both recognized that Zack Shada had been the original voice of Finn in the pilot episode of Adventure Time three years before . After viewing the pilot on YouTube , Shada matched his voice with the voice of Zack Shada in auditions with Adventure Time 's creator Pendleton Ward and the show 's producers , earning him the Finn role . In 2012 , Shada joined the cast of Nick Cannon 's sketch - comedy series , Incredible Crew . In June 2012 , to promote Incredible Crew 's 2013 premiere , Cartoon Network released a music rap video titled `` Running Errands with My Mom '' which features Shada performing and rapping the lyric . The video has since generated over one million views . Because of his acting schedule , Shada was homeschooled . Answering fan questions on his Facebook page , Shada indicated that he graduated from high school early in May 2013 . On July 21 , 2014 , Jeremy Shada announced that he is a member of Los Angeles - based pop punk band Make Out Monday . The band also consists of Jeremy 's brother Zack Shada and friends Logan Charles , John Spicer and Seth Renken . Make Out Monday has performed at the 2014 San Diego Comic Con . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Film Role Notes Miracle Run Young Phillip TV movie Team America : World Police Jean Francois Voice 2005 No Rules Young Kurt Diamond My Neighbors the Yamadas Additional voices English dub 2006 Southern Comfort Colton TV movie 2007 Love 's Unending Legacy Boy in Stagecoach 2009 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs Additional Voices 2012 ParaNorman Pug Voice Cartoon Network 20th Anniversary Finn Voice ( TV movie ) 2013 Aliens in the House Mikey TV movie 2014 Angry Video Game Nerd : The Movie Howard Nixon 2017 Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania Cody Maverick Voice Television Year Television Role Notes 2009 -- 2011 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Young Robin Voice 2009 Chowder Porridge Voice 2010 -- 2018 Adventure Time Finn the Human Voice 2013 Incredible Crew Various characters Actor / Main Role 2013 Cartoon Network Rapper Music Video : It 's What You Do ( Jeremy Shada 's and Shauna Case 's Rap ) 2016 -- present Voltron : Legendary Defender Lance Voice 2016 -- present Mr. Student Body President Mr. Student Body President Actor / Main Role ( Streaming on go90.com only ) Guest appearances Year Title Role Episodes ER Bobby `` Time of Death '' Good Girls Do n't Young David `` Sole Mates '' 2006 Nip / Tuck Kid # 1 `` Reefer '' Lost Young Charlie Pace `` Fire + Water , '' `` Greatest Hits '' 2007 Shark C.J. Chambers `` Blind Trust '' Ghost Whisperer Liam Fletcher `` The Prophet , '' `` The Gathering '' The Loop Luxembourgian Boy `` CSI : Donut Idol Bowl '' Cold Case Jack Raymes ' 94 `` Thrill Kill '' 2009 Chowder Porridge ( voice ) `` My Big Fat Stinky Wedding '' Parenthood First Baseman `` The Situation '' 2012 The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange Josh Bread , Dustin Berry ( voice ) `` Follow the Bouncing Orange , '' `` Clue Berries '' 2013 See Dad Run Brendan `` See Dad Send Emily Flowers '' Video game Year Game Role Notes 2011 F.E.A.R. 3 Paxton Fettel -- child Voice 2012 Adventure Time : Hey Ice King ! Why 'd You Steal Our Garbage ? ! ! Finn the Human 2013 Adventure Time : Explore the Dungeon Because I Do n't Know ! 2014 Adventure Time : The Secret of the Nameless Kingdom 2015 Code Name S.T.E.A.M. Tom Sawyer Adventure Time : Finn & Jake Investigations Finn the Human Cartoon Network Superstar Soccer : Goal 2016 Lego Dimensions ( Adventure Time Level Pack ) 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Young Peter Quill DreamWorks Voltron VR Chronicles Lance Voice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shada , Jeremy ( March 12 , 2013 ) , ( Untitled ) , Facebook , retrieved October 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Mutant Season : Jeremy Shada of Adventure Time '' . Nerdist.com . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Covel , Bonnie . `` Greatest Hits , Episode 5 / 16 / 07 Preview '' . About.com . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene . `` ' Adventure Time ' : Finn actor Jeremy Shada is ' constantly surprised ' '' . Tribune . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Luoma , Sarah . `` Production Begins On Nick Cannon 's ' Incredible Crew ' '' . TV Equals . Daemons Media Inc . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hall , Tamron . `` Teen 's errands with mom creates online buzz '' . Today Show . NBC Universal . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Mutant Season : Jeremy Shada of `` Adventure Time : '' . The Mutant Season . Nerdist . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hasty , Katie . `` TGIM : Make Out Monday is playing a show for you at Comic - Con '' . www.hitfix.com/ . HitFlix , Inc . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.go90.com/profiles/va_04711151d0034a6d9515ca198fdc71ca Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58dgCqYxQL0 External links ( edit ) Jeremy Shada on IMDb Jeremy Shada at AllMovie Jeremy Shada on Twitter VIAF : 186890966 LCCN : no2011153368 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Shada&oldid=806461070 '' Categories : 1997 births American male child actors American male television actors American male voice actors Living people Musicians from Boise , Idaho 21st - century American male actors American male singers American singers American people of Czech descent Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Simple English Tagalog Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 04 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is finn's voice on adventure time | [
"Jaden Jeremy Shada[1] /ˈʃeɪdə/ (born January 21, 1997) is an American actor, voice actor, singer and musician who is best known for his work as the voice of Finn the Human from the American animated television series Adventure Time. He is also known for starring as various characters in the sketch-comedy series Incredible Crew and voice acts as Lance in Voltron: Legendary Defender."
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"Jaden Jeremy Shada"
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-5219351281829197188 | Your Name | Your Name - Wikipedia Your Name Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel , see Your Name ( novel ) . For the soundtrack album , see Your Name ( album ) . For the 2010 song by Swedish House Mafia and Pharrell Williams , see One ( Swedish House Mafia song ) . Your Name Japanese theatrical release poster Japanese 君 の 名 は . Hepburn Kimi no Na wa . Literally Your Name . Directed by Makoto Shinkai Produced by Noritaka Kawaguchi Genki Kawamura Screenplay by Makoto Shinkai Starring Ryunosuke Kamiki Mone Kamishiraishi Masami Nagasawa Etsuko Ichihara Ryo Narita Aoi Yūki Nobunaga Shimazaki Kaito Ishikawa Kanon Tani Music by Radwimps Cinematography Makoto Shinkai Edited by Makoto Shinkai Production company CoMix Wave Films Distributed by Toho ( Japan ) Release date July 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 03 ) ( Anime Expo ) August 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) ( Japan ) Running time 107 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Box office US $355.3 million Suga - jinja , Shinjuku Shinano - cho station pedestrian bridge Yotsuya Station Your Name ( Japanese : 君 の 名 は. , Hepburn : Kimi no Na wa . ) is a 2016 Japanese animated drama film written and directed by Makoto Shinkai and produced by CoMix Wave Films . The film was produced by Noritaka Kawaguchi and Genki Kawamura , with music composed by Radwimps . Your Name tells the story of a high school girl in rural Japan and a high school boy in Tokyo who swap bodies . The film stars the voices of Ryunosuke Kamiki , Mone Kamishiraishi , Masami Nagasawa , and Etsuko Ichihara . Shinkai 's novel of the same name was published a month before the film 's premiere . Your Name was distributed by Toho , it premiered at the Anime Expo 2016 convention in Los Angeles , California on July 3 , 2016 , and in Japan on August 26 , 2016 . It received widespread acclaim from critics , who praised the film for its animation and emotional impact , and was also a major commercial success , becoming the fourth - highest - grossing film of all time in Japan , the 7th - highest - grossing traditionally animated film , the highest - grossing anime and Japanese film and the 5th - highest - grossing non-English film worldwide , with a total gross of more than $355 million . The film won the 49th Sitges Film Festival , 2016 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards , and 71st Mainichi Film Awards for Best Animated Feature Film , as well as receiving a nomination for the 40th Japan Academy Prize for the Best Animation of the Year . A live - action remake is currently in the works . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 7 American adaptation 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) High school girl Mitsuha has become bored of life in Japan 's mountainous Hida region , where she works as a shrine maiden at her family 's temple and where her father is a mayor seeking re-election . She has had dreams where she lives as a teenage boy in Tokyo , but when she sees a message on her notebook asking `` Who are you ? '' and when her friends react at her strange behavior the previous day , she suspects something is going on . Similarly , high school boy Taki wakes up and finds he is Mitsuha , and his friends find his behavior to be just as strange . They realize they are able to swap bodies when they wake up , and start communicating with each other by leaving notes in Mitsuha 's notebook and memos on Taki 's phone . Mitsuha helps Taki develop a relationship with his coworker Miki , while Taki helps Mitsuha become popular in school . Taki , as Mitsuha , accompanies her grandmother and sister to leave the ritual alcohol kuchikamizake , made by Mitsuha , as an offering at the shrine on a mountaintop outside the town . The shrine is believed to represent the body of the village guardian god who rules human experiences and connections . Mitsuha 's latest note tells Taki about a comet expected to pass Earth on the day of her town festival . One day , Taki wakes up back in his body . After an unsuccessful date with Miki , he tries to call Mitsuha for the first time , but can not reach her , and the body switching ends . He decides to visit her hometown , but does not know its name , and his memories of it are fading , and even Mitsuha 's writings in his phone disappear . A restaurant owner in Hida recognizes the town from Taki 's sketch and tells him it was destroyed by a fragment of the comet . Taki finds Mitsuha 's name in the records of fatalities and discovers the date of the disaster . He realizes their timelines were separated by three years . Taki goes to the shrine to drink Mitsuha 's kuchikamizake , hoping to reconnect with her body and warn her of the comet strike . Through a vision , Taki discovers Mitsuha 's past and that she , having fallen in love with him , met his past self while trying to meet him personally . He wakes in her body on the morning of the town festival and reveals his identity to Mitsuha 's grandmother , who tells him the body switching is part of the Miyamizu family history as caretakers of the shrine . He convinces Mitsuha 's friends Tessie and Sayaka to help evacuate the village by cutting the power and broadcasting a false emergency alert . He realizes that Mitsuha must be in his body at the shrine and goes back to find her . Mitsuha wakes up in Taki 's body at the shrine . Although they sense each other 's presence , they are separated by three years . However , when twilight falls , they return to their own bodies and meet . They attempt to write each other 's names on their hands so they will remember each other , but twilight passes and Mitsuha disappears before she can write hers . As Mitsuha races back to town , her memories of Taki start to fade . Tessie tells Mitsuha to convince her estranged father , the mayor of Itomori , to evacuate the town . Running to her father 's office to confront him about evacuation , Mitsuha realizes that Taki wrote `` I love you '' on her hand instead of his name . The comet piece crashes to Earth , destroying Itomori . Taki wakes up in the morning of his own time , not remembering anything . Five years later , Taki has graduated from university and is searching for a job . He senses he is missing something important , and learns that inhabitants of Itomori survived by following the mayor 's order . He recognizes Tessie and Sayaka in a Tokyo restaurant , now engaged , but can not identify them . One day , Taki and Mitsuha recognize each other when their trains draw parallel . They disembark and search for one another , finally meeting on a staircase . Feeling as though they have met before , they ask for each other 's name . Cast ( edit ) Character Japanese English Taki Tachibana ( 立花 瀧 , Tachibana Taki ) Ryunosuke Kamiki Michael Sinterniklaas A high school boy living in Tokyo , who spends his days happily with his friends and has a part - time job in an Italian restaurant . He is short - tempered but well meaning and kind , and aspires to become an architect . Mitsuha Miyamizu ( 宮 水 三 葉 , Miyamizu Mitsuha ) Mone Kamishiraishi Stephanie Sheh A high school girl living in Itomori , a rural town . She is dissatisfied with small - town life and wishes to move to Tokyo . She dislikes her father and is embarrassed by his often open displays of control as well as her part as a miko in rituals for her family 's shrine creating kuchikamizake , an ancient traditional way of creating sake involving chewing rice to intake yeast for fermentation . Miki Okudera ( 奥寺 ミキ , Okudera Miki ) Masami Nagasawa Laura Post A university student , she works in the same restaurant as Taki . She and Taki have a mutual crush on each other , though Taki does not want a relationship and Okudera only has feelings for him when Mitsuha is in his body . She is more commonly referred to as Ms. Okudera ( Okudera - senpai ) by her colleagues . Hitoha Miyamizu ( 宮 水 一葉 , Miyamizu Hitoha ) Etsuko Ichihara Glynis Ellis The head of the family shrine and the grandmother of Mitsuha and Yotsuha . Their family name 宮 水 literally means `` shrine water '' . She is the master of kumihimo , which is one of her family 's traditions . The town 糸 守 ( Itomori ) , where she and her family live and half of the plot 's events take place , means `` thread - guard '' . Katsuhiko `` Tessie '' Teshigawara ( 勅使 河原 克彦 , Teshigawara Katsuhiko ) Ryo Narita Kyle Hebert Mitsuha 's friend , who is an expert with construction machinery , particularly explosives . He is generally referred to as `` Tessie '' . Sayaka Natori ( 名取 早 耶香 , Natori Sayaka ) Aoi Yūki Cassandra Morris Mitsuha 's friend . She is a nervous girl in the broadcast club in high school that vehemently denies her attraction to Tessie . Tsukasa Fujii ( 藤井 司 , Fujii Tsukasa ) Nobunaga Shimazaki Ben Pronsky One of Taki 's friends in high school . He is often concerned about Taki whenever Mitsuha embodies him . Shinta Takagi ( 高木 真 太 , Takagi Shinta ) Kaito Ishikawa Ray Chase One of Taki 's friends in high school . He is optimistic and jumps to the rescue of his friends . Yotsuha Miyamizu ( 宮 水 四葉 , Miyamizu Yotsuha ) Kanon Tani Catie Harvey Mitsuha 's younger sister , who lives with her and their grandmother . She thinks her sister is somewhat crazy but loves her despite the situation . She participates in creating both kumihimo and kuchikamizake . Toshiki Miyamizu ( 宮 水 俊樹 , Miyamizu Toshiki ) Masaki Terasoma Scott Williams Mitsuha and Yotsuha 's father , who is the town 's mayor . He used to be a folklorist who came to the town for research and met Mitsuha 's mother . He is very strict and jaded from events that occurred in his life . Futaba Miyamizu ( 宮 水 二葉 , Miyamizu Futaba ) Sayaka Ohara Michelle Ruff Mitsuha and Yotsuha 's deceased mother . Yukari Yukino ( 雪野 百 香里 , Yukino Yukari ) Kana Hanazawa Katy Vaughn Mitsuha , Tessie , and Sayaka 's Japanese literature teacher . She teaches them the word `` Kataware - doki '' , meaning twilight in the local Hida dialect , in her class . Yukari also appeared in The Garden of Words . Production ( edit ) In Makoto Shinkai 's proposal sent to Toho in September 14 , 2014 , the film was originally titled Yume to Shiriseba ( 夢 と 知り せ ば , If I knew it was a dream ) , derived from a passage in a waka , or `` Japanese poem '' , attributed to Ono no Komachi . Its title changed to Kimi no Musubime ( きみ の 結び め , Your Connection ) and Kimi wa Kono Sekai no Hanbun ( きみ は この 世界 の は ん ぶん , You 're half of this world ) before becoming Kimi no Na Wa . Inspiration for the story came from works including Shūzō Oshimi 's Inside Mari , Ranma 1⁄2 , the Heian period novel Torikaebaya Monogatari , and Greg Egan 's short story The Safe - Deposit Box . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Film locations of Your Name . While the town of Itomori , one of the film 's settings , is fictional , the film drew inspirations from real - life locations that provided backdrop for the town . Such locations include the city of Hida in Gifu Prefecture and its library , Hida City Library . Music ( edit ) See also : Your Name ( album ) Yojiro Noda , the lead vocalist of the Japanese rock band Radwimps , composed the theme music of Your Name . Director Makoto Shinkai requested him to compose its music `` in a way that the music will ( supplement ) the dialogue or monologue of the characters '' . Your Name features the following songs performed by Radwimps : Yumetōrō ( 夢 灯籠 , `` Dream Lantern '' ) Zenzenzense ( 前 前 前世 , `` Past Past Past Life '' ) Supākuru ( スパークル , `` Sparkle '' ) Nandemonaiya ( なんでも ない や , `` It 's Nothing '' ) The soundtrack of the film was well received by both audiences and critics alike and is acknowledged as being one of the factors behind its success at the box office . The film 's soundtrack was the runner - up in the `` Best Soundtrack '' category at the 2016 Newtype Anime Awards , while the song ZenZenZense was the runner - up in the `` Best Theme Song Category '' . Release ( edit ) World map showing countries where the movie was released ( green ) or is planned to be released in the future ( red ) . The film premiered at the 2016 Anime Expo convention in Los Angeles , California on July 3 , 2016 , and later was released theatrically in Japan on August 26 , 2016 . The film is scheduled to be released in 92 countries . It was released in China by Huaxia Film Distribution on December 2 , 2016 . In order to qualify for the Academy Awards , the film was released for one week ( December 2 -- 8 , 2016 ) in Los Angeles . The film was released in Australian cinemas on limited release on November 24 , 2016 by Madman Entertainment in both its original Japanese and an English dub . Madman also released the film in New Zealand on December 1 , 2016 . The film was also released in the United Kingdom on November 18 , 2016 distributed by Anime Limited . On January 17 , 2017 , Funimation announced that the film would be released in North American theaters on April 7 , 2017 . Home media ( edit ) Your Name was released in 4K UHD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on July 26 in Japan by Toho Pictures . The release was offered in Regular , Special , and Collector 's editions . FUNimation announced on July 1 at Anime Expo 2017 that the film would be released on Blu - ray and DVD by the end of 2017 but did n't specify a date . At Otakon 2017 , they announced they are releasing the movie in both Standard and Limited Edition Blu - Ray + DVD Combo Packs on November 7 , 2017 . In its first week , the Blu - ray standard edition sold 202,370 units , Limited First Pressing sold 125,982 units and the special edition sold 94,079 units . The DVD Standard Edition placed first , selling 215,963 . Your Name is the first Anime to Place 3 BD Releases in Top 10 for 2 straight weeks . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Your Name 's revenue ( red ) accounts for 10 % of Japan 's 2016 box office revenue . Japan 's top 5 box office movies in 2016 ( billion yen ) : Your Name : 23.56 Star Wars : The Force Awakens : 11.63 Shin Godzilla : 8.25 Zootopia : 7.63 Finding Dory : 6.83 Your Name became a huge commercial success , especially in Japan , where it grossed ¥ 23 billion ( ~ US $190 million ) . The film achieved the second - largest gross for a domestic film in Japan , behind Spirited Away , and the fourth - largest ever , behind Titanic and Frozen . It is the first anime not directed by Hayao Miyazaki to earn more than $100 million ( ~ ¥ 10 billion ) at the Japanese box office . It topped the box office in Japan for a record - breaking 12 non-consecutive weekends . It held the number - one position for nine consecutive weekends before being toppled by Death Note : Light Up the New World in the last weekend of October . It returned to the top for another three weeks before finally being dethroned by Hollywood blockbuster Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . The success of the film also extended beyond Japan . In China , it became the highest - grossing Japanese film in the world 's second - largest movie market on December 17 , 2016 . It has grossed US $81.3 million in China and is the highest - grossing 2D animated film in the country . Its opening screened in over 7,000 theaters . It made an estimated $10.9 million on its opening day from 66,000 screenings and attracting over 2.77 million admissions , the biggest 2D animated opening in the country . It also held the record for the highest - grossing non-Hollywood foreign film in China , up until it was surpassed by Indian film Dangal in May 2017 . It is the highest - grossing Japanese film in Thailand , with ฿ 44.1 million ( US $1.23 million ) . As of December 26 , the film has grossed $771,945 USD in Australia . and $95,278 USD in New Zealand . On a December 20 blog post , the Australian distributor Madman stated that the film had made over $1,000,000 AUD in the Australian box office alone before closing its limited release run . The film was number - one on its opening five days in South Korea , with 1.18 million admissions and a gross of US $8.2 million , becoming the first Japanese film since Howl 's Moving Castle to reach number one in the country . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 79 ( 25 reviews ) Rotten Tomatoes 97 % ( 96 reviews ) Review scores Source Rating The Guardian Mark Kermode 5 / 5 Empire Dan Jolin 5 / 5 DIY Alan Simmons 5 / 5 South China Morning Post Edmund Lee 4 , 5 / 5 Rogerebert.com Brian Tallerico 3 , 5 / 4 Financial Times Danny Leigh 4 / 5 The Independent Geoffrey Macnab 4 / 5 The Times Kate Muir 4 / 5 The Japan Times Mark Schilling 4 / 5 London Evening Standard Charlotte O'Sullivan 3 / 5 Chicago Tribune Peter Debruge 3 / 5 The Seattle Times Tom Keogh 1.5 / 4 Your Name received critical acclaim . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 97 % , based on 100 reviews , and an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` As beautifully animated as it is emotionally satisfying , Your Name adds another outstanding chapter to writer - director Makoto Shinkai 's filmography . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score 79 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` Generally favorable reviews '' . Mark Schilling of The Japan Times gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5 and praised the film 's animation for its `` blend of gorgeous , realistic detail and emotionally grounded fantasy '' . However , he criticized the film 's `` over-deliver ( y ) '' of `` the comedy of adolescent embarrassment and awkwardness '' and its ending for being `` To the surprise of no one who has ever seen a Japanese seishun eiga ( youth drama ) '' . Reception outside of Japan was also very positive . Mark Kermode called the film his ninth favourite film to be released in the United Kingdom in 2016 . US reviews were mostly positive . The New York Times described it as `` a wistfully lovely Japanese tale '' , while The Atlantic said it was `` a dazzling new work of anime '' . Conversely , The Boston Globe had a mixed opinion of the film , saying that it was `` pretty but too complicated '' . Mike Toole from Anime News Network listed it as the third - best anime film of all time . Ron Clements and John Musker , directors of the Oscar - nominated animation Moana , praised the film for its beauty and uniqueness . Despite the praise he received , Makoto Shinkai insisted that the film is not as good as it could have been : `` There are things we could not do , Masashi Ando ( Director of animation ) wanted to keep working ( on ) but had to stop us for lack of money ... For me it 's incomplete , unbalanced . The plot is fine but the film is not at all perfect . Two years was not enough . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result 2016 49th Sitges Film Festival Best Animated Feature Length Film Your Name Won 60th BFI London Film Festival Best Film Your Name Nominated 18th Bucheon International Animation Festival Best Animated Feature Special Distinction Prize Your Name Won Best Animated Feature Audiences Prize Your Name Won 29th Tokyo International Film Festival Arigatō Award Makoto Shinkai Won 6th Newtype Anime Awards Best Picture ( Film ) Your Name Won Best Soundtrack Your Name Runner - up Best Theme Song Category ZenZenZense Runner - up 41st Hochi Film Award Best Picture Your Name Nominated 29th Nikkan Sports Film Award Best Film Your Name Nominated Best Director Makoto Shinkai Won 2016 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Film Your Name Won Women Film Critics Circle 2016 Best Animated Female Your Name Nominated 2017 44th Annie Awards Best Animated Feature -- Independent Your Name Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Directing in an Animated Feature Production Makoto Shinkai Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature Your Name Nominated 71st Mainichi Film Awards Best Animated Film Your Name Won 59th Blue Ribbon Awards Best Film Your Name Nominated Best Director Makoto Shinkai Nominated Special Award Your Name Won 11th Asian Film Awards Best Screenplay Makoto Shinkai Nominated 40th Japan Academy Prize Excellent Animation of the Year Your Name Won Animation of the Year Your Name Nominated Director of the Year Makoto Shinkai Nominated Screenplay of the Year Makoto Shinkai Won Outstanding Achievement in Music Radwimps Won 36th Anima Festival Audience Award for Best Animated Feature Your Name Won 11th Seiyu Awards Best Actor Ryunosuke Kamiki Won Best Actress Mone Kamishiraishi Won Synergy Award Your Name Won 7th AACTA Awards Best Asian Film Your Name Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards 2017 Best Animated Feature Your Name Nominated American adaptation ( edit ) On September 27 , 2017 , producer J.J. Abrams and screenwriter Eric Heisserer announced that they are working on an American remake of Your Name to be released by Paramount Pictures and Bad Robot Productions . See also ( edit ) List of highest - grossing animated films List of highest - grossing anime films List of highest - grossing films in Japan Torikaebaya Monogatari Miko Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It was later pushed to the fifth place after Wolf Warriors 2 overtook the top position from The Mermaid . Jump up ^ `` Kataware - doki , '' the word Taki and Mitsuha use , is turned from `` kawatare - doki , '' an old Japanese word meaning twilight . `` Kawatare '' ( 彼 は 誰 ) literally means `` Who is he / she ? '' ; `` kataware '' also has the same sound as a word meaning one of the couple ( 片割れ ) . In old Japan , people believed that supernatural occurrences were possible at twilight . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Your Name ( 2016 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your Name ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your Name English Dub Cast , Trailer Unveiled '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Makoto Shinkai Reveals Kimi no Na wa. / your name . Anime Film for August 2016 '' . Anime News Network . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schilling , Mark ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Your name . ' : Makoto Shinkai could be the next big name in anime '' . The Japan Times . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 映画 『 君 の 名 は. 』 新海 誠 監督 インタビュー ! '' . animatetimes . August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Name director reveals initial character concept sketches , title , thematic goals of the hit anime '' . Rocketnews24 . July 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 『 君 の 名 は. 』 監督 が 、 時 系列 と 観客 の 感情 グラフ を 公開 大 ヒット 作 の 凄まじい 考察 に 反響 '' . Kai - you . April 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 〈 COLUMN1 入れ替わり から 見え て くる 面白 さ 〉 . 『 君 の 名 は . 公式 ビジュアル ガイド 』 ( in Japanese ) . Japan : 角川 書店 . August 27 , 2016 . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 104780 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` City that inspired settings in hit anime ' yourname . ' sees unbelievable boost in tourism '' . Japan Today . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Masangkay , May ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Radwimps play a part in the popularity of anime film ' your name . ' '' . Kyodo . The Japan Times . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stimson , Eric ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` RADWIMPS Release your name 's `` Sparkle ( original ver . ) '' `` . animenewsnetwork . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shinkai 's ' your name. , ' Kabaneri Win Top Newtype Anime Awards '' . Anime News Network . October 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shinkai 's ' your name . ' Becomes # 1 Japanese Film in Thailand of All Time '' . Anime News Network . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gavin J. Blair ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Your Name ' Passes ' Princess Mononoke ' to Become Third - Highest Grossing Japanese Film of All Time '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Japanese Hit ' Your Name ' Wins China Release '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 你 的 名字. ( 2016 ) '' . cbooo.cn ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Australian site '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Makoto Shinkai 's Your Name is Coming to Cinemas This November '' . Madman Entertainment . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Name UK Cinema Release Details '' . Anime News Network . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Makoto Shinkai Masterpiece ' Your Name . ' to Open in North American Theaters April 7 , 2017 '' . Funimation . January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Riley ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Your Name DVD , Blu - ray Sales Information Released '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( July 1 , 2017 ) . `` Anime Expo 2017 : Funimation to Release Your Name on Home Video This Year '' . ign.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Announced at Otakon 2017 ! - Funimation - Blog ! '' . August 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Throw Your Own `` Your Name . '' Watch Party ✨ `` . Funimation . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation Blu - ray Disc Ranking , July 24 - 30 '' . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Ranking , July 24 - 30 '' . Jump up ^ `` Shinkai 's ' your name . ' Is 1st Anime to Place 3 BD Releases in Top 10 for 2 Straight Weeks '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 年 映画 興 収 『 君 の 名 は. 』 が 牽引 東宝 社長 「 新しい アニメーション 時代 の 到来 」 '' . Oricon News . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Motoko Rich ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Anime Master of Missed Connections Makes Strong Contact in Japan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 歴代 興 収 ベスト 100 ( Successive box - office top 100 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kogyo Tsushinsha . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Your Name ' Wins Ninth Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : Warner 's ' Death Note ' Ends ' Your Name ' Dominance '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shinkai 's ' your name . ' Becomes # 1 Japanese Film in China of All Time '' . Anime News Network . December 17 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Tomorrow ' and ' Tigers ' Climb Over ' Great Wall ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kyodo ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` Animated teen flick ' your name . ' scores lucrative debut in China '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Japan 's ' Your Name ' Poised to Win China Box Office Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dangal ' Becomes China 's Biggest Non-Hollywood Foreign Film '' . Associated Press . Bloomberg . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Last chance to see Makoto Shinkai 's Your Name in cinemas ! '' . Madman Entertainment . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kil , Sonia ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` Korea Box Office : Japanese Animation ' Your Name ' Opens on Top '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shinkai 's ' your name . ' Tops S. Korean Box Office With US $8.1 Million '' . Anime News Network . January 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Your Name '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Your Name ( Kimi No Na Wa . ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan body - swap fantasy is China cinema hit '' . December 19 , 2016 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Kermode Uncut - My Top Ten Films of 2015 : Part One '' . BBC . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Your Name ' Takes Adolescent Identity Crises to Extremes '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sims , David . `` ' Your Name ' Is a Dazzling New Work of Anime '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Your Name ' is pretty but too complicated - The Boston Globe '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mike Toole Show The Other 100 Best Anime Movies of All Time , Part 4 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ディズニー の 巨匠 たち が 『 君 の 名 は. 』 を 絶賛 '' . Cinematoday . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Please do n't see my animated blockbuster , says Japan 's ' new Miyazaki , ' Makoto Shinkai - The Japan Times '' . Jump up ^ `` Sitges Film Festival - The unclassifiable ' Swiss Army Man ' wins Sitges 2016 '' . Sitges Film Festival . October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Competition - BFI London Film Festival 2016 '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Yesterday ' Takes Top Prize at Tokyo Film Festival '' . Variety . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 42nd Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 2016 Winners '' . Los Angeles Film Critics Association . December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women Film Critics Circle Nominations : `` Hidden Figures , '' `` 13th , '' & More `` . Women And Hollywood . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Hokusai , Red Turtle , your name Nominated for Annie Awards '' . Anime News Network . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' your name. , ' Anthem of the Heart Win Belgian Anima Fest Awards '' . Anime News Network . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7TH AACTA AWARDS PRESENTED BY FOXTEL '' ( PDF ) . AACTA Awards . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards '' . San Francisco Film Critics Circle . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams , Paramount Team Up for Sci - Fi Love Story ' Your Name ' '' . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Developing Remake of Japanese Hit ' Your Name ' With Paramount '' . Variety . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Your Name . Official website ( in Japanese ) Official website ( US ) Your Name on IMDb Your Name at Rotten Tomatoes Your Name at Metacritic Your Name ( film ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia ( hide ) Makoto Shinkai Feature films The Place Promised in Our Early Days ( 2004 ) 5 Centimeters per Second ( 2007 ) Children Who Chase Lost Voices ( 2011 ) The Garden of Words ( 2013 ) Your Name ( 2016 ) Short films She and Her Cat ( 1999 ) Voices of a Distant Star ( 2002 ) A Gathering of Cats ( 2008 ) Dareka no Manazashi ( 2013 ) Game movies Bittersweet Fools ( 2001 ) Wind : A Breath of Heart ( 2002 ) Haru no Ashioto ( 2004 ) Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two . ( 2006 ) CoMix Wave Films She and Her Cat ( 1999 ) Voices of a Distant Star ( 2002 ) The Place Promised in Our Early Days ( 2004 ) 5 Centimeters Per Second ( 2007 ) Planzet ( 2010 ) Children Who Chase Lost Voices ( 2011 ) Dareka no Manazashi ( 2013 ) The Garden of Words ( 2013 ) Your Name ( 2016 ) Newtype Theatrical Film Award Macross Frontier the Movie : The Wings of Goodbye ( 2011 ) K - On ! The Movie ( 2012 ) Steins ; Gate : The Movie − Load Region of Déjà Vu ( 2013 ) The Idolmaster Movie : Beyond the Brilliant Future ! ( 2014 ) Psycho - Pass : The Movie ( 2015 ) Your Name ( 2016 ) Sword Art Online The Movie : Ordinal Scale ( 2017 ) Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film 1989 -- 2010 Kiki 's Delivery Service ( 1989 ) Hashire ! 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-3013938411937115475 | List of Saving Hope episodes | List of Saving Hope episodes - wikipedia List of Saving Hope episodes Jump to : navigation , search Saving Hope is a Canadian television supernatural medical drama that debuted on the CTV and NBC networks simultaneously on June 7 , 2012 . The show 's central character is Dr. Alex Reid ( Erica Durance ) , a doctor whose fiancé , Dr. Charles Harris ( Michael Shanks ) , is in a coma after being in a car accident . The show follows the life of Harris in his coma state , and Reid dealing with patients , and `` hoping '' that he will survive . Dr. Reid is the Chief Surgical Resident at Hope Zion Hospital in Toronto , and Dr. Harris would normally be the Chief of Surgery at Hope Zion , but had been replaced due to his current condition . In September 2012 , NBC pulled the last two episodes of the first season , and released them online , subsequently canceling their syndication of the series . On December 17 , 2015 , CTV ordered a fifth and final season of the series . During the course of the series 85 episodes of Saving Hope aired over five seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 07 ) September 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 13 ) 18 June 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 25 ) February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) 18 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 18 September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 5 18 March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Wellington Malcolm MacRury & Morwyn Brebner June 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 07 ) 1.52 Dr. Alex Reid ( Erica Durance ) and her fiancé Dr. Charles Harris ( Michael Shanks ) are involved in a car accident while on the way to their wedding . Minutes later , Charlie falls into a coma . He now experiences life `` hoping '' that he will survive . Over his patient 's objection , Dr. Goran saves a veteran 's arm . An unknown injured man does not survive a bus crash . On her first rotation in the ER , Maggie Lin helps deliver a baby , and deals with two teens who shared a `` love potion '' . `` Contact '' David Wellington Morwyn Brebner June 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 14 ) 1.60 Dr. Alex Reid deals with a kid , Cal , who has cancer . He goes into a coma , and meets Dr. Charles Harris . Charlie asks Cal to send a message to Alex for him , when Cal wakes up . Despite this , the boy forgets Charlie 's name . Charlie 's ex-wife suggests in - coma arousal therapy . Meanwhile , surgeons Joel Goran ( Daniel Gillies ) and Maggie Lin ( Julia Taylor Ross ) deal with a lady who will die without surgery . Due to their religion , her husband refuses treatment . `` Blindness '' John Fawcett Adam Pettle June 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 21 ) 1.44 Alex and Maggie treat Benjamin Munk ( Zachary Bennett ) , a patient discovered to have psychological problems . Alex realizes that he has Münchausen syndrome -- he fakes problems or inflicts injuries on himself so that he can be hospitalized . Alex tries to wake Charlie with coma arousal therapy , but Shahir later finds no change in his status . Charlie helps a deceased patient resolve his issues with his brother , who has to undergo a risky surgical procedure from Joel , which is a success . Also , the staff realizes Maggie and Joel hooked up when the two are caught acting strangely , and Gavin fails in asking Maggie on a date . `` The Fight '' Kelly Makin Greg Nelson June 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 28 ) 1.50 An exhausted Alex works the night shift in the ER and assists a hockey star who was attacked while trying to prove his toughness . He refuses a CT scan , leading Alex to wonder if he is hiding something . The patient actually has brain trauma and is afraid the news will end his career . Also , a young victim of a stabbing appears with Charlie in spirit form several times to learn he is going to die . The boy survives and Charlie wonders if it is also possible for his own return . 5 5 `` Out of Sight '' John Fawcett Aaron Martin July 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 05 ) 1.39 Scott has been in a coma for 27 years and does not quite have the same view as Charlie does regarding his situation , although he harbours abandonment issues with his wife . Charlie then realizes that he has to assist others in his waking from his coma . After Alex successfully surgically re-attaches a hand , she has a party at her apartment with her co-workers . Although the mood is festive , her exhaustion causes her to have a breakdown and realize that she has nearly forgotten about Charlie . Joel comforts her . 6 6 `` The Great Randall '' Peter Wellington Sherry White July 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 12 ) 1.41 A patient is brought into Hope Zion with rebar protruding from his chest , but yet has no knowledge of how it got there nor exhibits any pain . His belongings are searched and a psychic 's business card is found . The doctors deduce that the patient has been hypnotized . The psychic ( Peter Keleghan ) known as `` The Great Randall '' is called in and it is learned that the patient has been suffering from photosensitivity and stomach pain for years . Someone jokes that the patient is a vampire and Alex realizes the patient has porphyria . Randall can also see Charlie 's spirit form , who asks his assistance in communicating with Alex . The idea works until Randall asks for money from Alex to continue talking to Charlie . Maggie and Joel commit to being exclusive with each other . 7 7 `` Consenting Adults '' John Fawcett Malcolm MacRury & Waneta Storms July 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 19 ) 1.41 Joel performs surgery on Karn ( Billy MacLellan ) , whose self - implanted horns have become infected . The medical team decides to remove the horns , against Karn 's vehement wishes , which leads to a psychiatric consultation . Meanwhile , Alex prepares to conduct a standard tumor removal on patient Sandhya ( Gia Sandhu ) . However , the patient has an adverse reaction to the anesthesia and slips into a coma . There , while seemingly content with not waking up from her coma , she philosophizes about love and religion with Charlie . He learns that Sandhya has been forced into marriage and has yet to find love in her own way . Their mutual discussions elicit an innocent kiss before she is brought out of her coma . Charlie 's ex-wife Dawn ( Michelle Nolden ) returns to check on Charlie 's condition and reveals that she is petitioning for a DNR order . 8 8 `` Heartsick '' David Wellington Morwyn Brebner & Adam Pettle July 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 26 ) 1.68 Dawn and Alex await a legal decision on whether to resuscitate Charlie . Meanwhile , they must work together on a heart transplant surgery . The donor is a deceased prisoner that Charlie must help `` cross over '' . Their discussion is a change from those Charlie has had with others in spirit form -- he has to make peace with what is eventually going to happen . Joel and Maggie continue their rocky relationship , as he still has feelings for Alex . His tension with Maggie allows Gavin to step up and make a move on her , leading to a kiss between them . 9 9 `` Bea , Again '' Peter Wellington Esta Spalding August 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 16 ) 1.67 Charlie is taken off the ventilator , but breathes on his own , causing Dawn to change her mind about the DNR . In his coma state , Charlie meets an old doctor friend whose mission is to help Charlie `` cross over '' . During their discussions , they see Alex 's patient Bea , who has been diagnosed with Hodgkin 's lymphoma . The two ethereal doctors surmise that Bea is suffering from aphasia and will get worse if untreated . Alex soon realizes what is wrong with her . Meanwhile , Dr. Goran 's patient is a paralyzed woman who is discovered not to be paralyzed . He deduces that she is someone who uses pain as a distraction from accepting the loss of her husband . Dr. Reycraft ( K.C. Collins ) is appointed Chief Resident . 10 10 `` A New Beginning '' Steve DiMarco Aaron Martin August 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 23 ) 1.46 Still reeling from witnessing a patient 's suicide and nursing his broken hand , Goran asks Kinney for a leave of absence , Instead , she suggests taking a road trip -- together . During their travel , they assist in a roadside accident and later have sex . Back at Hope Zion , Charlie , in his coma state , meets a deceased therapist who learns the real reason Charlie is not waking up . Afraid of being left alone , which stems from his parents dying when he was young , Charlie deals with these fears by staying in a coma . He can not be left by loved ones if he is the one who leaves . 11 11 `` The Law of Contagion '' T.W. Peacocke Greg Nelson August 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 30 ) 1.64 Dr. Hamza tries transcranial magnetic stimulation on Charlie to help him wake up . In his coma state , Charlie bleeds from his forehead where a TMS electrode is attached . He also learns that he witnessed the car accident that killed his parents when he was a boy -- he simply blocked it from his memory . This causes him to temporarily wake from the coma , which no one immediately witnesses . They are distracted when a sick airline passenger is rushed to the hospital . As Alex performs emergency surgery on the passenger , she begins to realize the patient may be infected with a deadly and contagious virus . A specialist declares the hospital safe and Alex returns to notice Charlie had moved . 12 12 `` Ride Hard or Go Home '' Ken Girotti Adam Pettle September 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 06 ) 1.43 Shahir and Alex plan a last - resort procedure for Charlie , which forces Charlie to come to terms with his past . A female jockey undergoes risky surgery that results in partial paralysis , and Joel quits , feeling guilty for this outcome . Gavin crosses the line with a patient when he starts to become personally involved , and disaster ensues . After Alex urges Shahir to keep trying , Charlie finally wakes up . This episode did not air on NBC but was posted online and released on DVD . 13 13 `` Pink Clouds '' David Wellington Morwyn Brebner September 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 13 ) 1.55 Joel tries to save a patient from flesh - eating disease and Alex has some hard decisions to make . Charlie enjoys being back in the land of the living and plans on marrying Alex as soon as possible . Then he discovers he did n't leave the spiritual plane behind as much as he thought , when he realizes that a woman he 's been talking to , is in fact already dead . This episode did not air on NBC but was posted online instead , and released on DVD . Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) 14 `` I Watch Death '' David Wellington Morwyn Brebner June 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 25 ) 1.08 Charlie returns to Hope Zion for his first shift as a doctor since waking from the coma and is surprised that he can still see the spirits of people who died at the hospital . 15 `` Little Piggies '' Kelly Makin Adam Pettle July 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 02 ) 1.00 Alex learns to stand up to Dawn . 16 `` Why Waste Time '' John Fawcett Greg Nelson ( story ) & Waneta Storms ( teleplay ) July 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 09 ) 0.83 While struggling under the pressure of deciding on her specialty Alex is inspired by an immigrant doctor who needs her help to save his wife . 17 `` Defense '' Kelly Makin Malcolm MacRury July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) 0.91 The doctors are forced to deal with people from their past as Alex , Charlie , and Joel take on the daunting task of operating on a malpractice lawyer known for suing every doctor in his path . 18 5 `` The Face of the Giant Panda '' Ken Girotti John Krizanc July 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) 0.94 Alex must become the unlikely advocate for a violent young prisoner brought in to Hope Zion Hospital , while Joel connects with a disfigured refugee and tries to convince Dr. Dana Kinney to come back to operate on him . Meanwhile , a spirit who is familiar to many Hope Zion doctors shows up in the morgue when Charlie is about to do a routine procedure . 19 6 `` All Things Must Pass '' Jeff Woolnough John Callaghan July 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 30 ) 1.01 After a young , healthy , and hunky fireman dies suddenly at a Hope Zion Hospital fundraiser , Alex must take the stand at Hope Zion 's Morbidity and Mortality ( M&M ) Rounds to find out what went wrong and who is to blame . Meanwhile , Charlie and Zack deal with a nervous aspiring nun with an ankle fracture that turns serious when they stumble upon a potentially fatal allergy . A busy Joel struggles to balance his workload as Chief with his growing commitment to Sonja , and must decide if he 's ready to step up to the plate . 20 7 `` Bed One '' Peter Wellington Noelle Carbone August 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) 1.06 When a heat wave hits the city , Alex is appointed Trauma Team Leader as the hospital is faced with an influx of patients during a blackout . With no back - up power available , Dawn and Charlie must figure out a way to continue their surgery as Joel and Maggie attempt to keep a patient alive while stuck in an elevator . 21 8 `` Defriender '' Jason Priestley Morwyn Brebner & Maggie Gilmour August 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 13 ) 1.10 When Alex and Joel end up stranded in the middle of nowhere with a severely injured couple , they 're forced to use only what 's around them to stabilize the pair until paramedics arrive . Meanwhile , back at Hope Zion Hospital , Charlie must try to save the wounded leg of his former college roommate as Gavin attempts to help Shahir improve his bedside manner . 22 9 `` Vamonos '' Jeff Woolnough Adam Pettle & Amanda Fahey August 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) 1.10 When Alex is forced to put a patient 's gender reassignment surgery on hold , she discovers a secret in his medical history that could save his surgery , but tear his life apart . Charlie deals with a patient who is healthy , sane -- and convinced she is going to die at midnight . Meanwhile , Joel secretly helps Sonja deal with a patient of hers who 's been admitted to Hope Zion Hospital . 23 10 `` Wishbones '' David Wellington Sherry White January 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 02 ) 1.67 When Alex 's brother Luke is admitted to Hope Zion Hospital in critical condition , Joel and Charlie must work together to keep him alive while keeping his admittance a secret from Alex . Meanwhile , Alex figures out a way to remove a tumour from a patient pregnant with twins , while Maggie is thrown off her game by the patient 's gorgeous OB / GYN . 24 11 `` En Bloc '' Gregory Smith Morwyn Brebner & Adam Pettle January 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 09 ) 1.72 Alex risks a dangerous surgery on a seemingly inoperable tumor to save a young boy 's life . Meanwhile , Joel struggles with the challenges of being Chief of Surgery as Charlie struggles with the spirit of Alex 's dead brother Luke . 25 12 `` Nottingham 7 '' David Wellington John Krizanc January 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ) 1.44 When one of the doctors at Hope Zion Hospital life is at risk , Alex has to put her personal and professional issues aside . Charlie has to deal with the ghost of a ballerina . 26 13 `` Wide Awake '' Yon Motskin Waneta Storms January 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 23 ) 1.52 Alex 's been tricked into a blind double date , and ends up rushing her mystery man to the ER . Charlie struggles with a spirit in the middle of a soldier 's life - or - death surgery . 27 14 `` 43 Minutes '' David Wellington Aubrey Nealon January 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 30 ) 1.57 As Alex leaves Hope Zion she becomes a witness to an accident that brings her back to the hospital . 28 15 `` Do n't Poke the Bear '' Peter Wellington John Krizanc & Sherry White February 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 06 ) 1.52 A couple is attacked by a bear , but Alex and Charlie think there 's more to the story . 29 16 `` Breathless '' Peter Stebbings Noelle Carbone February 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 13 ) 1.59 Alex races to find an organ replacement , while Charlie is pushed to his breaking point . 30 17 `` Twinned Lambs '' Adam Pettle David Warnsby February 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 20 ) 1.53 Alex struggles to help an older woman who starts to believe the year is 1985 . Meanwhile , Charlie and Joel are pitted against one another by two best friends with identical shoulder injuries . 31 18 `` Broken Hearts '' David Wellington Morwyn Brebner February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) 1.68 Dawn diagnoses Alex with an irregular heartbeat . Charlie faces the consequences of his fight with Joel . Alex gets stabbed in her chest with scissors and her heartbeat fluctuates . Dawn searches for her and finds her when Alex presses the emergency button . Charlie arrives and she is rushed into surgery . Her heart rate rises and she loses consciousness . Charlie tries to revive her and later discovers her spirit standing behind him . Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Season 3 episode titles are named after films . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) 32 `` Heaven Can Wait ( Part 1 ) '' David Wellington Morwyn Brebner September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) After being stabbed in the heart in the Season 2 finale , Dr. Alex Reid ( Erica Durance ) has a profound experience in the liminal space , while a desperate Charlie Harris ( Michael Shanks ) and his ex -- Dawn Bell ( Michelle Nolden ) race against the clock to save her life . Meanwhile , Dr. Joel Goran ( Daniel Gillies ) is pulled in to the ER to treat a suicidal patient that tests his duty as a doctor , and Maggie Lin ( Julia Taylor - Ross ) makes a bold decision that changes her relationship with Gavin Murphy ( Kristopher Turner ) . 33 `` Kiss Me Goodbye ( Part 2 ) '' Kelly Makin Adam Pettle September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) With her body still in a coma , spirit form Alex shares an emotional journey with Charlie in the spirit world as he `` ghost - doctors '' a brain - dead mother - to - be . Meanwhile , Joel forms a tight bond with a lively drug addict while trying to treat his necrotic leg . Hope Zion Hospital also welcomes its new OB / GYN , Dr. Sydney Katz ( Stacey Farber ) , who throws Maggie off her game . 34 `` Awakenings '' John Fawcett Patrick Tarr October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 1.5 Alex awakes from her coma suffering memory loss . Maggie deals with the aftermath of her miscarriage . The ER teams treat victims of an explosion . Another patient encourages Alex in the hallway . 35 `` Stand By Me '' Michael Shanks Waneta Storms October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) N / A Alex returns to work for the first time since her stabbing . She is introduced to her buddy colleague , as she returns . Joel ends up involved in a deadly situation at a local street clinic . Gavin shares a euphoric experience , with someone unlikely . 36 5 `` Breaking Away '' Peter Wellington Malcolm MacRury October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) N / A A car accident brings a ' she - bear ' mother and her son to the hospital . Alex and Joel discover the mother is in need of a transplant -- and her son is very adamant that he be involved in the surgery . Dawn instructs them on procedure and , before they know it , the trio are brought before an ethics panel -- including one very unconvinced psychiatrist . Meanwhile , the mother 's spirit is determined to get Charlie to do her bidding , which includes stepping out of his comfort zone when console her son . Then , Charlie finds himself pulled into the ER to help Zach with a patient whose obsession might cost him his life . Plus , new resident Rian and Maggie search the hospital for Hope Zion 's very first `` code brown '' , which results in having to answer to a shaken Dawn . 37 6 `` Joel 2 : 31 '' T.W. Peacocke Amanda Fahey October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) N / A Alex , Joel and Maggie face a mysterious case . Charlie has a unexpected link with a patient . Zach questions his abilities as a father . 38 7 `` The Way We Were '' Steve DiMarco John Krizanc November 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 26 ) N / A Shahir and Alex try and save a woman 's memory , who is suffering from Alzheimer 's with surgery . But another doctor requires life - saving surgery . Tom has to make a decision when he discovers a secret . Charlie is embroiled in Dawn 's plan . 39 8 `` The Heartbreak Kid '' David Warnsby Fiona Highet December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) N / A Alex and Charlie team up on a teenage girl 's double surgery ; Joel spends a day at a clinic and joins in a search - and - rescue mission in a ravine . Meanwhile , Maggie gets on Dr. Katz 's bad side . 40 9 `` The Other Side of Midnight '' Peter Wellington Jennifer Kassabian & Tammy Marlowe Johnson December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) N / A The relationship between Alex and Joel is tested by a marathon surgery session involving an injured race - car driver . Meanwhile , Charlie has an eventful day off and a hospital `` frequent flyer '' keeps a number of doctors hopping . 41 10 `` Days of Heaven '' Peter Stebbings Malcolm MacRury December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) N / A Alex and Shahir operate on a patient who drilled his own head . Maggie suspects Dana 's daughter is stealing painkillers . Meanwhile , Joel sleeps with Selena . 42 11 `` The Parent Trap '' T.W. Peacocke John Krizanc & Amanda Fahey January 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) N / A Alex gets caught between Dana and her daughter . Dawn and Melinda deals with a patient who intends to sue the hospital for malpractice . Charlie encounters an MMA patient and her rival . 43 12 `` Hearts of Glass '' Jason Priestley Patrick Tarr January 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) N / A News of Alex 's pregnancy and the mystery of who the father is circles the hospital . Joel returns after his brief incarceration . Maggie studies for the board exam and deals with a patient who has a fear of doctors . Meanwhile , Alex and Dawn continue to deal with their patients in need of a heart donor . 44 13 `` Narrow Margin '' Jeff Woolnough Morwyn Brebner & Adam Pettle January 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) N / A Joel waits for a call from his lawyer on whether or not he goes to trial . Alex tries to save a boy who was crushed by a tree . And Zach thinks he might have prostate cancer . Guest stars : Melanie Merkosky , Marline Yan , Dylan Authors 45 14 `` Trading Places '' Gregory Smith Waneta Storms January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) N / A Joel 's father visits . Alex and Maggie deal with a patient who refuses Sydney 's help with her baby . Charlie helps a young soul find his body . 46 15 `` Remains of the Day '' Eleanore Lindo John Krizanc January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) N / A Alex wrangles the team in a high bid effort to diagnose the mysterious illness that haunts a beloved English teacher . Charlie must explain his actions . Dawn must make a big decision . 47 16 `` A Simple Plan '' James Genn Fiona Highet & Patrick Tarr February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) N / A Alex and Charlie try to save the life of a man on the run ; a spirit wo n't leave Alex alone ; Maggie and Zach try to help a couple ; Joel and Shahir help a bride walk down the aisle . 48 17 `` Fearless '' Gregory Smith Adam Pettle February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) N / A Alex and Dana try to save a single mother 's life ; a hockey player 's mobility is at stake ; Charlie gets advice on winning back Alex ; Sydney comes clean . 49 18 `` All The Pretty Horses '' David Wellington Morwyn Brebner February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) N / A Joel and Zach help an army man in the field . Charlie and Dawn try to save a hand while Maggie and a really pregnant Alex take their board exams . Something bad happens to Joel whiles he 's out with Zach . Alex gives birth . Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Season 4 episode titles are The Rolling Stones song titles . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) 50 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' James Genn Adam Pettle September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 1.49 Dr. Alex Reid returns to work , arriving at Hope Zion Hospital with a car crash victim she encountered en route , and she 's forced to play nice with new General Surgeon on call , Dr. Patrick Curtis . The day gets even more chaotic when Alex is called away to treat Tom Crenshaw , a convicted murderer brought in for emergency treatment . Meanwhile , Dr. Charlie Harris begins to confront his feelings about the paternity of Alex 's child , all while juggling an insistent Dr. Shahir Hamza who is looking for backup on his proposal for a new Alzheimer 's study . In the ER , Dr. Zach Miller 's patient is admitted with symptoms mirroring those of Ebola -- putting himself and Dr. Maggie Lin at risk of exposure to the deadly virus . 51 `` Beasts of Burden '' John Fawcett Patrick Tarr October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 1.37 Back from maternity leave for just two days , Dr. Reid is given the privilege of assisting renowned surgeon Dr. Clara Levine . When the protagonist begins to question the senior surgeon 's surgical decision she quickly finds herself on the wrong side of the operating table , replaced by the ever - charming and ever - tactful Dr. Patrick Curtis . 52 `` Start Me Up '' Steve DiMarco Noelle Carbone October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 1.27 Dr. Alex Reid has to juggle her duties as a new mother and a surgeon when she takes a junior resident under her wing . 53 `` Miss You '' Peter Stebbings Ley Lukins October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 1.28 Can Dr. Alex Reid forgive and forget when the man responsible for her deceased brother 's drug problem is admitted to the hospital ? 54 5 `` Heart of Stone '' David Wellington Waneta Storms October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 1.31 A young motocross rider is diagnosed with leukemia , forcing Dr. Alex Reid to navigate family secrets in order to put her young patient on the road to recovery . 55 6 `` Rock and a Hard Place '' Jason Priestley Fiona Highet October 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) 1.27 Alex must decide whether or not to use information Charlie gets from a patient 's spirit in order to save their life . 56 7 `` Ca n't You Hear Me Knocking ? '' T.W. Peacocke Tammy Marlowe Johnson November 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 05 ) N / A With Dr. Dawn Bell on temporary leave , Dr. Shahir Hamza has taken up the hospital 's top post as Interim Chief , bringing Hope Zion Hospital up to his strict standards for care and composure . 57 8 `` Waiting on a Friend '' James Genn Adam Pettle and Graeme Stewart November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) N / A The death of a trapeze artist sets off a transplant chain of donors and recipients , leading Alex and Shahir to juggle complications and patients to keep the chain moving . 58 9 `` Shattered '' David Wellington Malcolm MacRury November 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 26 ) 1.25 When a bomb goes off at a local charity run , Hope Zion Hospital receives the majority of the casualties , including some of its own doctors . 59 10 `` Emotional Rescue '' Gregory Smith Malcolm MacRury December 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 03 ) 1.21 In the second half of a two - part episode , Charlie returns to Hope Zion Hospital to find Maggie in jeopardy . In a race against time , Charlie struggles to find out what 's wrong with his colleague and friend . Meanwhile , Alex , who 's still dealing with her part in treating the bomber , becomes determined to make amends by saving Maggie 's last patient Shelby . Along withSydney , who returned to Hope Zion for the case , Alex must convince Shelby and her husband that letting go is sometimes the only thing standing in between you and getting better when complications threaten her leg . In the ER , Dr. Cassie Williams and Dr. Jeremy Bishop help a bereaved father deal with the death of his daughter . 60 11 `` Shine a Light '' Peter Wellington Patrick Tarr and Fiona Highet December 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 10 ) 1.16 When an ice storm strikes the city on Christmas Eve , Alex and Dawn struggle to keep a good Samaritan alive long enough for her family to say goodbye . 61 12 `` All Down the Line '' Steve DiMarco Jennifer Kassabian January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) 1.13 When a chef with oral cancer refuses care , Alex must confront her own feelings about the way Dana is handling her treatment . 62 13 `` Goodbye Girl '' Peter Stebbings Noelle Carbone & Katrina Seville January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) 1.33 Alex must maintain her professionalism when Kristine lands at Hope Zion Hospital after a drunk - driving accident with baby Luke 's blanket . 63 14 `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' Michael Shanks Ley Lukins January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 1.30 Alex and Jeremy struggle to find the truth when all the symptoms of a permanently ill child point towards his mother as the cause . 64 15 `` Not Fade Away '' Gregory Smith Waneta Storms January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 1.27 To see what his life would be like without his special gift , Charlie treats a superstitious farmer without help from his spirit intel . Zach and Dawn save an injured hiker . 65 16 `` Torn and Frayed '' Steve DiMarco and Erica Durance Patrick Tarr February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 1.32 Alex teams up with Cassie to free a young woman from her abusive husband , while Dawn faces a series of life - threatening complications when a patient 's pacemaker malfunctions . 66 17 `` Anybody Seen My Baby '' David Wharnsby Noelle Carbone February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 1.21 After Kristine suffers a stroke , Alex discovers the nurse 's past may not be as she remembers , so Alex teams up with Charlie to find a way to bring peace to the already troubled spirit . 67 18 `` Let Me Go '' James Genn Adam Pettle February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 1.21 Charlie 's condition proves more dangerous than initially thought , as Alex and Shahir struggle to save his life . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) 68 `` Doctor Destiny '' David Wellington Adam Pettle March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 0.94 While searching for Charlie , Alex finds a caterer who was caught in the crossfire ; Grace 's mother asks for a priest ; Dana consults with Cassie about a male stripper . 69 `` Midlife Crisis '' Kelly Makin Noelle Carbone March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) N / A Alex and Maggie discover that one of the car crash survivors they 're treating has breast cancer , and is a match for their cancer study . Meanwhile , Dana 's resolve to re-certify in Trauma is tested when Dawn pushes her to treat a mangled motorcyclist , and Charlie is pulled into surgery before his arm is completely healed . 70 `` Birthday Blues '' Gregory Smith Patrick Tarr March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) N / A It 's a not - so - Happy Birthday for Alex , who 's still reeling from her split with Charlie . To make matters worse , she makes a promise to a young girl , whose own birthday is derailed by her father 's sickle cell crisis . Charlie treats a paranormal skeptic , only to discover this supernatural naysayer has a haunting of his own . And Cassie confronts her inner fear of parasites with some exposure therapy , as she treats a brother / sister duo riddled with every infestation . 71 `` A Stranger Comes to Town '' James Genn Ley Lukins April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) N / A Tempers flare as Dev 's med school rival , Billy Scott arrives at Hope Zion , while Alex breaks the rules and puts her job in jeopardy to help Manny save the life of an at - risk youth , and Charlie and Maggie treat a War of 1812 re-enactor , whose complications align with the historical character he 's playing . 72 5 `` Tested and Tried '' Gregory Smith Malcom MacRury April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) N / A Although Alex 's patient is desperate for a liver - transplant , the only donor is an estranged father hiding in witness protection , forcing Alex to go to new depths to make sure both survive . Hope Zion 's CEO Thomas Leffering cuts costs by banning expensive surgeries , butting heads with a defiant Dawn . 73 6 `` Doctor Robot '' James Genn Adriana Maggs April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) N / A Alex copes with her mother , diagnosed as terminally ill . 74 7 `` Gutted '' Gregory Smith Graeme Stewart April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 0.89 Following complications with their cancer study patient , Alex and Maggie face a tough lawyer ; and a car crashes into the ambulance bay . 75 8 `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' Steve DiMarco Fiona Highet April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) N / A Charlie and Manny find themselves in competition ; Maggie and Dawn are at odds when they have differing approaches while treating a patient . 76 9 `` All Our Yesterdays '' Steve DiMarco Patrick Tarr & Thomas Pepper May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) N / A When a John Doe comes into the hospital after being struck by a subway train , it 's a race against the clock to save his life . 77 10 `` Change of Heart '' David Wharnsby Noelle Carbonne & Katrina Saville June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 0.83 Alex tries to distract herself from her grief . Charlie and Shahir track down Alex 's older brother Doug . Charlie reinstates Sydney 's privileges at Hope - Zion . Maggie processes her feelings for Sydney and admits she 'd always wondered what it would be like to be with her . She asks Sydney to promise that she will not leave again . 78 11 `` Nightmares and Dreamscapes '' Steve DiMarco Ley Lukins June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) 0.93 While Charlie tries to save a young man 's life , he is haunted by a mischievous spirit . 79 12 `` Leap of Faith '' Jason Priestley Adam Pettle & Hayden Simpson June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 0.81 Maggie and Alex work to deliver the baby of a doctor 's wife , while Charlie treats a magician who shattered his legs during an illusion gone wrong . 80 13 `` Problem Child '' Teresa Hannigan Aaron Bala & Patrick Tarr June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) 0.90 Alex tries to help patient who hurt himself breaking into a house ; a friend of Dr. Dev Sekara has been beaten by the police ; a heart patient wishes to open an animal sanctuary . 81 14 `` We Need to Talk About Charlie Harris '' Michael Shanks Adam Pettle & Graeme Stewart July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Alex is challenged about the value of holistic medicine ; Charlie 's abilities are questioned ; Two filmmakers go to Hope Zion Hospital . 82 15 `` Fix You '' Allison Reid Katrina Saville July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) N / A The board questions the hospital staff about Charlie 's behaviour ; a patient convinces Alex to use new - age techniques ; Shahir agrees to do an in - utero surgery . 83 16 `` La famiglia '' Peter Wellington Noelle Carbone July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) N / A Alex has to put her concerns for Charlie aside when a chance to perform a cancer surgery arises . 84 17 `` First and Last '' Jordan Canning Patrick Tarr July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) N / A Alex and Charlie put their wedding plans aside ; Shahir takes a special interest in a case ; a coma patient who wakes up with no memory . 85 18 `` Hope Never Dies '' James Genn Adam Pettle August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) N / A Following a mass casualty accident involving a bus full of teenagers , Alex & Charlie rush to the scene to try and save the kids while waiting for backup to arrive . The Hope Zion Hospital family must band together to overcome the tragedy and move on to the next chapter of their lives . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 5 September 2012 ) . `` NBC Pulls ' Saving Hope ' , Will Air Last Two Episodes Online '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ION Television Renews ' Saving Hope ' for Fifth Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan . `` ' Saving Hope ' Set for Fifth and Final Season at ION Television '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) June 4 -- June 10 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Wallenda walks over Stanley '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : soccer Canada 's No. 1 show '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( 4 July 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Euro 2012 still tops in Canada '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : weather hot , ratings not -- Thursday '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( 18 July 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Big Brother is watched -- Thursday '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) July 16 -- July 22 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) July 23 -- July 29 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) August 13 -- August 19 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) August 20 -- August 26 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) August 27 -- September 2 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) September 3 -- September 9 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . 14 September 2012 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) September 10 -- September 16 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) June 24 -- June 30 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . 5 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) July 1 - 7 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) July 8 - 14 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) July 15 - 21 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) July 22 -- July 28 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) July 29 -- August 4 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . 9 August 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) August 5 -- August 11 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . 16 August 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) August 12 -- August 28 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . 23 August 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) August 19 -- August 25 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . 30 August 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) December 30 , 2013 -- January 5 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) January 6 -- January 12 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) January 13 -- January 19 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) January 20 -- January 26 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) January 27 -- February 2 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) February 3 -- February 9 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) February 10 -- February 16 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) February 17 -- February 23 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) February 24 -- March 2 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rise of GOTHAM : An Epic Beginning Sees 2.4 Million Viewers Tune Into Series Premiere on CTV '' . Bell Media Press Room . September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Verdict is In : HOW TO GET AWAY WITH MURDER is Fall 's # 1 New Series with 2.4 Million Viewers Thursday on CTV '' . Bell Media Press Room . September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SAVING HOPE Grows to 1.3 Million Viewers as CTV 's Female - Driven Thursday Night Lineup Reigns '' . Bell Media Press Room . October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) September 21 -- September 27 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) September 28 -- October 4 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) October 5 -- October 11 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) October 12 -- October 18 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) October 19 -- October 25 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) October 26 -- November 1 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) November 23 -- November 29 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) November 30 -- December 6 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) December 7 -- December 13 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) January 4 -- January 10 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) April 17 , 2017 -- April 23 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) June 5 , 2017 -- June 11 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) June 12 , 2017 -- June 18 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) June 19 , 2017 -- June 25 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) June 26 -- July 2 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris.ca . July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) `` Saving Hope '' . Return Dates . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Saving_Hope_episodes&oldid=799374837 '' Categories : Lists of Canadian television series episodes Lists of drama television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 09 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the final episode of saving hope air | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n13\nJune 7, 2012 (2012-06-07)\nSeptember 13, 2012 (2012-09-13)\n\n\n\n2\n18\nJune 25, 2013 (2013-06-25)\nFebruary 27, 2014 (2014-02-27)\n\n\n\n3\n18\nSeptember 22, 2014 (2014-09-22)\nFebruary 18, 2015 (2015-02-18)\n\n\n\n4\n18\nSeptember 24, 2015 (2015-09-24)\nFebruary 14, 2016 (2016-02-14)\n\n\n\n5\n18\nMarch 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)\nAugust 3, 2017 (2017-08-03)\n\n"
] | [
"August 3, 2017"
] |
-885389534955588877 | Pet Sematary (film) | Pet Sematary ( film ) - wikipedia Pet Sematary ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Pet Sematary Theatrical release poster Directed by Mary Lambert Produced by Richard P. Rubinstein Screenplay by Stephen King Based on Pet Sematary by Stephen King Starring Dale Midkiff Fred Gwynne Denise Crosby Brad Greenquist Michael Lombard Miko Hughes Blaze Berdahl Music by Elliot Goldenthal Cinematography Peter Stein Edited by Daniel P. Hanley Mike Hill Production company Paramount Pictures Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date April 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 21 ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $11.5 million Box office $57.5 million Pet Sematary ( sometimes referred to as Stephen King 's Pet Sematary ) is a 1989 American horror film adaptation of Stephen King 's novel of the same name . Directed by Mary Lambert and written by King , the film features Dale Midkiff as Louis Creed , Denise Crosby as Rachel Creed , Blaze Berdahl as Ellie Creed , Miko Hughes as Gage Creed , and Fred Gwynne as Jud Crandall . Andrew Hubatsek was cast for Zelda 's role . King , who scripted from his own book , also has a cameo as a minister . A sequel , Pet Sematary Two , was met with less financial and critical success . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 6 Reception 7 Legacy 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The Creed family -- Louis , Rachel , and their children Ellie and Gage -- move from Chicago to rural Ludlow , Maine , after Louis is offered a job as a doctor with the University of Maine . They befriend their elderly neighbor Jud Crandall , who takes them to an isolated pet cemetery in the forest behind the Creeds ' new home . On his first day at work , Louis meets Victor Pascow , a jogger who is brought in with severe injuries from a car accident . He warns Louis about the pet cemetery before he dies , calling Louis by name despite the fact they have not previously met . After he dies , Pascow comes to Louis in the night and leads him to the Pet Sematary , warning him not to cross the barrier because the ground beyond is `` sour '' . Louis awakens assuming it was a dream , but notices his feet are covered in dirt . During Thanksgiving while the family is gone , Ellie 's cat , Church , is run down on the highway in front of the house . Realizing that Ellie will be devastated , Jud takes Louis beyond the cemetery and deep into the woods , where they reach an abandoned Micmac burial ground . Without explanation Jud instructs Louis to bury the cat and warns him not to tell anyone else about what they have done . The next day Church comes back to life , though a shell of what he was before ; he stinks , moves sluggishly , and is vicious towards Louis . Jud explains that he himself revived his beloved pet dog in the Micmac ground as a boy , and that although the cat might be different , it will save Ellie the grief of losing her favorite pet . Sometime later , Gage is killed by a truck along the same highway . The family is devastated , and Jud anticipates that Louis is considering burying his son in the Micmac ground , although Louis denies it . Jud believes that introducing Louis to the ritual ground aroused the malevolent forces present there , which caused Gage 's death . He tells him the story of a local named Bill Baterman who buried his son Timmy in the Micmac ground after he was killed in World War II . Timmy returned as a malevolent zombie , terrifying the townsfolk . A group of men including Jud tried destroying Timmy by lighting the Baterman house on fire , only for the deranged Bill to perish with his son . Jud insists that the burial ground is evil and Louis must never try to bury his son there . After the funeral , Rachel and Ellie leave for Chicago while Louis remains home . Despite Pascow and Jud 's warnings , Louis exhumes his son 's body and buries him at the ritual site . In Chicago , Pascow appears to Ellie in a dream and warns her that Louis is about to do something terrible . Rachel is unnerved by her daughter 's dream , but is only able to reach Jud when she calls , who tells her Louis is not home . She decides to return to Maine , much to Jud 's alarm . That night , Gage returns home and steals a scalpel from his father 's bag . He taunts Jud before slashing his Achilles tendon and throat , killing him . Rachel returns home and is lured into Jud 's house by the voice and specter of her dead sister Zelda , only to discover that she is actually seeing Gage , holding a scalpel . In shock and disbelief , Rachel reaches down to hug her son and he kills her . Waking up from his sleep , Louis notices Gage 's muddy footprints in the house and discovers that his scalpel is missing . Receiving a phone call from Gage that he has `` played '' with Jud and Mommy , he fills two syringes with morphine and heads to Jud 's house . Encountering Church , he kills the cat with an injection before entering the house . Gage taunts him further and Louis is startled by Rachel 's corpse falling hanged from the attic before he is attacked by his son . After a brief battle , Louis kills Gage with the morphine injection . He then lights the house on fire , leaving it to burn as he carries Rachel 's body from the fire . Pascow appears and warns Louis not to `` make it worse '' but Louis , now grief - stricken to the point of insanity , believes that because Rachel was not dead as long as Gage was , burying her `` will work this time '' . Pascow cries out in frustration and vanishes as Louis passes through him . That night , the horribly mutilated Rachel returns to Louis and the couple embrace . Rachel takes a large knife from the counter ; Louis screams as the screen cuts to black . Cast ( edit ) Dale Midkiff as Louis Creed Fred Gwynne as Jud Crandall Denise Crosby as Rachel Goldman - Creed Miko Hughes as Gage Creed Blaze Berdahl as Ellie Creed Brad Greenquist as Victor Pascow Michael Lombard as Irwin Goldman Susan Blommaert as Missy Dandridge Mara Clark as Marcy Charlton Kavi Raz as Steve Masterton Mary Louise Wilson as Dory Goldman Andrew Hubatsek as Zelda Goldman Lisa Stathoplos as Jud 's mother Stephen King as Minister Chuck Courtney as Bill Baterman Peter Stader as Timmy Baterman Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2016 ) The film rights were sold to George A. Romero in 1984 for $10,000 . King had previously declined several other offers for a film adaptation . Romero eventually had to pull out of the production , as he was busy with Monkey Shines . As stipulated by King when selling the rights to Paramount , Pet Sematary was shot in Maine where the story was set . The house used for the Creeds ' home is a private residence near Hancock , while Jud 's house across the street was actually a facade constructed around an existing house that was insulated with fireproof material for film 's climax . Other locations included an abandoned granite quarry on Mount Desert Island in Acadia National Park , where the burial ground was constructed , a forest near Ellsworth for the pet sematary , and Mount Hope Cemetery in Bangor for the graveyard scenes . Initially , Paramount executives wanted a pair of twins to play the role of Gage , like those chosen to play Ellie , which was the more cost - effective option . However , Lambert was very impressed with three - year old Miko Hughes , whom she felt was a natural talent despite his young age , so she lobbied the studio to accept her choice . She also cast Andrew Hubatsek in the role of Zelda , because she felt having a grown man playing the role of a teenage girl deformed by spinal meningitis made the character more frightening . Pet Sematary was director Mary Lambert 's second feature film . She was better known for her work directing music videos , especially those for Madonna including `` Like a Prayer '' and `` Material Girl '' . Through her work in the music industry Lambert was friends with The Ramones , who were one of Stephen King 's favorite bands . She approached them about recording a song for the film and they agreed to write and perform Pet Sematary , which is featured in the closing credits . The original cut of the film delivered to Paramount 's executives was judged to be too long , so excess footage had to be removed . They also decided that the closing scene was too tame and at their request it was re-shot to be more graphic . Music ( edit ) Main article : Pet Sematary ( soundtrack ) The film 's score was written by Elliot Goldenthal . The film features two songs by the Ramones , one of Stephen King 's favorite bands : `` Sheena Is a Punk Rocker '' appears in a scene , and `` Pet Sematary '' , a new track written specially for the movie , plays over the credits . The song `` Pet Sematary '' became one of the Ramones ' biggest charting hits , reaching number four on Billboard 's `` Modern Rock Tracks '' list , despite being , in the words of AMG , `` reviled by most of the band 's hardcore fans '' . In 2002 , New York horrorcore rapper Cage wrote the song `` Ballad of Worms '' which was featured on the album Eastern Conference All Stars II for the independent hip - hop label Eastern Conference Records . Before thought to be about his relationship and struggle with the hip - hop community , he later revealed it was a love song dedicated to the Pet Sematary character Zelda . Release ( edit ) The Los Angeles Times wrote that the film `` defied the critics and opened at blockbuster levels '' . The film grossed $57 million in North America . Released in 1989 by Paramount Home Video , Pet Sematary was a best - selling video . Paramount released it on DVD in 2006 and on Blu - ray in 2012 . Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 48 % of 25 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating was 5.2 / 10 . Variety called it `` undead schlock dulled by a slasher - film mentality '' . Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that the film `` has some effectively ghoulish moments '' but `` fails mostly because it does n't trust the audience to do any of the work '' . Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` Lambert goes for strong , succinct images and never stops to worry whether there 's a lack of credibility or motivation . '' Richard Harrington of The Washington Post called it `` bland , cliched , cheap '' . Harrington criticized Gage 's actions as disturbing and the climax as `` an ugly payoff to an inept setup '' . Bloody Disgusting rated it 4.5 / 5 stars and wrote , `` The plot alone would make for a scary movie , but by injecting excellent atmosphere , capable acting and generally nightmarish scenes , Pet Sematary is a truly effective horror flick and well worth the price of admission . '' At Dread Central , Steve Barton rated it 4 / 5 stars and called it one of the best King adaptations ; Jason Jenkins rated it 3.5 / 5 stars and called it `` one of the better King adaptations of the period '' . Legacy ( edit ) A sequel , Pet Sematary Two , was released in 1992 to poor reviews and a disappointing box office . The film has acquired a cult following in recent years , and members of the cast occasionally appear at horror conventions to discuss it . A documentary , Unearthed & Untold : The Path to Pet Sematary , premiered in September 2014 , and was released in January 2017 . Pet Sematary was ranked # 16 on IFC 's list of the best Stephen King film and television adaptations , and also placed at 16 on Rolling Stone 's Top 30 King adaptations . There has been intermittent buzz about a possible remake of Pet Sematary , but as of 2017 none has been commissioned . Juan Carlos Fresnadillo was announced as directing the remake in October 2013 . In August 2017 , the brother - sister team behind the 2017 remake of Stephen King 's It , Andrés and Barbara Muschietti , told the Toronto Sun that they hoped to adapt Pet Sematary after they finished part two of It . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Review : ' Pet Sematary ' '' . Variety . 1989 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Sematary '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( 1984 - 06 - 08 ) . `` ' PET ' FILM RIGHTS SOLD '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wixson , Heather ( 2013 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Flashback Weekend 2013 : George A. Romero Panel Highlights -- Part One '' . Dread Central . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ John Campopiano & Justin White ( 2016 - 01 - 09 ) . `` 5 Things You Did n't Know About Stephen King 's ' Pet Sematary ' '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Scee , Trudy Irene ( 2012 ) . The Mount Hope Cemetery of Bangor , Maine : The Complete History . The History Press . pp. 203 -- 204 . ISBN 9781609493370 . Jump up ^ Dolores Kong & Dan Ring ( 2017 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Acadia trail , once scary in ' Pet Sematary ' movie , gets a new lease on life '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mary Lambert Interview ( screamography ) . Youtube.com. 2016 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pet Sematary Panel with Mary Lambert & Denise Crosby '' . Youtube.com. 2013 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Allmusic ( ( ( Pet Sematary > Overview ) ) ) Jump up ^ Mason , Stewart . `` Pet Sematary '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ MattFini 's Halloween Top 10 Lists : Most Memorable End Credit Songs Jump up ^ Eduardo Rivadavia ( 1989 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Brain Drain - The Ramones Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Cage - Ballad of Worms Lyric Genius '' . genius.com. 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Easton , Nina J. ( 1989 - 04 - 25 ) . `` ' Pet Sematary ' Buries the Competition '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Sematary '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Top Videos '' . The Pittsburgh Press . 1989 - 11 - 22 . p . B7 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Jason ( 2012 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Pet Sematary ( Blu - ray ) '' . Dread Central . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 1989 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kevin ( 1989 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Movie Reviews : A Chilling Vision in ' Pet Sematary ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Harrington , Richard ( 1989 - 04 - 22 ) . `` ' Pet Sematary ' ( R ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Sematary '' . Bloody Disgusting. 2004 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( 2006 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Pet Sematary : Special Collector 's Edition ( DVD ) '' . Dread Central . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Condit , Jon ( 2014 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Unearthed & Untold : The Path to Pet Sematary Set to Premiere with the Original Film '' . Dread Central . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` A Definitive Ranking of Nearly Every Stephen King Movie and TV Show '' . ifc.com. 2015 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Stephen King Movies , Ranked '' . Rollingstone.com. 2017 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) . `` ' Pet Sematary ' looks to rise again '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) . `` ' Pet Sematary ' Back From the Dead With Director Juan Carlos Fresnadillo ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mark Daniell ( 2017 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Stephen King 's Pennywise is back : Secrets from the set of ' It ' '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pet Sematary ( film ) Film portal 1980s portal Pet Sematary on IMDb Pet Sematary at Box Office Mojo Pet Sematary at Rotten Tomatoes Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Films directed by Mary Lambert Siesta ( 1987 ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Grand Isle ( 1991 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) Dragstrip Girl ( 1994 ) Face of Evil ( 1996 ) Clubland ( 1999 ) The In Crowd ( 2000 ) Halloweentown II : Kalabar 's Revenge ( 2001 ) Urban Legends : Bloody Mary ( 2005 ) 14 Women ( 2007 ) The Attic ( 2008 ) Mega Python vs. Gatoroid ( 2011 ) Stephen King 's Pet Sematary Films Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) Related Pet Sematary ( soundtrack ) `` Pet Sematary '' ( song ) `` Poison Heart '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pet_Sematary_(film)&oldid=814597039 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films 1989 horror films American films American horror films Screenplays by Stephen King Supernatural horror films Zombie films Cemeteries in fiction Films based on American horror novels Films based on works by Stephen King Films set in Maine Films set in Chicago Films shot in Maine Paramount Pictures films Films directed by Mary Lambert Films scored by Elliot Goldenthal Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from July 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 20 : 03 . About Wikipedia | when did the movie pet sematary come out | [
"Pet Sematary (sometimes referred to as Stephen King's Pet Sematary) is a 1989 American horror film adaptation of Stephen King's novel of the same name. Directed by Mary Lambert and written by King, the film features Dale Midkiff as Louis Creed, Denise Crosby as Rachel Creed, Blaze Berdahl as Ellie Creed, Miko Hughes as Gage Creed, and Fred Gwynne as Jud Crandall. Andrew Hubatsek was cast for Zelda's role. King, who scripted from his own book, also has a cameo as a minister."
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"1989"
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-6808140162337396815 | Leela's Homeworld | Leela 's Homeworld - wikipedia Leela 's Homeworld Jump to : navigation , search `` Leela 's Homeworld '' Futurama episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 2 Directed by Mark Ervin Written by Kristin Gore Featured music `` Baby Love Child '' by Pizzicato Five Production code 4ACV02 Original air date February 17 , 2002 Opening caption `` It 's like `` Hee Haw '' with lasers '' Episode chronology ← Previous `` Kif Gets Knocked Up a Notch '' Next → `` Love and Rocket '' Futurama ( season 4 ) List of Futurama episodes `` Leela 's Homeworld '' is the second episode in the fourth production season of the American animated television series Futurama . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 17 , 2002 . `` Leela 's Homeworld '' was written by Kristin Gore and directed by Mark Ervin . The episode reveals Leela 's true origin as a mutant who was abandoned by her parents so she could have a better life . She was disguised as an alien , as it is illegal for mutants to live on the surface . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Continuity 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The Professor announces some good news : Leela 's old orphanarium has named her orphan of the year , and he has invented a machine that makes glow - in - the - dark noses . The machine produces enormous amounts of toxic waste , and Hermes tells him to get rid of it . The Professor hires Bender for the job , and he dumps the waste into the sewer . At the orphanarium 's award ceremony , the headmaster presents a story of Leela 's arrival and Leela delivers a speech which profoundly inspires the orphans . However , back at Planet Express , Fry finds Leela in tears , and she admits she still longs to have parents . Bender expands his one - time dumping into a full waste management service . The sewer mutants grow angry with Bender 's disposal technique and abduct him , Fry , and Leela . The mutants sentence them to be lowered into a lake of chemicals which will turn them into mutants . Two hooded mutants break from the group and swing the crane the three are tied to , dropping them on the far side of the mutagenic lake . The mutant mob pursue them . Fry , Leela , and Bender take refuge in a mutant home , where they find photos and news clippings of every major event in Leela 's life . Leela is frozen in horror at the thought of a mutant having been stalking her her whole life , giving the mob the opportunity to capture them . However , after a whispered word from the hooded mutants , the crew 's sentence is commuted to exile . They are flown by hot air balloon to a surface access ladder hanging over the lake . Fry and Bender emerge on the surface , but Leela , determined to find out what the hooded mutants know about her , dives into the chemical lake . To her surprise , she is unaffected by the chemicals . Fry heads to the orphanarium to get some clues to what is going on , and the headmaster gives him the note that was left with Leela when she was abandoned . Fry takes the note to the Professor for analysis . Leela pursues the hooded mutants through the sewers back to the home with the shrine to herself . Finding that one of them has a bracelet identical to one she has had since before coming to her orphanarium , Leela hypothesizes that they killed her parents , and the hooded mutants confess . Before Leela can kill the two in her rage , Bender shoots Fry through the ceiling using his waste disposal pump . Fry stops Leela and removes the mutants ' hoods , revealing they are one - eyed . Fry explains that though the Professor could not translate the note , his analysis showed that it was written on a brand of toilet paper that is used primarily in the sewers , cluing Fry in to the fact that the hooded mutants are Leela 's parents . Her parents confess that , wanting Leela to have a better life than that of a mutant , they left her at the orphanarium with an alienese note so she would be assumed to be an alien . A tearful reunion ensues , and the episode closes with a montage of scenes that show Leela 's parents secretly watching over her throughout her life . Continuity ( edit ) This episode reveals Leela 's origins , something she had been searching for all throughout the series . Until this episode , Leela believed she was an alien who was abandoned on Earth after her home planet collapsed ( as seen in `` A Bicyclops Built for Two '' ) . The revelation of her true origin in this episode was previously foreshadowed when Leela 's parents appeared in a crowd of mutants in the season two episode `` I Second That Emotion '' . Production ( edit ) The idea for the character Leela and her back story were conceived by Matt Groening and David X . Cohen before they even pitched the series to Fox . As the plot for this episode developed , they realized that the design of the characters needed to change to look less normal . In the original design , Morris had a normal mouth and Munda had normal human arms , one of which was visible in her original appearance in `` I Second That Emotion '' . For a while , the idea was thrown around to stay true to some aspects of this design and Munda had one normal human arm and one tentacle arm . Eventually it was decided to make both arms tentacles and work under the assumption that in the previous appearance she had been wearing something similar to a human flesh colored glove . There was a large amount of debate amongst the writers as to whether the truth of Leela 's origin should be revealed to the viewer before Leela realized it or if it should be a surprise for the viewers as well . The final decision was made based on the idea that it would be easier to make jokes if the viewer were in on the plot . The song played during the ending montage is `` Baby Love Child '' by Pizzicato Five ; the scene was slightly extended due to a desire to include more of the song . Producers claim that the montage was inspired by the musical sequences used on Homicide : Life on the Street . Reception ( edit ) Along with the episodes `` Jurassic Bark '' and `` The Luck of the Fryrish '' , this episode is considered to be a fan favorite and one of the most emotional episodes of the series . In its initial airing , the episode received a Nielsen rating of 3.4 / 5 , placing it 71st among primetime shows for the week of February 11 -- 17 , 2002 . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A , particularly praising the execution of a story that could have been forgettable if done any other way . He also praised the episode 's final sequence and its music . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cohen , David X . ( 2001 ) . Futurama season two DVD commentary for the episode `` I Second That Emotion '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , David X . ( 2003 ) . Futurama season four DVD commentary for the episode `` Leela 's Homeworld '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Gore , Kristin ( 2003 ) . Futurama season four DVD commentary for the episode `` Leela 's Homeworld '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Watch . ( Programming ). ( Statistical Data Included ) '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Reed Business Information . 2002 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Futurama : `` Kif Gets Knocked Up A Notch '' / `` Leela 's Homeworld '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Leela 's Homeworld Leela 's Homeworld at The Infosphere . `` Leela 's Homeworld '' on IMDb `` Leela 's Homeworld '' at TV.com ( hide ) Futurama episodes Seasons 5 6 7 Season 4 `` Kif Gets Knocked Up a Notch '' `` Leela 's Homeworld '' `` Love and Rocket '' `` Less Than Hero '' `` A Taste of Freedom '' `` Bender Should Not Be Allowed on TV '' `` Jurassic Bark '' `` Crimes of the Hot '' `` Teenage Mutant Leela 's Hurdles '' `` The Why of Fry '' `` Where No Fan Has Gone Before '' `` The Sting '' `` Bend Her '' `` Obsoletely Fabulous '' `` The Farnsworth Parabox '' `` Three Hundred Big Boys '' `` Spanish Fry '' `` The Devil 's Hands Are Idle Playthings '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leela%27s_Homeworld&oldid=787220219 '' Categories : Futurama ( season 4 ) episodes 2002 American television episodes Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 04 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does leela find out she a mutant | [
"\"Leela's Homeworld\" is the second episode in the fourth production season of the American animated television series Futurama. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 17, 2002. \"Leela's Homeworld\" was written by Kristin Gore and directed by Mark Ervin. The episode reveals Leela's true origin as a mutant who was abandoned by her parents so she could have a better life. She was disguised as an alien, as it is illegal for mutants to live on the surface."
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"\"Leela's Homeworld\" is the second episode in the fourth production season of the American animated television series Futurama"
] |
-3951542445510772651 | Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film) | Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Long Haul ( film ) - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Long Haul ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Theatrical release poster Directed by David Bowers Produced by Nina Jacobson Brad Simpson Screenplay by Jeff Kinney David Bowers Based on Hard Luck , The Long Haul and Old School by Jeff Kinney Starring Jason Drucker Alicia Silverstone Tom Everett Scott Charlie Wright Owen Asztalos Narrated by Jason Drucker Music by Edward Shearmur Cinematography Anthony B. Richmond Edited by Troy Takaki Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Color Force TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $22 million Box office $40.1 million Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul is a 2017 American family road comedy film directed by David Bowers . It is the fourth installment in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series , and is based on the ninth and tenth books in the series , The Long Haul and Old School , and one element based on the eighth book Hard Luck . Despite not being a reboot , the cast members from the first three films do not reprise their roles . It was theatrically released on May 19 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film grossed $40 million worldwide on a $22 million budget , and was not well reviewed by film critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Cultural references 4 Release 4.1 Trailer reactions 4.2 Box office 4.3 Critical response 4.4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) One year after the previous film , while at the Corny 's family restaurant , the Heffley family plans to attend Meemaw 's 90th birthday . However , after Greg rescues his younger brother Manny , who got stuck inside a tube in the play area , Greg ends up in a ball pit with a diaper stuck on his hand . He subsequently becomes infamous after the people around him record him and post the footage on the internet , leading Greg to be dubbed as `` Diaper Hands '' . Later , at the Heffley residence , Greg learns that Player Expo is taking place not very far from Meemaw 's house in Indianapolis . Greg 's gaming star , Mac Digby , will be attending , and Greg hopes to meet him and get in one of his videos so he will gain popularity . He acknowledges that he will have to somehow sneak off from the road trip and attend the Expo without his parents ' knowledge , however . The Heffley family hits the road , where Greg , Rodrick , Frank , and Manny 's devices are immediately confiscated by Susan , who wants the road trip to be absolutely technology - free . After arriving at a motel , Greg discreetly gets into the car and takes his phone out of the bag Susan had put it in and plans to use it . Later , when Greg and Rodrick are relaxing in the hot tub , Rodrick hears a notification from Greg 's phone and discovers his plans to go to Player Expo . Greg discourages Rodrick from telling Susan , saying that they had a rock band video game tournament there that Rodrick could participate in . Liking the idea , Rodrick opts to go with Greg to the Expo . Going to sleep , Greg is annoyed by a loud bang noise created by the Beardo siblings , who playfully crash a trolley into a wall , and storms out of the room . He confronts them but Brandi , the eldest sibling , rolls the trolley -- which is meant for Greg -- into their car , leaving a huge scratch . Just as Mr. Beardo comes out of his motel room , Brandi blames Greg responsible and Mr. Beardo goes after him but he manages to outrun him . Greg returns to his room , but the next morning , he actually slept next to Mr. Beardo , who chases him again , but he manages to escape from the motel with his family . The Heffleys attend a county fair where Manny wins a pig , but Mr. Beardo and his family notices Greg and begins chasing after him but manages to outrun again . Back at the road , the Heffleys , unable to take care of the pig , drop it off at the petting zoo , much to Manny 's dismay , but not before Greg reroutes the GPS to the Player Expo convention . Checking at the hotel room , Greg and Rodrick sneak out to go to Player Expo using the excuse that they are going to get a present for Meemaw . However , after Frank and Susan see their children on live TV , they go to get the boys themselves . Greg finally sees Mac Digby participating in a video game competition . Desperate to be in one of his videos , Greg instructs Rodrick to record him going up on stage with Mac so his popularity will boost . But the attempt fails when Susan storms into the stage and inadvertently reveals that he is Diaper Hands to the public , causing them to chant at him . Susan opens up to Greg and says that all she wanted was a nice road trip that would bring the family closer together , and she accuses Greg of not caring . Greg snaps back at Susan , saying that she does n't care about what he wants , which is why he had to sneak out to the Expo in the first place . Hurt by her son 's words , Susan hands her phone to Greg because she does n't care anymore . On the road again , the tarp on the boat -- hitched to the car -- carrying the majority of their belongings flies off all across the road . The Heffleys recover their belongings but the Beardo 's van pulls up and begins stealing suitcases and clothes . This causes Susan to be very upset that the trip became a disaster . Greg saw his family hit rock bottom . He encourages them to continue the trip . They found the Beardos . They get into the motel room , where the Beardos occupied , and successfully retrieve their belongings , but not before Greg and Mr. Beardo have a short but intense battle in the motel shower , which ends with Mr. Beardo slipping in the tub . After encountering some obstacles , the Heffleys celebrate happily at Meemaw 's and get their car fixed , but the radiator breaks due to the AC not being cranked up all the way . A Spanish - speaking man , Mr. Luis , who works for a towing company pulls over to assist them , but none of the Heffleys can understand him , except Manny , who speaks in fluent Spanish ( thanks to the Spanish tutorial CD Susan put in during the road trip ) to the man and explains their current situation . Luis then tows their car and Manny gives him instructions to the petting zoo where his pig is , and the two reunite . At the end , Greg explains that although the road trip was n't perfect , he still would n't change a thing . He says that Manny was allowed to keep his pig as a pet , Rodrick was able to get a new van , and Dad was able to explain having time off from work to bond with family . Greg expresses excitement for where they 'll be going next year , but Susan steps in to say they will be flying . In a mid-credits scene , two girls take selfies with Greg , who they recognize as Diaper Hands . Cast ( edit ) Jason Drucker as Gregory `` Greg '' Heffley Alicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley , Greg 's mother Tom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley , Greg 's father Charlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley , Greg 's older brother Owen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson , Greg 's best friend Wyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley , Greg 's little brother Joshua Hoover as Mac Digby , a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes Chris Coppola as Mr. Beardo , the main antagonist of the film Kimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo , Mr. Beardo 's wife Mira Silverman as Brandi Beardo , Mr. Beardo 's rude and spoiled daughter who blames Greg for damaging their car Mimi Gould as Meemaw , Susan 's grandmother and Greg 's great - grandmother Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 2012 , the series ' third entry , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days was described as the last live action film in the franchise . In August 2012 , while doing press for the film , author Jeff Kinney and actors Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth movie , but did not dismiss the possibility entirely . Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel , stating , `` At present , we do n't have a fourth film in development , but you never know ! '' When describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series , Gordon explained , `` Dog Days most likely will be the last movie . The main problem is ( the cast ) is getting older . You ca n't stop it . There 's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up . You know , that 's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless . '' In March 2013 , Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live action film . Previously , Kinney had indicated that instead of making a live action film of the third novel , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw , instead he would like to see Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever adapted into an animated film , stating in an interview , `` I hope that it gets made into an animated movie . but I 'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special . '' Pre-production ( edit ) On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced that a fourth live action Diary of a Wimpy Kid film was in production , and will have a completely different cast , as many of the members from the original cast were too old and have outgrown from their roles . Jason Drucker and Owen Asztalos portray Greg and Rowley , with David Bowers returning as the director . Alicia Silverstone and Tom Everett Scott portray Greg 's parents , Susan and Frank , and Charlie Wright portrays Greg 's older brother Rodrick . Filming ( edit ) Filming of The Long Haul began on September 20 , 2016 , in Atlanta , and concluded on November 18 , 2016 . Cultural references ( edit ) The film somewhat acts as a parody film , referencing two films directed by Alfred Hitchcock . The film in one scene parodies the film The Birds , where the Heffley family getting mauled by seagulls . The film also parodies the film Psycho in the third act , where Greg Heffley is caught by Mr. Beardo in the shower , which Greg is stuck in , which Mr. Beardo nearly catches him , and wet mud goes down the drain . Additionally , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul also referenced a scene of the film Are We There Yet ? . When Greg Heffley was in the ball pit in the start of the film , the film referenced a scene in Jingle All the Way . Release ( edit ) The film was released on May 17 , 2017 , in the Philippines , May 19 , 2017 , in the United States , and May 20 , 2017 , in the United Kingdom . Trailer reactions ( edit ) On February 23 , 2017 , a theatrical poster and teaser trailer were released , and the following month , the official trailer was released . Both trailers received negative feedback from fans for its recasting of the main characters , most notably Charlie Wright as Rodrick . To further express their outrage , the fans took to social media and started the hashtag `` # NotMyRodrick '' ( a parody of the `` # NotMyPresident '' trend that followed the election of U.S. president Donald Trump ) , which has spawned countless online memes . Other hashtags included `` # NotMyHeffleys '' and `` # NotMyRowley '' . Both trailers received significant backlash from audiences , and the official trailer received over 46 thousand dislikes , compared to only 9 thousand likes . Box office ( edit ) As of August 12 , 2017 , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul had grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada and $19.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $40,077,469 million , against a production budget of $22 million thus making the film the lowest grossing film of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series . In North America , the film was released alongside Everything , Everything and Alien : Covenant , and was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,129 theaters during its opening weekend . However , after grossing $2 million on its first day , projections were lowered to $7 million . It ended up finishing with $7.1 million , placing 6th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the franchise . When the film was released in the United Kingdom , it opened on # 2 , behind Pirates of The Caribbean : Salazars Revenge with £ 1,444,092 . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 20 % based on 66 reviews and an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an all - new cast but the same juvenile humor , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul finds the franchise still stuck in arrested -- and largely unfunny -- development . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on 16 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Home media ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on August 8 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rechtshaffen , Michael ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) - Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Alien : Covenant , ' No. 8 in the franchise , is poised to unseat ' Guardians ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diary Of A Wimpy Kid : new film confirmed for 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Movie Sneak Peek '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Zachary Gordon Talks `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days '' `` . ClevverTV. 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zachary Gordon & Robert Capron Interview - Diary of a Unwimpy Kid : Dog Days '' . HeyUGuysBlog. 3 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Cavna ( 3 August 2012 ) . `` Jeff Kinney on the challenges of his latest film , ' Dog Days ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Hiramine , Brie . `` YIKES : ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ' Fans Are Freaking Out About the New Rodrick Heffley '' . J - 14 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Official Trailer ( HD ) 20th Century FOX '' . www.youtube.com . 20th Century Fox . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Alien : Covenant ' Lost Its Bite At The B.O. With $36.1 M Opening , - 34 % From ' Prometheus ' '' . Deadline.com . May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend box office 26th May 2017 - 28th May 2017 '' . www.25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul DVD Release Date August 8 , 2017 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Release Date , News & Reviews - Releases.com '' . www.releases.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul on IMDb Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul at Tomatazos The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Films directed by David Bowers Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Astro Boy ( 2009 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules ( 2011 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( 2012 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid:_The_Long_Haul_(film)&oldid=807625878 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s comedy films American films American sequel films American children 's comedy films American road movies Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film series ) Films with live action and animation 20th Century Fox films Films directed by David Bowers Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Italiano עברית Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 03 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does diary of a wimpy kid 2017 come out | [
"It was theatrically released on May 19, 2017, by 20th Century Fox. The film grossed $40 million worldwide on a $22 million budget, and was not well reviewed by film critics."
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"May 19, 2017"
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-234912188342510022 | List of multiple Olympic gold medalists | List of multiple Olympic gold medalists - wikipedia List of multiple Olympic gold medalists The page lists individuals who have won three or more gold medals at the Olympics . Contents 1 List of most Olympic gold medals over career 1.1 Timeline 2 List of most career gold medals in individual events 3 See also 4 References List of most Olympic gold medals over career ( edit ) This is a partial list of multiple Olympic gold medalists , listing people who have won four or more Olympic gold medals . Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included . ( If they were , Ray Ewry would be second on the list with 10 gold ) . It includes top - three placings in 1896 and 1900 , before medals were awarded for top - three placings . For simplicity , when an athlete has won medals for more than one nation , only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here . The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games in which they won medals . See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed . More medals are available in some events than others , and the number of events in which medals are available overall has changed over time . Names in Bold denote people that have competed in the most recent Olympics , namely 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics and 2016 Rio Summer Olympics . No . Athlete Nation Sport Years Games Gender Gold Silver Bronze Total Michael Phelps United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 23 28 Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 9 5 18 Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920 -- 1928 Summer 9 0 12 Mark Spitz United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 9 11 5 Carl Lewis United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 9 0 10 6 Marit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002 -- 2018 Winter 8 15 7 Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998 -- 2014 Winter 8 13 8 Bjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 8 0 12 Birgit Fischer East Germany Germany Canoeing 1980 -- 2004 Summer 8 0 12 10 Sawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 8 12 Jenny Thompson United States Swimming 1992 -- 2004 Summer 8 12 12 Matt Biondi United States Swimming 1984 -- 1992 Summer 8 11 13 Usain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008 -- 2016 Summer 8 0 0 8 Ray Ewry United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 8 0 0 8 15 Nikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1980 Summer 7 5 15 16 Boris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 7 13 17 Věra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 7 0 11 18 Viktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 7 11 19 Aladár Gerevich Hungary Fencing 1932 -- 1960 Summer 7 10 20 Edoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing 1936 -- 1960 Summer 6 5 13 21 Isabell Werth Germany Equestrian 1992 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 10 22 Ryan Lochte United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 6 12 23 Allyson Felix United States Athletics 2004 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 9 Hubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900 -- 1920 Summer 6 0 9 Lyubov Yegorova Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1994 Winter 6 0 9 26 Akinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 6 10 27 Valentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 6 9 28 Gert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 6 8 29 Chris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2000 -- 2012 Summer 6 0 7 Jason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 7 31 Vitaly Scherbo Unified Team Belarus Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 6 0 10 32 Ahn Hyun - Soo Viktor Ahn South Korea Russia Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2014 Winter 6 0 8 Reiner Klimke United Team of Germany West Germany Equestrian 1964 -- 1988 Summer 6 0 8 34 Pál Kovács Hungary Fencing 1936 -- 1960 Summer 6 0 7 35 Rudolf Kárpáti Hungary Fencing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 6 0 0 6 Nedo Nadi Italy Fencing 1912 -- 1920 Summer 6 0 0 6 Kristin Otto East Germany Swimming 1988 Summer 6 0 0 6 Lidia Skoblikova Soviet Union Speed skating 1960 -- 1964 Winter 6 0 0 6 Amy Van Dyken United States Swimming 1996 -- 2000 Summer 6 0 0 6 40 Ireen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 5 5 11 41 Takashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952 -- 1964 Summer 5 13 42 Carl Osburn United States Shooting 1912 -- 1924 Summer 5 11 43 Gary Hall , Jr . United States Swimming 1996 -- 2004 Summer 5 10 Ágnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 5 10 45 Nadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 9 Ian Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 9 47 Ville Ritola Finland Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 5 0 8 48 Polina Astakhova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 5 10 49 Claudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 2006 Winter 5 9 50 Elisabeta Lipă Romania Rowing 1984 -- 2004 Summer 5 8 51 Yukio Endo Japan Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 5 0 7 Martin Fourcade France Biathlon 2014 -- 2018 Winter 5 0 7 Aaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000 -- 2008 Summer 5 0 7 54 Mitsuo Tsukahara Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 5 9 55 Nathan Adrian United States Swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 8 Bradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2000 -- 2016 Summer 5 8 57 Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1996 Summer 5 7 Tom Jager United States Swimming 1984 -- 1992 Summer 5 7 Larisa Lazutina Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 5 7 Willis A. Lee United States Shooting 1920 Summer 5 7 Clas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924 -- 1928 Winter 5 7 Dana Vollmer United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 5 7 Hans Günter Winkler United Team of Germany West Germany Equestrian 1956 -- 1976 Summer 5 7 Wu Minxia China Diving 2004 -- 2016 Summer 5 7 65 Thomas Alsgaard Norway Cross-country skiing 1994 -- 2002 Winter 5 0 6 Anton Heida United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer 5 0 6 Nellie Kim Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 0 6 Danuta Kozák Hungary Canoeing 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 6 Katie Ledecky United States Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 6 Ole Lilloe - Olsen Norway Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer 5 0 6 Don Schollander United States Swimming 1964 -- 1968 Summer 5 0 6 72 Bonnie Blair United States Speed skating 1988 -- 1994 Winter 5 0 6 Georgeta Damian Romania Rowing 2000 -- 2008 Summer 5 0 6 Missy Franklin United States Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 6 Alfred Lane United States Shooting 1912 -- 1920 Summer 5 0 6 Steve Redgrave Great Britain Rowing 1984 -- 2000 Summer 5 0 6 Johnny Weissmuller United States Swimming , Water polo 1924 -- 1928 Summer 5 0 6 Zou Kai China Gymnastics 2008 -- 2012 Summer 5 0 6 79 Chen Ruolin China Diving 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 0 5 Anastasia Davydova Russia Synchronized swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 5 0 0 5 Morris Fisher United States Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer 5 0 0 5 Eric Heiden United States Speed skating 1980 Winter 5 0 0 5 Natalia Ishchenko Russia Synchronized swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 0 5 Svetlana Romashina Russia Synchronized swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 0 5 85 Raisa Smetanina Soviet Union Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976 -- 1992 Winter 5 10 86 Alexander Popov Unified Team Russia Swimming 1992 -- 2000 Summer 5 0 9 87 Dara Torres United States Swimming 1984 -- 2008 Summer 12 88 Kornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 8 Dawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 8 90 Sixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956 -- 1964 Winter 9 Ludmilla Tourischeva Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 9 92 Ricco Groß Germany Biathlon 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 Georges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1924 -- 1936 Summer 8 Otto Olsen Norway Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer 8 Emil Hegle Svendsen Norway Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 8 96 Ivan Patzaichin Romania Canoeing 1968 -- 1984 Summer 0 7 97 Alexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2000 Summer 6 12 98 Sven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 9 99 Kjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 Inge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 8 Sven Fischer Germany Biathlon 1994 -- 2006 Winter 8 Galina Kulakova Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1972 -- 1980 Winter 8 Jason Lezak United States Swimming 2000 -- 2012 Summer 8 Roland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968 -- 1976 Summer 8 Allison Schmitt United States Swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 8 106 Ivar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 7 Einar Liberg Norway Shooting 1908 -- 1924 Summer 7 108 Giuseppe Delfino Italy Fencing 1952 -- 1964 Summer 0 6 Christian d'Oriola France Fencing 1948 -- 1956 Summer 0 6 Lucien Gaudin France Fencing 1920 -- 1928 Summer 0 6 Matt Grevers United States Swimming 2008 -- 2012 Summer 0 6 Guo Jingjing China Diving 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 6 Jin Jong - oh South Korea Shooting 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 6 Olga Korbut Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 6 Janica Kostelić Croatia Alpine skiing 2002 -- 2006 Winter 0 6 Kevin Kuske Germany Bobsleigh 2002 -- 2018 Winter 0 6 117 Giovanna Trillini Italy Fencing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 8 118 Charles Daniels United States Swimming 1904 -- 1908 Summer 7 Kosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 7 Lloyd Spooner United States Shooting 1920 Summer 7 Libby Trickett Australia Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 7 122 Darya Domracheva Belarus Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 6 Doina Ignat Romania Rowing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 6 Kim Soo - Nyung South Korea Archery 1988 -- 2000 Summer 6 Elena Novikova - Belova Soviet Union Fencing 1968 -- 1976 Summer 6 Murray Rose Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1960 Summer 6 Viktor Sidyak Soviet Union Fencing 1968 -- 1980 Summer 6 Gunde Svan Sweden Cross-country skiing 1984 -- 1988 Winter 6 Leontien van Moorsel Netherlands Cycling 2000 -- 2004 Summer 6 Katrin Wagner - Augustin Germany Canoeing 2000 -- 2012 Summer 6 Wang Meng China Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2010 Winter 6 132 Ben Ainslie Great Britain Sailing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 0 5 Vladimir Artemov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1988 Summer 0 5 Evelyn Ashford United States Athletics 1984 -- 1992 Summer 0 5 Janet Evans United States Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 5 Ian Ferguson New Zealand Canoeing 1984 -- 1988 Summer 0 5 Ramón Fonst Cuba Fencing 1900 -- 1904 Summer 0 5 Fu Mingxia China Diving 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Yevgeny Grishin Soviet Union Speed skating 1956 -- 1964 Winter 0 5 Jayna Hefford Canada Ice hockey 1998 -- 2014 Winter 0 5 Yana Klochkova Ukraine Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 0 5 Hannes Kolehmainen Finland Athletics 1912 -- 1920 Summer 0 5 Johann Olav Koss Norway Speed skating 1992 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 André Lange Germany Bobsleigh 2002 -- 2010 Winter 0 5 Greg Louganis United States Diving 1976 -- 1988 Summer 0 5 Valentin Muratov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 5 John Naber United States Swimming 1976 Summer 0 5 Matti Nykänen Finland Ski jumping 1984 -- 1988 Winter 0 5 Charles Pahud de Mortanges Netherlands Equestrian 1924 -- 1936 Summer 0 5 Mel Sheppard United States Athletics 1908 -- 1912 Summer 0 5 Ecaterina Szabo Romania Gymnastics 1984 Summer 0 5 Alexander Tikhonov Soviet Union Biathlon 1968 -- 1980 Winter 0 5 Wang Nan China Table tennis 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Hayley Wickenheiser Canada Ice hockey 1998 -- 2014 Winter 0 5 Venus Williams United States Tennis 2000 -- 2016 Summer 0 5 Emil Zátopek Czechoslovakia Athletics 1948 -- 1952 Summer 0 5 Nikolay Zimyatov Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1980 -- 1984 Winter 0 5 158 Győző Kulcsár Hungary Fencing 1964 -- 1976 Summer 0 6 159 Ludger Beerbaum West Germany Germany Equestrian 1988 -- 2016 Summer 0 5 Simone Biles United States Gymnastics 2016 Summer 0 5 Kathrin Boron Germany Rowing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Chun Lee - Kyung South Korea Short track speed skating 1994 -- 1998 Winter 0 5 Teresa Edwards United States Basketball 1984 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Natalie Geisenberger Germany Luge 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 5 Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1904 Summer 0 5 Li Xiaopeng China Gymnastics 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Jon Olsen United States Swimming 1992 -- 1996 Summer 0 5 Stanislav Pozdnyakov Unified Team Russia Fencing 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 5 Sanya Richards - Ross United States Athletics 2004 -- 2012 Summer 0 5 Viorica Susanu Romania Rowing 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Giorgio Zampori Italy Gymnastics 1912 -- 1924 Summer 0 5 172 Simon Ammann Switzerland Ski jumping 2002 -- 2010 Winter 0 0 Tobias Arlt Germany Luge 2014 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Sue Bird United States Basketball 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Fanny Blankers - Koen Netherlands Athletics 1948 Summer 0 0 Tamika Catchings United States Basketball 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Dario Cologna Switzerland Cross-country skiing 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Betty Cuthbert Australia Athletics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Tamás Darnyi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 0 Deng Yaping China Table tennis 1992 -- 1996 Summer 0 0 Harrison Dillard United States Athletics 1948 -- 1952 Summer 0 0 Paul Bert Elvstrøm Denmark Sailing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 0 0 Anastasia Ermakova Russia Synchronized swimming 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Mohamed Farah Great Britain Athletics 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Jenő Fuchs Hungary Fencing 1908 -- 1912 Summer 0 0 Kaori Icho Japan Wrestling 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Michael Johnson United States Athletics 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Robert Korzeniowski Poland Athletics 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 1900 Summer 0 0 Lenny Krayzelburg United States Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Viktor Krovopuskov Soviet Union Fencing 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Lisa Leslie United States Basketball 1996 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Pat McCormick United States Diving 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Al Oerter United States Athletics 1956 -- 1968 Summer 0 0 Caroline Ouellette Canada Ice hockey 2002 -- 2014 Winter 0 0 Jesse Owens United States Athletics 1936 Summer 0 0 Carlo Pavesi Italy Fencing 1952 -- 1960 Summer 0 0 Matthew Pinsent Great Britain Rowing 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Paulo Radmilovic Great Britain Water polo , Swimming 1908 -- 1920 Summer 0 0 Henri Saint Cyr Sweden Equestrian 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Vladimir Salnikov Soviet Union Swimming 1980 -- 1988 Summer 0 0 Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics , Wrestling 1896 Summer 0 0 Diana Taurasi United States Basketball 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Laura Trott Great Britain Cycling 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Nicole Uphoff West Germany Germany Equestrian 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 0 Lasse Virén Finland Athletics 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 0 Thomas Wassberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1980 -- 1988 Winter 0 0 Tobias Wendl Germany Luge 2014 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Serena Williams United States Tennis 2000 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Bärbel Wöckel East Germany Athletics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Zhang Yining China Table tennis 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Timeline ( edit ) This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most titles won . It includes titles won in 1896 and 1900 , before gold medals were awarded for first place . All record - holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games . Michael Phelps , holder of the record for the most Olympic gold medals , with one of his medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics Gold medals Date Athlete Nation Sport Record gold - medal event Earlier gold - medal events Gender 1896 - 04 - 06 James Connolly United States Athletics Triple jump -- Robert Garrett United States Athletics Discus 1896 - 04 - 07 Ellery Clark United States Athletics Long jump Thomas Burke United States Athletics 400 metres Robert Garrett United States Athletics Shot put see above 1896 - 04 - 09 Edwin Flack Australia Athletics 800 metres 1896 - 1 Fritz Hofmann , Konrad Böcker , Alfred Flatow , Gustav Flatow , Georg Hilmar , Fritz Manteuffel , Karl Neukirch , Richard Röstel , Gustav Schuft , Carl Schuhmann , Hermann Weingärtner Germany Gymnastics Team horizontal bar 1896 - 1 Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics Vault see previous Hermann Weingärtner Germany Gymnastics Horizontal bar see above 1896 - 04 - 10 Alfred Flatow Germany Gymnastics Parallel bars see above 1896 - 04 - 11 Carl Schuhmann Germany Wrestling Greco - Roman see above 1900 - 07 - 16 Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 200 metre hurdles 1900 - 1 , 2 , 3 1904 - 08 - 05 Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1 mile 1904 - 1 , 2 , 3 1904 - 08 - 29 Ray Ewry United States Athletics Standing long jump 1900 - 1 , 2 , 3 5 1904 - 08 - 31 Standing high jump 6 1904 - 09 - 03 Standing triple jump 7 1908 - 07 - 20 Athletics Standing long jump 8 1908 - 07 - 23 Standing high jump 1924 - 07 - 13 Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics Team cross-country 1920 - 1 , 2 , 3 1924 - 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 9 1928 - 07 - 29 Athletics 10000 metres 1964 - 10 - 23 Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics Floor exercise 1956 - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 1960 - 5 , 6 , 7 1964 - 8 2008 - 08 - 12 Michael Phelps United States Swimming 200 metre freestyle 2004 - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 2008 - 7 , 8 10 2008 - 08 - 13 200 metre butterfly 11 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 12 2008 - 08 - 15 200 metre individual medley 13 2008 - 08 - 16 100 metre butterfly 14 2008 - 08 - 17 4 × 100 metre medley relay 15 2012 - 07 - 31 Swimming 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 16 2012 - 08 - 02 200 metre individual medley 17 2012 - 08 - 03 100 metre butterfly 18 2012 - 08 - 04 4 × 100 metre medley relay 19 2016 - 08 - 07 Swimming 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay 20 2016 - 08 - 09 200 metre butterfly 21 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 22 2016 - 08 - 11 200 metre individual medley 23 2016 - 08 - 13 4 × 100 metre medley relay List of most career gold medals in individual events ( edit ) This list currently includes all Olympians with three or more gold medals won as individuals ( not as part of a team of two or more ) . No . Athlete Nation Sport Years Games Gender Gold Silver Bronze Total Michael Phelps United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 13 16 Ray Ewry United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 8 0 0 8 Věra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1964 -- 1968 Summer 7 0 8 Carl Lewis United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 7 0 8 5 Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 6 5 14 6 Nikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1980 Summer 6 12 7 Bjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 6 0 9 Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920 -- 1928 Summer 6 0 9 9 Boris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 6 10 10 Usain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 0 6 Lidia Skoblikova Soviet Union Speed skating 1960 -- 1964 Winter 6 0 0 6 12 Marit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002 -- 2018 Winter 5 10 13 Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998 -- 2014 Winter 5 9 Viktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 5 9 Sawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 5 9 16 Nadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 7 Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1996 Summer 5 7 Gert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 5 7 Clas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924 -- 1928 Winter 5 7 20 Vitaly Scherbo Unified Team Belarus Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 5 0 9 21 Bonnie Blair United States Speed skating 1988 -- 1994 Winter 5 0 6 22 Eric Heiden United States Speed skating 1980 Winter 5 0 0 5 23 Ireen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 9 24 Lyubov Yegorova Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1994 Winter 0 7 25 Kjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 Akinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 8 Claudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 28 Ivar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 7 29 Martin Fourcade France Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 6 Jin Jong - oh South Korea Shooting 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 6 Janica Kostelić Croatia Alpine skiing 2002 -- 2006 Winter 0 6 Hubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900 -- 1920 Summer 0 6 33 Inge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 6 Ágnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 6 Mark Spitz United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 6 Leontien van Moorsel Netherlands Cycling 2000 -- 2004 Summer 6 37 Ben Ainslie Great Britain Sailing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 0 5 Janet Evans United States Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 5 Yevgeny Grishin Soviet Union Speed skating 1956 -- 1964 Winter 0 5 Anton Heida United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer 0 5 Yana Klochkova Ukraine Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 0 5 Johann Olav Koss Norway Speed skating 1992 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 Greg Louganis United States Diving 1976 -- 1988 Summer 0 5 Alexander Popov Unified Team Russia Swimming 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Emil Zátopek Czechoslovakia Athletics 1948 -- 1952 Summer 0 5 46 Ahn Hyun - Soo Viktor Ahn South Korea Russia Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2014 Winter 0 6 47 Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1904 Summer 0 5 Roland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968 -- 1976 Summer 0 5 49 Simon Ammann Switzerland Ski jumping 2002 -- 2010 Winter 0 0 Dario Cologna Switzerland Cross-country skiing 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Tamás Darnyi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 0 Paul Bert Elvstrøm Denmark Sailing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 0 0 Mohamed Farah Great Britain Athletics 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Fu Mingxia China Diving 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Chris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2004 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Kaori Icho Japan Wrestling 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Kosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Hannes Kolehmainen Finland Athletics 1912 -- 1920 Summer 0 0 Robert Korzeniowski Poland Athletics 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 1900 Summer 0 0 Katie Ledecky United States Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Pat McCormick United States Diving 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Al Oerter United States Athletics 1956 -- 1968 Summer 0 0 Kristin Otto East Germany Swimming 1988 Summer 0 0 Lasse Virén Finland Athletics 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 0 66 Karin Enke East Germany Speed skating 1980 -- 1988 Winter 8 Gunda Niemann - Stirnemann Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 1998 Winter 8 68 Takashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952 -- 1960 Summer 10 69 Sixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956 -- 1964 Winter 7 70 Anastasiya Kuzmina Slovakia Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 6 Ville Ritola Finland Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 0 6 72 Alexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2000 Summer 5 10 73 George Eyser United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer 6 Knut Holmann Norway Canoeing 1992 -- 2000 Summer 6 Ralph Rose United States Athletics 1904 -- 1912 Summer 6 Martina Sáblíková Czech Republic Speed skating 2010 -- 2018 Winter 6 77 Klaus Dibiasi Italy Diving 1964 -- 1976 Summer 0 5 Georg Hackl West Germany Germany Luge 1988 -- 2002 Winter 0 5 Sven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 0 5 Georges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1928 -- 1936 Summer 0 5 Aaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Ralf Schumann East Germany Germany Shooting 1988 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Sun Yang China Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 5 Alberto Tomba Italy Alpine skiing 1988 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 85 Johan Grøttumsbråten Norway Nordic combined , Cross-country skiing 1924 -- 1932 Winter 6 Jackie Joyner - Kersee United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 6 Kim Rhode United States Shooting 1996 -- 2016 Summer 6 88 Charles Daniels United States Swimming 1904 -- 1908 Summer 5 Darya Domracheva Belarus Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 5 Shane Gould Australia Swimming 1972 Summer 5 Li Ning China Gymnastics 1984 Summer 5 Vreni Schneider Switzerland Alpine skiing 1988 -- 1994 Winter 5 Daniela Silivaş Romania Gymnastics 1988 Summer 5 Leon Štukelj Yugoslavia Gymnastics 1924 -- 1936 Summer 5 Ian Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 Pieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 Valentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 5 Wang Meng China Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2010 Winter 5 99 Vladimir Artemov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1988 Summer 0 Kenenisa Bekele Ethiopia Athletics 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 Niccolò Campriani Italy Shooting 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 Deborah Compagnoni Italy Alpine skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 0 Kornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 John Flanagan United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 0 Ramón Fonst Cuba Fencing 1900 -- 1904 Summer 0 Dawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 Gillis Grafström Sweden Figure skating 1920 -- 1932 Both 0 Michael Groß West Germany Swimming 1984 -- 1988 Summer 0 Tomas Gustafson Sweden Speed skating 1984 -- 1988 Winter 0 Harry Hillman United States Athletics 1904 -- 1908 Summer 0 Maria Höfl - Riesch Germany Alpine skiing 2010 -- 2014 Winter 0 Katinka Hosszú Hungary Swimming 2016 Summer 0 Alexander Karelin Soviet Union Unified Team Russia Wrestling 1988 -- 2000 Summer 0 Jason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 0 Nellie Kim Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 Ingrid Krämer United Team of Germany Diving 1960 -- 1964 Summer 0 Matti Nykänen Finland Ski jumping 1984 -- 1988 Winter 0 Tamara Press Soviet Union Athletics 1960 -- 1964 Summer 0 Myer Prinstein United States Athletics 1900 -- 1904 Summer 0 Murray Rose Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1960 Summer 0 Viktor Saneyev Soviet Union Athletics 1968 -- 1980 Summer 0 Ard Schenk Netherlands Speed skating 1968 -- 1972 Winter 0 Ecaterina Szabo Romania Gymnastics 1984 Summer 0 Anky van Grunsven Netherlands Equestrian 1996 -- 2008 Summer 0 Saori Yoshida Japan Wrestling 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 Jan Železný Czechoslovakia Czech Republic Athletics 1988 -- 2000 Summer 0 127 Tirunesh Dibaba Ethiopia Athletics 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 6 128 Marja - Liisa Kirvesniemi Finland Cross-country skiing 1984 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 Katja Seizinger Germany Alpine skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 0 5 130 Simone Biles United States Gymnastics 2016 Summer 0 Pyrros Dimas Greece Weightlifting 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 Ugo Frigerio Italy Athletics 1920 -- 1932 Summer 0 Martin Sheridan United States Athletics 1904 -- 1908 Summer 0 Michelle Smith Ireland Swimming Summer 0 Zou Kai China Gymnastics 2008 -- 2012 Summer 0 136 Thomas Alsgaard Norway Cross-country skiing 1994 -- 2002 Winter 0 0 Hjalmar Andersen Norway Speed skating 1952 Winter 0 0 Kristin Armstrong United States Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Félicia Ballanger France Cycling 1996 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Brooke Bennett United States Swimming 1996 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Fanny Blankers - Koen Netherlands Athletics 1948 Summer 0 0 Mike Burton United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 0 0 Betty Cuthbert Australia Athletics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Tony Estanguet France Canoeing 2000 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Archie Hahn United States Athletics 1904 Summer 0 0 Thorleif Haug Norway Cross-country skiing 1924 Winter 0 0 Sonja Henie Norway Figure skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 0 0 Bud Houser United States Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 0 0 Vyacheslav Ivanov Soviet Union Rowing 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Ivar Johansson Sweden Wrestling 1932 -- 1936 Summer 0 0 Michael Johnson United States Athletics 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Kakhi Kakhiashvili Akakios Kakiasvilis Unified Team Greece Weightlifting 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Pertti Karppinen Finland Rowing 1976 -- 1984 Summer 0 0 Tatyana Kazankina Soviet Union Athletics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Jean - Claude Killy France Alpine skiing 1968 Winter 0 0 Eric Lemming Sweden Athletics 1908 -- 1912 Summer 0 0 James Lightbody United States Athletics 1904 Summer 0 0 Mijaín López Cuba Wrestling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Paul Masson France Cycling 1896 Summer 0 0 Alexander Medved Soviet Union Wrestling 1964 -- 1972 Summer 0 0 Debbie Meyer United States Swimming 1968 Summer 0 0 Halil Mutlu Turkey Weightlifting 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Nedo Nadi Italy Fencing 1912 -- 1920 Summer 0 0 Tadahiro Nomura Japan Judo 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Jesse Owens United States Athletics 1936 Summer 0 0 László Papp Hungary Boxing 1948 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Marie - José Pérec France Athletics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 0 0 Toni Sailer Austria Alpine skiing 1956 Winter 0 0 Buvaisar Saitiev Russia Wrestling 1996 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Vladimir Salnikov Soviet Union Swimming 1980 -- 1988 Summer 0 0 Félix Savón Cuba Boxing 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Peter Snell New Zealand Athletics 1960 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Teófilo Stevenson Cuba Boxing 1972 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Kamil Stoch Poland Ski jumping 2014 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Naim Süleymanoğlu Turkey Weightlifting 1988 -- 1996 Summer 0 0 Marianne Timmer Netherlands Speed skating 1998 -- 2006 Winter 0 0 Yvonne van Gennip Netherlands Speed skating 1988 Winter 0 0 Ulrich Wehling East Germany Nordic combined 1972 -- 1980 Winter 0 0 Johnny Weissmuller United States Swimming 1924 -- 1928 Summer 0 0 Carl Westergren Sweden Wrestling 1920 -- 1932 Summer 0 0 Shaun White United States Snowboarding 2006 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Bradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2004 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Nikolay Zimyatov Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1980 -- 1984 Winter 0 0 See also ( edit ) List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event List of multiple Olympic medalists List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Coubertin , Pierre de ; Timoleon J. Philimon ; N.G. Politis ; Ch . Anninos ( 1897 ) . `` Second Part : The Olympic Games in 1896 '' ( PDF ) . The Olympic Games , B.C. 776 -- A.D. 1896 ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . IOC official Olympic reports . translated by A. v. K. London : Grevel . pp. 55 -- 81 ( passim ) . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13 . ( note : the source gives dates in the Julian calendar ; this table uses the Gregorian calendar ) `` Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . `` databaseOlympics.com '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . See also references in the articles on each athlete . Olympics and Paralympics statistics Medalists and medal tables Lists of Olympic medalists Lists of Paralympic medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table All - time Paralympic Games medal table Multiple medalists Multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games in one event at Winter Olympics Multiple gold medalists Multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games in one event Multiple Paralympic gold medalists at a single Games Other statistics Olympic medals in different sports at Summer and Winter Olympics Most appearances at Olympic Games Medal sweeps in Olympic athletics Medal sweeps in Paralympics Athletes at both the Summer and Winter Olympics Ties for medals at the Olympics Stripped Olympic medals Olympic medals by host nation Olympic medalist families Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_multiple_Olympic_gold_medalists&oldid=865893943 '' Categories : Lists of Olympic gold medalists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Kapampangan Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 21 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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"\n\n\nNo.\n\nAthlete\n\nNation\n\nSport\n\nYears\n\nGames\n\nGender\n\nGold\n\nSilver\n\nBronze\n\nTotal\n\n\n1\n\nMichael Phelps\n United States\nSwimming\n2004–2016\nSummer\nM\n23\n3\n2\n28\n\n\n\n2\n\nLarisa Latynina\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1956–1964\nSummer\nF\n9\n5\n4\n18\n\n\n\n3\n\nPaavo Nurmi\n Finland\nAthletics\n1920–1928\nSummer\nM\n9\n3\n0\n12\n\n\n\n4\n\nMark Spitz\n United States\nSwimming\n1968–1972\nSummer\nM\n9\n1\n1\n11\n\n\n\n5\n\nCarl Lewis\n United States\nAthletics\n1984–1996\nSummer\nM\n9\n1\n0\n10\n\n\n\n6\n\nMarit Bjørgen\n Norway\nCross-country skiing\n2002–2018\nWinter\nF\n8\n4\n3\n15\n\n\n\n7\n\nOle Einar Bjørndalen\n Norway\nBiathlon\n1998–2014\nWinter\nM\n8\n4\n1\n13\n\n\n\n8\n\nBjørn Dæhlie\n Norway\nCross-country skiing\n1992–1998\nWinter\nM\n8\n4\n0\n12\n\n\nBirgit Fischer\n East Germany Germany\nCanoeing\n1980–2004\nSummer\nF\n8\n4\n0\n12\n\n\n\n10\n\nSawao Kato\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1968–1976\nSummer\nM\n8\n3\n1\n12\n\n\nJenny Thompson\n United States\nSwimming\n1992–2004\nSummer\nF\n8\n3\n1\n12\n\n\n\n12\n\nMatt Biondi\n United States\nSwimming\n1984–1992\nSummer\nM\n8\n2\n1\n11\n\n\n\n13\n\nUsain Bolt\n Jamaica\nAthletics\n2008–2016\nSummer\nM\n8\n0\n0\n8\n\n\nRay Ewry\n United States\nAthletics\n1900–1908\nSummer\nM\n8\n0\n0\n8\n\n\n\n15\n\nNikolai Andrianov\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1972–1980\nSummer\nM\n7\n5\n3\n15\n\n\n\n16\n\nBoris Shakhlin\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1956–1964\nSummer\nM\n7\n4\n2\n13\n\n\n\n\n17\n\nVěra Čáslavská\n Czechoslovakia\nGymnastics\n1960–1968\nSummer\nF\n7\n4\n0\n11\n\n\n\n18\n\nViktor Chukarin\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1952–1956\nSummer\nM\n7\n3\n1\n11\n\n\n\n19\n\nAladár Gerevich\n Hungary\nFencing\n1932–1960\nSummer\nM\n7\n1\n2\n10\n\n\n\n20\n\nEdoardo Mangiarotti\n Italy\nFencing\n1936–1960\nSummer\nM\n6\n5\n2\n13\n\n\n\n21\n\nIsabell Werth\n Germany\nEquestrian\n1992–2016\nSummer\nF\n6\n4\n0\n10\n\n\n\n22\n\nRyan Lochte\n United States\nSwimming\n2004–2016\nSummer\nM\n6\n3\n3\n12\n\n\n\n\n23\n\nAllyson Felix\n United States\nAthletics\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n6\n3\n0\n9\n\n\nHubert Van Innis\n Belgium\nArchery\n1900–1920\nSummer\nM\n6\n3\n0\n9\n\n\nLyubov Yegorova\n Unified Team Russia\nCross-country skiing\n1992–1994\nWinter\nF\n6\n3\n0\n9\n\n\n\n26\n\nAkinori Nakayama\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1968–1972\nSummer\nM\n6\n2\n2\n10\n\n\n\n27\n\nValentina Vezzali\n Italy\nFencing\n1996–2012\nSummer\nF\n6\n1\n2\n9\n\n\n\n28\n\nGert Fredriksson\n Sweden\nCanoeing\n1948–1960\nSummer\nM\n6\n1\n1\n8\n\n\n\n29\n\nChris Hoy\n Great Britain\nCycling\n2000–2012\nSummer\nM\n6\n1\n0\n7\n\n\nJason Kenny\n Great Britain\nCycling\n2008–2016\nSummer\nM\n6\n1\n0\n7\n\n\n\n31\n\nVitaly Scherbo\n Unified Team Belarus\nGymnastics\n1992–1996\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n4\n10\n\n\n\n32\n\nAhn Hyun-SooViktor Ahn\n South Korea Russia\nShort track speed skating\n2006–2014\nWinter\nM\n6\n0\n2\n8\n\n\nReiner Klimke\n United Team of Germany West Germany\nEquestrian\n1964–1988\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n2\n8\n\n\n\n34\n\nPál Kovács\n Hungary\nFencing\n1936–1960\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n1\n7\n\n\n\n35\n\nRudolf Kárpáti\n Hungary\nFencing\n1948–1960\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\nNedo Nadi\n Italy\nFencing\n1912–1920\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\nKristin Otto\n East Germany\nSwimming\n1988\nSummer\nF\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\nLidia Skoblikova\n Soviet Union\nSpeed skating\n1960–1964\nWinter\nF\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\nAmy Van Dyken\n United States\nSwimming\n1996–2000\nSummer\nF\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\n\n40\n\nIreen Wüst\n Netherlands\nSpeed skating\n2006–2018\nWinter\nF\n5\n5\n1\n11\n\n\n\n41\n\nTakashi Ono\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1952–1964\nSummer\nM\n5\n4\n4\n13\n\n\n\n42\n\nCarl Osburn\n United States\nShooting\n1912–1924\nSummer\nM\n5\n4\n2\n11\n\n\n\n43\n\nGary Hall, Jr.\n United States\nSwimming\n1996–2004\nSummer\nM\n5\n3\n2\n10\n\n\nÁgnes Keleti\n Hungary\nGymnastics\n1952–1956\nSummer\nF\n5\n3\n2\n10\n\n\n\n45\n\nNadia Comăneci\n Romania\nGymnastics\n1976–1980\nSummer\nF\n5\n3\n1\n9\n\n\nIan Thorpe\n Australia\nSwimming\n2000–2004\nSummer\nM\n5\n3\n1\n9\n\n\n\n47\n\nVille Ritola\n Finland\nAthletics\n1924–1928\nSummer\nM\n5\n3\n0\n8\n\n\n\n48\n\nPolina Astakhova\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1956–1964\nSummer\nF\n5\n2\n3\n10\n\n\n\n49\n\nClaudia Pechstein\n Germany\nSpeed skating\n1992–2006\nWinter\nF\n5\n2\n2\n9\n\n\n\n50\n\nElisabeta Lipă\n Romania\nRowing\n1984–2004\nSummer\nF\n5\n2\n1\n8\n\n\n\n51\n\nYukio Endo\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1960–1968\nSummer\nM\n5\n2\n0\n7\n\n\nMartin Fourcade\n France\nBiathlon\n2014–2018\nWinter\nM\n5\n2\n0\n7\n\n\nAaron Peirsol\n United States\nSwimming\n2000–2008\nSummer\nM\n5\n2\n0\n7\n\n\n\n54\n\nMitsuo Tsukahara\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1968–1976\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n3\n9\n\n\n\n55\n\nNathan Adrian\n United States\nSwimming\n2008–2016\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n2\n8\n\n\nBradley Wiggins\n Great Britain\nCycling\n2000–2016\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n2\n8\n\n\n\n57\n\nKrisztina Egerszegi\n Hungary\nSwimming\n1988–1996\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nTom Jager\n United States\nSwimming\n1984–1992\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nLarisa Lazutina\n Unified Team Russia\nCross-country skiing\n1992–1998\nWinter\nF\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nWillis A. Lee\n United States\nShooting\n1920\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nClas Thunberg\n Finland\nSpeed skating\n1924–1928\nWinter\nM\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nDana Vollmer\n United States\nSwimming\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nHans Günter Winkler\n United Team of Germany West Germany\nEquestrian\n1956–1976\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nWu Minxia\n China\nDiving\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\n\n65\n\nThomas Alsgaard\n Norway\nCross-country skiing\n1994–2002\nWinter\nM\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nAnton Heida\n United States\nGymnastics\n1904\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nNellie Kim\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1976–1980\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nDanuta Kozák\n Hungary\nCanoeing\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nKatie Ledecky\n United States\nSwimming\n2012–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nOle Lilloe-Olsen\n Norway\nShooting\n1920–1924\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nDon Schollander\n United States\nSwimming\n1964–1968\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\n\n72\n\nBonnie Blair\n United States\nSpeed skating\n1988–1994\nWinter\nF\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nGeorgeta Damian\n Romania\nRowing\n2000–2008\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nMissy Franklin\n United States\nSwimming\n2012–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nAlfred Lane\n United States\nShooting\n1912–1920\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nSteve Redgrave\n Great Britain\nRowing\n1984–2000\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nJohnny Weissmuller\n United States\nSwimming, Water polo\n1924–1928\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nZou Kai\n China\nGymnastics\n2008–2012\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\n\n79\n\nChen Ruolin\n China\nDiving\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nAnastasia Davydova\n Russia\nSynchronized swimming\n2004–2012\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nMorris Fisher\n United States\nShooting\n1920–1924\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nEric Heiden\n United States\nSpeed skating\n1980\nWinter\nM\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nNatalia Ishchenko\n Russia\nSynchronized swimming\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nSvetlana Romashina\n Russia\nSynchronized swimming\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\n\n85\n\nRaisa Smetanina\n Soviet Union Unified Team\nCross-country skiing\n1976–1992\nWinter\nF\n4\n5\n1\n10\n\n\n\n86\n\nAlexander Popov\n Unified Team Russia\nSwimming\n1992–2000\nSummer\nM\n4\n5\n0\n9\n\n\n\n87\n\nDara Torres\n United States\nSwimming\n1984–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n4\n4\n12\n\n\n\n88\n\nKornelia Ender\n East Germany\nSwimming\n1972–1976\nSummer\nF\n4\n4\n0\n8\n\n\nDawn Fraser\n Australia\nSwimming\n1956–1964\nSummer\nF\n4\n4\n0\n8\n\n\n\n90\n\nSixten Jernberg\n Sweden\nCross-country skiing\n1956–1964\nWinter\nM\n4\n3\n2\n9\n\n\nLudmilla Tourischeva\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1968–1976\nSummer\nF\n4\n3\n2\n9\n\n\n\n92\n\nRicco Groß\n Germany\nBiathlon\n1992–2006\nWinter\nM\n4\n3\n1\n8\n\n\nGeorges Miez\n Switzerland\nGymnastics\n1924–1936\nSummer\nM\n4\n3\n1\n8\n\n\nOtto Olsen\n Norway\nShooting\n1920–1924\nSummer\nM\n4\n3\n1\n8\n\n\nEmil Hegle Svendsen\n Norway\nBiathlon\n2010–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n3\n1\n8\n\n\n\n96\n\nIvan Patzaichin\n Romania\nCanoeing\n1968–1984\nSummer\nM\n4\n3\n0\n7\n\n\n\n97\n\nAlexei Nemov\n Russia\nGymnastics\n1996–2000\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n6\n12\n\n\n\n98\n\nSven Kramer\n Netherlands\nSpeed skating\n2006–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n3\n9\n\n\n\n99\n\nKjetil André Aamodt\n Norway\nAlpine skiing\n1992–2006\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nInge de Bruijn\n Netherlands\nSwimming\n2000–2004\nSummer\nF\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nSven Fischer\n Germany\nBiathlon\n1994–2006\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nGalina Kulakova\n Soviet Union\nCross-country skiing\n1972–1980\nWinter\nF\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nJason Lezak\n United States\nSwimming\n2000–2012\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nRoland Matthes\n East Germany\nSwimming\n1968–1976\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nAllison Schmitt\n United States\nSwimming\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\n\n106\n\nIvar Ballangrud\n Norway\nSpeed skating\n1928–1936\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n1\n7\n\n\nEinar Liberg\n Norway\nShooting\n1908–1924\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n1\n7\n\n\n\n108\n\nGiuseppe Delfino\n Italy\nFencing\n1952–1964\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nChristian d'Oriola\n France\nFencing\n1948–1956\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nLucien Gaudin\n France\nFencing\n1920–1928\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nMatt Grevers\n United States\nSwimming\n2008–2012\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nGuo Jingjing\n China\nDiving\n2000–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nJin Jong-oh\n South Korea\nShooting\n2004–2016\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nOlga Korbut\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1972–1976\nSummer\nF\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nJanica Kostelić\n Croatia\nAlpine skiing\n2002–2006\nWinter\nF\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nKevin Kuske\n Germany\nBobsleigh\n2002–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\n\n117\n\nGiovanna Trillini\n Italy\nFencing\n1992–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n3\n8\n\n\n\n118\n\nCharles Daniels\n United States\nSwimming\n1904–1908\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n2\n7\n\n\nKosuke Kitajima\n Japan\nSwimming\n2004–2012\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n2\n7\n\n\nLloyd Spooner\n United States\nShooting\n1920\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n2\n7\n\n\nLibby Trickett\n Australia\nSwimming\n2004–2012\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n2\n7\n\n\n\n122\n\nDarya Domracheva\n Belarus\nBiathlon\n2010–2018\nWinter\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nDoina Ignat\n Romania\nRowing\n1992–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nKim Soo-Nyung\n South Korea\nArchery\n1988–2000\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nElena Novikova-Belova\n Soviet Union\nFencing\n1968–1976\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nMurray Rose\n Australia\nSwimming\n1956–1960\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nViktor Sidyak\n Soviet Union\nFencing\n1968–1980\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nGunde Svan\n Sweden\nCross-country skiing\n1984–1988\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nLeontien van Moorsel\n Netherlands\nCycling\n2000–2004\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nKatrin Wagner-Augustin\n Germany\nCanoeing\n2000–2012\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nWang Meng\n China\nShort track speed skating\n2006–2010\nWinter\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\n\n132\n\nBen Ainslie\n Great Britain\nSailing\n1996–2012\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nVladimir Artemov\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1988\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nEvelyn Ashford\n United States\nAthletics\n1984–1992\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nJanet Evans\n United States\nSwimming\n1988–1992\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nIan Ferguson\n New Zealand\nCanoeing\n1984–1988\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nRamón Fonst\n Cuba\nFencing\n1900–1904\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nFu Mingxia\n China\nDiving\n1992–2000\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nYevgeny Grishin\n Soviet Union\nSpeed skating\n1956–1964\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nJayna Hefford\n Canada\nIce hockey\n1998–2014\nWinter\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nYana Klochkova\n Ukraine\nSwimming\n2000–2004\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nHannes Kolehmainen\n Finland\nAthletics\n1912–1920\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nJohann Olav Koss\n Norway\nSpeed skating\n1992–1994\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nAndré Lange\n Germany\nBobsleigh\n2002–2010\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nGreg Louganis\n United States\nDiving\n1976–1988\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nValentin Muratov\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1952–1956\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nJohn Naber\n United States\nSwimming\n1976\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nMatti Nykänen\n Finland\nSki jumping\n1984–1988\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nCharles Pahud de Mortanges\n Netherlands\nEquestrian\n1924–1936\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nMel Sheppard\n United States\nAthletics\n1908–1912\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nEcaterina Szabo\n Romania\nGymnastics\n1984\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nAlexander Tikhonov\n Soviet Union\nBiathlon\n1968–1980\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nWang Nan\n China\nTable tennis\n2000–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nHayley Wickenheiser\n Canada\nIce hockey\n1998–2014\nWinter\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nVenus Williams\n United States\nTennis\n2000–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nEmil Zátopek\n Czechoslovakia\nAthletics\n1948–1952\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nNikolay Zimyatov\n Soviet Union\nCross-country skiing\n1980–1984\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\n\n\n158\n\nGyőző Kulcsár\n Hungary\nFencing\n1964–1976\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n2\n6\n\n\n\n159\n\nLudger Beerbaum\n West Germany Germany\nEquestrian\n1988–2016\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nSimone Biles\n United States\nGymnastics\n2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nKathrin Boron\n Germany\nRowing\n1992–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nChun Lee-Kyung\n South Korea\nShort track speed skating\n1994–1998\nWinter\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nTeresa Edwards\n United States\nBasketball\n1984–2000\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nNatalie Geisenberger\n Germany\nLuge\n2010–2018\nWinter\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nMarcus Hurley\n United States\nCycling\n1904\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nLi Xiaopeng\n China\nGymnastics\n2000–2008\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nJon Olsen\n United States\nSwimming\n1992–1996\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nStanislav Pozdnyakov\n Unified Team Russia\nFencing\n1992–2004\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nSanya Richards-Ross\n United States\nAthletics\n2004–2012\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nViorica Susanu\n Romania\nRowing\n2000–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nGiorgio Zampori\n Italy\nGymnastics\n1912–1924\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\n\n172\n\nSimon Ammann\n Switzerland\nSki jumping\n2002–2010\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nTobias Arlt\n Germany\nLuge\n2014–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nSue Bird\n United States\nBasketball\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nFanny Blankers-Koen\n Netherlands\nAthletics\n1948\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nTamika Catchings\n United States\nBasketball\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nDario Cologna\n Switzerland\nCross-country skiing\n2010–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nBetty Cuthbert\n Australia\nAthletics\n1956–1964\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nTamás Darnyi\n Hungary\nSwimming\n1988–1992\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nDeng Yaping\n China\nTable tennis\n1992–1996\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nHarrison Dillard\n United States\nAthletics\n1948–1952\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nPaul Bert Elvstrøm\n Denmark\nSailing\n1948–1960\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nAnastasia Ermakova\n Russia\nSynchronized swimming\n2004–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nMohamed Farah\n Great Britain\nAthletics\n2012–2016\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nJenő Fuchs\n Hungary\nFencing\n1908–1912\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nKaori Icho\n Japan\nWrestling\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nMichael Johnson\n United States\nAthletics\n1992–2000\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nRobert Korzeniowski\n Poland\nAthletics\n1996–2004\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nAlvin Kraenzlein\n United States\nAthletics\n1900\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nLenny Krayzelburg\n United States\nSwimming\n2000–2004\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nViktor Krovopuskov\n Soviet Union\nFencing\n1976–1980\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nLisa Leslie\n United States\nBasketball\n1996–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nPat McCormick\n United States\nDiving\n1952–1956\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nAl Oerter\n United States\nAthletics\n1956–1968\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nCaroline Ouellette\n Canada\nIce hockey\n2002–2014\nWinter\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nJesse Owens\n United States\nAthletics\n1936\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nCarlo Pavesi\n Italy\nFencing\n1952–1960\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nMatthew Pinsent\n Great Britain\nRowing\n1992–2004\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nPaulo Radmilovic\n Great Britain\nWater polo, Swimming\n1908–1920\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nHenri Saint Cyr\n Sweden\nEquestrian\n1952–1956\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nVladimir Salnikov\n Soviet Union\nSwimming\n1980–1988\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nCarl Schuhmann\n Germany\nGymnastics, Wrestling\n1896\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nDiana Taurasi\n United States\nBasketball\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nLaura Trott\n Great Britain\nCycling\n2012–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nNicole Uphoff\n West Germany Germany\nEquestrian\n1988–1992\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nLasse Virén\n Finland\nAthletics\n1972–1976\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nThomas Wassberg\n Sweden\nCross-country skiing\n1980–1988\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nTobias Wendl\n Germany\nLuge\n2014–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nSerena Williams\n United States\nTennis\n2000–2012\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nBärbel Wöckel\n East Germany\nAthletics\n1976–1980\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nZhang Yining\n China\nTable tennis\n2004–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n"
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"Michael Phelps"
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-504582706107748610 | Golden Temple | Golden Temple - Wikipedia Golden Temple Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Golden Temple ( disambiguation ) . The Golden Temple Harmandir Sahib Flag of Harmandir Sahib The Harmandir Sahib ( `` The abode of God '' ) , known as the Golden Temple Show map of Punjab Show map of India Show all Location within Punjab Alternative names Darbar Sahib Golden Temple of Amritsar General information Architectural style Sikh Address Golden Temple Rd , Atta Mandi , Katra Ahluwalia , Amritsar , Punjab , India Town or city Amritsar Coordinates 31 ° 37 ′ 12 '' N 74 ° 52 ′ 37 '' E / 31.62000 ° N 74.87694 ° E / 31.62000 ; 74.87694 Coordinates : 31 ° 37 ′ 12 '' N 74 ° 52 ′ 37 '' E / 31.62000 ° N 74.87694 ° E / 31.62000 ; 74.87694 Construction started December 1585 Completed August 1604 Website http://www.goldentempleamritsar.org/ Sri Harmandir Sahib ( `` The abode of God '' ) , also known as Darbar Sahib , ( Punjabi pronunciation : ( dəɾbɑɾ sɑhɪb ) ) , informally referred to as the Golden Temple , is the holiest Gurdwara of Sikhism , located in the city of Amritsar , Punjab , India . Amritsar ( literally , the tank of nectar of immortality ) was founded in 1577 by the fourth Sikh guru , Guru Ram Das . The fifth Sikh Guru , Guru Arjan , designed Harmandir Sahib to be built in the centre of this holy tank , and upon its construction , installed the Adi Granth , the holy scripture of Sikhism , inside Harmandir Sahib . The Harmandir Sahib complex is also home to the Akal Takht ( the throne of the timeless one , constituted by the Sixth Guru , Guru Hargobind ) . While the Harmandir Sahib is regarded as the abode of God 's spiritual attribute , the Akal Takht is the seat of God 's temporal authority . The construction of Harmandir Sahib was intended to build a place of worship for men and women from all walks of life and all religions to worship God equally . Accordingly , as a gesture of this non-sectarian universalness of Sikhism , Guru Arjan had specially invited the Muslim Sufi saint , Hazrat Mian Mir to lay the foundation stone of the Harmandir Sahib . The four entrances ( representing the four directions ) to get into the Harmandir Sahib also symbolise the openness of the Sikhs towards all people and religions . Over 100,000 people visit the holy shrine daily for worship , and also partake jointly in the free community kitchen and meal ( Langar ) regardless of any distinctions , a tradition that is a hallmark of all Sikh Gurdwaras . The present - day gurdwara was renovated in 1764 by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia with the help of other Sikh Misls . In the early nineteenth century , Maharaja Ranjit Singh secured the Punjab region from outside attack and covered the upper floors of the gurdwara with 750kg of gold , which gives it its distinctive appearance and its English name . Large portions of the temple were damaged and destroyed in 1984 as part of Operation Blue Star - an Indian military operation to flush the shrine of Sikh separatists . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Construction 1.2 Operation Blue Star 2 Architectural features 3 World 's largest free kitchen ( Langar ) 4 Visiting guidelines 5 Celebrations 6 Visitors ' attractions 6.1 Central Sikh Museum 6.2 Visitor centre 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Entrance to the Golden Temple in 1907 The Harmandir Sahib literally means the Temple of God . Guru Amar Das had ordered Guru Ram Das to create a nectarous tank as a place for worship for the Sikh religion . Guru Ram Das instructed all his Sikhs to join in the work , under Bhai Budha 's superintendence , and engaged labourers to assist them . He said that the tank of nectar should be God 's home , and whoever bathed in it shall obtain all spiritual and temporal advantages . During the progress of the work , the hut in which the Guru first sheltered himself was expanded for his residence ; it is now known as the Guru 's Mahal , or palace . In 1578 Guru Ram Das excavated a tank , which subsequently became known as Amritsar ( Pool of the Nectar of Immortality ) , giving its name to the city that grew around it . In due course , the Harmandir Sahib , was built in the middle of this tank and became the supreme centre of Sikhism . Its sanctum came to house the Adi Granth comprising compositions of Sikh Gurus and other saints considered to have Sikh values and philosophies , e.g. , Baba Farid , and Kabir . The compilation of the Adi Granth was started by the fifth guru of Sikhism , Guru Arjan . Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to Guru Granth Sahib near Harmandir Sahib Construction ( edit ) The Harmandir Sahib at night Guru Arjan conceived the idea of creating a central place of worship for the Sikhs and designed it . Earlier the planning to excavate the holy tank ( Amritsar or Amrit Sarovar ) was chalked out by Guru Amar Das , the Third Sikh Guru , but it was executed by Guru Ram Das under the supervision of Baba Budha . The land for the site was acquired by the earlier Guru Sahibs on payment or free of cost from the Zamindars ( landlords ) of native villages . The plan to establish a town settlement was also made and the construction work on the Sarovar ( the tank ) and the town started simultaneously in 1570 . The work on both projects was completed in 1577 . In December 1588 , Guru Arjan initiated the construction of the gurdwara and the foundation stone was laid by Hazrat Mian Mir on 28 December 1588 . The gurdwara was completed in 1604 . Guru Arjan installed the Guru Granth Sahib in it and appointed Baba Buddha as the first Granthi ( reader ) of it in August 1604 . In the mid-18th century it was attacked by the Afghans , by one of Ahmed Shah Abdali 's generals , Jahan Khan , and had to be substantially rebuilt in the 1760s . Operation Blue Star ( edit ) Main article : Operation Blue Star Blue Star was an Indian military operation undertaken between 1 and 8 June 1984 that severely damaged or destroyed large portions of the temple complex . India 's Prime Minister , Indira Gandhi , ordered the Indian Army to launch the operation . The army , led by General Kuldip Singh Brar , brought infantry , artillery and tanks into the Harmandir Sahib to destroy the Dharam Yudh Morcha led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale . During the Dharam Yudh Morcha thousands of Sikhs courted arrest . Fierce fighting ensued between Sikhs and the Indian Army , with heavy casualties on both sides . The Harmandir Sahib complex also suffered much damage during the attack , especially the holy Akal Takht . Within six months , on 31 October 1984 , Indira Gandhi 's Sikh bodyguards killed her as revenge for the operation . This attack is regarded by Sikhs , and the international human rights community , as a desecration of Sikhism 's holiest shrine and discrimination against a minority in India . In 1986 , the repairs performed on the Akal Takht Sahib after the attack , which the Rajiv Gandhi government had undertaken without consultation , were removed . A new Akal Takht Sahib was completed in 1999 by Kar Sevaks ( volunteers ) . Architectural features ( edit ) The ceiling of Harmandir Sahib is made with gold and precious stones . The Darshani Deorhi Arch , entrance to the Harmandir Sahib complex Some of the architectural features of the Harmandir Sahib were intended to be symbolic of the Sikh world view . Instead of the normal custom of building a gurdwara on high land , it was built at a lower level than the surrounding land so that devotees would have to go down steps to enter it . In addition , instead of one entrance , Sri Harmandir Sahib has four entrances . The gurdwara is surrounded by the Sarovar , a large lake or holy tank , which consists of Amrit ( `` holy water '' or `` immortal nectar '' ) and is fed by the Ravi River . There are four entrances to the gurdwara , signifying the importance of acceptance and openness . There are three holy trees ( bers ) , each signifying a historical event or Sikh saint . Inside the gurdwara there are many memorial plaques that commemorate past Sikh historical events , saints and martyrs , including commemorative inscriptions of all the Sikh soldiers who died fighting in World War I and World War II . Much of the present decorative gilding and marblework dates from the early 19th century . All the gold and exquisite marble work were conducted under the patronage of Hukam Singh Chimni and Emperor Ranjit Singh , Maharaja of the Sikh Empire of the Punjab . The Darshani Deorhi Arch stands at the beginning of the causeway to the Harmandir Sahib ; it is 6.2 metres ( 20.3 ft ) high and 6 metres ( 20 ft ) in width . The gold plating on the Harmandir Sahib was begun by Ranjit Singh and was finished in 1830 . Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a major donor of wealth and materials for the shrine . The Harmandir Sahib complex also houses the Akal Takht ( the throne of the timeless one ) , built by the sixth Sikh Guru , Guru Hargobind as an authority for administering justice and consideration of temporal issues . Within the complex , the Akal Takht constitutes a counterpoint with the holy shrine , in that the Harmandir Sahib is the abode of God 's spiritual attribute , and the Akal Takht is the seat of God 's temporal authority . World 's largest free kitchen ( langar ) ( edit ) Main article : Langar ( Sikhism ) Harmandir Sahib is home to the world 's largest free kitchen . According to the Croatian Times , it can serve free food for up to 100,000 - 300,000 people every day . At the Langar ( Kitchen ) , food is served to all visitors regardless of faith , religion , or background . Vegetarian food is served to ensure that all people , even those with dietary restrictions , can eat together as equals . The institution of the Sikh langar , or free kitchen , was started by the first Sikh Guru , Guru Nanak . It was designed to uphold the principle of equality between all people regardless of religion , caste , colour , creed , age , gender , or social status , a revolutionary concept in the caste - ordered society of 16th century India where Sikhism began . In addition to the ideals of equality , the tradition of langar expresses the ethics of sharing , community , inclusiveness , and oneness of all humankind . Every Sikh Gurdwara ( place of worship ) has a langar , providing free vegetarian food for all comers . The kitchen has two dining halls , which have a combined capability of 5000 people . People come up to and sit down to eat on the carpets on the floor , are served food by the volunteers , and are ushered out respectfully to make room for the next round of diners . Visiting guidelines ( edit ) In keeping with the rule observed at all Sikh gurdwaras worldwide , the Harmandir Sahib is open to all persons regardless of their religion , colour , creed , caste or gender . The only restrictions on the Harmandir Sahib 's visitors concern their behaviour when entering and while visiting : Maintaining the purity of the sacred space and of one 's body while in it : Upon entering the premises , removing one 's shoes ( leaving them off for the duration of one 's visit ) and washing one 's feet in the small pool of water provided ; Not drinking alcohol , eating meat , or smoking cigarettes or other drugs while in the shrine Dressing appropriately : Full body must be covered , no shorts Wearing a head covering ( a sign of respect ) ( the gurdwara provides head scarves for visitors who have not brought a suitable covering ) ; Not wearing shoes ( see above ) . How to act : When listening to Gurbani , one must also sit on the ground while in the Darbar Sahib as a sign of deference to both the Guru Granth Sahib and God . First - time visitors are advised to begin their visit at the information office and then proceed to the Central Sikh Museum near the main entrance and clock tower . The Harimandir Sahib runs one of the largest free kitchens in the world , serving 100,000 people on average daily . The meal consists of flat bread and lentil soup . Celebrations ( edit ) Ramgarhia bunga at Shri Harmandir Sahib One of the most important festivals is Vaisakhi , which is celebrated in the second week of April ( usually the 13th ) . Sikhs celebrate the founding of the Khalsa on this day and it is celebrated with fervour in the Harmandir Sahib . Other important Sikh religious days such as the birth of Guru Ram Das , martyrdom day of Guru Teg Bahadur , the birthday of the Sikh founder Guru Nanak , etc. , are also celebrated with religious piety . Similarly Diwali is one of the festivals which sees the Harmandir Sahib beautifully illuminated with Diyas ( lamps ) ; lights and fireworks are discharged . Most Sikhs visit Amritsar and the Harmandir Sahib at least once during their lifetime , particularly and mostly during special occasions in their life such as birthdays , marriages , childbirth , etc . Visitors ' attractions ( edit ) Central Sikh museum ( edit ) The entrance from the plaza side holds a museum on history of the Sikhs on the first floor just over the entrance . Visitor centre ( edit ) On Dec 22 , 2016 , a high - tech State of the Art visitors centre was opened for public . Hi - tech story - telling at the basement of the Golden Temple plaza was launched and opened for public amid 5,000 pilgrims on Wednesday . Besides the daily footfall of pilgrims at the shrine , a large number of people had gathered outside the basement for their turn to witness the 3D technology and synchronisation installed in galleries giving a tour of the Sikh history and ethos . See also ( edit ) South Asia portal Punjab portal Sikhism portal Golden Temple , Sripuram Hazur Sahib Nanded List of Gurudwaras Most sacred sites Sikhism Mazhabi sikh Egalitarianism Freeganism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Ian J. `` Harimandar '' . Encyclopaedia of Sikhism . Punjabi University Patiala . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sikhism Religion of the Sikh People '' . sikhs.org . Jump up ^ Golden Temple , Punjabi University , Parm Barkshish Singh , Devinder Kumar Verma , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7380 - 569 - 1 Jump up ^ `` History , Harmandir Sahib , the Golden Temple , Amritsar '' . Amritsar Portal . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : S.S. Bhatti ( 2013 ) . Golden Temple : Marvel of Sikh Architecture . Dorrance Publishing . pp. 24 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4349 - 8964 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Sikhism Religion of the Sikh People '' . sikhs.org . Jump up ^ S.S. Bhatti ( 2013 ) . Golden Temple : Marvel of Sikh Architecture . Dorrance Publishing . pp. 12 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4349 - 8964 - 2 . Jump up ^ Fahlbusch , Erwin ; Geoffrey William Bromiley ( 1999 ) . The encyclopedia of Christianity ( Reprint ed . ) . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 14596 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Soon , Golden Temple to use phone jammers . Over Two lakh people visit the holy shrine per day for worship . In festivals over six lakh to eight lakh visit the holy shrine . '' . The Times Of India . 19 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Hew McLeod ( 1997 ) . Sikhism . New York : Penguin Books . pp. 154 -- 161 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 025260 - 6 . Jump up ^ Golden Temple of Amritsar Jump up ^ Max Arthur Macauliffe. 1909 . The Sikh Religion ... Vol. II Jump up ^ Golden Temple , Punjabi University , Parm Barkshish Singh , Devinder Kumar Verma ISBN 978 - 81 - 7380 - 569 - 1 Jump up ^ Golden Temple , Punjabi University , Parm Barkshish Singh , Devinder Kumar Verma , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7380 - 569 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dr. Madanjit Kaur `` The Golden Temple : Past and Present '' Dept. of Guru Nanak Studies , Guru Nanak Dev University Press , 1983 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Kavi Santokh Singh : `` Gurprataap Sooraj Granth '' Ras 2 , Ansu 53 : ਇਮਿ ਅਰਦਾਸ ਕਰੀ ਬ੍ਰਿਧ ਜਬੈ । ਸ਼੍ਰੀ ਅਰਜਨ ਕਰ ਪੰਕਜ ਤਬੈ ॥ ੧੩ ॥ ਗਹੀ ਈਂਟ ਤਹਿਂ ਕਰੀ ਟਿਕਾਵਨ । ਮੰਦਰ ਅਵਿਚਲ ਨੀਵ ਰਖਾਵਨ । , p. 428 in PDF ebook ^ Jump up to : `` Gurdwara Sahib , Tapoban '' . tapoban.org . Jump up ^ Teja Singh & Ganda Singh , A Short History of the Sikhs , vol. 1 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Max Arthur Macauliffe , The Sikh Religion , vol. 3 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Tatla , Darshan Singh ( 1993 ) . The politics of homeland : a study of the ethnic linkages and political mobilisation amongst Sikhs in Britain and North America ( Thesis ) . University of Warwick . p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Khushwant ( 1991 ) . A history of the Sikhs : Vol. 1 . 1469 -- 1839 . Oxford University Press . p. 53 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SCOFF THAT - Free Food Daily For 300,000 at Worlds largest Soup Kitchen '' . croationtimes.com. 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Postcards from Amritsar - '' . elenastravelgram.com . Jump up ^ Shafi , Showkat ( 17 November 2013 ) . `` Kitchen that feeds 100,000 daily '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Golden temple 's hi - tech basement info center Jump up ^ Golden temple story comes alive External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harmandir Sahib . Official website Golden Temple at Amritsar City Portal Website of Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee Official iPhone application Golden Temple at DMOZ photos from the 1880s ( hide ) Sikh topics Gurus Guru Nanak Guru Angad Guru Amar Das Guru Ram Das Guru Arjan Guru Hargobind Guru Har Rai Guru Har Krishan Guru Tegh Bahadur Guru Gobind Singh Guru Granth Sahib Philosophy Beliefs and principles Guru Maneyo Granth Sikh Rehat Maryada Prohibitions Cannabis and Sikhism Diet in Sikhism Practices Khalsa Ardās Kirtan Langar Naam Karan Anand Karaj Amrit Sanchar Amrit Velā Antam Sanskar Three Pillars Kirat Karo Naam Japo Vand Chhako Sikh practices The Five Ks Simran Sewa Charhdi Kala Dasvand Jhatka Scripture Guru Granth Sahib Adi Granth Dasam Granth Gurbani Mul Mantar Japji Sahib Chaupai Jaap Sahib Rehras Sukhmani Sahib Tav - Prasad Savaiye By country Australia Afghanistan Belgium Canada Vancouver Fiji France Germany India Indonesia Iraq Italy Malaysia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Singapore Switzerland Thailand United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Other topics History Gurmukhi alphabet Ik Onkar Waheguru Khanda Gurdwara ( Harmandir Sahib ) Panj Pyare Literature Music Names Places Politics Nanakshahi calendar Ramananda Fariduddin Ganjshakar Kabir History of the Punjab Sardar Dastar Islam Jainism Hinduism Sikh Empire Mela Maghi Maghi Vaisakhi Hola Mohalla 3HO Sikhs Women in Sikhism Sikhism and sexual orientation Idolatry in Sikhism Criticism Punjab region Punjabi people Punjabi language ( Gurmukhī ) Takht Akal Takht Damdama Sahib Kesgarh Sahib Hazur Sahib Patna Sahib Sikhism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&oldid=804307943 '' Categories : Religious buildings completed in 1604 Gurdwaras in Punjab , India Amritsar Domes Indian architecture Rebuilt buildings and structures in India Religious tourism in India 1604 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2016 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 03 : 28 . About Wikipedia | what is the other name of golden temple | [
"Sri Harmandir Sahib (\"The abode of God\"), also known as Darbar Sahib, (Punjabi pronunciation: [dəɾbɑɾ sɑhɪb]),[1] [3] informally referred to as the Golden Temple,[1] is the holiest Gurdwara of Sikhism, located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India. Amritsar (literally, the tank of nectar of immortality) was founded in 1577 by the fourth Sikh guru, Guru Ram Das.[4] The fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan, designed Harmandir Sahib to be built in the centre of this holy tank, and upon its construction, installed the Adi Granth, the holy scripture of Sikhism, inside Harmandir Sahib.[1] The Harmandir Sahib complex is also home to the Akal Takht (the throne of the timeless one, constituted by the Sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind). While the Harmandir Sahib is regarded as the abode of God's spiritual attribute, the Akal Takht is the seat of God's temporal authority.[5]",
"Sri Harmandir Sahib (\"The abode of God\"), also known as Darbar Sahib, (Punjabi pronunciation: [dəɾbɑɾ sɑhɪb]),[1] [3] informally referred to as the Golden Temple,[1] is the holiest Gurdwara of Sikhism, located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India. Amritsar (literally, the tank of nectar of immortality) was founded in 1577 by the fourth Sikh guru, Guru Ram Das.[4] The fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan, designed Harmandir Sahib to be built in the centre of this holy tank, and upon its construction, installed the Adi Granth, the holy scripture of Sikhism, inside Harmandir Sahib.[1] The Harmandir Sahib complex is also home to the Akal Takht (the throne of the timeless one, constituted by the Sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind). While the Harmandir Sahib is regarded as the abode of God's spiritual attribute, the Akal Takht is the seat of God's temporal authority.[5]"
] | [
"Sri Harmandir Sahib",
"Darbar Sahib"
] |
-94920821851496940 | Juventus F.C. in European football | Juventus F.C. in European Football - wikipedia Juventus F.C. in European Football Jump to : navigation , search Juventus F.C. in European football Club Juventus F.C. First entry 1958 -- 59 European Cup Latest entry 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League Titles Champions League 2 ( show ) 1985 Europa League 3 ( show ) 1977 Cup Winners ' Cup 1 ( show ) 1984 Intertoto Cup 1 ( show ) 1999 Super Cup 2 ( show ) 1984 Intercontinental Cup 2 ( show ) 1985 Juventus Football Club first participated in a Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) competition in 1958 . The first international cup they took part in was the Central European Cup in which they participated in 1929 . The competition lasted from 1927 to 1940 and the club reached the semi-finals in five editions . From 1938 to the Rio Cup in 1951 , Juventus did not participate in any international competitions . Subsequently , since entering the European competitions in 1955 , they have competed in all the six confederation tournaments claiming the title at least once in each of them , making the Torinese club the only one worldwide in reach that achievement . One of the most titled clubs in the sport , Juventus is Italy 's second most successful team in European competitions and the eight club with the most official international tournaments won in the world , having won eleven official trophies : the UEFA Champions League ( formerly known as the European Champions ' Cup ) twice , European Cup Winners ' Cup once , the UEFA Europa League ( formerly known as the UEFA Cup ) thrice , the UEFA Intertoto Cup once , the UEFA Super Cup twice and the Intercontinental Cup twice ; being a finalist in nine occasions ( seven in European Champions ' Cup and Champions League , one in UEFA Cup and one in Intercontinental Cup ) and leading the confederation ranking during seven seasons since its introduction in 1979 , the most for an Italian club . Based to these results , the club was recognised as Italy 's best club and second in Europe of the 20th century according to the all - time ranking published in 2009 by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , an organisation recognised by FIFA . Qualification for international competitions is determined by a team 's success in its national league and cup competitions from the previous season . Juventus competed in international competitions for 28 consecutive seasons since 1963 to 1991 , more than other Italian club . Giovanni Trapattoni is the club 's most successful manager at international stage , with six trophies . During his first spell in the club between the 1970s and 1980s , Juventus became the first and only Italian side to win an international competition without foreigner footballers , the first club in the history of European football to have won all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations , being also the only one to reach it with the same coach , and the first European club to win the Intercontinental Cup , in 1985 , since it was restructured by the European Confederation and Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ) 's organizing committee five years beforehand ; being awarded with The UEFA Plaque by the confederation 's president Jacques Georges on 12 July 1988 at Geneva , Switzerland . Juventus ' biggest - margin win in UEFA club competitions is a 7 -- 0 victory over Lechia Gdańsk in the 1983 -- 84 European Cup Winners ' Cup , Valur in the 1986 -- 87 European Champions ' Cup and Olympiacos in the 2003 -- 04 UEFA Champions League . Alessandro Del Piero holds the club record for the most appearances ( 130 ) and goals scored on that stage ( 53 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 UEFA - organised seasonal competitions 1.1 European Cup and Champions League 1.2 European Cup Winners ' Cup 1.3 UEFA Cup and Europa League 1.4 UEFA Intertoto Cup 1.5 European Super Cup and UEFA Super Cup 2 UEFA - CONMEBOL Competitions 2.1 Intercontinental Cup 3 UEFA - non organised seasonal competitions 3.1 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 4 Overall record 4.1 By competition 4.2 By country 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References UEFA - organised seasonal competitions ( edit ) Juventus ' score listed first . European Cup and Champions League ( edit ) Season Round Opposition Home Away Aggregate Reference 1958 -- 59 Preliminary Round Wiener Sport - Club 3 -- 1 0 -- 7 3 -- 8 1960 -- 61 Preliminary Round CSKA Sofia 2 -- 0 1 -- 4 3 -- 4 1961 -- 62 Preliminary Round Panathinaikos 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 First Round Partizan Belgrade 5 -- 0 2 -- 1 7 -- 1 Quarter Final Real Madrid 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 4 ( po 1 -- 3 ) 1967 -- 68 First Round Olympiacos 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 Second Round Rapid Bucurest 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 Quarter - Final Eintracht Braunschweig 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 4 -- 3 ( po 1 -- 0 ) Semi-Final Benfica 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 1972 -- 73 First Round Marseille 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 Second Round Magdeburg 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Quarter - Final Újpest Dózsa 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 ( a ) Semi-Final Derby County 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 Final Ajax 0 -- 1 ( N ) 1973 -- 74 First Round Dynamo Dresden 3 -- 2 0 -- 2 3 -- 4 1975 -- 76 First Round CSKA Sofia 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 Second Round Borussia Mönchengladbach 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 4 1977 -- 78 First Round Omonia 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 5 -- 0 Second Round Glentoran 5 -- 0 1 -- 0 6 -- 0 Quarter - Final Ajax 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 , 3 -- 0 ( p ) Semi-Final Club Brugge 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 1978 -- 79 First Round Rangers 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 1981 -- 82 First Round Celtic 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 Second Round Anderlecht 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 2 -- 4 1982 -- 83 First Round Hvidovre 3 -- 3 4 -- 1 7 -- 4 Second Round Standard Liège 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Quarter - Final Aston Villa 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 5 -- 2 Semi-Final Widzew Łódź 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 4 -- 2 Final Hamburg 0 -- 1 ( N ) 1984 -- 85 First Round Tampere United 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 6 -- 1 Second Round Grasshopper Zürich 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 6 -- 2 Quarter - Final Sparta Prague 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 Semi-Final Bordeaux 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 2 Final Liverpool 1 -- 0 ( N ) 1985 -- 86 First Round Jeunesse Esch 4 -- 1 5 -- 0 9 -- 1 Second Round Hellas Verona 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 Quarter - Final Barcelona 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 1986 -- 87 First Round Valur 7 -- 0 4 -- 0 11 -- 0 Second Round Real Madrid 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 3 ( p ) 1995 -- 96 Group C Borussia Dortmund 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 1st Steaua Bucurest 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 Rangers 4 -- 1 4 -- 0 Quarter - Final Real Madrid 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 Semi-Final Nantes 2 -- 0 2 -- 3 4 -- 3 Final Ajax 1 -- 1 , 4 -- 2 ( p ) ( N ) 1996 -- 97 Group C Manchester United 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1st Fenerbahçe 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 Rapid Vienna 5 -- 0 1 -- 1 Quarter - Final Rosenborg 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Semi-Final Ajax 4 -- 1 2 -- 1 6 -- 2 Final Borussia Dortmund 1 -- 3 ( N ) 1997 -- 98 Group B Feyenoord 5 -- 1 0 -- 2 2nd Manchester United 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 Košice 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 Quarter - Final Dynamo Kiev 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 5 -- 2 Semi-Final Monaco 4 -- 1 2 -- 3 6 -- 4 Final Real Madrid 0 -- 1 ( N ) 1998 -- 99 Group B Galatasaray 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 1st Rosenborg 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 Quarter - Final Olympiacos 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 Semi-Final Manchester United 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 3 -- 4 2000 -- 01 Group E Hamburg 1 -- 3 4 -- 4 4th Panathinaikos 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2001 -- 02 Group E Celtic 3 -- 2 3 -- 4 1st Rosenborg 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 Porto 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 Group D Second Round Bayer Leverkusen 4 -- 0 1 -- 3 4th Arsenal 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 2002 -- 03 Group E Feyenoord 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1st Dynamo Kiev 5 -- 0 2 -- 1 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 Group D Second Round Deportivo La Coruña 3 -- 2 2 -- 2 2nd Basel 4 -- 0 1 -- 2 Manchester United 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 Quarter - Final Barcelona 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 Semi-Final Real Madrid 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 3 Final Milan 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 3 ( p ) ( N ) 2003 -- 04 Group D Galatasaray 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 ( N ) 1st Olympiacos 7 -- 0 2 -- 1 Real Sociedad 4 -- 2 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 2004 -- 05 Third Qualifying Round Djurgården 2 -- 2 4 -- 1 6 -- 3 Group C Ajax 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 1st Maccabi Tel Aviv 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 Bayern Munich 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Round of 16 Real Madrid 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 Quarter - Final Liverpool 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 2005 -- 06 Group A Club Brugge 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1st Rapid Wien 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 Round of 16 Werder Bremen 2 -- 1 2 -- 3 4 -- 4 ( a ) Quarter - Final Arsenal 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 2008 -- 09 Third Qualifying Round Artmedia Bratislava 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 5 -- 1 Group H Zenit St. Petersburg 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 1st BATE Borisov 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 Real Madrid 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 Round of 16 Chelsea 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 2009 -- 10 Group A Bordeaux 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 3rd Bayern Munich 1 -- 4 0 -- 0 Maccabi Haifa 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2012 -- 13 Group E Chelsea 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 1st Shakhtar Donetsk 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 Nordsjælland 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 Round of 16 Celtic 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 5 -- 0 Quarter - finals Bayern Munich 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 4 2013 -- 14 Group B Real Madrid 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 3rd Galatasaray 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 København 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2014 -- 15 Group A Atletico Madrid 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 2nd Olympiakos 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 Malmo 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Round of 16 Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 5 -- 1 Quarter - finals Monaco 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 Semi-finals Real Madrid 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 Final Barcelona 1 -- 3 ( N ) 2015 -- 16 Group D Manchester City 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2nd Sevilla 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Round of 16 Bayern Munich 2 -- 2 2 -- 4 ( a.e.t. ) 4 -- 6 2016 -- 17 Group H Sevilla 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 1st Dinamo Zagreb 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 Lyon 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 Round of 16 Porto 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 Quarter - finals Barcelona 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 Semi-finals Monaco 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 Final Real Madrid 1 -- 4 ( N ) 2017 -- 18 Group D Barcelona 0 -- 0 0 -- 3 2nd Olympiacos 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Sporting 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 Round of 16 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 -- -- European Cup Winners ' Cup ( edit ) Season Round Opposition Home Away Aggregate Reference 1965 -- 66 First Round Liverpool 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 1979 -- 80 First Round Győri 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 Second Round Beroe 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 Quarter - Final Rijeka 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 Semi-Final Arsenal 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1983 -- 84 First Round Lechia Gdańsk 7 -- 0 3 -- 2 10 -- 2 Second Round Paris Saint - Germain 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 ( a ) Quarter - Final Haka 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Semi-Final Manchester United 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 Final Porto 2 -- 1 ( N ) 1990 -- 91 First Round Sliven 6 -- 1 2 -- 0 8 -- 1 Second Round Austria Vienna 4 -- 0 3 -- 0 8 -- 0 Quarter - Final Liège 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 6 -- 1 Semi-Final Barcelona 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 2 -- 3 UEFA Cup and Europa League ( edit ) Season Round Club Home Away Aggregate Reference 1971 -- 72 First Round Marsa 5 -- 0 6 -- 0 11 -- 0 Second Round Aberdeen 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Third Round Rapid Wien 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 Quarter - Final Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 1974 -- 75 First Round Vorwärts Frankfurt 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 Second Round Hibernian 4 -- 0 4 -- 2 8 -- 2 Third Round Ajax 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 ( a ) Quarter - Final Hamburger SV 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 Semi-Final FC Twente 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 4 1976 -- 77 First Round Manchester City 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 Second Round Manchester United 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 Third Round Shakhtar Donetsk 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 Quarter - Final Magdeburg 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 4 -- 1 Semi-Final AEK FC 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 Final Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 ( a ) 1980 -- 81 First Round Panathinaikos 4 -- 0 2 -- 4 6 -- 4 Second Round Widzew Łódź 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 4 -- 4 , 1 -- 4 ( p ) 1987 -- 88 First Round Valletta 3 -- 0 4 -- 0 7 -- 0 Second Round Panathinaikos 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 3 -- 3 ( a ) 1988 -- 89 First Round Oţelul Galaţi 5 -- 0 0 -- 1 5 -- 1 Second Round Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 1 2 -- 3 7 -- 4 Third Round Liège 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Quarter - Final Napoli 2 -- 0 0 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) 2 -- 3 1989 -- 90 First Round Górnik Zabrze 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 5 -- 2 Second Round Paris Saint - Germain 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 Third Round FC Karl - Marx - Stadt 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 Quarter - Final Hamburger SV 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 Semi-Final Köln 3 -- 2 0 -- 0 3 -- 2 Final Fiorentina 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 1992 -- 93 First Round Anorthosis Famagusta 6 -- 1 4 -- 0 10 -- 1 Second Round Panathinaikos 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Third Round Sigma Olomouc 5 -- 0 2 -- 1 7 -- 1 Quarter - Final Benfica 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 Semi-Final Paris Saint - Germain 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 Final Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 6 -- 1 1993 -- 94 First Round Lokomotiv Moscow 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 Second Round Kongsvinger 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Third Round Tenerife 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 Quarter - Final Cagliari 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 1994 -- 95 First Round CSKA Sofia 5 -- 1 3 -- 0 8 -- 1 Second Round Marítimo 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 Third Round Admira Wacker 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 5 -- 2 Quarter - Final Eintracht Frankfurt 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 Semi-Final Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 4 -- 3 Final Parma 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 1999 -- 2000 First Round AC Omonia 5 -- 0 5 -- 2 10 -- 2 Second Round Levski Sofia 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 2 Third Round Olympiacos 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 4 -- 3 Fourth Round Celta Vigo 1 -- 0 0 -- 4 1 -- 4 2009 -- 10 Round of 32 Ajax 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 Round of 16 Fulham 3 -- 1 1 -- 4 4 -- 5 2010 -- 11 Third Qualifying Round Shamrock Rovers 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 Play - off Round Sturm Graz 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 Group A Lech Poznań 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 3rd Manchester City 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 Red Bull Salzburg 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2013 -- 14 Round of 32 Trabzonspor 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 Round of 16 Fiorentina 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Quarter - final Lyon 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 Semi-final Benfica 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 UEFA Intertoto Cup ( edit ) Season Round Opposition Home Away Aggregate Reference 1999 Third Round Ceahlăul Piatra Neamţ 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 ( a ) Semi -- Final Rostov 5 -- 1 4 -- 0 9 -- 1 Final Stade Rennais 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 4 -- 2 European Super Cup and UEFA Super Cup ( edit ) Season Opposition Home Away Aggregate Reference 1984 Liverpool 2 -- 0 Paris Saint - Germain 3 -- 1 6 -- 1 9 -- 2 UEFA - CONMEBOL Competitions ( edit ) Intercontinental Cup ( edit ) Season Round Opposition Score 1973 Final Independiente 0 -- 1 1985 Final Argentinos Juniors 2 -- 2 , 4 -- 2 ( p ) Final River Plate 1 -- 0 UEFA - non organised seasonal competitions ( edit ) Inter-Cities Fairs Cup ( edit ) Season Round Opposition Home Away Aggregate 1963 -- 64 First Round OFK Beograd 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 3 -- 3 ( po 1 -- 0 ) Second Round Atlético Madrid 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 Quarter - Final Real Zaragoza 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 3 1964 -- 65 First Round R. Union Saint - Gilloise 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Second Round Stade Français 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 Third Round Lokomotiv Plovdiv 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 3 ( po 2 -- 1 ) Quarter - Final Given bye Semi-Final Atlético Madrid 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 7 -- 5 ( po 3 -- 1 ) Final Ferencváros 0 -- 1 1966 -- 67 First Round Aris Thessaloniki 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 7 -- 0 Second Round Vitória 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 Third Round Dundee United 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 Quarter - Final Dinamo Zagreb 2 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 5 1968 -- 69 First Round FC Lausanne - Sport 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 Second Round Eintracht Frankfurt 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) 0 -- 1 1969 -- 70 First Round Lokomotiv Plovdiv 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 5 -- 2 Second Round Hertha BSC 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 1970 -- 71 First Round US Rumelange 7 -- 0 4 -- 0 11 -- 0 Second Round Barcelona 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 Third Round Pécsi MFC 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 Quarter - Final FC Twente 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) 4 -- 2 Semi-Final 1 . FC Köln 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Final Leeds United 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 ( a ) Overall Record ( edit ) By competition ( edit ) As of 13 February 2018 UEFA competitions includes European Champions ' Cup and Champions League , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , UEFA Cup and Europa League , UEFA Intertoto Cup , UEFA Super Cup and Intercontinental Cup . Competition Played Won Drew Lost GF GA GD Win % European Champions ' Cup / UEFA Champions League 7002258000000000000 ♠ 258 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 7002408000000000000 ♠ 408 7002250000000000000 ♠ 250 + 158 07001496100000000000 ♠ 49.61 Cup Winners ' Cup 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 + 34 07001629600000000000 ♠ 62.96 UEFA Cup / Europa League 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 7002101000000000000 ♠ 101 + 128 07001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 Super Cup 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 9 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 UEFA Intertoto Cup 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 10 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Intercontinental Cup 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 0 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Total 7002417000000000000 ♠ 417 7002227000000000000 ♠ 227 7001960000000000000 ♠ 96 7001940000000000000 ♠ 94 7002716000000000000 ♠ 716 7002381000000000000 ♠ 381 + 335 07001544400000000000 ♠ 54.44 Source : UEFA.com Pld = Matches played ; W = Matches won ; D = Matches drawn ; L = Matches lost ; GF = Goals for ; GA = Goals against ; GD = Goal Difference . By country ( edit ) As of 13 February 2018 Country Pld GF GA GD Win % Argentina 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 0 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Austria 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 + 18 07001650000000000000 ♠ 65.00 Belarus 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 0 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Belgium 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 10 07001714300000000000 ♠ 71.43 Bulgaria 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 + 22 07001647099999999999 ♠ 64.71 Croatia 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 + 7 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Cyprus 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 22 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Czech Republic / Czechoslovakia 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 + 8 07001590900000000000 ♠ 59.09 Denmark 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 9 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 England 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 + 6 07001383009999900000 ♠ 38.30 Finland 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 7 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 France 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 + 25 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Germany / West Germany 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 + 14 07001456100000000000 ♠ 45.61 Greece 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 + 30 07001653790000000000 ♠ 65.38 Hungary 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 + 22 07001523800000000000 ♠ 52.38 Iceland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 11 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Ireland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 3 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Israel 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 3 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Italy 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 + 1 07001307700000000000 ♠ 30.77 Luxembourg 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 19 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Malta 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 18 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Netherlands 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 + 9 07001450000000000000 ♠ 45.00 Northern Ireland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 6 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Norway 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 7 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Poland 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 + 13 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Portugal 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 + 11 07001588200000000000 ♠ 58.82 Romania 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 8 07001375000000000000 ♠ 37.50 Russia 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 13 07001833300000000000 ♠ 83.33 Scotland 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 + 22 07001687500000000000 ♠ 68.75 Serbia 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 7 07001800000000000000 ♠ 80.00 Slovakia 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 6 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Spain 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 + 5 07001384600000000000 ♠ 38.46 Sweden 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 7 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Switzerland 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 11 07001833300000000000 ♠ 83.33 Turkey 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 5 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Ukraine 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 12 07001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 See also ( edit ) List of UEFA club competition winners UEFA club competition records and statistics Italian football clubs in international competitions Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karel Stokkermans ( 10 August 1999 ) . `` Mitropa Cup 1929 '' . The Record Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ In addition , Juventus F.C. were the first club in association football history to have won all possible confederation competitions ( e.g. the international tournaments organised by UEFA ) and remain the only in the world to achieve this , cf . `` Legend : UEFA club competitions '' . Union des Associations Européennes de Football . 21 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . `` 1985 : Juventus end European drought '' . Union des Associations Européennes de Football . 8 December 1985 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La primera final italiana '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . La Vanguardia. 2003 - 05 - 15 . p. 55 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Juventus building bridges in Serie B '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Confermato : I più titolati al mondo ! '' ( in Italian ) . A.C. Milan S.p.A official website . 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Football Federation : Profile '' . Union des Associations Européennes de Football . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Al Ahly é o clube com mais títulos internacionais ; São Paulo é o 7o '' ( in Portuguese ) . Placar. 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Football : Juventus FC '' . Union des Associations Européennes de Football . 19 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's club of the Century '' . International Federation of Football History & Statistics . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Karel Stokkermans ( 21 December 2010 ) . `` Consecutive Participations '' . The Record Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the UEFA Cup '' . Union des Associations Européennes de Football . Retrieved 5 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Giovanni Trapattoni '' . Union des Associations Européennes de Football . 31 May 2010 . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 : Juventus end European drought '' . Union des Associations Européennes de Football . 8 December 1985 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sorteo de las competiciones europeas de fútbol : el Fram de Reykjavic , primer adversario del F.C. Barcelona en la Recopa '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . La Vanguardia. 13 July 1988 . p. 53 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1958 -- 59 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1960 -- 61 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1961 -- 62 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1967 -- 68 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1972 -- 73 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1973 -- 74 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1975 -- 76 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1977 -- 78 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1978 -- 79 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1981 -- 82 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1982 -- 83 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1984 -- 85 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1985 -- 86 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1986 -- 87 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1995 -- 96 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1996 -- 97 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1997 -- 98 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1998 -- 99 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2000 -- 01 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2001 -- 02 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2002 -- 03 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2003 -- 04 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2004 -- 05 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2005 -- 06 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2008 -- 09 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2009 -- 10 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2012 -- 13 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2013 -- 14 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2014 -- 15 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2015 -- 16 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA European Competitions 2016 - 17 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2017 -- 18 '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` European Competitions 1965 -- 66 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European Competitions 1979 -- 80 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European Competitions 1983 -- 84 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European Competitions 1990 -- 91 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 1971 -- 72 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 1974 -- 75 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 1976 -- 77 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 1980 -- 81 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 1987 -- 88 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 1988 -- 89 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 1989 -- 90 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 1992 -- 93 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 1993 -- 94 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 1994 -- 95 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 1999 -- 2000 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 2009 -- 10 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 2010 -- 11 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 2013 -- 14 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Intertoto Cup 1999 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European Super Cup 1984 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Super Cup 1996 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nations Summary '' . myjuve.com . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Juventus Football Club Players Managers Chairmen Reserves & Academy Honours Records and Statistics In European competitions Current season History Foundation and historical evolution Seasons Contribution to Italy national teams Nazio - Juve Blocco - Juve The Invincibles Home stadium Allianz Stadium ( 2011 -- present ) Stadio Olimpico ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Stadio delle Alpi ( 1990 -- 2006 ) Stadio Comunale ( 1933 -- 1990 ) Campo Juventus ( 1922 -- 1933 ) Stadio di Corso Sebastopoli ( 1909 -- 1922 ) Stadio Motovelodromo Umberto I ( 1905 -- 1906 ) Training ground Juventus Center ( 2006 -- present ) Other facilities J - Museum ( 2012 -- present ) J - Medical ( 2016 -- present ) Media JTV ( 2006 -- present ) HJ Magazine ( 1915 -- present ) Supporters Juventus ultras Heysel Stadium disaster ( 1985 ) Rivalries Internazionale Milan Torino Ownership Agnelli family ( though EXOR N.V. ( 2009 -- present ) IFIL Investments S.p.A. ( 2003 -- 2009 ) Istituto Finanziario Industriale S.p.A. ( 1967 -- 2003 ) direct administration ( 1949 -- 1967 ) ) Compagnia Industriale Sportiva Italia ( 1943 -- 1949 ) Other teams Women 's football ( 2017 -- present ) Popular culture Black and White Stripes : The Juventus Story ( 2016 ) First Team : Juventus ( 2018 ) Related articles TIM Trophy Trofeo Luigi Berlusconi Zona mista Wikidata Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wiktionary Italian clubs in European football Atalanta Bologna Brescia Cagliari Cesena Chievo Empoli Fiorentina Genoa Internazionale Juventus Lazio Livorno Milan Napoli Palermo Parma Perugia Roma Sampdoria Sassuolo Torino Udinese Verona Vicenza Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juventus_F.C._in_European_football&oldid=825539412 '' Categories : Juventus F.C. Italian football clubs in European football Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 23 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did juventus last won the champions league | [
"\n\nSeason\nRound\nOpposition\nHome\nAway\nAggregate\nReference\n\n\n1958–59\nPreliminary Round\n Wiener Sport-Club\n3–1\n0–7\n3–8\n[15]\n\n\n1960–61\nPreliminary Round\n CSKA Sofia\n2–0\n1–4\n3–4\n[16]\n\n\n1961–62\nPreliminary Round\n Panathinaikos\n2–1\n1–1\n3–2\n[17]\n\n\nFirst Round\n Partizan Belgrade\n5–0\n2–1\n7–1\n\n\nQuarter Final\n Real Madrid\n1–0\n0–1\n2–4 (po 1–3)\n\n\n1967–68\nFirst Round\n Olympiacos\n2–0\n0–0\n2–0\n[18]\n\n\nSecond Round\n Rapid Bucurest\n1–0\n0–0\n1–0\n\n\nQuarter-Final\n Eintracht Braunschweig\n1–0\n2–3\n4–3 (po 1–0)\n\n\nSemi-Final\n Benfica\n0–1\n0–2\n0–3\n\n\n1972–73\nFirst Round\n Marseille\n3–0\n0–1\n3–1\n[19]\n\n\nSecond Round\n Magdeburg\n1–0\n1–0\n2–0\n\n\nQuarter-Final\n Újpest Dózsa\n0–0\n2–2\n2–2 (a)\n\n\nSemi-Final\n Derby County\n3–1\n0–0\n3–1\n\n\nFinal\n Ajax\n0–1 (N)\n\n\n1973–74\nFirst Round\n Dynamo Dresden\n3–2\n0–2\n3–4\n[20]\n\n\n1975–76\nFirst Round\n CSKA Sofia\n2–0\n1–2\n3–2\n[21]\n\n\nSecond Round\n Borussia Mönchengladbach\n2–2\n0–2\n2–4\n\n\n1977–78\nFirst Round\n Omonia\n2–0\n3–0\n5–0\n[22]\n\n\nSecond Round\n Glentoran\n5–0\n1–0\n6–0\n\n\nQuarter-Final\n Ajax\n1–1\n1–1\n1–1, 3–0 (p)\n\n\nSemi-Final\n Club Brugge\n1–0\n0–2\n1–2\n\n\n1978–79\nFirst Round\n Rangers\n1–0\n0–2\n1–2\n[23]\n\n\n1981–82\nFirst Round\n Celtic\n2–0\n0–1\n2–1\n[24]\n\n\nSecond Round\n Anderlecht\n1–1\n1–3\n2–4\n\n\n1982–83\nFirst Round\n Hvidovre\n3–3\n4–1\n7–4\n[25]\n\n\nSecond Round\n Standard Liège\n2–0\n1–1\n3–1\n\n\nQuarter-Final\n Aston Villa\n3–1\n2–1\n5–2\n\n\nSemi-Final\n Widzew Łódź\n2–0\n2–2\n4–2\n\n\nFinal\n Hamburg\n0–1 (N)\n\n\n1984–85\nFirst Round\n Tampere United\n2–1\n4–0\n6–1\n[26]\n\n\nSecond Round\n Grasshopper Zürich\n2–0\n4–2\n6–2\n\n\nQuarter-Final\n Sparta Prague\n3–0\n0–1\n3–1\n\n\nSemi-Final\n Bordeaux\n3–0\n0–2\n3–2\n\n\nFinal\n Liverpool\n1–0 (N)\n\n\n1985–86\nFirst Round\n Jeunesse Esch\n4–1\n5–0\n9–1\n[27]\n\n\nSecond Round\n Hellas Verona\n2–0\n0–0\n2–0\n\n\nQuarter-Final\n Barcelona\n1–1\n0–1\n1–2\n\n\n1986–87\nFirst Round\n Valur\n7–0\n4–0\n11–0\n[28]\n\n\nSecond Round\n Real Madrid\n1–0\n0–1\n1–1, 1–3 (p)\n\n\n1995–96\nGroup C\n Borussia Dortmund\n1–2\n3–1\n1st\n[29]\n\n\n Steaua Bucurest\n3–0\n0–0\n\n\n Rangers\n4–1\n4–0\n\n\nQuarter-Final\n Real Madrid\n2–0\n0–1\n2–1\n\n\nSemi-Final\n Nantes\n2–0\n2–3\n4–3\n\n\nFinal\n Ajax\n1–1, 4–2 (p) (N)\n\n\n1996–97\nGroup C\n Manchester United\n1–0\n0–1\n1st\n[30]\n\n\n Fenerbahçe\n2–0\n1–0\n\n\n Rapid Vienna\n5–0\n1–1\n\n\nQuarter-Final\n Rosenborg\n2–0\n1–1\n3–1\n\n\nSemi-Final\n Ajax\n4–1\n2–1\n6–2\n\n\nFinal\n Borussia Dortmund\n1–3 (N)\n\n\n1997–98\nGroup B\n Feyenoord\n5–1\n0–2\n2nd\n[31]\n\n\n Manchester United\n1–0\n2–3\n\n\n Košice\n3–2\n1–0\n\n\nQuarter-Final\n Dynamo Kiev\n1–1\n4–1\n5–2\n\n\nSemi-Final\n Monaco\n4–1\n2–3\n6–4\n\n\nFinal\n Real Madrid\n0–1 (N)\n\n\n1998–99\nGroup B\n Galatasaray\n1–1\n2–2\n1st\n[32]\n\n\n Rosenborg\n2–0\n1–1\n\n\n Athletic Bilbao\n1–1\n0–0\n\n\nQuarter-Final\n Olympiacos\n2–1\n1–1\n3–2\n\n\nSemi-Final\n Manchester United\n2–3\n1–1\n3–4\n\n\n2000–01\nGroup E\n Hamburg\n1–3\n4–4\n4th\n[33]\n\n\n Panathinaikos\n2–1\n1–3\n\n\n Deportivo La Coruña\n0–0\n1–1\n\n\n2001–02\nGroup E\n Celtic\n3–2\n3–4\n1st\n[34]\n\n\n Rosenborg\n1–0\n1–1\n\n\n Porto\n3–1\n0–0\n\n\nGroup D Second Round\n Bayer Leverkusen\n4–0\n1–3\n4th\n\n\n Arsenal\n1–0\n1–3\n\n\n Deportivo La Coruña\n0–0\n0–2\n\n\n2002–03\nGroup E\n Feyenoord\n2–0\n1–1\n1st\n[35]\n\n\n Dynamo Kiev\n5–0\n2–1\n\n\n Newcastle United\n2–0\n0–1\n\n\nGroup D Second Round\n Deportivo La Coruña\n3–2\n2–2\n2nd\n\n\n Basel\n4–0\n1–2\n\n\n Manchester United\n0–3\n1–2\n\n\nQuarter-Final\n Barcelona\n1–1\n2–1\n3–2\n\n\nSemi-Final\n Real Madrid\n3–1\n1–2\n4–3\n\n\nFinal\n Milan\n0–0, 2–3 (p) (N)\n\n\n2003–04\nGroup D\n Galatasaray\n2–1\n0–2 (N)\n1st\n[36]\n\n\n Olympiacos\n7–0\n2–1\n\n\n Real Sociedad\n4–2\n0–0\n\n\nRound of 16\n Deportivo La Coruña\n0–1\n0–1\n0–2\n\n\n2004–05\nThird Qualifying Round\n Djurgården\n2–2\n4–1\n6–3\n[37]\n\n\nGroup C\n Ajax\n1–0\n1–0\n1st\n\n\n Maccabi Tel Aviv\n1–0\n1–1\n\n\n Bayern Munich\n1–0\n1–0\n\n\nRound of 16\n Real Madrid\n2–0\n0–1\n2–1\n\n\nQuarter-Final\n Liverpool\n0–0\n1–2\n1–2\n\n\n2005–06\nGroup A\n Club Brugge\n1–0\n2–1\n1st\n[38]\n\n\n Rapid Wien\n3–0\n3–1\n\n\n Bayern Munich\n2–1\n1–2\n\n\nRound of 16\n Werder Bremen\n2–1\n2–3\n4–4 (a)\n\n\nQuarter-Final\n Arsenal\n0–0\n0–2\n0–2\n\n\n2008–09\nThird Qualifying Round\n Artmedia Bratislava\n4–0\n1–1\n5–1\n[39]\n\n\nGroup H\n Zenit St. Petersburg\n1–0\n0–0\n1st\n\n\n BATE Borisov\n0–0\n2–2\n\n\n Real Madrid\n2–1\n2–0\n\n\nRound of 16\n Chelsea\n2–2\n0–1\n2–3\n\n\n2009–10\nGroup A\n Bordeaux\n1–1\n0–2\n3rd\n[40]\n\n\n Bayern Munich\n1–4\n0–0\n\n\n Maccabi Haifa\n1–0\n1–0\n\n\n2012–13\nGroup E\n Chelsea\n3–0\n2–2\n1st\n[41]\n\n\n Shakhtar Donetsk\n1–1\n1–0\n\n\n Nordsjælland\n4–0\n1–1\n\n\nRound of 16\n Celtic\n2–0\n3–0\n5–0\n\n\nQuarter-finals\n Bayern Munich\n0–2\n0–2\n0–4\n\n\n2013–14\nGroup B\n Real Madrid\n2–2\n1–2\n3rd\n[42]\n\n\n Galatasaray\n2–2\n0–1\n\n\n København\n3–1\n1–1\n\n\n2014–15\nGroup A\n Atletico Madrid\n0–0\n0–1\n2nd\n[43]\n\n\n Olympiakos\n3–2\n0–1\n\n\n Malmo\n2–0\n2–0\n\n\nRound of 16\n Borussia Dortmund\n2–1\n3–0\n5–1\n\n\nQuarter-finals\n Monaco\n1–0\n0–0\n1–0\n\n\nSemi-finals\n Real Madrid\n2–1\n1–1\n3–2\n\n\nFinal\n Barcelona\n1–3 (N)\n\n\n2015–16\nGroup D\n Manchester City\n1–0\n2–1\n2nd\n[44]\n\n\n Sevilla\n2–0\n0–1\n\n\n Borussia Mönchengladbach\n0–0\n1–1\n\n\nRound of 16\n Bayern Munich\n2–2\n2–4 (a.e.t.)\n4–6\n\n\n2016–17\nGroup H\n Sevilla\n0–0\n3–1\n1st\n[45]\n\n\n Dinamo Zagreb\n2–0\n4–0\n\n\n Lyon\n1–1\n1–0\n\n\nRound of 16\n Porto\n1–0\n2–0\n3–0\n\n\nQuarter-finals\n Barcelona\n3–0\n0–0\n3–0\n\n\nSemi-finals\n Monaco\n2–1\n2–0\n4–1\n\n\nFinal\n Real Madrid\n1–4 (N)\n\n\n2017–18\nGroup D\n Barcelona\n0–0\n0–3\n2nd\n[46]\n\n\n Olympiacos\n2–0\n2–0\n\n\n Sporting\n2–1\n1–1\n\n\nRound of 16\n Tottenham Hotspur\n2–2\n–\n–\n\n"
] | [
"1995–96"
] |
4814277816828408246 | Apple TV | Apple TV - Wikipedia Apple TV Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the media player . For the software app , see Apple TV ( software ) . Not to be confused with Macintosh TV . Apple TV Apple TV 4K Developer Apple Inc . Manufacturer Apple Inc . Foxconn ( under contract ) Pegatron ( under contract ) Type Set - top box microconsole Release date 1st : January 9 , 2007 ; 11 years ago ( 2007 - 01 - 09 ) 2nd : September 1 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 - 09 - 01 ) 3rd : March 7 , 2012 ; 6 years ago ( 2012 - 03 - 07 ) 3rd Rev A : January 28 , 2013 ; 5 years ago ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) 4th : October 29 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) 5th ( 4K ) : September 22 , 2017 ; 8 months ago ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) Introductory price US $ 299.00 ( 1st generation ) US $99.00 ( 2nd and 3rd generation ) US $149.00 ( 32 GB 4th generation ) / US $179.00 ( 32 GB 5th generation ) / US $199.00 ( 64 GB 4th and 5th generation ) Operating system 1st : Apple TV Software 3.0. 2 Based on Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger Released February 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 2nd : Apple TV Software 6.2. 1 Based on iOS 7.1. 2 Released June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 3rd and 3rd Rev A : Apple TV Software 7.2. 2 Based on iOS 8.4. 2 Released December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) 4th and 5th ( 4K ) : tvOS 11 Based on iOS 11 Released 2017 ( 2017 ) CPU 1st : Intel Pentium M 2nd : Apple A4 3rd and 3rd Rev A : Apple A5 4th : Apple A8 at 1.5 GHz 5th ( 4K ) : Apple A10X Fusion Memory 1st and 2nd : 256 MB 3rd and 3rd Rev A : 512 MB 4th : 2 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM 5th : 3 GB LPDDR4 SDRAM Storage 1st : 40 or 160 GB 2nd , 3rd , and 3rd Rev A : 8 GB ( Not user - accessible , caching only ) 4th and 5th ( 4K ) : 32 or 64 GB NAND Flash Input Apple Magic Keyboard Apple Wireless Keyboard ( most bluetooth keyboards ) Apple Remote Apple Siri Remote ( 4th generation and later ) Bluetooth wireless gaming controllers ( 4th generation and later ) iPhone ( via Remote app ) iPod Touch ( via Remote app ) iPad ( via Remote app ) Connectivity Bluetooth Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) 10 / 100 Ethernet , Gigabit Ethernet ( 5th generation ) Micro-USB ( 3rd generation ) USB - C ( 4th generation ) HDMI Optical audio ( prior to 4th generation ) Online services As of October 27 , 2016 8,000 total apps , including 2,000 games and 1,600 video apps for 4th and 5th generation models . Dimensions 1st : 28 mm ( 1.1 in ) ( h ) 197 mm ( 7.7 in ) ( w ) 197 mm ( 7.7 in ) ( d ) 2nd , 3rd , and 3rd Rev A : 23 mm ( 0.9 in ) ( h ) 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) ( w ) 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) ( d ) 4th and 5th ( 4K ) : 35 mm ( 1.4 in ) ( h ) 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) ( w ) 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) ( d ) Weight 1st : 2.4 lb ( 1.09 kg ) 2nd , 3rd , and 3rd Rev A : 0.6 lb ( 0.27 kg ) 4th and 5th ( 4K ) : 15 oz ( 425 g ) Website www.apple.com/tv/ Apple TV is a digital media player and microconsole developed and sold by Apple Inc . It is a small network appliance and entertainment device that can receive digital data from a number of sources and stream it to a capable television . Apple TV is an HDMI - compliant source device . To use it for viewing , it has to be connected to an enhanced - definition or high - definition widescreen television via an HDMI cable . The device has no integrated controls and can only be controlled externally , either by an Apple Remote control device ( with which it is sold ) using its infrared / Bluetooth capability , by the Apple TV Remote app ( downloadable from App Store ) on iOS devices , such as the iPhone , iPod Touch , iPad , and Apple Watch , using its Wi - Fi capability , or by some third - party infrared remotes . Its Wi - Fi capability is also used to receive digital content from various iOS apps using AirPlay or directly from the iTunes Store , which is then streamed to the TV . It also plays digital content from the iTunes Store , Netflix , Hulu , Now TV ( UK only ) , SlingTV , PlayStation Vue , Amazon Prime Video , DirecTV , YouTube , and Vevo along with HBO Now , Showtime Anytime , Starz , and the TV Everywhere portals of several cable and broadcast networks , and the video subscription portals of three of the four major North American sports leagues : MLB.tv , NBA League Pass , and NHL.tv . It plays content from any macOS or Windows computer running iTunes . Apple began to promote the Live Tune - In feature that allows the viewer to ask Siri to tune to live streams of CBS , ESPN , and Disney XD among many others that support Live Tune - In . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1st generation history 1.2 2nd and 3rd generation history 1.3 4th and 5th generation history 2 Features 2.1 App Store 2.2 Accessibility 2.3 Restrictions 2.4 Local sources 2.4. 1 Supported formats 2.5 Connectivity 2.6 AirPlay 2.7 Remote control 2.8 Siri 3 Software 3.1 1st generation 3.1. 1 Apple TV Software 1.0 3.1. 2 Apple TV Software 2.0 3.1. 3 Apple TV Software 3.0 3.2 2nd and 3rd generation 3.3 4th and 5th generation 4 Technical specifications 5 Limitations 5.1 Functionality 6 Sales 6.1 1st generation sales 6.2 2nd generation sales 6.3 3rd generation sales 6.4 4th generation sales 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) 1st generation History ( edit ) Apple TV was unveiled as a work in progress called `` iTV '' on September 12 , 2006 using a modified Front Row interface using the Apple Remote . Apple started taking pre-orders for Apple TV on January 9 , 2007 . The name `` iTV '' was originally going to be used to keep it in line with the rest of their `` i '' - based products ( iMac , iPod , etc . ) , but was not used because the British terrestrial broadcast network ITV holds the rights to the name in the UK and threatened to take legal action against Apple . Apple TV started shipping on March 21 , 2007 with a 40 GB hard disk . Apple released a 160 GB HDD model on May 31 , 2007 ; and ceased selling the 40 GB HDD version on September 14 , 2009 . On January 15 , 2008 , a major and free software upgrade was announced ; this turned the Apple TV into a stand - alone device that no longer required a computer running iTunes on Mac OS X or Windows to stream or sync content to it , and making most of the Apple TV 's hard disk redundant . The update allowed the device to rent and purchase content directly from iTunes Store , as well as download podcasts and stream photos from MobileMe ( which was called . Mac at the time ) and Flickr . This update did away with Front Row and introduced a new interface for the original Apple TV in which content was organized into six categories , all of which appeared in a large square box on the screen upon startup ( movies , TV shows , music , YouTube , podcasts , and photos ) and presented in the initial menu , along with a `` Settings '' option for configuration , including software updates . On July 10 , 2008 , Apple released the iTunes Remote app on the App Store , and the Apple TV 2.1 software update that added recognition for the iPhone and iPod Touch as remote control devices intended as a software alternative to the Apple Remote . Later updates to the Apple TV , iTunes , and Remote software added support for the iPad , and introduced support for new features as they were added to iTunes . In July 2011 , Apple discontinued the Front Row interface for Mac users , leaving subsequent Apple TVs as the only officially - supported 10 - foot user interface from Apple . On September 9 , 2015 , Apple officially classified the first generation Apple TV as being obsolete / vintage which means that owners of first generation Apple TV will no longer be able to get service after this date . In September 2017 , with the release of iTunes 12.7 , it is no longer possible to sync and stream with the first generation Apple TV , although it is not listed in the iTunes update release notes . Beginning May 25 , 2018 , security changes will prevent Apple TV ( 1st generation ) from using the iTunes Store . This device is an obsolete Apple product and will not be updated to support these security changes . 2nd and 3rd generation History ( edit ) The second generation Apple TV was unveiled on September 1 , 2010 , and was the first to run on a variant of iOS . The device was now housed in a smaller , all - black case , one - quarter the size of the original . The new model did away with an internal hard drive and had 8 GB internal flash storage , enough local storage for buffering purposes ; all media was now streamed , instead of synced . The new device could also stream rented content from iTunes and video from computers or iOS devices via AirPlay . All content is drawn from online or locally connected sources . In the March 7 , 2012 presentation that mainly dealt with the third generation iPad , Apple CEO Tim Cook announced a third version of the Apple TV . The third generation Apple TV is externally identical to the second generation model and includes a single - core A5 processor . It also supports 1080p content from iTunes and Netflix . On January 28 , 2013 , Apple silently released a third generation `` Rev A '' which included component changes . On March 9 , 2015 , Apple reduced the price of the 3rd generation ( Rev A ) Apple TV to $69 . On October 4 , 2016 , 9to5Mac reported that Apple had phased out the Apple TV 3rd generation , with Apple Store employees instructed to pull all units and demo units from store shelves . Shortly afterwards , Apple took down the purchase page for the Apple TV 3rd generation from its website , with the link redirecting to the purchase page for the Apple TV 4th generation . Amazon Video was automatically added to 3rd generation Apple TVs running 7.2. 2 on December 6 , 2017 . 4th and 5th generation History ( edit ) On September 9 , 2015 , Apple announced the 4th generation Apple TV , to ship in October 2015 . It is the first major update to the platform since the release of the 2nd generation Apple TV on September 1 , 2010 . Tim Cook took the stage and said `` The future of TV is apps '' . He also stated that the Apple TV needed a modern OS . While matching the form factor of the 2nd and 3rd generation models , it is significantly taller . The 4th generation Apple TV features a new touch remote allowing swipe - to - select functionality instead of the old remote 's arrow button , and integrated Siri support with a built - in microphone and an accelerometer ( IMU ) . The Siri button on the remote allows several functions , including searching across providers for content , accessing additional metadata and video / audio controls . The 4th generation also uses a new operating system , tvOS , with an associated app store , allowing download of third - party apps for video , audio , games and other content . Upon release , the third - party apps were available from a limited range of providers , with new APIs providing opportunities for more third - party apps to be released in the future . A requirement of new apps and games is that they must include interfacing with the new touchpad - enabled Siri remote . Apple 's senior vice president of Software Engineering Craig Federighi said that tvOS 9 is 95 percent based on iOS 9 with the interface and APIs being tweaked to support the big screen . Upon launch , there were several unexpected issues which included incompatibility with Apple 's Remote app for iOS and watchOS , which were fixed by Apple in December 2015 . As Amazon 's Fire TV competes directly with the Apple TV , Amazon initially declined to develop an Amazon Video application for the Apple TV and declined to sell the 4th generation Apple TV , along with removing all 3rd generation SKUs in late October 2015 . Amazon reversed their stance and released their app in late 2017 , and has stated that the Apple TV will be sold on Amazon as well . On September 13 , 2016 , Apple released the tvOS 10 software update for the Apple TV , bringing an all new remote app , single - sign on , dark mode , HomeKit support , and many more features to the 4th generation Apple TV . On September 12 , 2017 , Apple announced the 5th generation Apple TV , named Apple TV 4K , which supports 2160p output , HDR10 , Dolby Vision , and includes a faster Apple A10X Fusion processor . Externally it is similar to the 4th generation model , with the only differences being the addition of vents on the base , the removal of the USB - C port , and the addition of a white outline around the menu button on the included Siri Remote . Following the announcement of the new models , the 64 GB version of the 4th generation Apple TV was discontinued . Features ( edit ) Apple TV allows consumers to use an HDTV to stream video , music , and podcasts as well as downloading apps and games from the tvOS App Store . The first , second , and third generations offered limited content which Apple had provisioned to work with Apple TV . These have now been discontinued in favor of the fourth generation Apple TV , with an OS based on iOS called tvOS which lets developers create their own apps with their own interface that run on Apple TV . These include multimedia , music apps , and games . Features of Apple TV include : Video Streaming The primary function of Apple TV is streaming video through the internet . Users of Apple TV can rent or buy movies and TV shows from the iTunes Store , or stream video from a variety of services found in the tvOS App Store such as Netflix , Amazon Prime Video , Hulu , YouTube , Vimeo , HBO Now , Showtime , Sling TV , and DirecTV Now . Users can stream live and on - demand content from apps that support login through a cable provider by way of one universal app called TV . TV unifies all content into one central application that allows the user to watch whatever they want from any source while providing recommendations . These include ABC , NBC , CBS , NBA , NFL , NHL , WatchESPN , History Channel , Food Network , CNN , Fox News , HGTV , Disney , National Geographic , and many others . The upcoming single - sign on feature in tvOS 10.1 will allow users to log in to all of these apps at once , bypassing the need to authenticate each individually . Music and Podcasts Streaming Users can access their music and podcasts libraries that they purchased in iTunes through iCloud through the Music and Podcasts apps , respectively . In addition , users can also subscribe to music streaming services such as Apple Music , Pandora , Qello , and Vevo and access content that way . Photos The built in Photos app syncs user photos from iCloud Photo Library and displays them on TV . In addition , users can download third - party apps like Adobe Lightroom to view , edit and share them . Apps and Games With the fourth generation Apple TV and later , users can download apps and games from the tvOS App Store . This app store is similar to the one found on the Apple iPhone and iPad . Apps can now be ported from iOS easily by developers since tvOS and iOS share a common codebase and kernel . Examples include the Papa John 's Pizza app which allows for users to order pizza right from Apple TV and Zillow which allows users to search for homes right on their TV . Games use the Accelerometer and Gyroscope along with the touchpad found on the Siri Remote for control . External Bluetooth Game controllers : ( such as the SteelSeries Nimbus , or the HORIPAD ULTIMATE Wireless Gaming Controller ) can also be paired . Examples include Asphalt 8 , a driving game which can be played using the Siri Remote . Casting and Mirroring With AirPlay , users can stream or mirror content from your iOS device or Mac wirelessly . AirPlay can be accessed by swiping up from the bottom of the screen in Control Center on iOS or in the Menu Bar on a Mac . There are several different functions to AirPlay . These include : Casting which allows users to wirelessly send video or audio from their iPhone , iPad , or Mac to the Apple TV Mirroring which allows users to wirelessly mirror their Mac screen or AirPlay device which to the TV , using it as a second monitor . Peer - to - Peer AirPlay which uses Bluetooth to connect if the Apple TV and the iOS Device / Mac are not on the same Wi - Fi network . Siri Siri is a voice assistant on tvOS that allows a user to check the weather , stocks , sports scores , as well as searching for content across a multitude of different applications . Voice dictation can also be used in text fields , including usernames and passwords . Universal search is available for a wide number of apps in the United States , but the feature is limited to iTunes and Netflix in Canada , France , Germany , and the United Kingdom . In Australia , universal search supports movies and TV shows in iTunes , Netflix , and Stan . Apple has been rapidly expanding the feature to encompass additional channels worldwide . HomeKit The third generation Apple TV and later can also be used as a home hub to control all of the HomeKit devices , such as locks , thermostats , or garage doors , in one 's home , either locally or over the Internet . However , HomeKit Automation , such as automatic implementation of scenes , is only possible with a fourth generation Apple TV or later . A user can use Siri on Apple TV ( 4th generation or later ) to control the devices . General HDMI CEC to control other devices in a user 's home theater setup . App Switcher which enables users to switch apps Aerial Screensaver which allows the TV to display a flyover view of a city when Apple TV is inactive . Screensavers can also be invoked from the home screen by pressing menu on the Siri Remote once . App Store ( edit ) With the fourth generation Apple TV and tvOS , Apple announced an App Store which will allow any developer to make apps using the APIs available specifically tailored towards the TV . Also , since tvOS is based on iOS , any developer can port over apps from iOS and with a few modifications , as Apple stated on stage , and can make them available for all tvOS users with the App Store . The App Store will not be available to previous Apple TVs and will be a feature of the fourth generation Apple TV onward . Accessibility ( edit ) Since tvOS and watchOS are based on iOS , they have inherited many of the accessibility features of iOS and macOS and are compatible with Apple 's entire product line including the Apple Watch as a remote controller for the Apple TV . tvOS includes the Apple technologies of VoiceOver , Zoom , and Siri to help the blind and those with low vision . VoiceOver , Apple 's screen reader is available for more than 30 languages and enables visually impaired users to know what is on the visual display and input responses to on - screen prompts . VoiceOver gestures uses gestures that Apple users are already familiar with in other Apple products ( flicks , taps , and the rotor ) making the Apple TV familiar to the disabled in a way akin to how Apple designs their products to have a fit and finish consistency across product lines be it familiarity with macOS on a Macintosh , watchOS on an Apple Watch , or the iOS operating system on iPhones , iPads , or iPods . Like other Apple products such as the iPhone with a three click sequence on the home button to activate accessibility features , with Apple TV 's tvOS , the disabled user can activate VoiceOver without any installation process . One needs only to triple - click the Menu button on the Siri Remote and the Apple TV will guide the user through the complete initial setup , a task that is non-trivial to the visually impaired in most comparable products on the market . Another accessibility feature is to increase contrast on the screen which acts by reducing the transparency of background elements on Movie and TV Show pages , menu tabs , and other parts of the operating system . The visually impaired can also turn on a high - contrast cursor to better delineate the focused content . The user can also opt to turn on `` reduce motion '' which in some screen actions , such as moving between app icons on the Home screen and launching apps are visually simpler which is of benefit to reduce strain on the eyes . tvOS enables users to watch movies with audio descriptions of what is being shown on the screen . Movies with audio descriptions are displayed with the AD ( Audio Description ) icon in the iTunes Store for tvOS and in iTunes on a Macintosh or Windows PC . Pairing a Bluetooth keyboard with the tvOS on the Apple TV enables another accessibility feature that also is an incorporation of VoiceOver . When typing , VoiceOver mirrors with an audio voice , each character pressed on the keyboard and repeated again when it is entered . The Apple TV is designed to work with the Apple Wireless Keyboard or the Apple Magic Keyboard . It will work with almost any brand of bluetooth keyboard . Apple TV with and without tvOS supports closed captioning , so the deaf or hard of hearing can experience TV episodes and feature - length movies . Compatible episodes and movies are denoted with a CC ( closed captioning ) or SDH ( Descriptive Audio ) icon in the iTunes Store either on the Apple TV or in iTunes itself . The viewer can customize the captions in episodes or movies with styles and fonts that are more conducive to their hearing and / or visual impairment . The Touch surface on the Siri Remote is customizable . Tracking when setting to Fast adjusts the thumb movements made to amplify the distance in relation to how far the thumb has moved on the glass touchpad . Conversely when tracking is set to slow , larger movements of the thumb on the touchpad will tune down the distance that is traversed on the screen . This can be of great help to those struggling with Parkinson 's or other movement disorders to be able to use the Apple TV in a way that fits their disability . Apple 's Remote app on iOS devices allows control of the Apple TV from an iPhone , iPad or iPod Touch . The iOS remote app increases the accessibility of the Apple TV by enabling Switch Control . Switch Control is a unique Apple technology that enables navigation sequentially through onscreen items and perform specific actions such as selecting , tapping , dragging , typing using third party Bluetooth - enabled switch hardware made for those with handicaps . Restrictions ( edit ) Similar to Google 's redesign of YouTube , Apple has restricted access to most viewed charts on movies and podcasts . They are replaced by `` Top Movies '' , `` Top Podcasts '' , and `` Editor 's Picks '' . User may be under the impression that a `` Top '' media is equivalent of most popular or most watched . Parental controls allow consumers to limit access to Internet media service content via `` Restrictions '' settings ; individual services can be turned off ( e.g. , to reduce clutter ) , icons can be rearranged via the tap - and - hold technique à la iOS . Internet media is split into four categories : `` Internet Photos '' , `` YouTube '' , `` Podcasts '' , and `` Purchase and Rental '' . Each of the categories is configured by a parental control of `` Show '' , `` Hide '' or `` Ask '' to prompt for a 4 - digit PIN . In addition , movies , TV shows , music and podcasts can be restricted by rating . Local sources ( edit ) Apple TV can sync or stream photos , music and videos from a computer running iTunes . A user can connect a computer on a local network to maintain a central home media library of digitized CD , DVD or HD content , provide direct connectivity to photo organization software such as iPhoto , limit home video access to a local network only , play Internet radio , or preload content on Apple TV to be used later as a non-networked video player . For users who wish to connect the Apple TV to a computer , synchronization and streaming modes are supported . Apple TV in synchronization mode works in a way similar to the iPod . It is paired with an iTunes library on a single computer and can synchronize with that library , copying all or selected content to its own storage . Apple TV need not remain connected to the network after syncing . Photos can be synced from iPhoto , Aperture , or from a folder on a Mac , or Adobe Photoshop Album , Photoshop Elements , or from a hard disk folder in Windows . Apple TV can also function as a peer - to - peer digital media player , streaming content from iTunes libraries and playing the content over the network . 1st generation Apple TVs can stream content from up to five computers or iTunes libraries . Also , five Apple TVs can be linked to the same iTunes library . The 2nd generation Apple TV onwards allows users to stream content from more than one iTunes library : these additional iTunes libraries can be on the same or on different computers . This is possible when Apple TV and every iTunes library from which you want to stream content meet all of the following conditions : ( 1 ) the Apple TV and the iTunes library you are streaming from are both on the same local network , ( 2 ) each uses the iTunes `` Home Sharing '' feature , and ( 3 ) each are using the same `` Home Sharing '' Apple ID . Supported formats ( edit ) Apple TV natively supports the following audio , video , and picture formats ( although with the 4th generation , apps may use alternative built - in software in order to play other codecs and formats , e.g. VLC media player ) : Video HEVC Dolby Vision ( Profile 5 ) / HDR10 ( Main 10 profile ) up to 2160p at 60 frames per second ( 5th generation ) HEVC SDR up to 1080p at 30 frames per second ( 4th generation ) Main / Main 10 profile , hardware decoding on 5th generation , software decoding on 4th generation running tvOS 11 and later . H. 264 up to 720p at 30 frames per second ( 2nd generation ) H. 264 up to 1080p at 30 frames per second ( 1st and 3rd generation ) H. 264 up to 1080p at 60 frames per second ( 4th generation ) H. 264 up to 2160p at 60 frames per second ( 5th generation ) High or Main Profile level 4.0 or lower , or High or Main Profile level 4.2 or lower ( 4th generation ) , Baseline profile level 3.0 or lower with AAC - LC audio up to 160 kbits / s per channel , 48 kHz , stereo audio in . m4v , . mp4 , and . mov file formats . MPEG - 4 up to 720 × 432 ( 432p ) or 640 × 480 pixels at 30 fps MPEG - 4 video up to 2.5 Mbit / s , 640 × 480 pixels , 30 frames per second , Simple Profile with AAC - LC audio up to 160 kbit / s , 48 kHz , stereo audio in . m4v , . mp4 , and . mov file formats . Motion JPEG up to 720p at 30 fps Motion JPEG ( M - JPEG ) up to 35 Mbit / s , 1280 × 720 pixels , 30 fps , audio in ulaw , PCM stereo audio in . avi file format . Picture JPEG GIF TIFF Audio HE - AAC ( V1 ) AAC ( 16 -- 320 kbit / s ) FairPlay protected AAC MP3 ( 16 -- 320 kbit / s , or optionally VBR ) Audible ( formats 2 , 3 , and 4 ) Apple Lossless AIFF WAV Dolby Digital ( AC - 3 ) surround sound pass - through , up to 5.1 channels Dolby Digital Plus ( E-AC - 3 ) surround sound pass - through , up to 7.1 channels ( 4th generation or later ) TV compatibility Compatible with high - definition TVs with HDMI and capable of 1080p or 720p at 60 / 50 Hz . Requires HDCP when playing copy - protected content . A sustained 8 Mbit / s or faster Internet connection is recommended for viewing 1080p HD movies and TV shows , 6 Mbit / s or faster for viewing 720p content , and 2.5 Mbit / s or faster for SD content . Attempts to sync unsupported content to Apple TV will draw an error message from iTunes . The 1st and 2nd generation Apple TV video output can be set to either 1080i or 1080p ; however , this resolution is limited to the user interface and the viewing of photographs -- all other content is simply upscaled to those resolutions . Those models can not play 1080i or 1080p video content ( e.g. , HD camera video ) . The 3rd and 4th generation Apple TV support 1080p video content . Apple offers H. 264 1080p movies and video podcasts on iTunes . In comparison , Blu - ray Disc films are 1080p H. 264 or VC - 1 video encoded at rates of up to 40 Mbit / s . Apple TV 's audio chip supports 7.1 surround sound , and some high definition rentals from iTunes are offered with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound . There is an Apple TV export option in QuickTime which allows content in some formats that the device does not support to be easily re-encoded . Applications that use QuickTime to export media can use this ; e.g. , iMovie 's Share menu , iTunes ' advanced menu , and some third - party content conversion tools . Connectivity ( edit ) Back of 1st generation Apple TV Back of 2nd & 3rd generation Apple TV Apple TV streams video through an HDMI cable ( Type A ) connected to the TV 's HDMI port . Audio is supported through the optical or HDMI ports . The device also has a Micro-USB port , which is reserved for service and diagnostics . The device connects through Ethernet or Wi - Fi to the computer for digital content from the Internet and local networks . Apple TV does not come with audio , video or other cables , which must be acquired additionally as required . On the previous Apple TV , media files could be transferred directly onto the device by syncing with another computer . Once content was stored on the device 's hard drive , Internet connectivity was no longer needed to view content . This is not the case with the current model , which does not have a hard drive for storing media . The 1st generation Apple TV had component video and RCA connector audio ports , both removed in the 2nd generation . The device does not have RCA / composite video or F / RF connectors . Starting with the 4th generation Apple TV , Apple removed the optical audio port . Apple also enhanced the HDMI port by adding support for HDMI 1.4 . The 4th generation also removed the Micro-USB port in favor of the reversible USB - C port and the 5th generation removed USB entirely . AirPlay ( edit ) Main article : AirPlay AirPlay allows iOS devices or an AirPort - enabled computer with the iTunes music player to send a stream of music to multiple ( three to six , in typical conditions ) stereos connected to an AirPort Express ( the audio - only antecedent of Apple TV ) or Apple TV . The AirPort Express ' streaming media capabilities use Apple 's Remote Audio Output Protocol ( RAOP ) , a proprietary variant of RTSP / RTP . Using WDS - bridging , the AirPort Express can allow AirPlay functionality ( as well as Internet access , file and print sharing , etc . ) across a larger distance in a mixed environment of wired and up to 10 wireless clients . Speakers attached to an AirPort Express or Apple TV can be selected from within the `` Remote '' iPhone / iPod Touch program , allowing full AirPlay compatibility ( see `` Remote control '' section below ) . A compatible Mac running OS X Mountain Lion or later can wirelessly mirror its screen to an Apple TV through AirPlay Mirroring while one running OS X Mavericks or later can also extend its display with AirPlay Display . Remote control ( edit ) Apple TV can be controlled by many infrared remote controls or paired with the included Apple Remote to prevent interference from other remotes . Either kind of remote can control playback volume , but for music only . The Apple Wireless Keyboard is supported on the 2nd generation Apple TV and later using the built - in Bluetooth . The consumer has the ability to control media playback , navigate menus and input text and other information . Third - party keyboards that use the Apple layout may also be compatible . On July 10 , 2008 , Apple released Remote , a free iOS application that allows the iPhone , iPod Touch , and iPad to control the iTunes library on the Apple TV via Wi - Fi . The recently released Apple Watch also has a remote app to control Apple TV . The Remote App was updated on September 13 , 2016 , to take advantage of all the features of the Apple TV 4 . This includes Siri , Touchpad , and Home Buttons , along with a now playing screen . The Apple Siri Remote is included with the fourth generation Apple TV and later , as well as being sold by itself . On September 9 , 2015 , Apple announced the new Siri Remote for the 4th generation Apple TV ( although in some territories , Apple have kept the name Apple TV Remote , due to Siri functionality not being enabled on it in that territory ) . It is a completely redesigned remote that features dual microphones for Siri support and a glass touch surface for navigation around the interface by swiping or tapping and scrubbing to fast forward or rewind . Also , it has a menu and home button , a Siri button to invoke Siri , a Play / Pause button , and a Volume Up / Down button to control the volume on the TV . The Siri Remote will communicate with the Apple TV via Bluetooth rather than infrared , and thus does n't require a line - of - sight with the device . This new remote is only supported by the 4th generation Apple TV and later and will not work with earlier generations . Siri ( edit ) Beginning with the 4th generation Apple TV , the remote includes two microphones and a button to activate Siri . Siri on the Apple TV has all of the functions of Siri on iOS 9 ; it can also respond to requests specifically for the TV . For instance , the viewer can ask Siri to search for a TV show or movie and it will search across multiple different sources to tell the user where the content is available to watch . It can also do things such as Play / Pause , Rewind / Fast Forward , skip back 15 seconds and temporarily turn on captioning when asked `` what did he say ? '' or `` what did she say ? '' , open a specific app , and more . Software ( edit ) 1st generation ( edit ) The original Apple TV ran a modified build of Mac OS X v10. 4 Tiger Apple TV software 10 ( edit ) Apple TV software 1.0 presented the user with an interface similar to that of Front Row . Like Front Row on the Mac , it presents the user with seven options for consuming content . Movies , TV Shows , Music , Podcasts , Photos , Settings , and Sources . Apple TV software 20 ( edit ) In February 2008 , Apple released a major and free upgrade to the Apple TV , labelled `` Take Two '' ( 2.0 ) . This update did away with Front Row and introduced a new interface in which content was organized into six categories , all of which appeared in a large square box on the screen upon startup ( movies , TV shows , music , YouTube , podcasts , and photos ) and presented in the initial menu , along with a `` Settings '' option for configuration , including software updates . Apple TV software 30 ( edit ) In October 2009 , Apple released a minor upgrade for the Apple TV called `` Apple TV Software 3.0 '' . This update replaced the interface in version 2.0 with a new interface which presented seven horizontal columns across the top of the screen for the different categories of content ( Movies , TV Shows , Music , Podcasts , Photos , Internet , and Settings ) . This update also added features such as content filtering , iTunes Extras , new fonts , and a new Internet radio app . The maximum resolution increased in both the 40 GB and 160 GB version to include 1080P . 2nd and 3rd generation ( edit ) See also : tvOS § Version history The user interface used in the third generation Apple TV series featured a rounded rectangle tile interface . The 2nd and 3rd generation Apple TVs run a version of iOS , rather than the modified Mac OS X of the original model . The interface on Apple TV Software 4 is similar to that of previous versions , with only minor changes and feature additions throughout . In March 2012 , Apple released a major new software update , with the Apple TV 3rd generation , labeled as Apple TV Software 5 ( iOS 5.1 ) , which shipped with the new 3rd generation Apple TV . This update completely revised the look of the home screen to make it resemble the icon grid seen on iOS . Instead of 7 columns , content and third - party channels are shown in a tiled grid format , which can be rearranged . Throughout the years , for Apple TV Software 5 - 6 , Apple released minor revisions , content additions , and feature updates . The Apple TV Software 7.0 features a flat look similar to iOS 7 and OS X Yosemite and adds features such as Peer - To - Peer AirPlay . Version 8.0 was skipped . The final OS update for the third - generation Apple TV is Apple TV Software 7.2. 2 ( iOS 8.4. 2 ) since it does not support tvOS 9.0 or later . However , it does support Amazon Video , which was automatically added to those Apple TVs running 7.2. 2 on December 6 , 2017 . 4th and 5th generation ( edit ) See also : tvOS The fourth generation Apple TV and later run an operating system called tvOS which does not support the earlier generations of Apple TV . It features an app store , allowing third - party app developers to release their own apps on the platform . Also , this new software features support for Siri voice control . Craig Federighi mentioned that tvOS is based 95 % on iOS 9 and the rest being adaptions to optimize it for the TV . The tvOS software development kit ( SDK ) for developing tvOS apps is included in Xcode 7.1 and later . A new development feature , App Thinning , is used in the Apple TV , running on tvOS , due to the storage restrictions of the device ( 32GB and 64GB ) and the dual - use of the NAND Flash Memory to precache movies from Apple 's content servers as well as storage for downloaded applications from the tvOS App Store . Apple 's aim is to limit the size of application downloads and steering users towards downloading individual segments of apps in order to better manage storage space . Developers have reacted with criticism towards the download size limits , arguing that it leads to situations where game data is purged and has to be re-downloaded . Technical Specifications ( edit ) Legend Obsolete Discontinued Current Models 1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation 3rd generation Rev. A 4th generation 4K ( 5th generation ) Release date ( s ) January 9 , 2007 September 1 , 2010 March 7 , 2012 January 28 , 2013 October 30 , 2015 September 22 , 2017 Discontinued September 1 , 2010 March 7 , 2012 March 10 , 2013 September 8 , 2016 64 GB : September 12 , 2017 32 GB : In production In production Model number - Model ID - Order number A1218 - AppleTV1 , 1 - MA711LL / A A1378 - AppleTV2 , 1 - MC572LL / A A1427 - AppleTV3 , 1 - MD199BZ / A A1469 - AppleTV3 , 2 - MD199LL / A A1625 - AppleTV5 , 3 - 32 GB : MGY52LL / A 64 GB : MLNC2LL / A A1842 - AppleTV6 , 2 - 32 GB : MQD22LL / A 64 GB : MP7P2LL / A Processor 1 GHz Intel `` Crofton '' Pentium M 1 GHz Apple A4 ( ARM Cortex - A8 ) 1 GHz Apple A5 ( single core ARM Cortex - A9 , dual core with one core locked ) 1 GHz Apple A5 ( ARM Cortex - A9 , single core - redesign from A5 dual core ) . 1.5 GHz Apple A8 ( dual - core ) 2.38 GHz Apple A10X Fusion ( hexa - core ) Graphics Nvidia GeForce Go 7300 with 64 MB of VRAM Apple A4 ( PowerVR SGX535 ) Apple A5 ( PowerVR SGX543MP2 ) Apple A5 ( PowerVR SGX543MP1 ) Apple A8 ( PowerVR Series 6XT GX6450 ) Apple A10X Fusion Memory 256 MB of 400 MHz DDR2 SDRAM 256 MB LPDDR2 512 MB LPDDR2 2 GB LPDDR3 3 GB LPDDR4 Storage 40 or 160 GB hard disk 8 GB NAND flash for cache 32 or 64 GB NAND flash Connectivity USB 2.0 ( officially for service use only , though hackers have managed to allow connectivity of hard disks , mice , and keyboards ) , infrared receiver , HDMI , component video , optical audio Bluetooth , Micro-USB ( reserved for service ) , HDMI , infrared receiver , optical audio Bluetooth 4.0 , USB - C ( for service and developer use ) , HDMI 1.4 , infrared receiver , Lightning ( for Siri remote charging only ) Bluetooth 5.0 , HDMI 2.0 a , infrared receiver , Lightning ( for Siri remote charging only ) Networking Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g and draft - n ) Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ) Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) 10 / 100 Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Output 1080p ( undefined , following the Version 3.0 software update ) , 720p 60 / 50 Hz ( NTSC / PAL ) , 576p 50 Hz ( PAL ) , 480p 60 Hz ( NTSC ) over HDMI ( HDCP capable ) or Component Video ( 480i 60 Hz is unofficially supported ) 720p , 576p , 480p over HDMI only ( HDCP capable ) 1080p , 720p , 576p , 480p over HDMI only ( HDCP capable ) 2160p , 1080p , 720p , 576p , 480p over HDMI only ( HDCP capable ) with HDR10 and Dolby Vision Audio Optical audio ( 48 kHz maximum sample rate ) , HDMI , RCA analog stereo audio Optical audio ( 48 kHz fixed sample rate ) , HDMI HDMI - CEC Supports output up to 5.1 channels Supports output up to 7.1 channels Power Built - in universal 48 W power supply Built - in universal 6 W power supply Built - in universal 11 W power supply Built - in universal 13 W power supply Dimensions 1.1 in ( 28 mm ) ( h ) 7.7 in ( 197 mm ) ( w ) 7.7 in ( 197 mm ) ( d ) 0.9 in ( 23 mm ) ( h ) 3.9 in ( 98 mm ) ( w ) 3.9 in ( 98 mm ) ( d ) 1.4 in ( 35 mm ) ( h ) 3.9 in ( 98 mm ) ( w ) 3.9 in ( 98 mm ) ( d ) Weight 2.4 lb ( 1.09 kg ) 0.6 lb ( 0.27 kg ) 15 oz ( 425 g ) Initial operating system Apple TV Software 1. 0 ( modified build of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger ) Apple TV Software 4. 0 ( based on iOS 4. 1 ) Apple TV Software 5. 0 ( based on iOS 5. 1 ) Apple TV Software 5.2 ( based on iOS 6. 1 ) tvOS 9. 0 ( based on iOS 9 ) tvOS 11. 0 ( based on iOS 11 ) Current operating system Apple TV Software 3. 0.2 ( modified build of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger ) Apple TV Software 6. 2.1 ( based on iOS 7. 1.2 ) Apple TV Software 7. 2.2 ( based on iOS 8. 4.2 ) tvOS 11.2. 5 ( based on iOS 11.2. 5 ) Limitations ( edit ) Functionality ( edit ) Apple TV contains neither a TV tuner nor a personal video recorder . Both capabilities can be applied to the connected home computer through various third - party products , such as allowing PVR software to connect to iTunes and enable scheduled HDTV recordings to play automatically via Apple TV for playback . The Front Row interface lacks some iTunes functionality , including rating items , checking the account balance , adding funds to the account , synchronizing from more than one computer , full Internet radio support , and games . The Movies search box only searches the iTunes Store , not local hard drives and networks . Movies rented on Apple TV must be watched on Apple TV , unlike iTunes rentals , which can be transferred to any video - enabled iPod , iPhone , or Apple TV . Movies purchased on Apple TV can be moved to a video - enabled iPod or iPhone via iTunes . Apple TV prior to 4th generation does not support the HDMI Consumer Electronics Control ( HDMI CEC ) protocol . On the Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) , digital output audio is up - sampled to 48 kHz , including lossless CD rips at 44.1 kHz . Although this is a higher frequency and the difference is not audible in most cases , it means the audio is not ' bit perfect ' which is often a goal for digital transmission of data . Sales ( edit ) 1st generation sales ( edit ) Within the first week of presales in January 2007 , Apple TV was the top pre-selling item at the Apple Store . Orders exceeded 100,000 units by the end of January and Apple began ramping - up to sell over a million units before the 2007 holiday season . Analysts began calling it a `` DVD killer '' that could enable multiple services . Analysts also predicted that Apple could sell up to 1.5 million units in the first year . Besides the Apple Store , Best Buy was one of the first retailers to carry the device ; Target and Costco followed shortly thereafter . Two months into sales , Forrester Research predicted that Apple would only sell a million Apple TV units , because consumers prefer advertisement - supported content over paid content . Forrester predicted that cable companies would be the clear winners over content providers such as the iTunes Store . Shortly after , Apple released YouTube functionality and Jobs stated that Apple TV was a `` DVD player for the Internet '' . Some market analysts predicted that YouTube on Apple TV `` provides a glimpse of this product 's potential and its future evolution '' , but overall , analysts had mixed reactions regarding the future of Apple TV . Some negative reactions followed after Jobs referred to the device as a `` hobby '' , implying it was less significant than the Macintosh , iPod , and iPhone . In the fourth quarter of 2008 , sales were triple that of the fourth quarter of 2007 . In Apple 's first - quarter 2009 financial results conference call , acting chief executive Tim Cook stated that Apple TV sales increased three times over the same quarter a year ago . Cook mentioned that the movie rental business was working well for Apple , Apple would continue investment in movie rentals and Apple TV , but Apple TV is still considered a hobby for the company . Due to the growth of digital TV and consumers turning to Internet media services , an analyst predicted sales of 6.6 million Apple TVs by the end of 2009 . 2nd generation sales ( edit ) The second generation sold 250,000 units in the first two weeks it was available . On December 21 , 2010 , Apple announced that they had sold 1 million units . In the second fiscal quarter of 2011 , it had topped 2 million in total sales , with 820,000 sold in that quarter alone . On January 24 , 2012 , Apple announced they had sold 1.4 million units in the first fiscal quarter of 2012 , and 2.8 million units in all of fiscal year 2011 . ( 4.2 million units through January 1 , 2012 ) . 3rd generation sales ( edit ) Tim Cook revealed at the All Things Digital conference in May 2012 that Apple had sold 2.7 million of the 3rd generation model in 2012 . In the Q4 FY2012 earnings call , Engadget reported comments from Tim Cook that Apple had shipped 1.3 million Apple TV units in the 4th Quarter ( presumed to be 3rd generation ) . MacObserver reported statements by Tim Cook in the Q1 FY2013 earnings call that Apple sold over 2 million Apple TV units in the December Quarter ( presumed to be 3rd generation ) . These reports lead to a cumulative volume of the 3rd generation device of 6 million units , as of January 1 , 2013 . On February 28 , 2014 , at Apple 's shareholders meeting , Apple CEO Tim Cook revealed that in 2013 Apple TV brought in 1 billion dollars of revenue for Apple . A market survey published by Parks Associates in December 2014 found that Apple TV has lost consumer traction to Google Chromecast , garnering only a 17 % market share . Tim Cook revealed at the Apple Watch conference on March 9 , 2015 , that Apple had sold a total of 25 million Apple TVs to date . 4th generation sales ( edit ) In the January 27 , 2016 , Apple earnings call , CEO Tim Cook stated that the Apple TV had record sales . However , no specific sales figures were mentioned ; Apple TV is included in an `` Other products '' category , which also includes the Apple Watch , iPods , and Beats products , and is not broken down by individual products . See also ( edit ) Book : Apple Inc . Apple Bandai Pippin , a multimedia set - top entertainment networking device designed by Apple and sold during the mid-1990s . 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Jump up ^ `` Apple CEO promises new products , says Apple TV no longer a ' hobby ' '' . Reuters UK . Jump up ^ `` Apple TV fades away in streaming video player market '' . Rapid TV News . December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Live blog : The Apple Watch '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Juli Clover ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Watch and Apple TV See Record Quarterly Sales '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Apple TV Hacks Quotations related to Apple TV at Wikiquote Media related to Apple TV at Wikimedia Commons Apple TV -- official site Apple TV Support -- official product support Links to related articles Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Al Eisenstat Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jony Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Katherine Adams ( General Counsel ) Angela Ahrendts Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Lisa Jackson Dan Riccio Phil Schiller Johny Srouji Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson John Browett Guerrino De Luca Paul Deneve Al Eisenstat Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Ellen Hancock Nancy R. Heinen Steve Jobs Ron Johnson Mike Markkula David Nagel Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Michael Scott John Sculley Bertrand Serlet Bruce Sewell Michael Spindler Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Ronald Wayne Steve Wozniak Products Hardware Mac iMac iMac Pro MacBook family Mac Mini Mac Pro iPod Classic Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone iPad Mini Air Pro Accessories Apple TV Apple Watch AirPods HomePod Software Classic Mac OS macOS History Server Software iOS Version history tvOS watchOS audioOS Core Foundation Developer Tools Final Cut Pro Logic Pro QuickTime CarPlay HomeKit Services Apple ID Apple Maps Apple Music Apple Pay Developer iAd TestFlight WWDC Game Center iCloud MobileMe iWork News Newsstand Stores App Store iOS macOS tvOS Apple Store iBookstore iTunes Store Support AppleCare Apple Specialist Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Companies Subsidiaries Beats Electronics Beats Music Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc . Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Inc . Beats Electronics Beats Music Cue Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity Lala NeXT Nothing Real Metaio P.A. Semi PrimeSense Shazam Siri Spotsetter Texture Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI -- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh ( 2008 documentary ) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Original programs distributed by Apple Book Portal iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV 2nd 3rd iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation HomeKit iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health Home iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC Home theater PC software , devices , and related articles Windows Beyond TV DVBViewer DVB Dream NextPVR ( formerly GB - PVR ) JRiver Media Center MediaPortal ShowShifter Windows Media Center macOS Front Row Linux GeeXboX LibreELEC LinuxMCE MythTV Mythbuntu OpenELEC TVHeadend Video Disk Recorder Cross-platform Emby Kodi ( formerly XBMC ) Plex SageTV Serviio Set - top boxes , digital media receivers Amazon Fire TV Android TV Apple TV Boxee Box Chromecast Dreambox Ericsson Mediaroom Google TV Hauppauge MediaMVP HP MediaSmart Connect Netgear Digital Entertainer ReplayTV Roku TiVo Unibox WD TV Windows Media Center Extender Related hardware ATI Theater Cards DBox2 Dreambox Elgato EyeTV devices Hauppauge Computer Works WinTV PVR Cards HDHomeRun Mac Mini Monsoon HAVA Quiet PC Slingbox Touchscreen remote control VBox Home TV Gateway Related articles 10 - foot user interface Comparison of audio player software Comparison of video player software Comparison of streaming media systems Digital Living Network Alliance Digital media receiver Home cinema Home theater PC Hybrid IPTV Internet television Media server Set - top box Smart TV Video player Microconsoles OnLive 2013 GameStick MOJO Ouya PlayStation TV 2014 Amazon Fire TV Nexus Player 2015 Apple TV ( 4th Gen ) GamePop Razer ForgeTV Shield Android TV List Apple hardware Apple II family Discontinued Apple I Apple II series II II Plus IIe IIe Card ( Macintosh PDS ) IIc IIc Plus IIGS Apple III Apple Lisa Macintosh XL Mac Desktop Current iMac iMac Pro Mac Pro Mac Mini Discontinued Compact 128K 512K 512Ke Plus SE SE / 30 Classic Classic II Color Classic II series II IIx IIcx IIci IIfx IIsi IIvi IIvx LC family LC LC II LC III LC 475 LC 500 series LC 630 5200 LC Macintosh TV Quadra 600 series 610 650 660AV 605 630 700 900 950 800 840AV Performa Centris Power Macintosh 4400 and 7220 5000 series 5200 LC and 5300 LC 5260 5400 5500 6000 series 6100 6200 and 6300 6400 6500 7000 series 7100 7200 and 8200 7300 7500 7600 8000 series 8100 8500 8600 9000 series 9500 9600 G3 G4 Cube G5 Twentieth Anniversary iMac family G3 G4 G5 eMac Laptop Current MacBook family 12 - inch Air Pro Discontinued Macintosh Portable PowerBook 68k - based 100 series 100 140 170 160 180 150 190 Duo 210 230 500 series PowerPC - based 2300c 5300 1400 3400c 2400c G3 G4 iBook G3 G4 MacBook ( pre-2015 ) Server Discontinued Workgroup Server 9150 Network Server Xserve Mac Mini Server Mac Pro Server Devices Current Apple TV Apple Watch Series 1 Series 3 HomePod iPad iPad ( 2018 ) Mini 4 Pro 10.5 / 12.9 ( 2nd ) iPhone 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X iPod ( Touch ( 6th ) ) Discontinued Interactive Television Box Apple Watch Series 0 Series 2 iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air Air 2 2017 Mini 1st Pro 9.7 / 12.9 ( 1st ) iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus iPod Classic iPod + HP U2 Photo with color display Hi - Fi Mini Nano Shuffle Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Pippin PowerCD QuickTake Accessories Current AirPods AirPower iPad Pencil Smart Keyboard Magic Keyboard Magic Mouse 2 Magic Trackpad 2 Siri Remote SuperDrive ( USB ) Discontinued Displays III II AppleColor Composite IIe AppleColor High - Resolution RGB Color AudioVision 14 Multiple Scan 14 ColorSync 750 Studio Cinema Thunderbolt Drives Disk II Macintosh ProFile Hard Disk 20 Hard Disk 20SC AppleCD PowerCD Tape Drive 40SC SuperDrive Xserve RAID Input devices Desktop Bus iSight Keyboards Extended Adjustable Wireless Magic Trackpad Mice USB Mouse Pro Mouse Wireless Mouse Mighty Mouse Magic Mouse Remote Scanner iPod Click Wheel Nike + iPod Networking AirPort Express Router Extreme Router Time Capsule Apple II serial cards Modems USB LocalTalk Communication Slot GeoPort Printers Silentype Dot Matrix Printer Letter Quality Printer ImageWriter LaserWriter 410 Color Plotter Color LaserWriter StyleWriter Apple - designed processors Current A series 64 - bit : A8 A9 A10 A10X A11 S series 32 - bit : S1P S3 W series 32 - bit : W1 W2 T series 32 - bit : T1 T2 Discontinued A series 32 - bit : A4 A5 A5X A6 A6X 64 - bit : A7 A8X A9X S series 32 - bit : S1 S2 Italics indicate announced unreleased products Comparison of Macintosh models Timeline of Macintosh models Timeline of Apple Inc. products Video game consoles ( eighth generation ) Types Home video game console list Handheld game console list Microconsole list Dedicated console list Generations First ( 1972 -- 80 ) Second ( 1976 -- 92 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- 17 ) Eighth ( 2012 -- present ) Eighth generation Home PlayStation 4 Wii U Xbox One Handheld Nintendo 3DS family Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL PlayStation Vita ( PlayStation TV ) Hybrid Nintendo Switch Micro Amazon Fire TV Apple TV GameStick MOJO Nexus Player OnLive Ouya SHIELD Android TV ← Seventh generation Emulator Game History List Manufacturer Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop / all - in - ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel - based Mac Mini Professional tower / desktop iMac Pro Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook 12 - inch MacBook Air Professional notebooks MacBook Pro PowerBook G3 G4 Consumer electronics Apple TV 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 4K Apple Watch 1st Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio HomePod iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod + HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Smartphones iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X Accessories AirPods AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule AirPower iPad Pencil iPod Click Wheel Hi - Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive Trackpad Magic Magic 2 USB Modem Xserve RAID Italics indicate current products . See also : Apple hardware before 1998 Television portal Apple Inc. portal Video games portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_TV&oldid=843276139 '' Categories : Apple Inc. hardware Smart TV Digital media players ITunes Television technology Computer - related introductions in 2007 Products introduced in 2007 2007 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Use American English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 02 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the apple tv 4th generation come out | [
"\nApple TV\n\n\n\n\n\nApple TV 4K\n\n\n\nDeveloper\nApple Inc.\n\n\nManufacturer\nApple Inc.\nFoxconn (under contract)\nPegatron (under contract)\n\n\nType\nSet-top box microconsole\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n1st: January 9, 2007; 11 years ago (2007-01-09)\n2nd: September 1, 2010; 7 years ago (2010-09-01)\n3rd: March 7, 2012; 6 years ago (2012-03-07)\n3rd Rev A: January 28, 2013; 5 years ago (2013-01-28)\n4th: October 29, 2015; 2 years ago (2015-10-29)\n5th (4K): September 22, 2017; 8 months ago (2017-09-22)\n\n\n\n\n\nIntroductory price\n\n\n\nUS$299.00 (1st generation)[1]\nUS$99.00 (2nd and 3rd generation)[citation needed]\nUS$149.00 (32 GB 4th generation) / US$179.00 (32 GB 5th generation) / US$199.00 (64 GB 4th and 5th generation)[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nOperating system\n1st: Apple TV Software 3.0.2\nBased on Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger\nReleased February 10, 2010 (2010-02-10)\n2nd: Apple TV Software 6.2.1\nBased on iOS 7.1.2\nReleased June 30, 2014 (2014-06-30)\n3rd and 3rd Rev A: Apple TV Software 7.2.2\nBased on iOS 8.4.2\nReleased December 12, 2016 (2016-12-12)\n4th and 5th (4K): tvOS 11\nBased on iOS 11\nReleased 2017 (2017)\n\n\nCPU\n\n\n\n1st: Intel Pentium M\n2nd: Apple A4\n3rd and 3rd Rev A: Apple A5\n4th: Apple A8 at 1.5 GHz\n5th (4K): Apple A10X Fusion\n\n\n\n\n\nMemory\n\n\n\n1st and 2nd: 256 MB\n3rd and 3rd Rev A: 512 MB\n4th: 2 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM\n5th: 3 GB LPDDR4 SDRAM\n\n\n\n\n\nStorage\n\n\n\n1st: 40 or 160 GB\n2nd, 3rd, and 3rd Rev A: 8 GB (Not user-accessible, caching only)\n4th and 5th (4K): 32 or 64 GB NAND Flash\n\n\n\n\n\nInput\n\n\n\nApple Magic Keyboard\nApple Wireless Keyboard (most bluetooth keyboards)\nApple Remote\nApple Siri Remote (4th generation and later)\nBluetooth wireless gaming controllers (4th generation and later)\niPhone (via Remote app)\niPod Touch (via Remote app)\niPad (via Remote app)\n\n\n\n\n\nConnectivity\n\n\n\nBluetooth\nWi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n/ac)[citation needed]\n10/100 Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet (5th generation)\nMicro-USB (3rd generation)\nUSB-C (4th generation)\nHDMI\nOptical audio (prior to 4th generation)\n\n\n\n\n\nOnline services\n\nAs of October 27, 2016 8,000 total apps, including 2,000 games and 1,600 video apps for 4th and 5th generation models.[3]\n\n\n\nDimensions\n\n\n\n1st:\n28 mm (1.1 in) (h)\n197 mm (7.7 in) (w)\n197 mm (7.7 in) (d)\n2nd, 3rd, and 3rd Rev A:\n23 mm (0.9 in) (h)\n98 mm (3.9 in) (w)\n98 mm (3.9 in) (d)\n4th and 5th (4K):\n35 mm (1.4 in) (h)\n98 mm (3.9 in) (w)\n98 mm (3.9 in) (d)\n\n\n\n\n\nWeight\n1st: 2.4 lb (1.09 kg)\n2nd, 3rd, and 3rd Rev A: 0.6 lb (0.27 kg)\n4th and 5th (4K): 15 oz (425 g)\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.apple.com/tv/\n\n"
] | [
"October 29, 2015"
] |
3508684402305624259 | Tesco | Tesco - wikipedia Tesco For other uses , see Tesco ( disambiguation ) . Tesco plc Trading name Tesco Type Public limited company Traded as LSE : TSCO ISEQ : TCO FTSE 100 Component Industry Retailing Founded 1919 ; 99 years ago ( 1919 ) Hackney , London , England , UK Founder Jack Cohen Headquarters Tesco House Shire Park Kestrel Way Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire AL7 1GA England Number of locations 6,553 shops ( 2017 ) Area served United Kingdom , Ireland , India , Malaysia , Thailand , Czech Republic , Hungary Key people John Allan ( Non-Executive Chairman ) Dave Lewis ( Group CEO ) Products Supermarket Hypermarket Superstore Convenience shop Revenue £ 55,917 million ( 2017 ) Operating income £ 1,280 million ( 2017 ) Net income £ ( 54 ) million ( 2017 ) Number of employees 476,000 + ( 2017 ) Subsidiaries Tesco Stores Ltd . Tesco Bank Tesco Mobile Tesco Ireland Tesco Family Dining Ltd . Dunnhumby Spenhill Booker Group Website www.tescoplc.com Tesco plc , trading as Tesco , is a British multinational groceries and general merchandise retailer with headquarters in Welwyn Garden City , Hertfordshire , England , United Kingdom . It is the third - largest retailer in the world measured by gross revenues and ninth - largest retailer in the world measured by revenues . It has shops in seven countries across Asia and Europe and is the market leader of groceries in the UK ( where it has a market share of around 28.4 % ) , Ireland , Hungary and Thailand . Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen as a group of market stalls . The Tesco name first appeared in 1924 , after Cohen purchased a shipment of tea from T.E. Stockwell and combined those initials with the first two letters of his surname , and the first Tesco shop opened in 1931 in Burnt Oak , Barnet . His business expanded rapidly , and by 1939 he had over 100 Tesco shops across the country . Originally a UK grocer , Tesco has diversified geographically since the early 1990s and into areas such as the retailing of books , clothing , electronics , furniture , toys , petrol , software , financial services , telecoms , and internet services . The 1990s saw Tesco reposition itself : it moved from being a down - market high - volume low - cost retailer to one which appeals across many social groups , by offering products ranging from its `` Tesco Value '' items ( launched 1993 ) to its `` Tesco Finest '' range . This broadening of its appeal was successful and saw the chain grow from 500 shops in the mid-1990s to 2,500 shops fifteen years later . Tesco is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . It had a market capitalization of approximately £ 18.1 billion as of 22 April 2015 , the 28th - largest of any company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Expansion 1.3 Diversification 1.4 The lost years 2 UK operations 2.1 Tesco Extra 2.2 Tesco Superstores 2.3 Tesco Express 2.4 Tesco Metro 2.5 One Stop 2.6 Tesco.com Dark Stores 2.7 Home shopping 2.8 Tesco Clubcard 2.9 Petrol stations 3 Subsidiaries 3.1 Booker Group 3.2 Tesco Bank 3.3 Telecoms 3.4 Tesco Tech Support 4 Former operations 4.1 Tesco Home ' n ' Wear 4.2 Tesco Homeplus 4.3 Dobbies Garden Centres 4.4 Harris + Hoole 4.5 Giraffe 4.6 Euphorium Bakery 5 International operations 5.1 Ireland 6 Corporate affairs 6.1 Corporate strategy 6.2 Financial performance 6.3 Market share 6.4 Corporate social responsibility 7 Advertising 8 Criticism 8.1 Litigation 8.2 Price - fixing 8.3 Corporate tax structure 8.4 Opposition to expansion 8.5 Halal in UK shops 8.6 Horse meat found in burgers 8.7 Discrimination against the blind 8.8 Slavery in Thailand 8.9 Sale of goods from Israel 8.10 Sale of Anti-Semitic Books 8.11 Mothballing of new shops 8.12 Security 8.13 Suppliers 9 Chairman of Tesco 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Origins Jack Cohen , the son of Jewish migrants from Poland , founded Tesco in 1919 when he began to sell war - surplus groceries from a stall at Well Street Market , Hackney , in the East End of London . The Tesco brand first appeared in 1924 . The name came about after Jack Cohen bought a shipment of tea from Thomas Edward Stockwell . He made new labels using the initials of the supplier 's name ( TES ) , and the first two letters of his surname ( CO ) , forming the word TESCO . After experimenting with his first permanent indoor market stall at Tooting in November 1930 , Jack Cohen opened the first Tesco shop in September 1931 at 54 Watling Street , Burnt Oak , Edgware , Middlesex . Tesco was floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1947 as Tesco Stores ( Holdings ) Limited . The first self - service shop opened in St Albans in 1956 ( which remained operational until 2010 before relocating to larger premises on the same street , with a period as a Tesco Metro ) , and the first supermarket in Maldon in 1956 . In 1961 Tesco Leicester made an appearance in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest shop in Europe . Expansion Tesco in Tiverton , Devon showing the former logo During the 1950s and the 1960s , Tesco grew organically , and also through acquisitions , until it owned more than 800 shops . The company purchased 70 Williamson 's shops ( 1957 ) , 200 Harrow Stores outlets ( 1959 ) , 212 Irwins shops ( 1960 , beating Express Dairies ' Premier Supermarkets to the deal ) , 97 Charles Phillips shops ( 1964 ) and the Victor Value chain ( 1968 ) ( sold to Bejam in 1986 ) . Jack Cohen 's business motto was `` pile it high and sell it cheap '' , to which he added an internal motto of `` YCDBSOYA '' ( You Ca n't Do Business Sitting On Your Arse ) which he used to motivate his sales force . A branch of Tesco in Crediton . In May 1987 , Tesco completed its hostile takeover of the Hillards chain of 40 supermarkets in the North of England for £ 220 million . In 1994 , the company took over the supermarket chain William Low after fighting off Sainsbury 's for control of the Dundee - based firm , which operated 57 shops . This paved the way for Tesco to expand its presence in Scotland , in which its presence was weaker than in England . Tesco introduced a loyalty card , branded ' Clubcard ' in 1995 , and later an Internet shopping service . In 1996 the typeface of the logo was changed to the current version with stripe reflections underneath , whilst the corporate font used for shop signage was changed from the familiar `` typewriter '' font that had been used since the 1970s . Overseas operations were introduced the same year . Terry Leahy assumed the role of Chief Executive on 21 February 1997 , the appointment having been announced on 21 November 1995 . On 21 March 1997 , Tesco announced the purchase of the retail arm of Associated British Foods , which consisted of the Quinnsworth , Stewarts and Crazy Prices chains in the Ireland and Northern Ireland , and associated businesses , for £ 640 million . The deal was approved by the European Commission on 6 May 1997 . The company was the subject of a letter bomb campaign lasting five months from August 2000 to February 2001 as a bomber calling himself `` Sally '' sent letter bombs to Tesco customers and demanded Clubcards modified to withdraw money from cash machines . Diversification The first self - service Tesco shop in St Albans , Hertfordshire . The shop has since relocated . In July 2001 , Tesco became involved in internet groceries retailing in the USA when it obtained a 35 % stake in GroceryWorks . In 2002 , Tesco purchased 13 HIT hypermarkets in Poland . It also made a major move into the UK 's convenience shop market with its purchase of T & S Stores , owner of 870 convenience shops in the One Stop , Dillons and Day & Nite chains in the UK . In June 2003 , Tesco purchased the C Two - Network in Japan . It also acquired a majority stake in Turkish supermarket chain Kipa . In January 2004 , Tesco acquired Adminstore , owner of 45 Cullens , Europa , and Harts convenience shops , in and around London . In Thailand , Tesco Lotus was a joint venture of the Charoen Pokphand Group and Tesco , but facing criticism over the growth of hypermarkets CP Group sold its Tesco Lotus shares in 2003 . In late 2005 Tesco acquired the 21 remaining Safeway / BP shops after Morrisons dissolved the Safeway / BP partnership . In mid-2006 Tesco purchased an 80 % stake in Casino 's Leader Price supermarkets in Poland , which were then rebranded as small Tesco shops . On 9 February 2006 , Tesco announced plans to move into the United States by opening a chain of small format groceries in the Western states ( Arizona , California and Nevada ) in 2007 named Fresh & Easy . In 2010 , Tesco started funding a small film studio intended to produce Tesco exclusive direct - to - DVD films . The first film was released on 6 September called Paris Connections , based on a popular novel by Jackie Collins . The lost years Tesco confirmed in April 2013 that it was pulling out of the US market ( Fresh & Easy Stores ) , at a reported cost of £ 1.2 billion . In September 2013 , Tesco announced they would sell the business to Ronald Burkle 's Yucaipa Companies for an undisclosed amount . In September 2013 , Tesco launched its first tablet computer , a seven - inch model called Hudl . Tesco purchased the restaurant and cafe chain Giraffe in 2013 for £ 48.6 million . In 2014 , it began to open restaurants within some of its shops . The company set up Tesco Family Dining Ltd in 2014 as part of a new department called ' new food experience ' , including Core Cafes , Giraffe , Decks and Euphorium bakeries . That year , Tesco reached an agreement to take the in - shop cafes run by Compass Group and Elior back under its own control , so as to improve its dining offering . On 1 September 2014 , Dave Lewis ( previously of Unilever ) took over as CEO . In January 2015 , Lewis announced plans to close the company 's head office in Cheshunt and 43 loss - making shops in the near future , and the cancellation of 49 new large supermarket developments . The shop closures were expected to mean 2,000 staff are made redundant while a further £ 250 million of cost - cutting measures are planned . Tesco also confirmed the sale of its Blinkbox on - demand video service and its fixed - line and broadband business to TalkTalk . Tesco sold the Blinkbox Music streaming service to Guvera on 26 January 2015 , and confirmed it would close its Blinkbox Books service by the end of February 2015 . In April 2016 , Tesco confirmed the sale of 8.6 % of its holding in Lazada Group , leaving it with an 8.3 % stake . It was also reported to be seeking to sell Dobbies Garden Centres , Giraffe Restaurants and Harris + Hoole to concentrate on its main supermarket business . On 27 January 2017 , it was announced that Tesco had reached an agreement to merge with Britain 's biggest wholesaler Booker Group to create the UK 's largest food group , there are however concerns over market dominance with Tesco being Britain 's largest food retailer and Booker being the UK 's largest wholesaler . It was announced in March 2017 that Trevor Masters , International Chief Executive , would be leaving in May after 38 years of service . Starting 1 April , Tony Hoggett will become Tesco 's CEO for Asia and Matt Simister will become CEO for Central Europe . In April 2017 , the company confirmed it would sell its in - shop opticians business to Vision Express . In June 2017 , Tesco announced a major cost - cutting initiative that would reduce the company 's workforce by over 1200 workers . Key reductions include over a quarter of its employees in Welwyn Garden City and Hatfield , as well as closing the call centre in Cardiff . The company is hoping to reduce costs by £ 1.5 billion . UK operations As of 2017 , Tesco 's UK shop portfolio was as follows : Format Number Total area ( m2 ) Total area ( sq ft ) Mean area ( m2 ) Mean area ( sq ft ) Percentage of space + / - Shops 2016 Tesco Extra 252 1,648,842 17,748,000 6,543 70,429 44.53 % Tesco Superstore 479 1,307,610 14,075,000 2,730 29,384 35.32 % Tesco Express 1,740 376,629 4,054,000 216 2,330 10.17 % 8 Tesco Metro 176 185,156 1,993,000 1,052 11,324 5.00 % One Stop 780 117,894 1,269,000 151 1,627 3.18 % Tesco Dotcom only 6 66,519 716,000 11,086 119,333 1.80 % Dobbies 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 % 36 Total 3,433 3,702,649 39,855,000 1,079 11,609 100.00 % 27 Tesco Extra Tesco shop at Kingston Park , Newcastle upon Tyne Tesco Extra shops are larger , mainly out - of - town hypermarkets that stock nearly all of Tesco 's product ranges , although some are in the heart of town centres and inner - city locations . The largest shop in England by floor space is Tesco Extra in Walkden , with 17,230 square metres ( 185,500 sq ft ) of floorspace . In common with other towns , such as Warrington , the St Helens shop , which at 13,000 m ( 140,000 sq ft ) is one of the biggest in England , was developed on the same site as the town 's new rugby league stadium . Tesco superstores Potters Bar Tesco Tesco superstores are standard large supermarkets , stocking groceries and a much smaller range of non-food goods than Extra hypermarkets . The shops have always been branded as ' Tesco ' , but a new shop in Liverpool was the first to use the format brand ' Tesco Superstore ' above the door . Tesco operates a number of in - shop cafes , but also began to introduce new restaurants in its shops from 2013 under the `` Decks Carvery '' brand . Tesco Express Tesco Express , Hilperton Road , Trowbridge , Wiltshire Tesco Express shops are neighbourhood convenience shops averaging 200 square metres ( 2,200 sq ft ) , stocking mainly food with an emphasis on higher - margin products such as sweets , crisps , chocolate , biscuits , fizzy drinks and processed food ( due to small shop size , and the necessity to maximize revenue per square foot ) alongside everyday essentials . They are found in busy city centre districts , small shopping precincts in residential areas , small towns and villages and on Esso petrol station forecourts . In 2010 , it emerged that Tesco was operating Express pricing ; i.e. , charging more in their Express branches than in their regular branches . A spokesperson said that this was `` because of the difference in costs of running the smaller shops '' . Tesco Metro Tesco Metro shops are sized between Tesco superstores and Tesco Express shops , with shops averaging 1,000 square metres ( 11,000 sq ft ) . They are mainly located in city centres beside railway stations , the inner city and on the high streets of towns . One Stop One Stop , Trowbridge , Wiltshire One Stop , which includes some of the smallest shops ( smaller than a Tesco Express ) , is the only Tesco shop format in the UK that does not include the word Tesco in its name . The brand , along with the original shops , formed part of the T&S Stores business but , unlike many that were converted to Tesco Express , these kept their old name . Subsequently , other shops bought by Tesco have been converted to the One Stop brand . Some have Tesco Personal Finance branded cash machines . The business has attracted some controversy , as the prices of groceries in these shops , often situated in more impoverished areas , can be higher than nearby Tesco branded shops , highlighted in The Times 22 March 2010 : `` Britain 's biggest supermarket uses its chain of 639 One Stop convenience shops -- which many customers do not realise it owns -- to charge up to 14 per cent more for goods than it does in Tesco - branded shops . '' Tesco responded to the article stating `` It is a separate business within the Tesco Group , with its own supply chain and distribution network . One Stop shops offer a different range to Express shops and its operating costs are different . One Stop 's price strategy is to match to its nearest competitor , Costcutter , and is frequently cheaper . '' Tesco.com dark Stores Since 2006 Tesco has operated a number of dark stores dedicated to the fulfilment of online orders of groceries : Pick from store like operation : Croydon Pick from store like operation with mechanised delivery marshalling : Aylesford Greenford Combination of pick from store and zone picking operations with mechanised delivery marshalling : Enfield Crawley Combination of pick from store , zone picking and goods to person operations with mechanised delivery marshalling : Erith Home shopping Main article : Tesco.com In the United Kingdom Tesco operates a homeshopping service through the Tesco.com website . In May 1984 , in Gateshead , England , Mrs. Jane Snowball used a piece of computer technology called `` Videotex '' on her television to purchase groceries from her local Tesco shop in the world 's first recorded online shopping transaction from the home . As of November 2006 , Tesco was the only food retailer to make online shopping profitable . Tesco Clubcard Main article : Tesco Clubcard Tesco launched its customer loyalty scheme , the Tesco Clubcard , in 1995 . It has been cited as a pivotal development in Tesco 's progress towards becoming the UK 's largest supermarket chain and one that fundamentally changed the country 's supermarket business . Tesco itself was cited in a Wall Street Journal article as using the intelligence from the Clubcard to thwart Wal - Mart 's initiatives in the UK . Cardholders can collect one Clubcard point for every £ 1 ( or one point for € 1 in Ireland and Slovakia or 1 point for 1zł in Poland ) they spend in a Tesco shop , or at Tesco.com , and 1 point per £ 2 on fuel ( not in Slovakia ) . Customers can also collect points by paying with a Tesco Credit Card , or by using Tesco Mobile , Tesco Homephone , Tesco Broadband , selected Tesco Personal Finance products or through Clubcard partners , E. ON and Avis . Each point equates to 1p in shops when redeemed or up to four times their value when used with Clubcard deals ( offers for holidays , day trips , etc . ) Clubcard points ( UK & IE ) can also be converted to Avios , and Virgin Atlantic frequent flyer miles . Petrol stations A 24 - hour Tesco petrol station Tesco first started selling petrol in 1974 . Tesco sells 95 , 97 and 99 RON ( a fuel developed by Greenergy of which Tesco is a shareholder ) petrol from forecourts at most Superstore and Extra locations . Tesco have recently diversified into biofuels , offering petrol - bioethanol and diesel - biodiesel blends instead of pure petrol and diesel at their petrol stations , and now offering Greenergy 100 % biodiesel at many shops in the southeast of the United Kingdom . In 1998 , Tesco and Esso ( part of Exxonmobil ) formed a business alliance that included several petrol filling stations on lease from Esso , with Tesco operating the attached shops under their Express format . In turn , Esso operates the forecourts and sells their fuel via the Tesco shop . As of 2013 , there were 200 joint Tesco Express / Esso sites in the UK . Subsidiaries Booker Group Main article : Booker Group Tesco completed its acquisition of the food wholesaler Booker in March 2018 . Booker also owns the Budgens , Londis , Euro Shopper and Premier Stores brands which operate under franchises . Tesco Bank Main article : Tesco Bank In the United Kingdom Tesco offers financial services through Tesco Bank , formerly a 50 : 50 joint venture with The Royal Bank of Scotland . Products on offer include credit cards , loans , mortgages , savings accounts and several types of insurance , including car , home , life and travel . They are promoted by leaflets in Tesco 's shops and through its website . The business made a profit of £ 130 million for the 52 weeks to 24 February 2007 , of which Tesco 's share was £ 66 million . This move towards the financial sector diversified the Tesco brand and provides opportunities for growth outside of the retailing sector . On 28 July 2008 , Tesco announced that they would buy out the Royal Bank of Scotland 's 50 % stake in the company for £ 950 million . Telecoms Further information : Tesco Mobile Tesco operates a mobile phone business across the United Kingdom , Ireland , Slovakia , Hungary and the Czech Republic . It first launched in the UK in 2003 as a joint venture with O2 and operates as a mobile virtual network operator ( MVNO ) using the network of O2 with the exception of Hungary where the network of Vodafone Hungary is used . As a virtual operator , Tesco Mobile does not own or operate its own network infrastructure . By January 2011 Tesco announced it had over 2.5 million UK mobile customers . Tesco also operated a home telephone and broadband business . Its broadband service launched in August 2004 to complement its existing internet service provider business , providing an ADSL - based service delivered via BT phone lines . In January 2015 , Tesco sold its home telephone and broadband business , together with Blinkbox , to TalkTalk for around £ 5 million . Its customers were transferred by 2016 . Tesco Tech support Tesco acquired a small I.T. support company called The PC Guys in 2007 , and were able to launch Tesco Tech Support in December 2008 . Former operations Tesco home ' n ' Wear In the 1960s , Tesco set up a non-food division , Tesco Home ' n ' Wear , headed by Leslie Porter . It had stand - alone shops and departments in larger shops , and from 1975 a distribution centre in Milton Keynes . Although Tesco continued to stock non-food items the stand - alone shops were closed and the name was no longer in use when Tesco Extra was launched . Tesco Homeplus Total area ( m2 ) Total area ( sq ft ) Mean area ( m2 ) Mean area ( sq ft ) Percentage of space + / - Shops 2014 48,588 523,000 4,049 43,583 1.27 % 11 In May 2005 , Tesco announced a trial non-food only format near Manchester and Aberdeen , and the first shop opened in October 2005 . The shops offered all of Tesco 's ranges except food in warehouse - style units in retail parks . Tesco introduced the format as only 20 % of its customers had access to a Tesco Extra , and the company was restricted in how many of its superstores it could convert into Extras and how quickly it could do so . Large units for non-food retailing are much more readily available . The format was not Tesco 's first non-food only venture in the UK . Until the late 1990s / early 2000s there were several non-food Tesco shops around the country including Scarborough and Yate . Although not in a warehouse style format , the shops were located on high streets and shopping centres , they stocked similar items to Homeplus shops . In both cases this was because another part of the shopping centre had a Tesco Superstore that stocked food items only . By 2014 , the number of Homeplus shops in the United Kingdom had reached 12 ; the newest shop opened in Chester in July 2009 . In 2012 it was reported that Tesco was looking to close the business to focus on groceries . On 28 January 2015 , Tesco confirmed it would close six Homeplus shops on 15 March 2015 , and the remaining six shops closed on 27 June 2015 . Dobbies Garden centres Main article : Dobbies Garden Centres Total area ( m2 ) Total area ( sq ft ) Mean area ( m2 ) Mean area ( sq ft ) Percentage of space + / - Shops 2014 152,175 1,638,000 4,476 48,176 3.99 % Dobbies Garden Centre in Lasswade , Scotland Dobbies is a chain of garden centres across Scotland , England and Northern Ireland . Tesco completed its acquisition of Dobbies in 2008 , and the company continued to trade under its own brand , from its own head office in Melville , near Edinburgh . On 17 June 2016 , Tesco sold the company on to a group of investors led by Midlothian Capital Partners and Hattington Capital for £ 217 million . Harris + Hoole Main article : Harris + Hoole In 2012 , Tesco invested in a new coffee shop chain , named Harris + Hoole after coffee - loving characters in Samuel Pepys ' diary . Tesco took full ownership of the business from its founders Nick , Andrew and Laura Tolley in February 2016 , and agreed in June 2016 to sell it to Caffè Nero . Giraffe Giraffe is a restaurant chain in the United Kingdom which Tesco purchased in March 2013 as part of a strategy of making use of excess space in its shops . Tesco sold the chain to Boparan Holdings in June 2016 . Euphorium Bakery Euphorium Bakery opened a concession in Tesco 's Kensington shop in 2012 , and in 2013 Tesco bought a stake in the business . It purchased the remaining stake in April 2015 . In August 2016 , Tesco sold Euphorium 's high street shops and factory in Islington to Soho Coffee , and its factory in Weybridge to Samworth Brothers . International operations Main article : Tesco International operations Tesco has expanded its operations outside the UK to 11 other countries in the world . The company pulled out of the USA in 2013 , but continues to see growth elsewhere . Tesco 's international expansion strategy has responded to the need to be sensitive to local expectations in other countries by entering into joint ventures with local partners , such Charoen Pokphand in Thailand to form Tesco Lotus , and by appointing a very high proportion of local personnel to management positions . It also makes small acquisitions as part of its strategy : for example , in its 2005 / 2006 financial year it made acquisitions in South Korea , one in Dubai , UAE ; one in Poland and one in Japan . On 7 September 2015 , Tesco sold its South Korean business , Homeplus , to MBK Partners and partnered with a Canadian pension fund and Temasek Holdings for the deal . Ireland Main article : Tesco Ireland Tesco Ireland was formed by the Tesco PLC 1997 takeover of the Irish retailing operations of Associated British Foods , namely Powers ' Supermarkets Limited and its subsidiaries , trading as `` Quinnsworth '' and `` Crazy Prices '' . Corporate affairs Corporate strategy New Tesco House , Tesco 's former head office , in Cheshunt , Hertfordshire According to Citigroup retail analyst David McCarthy , `` ( Tesco has ) pulled off a trick that I 'm not aware of any other retailer achieving . That is to appeal to all segments of the market '' . One plank of this strategy has been Tesco 's use of its own - brand products , including the upmarket `` Finest '' , mid-range Tesco brand and low - price `` Value '' encompassing several product categories such as food , beverage , home , clothing , Tesco Mobile and financial services . Beginning in 1997 when Terry Leahy took over as CEO , Tesco began marketing itself using the phrase `` The Tesco Way '' to describe the company 's core purposes , values , principles , and goals This phrase became the standard marketing speak for Tesco as it expanded domestically and internationally under Leahy 's leadership , implying a shift by the company to focus on people , both customers and employees . A core part of the Tesco expansion strategy has been its innovative use of technology . It was one of the first to build self - service tills and use cameras to reduce queues , and an early adopter of NFC Contactless Payment card technology . In 2016 , Tesco developed a mobile payment wallet , PayQwiq using both NFC Contactless and barcode technology to allow payment using mobile phones in - shop ( along with supporting other contactless mobile wallets such as ApplePay ) . Financial performance All figures below are for the Tesco 's financial years , which run for 52 - or 53 - week periods to late February . Up to 27 February 2007 period end the numbers include non-UK and Ireland results for the year ended on 31 December 2006 in the accounting year . The figures in the table below include 52 weeks / 12 months of turnover for both sides of the business as this provides the best comparative . 52 / 3 weeks ended Turnover ( £ m ) Profit before tax ( £ m ) Profit for year ( £ m ) Basic earnings per share ( p ) 25 February 2017 55,917 145 ( 54 ) ( 0.49 ) 28 February 2016 53,933 202 129 1.70 28 February 2015 62,284 ( 6,376 ) ( 5,766 ) ( 70.82 ) 22 February 2014 70,894 3,054 2,259 32.05 23 February 2013 64,826 3,549 3,453 35.97 25 February 2012 64,539 3,985 2,814 34.98 26 February 2011 67,573 3,535 2,671 33.10 27 February 2010 62,537 3,176 2,336 31.66 28 February 2009 54,300 3,128 2,166 28.92 23 February 2008 47,298 2,803 2,130 26.95 24 February 2007 46,600 2,653 1,899 22.36 25 February 2006 38,300 2,210 1,576 19.70 26 February 2005 33,974 1,962 1,366 17.44 28 February 2004 30,814 1,600 1,100 15.05 22 February 2003 26,337 1,361 946 13.54 23 February 2002 23,653 1,201 830 12.05 24 February 2001 20,988 1,054 767 11.29 26 February 2000 18,796 933 674 10.07 27 February 1999 17,158 842 606 9.14 28 February 1998 16,452 760 532 8.12 Despite being in a recession , Tesco made record profits for a British retailer in the year to February 2010 , during which its underlying pre-tax profits increased by 10.1 % to £ 3.4 billion . Tesco now plans to create 16,000 new jobs , of which 9,000 will be in the UK . In 2011 the retailer reported its poorest six - monthly UK sales figures for 20 years , as a result of consumers ' reduced non-food spending and a growth in budget rivals . By 2014 , Tesco appeared to have lost some of its appeal to customers . The share price lost 49 per cent of its value up to October as it struggled to fend off competition from rivals Aldi and Lidl . In October 2014 , Tesco suspended 8 executives following its announcement the previous month that it had previously overstated its profits by £ 250 million . The misreporting resulted in almost £ 2.2 billion being wiped off the value of the company 's stock market value . The suspended executives included former commercial director Kevin Grace and UK managing director Chris Bush . The profit overstatement was subsequently revised upwards to £ 263 million following an investigation by the accountancy firm Deloitte and it was clarified that the inflated profit figure was the result of Tesco bringing forward rebates from suppliers . The Serious Fraud Office ( SFO ) confirmed on 29 October 2014 that it was carrying out a criminal investigation into the accounting irregularities but declined to give further details . Market share UK market share According to Kantar Worldpanel , Tesco 's share of the UK groceries market in the 12 weeks to 18 March 2012 was 30.2 % , down from 30.6 % in the 12 weeks to 18 March 2011 . Supermarket Market share March 2012 + / - from March 2011 Tesco 30.2 % 0.4 % Asda 17.9 % 0.6 % Sainsbury 's 16.6 % 0.0 % Morrisons 12.3 % 0.0 % The Co-operative Food 6.9 % 0.4 % In terms of the wider UK retail market , Tesco sales account for around one pound in every ten spent in British shops . In 2007 it was reported that its share was even larger , with one pound in every seven spent going to Tesco . In 2006 , Inverness was branded as `` Tescotown '' , because well over 50p in every £ 1 spent on food is believed to be spent in its three Tesco shops . By 2014 competition from other retailers led to a fall in Tesco 's market share to 28.7 % ; this was the lowest level in a decade . Corporate social responsibility Tesco has made a commitment to corporate social responsibility in the form of contributions of 1.87 % in 2006 of its pre-tax profits to charities / local community organizations . This compares favourably with Marks & Spencer 's 1.51 % is lower than that of Sainsbury 's 7.02 % . This figure , £ 42 million , is lower than the amount of money reported to have avoided in Tax during 2007 ( see below ) . Will Hutton , in his role as chief executive of The Work Foundation recently praised Tesco for leading the debate on corporate responsibility . However Intelligent Giving has criticized the company for directing all `` staff giving '' support to the company 's Charity of the Year . Tesco in Evesham In 1992 , Tesco started a `` computers for schools scheme '' , offering computers in return for schools and hospitals getting vouchers from people who shopped at Tesco . Until 2004 , £ 92 million of equipment went to these organizations . The scheme has been also implemented in Poland . In 2009 , Tesco used the phrase , `` Change for Good '' as advertising , which is trade marked by Unicef for charity usage but not for commercial or retail use , which prompted the agency to say , `` It is the first time in Unicef 's history that a commercial entity has purposely set out to capitalise on one of our campaigns and subsequently damage an income stream which several of our programmes for children are dependent on . '' They went on to call on the public `` ... who have children 's welfare at heart , to consider carefully who they support when making consumer choices . '' Tesco 's own labels for personal care and household products are cruelty - free -- this means they are not tested on animals . In June 2011 , Tesco announced that it was working with 2degrees Network to create an online hub as part of its target to reduce its supply chain carbon footprint by 30 % by 2020 . In September 2011 a Greenpeace report revealed that Tesco supermarkets in China were selling vegetables that contained illegal pesticides or at levels exceeding the legal limit . A green vegetable sample from Tesco turned up methamidophos and monocrotophos , the use of which has been prohibited in China since the beginning of 2007 . Advertising Prunella Scales , as Dotty Turnbull arguing about Tesco prices A notable 1980s advert was `` Checkout 82 , '' which was made in 1982 , where a till would have a receipt coming out of it with the prices on . This advert had synthpop music as the backing and people singing `` Check it out , check it out '' . Adverts in the early ' 90s had a man called David , portrayed by Dudley Moore , on the hunt for free - range chickens from France and discovering many goods from around the world to purchase for Tesco . Late 2000s adverts have included many celebrities and celebrity voice - overs such as The Spice Girls and the voice of actors James Nesbitt and Jane Horrocks . Tesco 's main advertising slogan is `` Every little helps '' . Its advertisements in print and on television mainly consist of product shots ( or an appropriate image , such as a car when advertising petrol ) against a white background , with a price or appropriate text ( e.g. , `` Tesco Value '' ) superimposed on a red circle . Tesco 's in - shop magazine is one of the largest - circulation magazines in the United Kingdom , with a circulation of 1.9 million as of 2013 . In November 2013 , Tesco announced they would introduce face - scanning technology developed by Amscreen at all of their 450 UK petrol stations to target advertisements to individual customers . Criticism Main article : Criticism of Tesco Criticism of Tesco includes allegations of stifling competition due to its undeveloped `` land bank '' , and breaching planning laws . Litigation The Tesco supermarket chain is involved in litigation such as the Ward v Tesco Stores Ltd and Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass cases . Tesco have been criticized for aggressively pursuing critics of the company in Thailand . Writer and former MP Jit Siratranont faced up to two years in jail and a £ 16.4 million libel damages claim for saying that Tesco was expanding aggressively at the expense of small local retailers . Tesco served him with writs for criminal defamation and civil libel . The Thai court dismissed the case , ruling that the criticism made by the defendant was ' in good faith by way of fair comment on any person or thing subjected to public criticism ' . In November 2007 , Tesco sued a Thai academic and a former minister for civil libel and criminal defamation , insisting that the two pay £ 1.6 million and £ 16.4 million plus two years ' imprisonment respectively . They have been alleged to have misstated that Tesco 's Thai market amounts to 37 % of its global revenues , amongst criticism of Tesco 's propensity to put small retailers out of business . In August 2013 , Tesco was fined £ 300,000 after admitting that it misled customers over the pricing of `` half price '' strawberries . Price - fixing In 2007 , Tesco was placed under investigation by the UK Office of Fair Trading ( OFT ) for acting as part of a cartel of five supermarkets ( Safeway , Tesco , Asda , Morrisons and Sainsburys ) and a number of dairy companies to fix the price of milk , butter and cheese . In December 2007 , Asda , Sainsburys and the former Safeway admitted that they acted covertly against the interests of consumers while publicly claiming that they were supporting 5,000 farmers recovering from the foot - and - mouth crisis . They were fined a total of £ 116 million . Corporate tax structure In May 2007 , it was revealed that Tesco had moved the head office of its online operations to Switzerland . This allows it to sell CDs , DVDs and electronic games through its web site without charging VAT . The operation had previously been run from Jersey , but had been closed by authorities who feared damage to the island 's reputation . In June 2008 , the government announced that it was closing a tax loophole being used by Tesco . The scheme , identified by British magazine Private Eye , utilizes offshore holding companies in Luxembourg and partnership agreements to reduce corporation tax liability by up to £ 50 million a year . Another scheme previously identified by Private Eye involved depositing £ 1 billion in a Swiss partnership , and then loaning out that money to overseas Tesco shops , so that profit can be transferred indirectly through interest payments . This scheme is still in operation and is estimated to be costing the UK exchequer up to £ 20 million a year in corporation tax . Tax expert Richard Murphy has provided an analysis of this avoidance structure . Tax avoidance has not always related to corporation tax . A number of companies including Tesco used a scheme to avoid VAT by forcing customers paying by card to unknowingly pay a 2.5 % ' card transaction fee ' , though the total charged to the customer remained the same . Such schemes came to light after HMRC litigated against Debenhams over the scheme during 2005 . Opposition to expansion Tesco Express Harpenden , Hertfordshire Tesco 's expansion has not been without criticism and , in some cases , active opposition . In March 2007 , residents in Bournville , Birmingham fought to maintain the historic alcohol - free status of the area , in winning a court battle with Tesco , to prevent it selling alcohol at their local outlet . No shops are permitted to sell alcohol in the area and there are no pubs , bars or fast - food outlets in Bournville due to its Quaker roots . Plans for a large Tesco shop in St Albans , Hertfordshire , attracted widespread local opposition . This led to the formation of the `` Stop St Albans Tesco Group '' . In June 2008 , St Albans Council refused planning permission for the proposed new shop . In April 2011 , longstanding opposition to a Tesco Express shop in Cheltenham Road , Stokes Croft , Bristol , evolved into a violent clash between opponents and police . The recently opened shopfront was heavily damaged , and police reported the seizure of petrol bombs . Opponents have suggested that the shop would damage small shops and harm the character of the area . Halal in UK shops As of August 2012 , around 27 UK Tesco superstores have halal meat counters . The meat sold is advertised as `` stun - free '' , which puts the meat sold in contradiction of RSPCA standards on animal welfare . The sale of such meat would be illegal in the UK were it not for an exemption in the law granted to Jews and Muslims . Horse meat found in burgers Main article : 2013 meat adulteration scandal In January 2013 , the British media reported that horse meat had been found in some meat products sold by Tesco , along with other retailers , particularly burgers . David Cameron called this `` unacceptable '' , with products showing 29.1 % horse meat in the `` Value '' range burger , which were supposed to be beef . It was later revealed in February 2013 that some of Tesco 's Everyday Value Spaghetti Bolognese contained 60 % horse meat . Tesco withdrew 26 of its products in response , and announced that they were working with authorities and the supplier to investigate the cause of the contamination . Discrimination against the blind In July 2013 Tesco security staff violated the UK Equality Act 2010 when they refused to allow a blind lady 's guide dog from entering the Feltham shop . Tesco staff refused to apologise for the violation of the law for 5 days . It was also revealed that security staff had thrice previously ordered a different blind person and his guide dog to leave the shop . Following further incident in 2013 when the manager of Tesco in Sutton ordered a blind person and her guide dog to leave the shop , Tesco stated that their staff had received training to ensure that such an incident would not happen again . However , a year later in 2014 three Tesco cashiers banned a blind person and her dog from their shop . Slavery in Thailand In 2014 , The Guardian reported that Tesco is a client of Charoen Pokphand Foods . Over 6 months The Guardian traced the whole chain from slave ships in Asian waters to leading producers and retailers . Sale of goods from Israel Tesco has been targeted by protesters complaining the supermarket chain sells goods made in Israel , with most complaints being about products emanating from Israeli settlements in the West Bank . Protests generally occur when Israeli military operations are being carried out in the Gaza Strip or the West Bank . A protest at a shop in Birmingham on 16 August 2014 resulted in a protester being arrested . Sale of anti-semitic Books Searchlight magazine said it was `` horrified '' to discover anti-semitic books by US extremist publisher Liberty Bell on the Tesco website . Titles offered for sale included The Hitler We Loved and Why , The International Jew and The Protocols of the Elders of Zion . Searchlight found another 106 titles by British - based publisher Steven Books which it describes as `` so extreme that even the British National Party does not sell them '' . The shop said in a statement : `` Tesco.com has over one million book titles covering a wide range of subjects . We are unhappy that titles which could cause offence to some customers have found their way on to our site and took immediate action to remove them once they were brought to our attention . '' Mothballing of new shops Tesco 's financial crisis of 2014 led to their reducing their capital expenditure on new shops , which led to the boarding up of new unopened shops in Chatteris , Cambridgeshire and Immingham , Lincolnshire . The controversial Chatteris mothballing caused local criticism after the £ 22 million project had re-routed a river and built a controversial roundabout and underpass , whereas the much anticipated Immingham development demolished a local shopping centre and closed several local shops to enable its construction . The impending arrival of Tesco also contributed to the Co-operative's decision to close their shop in the town . Tesco 's announcing the indefinite delay in their shop opening left the town of around 15,000 inhabitants without a supermarket ; this is despite the fact that Tesco went ahead with the opening of shops in Little Lever , Dunfermline and Rotherham . Security On 17 July 2015 Tesco disabled their online photo site as part of a precautionary security measure . This coincided with several other retailers , including CVS and Walmart Canada , had shut down similar services regarding a security breach at PNI Digital Media . Suppliers The UK Groceries Code Adjudicator found in a 2015 - 16 investigation into Tesco that some suppliers paid `` large sums of money in exchange for category captaincy or participation in a price review '' . She found some evidence of benefits which suppliers derive from these arrangements , but also recorded a concern - to be investigated further - as to whether the purpose of the Groceries Code was being circumvented by these payments . Chairman of Tesco Chairmen of Tesco have been : Sir Jack Cohen , 1947 to 1970 Hyman Kreitman , 1970 to 1973 Sir Leslie Porter , 1973 to 1985 Lord MacLaurin , 1985 to 1997 John Gardiner , 1997 to 2004 Sir David Reid , 2004 to 2011 Richard Broadbent , 2011 to 2015 John Allan , March 2015 to present See also Hertfordshire portal Companies portal Food portal List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom Tesco Town Tesco Everyday Value Tesco Venture Brands Walmart Asda Sainsbury 's Morrisons Lidl Aldi References ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary Results 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Tesco plc . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tesco Key Facts '' . Tesco plc . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contacts '' . Tesco PLC . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Potter , Mark ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Tesco to outpace growth at global rivals -- study '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Powers of Retailing 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Deloitte . 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London . Archived from the original on 17 July 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tesco may appeal '' . St Albans Review . 30 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Police hurt in violent anti-Tesco clashes in Bristol '' . BBC News . 22 April 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Onyanga - Omara , Jane ( 22 April 2011 ) . `` Chaos in Bristol 's ' cultural quarter ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Halal Centre '' . National Halal Food Group . National Halal Food Group . 20 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2010 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RSPCA Religious Slaughter Factsheet '' . RSPCA Farm Animals Information Sheet . RSPCA . February 2009 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Halal hysteria '' . New Statesman. 9 May 2012 . The stunning of livestock before slaughter has been compulsory in the EU since 1979 but most member states , including the UK , grant exemptions to Muslims and Jews . 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Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Delay to new Tesco and Aldi supermarkets in Immingham fuels anger among shoppers '' . Grimsby Telegraph . Archived from the original on 3 August 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Neil . `` First look inside new £ 4 million Little Lever Tesco '' . The Bolton News . Jump up ^ `` Tesco store ready to celebrate opening '' . Dunfermline Press . Jump up ^ Austen , Tom . `` New Rotherham Tesco open for Christmas '' . rothbiz.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Tesco Photo halts operations after customer credit card data breach scare '' . Amateur Photographer. 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retailers Suspend Online Photo Centers Due to Possible Breach - SecurityWeek.Com '' . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Groceries Code Adjudicator , Investigation into Tesco plc , published 26 January 2016 Further reading MacLaurin , Sir Ian ( 1999 ) . Tiger by the Tail : A Life in Business from Tesco to Test Cricket . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 37371 - 4 . Simms , Andrew ( 2007 ) . Tescopoly : How one shop came out on top and why it matters . London : Constable . ISBN 1 - 84529 - 511 - 0 . Humby , Clive ; Hunt , Terry ; Phillips , Tim ( 2006 ) . Scoring points : How Tesco continues to win customer loyalty . London & Philadelphia : Kogan Page . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7494 - 4752 - 6 . Nash , Bethany ( 2006 ) . Fair - Trade and the growth of ethical consumerism within the mainstream : an investigation into the Tesco consumer . Leeds : University of Leeds . OCLC 75272130 . Leahy , Terry ( 2012 ) . Management in 10 Words . London : Random House . ISBN 1847940897 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tesco . Official website Corporate website Tesco Key people Jack Cohen Lord MacLaurin Terry Leahy Philip Clarke Dave Lewis List of chairmen Retail Tesco Tesco.com Extra Express Metro One Stop Former operations Dobbies Garden Centres Harris + Hoole Giraffe World Kitchen Tesco Kipa International operations Tesco Lotus Tesco Ireland Services Tesco Bank Tesco Clubcard Tesco Mobile Dunnhumby Links to related articles Supermarkets in the United Kingdom ' Big four ' Asda Morrisons Sainsbury 's Tesco Convenience Bargain Booze Best - One Budgens The Co-operative Food Costcutter Happy Shopper Jones Convenience Stores Londis Mace McColl 's Nisa Premier Stores Spar Discount Aldi B & M Home Bargains Kwik Save Lidl Poundland Poundstretcher Poundworld Quality Save Frozen specialists Farmfoods Heron Foods Iceland Fulton 's Foods Online Ocado Premium Marks & Spencer Waitrose Whole Foods Market Regional Booths Dunnes Stores Filco Planet Organic Shoprite ( Isle of Man ) Category Convenience stores Major convenience stores in Africa Eastern Africa National Oil Northern Africa Mini-Brahim On the Run Southern Africa Sasol Spar Spar Express Major convenience stores in Asia East 759 Store 7 - Eleven Circle K CU Daily Yamazaki FamilyMart GS25 Hi - Life Lawson Ministop OK Mart ParknShop Poplar Spar Storyway VanGO emart 24 Southeast 108 Shop 7 - Eleven All Day Alfamart B 's mart Bright Choices Co. op Food Cheers Circle K FairPrice Xpress Fresh Mart Jiffy Lawson Lawson 108 FamilyMart Indomaret Mini Big C Ministop Mesra Shell Select Shop&Go Star Mart Tesco Lotus Express Tops Daily VanGO VinMart South Spar West Circle K Spar Former ampm Buy the Way BP Connect Circle K Sunkus Daily Stop On the Run Major convenience stores in Europe Northern 7 - Eleven Bargain Booze Best - One BP Connect Budgens Centra Co-op Food Costcutter David Sands Deli de Luca Happy Shopper Jones Convenience Stores Kwik Save Londis ( Ireland ) Londis ( United Kingdom ) Mace Narvesen Nisa On the Run One Stop Pressbyrån R - Kioski McColl 's Sainsbury 's Local Scotmid Spar Tesco Express Waitrose WHSmith Southern Couche - Tard Mac 's On the Run Opencor Provi - Soir Spar Eastern Billa CBA Eurocash Freshmarket Groszek Małpka Express Piotr i Paweł Polomarket Spar Społem Żabka Western Albert Heijn Carrefour City Delhaize Franprix Marché Plus Monoprix On the Run Petit Casino Spar Former Jacksons Stores Local Plus Mills Morrisons M Local Somerfield Ugo Major convenience stores in North America Canada 7 - Eleven Circle K CST Couche - Tard Irving Mac 's Needs On the Run Pioneer Provi - Soir Quickie Honduras Circle K Mexico 7 - Eleven Circle K OXXO Super City Tiendas United States 7 - Eleven A-Plus ABC Alimentation Couche - Tard Circle K CST Holiday Allsup 's ampm Andeavor Giant SuperAmerica USA Gasoline Buc - ee 's Byrne Dairy Casey 's Cenex Chevron Convenient Cumberland Farms Dairy Barn Dari Mart Exxon Gate Petroleum GetGo Global GPM Investments Village Pantry Go - Mart High 's Dairy Store Jr . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the biggest tesco store in europe | [
"Tesco Extra shops are larger, mainly out-of-town hypermarkets that stock nearly all of Tesco's product ranges, although some are in the heart of town centres and inner-city locations. The largest shop in England by floor space is Tesco Extra in Walkden, with 17,230 square metres (185,500 sq ft) of floorspace.[53]\n"
] | [
"Walkden"
] |
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