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565781105758578376 | Narmada River | Narmada river - wikipedia Narmada river Jump to : navigation , search `` Narmada '' redirects here . For other uses , see Narmada ( disambiguation ) . Narmada Reva River Narmada river bank near Jabalpur Country India States Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Gujarat Tributaries - left Burhner River , Banjar River , Sher River , Shakkar River , Dudhi River , Tawa River , Ganjal River , Chhota Tawa River , Kaveri River , Kundi River , Goi River - right Hiran River , Tendoni River , Choral River , Kolar River , Man River , Uri River , Hatni River , Orsang River City Dindori Source Narmada Kund - location Amarkantak Plateau , Anuppur district , Central India , Madhya Pradesh - elevation 1,048 m ( 3,438 ft ) - coordinates 22 ° 40 ′ 0 '' N 81 ° 45 ′ 0 '' E / 22.66667 ° N 81.75000 ° E / 22.66667 ; 81.75000 Mouth Gulf of Khambhat ( Arabian Sea ) - location Bharuch District , Gujarat - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 21 ° 39 ′ 3.77 '' N 72 ° 48 ′ 42.8 '' E / 21.6510472 ° N 72.811889 ° E / 21.6510472 ; 72.811889 Coordinates : 21 ° 39 ′ 3.77 '' N 72 ° 48 ′ 42.8 '' E / 21.6510472 ° N 72.811889 ° E / 21.6510472 ; 72.811889 Length 1,315 km ( 817 mi ) approx . Discharge - average 1,447 m / s ( 51,100 cu ft / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Garudeshwar 1,216 m / s ( 42,943 cu ft / s ) Maps showing the course of the Narmada , selected tributaries , and the approximate extent of its drainage area The Narmada , also called the Rewa , is a river in central India and the fifth longest river in the Indian subcontinent . It is the third longest river that flows entirely within India , after the Godavari , and the Krishna . It is also known as `` Life Line of Madhya Pradesh '' for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya Pradesh in many ways . It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km ( 815.2 mi ) before draining through the Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea , 30 km ( 18.6 mi ) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat . It is one of only three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west ( longest west flowing river ) , along with the Tapti River and the Mahi River . It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley , flowing west between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges . The other rivers which flow through rift valley include Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti . The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys , but between different ranges . It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh ( 1,077 km ( 669.2 mi ) ) , and Maharashtra , ( 74 km ( 46.0 mi ) ) , ( 39 km ( 24.2 mi ) ) ( actually along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra ( 39 km ( 24.2 mi ) ) and then the border between Maharastra and Gujarat ( 74 km ( 46.0 mi ) ) ) and in Gujarat ( 161 km ( 100.0 mi ) ) . The Periplus Maris Erythraei ( c. 80 AD ) calls it the Nammadus , and the British Raj called it the Nerbudda or Narbada . Narmada ' is a Sanskrit word meaning `` the Giver of Pleasure '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 River regime 2 Narmada basin 3 Geology 4 Religious significance 5 Facts of the valley 6 Forests and sanctuaries 7 Anthropological and archaeological sites 8 Narmada river development ( NRD ) 9 Early background and dispute 9.1 Sardar Sarovar Dam 9.2 Indirasagar Dam 10 Navigation along the river 11 Gallery 12 See also 13 Bibliography 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links River regime ( edit ) Narmada river in Omkareshwar The River Narmada flows through a gorge of Marble rocks in Bhedaghat Side view of the Dhuandhar Falls seen during the monsoon season . The source of the Narmada is a small reservoir , known as the Narmada Kund , located at Amarkantak on the Amarkantak Plateau in the Anuppur District , Shahdol zone of eastern Madhya Pradesh . The river descends from Sonmud , then falls over a cliff as Kapildhara waterfall and meanders in the hills , flowing through a tortuous course crossing the rocks and islands up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar . Between Ramnagar and Mandla , ( 25 km ( 15.5 mi ) ) , further southeast , the course is comparatively straight with deep water devoid of rocky obstacles . The Banger joins from the left . The river then runs north -- west in a narrow loop towards Jabalpur . Close to this city , after a fall of some ( 9 m ( 29.5 ft ) ) , called the Dhuandhara , the fall of mist , it flows for ( 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) ) , in a deep narrow channel through the magnesium limestone and basalt rocks called the Marble Rocks ; from a width of about 90 m ( 295.3 ft ) , above , it is compressed in this channel of ( 18 m ( 59.1 ft ) ) , only . Beyond this point up to its meeting the Arabian Sea , the Narmada enters three narrow valleys between the Vindhya scarps in the north and the Satpura range in the South . The southern extension of the valley is wider at most places . These three valley sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the scarps and the Satpura hills . Marble rocks alongside Narmada River Emerging from the Marble Rocks the river enters its first fertile basin , which extends about 320 km ( 198.8 mi ) , with an average width of 35 km ( 21.7 mi ) , in the south . In the north , the valley is limited to the Barna -- Bareli plain terminating at Barkhara Hills opposite Hoshangabad . However , the hills again recede in the Kannod plains . The banks are about ( 12 m ( 39.4 ft ) ) high . It is in the first valley of the Narmada that many of its important tributaries from the south join it and bring the waters of the northern slopes of the Satpura Hills . Among them are : the Sher , the Shakkar , the Dudhi , the Tawa ( biggest tributary ) and the Ganjal . The Hiran , the Barna , the Choral , the Karam and the Lohar are the important tributaries joining from the north . Below Handia and Nemawar to Hiran fall ( the deer 's leap ) , the river is approached by hills from both sides . In this stretch the character of the river is varied . The Omkareshwar island , sacred to the Lord Shiva , is the most important river island in Madhya Pradesh . At first , the descent is rapid and the stream , quickening in pace , rushes over a barrier of rocks . The Sikta and the Kaveri join it below the Khandwa plain . At two points , at Mandhar , about 40 km ( 24.9 mi ) below Nemawar , and Dadrai , 40 km ( 24.9 mi ) further down near Punasa , the river falls over a height of about 12 m ( 39.4 ft ) . Narmada River at full flow during monsoon in Bhedaghat . A few kilometres further down near Bareli and the crossing ghat of the Agra to Mumbai road , National Highway 3 , the Narmada enters the Mandleshwar plain , the second basin about 180 km ( 111.8 mi ) long and 65 km ( 40.4 mi ) wide in the south . The northern strip of the basin is only 25 km ( 15.5 mi ) . The second valley section is broken only by Saheshwar Dhara fall . The early course of about 125 km ( 77.7 mi ) up to Markari falls is met with a succession of cataracts and rapids from the elevated table land of Malwa to the low level of Gujarat plain . Towards the west of this basin , the hills draw very close but soon dwindle down . Below Makrai , the river flows between Vadodara district and Narmada district and then meanders through the rich plain of Bharuch district of Gujarat state . The banks are high between the layers of old alluvial deposits , hardened mud , gravels of nodular limestone and sand . The width of the river spans from about 1.5 km ( 0.9 mi ) at Makrai to 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) near Bharuch and to an estuary of 21 km ( 13.0 mi ) at the Gulf of Cambay . An old channel of the river , 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) to 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) south from the present one , is very clear below Bharuch . The Karanjan and the Orsing are the most important tributaries in the original course . The former joins at Rundh and the latter at Vyas in Vadodara district of Gujarat , opposite each other and form a Triveni ( confluence of three rivers ) on the Narmada . The Amaravati and the Bhukhi are other tributaries of significance . Opposite the mouth of the Bhukhi is a large drift called Alia Bet or Kadaria Bet . The tidal rise is felt up to 32 km ( 19.9 mi ) above Bharuch , where the neap tides rise to about a metre and spring tide 3.5 m ( 11.5 ft ) . The river is navigable for vessels of the burthen of 95 tonnes ( i.e. , 380 Bombay candies ) up to Bharuch and for vessels up to 35 tonnes ( 140 Bombay candies ) up to Shamlapitha or Ghangdia . The small vessels ( 10 tonnes ) voyage up to Tilakawada in Gujarat . There are sand bases and shoals at mouth and at Bharuch . The nearby island of Kabirvad , in the Narmada River , features a gigantic Banyan tree , which covers 10,000 square metres ( 2.5 acres ) . its also called mother of madhya pradesh citizens . Narmada basin ( edit ) Railway Bridge on river Narmada at Bharuch , Gujarat The Narmada basin , hemmed between Vindya and Satpura ranges , extends over an area of 98,796 km ( 38,145.3 sq mi ) and lies between east longitudes 72 degrees 32 ' to 81 degrees 45 ' and north latitudes 21 degrees 20 ' to 23 degrees 45 ' lying on the northern extremity of the Deccan Plateau . The basin covers large areas in the states of Madhya Pradesh ( 81 % ) , Gujarat ( 12 % ) and a comparatively smaller area ( 4 % ) in Maharashtra , ( 2 % ) in Chhattisgarh and ( 1 % ) in Andhra Pradesh . In the river course of 1,312 km ( 815.2 mi ) explained above , there are 41 tributaries , out of which 22 are from the Satpura range and the rest on the right bank are from the Vindhya range . Dhupgarh ( 1,350 m ) , near Pachmarhi is the highest point of the Narmada basin . The basin has five well defined physiographic regions . They are : ( 1 ) The upper hilly areas covering the districts of Shahdol , Mandla , Durg , Balaghat and Seoni , ( 2 ) The upper plains covering the districts of Jabalpur , Narsinghpur , Sagar , Damoh , Chhindwara , Hosangabad , Betul , Raisen and Sehore , ( 3 ) The middle plains covering the districts of Khandwa , part of Khargone , Dewas , Indore and Dhar , ( 4 ) The lower hilly areas covering part of the west Nimar , Jhabua , Dhulia , Narmada and parts of Vadodara , and ( 5 ) the lower plains covering mainly the districts of Narmada , Bharuch , and parts of Vadodara . The hill regions are well forested . The upper , middle and lower plains are broad and fertile areas , well suited for cultivation . The Narmada basin mainly consists of black soils . The coastal plains in Gujarat are composed of alluvial clays with a layer of black soils on the surface . The valley experiences extremes of hydrometeorological and climatic conditions with the upper catchment having an annual precipitation in the range of 1,000 mm ( 3.3 ft ) to 1,850 mm ( 6.1 ft ) and with half or even less than half in its lower regions ( 650 mm ( 2.1 ft ) -- 750 mm ( 2.5 ft ) ) ; the diversity of vegetation from lush green in the upper region to dry deciduous teak forest vegetation in the lower region is testimony to this feature . The Irrigation Commission ( 1972 ) identified the Narmada basin in Madhya Pradesh as drought affected and a large part of North Gujarat , Saurashtra and Kutch as semi-arid or arid scarcity regions on account of extreme unreliability of rainfall , rendering them ' chronically ' drought - prone and subject to serious drinking water problems . Geology ( edit ) The Narmada Valley is a graben , a layered block of the Earth 's crust that dropped down relative to the blocks on either side due to ancient spreading of the Earth 's crust . Two normal faults , known as the Narmada North fault and Narmada South fault , parallel to the river 's course , and mark the boundary between the Narmada block and the Vindhya and Satpura blocks or Horsts which rose relative to the Narmada Graben . The Narmada 's watershed includes the northern slopes of the Satpuras , and the steep southern slope of the Vindhyas , but not the Vindhyan tableland , the streams from which flow into the Ganges and Yamuna . The Narmada valley is considered extremely important for palaeontological studies in India . Several dinosaur fossils have been found in the area including Titanosaurus indicus found in 1877 by Richard Lydekker and the recently discovered Rajasaurus narmadensis . Religious significance ( edit ) A scenic view of Maheshwar on the banks of Narmada Omkareshwar temple on the banks of Narmada river To Hindus the Narmada is one of the seven holy rivers of India ; the other six being Ganges , Yamuna , Godavari , Saraswati , Sindhu , and Kaveri . It is believed that a dip in any of these seven rivers washes one 's sins away . According to a legend , the river Ganges , polluted by millions of people bathing in it , assumes the form of a black cow and comes to the Narmada to bathe and cleanse itself in its holy waters . Legends also claim that the Narmada River is older than the river Ganges . The river was mentioned by Ptolemy in the second century AD as Namade and by the author of the Periplus . The Ramayana , the Mahabharat , and the Puranas refer to it frequently . The Rewa Khand of Vayu Purana and the Rewa Khand of Skanda Purana are entirely devoted to the story of the birth and the importance of the river , and hence Narmada is also called the Rewa . There are many fables about the origin of the Narmada . According to one of them , once Lord Shiva , the Destroyer of the Universe , meditated so hard that he started perspiring . Shiva 's sweat accumulated in a tank and started flowing in the form of a river -- the Narmada . Another legend has it that two teardrops that fell from the eyes of Lord Brahma , the creator of the universe , yielded two rivers -- the Narmada and the Son . Legends also say that for Lord Shiva , the Hindu God , the river is especially sacred on account of its origin , and it is often called Shankari , i.e. , daughter of Shankar ( Lord Shiva ) . All the pebbles rolling on its bed are said to take the shape of his emblem with the saying , `` Narmada Ke Kanker utte Sankar '' ( a popular saying in the Hindi belt of India ) , which means that ' pebble stones of Narmada get a personified form of Shiva ' . These lingam shaped stones ( cryptocrytalline quartz ) , called Banalinga also called ( Banashivalingas ) are much sought after for daily worship by the Hindus . The Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur , Tamil Nadu , constructed by Rajaraja Chola , has one of the biggest Banalingas . Adi Shankara met his guru Govinda Bhagavatpada on the banks of the river Narmada . Narmada is also said to have been in love with the Sonbhadra , another river flowing on the Chota Nagpur Plateau . According to the Puranas , the Narmada is also called the Rewa , from its leaping motion ( from the root ' rev ' ) through its rocky bed . Important religious places and Ghats along the course of the river , starting from its origin at Narmadakhund at Amarkantak hill , are a ) the Amarkantak ( in Sanskrit : Neck of Shiva ) or Teertharaj ( the King of Pilgrimages ) , b ) Omkareshwar , Maheshwar , and Mahadeo temples , Nemawar Siddeshwar Mandir in the middle reach of the river -- all named after Shiva , c ) Chausath Yogini ( sixty four yoginis ) temple , d ) Chaubis Avatar temple , e ) and Bhrigu Rishi temple in Bharuch . The Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess by Narmadeeya Brahmins . The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of a parikrama or circumambulation of the river . The Narmada Parikrama , as it is called , is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake . Many sadhus and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat , along the river , to the source in Maikal Mountains ( Amarkantak hills ) in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river . It is a 2,600 - kilometre ( 1,600 mi ) walk . Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur , Barwani , Hoshangabad , Harda , Narmada Nagar , Omkareshwar , Dewas ( Nemavar , Kity , Pipri ) , Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh , and Rajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat . Some places of historical interest are Joga Ka Quilla , Chhatri of Baji Rao Peshwa and Bhimbetka , and among the falls are the Dugdhdhara , Dhardi falls , Bheraghat , Dhuandhara , Kapiladhara and Sahastradhara . Facts of the valley ( edit ) In Indian history , Kannada emperor from Chalukya dynasty Pulakeshin II is said to have defeated emperor Harshavardhana of Kannauj on the banks of Narmada . The valley is famous for the gorgeous Maheshwari saris , which are handwoven ; comfortable in warm and cold weather , dressy and yet light ; these saris have a dedicated , select following among Indian women . Forests and sanctuaries ( edit ) Forests of Amarkantak Bark of Lagerstroemia parviflora Tigress with her two cubs in Kanha National Park Teak and India 's best hardwood forests are found in the Narmada River basin and they are much older than the ones in the Himalayas . The lower Narmada River Valley and the surrounding uplands , covering an area of169 , 900 km ( 65,598.8 sq mi ) consists of dry deciduous forests . The ecoregion lies between moister forests to the northeast , southeast , and southwest , which receive greater rainfall from the southeast monsoon , and the drier forests and scrublands of the Deccan to the south and Malwa and Gujarat to the west and northwest . The natural vegetation of the region is a three -- tiered forest . Tectona grandis is the dominant canopy tree , in association with Diospyros melanoxylon , Dhaora ( Anogeissus latifolia ) , Lagerstroemia parviflora , Terminalia tomentosa , Lannea coromandelica , Hardwickia binata and Boswellia serrata . Riparian areas along the regions ' rivers and streams , which receive year -- round water , are home to moist evergreen forests , whose dominant tree species are Terminalia arjuna , Syzygium cumini ( Jambul ) , Syzygium Heyneanum , Salix tetrasperma , Homonoia riparia , and Vitex negundo . The ecoregion is home to 76 species of mammals and to 276 bird species , none of which are endemic . According to the World Wildlife Fund ( WWF ) , about 30 % of the ecoregion is covered in relatively intact vegetation . The ecoregion includes some large blocks of habitat in the Vindhya and Satpura ranges . About 5 % of the ecoregion lies within protected areas , including Bandhavgarh , Panna , and Sanjay National Parks . Some of the important national parks and wild life sanctuaries in the valley are the following . Kanha National Park located in the upper reaches of Narmada , about 18 km ( 11.2 mi ) from Mandla , boasts of several wild animals including the Tiger . Two tributaries of Narmada , namely , Hallon and Banjar , flow through this park . It is one of the best National Parks of Asia , which has been described vividly by Rudyard Kipling in his famous creation The Jungle Book . Satpura National Park , set up in 1981 , is located in Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh . Its name is derived from Satpura hill ranges ( Mahadeo hills ) and covers an area of 524 km ( 202.3 sq mi ) and along with the adjoining Bori and Panchmarhi Sanctuaries , provides 1,427 km ( 551.0 sq mi ) of unique central Indian Highland ecosystem . Satpura National Park , being part of a unique ecosystem , is very rich in biodiversity . The fauna comprises tiger , leopard , sambar , chital , bhedki , nilgai , four - horned antelope , chinkara , bison ( gour ) , wild boar , wild dog , bear , black buck , fox , porcupine , flying squirrel , mouse deer , Indian joint squirrel etc . There are a variety of birds . Hornbills and peafowl are the common birds . The flora of the national park consists of mainly sal , teak , tendu , aonla , mahua , bael , bamboo , and a variety of grasses and medicinal plants . Forest areas outside protected areas are also quite rich in floral and faunal diversity . Mandla Plant Fossils National Park , Dindori National fossils park Ghughuya is situated in Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh in India . This national park has plants in fossil form that existed in India anywhere between 40 million and 150 million years ago spread over seven villages of Mandla District ( Ghuguwa , Umaria , Deorakhurd , Barbaspur , Chanti - hills , Chargaon and Deori Kohani ) . The Mandla Plant Fossils National Park is an area that spreads over 274,100 m ( 2,950,387.8 sq ft ) . Such fossils are found in three other villages of the district also , but they lie outside the national park . One theory is that the area in which the fossils are located , i.e. , the Narmada Valley near Mandla , was actually a deep inundation of the sea into peninsular India till the Post - Cambrian Tertiary age , about 40 million years ago . This means that Narmada was a very short river which terminated in the inland sea above Mandla , and that the recession of the sea caused geological disturbances , which created the present rift valley through which the Narmada River and Tapti River flow in their present journey to the Arabian Sea . All this , however , is speculation and conjecture because it is only recently that an interest has developed in the fossils of Mandla and detailed scientific studies are still wanting . The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve covers part of three civil districts viz. , Hoshangabad , Betul and Chhindwara of Madhya Pradesh . The total area is 4,926.28 km ( 1,902.0 sq mi ) . It envelops three wildlife conservation units viz. , Bori Sanctuary ( 518.00 km2 ) , Satpura National Park ( 524.37 km ( 202.5 sq mi ) ) , and Pachmarhi Sanctuary ( 461.37 km ( 178.1 sq mi ) ) ) . Satpura National Park comprises the core zone and the remaining area of 4,501.91 km ( 1,738.2 sq mi ) ) , surrounding the core zone serves as buffer zone . The area comprises 511 villages . The area exhibits variety of geological rock and soil formations . There is a wide spectrum of floral and faunal features that occupy the Satpura conservation area . It is one of the oldest forest reserves , which has an established tradition of scientific management of forests . It constitutes a large contiguous forest block that harbours a community of plant and animal species typical of the central highland region . Apart from the above national parks , there are also a number of natural preserves such as the Amarkantak , the Bagh Caves and the Bhedaghat . In compliance of the Environmental Action Plan for the Narmadasagar and Omkareswar HEPs , as per the recommendations of the Wildlife Institute of India three new protected areas may be created , which are , a ) the Narmada National Park ( 496.70 km ) , b ) the Surmanya Sanctuary ( 126.67 km ) and c ) Omkareshwar Sanctuary ( 119.96 km ) comprising a total area of 788.57 km . Shoolpaneshwar Sanctuary in Gujarat , near the Sardar Sarovar dam site , previously called the Dumkal Sloth Bear Sanctuary ( old sanctuary has been expanded four times ) now covers an area of about 607 km ( 234.4 sq mi ) , comprises a major watershed feeding the Sardar Sarovar and Karjan reservoir ( on the Karjan River , a tributary of Narmada in Gujarat ) . It is the habitat of mammals and a variety of birds , including eagles and hawks . Anthropological and archaeological sites ( edit ) Bhimbetka rock painting The Bhimbetka rock shelters are located in a dyke of the Narmada valley at about 45 km ( 28.0 mi ) northeast of Bhopal ( between Bhopal and Hoshangabad highway ) . The walls of these caves contain pre -- historic paintings . The development of the Narmadā river has led to the inundation of some archaeological and architectural sites . The Department of Archaeology , Museums and Archives , Government of Madhya Pradesh , undertook rescue excavations in response , and transplanted a number of temples . An attempt to comprehensively list and publish lost sites has been undertaken by Jürgen Neuss . Narmada river development ( nrd ) ( edit ) The Narmada river has a huge water resources potential , as much as 33,210,000 acre feet ( 40.96 km ) of average annual flow ( more than 90 % of this flow occurring during the monsoon months of June -- September ) , which according to estimates is greater than the combined annual flows of the Ravi , Beas and the Sutlej rivers , which feed the Indus basin . The 75 % dependable flow is 28,000,000 acre feet ( 35 km ) . Till the beginning of planned development in the country was started in 1946 , this huge potential went almost abegging without any effective utilisation thus denying much needed succour to the drought stricken people of the valley , both in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat . Since then plans have been evolved , debated , finally legally examined and adjudicated by a tribunal , and agitated by NGOs . The Supreme Court has finally intervened to ensure that the implementation of the projects are not halted . Early background and dispute ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Investigations for harnessing the Narmada waters started around the time of independence , when Central Waterways , Irrigation and Navigation Commission ( CWINC ) identified several storage schemes and in 1948 the Khosla Committee prioritised the proposals and named Tawa , Bargi , Punasa and Bharuch projects ( the last three on the main stem of the river ) for preparation of reports . The reports were ready by 1963 . A parallel study of hydropower potential identified 16 sites with a potential of 1300 MW . While the project in Gujarat , the Baruch Weir project ( for which Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation stone in 1961 ) went through a series of modifications and improvements with a reformed scheme at Navagam village to extend benefits up to the Rann of Kutch , following the bifurcation of the erstwhile Bombay state into Maharashtra and Gujarat states and Gujarat 's intent to raise the height of the dam at Navagam to maximise storage benefits at the cost of submergence of potential hydropower sites in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh , there was a dispute between the states . It resulted in an impasse in the implementation of the agreed projects at Navagam in Gujarat , Punasa in Madhya Pradesh and Bargi Dam in Madhya Pradesh and power benefit sharing among the states ; with Madhya Pradesh refusing to ratify the agreements . To break the logjam , a high level Committee was appointed by the Government of India ( GOI ) in September 1964 . In 1965 , the Committee prepared a Master Plan for the basin , which involved construction of 12 major projects in MP and the Navagam Dam in Gujarat . It provided priority to irrigation over power ; irrigation of 2,630 square kilometres ( 1,020 sq mi ) in MP , 400 square kilometres ( 150 sq mi ) in Maharashtra , 460 square kilometres ( 180 sq mi ) in Gujarat and 4,000 square kilometres ( 1,500 sq mi ) in Rajasthan . The storages it recommended in MP involved Bargi , Tawa and Narmadasagar ( Punasa ) while its proposed Navagam high dam would submerge the hydelpower project sites of Jalasindhi ( in Maharashtra ) and Harinphal ( MP ) but without any more submergence than would be caused by the three dams if separately constructed . Gujarat endorsed the proposal , but Maharashtra was not willing to go by it . After intense parleys failed to resolve the problem , the GOI decided to set up the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal ( NWDT ) in 1969 under the Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1956 to adjudicate on the dispute relating to sharing of water of the interstate Narmada and its valley . Tribunal award . After ten years of deliberations , the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal ( NWDT ) gave its award in December 1979 . The NWDT , considering the development of the water resources of the basin as a whole , gave its award , allocating share of water and Hydro Power of the Sardar Sarovar Project . The Tribunal 's final order determined the utilisable quantum of Narmada waters to be 27,000,000 acre feet ( 33 km ) at 75 % dependability and allocated it to the four states , as in Table below , including share of power benefits . It also stipulated the share of water when utilisable flow was in excess of 28,000,000 acre feet ( 35 km ) . The Navagam dam height was fixed at full reservoir level ( FRL ) 460 feet ( 140 m ) with a maximum water level of EL feet . The Full Supply Level of the Navagam canal was fixed at 300 feet ( 91 m ) . The costsharing formula among the states and the consequent requirement of release of regulated releases from the Narmada Sagar dam by MP was also spelt out . The resettlement and rehabilitation package was also clearly specified with all costs to be borne by Gujarat for all resettlement and rehabilitation work of people affected in the three states and also for relocating any ancient or historic monuments , places of worship or idols likely to suffer submergence . Party States Allocated share of water % share of power Madhya Pradesh 18,250,000 acre feet ( 22.51 km ) 57 Gujarat 9,000,000 acre feet ( 11 km ) 16 Maharashtra 250,000 acre feet ( 0.31 km ) 27 Rajasthan 500,000 acre feet ( 0.62 km ) Nil Total 28,000,000 acre feet ( 35 km ) 100 The uniqueness of this Award is that a non-riparian state -- Rajasthan -- has been allocated a share of Narmada waters , for meeting the water requirements of the drought prone districts of Barmer and Jalore , which have no other source of dependable water . The work on the project did not start soon since extensive studies were undertaken for project designing and with World Bank getting involved with funding studies and project costs ( Loan agreement with GOI of $450 million was signed in May 1985 ) , the Resettlement and Rehabilitation ( R&R ) package was substantially revised , over and above what was set in the NWDT , and environmental studies had to be undertaken , but the environmental and forest clearances for the projects from the newly formed Ministry of Environment and Forests ( MoE&F ) involved extensive interministerial and inter departmental discussions ( within the central govt and with state governments ) for a substantial period and it was only in June 1987 ( almost 8 years after the NWDT award was given in December 1979 ) that the MoE&F gave a conditional approval to the Sardar Sarovar and Narmada Sagar Projects . The forest clearance was given in September 1987 for Sardar Sarovar only . The clearance also required the work to be done pari passu with the construction of the dams and the filling of the reservoir . In the meantime , the Narmada Control Authority ( NCA ) , an inter-State Administrative Authority and the Sardar Sarovar Construction Advisory Committee ( SSCAC ) were set up in 1980 by the Govt. of India in compliance of the NWDT award ; the former organisation was set up in December 1980 as body corporate with representatives from the four party states and India , as a machinery to implement the decisions and directions of the NWDT and the later organisation was set up in Sept. 1980 as a statutory body to ensure efficient , economical and timely execution of the Unit I ( dam and appurtenant works ) and Unit III ( hydropower works ) of the Sardar Sarovar Project ( SSP ) . A Review Committee consisting of the Union Minister for Irrigation ( now substituted by Union Minister for Water Resources ) as its Chairperson and the Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Gujarat and Rajasthan as its members is also in position to review the decisions of the NCA and the SSCAC , as required . For monitoring and implementation of various environmental activities effectively , independent machinery of the Environment Sub-Group is functioning since Nov. 1987 under NCA . Similarly , for monitoring the progress of the resettlement and rehabilitation of project affected people , R&R subgroup is also functioning under the NCA . At the state level , Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited ( SSNL ) in Gujarat has the mandate to implement and manage the Sardar Sarovar multipurpose project . In Madhya Pradesh , the Narmada Valley Development Authority ( NVDA ) is vested the responsibility for implementation of the projects . The overall plan for development ultimately conceived involves 30 major dams including Sardar Sarovar ( 21 irrigation , 5 hydropower , and 4 multipurpose ) , some 135 medium dams , and over three minor dams in M.P along the main stem of the river and its 41 tributaries to utilise its allocated share of 18,250,000 acre feet ( 22.51 km ) before 2025 ( within 45 years of the NWDT award ) . In addition to power generation and irrigation within the basin , water was allocated for domestic and industrial water uses and for multipurpose transbasin diversions to Son River and Tons River basins in eastern MP , drought prone areas of Saurashtra , Kutch , northern mainland in Gujarat , and southern Rajasthan . Irrigation benefits to the extent of about 40,000 square kilometres ( 15,000 sq mi ) to 50,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) ( of drought prone and scarcity areas ) and power generation of 2,600 MW were also envisaged . Thus , the Narmada River development is envisaged as a multi state program for development of hydropower and irrigation dams and their associated irrigation networks . In 1961 , the original project envisaged irrigation of almost 2 million acres ( 8,100 km ) in West India at a cost of $100 million . By 2011 , it had escalated to $3 billion . Layout of Water Resources Development Projects in the Narmada Basin in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh Even though the tribunal award resolved the initial issue of water sharing , but the height of dam , benefit sharing and the mode of settlement of affected people caused serious difficulties in implementation , particularly of the Sardar Sarovar dam ( the terminal dam on the river ) . Affected people agitated under the banner of the dedicated NGO , The Narmada Bachao Andolan ( NBA ) . The NBA followed up by Public Interest Litigation ( PIL ) in the Supreme Court of India . The NBA questioned the benefits claimed from the major projects , challenged the resettlement and rehabilitation packages for project affected people of the reservoir submergence and canal affected zones and its implementation . It also rejected the environmental impact assessments made and the remedial actions taken by the project authorities . The challenge created worldwide attention to the major development activity planned in the valley . It urged the World Bank to withdraw from the project and the intense worldwide pressure resulted in the Bank mounting an Independent Review Mission ( IRM ) called the Morse Mission to review the SSP . However , the IRM 's report was neither accepted by the Government of India or the World Bank . Finally Government of India decided to terminate further drawing from a remaining $180 million World Bank credit from the Bank with the firm resolution that the project would be completed within the national resources . The Supreme Court has also deliberated on this issue for several years but finally upheld the Tribunal Award and allowed the construction to proceed , subject to conditions . The Court introduced a mechanism to monitor the progress of resettlement pari passu with the raising of the height of the dam through Grievance Redressal Authorities ( GRA ) in each of the party states . The court 's decision referred in this document , given in the year 2000 , after 7 years of deliberations , has paved the way for completing the project to attain full envisaged benefits . The Supreme Court judgement was by two of a three judge panel . The third judge , SP Bharucha , dissented with the two other judges ' verdict Justice Bharucha stated , `` Considering the magnitude of rehabilitation , involving a large percentage of tribals , loss of extensive forest area rich in biological diversity , enormous environmental cost of the project and considering the fact that the basic data on vital aspects are still not available there could be but one conclusion , that the project ( s ) are not ready for approval ... '' The construction of the two multipurpose major projects , the Sardar Sarvoar in Gujarat and Indira Sagar in Madhya Pradesh , with the two interdependent to attain full envisaged benefits , is in progress and substantial partial benefits have already been achieved . Hence , details of these two projects are elaborated below . Sardar Sarovar dam ( edit ) Main article : Sardar Sarovar Dam Sardar Sarovar Dam , Gujarat , partially completed ( up to E.L. 121.92 m ) Largest lined canal in the world , Sardar Sarovar Project The dam has attained a height of EL. 121.92 m , the crest level of the spillway . The gates are yet to be erected to attain the FRL of EL 138.68 m for which clearance is required from the Supreme Court after the Grievance Redressal Committee submits its report on completion of R & R up to that elevation . Top level of dam to be attained is EL 146.50 m . Subsequent to the Tribunal award and approval to the project in 1987 by the Ministry of Water Resources with due clearances from the ministry , implementation of the Sardar Sarovar Project ( SSP ) was taken up as the terminal project on the main stem of the Narmada , in Gujarat , to use the share of allocated water to Gujarat and Rajasthan . The concrete gravity dam of 1,210 metres ( 3,970 ft ) length and 163 metres ( 535 ft ) height above foundation with storage capacity of 7,700,000 acre feet ( 9.5 km ) and reservoir length of 214 kilometres ( 133 mi ) extending into Gujarat , Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh is designed to provide an annual irrigation of 18,000 square kilometres ( 6,900 sq mi ) in Gujarat ( covering 3360 villages of 62 talukas in 14 districts ) , 4,260 square kilometres ( 1,640 sq mi ) in Rajasthan and hydel power generation of 1450 MW . As a result of construction of the dam , over 48,269 families ( 7000 families were assessed in 1979 by the Tribunal ) will be affected , as per the latest figures of NCA , in the three States spread over 244 villages ( 4 fully and 240 partially , 39369 in MP in 192 villages , 4163 in Maharshtra in 33 villages and 4737 in Gujarat in 19 villages ) ; the total area affected being 375.33 square kilometres ( 144.92 sq mi ) . The submergence area is broadly divided into two areas . First is fully tribal , which covers the initial reach of about 100 or so villages , which are almost 100 % tribal and hilly . They include all the 33 villages of Maharashtra ( in Nadurbar District ) , all 19 of Gujarat and many of the Madhya Pradesh . The second part of the submergence area is the mixed population area on the Nimad plains , with a very well developed economy that is well connected to the mainstream . Considered as the largest water resources project of India in terms of benefits , some of the special features of the project are the following : the spillway discharging capacity , at 3,070,000 cu ft / s ( 87,000 m / s ) , is the third highest in the world With 1133 m3 / s ( 40,000 ft3 / s ) capacity at the head regulator and 532 kilometres ( 331 mi ) length ( 458 kilometres ( 285 mi ) in Gujarat and 74 kilometres ( 46 mi ) in Rajasthan ) with 75,000 kilometres ( 47,000 mi ) length of distribution system including field channel , the Narmada Main Canal is the largest irrigation canal in the world . The project aims at supplying 3571 , 000 m3 / day of drinking water ( 2900 , 000 m3 / day for domestic consumption and 671,000 m3 / day for industrial consumption ) to 8215 villages and 135 towns in Gujarat , which are suffering from acute shortage of water . Also , the project aims to provide drinking water facilities to a population of about 1,371,000 in 1107 villages and two towns in Jalore district and Barmer district of Rajasthan . It has the lowest ratio of submergence to area irrigated , 1.65 % of CCA against an average of 4 to 5 % of other major irrigation projects . All six units of River Bed Power House ( RBPH ) have been commissioned successfully by June 2006 and are in operation . All five units of Canal Head Power House ( CHPH ) have been commissioned successfully by late December 2004 and are in operation . The main irrigation canal has been substantially constructed for a length of 357 kilometres ( 222 mi ) . Water has been let into the canal for partial irrigation and water supply needs . Further construction is in progress . Indirasagar dam ( edit ) Main article : Indirasagar Dam Indirasagar Dam partially completed in 2008 Indira Sagar canal for irrigation The Indira Sagar Project ( ISP ) at Punasa is one of the 30 major projects proposed in the Narmada basin with the largest storage capacity in the country . The project is located near Punasa village , in Khandwa District , Madhya Pradesh . This Multipurpose River Valley Project envisages construction of a concrete gravity dam , 653 metres ( 2,142 ft ) long and 92 metres ( 302 ft ) high with gross storage capacity of the reservoir of 12.22 km ( 9,910,000 acre ft ) and live storage of 9.75 km ( 7,900,000 acre ft ) to provide an annual irrigation potential of 1,690 km2 and a generation of 1000 MW of hydropower . The project also ensures supply of 60,000 acre ft ( 74,000,000 m ) of drinking water to rural areas in Khandwa district . In accordance with NWDT award , an annual regulated flow of 8,120,000 acre ft ( 10.02 km ) shall be released to the Sardar Sarovar Project ( SSP ) , ex-Maheshwar Project . The operation of Indira Sagar Project will be carried out in such a way as to facilitate the regulation of Sardar Sarovar . The dam and the powerhouse have been completed , but storage has been restricted up to EL 260 m under orders of the High Court , Jabalpur from R&R consideration . All the units of the powerhouse have been commissioned and generation of power from the eight units of 125 MW capacity , each commenced from Jan 2004 . The irrigation component of the project is under a fairly advance stage of implementation . Other completed and under construction projects Existing irrigation projects in the Narmada are the 1 ) Matiyari ( 1992 ) , 2 ) Rani Avantibai Sagar ( 1988 ) , 3 ) Barna ( 1978 ) , 4 ) Tawa ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 5 ) Sukta ( 1984 ) all in Madhya Pradesh , and Karjan project in Gujarat . Projects under implementation are the 1 ) Bargi diversion , 2 ) Kolar , 3 ) Man , 4 ) Omkareshwar multipurpose ( 520 MW , commissioned in Nov. 2007 ) and 5 ) Maheshwar ( 400 MW ) A large number of medium and small projects have been completed , and many more are under implementation , as conceived under the overall Master Plan . Navigation along the river ( edit ) The river is partially navigable in the estuary reach around Bharuch but the river has never been a transport artery . The idea for inland navigation emanated with NWDT giving its award for the two main dams -- the Sardar Sarovar in Gujarat 180 kilometres ( 110 mi ) from the coast and the Narmada Sagar in Madhya Pradesh -- the two dams separated by a river distance of about 900 kilometres ( 560 mi ) , and the plans to build two other dams in between on the main stem of the river . A feasibility study has been carried out for navigating the Narmada from the sea up to Hoshangabad -- a distance of 639 kilometres ( 397 mi ) -- or even up to Jabalpur a further distance of 309 kilometres ( 192 mi ) , upstream . The main challenge in these studies is the arrangements to be planned to negotiate the Maheswar , Indira Sagar , Omkareswar , and Sardar Sarovar projects . As such , the navigation option is still open and probably can only be pursued after all the above dams are completed and other implications examined . As Varghese states , `` The notion of seeing barge -- trains plying the river up to Hoshangabad or Jabalpur is not far -- fetched . They could become major inland ports . '' Gallery ( edit ) Photos of some of the dams and other connected structures in the Narmada basin . Jobat dam Omkareswar project -- canal aqueduct at Barwaha Sardar Sarovar Canal with flow Dhuandhar falls at dusk See also ( edit ) List of rivers of India Narmada Pushkaram Afroz Ahmad 3rd Narmada Bridge Bibliography ( edit ) Srivastava Pankaj ( 2007 ) . Jungle Rahe taki Narmada Bahe . ( Hindi ) . Narmada Conservation Initiative , Indore . Weir , Shelagh . The Gonds of central India : The Material Culture of the Gonds of Chhindwara District , Madhya Pradesh . London : British Museum , 1973 Geoffrey Waring Maw ( 1991 ) . Narmada , the life of a river . Marjorie Sykes . Yoginder K. Alagh ; Mahesh T. Pathak ; D.T. Buch ( 1995 ) . Narmada and Environment : An Assessment . Har - Anand Publications . K. Sankaran Unni ( 1996 ) . Ecology of River Narmada . APH Publishing . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7024 - 765 - 4 . Singh Bal Hartosh ( 2013 ) . Water close over us : A journey along the Narmada . HarperCollins India . ISBN 9350297051 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kumar , Rakesh ; Singh , R.D. ; Sharma , K.D. ( 2005 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Water Resources of India '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . Bangalore : Current Science Association . 89 ( 5 ) : 794 -- 811 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Narmada Basin Station : Garudeshwar '' . UNH / GRDC . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Narmada Valley Development Authority , NVDA , Government of Madhya Pradesh , Narmada Basin , Narmada Water Dispute '' . Nvda.nic.in. 1985 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Narmada Control Authority '' . NCA . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` paragraph 42 '' . Ntz.info . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ 11th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Monier Williams Sanskrit - English Dictionary '' . Sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 : Drainage System '' . India : Physical Environment . NCERT . March 2006 . p. 27 . ISBN 81 - 7450 - 538 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chadhar , Mohanlal ( 2017 ) , Amarakantak kshetra ka puravaibhava , SSDN , Publisher and Distributor , New Delhi , ISBN 978 - 93 - 8357 - 509 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Gujarat '' . traveliteindia.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Narmada river '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 10 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 20 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Valmiki Ramayana -- Kishkindha Kanda '' . Valmikiramayan.net . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Famous rivers of Madhya Pradesh '' . Indiasite.com . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Elgood , Heather ( 1999 ) . Hinduism and the Religious Arts . New York : Cassell . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 70739 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Narmadāparikramā - Circumambulation of the Narmadā River '' . Brill . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Narmada River '' . Mukti4u2.dk . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Narmada Control Authority '' . NCA . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - AD021full. doc '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived 19 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Narmada Control Authority '' . NCA. 3 June 1987 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India Travel guide '' . India.traveltoworld.com . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Archaeology '' . Mparchaeology.org . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ J. Neuss ( 2012 ) . `` On the Loss of Cultural Heritage in the Narmada Valley '' . Berliner Indologische Studien . pp. 195 -- 248 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Narmada Control Authority : Homepage '' . Nca.gov.in . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Winning the Future by B.G. Varghese. ( 1994 ) . ISBN 81 - 220 - 0357 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Final Order and Decision of the Tribunal '' ( PDF ) . Sscac.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived 3 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Archived 3 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Narmada Waters Dispute Tribunal Award ( NWDTA ) Reports of Irrigation Commission , 1972 . A River Sutra , by Gita Mehta . Vintage Books , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75247 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Narmada River . Narmada.org Maanarmada.org Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh Rivers Betwa Chambal Dhasan Gambhir Jamni Kali Sindh Kanhan Katni Ken Kwari Mahi Narmada Pahuj Parbati Pench Purna Shipra Sindh Son Sunar Tamsa or Tons Tapti Tawa Wainganga Wardha Lakes Bhimkund Bhoj Wetland Tawa Reservoir Bhojtal Waterfalls Bahuti Chachai Gatha Keoti Pandav Purwa Rajat Prapat Raneh Dams Bansagar Bargi Bhadbhada Gandhi Sagar Indirasagar Madikheda Omkareshwar Rajghat Tigra Related topics Godavari basin Narmada basin Son basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Uttar Pradesh Chhattisgarh Maharashtra Gujarat Rajasthan Hydrography of Maharashtra Rivers Adan Banganga Bhima Bindusara Dahisar Daman Ganga Darna Dnyanganga Girna Godavari Gomai Indravati Indrayani Kadva Karha Kolar Koyna Krishna Kundali Kundalika Mithi Mula Mula - Mutha Mutha Narmada Nira Oshiwara Painganga Panchganga Panzara Patalganga Pavana Poisar Pranahita Purna ( Tapti tributary ) Purna ( Godavari tributary ) Savitri Shahanur Shivana Sindphana Tansa Tapti Tasso Ulhas Vaan Vashishti Wainganga Wardha Waterfalls Kune Pandavgad Lakes Gorewada Khindsi Lonar crater Rankala Salim Ali Shivaji / Shivsagar Talao Pali Upvan Venna Talwat Hidkal Bhigwan Mahakali Sandhur Dams Bhushi Jayakwadi Khadakwasla Kolkewadi Koyna Mulshi Nilwande Panshet Susri Temghar Tilari Ujjani Walwan Varasgaon Waghur Related topics Godavari basin Narmada basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Narmada basin Rivers Narmada Sunar Tawa Dams , barrages Narmada Canal Bargi Dam Indirasagar Dam Omkareshwar Dam Sardar Sarovar Dam Tawa Reservoir Narmada Valley Development Authority Geographical features / regions Marble Rocks Dhuandhar Falls Deccan Plateau Gulf of Khambhat Satpura Range Malwa Bori Reserve Forest Bori Wildlife Sanctuary Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve Kanha Tiger Reserve Satpura National Park Mandla Plant Fossils National Park Bagh Caves Bhimbetka rock shelters Riparian districts Madhya Pradesh Anuppur Shahdol Mandla Balaghat Seoni Jabalpur Narsinghpur Sagar Damoh Chhindwara Harda Hosangabad Betul Raisen Sehore Khandwa Khargone Dewas Indore Dhar Jhabua Maharashtra Dhule Gujarat Narmada Vadodara Bharuch Languages / people Indo - Aryan languages Hindi Bhili Khandeshi Marathi Gujarati Controversies Narmada Bachao Andolan Transport NH 3 NH 7 NH 8 Jabalpur -- Bhusaval section Bhopal -- Nagpur section Other basins Mahanadi -- Brahmani -- Baitarani Damodar Godavari Kosi Son Hydrography of Gujarat Rivers Aji Ambika Auranga Bhadar Bhukhi Bhurud Chirai Chok Dai - minsar Daman Ganga Dhadhar Dnyanganga Fulki Gajansar Ghela Girna Gomai Hiran Kali Kalubhar Kankawati Kareshwar Kayla Keri Khalkhalio Khari Kharod Khokhra Kim Kolak Machchu Machchundri Mahi Malan Malan ( Gir ) Mindhola Mitiyativali Nagmati Nara Narmada Nayra Ozat Padalio Panzara Par Pur Purna Rangmati Rav Raval Rukmavati Rupen Rupen ( Gir ) Sabarmati Sai Sang Sangavadi saraswati Shahi Shetrunji Sukhbhadar Sunar Suvi Tapti Tawa Und Utavali Vaan Vegdi Vishwamitri West Banas Lakes Damodar Kund Hamirsar Lake Kankaria Narayan Sarovar Thol Lake Vastrapur Lake Dams Ajwa Dantiwada dam Dharoi dam Dholidhaja Kalpasar Kamleshwar Nayka Sardar Sarovar Ukai Bridges Ellis Bridge Golden Bridge Nehru Bridge Subhash Bridge Related topics Narmada basin Ocean Arabian Sea Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Khambhat Hydrography of surrounding areas Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Pakistan VIAF : 243046655 GND : 4200521 - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the narmada river located on a map | [
"The Narmada, also called the Rewa, is a river in central India and the fifth longest river in the Indian subcontinent. It is the third longest river that flows entirely within India, after the Godavari, and the Krishna. It is also known as \"Life Line of Madhya Pradesh\" for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya Pradesh in many ways. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining through the Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea, 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat.[3]"
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"the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining through the Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea, 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat"
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7609321275551771558 | Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai | Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai - wikipedia Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Show Poster Genre Drama Romance Created by Shashi Sumeet Productions Written by Shashi Sumeet Mittal Vaishali Nageen Rajesh Chawla Mayur Puri Sanjay Chhel Directed by Yogesh Bijendra Bhati Creative director ( s ) Indrajeet Mukherjee Ambica Sharma Starring Ashi Singh Randeep Rai Voices of Kumar Sanu Sadhana Sargam Theme music composer Anu Malik Nishant - Raja Sanjay Chhel Lyrics Opening theme Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 226 ( as of July 16 , 2018 ) Production Producer ( s ) Shashi Sumeet Mittal Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Location ( s ) Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Editor ( s ) Dharmesh Patel Priya Suhas Production company ( s ) Shashi Sumeet Productions Distributor Sony Pictures Network Release Original network SET Original release 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) -- Present Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ( English : It 's About Those Days ) is a Hindi drama series on SET and produced by Shashi Sumeet Productions , which started airing from 5 September 2017 . Newbie Ashi Singh and TV actor Randeep Rai play the lead roles of Naina and Sameer respectively . The show is based on the youngsters ' love story and is set in the 1990s . The show has been critically acclaimed for its performances and script.It is also dubbed in tamil known as Ninaithale Inikkum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Theme song 3 Cast 3.1 Main Cast 3.2 Recurring Cast 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Yeh Un Dino Ki Baat Hai chronicles a 1990s love story between Naina Agarwal ( Ashi Singh ) and Sameer Maheshwari ( Randeep Rai ) . The show explores the magic of ' first love ' . The show begins in 2017 at Ahmadabad with a grown - up Naina ( also Ashi Singh ) as a famous writer coming out of her Mercedes , going to her school Pragati Vidya Ka Mandir and remembering her school times . She narrates that 1989 was the last year she topped in 10th Boards and had never lied or fallen in love . But 1990 was the year where everything changed in her life because she lied also and fell in love also for someone special . Her voice - over ( Sadiya Siddiqui ) starts narrating about all the events of her past life till present . 1990 - 1991 : The show moves back to 1990 at Ahmadabad where we see a 16 - year - old Naina studying in 11th Science , a quintessential good girl and a topper in her class , limited to her studies and her family . We are introduced to her family which consists of Anand Chachaji ( Sachin Khurana ) , Bela Chachiji ( Madhushree Sharmaj ) , Tauji ( Sanjay Batra ) , Taiji ( Abha Parmar ) , Pooja ( Shweta Rajput ) who is her elder cousin sister , Preeti ( Ayesha Kaduskar ) who is her cousin sister and Pralay who is her younger cousin brother ( Son of Tauji and Taiji ) . Naina is shown to have a great bond with everyone mostly with Chachaji , who loves her the most . Meanwhile , Sameer Maheshwari ( Randeep Rai ) is introduced as a happy - go - lucky handsome guy who is studying at a boarding school in Nainital . He is rusticated from the school for doing mischief with his friends by roller - skating on road and accidentally breaking his Principal 's car windshield . He runs away from Nainital and comes to Ahmadabad to stay with his Nanaji Jaiprakash Maheshwari ( Kiran Kumar ) who is a rich textile dealer and an industrialist in Ahmadabad . On the day of his arrival , he accidentally spits chewing -- gum on Naina 's hair unknown to her , which results in Preeti cutting her hair to avoid more troubles for her , but she and Preeti are eventually caught and they both get scolded and beaten by Chachiji , who afterwards send them to grind the flour . There unknown to her , Sameer again comes and tears her dupatta to tie on his hurt finger . Naina again gets scolded at the house . Meanwhile , Sameer makes friends with Manoj aka Munna ( Sanjay Choudhary ) and his mother Vishaka ( Vaishnavi Mahant ) comes to Ahmadabad , where she tries to convince him to go back to Nainital , but he does not pay any heed to her words and gets upset after hearing her telling about his step - father 's reputation . Finally , after persuasion of Nanaji , she gives in and allows him to stay with his Nanaji in Ahmadabad and leaves for Delhi . Meanwhile , in Naina 's life , her family comes to know that someone from her class kept a love letter in her Science notebook and they come to her school and question her . After a short investigation , it is revealed that it was Sanjay Tebriwal ( Vikram Singh Rathod ) who had a secret crush on her and had kept the letter in her Science notebook . She is forced to tie ' Rakhi ' on his hand and make him consider as his sister on the orders of Tauji and Taiji in class . She vows to never ever look or talk to boys , let alone falling in love . Her voice - over in the show reveals that ' she still sends him ' Rakhi ' and he considers Naina as his sister till today ' . On the day of admission , Sameer initially goes to St. Xavier but backs off after he learns from Munshiji that his step - father used to study in the same school . Sameer takes admission in the same school as of Naina on the recommendation of Munna and becomes an instant hit in the school among girls and boys due to his flamboyant looks and his upper - class status . On the first day of the school , he indulges in a fight with his seniors who make fun of him and even abuse his mother 's upbringing , and he beats those guys . He also collides with Naina accidentally while running behind one of them . Naina sees him and instantly falls in love with him . She also sees him fighting with the seniors . With the arrival of Sameer in her class , she tries to get closer to him as she has fallen in love with him at first sight . Later , Naina is chosen to be the head - discipline monitor of the school . When Sameer is called upon by the principal regarding the fight which happened in the morning with the seniors , he is suspended from the school as Naina much to her dismay , tells the truth to Principal Pandey ( Ahsaan Qureshi ) . This results in an instant disliking of Sameer towards Naina . Then we are introduced to Naina 's father Rakesh Agarwal ( Chandresh Singh ) and Naina 's elder brother Arjun ( Somendra Solanki ) who dreams of becoming a cricketer . Rakesh is shown as very strict , short - tempered and stern father who favors Arjun the most as he thinks that Arjun can only fulfill his dreams by being a successful cricketer . He indulges in a fight with someone on the bus which unknown to him is a father of a suitable groom who is selected by Anand and Bela for their daughter Pooja 's marriage . When he comes to know that Rakesh is a family member of them , he breaks off the marriage talks with them . He also works as a librarian in the same school where Naina and Arjun study . He is promised to have his own cabin by the school authorities , which later turns to be a prank played by his colleagues who misguide him telling that instead of his cabin there will be an expansion of parking lot in the school . His parking also gets taken by Sameer , which results in his instant disliking towards him . After this , Naina goes to buy her new shoes and accidentally her shoes get exchanged with Sameer 's shoes at the same shop due to the fault of an employee at the shoe store . After Sameer gets re-admission in school he steals Naina 's new shoes as a part of revenge , but he accidentally gives her back the shoes as he comes to know that Rakesh is Naina 's father as he had hidden her shoes in his scooter . The school has their inspection by the authorities . Naina sees Sameer and his friends Munna and Pandit ( Raghav Dhir ) smoking on the school terrace . After seeing her , they throw away the cigarette which falls in the chemistry lab resulting in a small mishap which affects the school reputation . Naina is again called upon by the principal and asks her to tell the truth , but this time Naina denies that she has not seen anyone smoking due to her crush on Sameer . Later , Naina is chosen by Mr. Jaiprakash Maheshwari ( who happens to be school trustee ) to study at Vanasthali due to her good marks on a scholarship basis . Naina is heartbroken as she must go away from Sameer . Meanwhile , Shefali ( Hema Sood ) a Christian girl and daughter of a single mother comes to live in the same society where Naina resides . She also happens to be her pen - friend . She tells about her love for Sameer in a different way by telling that her friend ' Kavita ' is in love with someone and Shefali turns out to be a guide for her . In the school , selection for head - boy is announced which involves both Arjun and Sameer with a cricket match and an examination as criteria . Sameer requests Naina to teach him and she agrees happily . Munna and Pandit try to help Sameer by posting a love - letter on the pretext of Arjun to Shefali so that his way of becoming head - boy becomes clear , but Sameer calls their act ' Useless ' and asks them to rectify it . While taking out the fake letter , Naina 's admission form to Vanasthali also gets lost , which results in her admission getting canceled which makes Naina happy and she again resumes teaching Sameer . Everything is going well between them until Rakesh comes to know about this and he bars Naina from teaching him , which makes her sad . Shefali eventually comes to know that Kavita is none other than Naina and she makes a promise to her that she will never let anyone know about this . On ideas given by Shefali , Naina tries in every possible way to help him such as giving him blank calls and playing inspirational songs over the phone . When Sameer 's mother comes to know that Sameer is standing up for the head - boy post , she comes to motivate him along with her husband Mr. Vivek Somani ( Sandeep Rajora ) which irks Sameer . Later , the cricket match between Sameer and Arjun is held . Sameer is badly injured when trying to take the catch during Arjun 's batting , he still somehow manages to bat and chase the target of 18 runs given by Arjun . He gives a fight to Arjun by scoring 12 runs off the first five balls with a six required off the last ball . But he gets diverted and loses against Arjun by 5 runs by getting bowled on the last ball when he sees his mother going away because Mr. Somani tells her that Rohan is hurt , and they need to go right away , which later turns out that Rohan is fine . Meanwhile , his father taunts him regarding the poor performance and tells him useless , but still , his mother and Nanaji give him confidence and asks him to perform well in the examinations . Sameer 's friends tell him not to worry as they will steal the question papers for him while Nanaji overhears him and asks Sameer not to cheat in exams , which he agrees . They almost succeed in making a duplicate key , but Sameer does not take the question papers and gives the exam honestly while Arjun also gives the exams . Results are out and Arjun scores 84 marks while Sameer manages just 50 marks . Still , Vishaka is proud of him as she says that he has become responsible now and gives him a gift . He along with his friends discuss the keys and Sameer says he shall throw them away because he does not want to cheat his Nanu and calls his step - father as the villain in his life . He hears them over and makes a phone call to the principal from the PCO . The principal tells everyone that someone leaked question papers and made duplicate keys . Mr. Somani stops Vishaka and asks her to stay back . Naina sees library keys falling out from Sameer 's pocket . After an argument , when the principal is about to suspend Rakesh due to his negligence , Naina tells that Sameer stole the keys . Sameer is destroyed by the half - truth told by Naina and this begins his hatred towards her . Vishaka and Mr. Somani leave the house as they think that they have been insulted and Vishaka tells him that she will never come in any of his functions , festivals or birthday . Sameer is heart - broken . Still , his Nanaji somehow manages to save him from rustication as he tells the authorities to investigate the matter thoroughly . Sameer is saved by getting rusticated . As soon as Arjun becomes Head boy , his father makes Sameer get banned for playing cricket for 3 months by Arjun and lies to him that Naina told Principal to take such action against him . With revenge on his mind against Naina and her father , he places a bet with his seniors ( Gaurav Sharma , Darsh Prajapati and Niel Sharma ) that he will make her say `` I Love You '' by making her hug him in front of everyone and thus try to insult her by showing an example of Rakesh 's upbringing ( Rakesh badmouthed Vishaka and Nanaji about Sameer 's upbringing ) . This begins a new side of the story . While Naina starts hating Sameer for his wrongdoings , Sameer tries to apologize and woo Naina as a part of the bet . Naina even takes back her name of Juliet 's role in ' Romeo and Juliet ' play , as Sameer is also acting in it . Sameer gives her a cassette recording which she destroys and throws it away . Sometime later , she comes to know that it was , Arjun who had stolen the papers . When confronted by Naina , he tells her that his father 's pressure was mounting on him for becoming a head - boy and to achieve that he not only needed to win the match but even score good marks , so he decided to steal the papers . Naina feels guilty and remembers Sameer 's words . She cries and runs to Shefali who consoles her and asks her to apologize to him . Naina goes back and repairs the cassette and plays in front of Shefali . In the recording , Sameer tells Naina that he has invited her over his birthday party in Ahmadabad 's biggest hotel . She somehow manages to go to Sameer 's party and wishes him on his birthday too , but after seeing one of Tauji 's friend she runs away from the hotel fearing Tauji 's scolding and reputation of her family . She apologizes to him for her behavior and emotionally cries in front of him . Meanwhile , they start spending time with each other and get to know each other . She desires to play the role of Juliet which has been handed over to Swati ( Kristina Patel ) her best friend as she desires to play the character alongside Sameer who is playing Romeo . Still , she manages to get a small role as a soldier alongside Munna and is happy that at least she is close to Sameer . There is a kissing scene between Romeo and Juliet in the play which shocks everyone ( Kissing was considered as a taboo in those days ) . Naina thinks that Sameer must have kissed Swati 's hand during the play and she breaks off all the relations with him calling themselves as not fit for each other . But when , she comes to know that he did not kiss on Swati 's hand , she thanks Sameer for that . Sameer tries to kiss on her hand , but she shrugs him away and questions on his family values , which angers Sameer , and this again begins a small enmity between them where they fight while having Pani - puri , buying cassette in the shop and even in the school . She later apologizes to Sameer and becomes friends with him again . The school organizes a field trip to Mount . Abu and Sameer request her to come on the trip so that he can complete his bet . While Naina dreams of being with him , she knits a sweater for him , when she comes to know about the strained relationship with his mother . Somehow , she gets permission from home to go to Mount Abu with Sameer 's idea of sending Shanti teacher along with Swati to convince her family to allow her to go on a trip . During this , his Nanaji due to low BP faints on the road . Naina sees him and takes him to the hospital sacrificing her debate competition . After his Nanaji recovers , he praises Naina and calls her a nice girl even telling Sameer that he needs friends like these . This makes Sameer realize that he is not being fair and feels guilty . Sameer helps in fixing her sister 's marriage , reconciles her and Swati 's friendship , fixes his father 's scooter broken headlight and Naina warms up to him , considering him to be a changed person . ( But little to her knowledge , he is just doing for the sake of winning the bet and completing his revenge . ) Meanwhile , Arjun badmouths Shefali regarding her dressing sense , her behavior , her thinking and tries to keep himself away from her . But he later apologizes to her and becomes friends with her and starts to coach her on playing cricket . The day arrives , and everyone is ready to go on a trip and when they see that Rakesh sir is also coming , they get disheartened . Munna and Pandit somehow manage to not allow Rakesh sir board the bus by locking him in the library and leave for the trip without him . In Mount Abu , they spend a lot of happy moments together and even Swati starts liking Munna in the process . One night , Munna and Pandit get drunk and lock the room from inside which leaves Sameer outside in the lobby resulting in having high fever and cold . Naina takes a bold step by taking him into her room . She makes him eat the medicines and cares for him like no one ever did for him , which makes Sameer feel guilty and realizes that he has fallen in love with Naina . In the morning , her father comes to Mt . Abu and when he sees Sameer inside her room , he gets very angry and beats him very badly in front of everyone by creating a ruckus at the trip . Naina tries to explain to him , but he instead tries to slap her as he thinks she is also involved , but Sameer stops Rakesh from slapping her and signals her to keep quiet . He takes all the blame on himself by telling , that he hid in the room by becoming a ghost and scare her . This angers Rakesh more and he beats him . Naina cries a lot as she feels guilty to see Sameer in such a condition and comes to him with the sweater which she made for them . He takes the sweater made by her but does not wear it as he feels guilty for being so foolish to have placed this bet with the seniors . Meanwhile , seniors decide to tell Rakesh about the bet which Munna and Pandit overhear them . They tell Sameer about this and he gets involved in a fight with them when they start talking filthy about Naina . Unknown to him , he finds his mother and step - father in Mount Abu who has come for some important work . They see him fighting and Mr. Somani acts if he does not know him and stops Vishaka also from recognizing him . This hurts Sameer more and he goes away . Naina comes running behind him and asks him the reason for his strange behavior towards her . He tells her that no one loves him , no one cares for him and he does not remember that his mother had ever made a sweater for him . Naina tells that she cares for him and admits that she loves him . But , from behind the seniors arrive and tell Naina everything about the bet which makes her heartbroken and she goes into a shock causing her to faint on the hilltop . She returns to Ahmadabad heartbroken . Sameer 's voice - over ( Jiten Lalwani ) tells that , `` Till today he feels guilty for what he did to Naina . He always gets upset when he thinks about that incident and thinks of slapping himself . Every year he comes to Mount Abu and remembers all the golden moments between them but feels guilty '' . When she returns to Ahmadabad , she comes to know from Preeti that her neighbor Megha had run away from the wedding for her lover who did n't show up at the station and everyone is barred to not speak with Megha and her family by the orders of Tauji , which makes her even sadder . When Arjun tries to stop Shefali from talking to Megha , she also leaves him and stops taking cricket coaching asking him to broaden his thinking . Naina goes into depression , fights with Preeti , tortures herself and does n't live properly . Meanwhile , in Sameer 's house , Vishaka and Mr. Somani complain about the fighting incident of Sameer to Nanaji . Sameer already guilty about himself gets angry on seeing them and talks rudely to them . When Nanaji asks him about the incident , he replies in a rude manner to him also which makes him angry and slaps Sameer . But Sameer , already feeling guilty over this heinous crime of placing a bet , does not feel ashamed and asks Nanaji to slap him more because of a crime he did , not because of complaint he got from his parents . When he questions his mother and her upbringing , she gets angry and retaliates by asking him , ' What he has done to prove that he is her son ? He always made her confused about the relationship between him and herself . Whenever she tried to go near him , he ignored her and when she went far from him , he got angry . ' Nanaji tries to stop her , but she continues to make Sameer realize about the relationships and its value . She asks him a question that , ' Has he ever carried out a relationship honestly ? ' which makes Sameer remember Naina 's heartbroken face . She even tells him that , ' He has allergy from love and affection because he is not capable of carrying out any relationship ' . This makes Sameer angrier and he goes away . Nanaji scolds Vishaka and Vivek for their ignorance also and asks Vishaka to say sorry . Nanaji tries to sort out the matter , but Sameer again gets angry and asks Vishaka to say him , sorry remembering Naina 's heartbroken face and eventually leaves from there . Munna and Pandit along with Sameer realize about the foolishness for what they have done to Naina and his mother 's words which have truth in it . Naina , already depressed get admitted to the hospital when she slaps Pralay also when unknowingly he sings a sad song with Naina 's name in it . Taiji sees her slapping Pralay and scolds her , also slapping her which makes her unconscious . She gets admitted in hospital and comes to the realization that everything that happened to her was a bad dream , eventually deciding to forget everything and move on . Even Swati breaks off all relationships with Sameer , Munna , and Pandit when she comes to know about the bet placed by them . She asks Munna to stay away from her , beats Munna and Pandit with stones also cursing Sameer . She also holds him responsible for Naina 's condition and tells that she is admitted to the hospital . Sameer along with his friends go to the hospital and see her , but they go away when they see everyone out there . When he comes back home , he apologizes to Vishaka telling her that , ' He does not know that whether she will be able to understand his pain or not , or if he will be able to understand her pain but knowingly or unknowingly he has hurt her many times and is regretful about it ' . Vishaka forgives him . He tries to apologize to Naina in school , but she acts as if nothing had happened and ignores his apology , which makes Sameer feel guiltier . He tries a lot to apologize to Naina in school on a number of occasions but of no use because Naina does not even look at his face , let alone forgive him . He sends her a parrot , which says ' Sorry ' , but that also does not make Naina forgive Sameer . He along with his friends stand outside her house whole night to get an apology from her and even buying a bicycle for her but that also goes in vain . In parallel , Pooja 's wedding preparations are going on where Taiji taunts Rakesh regarding his poor status and being a less earner , which results in a fight between them . Anand helps him by giving money to buy gifts for Pooja 's wedding , but by mistake , Bela taunts Rakesh in front of everyone including the neighborhood which results in a fight between Rakesh and Anand , where Anand orders Bela to leave his house , but Taiji somehow manages him to stop and lets Bela live in the house . There Sameer tries his best to get an apology from Naina , but due to the cold and high fever he faints and gets admitted in the hospital . His Nanaji comes there and takes care of him . When Naina comes to know about this , she goes to the hospital along with Swati . Munna and Pandit somehow manage to engage Nanaji in a fake phone call , so Naina can meet Sameer . Naina scolds and makes him realize for what he has done to her trust making her stop believing in love , having an emotional breakdown . Sameer realizes that now how much Naina hates him because of his foolishness . This makes Sameer realize his true love for Naina and he vows to make Naina fall in love with him again but this time with true intentions . When Nanaji asks Sameer about the reason for falling ill , Sameer tells about the bet to him . Nanaji scolds Sameer for what he did to Naina and even scolds Munna and , Pandit for not stopping him to perform such a dirty thing . Still , he gets happy for Sameer as he chose Naina for himself and becomes a guide for Sameer to get an apology from Naina and make her fall in love with Sameer again . Arjun , being under - pressure for performing well in cricket selection makes himself restless and becomes more aggressive which results in him performing badly in the selection match . Shefali tells him the truth that he is performing badly due to his father 's pressure , but he is not realizing this . His father comes there and bars Arjun from teaching Shefali cricket . When he comes to know about Sameer 's bet from the boys he placed a bet with from other section , he physically fights with Sameer which results in a fracture on his leg . Sameer is rusticated from the school due to this and his Nanaji asks Sameer to be a servant for Arjun in exchange for him giving Rs. 5 , 00,000 to Rakesh , if Arjun does not recover in time for selection match . This begins with Sameer being more responsible for saving his Nanaji 's respect and win back Naina . He becomes a servant in their house , starts caring for Arjun and even tries to make Naina forgive him . Nobody entertains Sameer in the house due to the image he has created in front of them . He listens to everyone 's scolding and taunts mainly by Arjun and Rakesh who leave no stone unturned in humiliating him . One day , everyone goes out for Pooja 's wedding shopping leaving Sameer alone at home with Arjun . Pooja goes to watch Thanedaar with her fiancé secretly without telling anyone . Arjun makes Sameer do a lot of work . At night , Arjun asks him to prepare warm water for himself to take bath . Sameer goes to the bathroom and leaves the tap open when he hears the phone ringing . It was Pooja 's phone , who was stranded at the park alone in late night after returning from a movie . She calls him for help as she tells that there are policemen also , and she is feeling scared . He goes there on his bike and saves Pooja 's respect by helping her get out of there avoiding any police case and drops safely to her home . Unknown to him , water has been spilled all over in the home and Arjun slips in the bathroom . When everyone reaches home , they see water all over and Arjun tells that Sameer went away leaving him alone . Rakesh asks Naina to tell Sameer 's address and he goes there along with Anand and Naina . He pushes away Sameer when he sees him and asks for the money from Nanaji . His parents also come out of the room and ask what happened . Anand tells Nanaji what had happened in the house and Sameer remembers that he left the tap open . Anand asks his Nanaji to stop Sameer 's fake service to Arjun ( Anand does not know the reality ) , while Rakesh is adamant on his money demand . His step - father also taunts Sameer and gives him a warning that , if he receives another complaint from his side , he will take him to Delhi . Nanaji sees Naina standing there and remembers her life - saving attempt for him and Sameer 's love for her . He challenges Vivek on behalf of Sameer , that if he fails in the second attempt he himself will send Sameer to Delhi . His Nanaji asks one last chance for Sameer and Anand agrees to him giving Sameer the last chance . Sameer decides that he will take every step cautiously in order to win Naina 's heart . Nanaji goes to foreign for some work leaving Munna and Pandit to take care of Sameer . He helps Tauji and Taiji along with Naina to distribute the wedding cards by offering them ride in his car . Fulla Bua ( Jayshree T . ) comes for the wedding from Mumbai and instantly likes Sameer , due to his innocent looks and she believes him to be a good person . She is shown to be very caring , honest , loving towards the family . She loves Naina the most and hates Beena the most , calling her ugly , lazy and useless . She makes her , and Bela does most of the household work keeping Naina and Preeti safe and lets both the girls enjoy the wedding preparations . Meanwhile , it is announced that Naina will be given the ' Best Student ' award on the day of the PTA meeting . Rakesh does not appreciate this and asks her to take care of Arjun , calling her award ' Useless ' . Anand consoles Naina and goes to her school to cheer for her . Sameer plans with Munna , Pandit , and Principal Pandey to make Rakesh award Naina in front of the whole school , by taking advantage of Rakesh 's weakness ( Of not being appreciated and getting respect ) . Even Swati warms up a little bit to Sameer , Munna , and Pandit for what they did for Naina . This makes Anand start considering Sameer as a good person . During the wedding preparations , he along with Munna and Pandit are made to work as laborers by Rakesh , which he agrees reluctantly to win Naina 's heart . He tries to tell Naina the truth about his fight with Arjun but by mistake , he tells everything to Preeti thinking her as Naina when she comes out of the house wearing Naina 's dress . When Preeti comes to know the truth , she and Naina have a fight . Naina tells her about all the past events between her and Sameer and tells that nothing was between them because everything had ended before it started and wants to end everything between them . She takes Naina to Sameer along with Swati and asks her to give an apology to Sameer as she thinks that Sameer has really changed now . Still , Naina being adamant on her decision does not forgive Sameer , but Preeti along with Swati , Shefali , Munna , and Pandit begin helping Sameer to win back Naina . During the Haldi ceremony , when Bela is taunted by Taiji for her relationship with Anand , she asks Anand to forgive her , but Anand tells that Rakesh 's respect is most important to him and if he forgives her , then he himself will forgive her . Sameer along with his friends and Preeti come up with a plan for Rakesh to forgive Bela . Their plan is successful , and Anand too forgives Bela . Bela thanks him and apologizes to him for her thoughts regarding Sameer initially calling him a ' Diamond ' . He even saves Naina 's respect by praising her in front of everyone during the Mehendi ceremony when Taiji insults her in front of everyone . In return , she gets humiliated by Fulla Bua who tells her that , ' everyone in her house is beautiful except for her , god only knows that how she came into their house ' . With the selection match coming around , Rakesh gets restless and insults Sameer in front of everyone during the Mehendi ceremony , for Arjun not getting recovered . Sameer discovers that Arjun has recovered and can stand on his legs , but Arjun hides it from everyone fearing his father 's pressure and even lies to Naina which makes Sameer again a liar in front of Naina . This makes Sameer angry and wonders why Arjun is doing this . Shefali comes to him telling him the truth and helps him along with Munna and Pandit to expose Arjun 's fake injury . During the Tilak ceremony , he exposes Arjun 's fake injury with help of Shefali , Munna , and Pandit . His truth is out in front of Naina . When Naina questions him , he tells that he fears that if he fails and what will happen . He ca n't see his father lose again , thus deciding to stay in a wheelchair . Shefali scolds Arjun for being a ' coward ' and asks Naina not to keep quiet and asks her to take right decision making Naina realize that Sameer is innocent . She makes Arjun realize his potential and give him back the confidence which he was lacking also giving him the warning about his stealing of papers . Downstairs , Arjun arrives at the right time for the Tilak ceremony and completes the rituals which make Rakesh emotional . Everyone starts praising Sameer for his work mainly by Anand and Bela . Sameer eventually is hailed as ' Hero ' by Fulla Bua because , due to his service Arjun recovered , Pooja 's respect was saved , Anand and Bela 's relationship repaired , earned respect of Tauji and Taiji and most importantly winning back Naina 's trust and love . Naina now realizes his true love for her and she forgives Sameer in front of everyone . During the Sangeet ceremony , Naina performs a song dedicated to Sameer and in return , Sameer performs on a song for Naina and her family . But Arjun and Rakesh humiliate Sameer and his friends and ask them to get out and not come to the wedding . Mainly the reason behind this is because Rakesh did not get the money and Arjun tries to keep Sameer away from Naina . Naina and everyone in the family get upset watching Sameer and his friends go . Naina requests Sameer not to go , but Sameer promises her that he will return for her . His Nanaji arrives and praises him for saving his respect . He requests Nanaji to go to Pooja 's wedding , and Nanaji manages to send him to the wedding ( Future husband of Pooja is an employee at Jaiprakash 's office and he got the invitation from the groom 's family ) . Sameer arrives at the wedding along with Munna and Pandit from the groom 's side much to the happiness of everyone mostly Naina , but Rakesh and Arjun get angry on seeing them . Rakesh attempts to throw them out of the wedding but Tauji stops him and gives him a warning that ' If any wrong happens in the wedding due to him , then he will have to face his wrath ' . Naina and Sameer spend happy and romantic moments during the wedding . At one point , the wedding comes to a halt when groom 's parents decide to call off the wedding when groom 's mother sees Rakesh spilling hot coffee on Sameer 's hand intentionally which causes an argument between them . They also reveal the truth , that earlier they were not interested in the marriage , but on the request of Jaiprakash Maheshwari , they agreed to the marriage as he praised their family values and members . Tauji and everyone make Rakesh apologize to Sameer and finally , the wedding happens . After the Vidaai , Arjun asks Sameer to stay away from Naina and his family because his father got humiliated . After the wedding , the cricket match comes for selection in - state team . Sameer and Arjun open the innings for their school with a target of 151 to chase . Sameer being in - form batsman hits boundaries and scores at a brisk pace while Arjun finds it difficult to time the ball and is only able to manage singles and doubles . During the match , he deliberately makes Sameer run - out , so he can score more than Sameer . Then , Arjun starts hitting runs but gets injured due to the past wound which he had suffered before . Sameer becomes the runner for him and makes Arjun win the match by running 3 runs on the penultimate delivery of the match . After the match ends , Arjun hugs Sameer and thanks him , clearing all the differences between him and Sameer . Arjun wins ' Man of The Match ' , gets selected in the state team and even wins cash prize along with the car . After the match ends , Naina and Sameer spend romantic moments in the school and confess their love for each other . His Nanaji praises him and says he is proud of him . He even tells Vishaka the same , and his mother praises him while his step - father taunts him . 1991 - 1992 : The school organizes a farewell party for the seniors . For the farewell party , Sameer gifts his maternal grandmother 's sari to Naina on his grandfather 's behalf said . At the farewell party , Naina wears the sari . While on his way to the farewell party Sameer remembers that he has forgotten his camera . So , he returns home . He sees Nanaji lying on the ground motionless . He is stunned , and he takes him to the hospital . Back at the farewell , Naina gets worried about Sameer and as her family planned to get to their village for 2 days , she was leaving . Coincidences occur , and they end up without seeing each other . As Sameer admits his Nanaji in the hospital he comes to know that he was suffering from severe heart attack . His friends and his family come to the hospital . Nanaji gives some huge responsibilities to Sameer 's mom which he carried out for these many years . And Nanaji whispers his last words to Sameer about Naina and Sameer together . He passes away which shocks everyone . After Nanaji 's death , Mr. And Mrs. Somani decide that they will take Sameer to Delhi with them as it is necessary for him to get out of the situation . Meanwhile , while in their village , Sarpanch 's wife proposes a marriage between Preeti and her son called as Kachru , who has fallen in love with Preeti . Since Preeti is intent on not wanting to get married to Kachru , Bela politely avoids agreeing , on the excuse that Preeti 's father was not there . When they return to Ahmadabad , Naina and her family come to know about Nanaji 's death . Naina ca n't control herself and goes to his house , but of no use as Ramdhari ( Harsh Vyas ) tells her that he has already left for Delhi . Meanwhile , in Delhi , Sameer is lonely without his Nanaji , Naina , and best friends Munna and Pandit . His step - paternal grandmother ( Kitu Gidwani ) keeps taunting him because he is her `` step - grandson '' . She puts a lock on the phone when she hears Sameer talking to his friends , feeds him leftover food , gives his pizza to the dog and gets the servant Keshav to mop the floor with the Sameer 's sweater that Naina had made for him . Vishaka tries to protest but is silenced by her . She does not let Sameer live peacefully in the house , but Sameer gets back at her by exposing that she wears a wig because she is a little bald in front of her friends . Dadi gets his hair cut short which makes him angrier and due to this , he leaves for Ahmadabad without informing anyone with the money which is given by Rohan ( Rohit Chandel ) from his father to pay the school fees . He also befriends Amrita ( Simran Lulla ) , who is her neighbor after she lends him her phone to talk with Naina . Meanwhile , Taiji suspects that Naina has an affair with Munna or Pandit when she sees her giving gestures in the video of Pooja 's wedding . She tries to bar Naina from going to school and asks her to move in to Tauji 's house with her , but Naina tells the truth that she does not has any relationship with Munna or Pandit , when she is given to take swear in the name of her father ( Because Naina loved Sameer , not Munna or Pandit and taking swear in name of someone had a lot of value in those days ) and Chachaji saves her from going anywhere . Later , Naina comes to know that she has failed in her unit test due to being lost in thoughts of Sameer . Sameer comes to Ahmadabad , but their meeting takes an unexpected turn with Sameer breaking photo frame given by her as he remembers some boys talking cheap things about girls outside the barber shop in Delhi . He angrily leaves for Delhi which leaves Naina heartbroken because she gave him her picture as their anniversary gift . Preeti somehow manages to save her from getting scolded by changing her marks . Meanwhile , Sameer gets stranded on streets of Delhi because there is no local transport due to the assassination of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and it is a national mourning day . He gets to talk with Naina through PCO , apologizes to her and promises Naina that he will love his family and be good to them whereas Naina promises that she will excel in her studies . They promise to make their love of their `` strength '' . Finally , he gets to ride back home with his newfound friends in Delhi . He promises Vishaka that , he will be her good son and not give any chance to complain her and all this while , Sameer builds a bond with his little sister Deepika ( Ridhima Taneja ) and starts trying to adjust with his new family . Naina tells the truth of her getting failed in the exam to her family , which gives Taiji a chance to taunt Rakesh regarding his upbringing and seriousness towards his children which makes Rakesh angry and he tries to slap Naina . But , Chachaji comes to rescue her and tells everyone that she was under a lot of pressure which is the main reason for her getting failed in the exam . He shows faith in Naina and tells everyone that he has faith in her that one day she will make everyone proud . She promises him that she will not let his trust break on her . Back in Delhi , Dadi with her evil thinking tries to frame Sameer by placing cigarette box in his bag through Keshav , but her plan fails as Vishaka comes to rescue by removing the box from his bag before anyone comes to know , as she had seen Keshav placing it . She gives a silent warning to Dadi and starts supporting Sameer . Meanwhile , Sameer starts writing love letters to Naina , so that he can stay close to her and in return , she also starts writing letters to him . At school , Naina asks Munna to post her love letter to Sameer as Shanti teacher wanted to check all the girls ' bag . But , Munna leaves the letter in class resulting in Shanti teacher finding the letter . Shanti teacher confronts Naina about the letter and tells her to do what she thinks is right . Naina , who failed in the first unit test , tops the class with 93 % in the second unit test . Shanti teacher praises her as she proved that love is not blind otherwise she would not have topped again . Rakesh finds the love letter in the dustbin which is thrown away by Shanti teacher to save Naina 's respect . He reads the letter and thinks that she is having affair with Lochan sir ( Rushad Rana ) . He complains about this to principal and gets Shanti , teacher suspended . When Naina comes to know about this , she along with Preeti and Swati comes up with a plan to save Shanti teacher from leaving the school . Meanwhile , there is a fight between Munna and Pandit over Sameer and some seniors try to take advantage of this by initiating a fight between them . Naina tries to get Munna and Pandit together again by telling them that Sameer is ill , and they should go to Delhi to see him . Back in Delhi , Sameer tries to keep up with the promise he made to Naina but fails , as he resorts to vices like drinking , smoking , fighting with people on streets and playing cards due to the bad company he has fallen in ( The same people who gave a ride to his home ) . One day , Dadi overhears Sameer on the other phone talking to his friends about the adult - film they are planning to watch in his house . She again makes an evil plan to throw Sameer out of the house by exposing him in front of Mr. Somani . She takes everyone out of the house and plans to come back the by getting him caught with his bad friends by removing the lock also on the phone . Munna and Pandit reach Delhi at right time and learn about Sameer 's bad habits and the new friends he has made . Munna slaps Sameer for this cheapness and they both scold him . He breaks down confessing his mistake but later rectifies it along with Munna and Pandit . The trio throws the bad company out of the house and they are reunited again resulting in evil Dadi 's plan getting failed again when she arrives with her family . Munna and Pandit go to Dadi in private and give a warning to her also asking her to act maturely . Dadi with her evil intentions gets back to them and falsely accuses them of bringing cassette in the house . She slaps them and gets them humiliated in front of her family by Mr. Somani and herself . Vishaka comes and consoles them as she knows the truth and their friendship with Sameer . She asks them not to worry about Sameer and gives them assurance that she will be with Sameer now and not let anything happen to him . Munna and Pandit resolve their dispute and return to Ahmadabad . During this in Ahmadabad , Naina 's plan to save Shanti teacher is successful which makes Principal Pandey realize his mistake and warns Rakesh that , he will not think twice before firing him from the job if he ever does such a cheap act again . Meanwhile , Sameer gets a job at a Radio station as an RJ through Amrita which begins a radio romance between him and Naina . Naina discovers an interstate dance competition in her school which would be held in Delhi . She realizes that this is her only chance to meet Sameer and go to Delhi as an excuse . Naina is first not allowed in the dance group as Kumud teacher does not allow her to participate in the dance group as she had already missed on debate competition earlier by helping Sameer 's Nanaji . Munna and Pandit come up with a plan to injure Kamya during dance rehearsal but Kamya comes to know about the plan . She fakes that she is injured and eventually gives Naina 's name to join the dance group and go to Delhi as she realizes that she wants to meet Sameer . She writes a letter to Sameer who receives it on the day she arrives in Delhi . In Delhi , Naina goes to his house as told by Munna and Pandit , but Sameer 's evil Dadi misguides her . Naina and Sameer have many hits and misses in the school . During this , Vishaka falls sick which makes Sameer emotional and sad . He calls Munna casually and through him , he comes to know that Naina is in Delhi . He tries to retrieve the letter by breaking into Amrita 's house . But Keshav sees him doing this and reports to Dadi and with her evil intentions again , she calls the police and tries to get him arrested . He is saved at right time by Amrita and his father when they arrive and tell the police that they do n't want to file a police complaint against him as he is Amrita 's friend and his employee . This results in evil Dadi 's plan getting failed again . He also builds a bond with Rohan . Dadi again comes and hurts him mentally by saying that anyone he loves will die or remain unhappy forever . His father died when he was very young , his Nanaji died , and his mom got sick very badly . He is largely affected by Dadi 's words , still , he anyways goes to see Naina 's dance , however , he does not let Naina know of his presence as he does not want Naina to suffer the same fate by deciding to stay away from her when he sees her falling on the stage before the performance . Naina eventually wins the competition but is heartbroken that she is not able to meet Sameer and Naina returns to Ahmadabad without meeting Sameer . He even stays away from his friends Munna and Pandit to protect them . This makes him go into depression . He loses focus on his radio programs and minimizes his communication with Naina and his friends in Ahmadabad . One day during the radio program , Vishaka feels that something is wrong with Sameer by hearing his sad and restless voice . Dadi tries to badmouth him , but Vishaka resists her eventually telling that she will not hesitate in speaking truth about her actions which she had been doing all along with Sameer in front of everyone at the house . Vishaka eventually decides to send him back Ahmadabad to live with his Maternal uncle ( Vishaka 's cousin ) , when she realizes that Sameer can not progress and stay happy at Delhi until Dadi is present . He shares an emotional goodbye with his mother . He meets Amrita for last time and asks her to keep posting letters to Naina because he is still affected by Dadi 's words . Rohan comes to drop Sameer at the airport resisting his Dadi . His voice - over in the show reveals that Evil Dadi was happy as she was seeing Sameer going to Ahmadabad and was considering this as her win , but in reality , Sameer won because he built a great bond with Rohan and Deepika , got his mother back and even made a friend like Amrita . Sameer eventually leaves for Ahmadabad . 1992 : Naina along with her friends complete their school life and get ready to enter college life . Sameer also comes to the school and makes himself unknown to everyone despite being present there . He gets emotional seeing them when they take a group photo along with teachers and principal , with his cutout which is prepared by Munna and Pandit . Meanwhile , Arjun realizes his love for Shefali . Later Shefali proposes to Arjun and he happily agrees . The two lovers become an official couple . Their relationship is hidden from their families as they both belong to different religions . Bela comes to know about their relationship , but she decides to keep quiet to avoid any troubles for them and her family . Sameer comes to live with his Kamlesh Mama ( Rajendra Chawla ) , Prabha Mami ( Melanie Nazareth ) , Devang Bhaiya ( Atul Verma ) and Poonam Bhabhi ( Subuhi Joshi ) in the same house as of Nanaji , where they have started residing on the request of Vishaka . Naina and Preeti go for their college shopping in the market , where Naina sees Sameer in the same shop . Sameer being foolish shows his childishness and runs away from her . Naina runs behind him , but Taiji sees her running on the streets and scolds her after taking her home ( Taiji does not know that she was running behind Sameer ) . Naina is hardly affected by the scolding wonders Sameer 's strange behavior . She asks Munna and Pandit to go to his house and enquire about Sameer 's existence in Ahmadabad . When Sameer sees them , he lies to his Mami and tells her to send them away . But they see him through the bike 's mirror and enter in his room . He shows his foolishness and asks them not to tell Naina about his existence in Ahmadabad and they lie to her . Munna and Pandit leave angrily wondering his strange behavior , but they along with Preeti come up with a plan to make Naina and Sameer meet . Initially , Naina takes admission in Patel Mahavidyalaya , while Preeti , Sameer , Munna , and Pandit take admission in VJN college . They come to fill out the admission forms and they make them meet . But , Sameer again shows his foolishness and runs away from her . She runs behind him , but unknown to her an autorickshaw is coming by and Sameer saves her from getting hit . He gives her his handkerchief and leaves . Munna and Pandit ask him about his strange behavior towards Naina , he tells them about Dadi 's words . Naina overhears him and calls his thinking ' Foolishness ' . Naina even tries to persuade him to take admission in Patel Mahavidyalaya , by going to his house with Swati , but of no use . Naina and Preeti come up with a plan and try to hide the fees of Naina 's admission . But , Chachaji eventually finds this and scolds both declaring that no matter what Naina will go to Patel Mahavidyalaya and Preeti to VJN college . On the first day of the college , Sameer , Munna , Pandit , Preeti , Swati , Kamya , and Hema arrive in VJN . Sameer , Munna , and Pandit have an argument with Kartik ( Hitesh Sharma ) and his friend Priyank ( Vaibhav Srivastava ) , causing an instant rivalry between them . While Naina goes to Patel Mahavidyalaya to take admission along with Chachaji and Rakesh . But , Rakesh gets involved in a fight with a lady on the road , who happens to be the principal of Patel Mahavidyalaya . They both have an argument and Naina 's admission gets canceled . Rakesh and Anand also have an argument regarding this , but Rakesh denies admission in the Patel Mahavidyalaya and she manages to get admission in VJN college through Shanti teacher 's contact and arrives in VJN . Everyone is happy to see Naina in their college and amazed to see her different avatar , but Sameer still avoids Naina . Naina and her friends try to cheer him up , but he still stays away from them . When nothing works , after a lot of persuasion in trying to cheer him up , she finally gives in and they both have an argument where she slaps him . She makes him realize that whatever he thinks is foolish and clears his thinking making Sameer realize his mistake . Naina and Sameer finally reunite , bringing joy to everyone . During this , Fresher 's Competition is announced and Naina dreams of becoming Ms. Fresher along with Sameer . They both along with their friends practice , but the rival gang of Kartik and his friends except Sunaina ( Nishi Singh ) steal their cassette by sending Mitali ( Charu Trikha ) in their group and honeytrap Pandit . On the day of the performance , they come to know about the cheap act done by them as they perform ahead of them on their songs . Munna and Pandit try to beat Kartik , but they are eventually stopped by Sameer . When Sunaina , comes to know of this , she calls Kartik a ' Cheat ' and leaves from there . Meanwhile , they taunt and insult Sameer and his group , but Sameer at the last moment comes up with an idea and gives a ' Qawwali ' performance with his group , saving his group 's reputation by giving a fight to Kartik and his gang , when everything was looking done and dusted . Sameer and Sunaina are declared as Mr. and Ms. Fresher , which makes Naina heartbroken . But Sameer still manages to make Naina wear the Ms. Fresher stash by telling Sunaina to adjust her dress on a false note and asking Preeti to steal it . They manage to steal the stash making Naina wear it and the group click photos of them , bringing joy to her face . Meanwhile , their cousin sisters who are both pregnant also come to their respective houses because they had a fight , which resulted in getting them thrown out of the house . Pooja on the request of her husband Varun ( Love Joshi ) , tries to sort out things with Bittu , by trying to apologize her but along with her brainless mother Prabha , she humiliates Pooja . In return , Pooja retaliates and insults back Bittu and Prabha causing a fight between them . With Naina and Sameer back again together , Naina sits on Sameer 's bike and enjoys the ride . Their bike ride turns out to be a hilarious one as they get saved from getting caught by Rakesh and in the end , Naina falls from the bike . Sameer accidentally watches hair on Naina 's legs , which turns out to be an embarrassing situation for them . When Munna decides to take a haircut at the barbershop , Kartik and Priyank also come there and make fun of Sameer , Munna , and Pandit for their lack of facial hair . This makes Sameer and his friends try shaving for the first time to grow facial hair , whereas Naina , Preeti , and Swati have their experience of the beauty parlor for the first time . During this , Arjun and Shefali 's love also blooms when Arjun takes care of Shefali during her menstrual period . While the girls go to the beauty parlor , Naina suffers a minor cut on her eyebrow which makes her worried about scolding from Taiji and Chachiji . Shefali comes to rescue her by putting Kajal on her eyebrow to hide it from everyone . Whereas , Sameer gets a cut while shaving and he hides it by applying foundation cream over his full face by the idea of Poonam Bhabhi . They come to the college also , and somehow , they spend their day by hiding this secret . But Forum ( Surbhi Somani ) comes and eventually reveals the secret about Preeti 's eyebrow . There Kartik comes along with his group and makes fun of Sameer and his friends , which almost results in a physical fight between them . During this , Tauji comes into Anand 's house and requests Bela and Naina to prepare food for his client who is coming from Delhi because Taiji and Preeti have gone to Gandhinagar . Bela and Naina hesitate to go in the kitchen and cook because they both are in their menstrual period . They try to call for help , but nothing works out . Eventually , Naina tells the problem to Sameer in a different way by hiding the truth . He along with Munna and Pandit convince Bhabhi to give them food and they give food at Naina 's house . Naina thanks them and returns to the house . Meanwhile , Bela is in a dilemma about the problem , but they get saved by Sameer 's help and thanks Naina for helping her out . When questioned , she tells that Munna and Pandit helped her out hiding Sameer 's name . In college , Principal comes to take the class for them as JBR is absent for a few days . Munna tries to do proxy attendance for Swati , even though she has not asked him to do so . This lands them in a huge trouble . After the class , everyone tries to console crying Swati but of no use . When Naina tries to tell Swati about Munna 's true love for her , she ignores this and badmouths Munna questioning his self - respect and his seriousness towards life and studies . After saying this , she goes away and Munna also leaves crying . There is also a misunderstanding between Arjun and Shefali when she sees an adult magazine falling out from Arjun 's hand ( In reality , Arjun 's friend had kept that in his bag unknown to him ) and she goes away from Arjun thinking him as ' cheap ' . Later , this misunderstanding is also cleared and Shefali asks Arjun to return the magazine also warning him to never ever do such a cheap act again . Anand , Bela , Rakesh and Taiji with Pralay decide to go for a wedding at Nadiad and they all plan to return by late night . Anand leaves Naina and Preeti behind to take care of the house telling that they have now grown up and are mature enough to take care of the house . Naina and Preeti are happy upon hearing this and they plan to call Kamya and Swati at the house to enjoy . Preeti also suggests calling Sameer and Naina calls Munna and Pandit also along with Sameer . She decides to make American Choupsey and have it with everyone . They come home and enjoy . Swati and Munna are still not on talking terms , but Naina comes up with a plan to make them clear all the differences . Their plan is successful and Swati and Munna confess their love for each other . Meanwhile , Arjun returns early after the match and straight goes to Shefali 's house . They also spend some romantic moments together and Shefali gives him food to eat . They plan to watch Saajan together , but due to Arjun 's foolishness electricity goes away . Meanwhile , Naina and her friends also plan to watch Deewana but due to electricity failure , it gets spoiled . They send Munna , Pandit along with Sameer to check the meter box and ask them to repair it . Meanwhile , Arjun tries to impress Shefali by repairing the meter box by himself and goes to get the toolbox from the house . Naina and everyone gets shocked to see Arjun . Arjun also gets shocked to see Naina and her friends . He asks them if she has also called someone else , but Naina denies this . Somehow , they all get saved from getting caught with boys . Also , Arjun goes to Shefali 's house to watch the film with her , saved from getting caught with Shefali . Electricity also gets repaired and they all clean the house . Munna with his funny antics tries to impress Swati but breaks the chair of the dining table , Sameer repairs it , but again Munna breaks it . Sameer repairs it again and asks not to sit on it to anyone . They all spend happy moments together while Naina and Sameer spend some time alone recalling their past days and Sameer promises that one day he will make ' Naina Maheshwari ' from ' Naina Agarwal ' . Swati and Munna go outside to have ice - cream together . It all ends abruptly when everyone comes back home early due to Taiji getting ill . As usual , Rakesh and Taiji are throwing tantrums at each other while Pandit and Sameer go at terrace to hide . They somehow manage to escape and Kamya also leaves . Sameer , Pandit , and Kamya stand outside to save Swati and Munna from getting caught but they do n't see them , and both are eventually caught by Rakesh and Taiji when they come home unknown to everyone . The problem arises when Rakesh sees both of them holding hands together and scolds both of them . Anand and Bela try to calm the situation but Taiji is adamant about calling Swati 's mother and tell her about Swati 's affair . Swati pleads with her not to tell anyone and Bela tells Taiji that they will be questioned by her mother , she will tell that it all started with Pooja 's wedding and it 's all their fault . Taiji leaves her and Munna by giving a warning and asking Naina and Preeti to cut off all relationships with them . She also warns them not to indulge in such things otherwise she will get them married . Next day , in college Sameer and Munna , plan to watch Beta with Naina and Swati respectively and they have a hard time in convincing them . Eventually , they all agree to go to the movie . Arjun calls Shefali from PCO and casually Shefali talks about running away from the house with him . When Taiji is about to make a call to someone , there is a cross-connection and she overhears Shefali talking about this but does not come to know about Arjun . She goes to her house and tries to badmouth her in front of her mother , but Arjun rescues her from getting caught and instead she is humiliated by Shefali 's mother . Varun calls at Agarwal House to talk with Bela about Bittu and Pooja 's fight , instead , Taiji picks up the call and he tells everything about the fight . Naina , Sameer , Munna , and Swati arrive at the theatre to watch the film and unknown to them Pandit has also arrived from behind . Anand and Bela also arrive there unknown to everyone . The movie starts , and everyone 's attention is on the movie , but Sameer 's mind is stuck on his lady love . He tries to hold her hand but hesitates . A lady hands a whining baby to Sameer . Pandit ca n't bear this and starts shouting at them , not realizing that it is Sameer . An angry Sameer gets up and gets shocked to see Pandit . Pandit joins them . Sameer tries to put his arm on Naina 's shoulder , but two boys start misbehaving , which ends up in a fight amid the boys and the Sameer . During the interval , Sameer and his friends go out to get food while Naina and Swati are yet in the theatre . When they get up , Chachiji catches them . A disappointed Chachi slaps Naina and orders her to go out . On the other hand , Chachaji catches Sameer , Munna , and Pandit . But Sameer manages to escape . Naina and Swati , both cry and go out of the theatre by returning to their respective homes . Sameer gets worried and goes out behind her . Preeti on finding out about this gets upset with Naina . Chachiji , taking the blame on her saves Naina from Taiji . Shefali gets very sick and Arjun decides to stay with her the entire night in order to take care of her . But the next morning her mother gets furious to find Arjun and blames him . An angry Arjun announces his true love for her and the decision of him getting married to her , even if his family does n't agree . Naina decides to just focus on her studies as the exams are nearby and also advises Sameer to focus on exams and study . Sameer , on the other hand , is trying to get chance of getting closer to her . Meanwhile , at house Taiji is always supporting Pooja by giving her suggestions to what to do , which makes Bela think that something fishy is going on . The exams are over , and Sameer is on the seventh sky as he will finally get a chance to spend time with Naina . Theme song ( edit ) The opening theme of the show Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai is composed by Anu Malik . The lyrics are written by Sanjay Chhel and it comprises the voices of legendary singers Kumar Sanu and Sadhana Sargam . Cast ( edit ) Main Cast ( edit ) Ashi Singh as Naina Agarwal ( Sameer 's love interest ) Randeep Rai as Sameer Maheshwari ( Naina 's love interest ) Recurring Cast ( edit ) Sadiya Siddiqui as Naina 's Voice - over Jiten Lalwani as Sameer 's Voice - over Sachin Khurana as Anand Agarwal ( Father of Pooja and Preeti / Naina 's Chachaji ) Madhusree Sharma as Bela Agarwal ( Mother of Pooja and Preeti / Naina 's Chachiji ) Shweta Rajput as Pooja Agarwal ( Elder Daughter of Anand and Bela / Varun 's wife / Naina 's Elder cousin sister ) Ayesha Kaduskar as Preeti Agarwal ( Younger Daughter of Anand and Bela / Naina 's Cousin Sister ) Sanjay Batra as Tauji ( Elder brother of Rakesh and Anand / Beena 's Husband / Pooja , Preeti and Naina 's Tauji ) Abha Parmar as Beena Agarwal ( Tauji 's Wife / Pooja , Preeti and Naina 's Taiji ) Chandresh Singh as Rakesh Agarwal ( Arjun and Naina 's father ) Somendra Solanki as Arjun Agarwal ( Naina 's Elder Brother / Shefali 's love interest ) Jayshree T. as Fulla Bua , Naina 's grandaunt Kiran Kumar as Mr. Jaiprakash Maheshwari ( Sameer 's maternal grandfather / Vishaka 's father ( Deceased ) ) Vaishnavi Mahant as Vishaka Somani née Maheshwari ( Sameer 's Mother / Jaiprakash Maheshwari 's daughter ) Hema Sood as Shefali ( Naina 's Pen Friend and neighbor / Arjun 's love interest ) Sanjay Choudhary as Manoj aka Munna ( Sameer and Pandit 's Best Friend / Swati 's love interest ) Kristina Patel as Swati ( Naina 's Best Friend / Munna 's love interest ) Raghav Dhir as Pandit ( Sameer and Munna 's Best Friend ) Vikram Singh Rathod as Sanjay Tebriwal ( Naina 's classmate in PVKM ) Himmat Mav Bhanushali as Himmat ( Sameer , Munna and Pandit 's friend ) Deepak Simwal as Deepak ( Sameer 's Classmate and Friend ) Gaurav Sharma , Darsh Prajapati , Niel Sharma , Kishan Gangji and Manish Prabhakar as Seniors in PVKM ( Boys with whom Sameer placed bet to woo Naina as part of revenge ) Harsh Vyas as Ramdhari ( Servant in Maheshwari House at Ahmadabad ) Ahsaan Qureshi as Mr. Pandey ( Principal in PVKM ) Rishina Kandhari as Mrs. Shanti ( Maths Teacher in PVKM ) Rushad Rana as Mr. Lochan ( English Teacher in PVKM ) Love Joshi as Varun ( Pooja 's husband ) Malina Kumra as Kamya ( Naina 's classmate ) Hema Saib as Hema Saini ( Naina 's classmate ) Sandeep Rajora as Vivek Somani ( Sameer 's step - father / Vishaka 's second Husband ) Kitu Gidwani as Mrs. Somani ( Sameer 's step - Paternal Grandmother / Vivek Somani 's mother ) Rohit Chandel as Rohan Somani ( Sameer 's Younger step - brother / Son of Vivek and Vishak 's step son ) Ridhima Taneja as Deepika Somani ( Sameer 's Younger Step - sister / Daughter of Vivek and Vishaka ) Simran Lulla as Amrita Khanna ( Sameer 's neighbour and friend in Delhi ) Rahul Mishra as Keshav ( Servant in Somani house at Delhi ) Rajendra Chawla as Kamlesh Maheshwari ( Vishakha 's cousin / Sameer 's Maternal Uncle ) Melanie Nazareth as Prabha Maheshwari ( Kamlesh 's wife / Sameer 's Maternal Aunt ) Atul Verma as Devang Maheshwari ( Poonam 's husband / Kamlesh and Prabha 's son ) Subuhi Joshi as Poonam Maheshwari ( Devang 's wife / Daughter - in - law of Maheshwari family ) Guddi Maruti as Principal in VJN College Nishi Singh as Sunaina Parikh ( Kartik 's Girlfriend ) Hitesh Sharma as Kartik ( Rival classmate of Sameer in College / Sunaina 's Boyfriend ) Vaibhav Srivastava as Priyank ( Kartik 's Friend ) Vishnu Sharma as Jayesh Bhowmick Raval `` JBR '' ( Accounts Professor ) Sejal Sharma as Dimple ( Senior in college ) Nirbhay Shukla as Vicky ( Senior in college / Kartik 's cousin ) Nalinn Maheshwari as Pinakin ( Senior in College ) Surbhi Somani as Forum ( Senior in college ) Charu Trikha as Mitali ( Kartik 's friend ) Reception ( edit ) The show has received mostly positive reviews and is considered to be doing well . It was particularly hailed for a fresh outlook and for bringing out the nostalgia and the flavours of the 90s well . The show topped the Sony TV shows by gaining a TRP of 1.1 its first week . Bollywood Life hailed it as one of the best TV shows launched in 2017 and praised the performances of newcomers Ashi Singh and Randeep Rai . UK 's weekly Asian newspaper Eastern Eye praised the creative team of the show for leaving no stone unturned to recreate the city of Ahmedabad from an earlier era and called it a tribute to the city . This show has also earned compliments from various television as well as film actors . For the Gold Awards 2018 , Ashi Singh won the ' Best Debut in a Leading Role ' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai `` , a show revisiting 90s era , airs on Sony from today '' . uniindia.com. 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony TV confirms launch date of ' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' '' . bizasialive.com. 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pehredaar Piya Ki Makers ' Next Move After Show Was Taken Off Air '' . NDTV. 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pehredaar Piya Ki makers ' heartbroken ' after show was axed ; next project Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai '' . Firstpost. 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Sony 's new show Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai is giving us all the good vibes about the 90s '' . inuth.com. 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gear up to go into flashbacks with Sony TV 's new show ' Ye Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' '' . Bollywoodmdb.com. 1 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai will take you down the memory lane '' . indiatoday.in. 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kundali Bhagya , Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai -- a look at the best shows launched in 2017 ! '' . BollywoodLife.com. 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood songs are losing poetic value : Kumar Sanu '' . radioandmusic.com. 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kumar Sanu : Singers who sang the original track must also sing the rehashed version '' . Hindustan Times . 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sumeet Mittal to act in ' Yeh Un Dinon ... ' '' . Business Standard . 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jiten Lalwani 's ' strange love ' for dubbing '' . Times of India . 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vaishnavi Mahant on her new show ' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' , the possibility of ' Shaktimaan 2 ' and much more ! '' . bollywoodmdb.com. 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ye Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai : A few shows down & the story keeps you hooked ! '' . bollywoodmdb.com. 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Promo : Randeep Rai And Ashi Singh 's New Show Will Make You Feel Nostalgic '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHASHI MITTAL 'S TRIBUTE TO AHMEDABAD IN YEH UN DINON KI BAAT HAI ! '' . Eastern Eye. 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran actress Supriya Pilgaonkar compliments makers of ' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Awards 2018 : Divyanka Tripathi , Karan Patel , Hina Khan , Nakuul Mehta & Others Nominated ! '' . https://www.filmibeat.com. 2018 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . External link in work = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai on IMDb Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai on Sony LIV Official website on SET India Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Reality and comedy 10 Ka Dum Zindagi Ke Crossroads Drama Dil Hi Toh Hai Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai History and mythology Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi Porus Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi , Rahasya Bhi Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Shashi Sumeet Productions Founder : Shashi Sumeet Mittal Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Current productions : Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Mitegi Laxman Rekha Past productions : Badii Devrani Diya Aur Baati Hum Dil Se Dil Tak Dream Girl Ek Rishta Aisa Bhi Haar Jeet Hum Aapke Ghar Mein Rehte Hain Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki Mooh Boli Shaadi Pehredaar Piya Ki Punar Vivah Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya Sajan Ghar Jaana Hai Tu Mera Hero Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi Tumhari Paakhi Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji TV , Biwi aur Main Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Un_Dinon_Ki_Baat_Hai&oldid=850577867 '' Categories : 2017 Indian television series debuts Indian drama television series Sony Entertainment Television series Television shows set in Delhi Television shows set in Gujarat Television series set in the 1990s Shashi Sumeet Productions series Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | ye un dino ki baat hai serial sameer real name | [
"Randeep Rai as Sameer Maheshwari (Naina's love interest)"
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"Randeep Rai"
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7884201763110498333 | Voting rights in the United States | Voting rights in the United States - wikipedia Voting rights in the United States Jump to : navigation , search U.S. presidential election popular vote totals as a percentage of the total U.S. population . Note the surge in 1828 ( extension of suffrage to non-property - owning white men ) , the drop from 1890 -- 1910 ( when Southern states disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites ) , and another surge in 1920 ( extension of suffrage to women ) . The issue of voting rights in the United States , specifically the enfranchisement and disenfranchisement of different groups , has been contested throughout United States history . Eligibility to vote in the United States is established both through the federal constitution and by state law . Several constitutional amendments ( the 15th , 19th , and 26th specifically ) require that voting rights can not be abridged on account of race , color , previous condition of servitude , sex , or age for those above 18 ; the constitution as originally written did not establish any such rights during 1787 -- 1870 . In the absence of a specific federal law or constitutional provision , each state is given considerable discretion to establish qualifications for suffrage and candidacy within its own respective jurisdiction ; in addition , states and lower level jurisdictions establish election systems , such as at - large or single member district elections for county councils or school boards . Beyond qualifications for suffrage , rules and regulations concerning voting ( such as the poll tax ) have been contested since the advent of Jim Crow laws and related provisions that indirectly disenfranchised racial minorities . Since the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the 24th Amendment to the Constitution , and related laws , voting rights have been legally considered an issue related to election systems . The Supreme Court ruled in 1964 that both houses of all state legislatures had to be based on election districts that were relatively equal in population size , under the `` one man , one vote '' principle . In 1972 , the Court ruled that state legislatures had to redistrict every ten years based on census results ; at that point , many had not redistricted for decades , often leading to a rural bias . In other cases , particularly for county or municipal elections , at - large voting has been repeatedly challenged when found to dilute the voting power of significant minorities in violation of the Voting Rights Act . In the early 20th century , numerous cities established small commission forms of government in the belief that `` better government '' could result from the suppression of ward politics . Commissioners were elected by the majority of voters , excluding candidates who could not afford large campaigns or who appealed to a minority . Generally the solution to such violations has been to adopt single - member districts ( SMDs ) but alternative election systems , such as limited voting or cumulative voting , have also been used since the late 20th century to correct for dilution of voting power and enable minorities to elect candidates of their choice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Milestones of national franchise changes 3 Removal of exclusions 3.1 Native American people 3.2 Religious test 3.3 Poor whites and free African Americans 3.3. 1 Legal challenges to disfranchisement 3.4 Women 3.5 Washington , D.C. 3.6 Young people 3.7 Prisoners 3.8 Durational residency 3.9 Homelessness 3.9. 1 Obstacles homeless citizens face during voter registration 3.9. 2 Court cases involving homeless voting 3.9. 3 Special interest elections 4 Current status 4.1 By region 4.1. 1 District of Columbia 4.1. 2 Overseas and nonresident citizens 4.1. 3 Puerto Rico 4.2 Accessibility 4.3 Candidacy requirements 4.4 Noncitizen voting 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The United States Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote , allowing each state to determine who was eligible . In the early history of the U.S. , most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote . Freed slaves could vote in four states . Women were largely prohibited from voting , as were men without property . Women could vote in New Jersey until 1807 ( provided they could meet the property requirement ) and in some local jurisdictions in other northern states . Non-white Americans could also vote in these jurisdictions , provided they could meet the property requirement . By 1856 , white men were allowed to vote in all states regardless of property ownership , although requirements for paying tax remained in five states . On the other hand , several states , including Pennsylvania and New Jersey stripped the free black males of the right to vote in the same period . Four of the fifteen post-Civil War constitutional amendments were ratified to extend voting rights to different groups of citizens . These extensions state that voting rights can not be denied or abridged based on the following : `` Race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' ( 15th Amendment , 1870 ) `` On account of sex '' ( 19th Amendment , 1920 ) `` By reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax '' for federal elections ( 24th Amendment , 1964 ) `` Who are eighteen years of age or older , to vote , shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of age '' ( 26th Amendment , 1971 ) Following the Reconstruction Era until the culmination of the Civil Rights Movement , Jim Crow laws such as literacy tests , poll taxes , and religious tests were some of the state and local laws used in various parts of the United States to deny immigrants ( including legal ones and newly naturalized citizens ) , non-white citizens , Native Americans , and any other locally `` undesirable '' groups from exercising voting rights granted under the constitution . Because of such state and local discriminatory practices , over time , the federal role in elections has increased , through amendments to the Constitution and enacted legislation ( e.g. , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ) . The `` right to vote '' is not explicitly stated in the U.S. Constitution except in the above referenced amendments , and only in reference to the fact that the franchise can not be denied or abridged based solely on the aforementioned qualifications . In other words , the `` right to vote '' is perhaps better understood , in layman 's terms , as only prohibiting certain forms of legal discrimination in establishing qualifications for suffrage . States may deny the `` right to vote '' for other reasons . For example , many states require eligible citizens to register to vote a set number of days prior to the election in order to vote . More controversial restrictions include those laws that prohibit convicted felons from voting , even those who have served their sentences . Another example , seen in Bush v. Gore , are disputes as to what rules should apply in counting or recounting ballots . A state may choose to fill an office by means other than an election . For example , upon death or resignation of a legislator , the state may allow the affiliated political party to choose a replacement to hold office until the next scheduled election . Such an appointment is often affirmed by the governor . The Constitution , in Article VI , clause ( paragraph ) 3 , states that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States '' . However , as described in the sections below , voting rights reforms in the 19th and 20th centuries extended the franchise to non-whites , those who do not own property , women , and those 18 -- 21 years old . Milestones of national franchise changes ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of voting rights in the United States 1789 : The Constitution grants the states the power to set voting requirements . Generally , states limited this right to property - owning or tax - paying white males . 1790 : The Naturalization Act of 1790 allows white men born outside of the United States to become citizens with the right to vote . 1792 : Beginning of the abolition of property qualifications for white men , from 1792 ( Kentucky ) to 1856 ( North Carolina ) during the periods of Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy . 1792 - 1838 : Free black males lose the right to vote in several Northern states including Pennsylvania and New Jersey 1868 : Citizenship is guaranteed to all persons born or naturalized in the United States , setting the stage for future expansions to voting rights . 1870 : Non-white men and freed male slaves are guaranteed the right to vote by the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . However , for many years , some states were very successful at suppressing this vote ( see Jim Crow Laws ) . 1887 : Citizenship is granted to Native Americans who are willing to disassociate themselves from their tribe by the Dawes Act , making the men technically eligible to vote . 1913 : Direct election of Senators , established by the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , gave voters rather than state legislatures the right to elect senators . 1920 : Women are guaranteed the right to vote by the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . In practice , the same restrictions that hindered the ability of non-white men to vote now also applied to non-white women . 1924 : All Native Americans are granted citizenship and the right to vote , regardless of tribal affiliation . By this point , approximately two thirds of Native Americans were already citizens . 1943 : Chinese immigrants given the right to citizenship and the right to vote by the Magnuson Act . 1961 : Residents of Washington , D.C. are granted the right to vote in U.S. Presidential Elections by the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution . 1964 : Tax payment prohibited from being used as a condition for voting in federal elections by the Twenty - fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution . 1965 : Protection of voter registration and voting for racial minorities , later applied to language minorities , is established by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . This has also been applied to correcting discriminatory election systems and districting . 1966 : Tax payment and property requirements for voting are prohibited in all U.S. elections by the Supreme Court in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections . 1971 : Adults aged 18 through 21 are granted the right to vote by the Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution . This was enacted in response to Vietnam War protests , which argued that soldiers who were old enough to fight for their country should be granted the right to vote . 1986 : United States Military and Uniformed Services , Merchant Marine , other citizens overseas , living on bases in the United States , abroad , or aboard ship are granted the right to vote by the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act . Removal of exclusions ( edit ) Each extension of voting rights has been a product of , and also brought about , social change . Extension of voting rights happened through movements and a need for the US to adapt to its growing population . Native American people ( edit ) From 1778 to 1871 , the government tried to resolve its relationship with the various native tribes by negotiating treaties . These treaties formed agreements between two sovereign nations , stating that Native American people were citizens of their tribe , living within the boundaries of the United States . The treaties were negotiated by the executive branch and ratified by the U.S. Senate . It said that native tribes would give up their rights to hunt and live on huge parcels of land that they had inhabited in exchange for trade goods , yearly cash annuity payments , and assurances that no further demands would be made on them . Most often , part of the land would be `` reserved '' exclusively for the tribe 's use . Throughout the 1800s , many native tribes gradually lost claim to the lands they had inhabited for centuries through the federal government 's Indian Removal policy to relocate tribes from the Southeast and Northwest to west of the Mississippi River . European - American settlers continued to encroach on western lands . Only in 1879 , in the Standing Bear trial , were American Indians recognized as persons in the eyes of the United States government . Judge Elmer Scipio Dundy of Nebraska declared that Indians were people within the meaning of the laws , and they had the rights associated with a writ of habeas corpus . However , Judge Dundy left unsettled the question as to whether Native Americans were guaranteed US citizenship . Although Native Americans were born within the national boundaries of the United States , those on reservations were considered citizens of their own tribes , rather than of the United States . They were denied the right to vote because they were not considered citizens by law and were thus ineligible . Many Native Americans were told that they would become citizens if they gave up their tribal affiliations in 1887 under the Dawes Act , which allocated communal lands to individual households and was intended to aid in the assimilation of Native Americans into majority culture . This still did not guarantee their right to vote . In 1924 the remaining Native Americans , estimated at about one - third , became United States citizens . But , many western states continued to restrict Native American ability to vote through property requirements , economic pressures , hiding the polls , and condoning of physical violence against those who voted . Since the late 20th century , they have been protected under provisions of the Voting Rights Act as a racial minority , and in some areas , language minority , gaining election materials in their native languages . Religious test ( edit ) In several British North American colonies , before and after the 1776 Declaration of Independence , Jews , Quakers and / or Catholics were excluded from the franchise and / or from running for elections . The Delaware Constitution of 1776 stated that `` Every person who shall be chosen a member of either house , or appointed to any office or place of trust , before taking his seat , or entering upon the execution of his office , shall ( ... ) also make and subscribe the following declaration , to wit : I , A B. do profess faith in God the Father , and in Jesus Christ His only Son , and in the Holy Ghost , one God , blessed for evermore ; and I do acknowledge the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by divine inspiration . '' . This was repealed by Article I , Section II. of the 1792 Constitution : `` No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office , or public trust , under this State '' . The 1778 Constitution of the State of South Carolina stated , `` No person shall be eligible to sit in the house of representatives unless he be of the Protestant religion '' , the 1777 Constitution of the State of Georgia ( art . VI ) that `` The representatives shall be chosen out of the residents in each county ( ... ) and they shall be of the Protestant religion '' . With the growth in the number of Baptists in Virginia before the Revolution , who challenged the established Anglican Church , the issues of religious freedom became important to rising leaders such as James Madison . As a young lawyer , he defended Baptist preachers who were not licensed by ( and were opposed by ) the established state Anglican Church . He carried developing ideas about religious freedom to be incorporated into the constitutional convention of the United States . In 1787 , Article One of the United States Constitution stated that `` the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature '' . More significantly , Article Six disavowed the religious test requirements of several states , saying : `` ( N ) o religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' But , in Maryland , Jewish Americans were excluded from State office until the law requiring candidates to affirm a belief in an afterlife was repealed in 1828 . Poor whites and free African Americans ( edit ) See also : Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era At the time of ratification of the Constitution in the late 18th century , most states had property qualifications which restricted the franchise ; the exact amount varied by state , but by some estimates , more than half of white men were disenfranchised . Several states granted suffrage to free men of color after the Revolution , including North Carolina . This fact was noted by Justice Benjamin Robbins Curtis ' dissent in Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) , as he emphasized that blacks had been considered citizens at the time the Constitution was ratified : Of this there can be no doubt . At the time of the ratification of the Articles of Confederation , all free native - born inhabitants of the States of New Hampshire , Massachusetts , New York , New Jersey , and North Carolina , though descended from African slaves , were not only citizens of those States , but such of them as had the other necessary qualifications possessed the franchise of electors , on equal terms with other citizens . In the 1820s , New York State enlarged its franchise to white men by dropping the property qualification , but maintained it for free blacks . The Supreme Court of North Carolina had upheld the ability of free African Americans to vote in that state . In 1835 , because of fears of the role of free blacks after Nat Turner 's Slave Rebellion of 1831 , they were disenfranchised by decision of the North Carolina Constitutional Convention . At the same time , convention delegates relaxed religious and property qualifications for whites , thus expanding the franchise for them . Alabama entered the union in 1819 with universal white suffrage provided in its constitution . When the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868 after the Civil War , it granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction . In 1869 , the Fifteenth Amendment prohibited the government from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen 's `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . The major effect of these amendments was to enfranchise African American men , the overwhelming majority of whom were freedmen in the South . After the war , some southern states passed `` Black Codes '' , state laws to restrict the new freedoms of African Americans . They attempted to control their movement , assembly , working conditions and other civil rights . Some states also prohibited them from voting . The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution , one of three ratified after the American Civil War to grant freedmen full rights of citizenship , prevented any state from denying the right to vote to any citizen based on race . This was primarily related to protecting the franchise of freedmen , but it also applied to non-white minorities , such as Mexican Americans in Texas . The state governments under Reconstruction adopted new state constitutions or amendments designed to protect the ability of freedmen to vote . The white resistance to black suffrage after the war regularly erupted into violence as white groups tried to protect their power . Particularly in the South , in the aftermath of the Civil War whites made efforts to suppress freedmen 's voting . In the 1860s , secret vigilante groups such as the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) used violence and intimidation to keep freedmen in a controlled role and reestablish white supremacy . But , black freedmen registered and voted in high numbers , and many were elected to local offices through the 1880s . In the mid-1870s , the insurgencies continued with a rise in more powerful white paramilitary groups , such as the White League , originating in Louisiana in 1874 after a disputed gubernatorial election ; and the Red Shirts , originating in Mississippi in 1875 and developing numerous chapters in North and South Carolina ; as well as other `` White Line '' rifle clubs . They operated openly , were more organized than the KKK , and directed their efforts at political goals : to disrupt Republican organizing , turn Republicans out of office , and intimidate or kill blacks to suppress black voting . They worked as `` the military arm of the Democratic Party '' . For instance , estimates were that 150 blacks were killed in North Carolina before the 1876 elections . Economic tactics such as eviction from rental housing or termination of employment were also used to suppress the black vote . White Democrats regained power in state legislatures across the South by the late 1870s , and the federal government withdrew its troops as a result of a national compromise related to the presidency , officially ending Reconstruction . African Americans were a majority in three southern states following the Civil War , and represented over 40 % of the population in four other states . While they did not elect a majority of African Americans to office in any state legislature during Reconstruction , whites still feared and resented the political power exercised by freedmen . After ousting the Republicans , whites worked to restore white supremacy . Although elections were often surrounded by violence , blacks continued to vote and gained many local offices in the late 19th century . In the late 19th century , a Populist - Republican coalition in several states gained governorships and some congressional seats in 1894 . To prevent such a coalition from forming again and reduce election violence , the Democratic Party , dominant in all southern state legislatures , took action to disfranchise most blacks and many poor whites outright . From 1890 to 1908 , ten of the eleven former Confederate states completed political suppression and exclusion of these groups by ratifying new constitutions or amendments which incorporated provisions to make voter registration more difficult . These included such requirements as payment of poll taxes , complicated record keeping , complicated timing of registration and length of residency in relation to elections , with related record - keeping requirements ; felony disenfranchisement focusing on crimes thought to be committed by African Americans , and a literacy test or comprehension test . Prospective voters had to prove the ability to read and write the English language to white voter registrars , who in practice applied subjective requirements . Blacks were often denied the right to vote on this basis . Even well - educated blacks were often told they had `` failed '' such a test , if in fact , it had been administered . On the other hand , illiterate whites were sometimes allowed to vote through a `` grandfather clause , '' which waived literacy requirements if one 's grandfather had been a qualified voter before 1866 , or had served as a soldier , or was from a foreign country . As most blacks had grandfathers who were slaves before 1866 and could not have fulfilled any of those conditions , they could not use the grandfather clause exemption . Selective enforcement of the poll tax was frequently also used to disqualify black and poor white voters . As a result of these measures , at the turn of the century voter rolls dropped markedly across the South . Most blacks and many poor whites were excluded from the political system for decades . Unable to vote , they were also excluded from juries or running for any office . In Alabama , for example , its 1901 constitution restricted the franchise for poor whites as well as blacks . It contained requirements for payment of cumulative poll taxes , completion of literacy tests , and increased residency at state , county and precinct levels , effectively disenfranchised tens of thousands of poor whites as well as most blacks . Historian J. Morgan Kousser found , `` They disfranchised these whites as willingly as they deprived blacks of the vote . '' By 1941 , more whites than blacks in total had been disenfranchised . Legal challenges to disfranchisement ( edit ) Although African Americans quickly began legal challenges to such provisions in the 19th century , it was years before any were successful before the U.S. Supreme Court . Booker T. Washington , better known for his public stance of trying to work within societal constraints of the period at Tuskegee University , secretly helped fund and arrange representation for numerous legal challenges to disfranchisement . He called upon wealthy Northern allies and philanthropists to raise funds for the cause . The Supreme Court 's upholding of Mississippi 's new constitution , in Williams v. Mississippi ( 1898 ) , encouraged other states to follow the Mississippi plan of disfranchisement . African Americans brought other legal challenges , as in Giles v. Harris ( 1903 ) and Giles v. Teasley ( 1904 ) , but the Supreme Court upheld Alabama constitutional provisions . In 1915 Oklahoma was the last state to append a grandfather clause to its literacy requirement due to Supreme Court cases . From early in the 20th century , the newly established National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) took the lead in organizing or supporting legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement . Gradually they planned the strategy of which cases to take forward . In Guinn v. United States ( 1915 ) , the first case in which the NAACP filed a brief , the Supreme Court struck down the grandfather clause in Oklahoma and Maryland . Other states in which it was used had to retract their legislation as well . The challenge was successful . But , nearly as rapidly as the Supreme Court determined a specific provision was unconstitutional , state legislatures developed new statutes to continue disenfranchisement . For instance , in Smith v. Allwright ( 1944 ) , the Supreme Court struck down the use of state - sanctioned all - white primaries by the Democratic Party in the South . States developed new restrictions on black voting ; Alabama passed a law giving county registrars more authority as to which questions they asked applicants in comprehension or literacy tests . The NAACP continued with steady progress in legal challenges to disenfranchisement and segregation . In 1957 , Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 to implement the Fifteenth Amendment . It established the United States Civil Rights Commission ; among its duties is to investigate voter discrimination . As late as 1962 , programs such as Operation Eagle Eye in Arizona attempted to stymie minority voting through literacy tests . The 24th Amendment was ratified in 1964 to prohibit poll taxes as a condition of voter registration and voting in federal elections . Many states continued to use them in state elections as a means of reducing the number of voters . The American Civil Rights Movement , through such events as the Selma to Montgomery marches and Freedom Summer in Mississippi , gained passage by the United States Congress of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which authorized federal oversight of voter registration and election practices and other enforcement of voting rights . Congress passed the legislation because it found `` case by case litigation was inadequate to combat widespread and persistent discrimination in voting '' . Activism by African Americans helped secure an expanded and protected franchise that has benefited all Americans , including racial and language minorities . The bill provided for federal oversight , if necessary , to ensure just voter registration and election procedures . The rate of African - American registration and voting in Southern states climbed dramatically and quickly , but it has taken years of federal oversight to work out the processes and overcome local resistance . In addition , it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6 - 3 in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections ( 1966 ) that all state poll taxes ( for both state and federal elections ) were officially declared unconstitutional as violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . This removed a burden on the poor . Legal challenges have continued under the Voting Rights Act , primarily in areas of redistricting and election systems , for instance , challenging at - large election systems that effectively reduce the ability of minority groups to elect candidates of their choice . Such challenges have particularly occurred at the county and municipal level , including for school boards , where exclusion of minority groups and candidates at such levels has been persistent in some areas of the country . This reduces the ability of women and minorities to participate in the political system and gain entry - level experience . Women ( edit ) See also : History of women 's suffrage in the United States A parallel , yet separate , movement was that for women 's suffrage . Leaders of the suffrage movement included Susan B. Anthony , Elizabeth Cady Stanton , and Alice Paul . In some ways this , too , could be said to have grown out of the American Civil War , as women had been strong leaders of the abolition movement . Middle - and upper - class women generally became more politically active in the northern tier during and after the war . In 1848 , the Seneca Falls Convention , the first women 's rights convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . Of the 300 present , 68 women and 32 men signed the Declaration of Sentiments which defined the women 's rights movement . The first National Women 's Rights Convention took place in 1850 in Worcester , Massachusetts , attracting more than 1,000 participants . This national convention was held yearly through 1860 . When Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National Women Suffrage Association , their goal was to help women gain voting rights through reliance on the Constitution . Also , in 1869 Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell formed the American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) . However , AWSA focused on gaining voting rights for women through the amendment process . Although these two organization were fighting for the same cause , it was not until 1890 that they merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . After the merger of the two organizations , the ( NAWSA ) waged a state - by - state campaign to obtain voting rights for women . Wyoming was the first state in which women were able to vote , although it was a condition of the transition to statehood . Utah was the second territory to allow women to vote , but the federal Edmunds -- Tucker Act of 1887 repealed woman 's suffrage in Utah . Colorado was the first established state to allow women to vote on the same basis as men . Some other states also extended the franchise to women before the Constitution was amended to this purpose . During the 1910s Alice Paul , assisted by Lucy Burns and many others , organized such events and organizations as the 1913 Women 's Suffrage Parade , the National Woman 's Party , and the Silent Sentinels . At the culmination of the suffragists ' requests and protests , ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote in time to participate in the Presidential election of 1920 . Another political movement that was largely driven by women in the same era was the anti-alcohol Temperance movement , which led to the Eighteenth Amendment and Prohibition . Washington , D.C. ( edit ) Washington , D.C. , was created from a portion of the states of Maryland and Virginia in 1801 . The Virginia portion was retroceded ( returned ) to Virginia upon request of the residents , by an Act of Congress in 1846 to protect slavery , and restore state and federal voting rights in that portion of Virginia . When Maryland delegated a portion of its land to Congress so that it could be used as the Nation 's capital , Congress did not continue Maryland Voting Laws . It canceled all state and federal elections starting with 1802 . Local elections limped on in some neighborhoods , until 1871 , when local elections were also forbidden by the U.S. Congress . The U.S. Congress is the National Legislature . Under Article I , Section 8 , Clause 17 , Congress has the sole authority to exercise `` Exclusive Legislature in all cases whatsoever '' over the nation 's capital and over federal military bases . Active disfranchisement is typically a States Rights Legislative issue , where the removal of voting rights is permitted . At the national level , the federal government typically ignored voting rights issues , or affirmed that they were extended . Congress , when exercising `` exclusive legislation '' over U.S. Military Bases in the United States , and Washington , D.C. , viewed its power as strong enough to remove all voting rights . All state and federal elections were canceled by Congress in D.C. and all of Maryland 's voting Rights laws no longer applied to D.C. when Maryland gave up that land . Congress did not pass laws to establish local voting processes in the District of Columbia . This omission of law strategy to disfranchise is contained in the Congressional debates in Annals of Congress in 1800 and 1801 . In 1986 , the US Congress voted to restore voting rights on U.S. Military bases for all state and federal elections . D.C. , citizens were granted the right to vote in Presidential elections in 1961 , after the ratification of the twenty - third amendment . Amendment 23 is the only known limit to U.S. Congressional powers , forcing Congress to enforce Amendments 14 , 15 , 19 , 24 , and 26 for the first time in Presidential elections . The Maryland citizens and territory converted in Washington , D.C. , in 1801 were represented in 1801 by U.S. Rep. John Chew Thomas from Maryland 's 2nd , and U.S. Rep. William Craik from Maryland 's 3rd Congressional Districts . These Maryland U.S. Congressional Districts were redrawn and removed from Washington , D.C. No full Congressional elections have been held since in D.C. , a gap continuing since 1801 . Congress created a non-voting substitute for a U.S. Congressman , a Delegate , between 1871 -- 1875 , but then abolished that post as well . Congress permitted restoration of local elections and home rule for the District on December 24 , 1973 . In 1971 , Congress still opposed restoring the position of a full U.S. Congressman for Washington , D.C. That year it re-established the position of non-voting Delegate to the U.S. Congress . Young people ( edit ) See also : Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution States ( shown in blue ) allow 17 - year - olds to vote in primaries / caucuses if their 18th birthday is before the general election . A third voting rights movement was won in the 1960s to lower the voting age from twenty - one to eighteen . Activists noted that most of the young men who were being drafted to fight in the Vietnam War were too young to have any voice in the selection of the leaders who were sending them to fight . Some states had already lowered the voting age : notably Georgia , Kentucky , and Hawaii , had already permitted voting by persons younger than twenty - one . The Twenty - sixth Amendment , ratified in 1971 , prohibits federal and state laws which set a minimum voting age higher than 18 years . As of 2008 , no state has opted for an earlier age , although some state governments have discussed it . California has , since the 1980s , allowed persons who are 17 to register to vote for an election where the election itself will occur on or after their 18th birthday , and several states including Indiana allow 17 - year - olds to vote in a primary election provided they will be 18 by the general election . Prisoners ( edit ) See also : Felony disenfranchisement Prisoner voting rights are defined by individual states , and the laws are different from state to state . Some states allow only individuals on probation to vote . Others allow individuals on parole and probation . As of 2012 , only three states , Florida , Kentucky and Virginia , continue to impose a lifelong denial of the right to vote to all citizens with a felony record , absent a restoration of rights granted by the Governor or state legislature . However , in Kentucky , a felon 's rights can be restored after the completion of a restoration process to regain civil rights . In 2007 , Florida legislature restored voting rights to convicted felons who had served their sentences . In March 2011 , however , Governor Rick Scott reversed the 2007 reforms . He signed legislation that permanently disenfranchises citizens with past felony convictions . In July 2005 , Iowa Governor Tom Vilsack issued an executive order restoring the right to vote for all persons who have completed supervision . On October 31 , 2005 , Iowa 's Supreme Court upheld mass reenfranchisement of convicted felons . Nine other states disenfranchise felons for various lengths of time following the completion of their probation or parole . Other than Maine and Vermont , all U.S. states prohibit felons from voting while they are in prison . In Puerto Rico , felons in prison are allowed to vote in elections . Practices in the United States are in contrast to some European nations , such as Norway . Some nations allow prisoners to vote . Prisoners have been allowed to vote in Canada since 2002 . The United States has a higher proportion of its population in prison than any other Western nation , and more than Russia or China . The dramatic rise in the rate of incarceration in the United States , a 500 % increase from the 1970s to the 1990s , has vastly increased the number of people disenfranchised because of the felon provisions . According to the Sentencing Project , as of 2010 an estimated 5.9 million Americans are denied the right to vote because of a felony conviction , a number equivalent to 2.5 % of the U.S. voting - age population and a sharp increase from the 1.2 million people affected by felony disenfranchisement in 1976 . Given the prison populations , the effects have been most disadvantageous for minority and poor communities . Durational residency ( edit ) The Supreme Court of the United States struck down one - year residency requirements to vote in Dunn v. Blumstein 405 U.S. 330 ( 1972 ) . The Court ruled that limits on voter registration of up to 30 to 50 days prior to an election were permissible for logistical reasons , but that residency requirements in excess of that violated the equal protection clause , as granted under the Fourteenth Amendment , according to strict scrutiny . Homelessness ( edit ) Obstacles homeless citizens face during voter registration ( edit ) In the 1980s homelessness was recognized as an increasing national problem . By the early 21st century , there have been numerous court cases to help protect the voting rights of persons without a fixed address . Low income and homeless citizens face some obstacles in registering to vote . These obstacles include establishing residency , providing a mailing address , and showing proof of identification . A residency requirement varies from state to state . States can not require citizens to show residency of more than 30 days before Election Day . The states of Idaho , Maine , Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Wyoming allow voters to register on Election Day . North Dakota does not require voters to register . In the 21st century , homeless persons in all states have the right to register and vote if they satisfy other conditions . In most states , when registering to vote , homeless voters may designate any place of residence , including a street corner , a park , a shelter , or any other location where an individual stays at night . A citizen may only have one residency during registration , but they may switch their registration each time they change locations . Designating residency is needed to prove that the citizen lives within the district where he or she wishes to vote . Some states also require a mailing address in order to send out the voter ID card , which the individual must show on Election Day . Some states allow individuals to use PO Boxes as mailing addresses ; other states allow the address to be that of a local shelter , advocacy organization , outreach center , or anywhere else that accepts mail on behalf of a person registering to vote . States such as Arizona and Nebraska allow homeless citizens to use county court houses or county clerks ' offices as mailing address . States that do not require a mailing address include Alaska , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Idaho , Montana , New Jersey , Vermont , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming . All potential voters face new requirements since 2002 , when President Bush signed the Help America Vote Act ( HAVA ) . It requires voters to provide their driver 's license numbers , or the last four digits of their Social Security Number on their voter registration form . This has been enforced . The National Coalition for the Homeless ( NCH ) assists nonprofit organizations , in getting lower income and homeless citizens registered to vote . In 1992 , the NCH created a campaign called `` You do n't need a home to vote '' . This campaign provided useful resources and guidelines for nonprofit organizations to follow when assisting citizens to register . Nonprofits , like homeless shelters and food banks , set up a voter registration party to help homeless citizens to register . The nonprofit workers must remain nonpartisan when assisting in the registration process . Court cases involving homeless voting ( edit ) Voting rights of the American homeless is an issue that has been addressed in the courts since the 1980s . Each state is responsible for voting regulations in their area ; however , many states throughout America have adopted similar laws regarding homeless citizen voting . Disenfranchising the homeless is considered a violation of their rights under the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause . Many arguments have been made against homeless people being able to vote . Their status of true citizenship has been called into question because of their lack of residency . However , the courts have ruled on more than one occasion in favor of the homeless voting . One of the first court cases regarding homeless voting was Pitts v. Black in New York . The US district court ruled that disenfranchising homeless citizens is a direct violation of the Equal Protection clause found in the Fourteenth Amendment . Pitts v. Black ( 1984 ) : This case heard by the US District Court of Southern New York case involved the New York Election Board and homeless individuals assisted by the Coalition for the Homeless , among others . The Election Board denied the individuals the right to vote because they resided on the street or in shelters . The Election Board contended that residency required some claim ( such as rent ) or ownership of the area that they resided on . Before the court decision was made , the Election Board relented slightly and allowed those living in shelters the right to vote . The District Court defined the meaning of `` residence '' as any fixed location which the individual intends to inhabit regularly . This ruling encompassed all homeless , including those residing on streets and in parks . Two California court rulings , Collier v. Menzel , and Walters v. Weed , also addressed the residency question of homeless voters : Collier v. Menzel ( 1985 ) : The Santa Barbara District Court case established that a residence could be a certain location rather than a specific address . Howard Menzel , the county clerk , rejected three voter registration applications on the grounds that proper addresses were not provided . The applications simply stated a public park as the applicants ' residence . The court overruled the clerk 's decision and defined a residence as any fixed location where a person habitually sleeps and where living quarters are set up . In their final decisions , the court stated that denying a citizen the right to vote due to residence in a public park , is a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection clause . Walters v. Weed ( 1988 ) : In 1988 , the California Supreme Court judged a case concerning voter precincts of those who are between residences . The court ruled that when a person leaves his former place of residence and has not yet settled in another permanent living place , then the individual may vote in the precinct of his former residence . Special interest elections ( edit ) Several locales retained restrictions for specialized local elections , such as for school boards , special districts , or bond issues . Property restrictions , duration of residency restrictions , and , for school boards , restrictions of the franchise to voters with children , remained in force . In a series of rulings from 1969 to 1973 , the Court ruled that the franchise could be restricted in some cases to those `` primarily interested '' or `` primarily affected '' by the outcome of a specialized election , but not in the case of school boards or bond issues , which affected taxation to be paid by all residents . In Ball v. James 451 U.S. 335 ( 1981 ) , the Court further upheld a system of plural voting , by which votes for the board of directors of a water reclamation district were allocated on the basis of a person 's proportion of land owned in the district . The Court has overseen operation of political party primaries to ensure open voting . While states were permitted to require voters to register for a political party 30 days before an election , or to require them to vote in only one party primary , the state could not prevent a voter from voting in a party primary if the voter has voted in another party 's primary in the last 23 months . The Court also ruled that a state may not mandate a `` closed primary '' system and bar independents from voting in a party 's primary against the wishes of the party . ( Tashijan v. Republican Party of Connecticut 479 U.S. 208 ( 1986 ) ) The Office of Hawaiian Affairs of the state of Hawaii , created in 1978 , limited voting eligibility and candidate eligibility to native Hawaiians on whose behalf it manages 1,800,000 acres ( 7,300 km ) of ceded land . The Supreme Court of the United States struck down the franchise restriction under the Fifteenth Amendment in Rice v. Cayetano 528 U.S. 495 ( 2000 ) , following by eliminating the candidate restriction in Arakaki v. State of Hawai'i a few months later . Current status ( edit ) By region ( edit ) District of Columbia ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia voting rights Citizens of the nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. , have not been apportioned a representative or US senator in Congress . This is because D.C. is a federal district and not a state and under the Constitution , only states are apportioned congresspersons . District of Columbia citizens had voting rights removed in 1801 by Congress , when Maryland delegated that portion of its land to Congress . Congress incrementally removed effective local control or home rule by 1871 . It restored some home rule in 1971 , but maintained the authority to override any local laws . Washington , D.C. , does not have full representation in the U.S. House or Senate . The Twenty - third Amendment , restoring U.S. Presidential Election after a 164 - year - gap , is the only known limit to Congressional `` exclusive legislature '' from Article I - 8 - 17 , forcing Congress to enforce for the first time Amendments 14 , 15 , 19 , 24 , and 26 . Amendment 23 gave the District of Columbia three electors and hence the right to vote for President , but not full U.S. Congresspersons nor U.S. Senators . In 1978 , Congress proposed a constitutional amendment that would have restored to the District a full seat for representation in the Congress as well . This amendment failed to receive ratification by sufficient number of states within the seven years required . As of 2013 , a bill is pending in Congress that would treat the District of Columbia as `` a congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives '' , and permit United States citizens residing in the capital to vote for a member to represent them in the House of Representatives . The District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act , S. 160 , 111th Cong . was passed by the U.S. Senate on February 26 , 2009 , by a vote of 61 - 37 . On April 1 , 1993 , the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States received a petition from Timothy Cooper on behalf of the Statehood Solidarity Committee ( the `` Petitioners '' ) against the government of the United States ( the `` State '' or `` United States '' ) . The petition indicated that it was presented on behalf of the members of the Statehood Solidarity Committee and all other U.S. citizens resident in the District of Columbia . The petition alleged that the United States was responsible for violations of Articles II ( right to equality before law ) and XX ( right to vote and to participate in government ) of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man in connection with the inability of citizens of the District of Columbia to vote for and elect a representative to the U.S. Congress . On December 29 , 2003 , The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights having examined the information and arguments provided by the parties on the question of admissibility . Without prejudging the merits of the matter , the Commission decided to admit the present petition in respect of Articles II and XX of the American Declaration . In addition , the Commission concluded that the United States violates the Petitioners ' rights under Articles II and XX of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man by denying District of Columbia citizens an effective opportunity to participate in their federal legislature . Overseas and nonresident citizens ( edit ) U.S. citizens residing overseas who would otherwise have the right to vote are guaranteed the right to vote in federal elections by the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act ( UOCAVA ) of 1986 . As a practical matter , individual states implement UOCAVA . U.S. citizens who reside in Puerto Rico , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , or the United States Virgin Islands are not allowed to vote in U.S. national and presidential elections , as these U.S. territories belong to the United States but are not part of the United States . The U.S. Constitution requires a voter to be resident in one of the 50 states or in the District of Columbia to vote in federal elections . To say that the Constitution does not require extension of federal voting rights to U.S. territories residents does not , however , exclude the possibility that the Constitution may permit their enfranchisement under another source of law . A citizen who has never resided in the United States can vote if a parent is eligible to vote in certain states . In some of these states the citizen can vote in local , state and federal elections , in others in federal elections only . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Voting rights in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is an insular area -- a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia , the nation 's federal district . Insular areas , such as Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam , are not allowed to choose electors in U.S. presidential elections or elect voting members to the U.S. Congress . This grows out of Article I and Article II of the United States Constitution , which specifically mandate that electors are to be chosen by `` the People of the several States '' . In 1961 , the 23rd amendment to the constitution extended the right to choose electors to the District of Columbia . Any U.S. citizen who resides in Puerto Rico ( whether a Puerto Rican or not ) is effectively disenfranchised at the national level . Although the Republican Party and Democratic Party chapters in Puerto Rico have selected voting delegates to the national nominating conventions participating in U.S. presidential primaries or caucuses , U.S. citizens not residing in one of the 50 states or in the District of Columbia may not vote in federal elections . Various scholars ( including a prominent U.S. judge in the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ) conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic due to U.S. government disenfranchisement of U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico . As of 2010 , under Igartúa v. United States , the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) is judicially considered not to be self - executing , and therefore requires further legislative action to put it into effect domestically . Judge Kermit Lipez wrote in a concurring opinion , however , that the en banc majority 's conclusion that the ICCPR is non-self - executing is ripe for reconsideration in a new en banc proceeding , and that if issues highlighted in a partial dissent by Judge Juan R. Torruella were to be decided in favor of the plaintiffs , United States citizens residing in Puerto Rico would have a viable claim to equal voting rights . Congress has in fact acted in partial compliance with its obligations under the ICCPR when , in 1961 , just a few years after the United Nations first ratified the ICCPR , it amended our fundamental charter to allow the United States citizens who reside in the District of Columbia to vote for the Executive offices . See U.S. Constitutional Amendment XXIII. 51 . Indeed , a bill is now pending in Congress that would treat the District of Columbia as `` a congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives '' , and permit United States citizens residing in the capitol to vote for members of the House of Representatives . See District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act , S. 160 , 111th Congress ( passed by the Senate , February 26 , 2009 ) ( 2009 ). 52 However , the United States has not taken similar `` steps '' with regard to the five million United States citizens who reside in the other U.S. territories , of which close to four million are residents of Puerto Rico . This inaction is in clear violation of the United States ' obligations under the ICCPR `` . Accessibility ( edit ) Federal legislation such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) , the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 ( NVRA , or `` Motor - Voter Act '' ) and the Help America Vote Act of 2001 ( HAVA ) help to address some of the concerns of disabled and non-English speaking voters in the United States . Some studies have shown that polling places are inaccessible to disabled voters . The Federal Election Commission reported that , in violation of state and federal laws , more than 20,000 polling places across the nation are inaccessible , depriving people with disabilities of their fundamental right to vote . In 1999 , the Attorney General of the State of New York ran a check of polling places around the state to see if they were accessible to voters with disabilities and found many problems . A study of three upstate counties of New York found fewer than 10 percent of polling places fully compliant with state and federal laws . Many polling booths are set in church basements or in upstairs meeting halls where there are no ramps or elevators . This means problems not just for people who use wheelchairs , but for people using canes or walkers too . And in most states people who are blind do not have access to Braille ballot to vote ; they have to bring someone along to vote for them . Studies have shown that people with disabilities are more interested in government and public affairs than most and are more eager to participate in the democratic process . Many election officials urge people with disabilities to vote absentee , however some disabled individuals see this as an inferior form of participation . Voter turnout is lower among the disabled . In the 2012 United States presidential election 56.8 % of people with disabilities reported voting , compared to the 62.5 % of eligible citizens without disabilities . Candidacy requirements ( edit ) Jurisprudence concerning candidacy rights and the rights of citizens to create a political party are less clear than voting rights . Different courts have reached different conclusions regarding what sort of restrictions , often in terms of ballot access , public debate inclusion , filing fees , and residency requirements , may be imposed . In Williams v. Rhodes ( 1968 ) , the United States Supreme Court struck down Ohio ballot access laws on First and Fourteenth Amendment grounds . However , it subsequently upheld such laws in several other cases . States can require an independent or minor party candidate to collect signatures as high as five percent of the total votes cast in a particular preceding election before the court will intervene . The Supreme Court has also upheld a state ban on cross-party endorsements ( also known as electoral fusion ) and primary write - in votes . Noncitizen voting ( edit ) Main article : Right of foreigners to vote in the United States More than 40 states or territories , including colonies before the Declaration of Independence , have at some time allowed noncitizens who satisfied residential requirements to vote in some or all elections . This in part reflected the strong continuing immigration to the United States . Some cities like Chicago , towns or villages ( in Maryland ) today allow noncitizen residents to vote in school or local elections . In 1875 , the Supreme Court in Minor v. Happersett noted that `` citizenship has not in all cases been made a condition precedent to the enjoyment of the right of suffrage . Thus , in Missouri , persons of foreign birth , who have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States , may under certain circumstances vote '' . Federal law prohibits noncitizens from voting in federal elections . See also ( edit ) United States Public Policy portal Law portal Civil Rights Act of 1960 List of suffragists and suffragettes Lodge Bill Timeline of women 's suffrage Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For state elections : Taxes ( 14th Amendment ; Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections , 383 U.S. 663 ( 1966 ) ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Expansion of Rights and Liberties -- The Right of Suffrage '' . Online Exhibit : The Charters of Freedom . 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United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Other Coalition for the Homeless Legal Victories '' . Coalition for the Homeless . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Court Decisions on Homeless People 's Voting Rights '' . National Coalition for the Homeless . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Collier v. Menzel , 176 Cal . App . 3d 24 -- Cal : Court of Appeal , 2nd Appellate Dist. , 6th Div. 1985 '' . court case . Court of Appeals of California , Second District , Division Six . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Walters v. Weed , 752 P. 2d 443 -- Cal : Supreme Court 1988 '' . court case . Supreme Court of California . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Tashjian v. Republican Party of Connecticut , Justia , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 Jump up ^ Warren , Timothy ( February 26 , 2009 ) . `` Senate votes to give D.C. full House vote '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 26 . The Senate roll call is here ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ( Organization of American States ) REPORT No 98 / 03 * ^ Jump up to : `` FindLaw 's United States First Circuit case and opinions - Gregoria Igartúa et al. v. United States of America et al. ( Igartúa IV ) '' . Jump up ^ Federal Voting Assistance Program , FVAP , archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 , retrieved 2008 - 09 - 30 Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) . Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) ^ Jump up to : alio , nur . `` People with Disabilities and Voting '' . The Center for an Accessible Society . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Polling Places Found Inaccessible To Disabled '' . New York State Attorney General . 1999 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Disability '' . SAGE Reference. 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Disability and Voting Survey Report 2012 Election '' . Rutgers University . Jump up ^ Raskin , Jamin B. ( April 1993 ) , `` Legal aliens , local citizens : The historical , constitutional and theoretical meanings of Alien suffrage '' , University of Pennsylvania Law Review , Southern Oregon University , 141 ( 4 ) : 1391 -- 1470 , JSTOR 3312345 , doi : 10.2307 / 3312345 , archived from the original ( ) on 2008 - 11 - 03 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 Jump up ^ Hayduk , Ronald ( 2006 ) , Democracy For All : Restoring Immigrant Voting Rights In The United States , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 95073 - 2 Jump up ^ see also Droit de vote des étrangers aux États - Unis Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court , Minor v. Happersett 88 U.S. 162 ( 1874 ) , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 611 - Voting by aliens . alio , nur . `` History of Voting Rights in America '' . Cobb - LaMarche . External links ( edit ) Right to Vote Initiative -- resources page at FairVote , regarding effort to ensure that the right of every U.S. citizen to vote is firmly entrenched in the U.S. Constitution National Voting Rights Museum and Institute , Selma , Alabama Voting Rights History Two Centuries of Struggle ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Black Friday 1 July marches 2014 protests US Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention 1907 Mud March Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voting_rights_in_the_United_States&oldid=808448574 '' Categories : African - American history Constitutional law History of voting rights in the United States United States nationality law Voting Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 22 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was allowed to vote in the original constitution | [
"The United States Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote, allowing each state to determine who was eligible. In the early history of the U.S., most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote.[1][2][3] Freed slaves could vote in four states.[4] Women were largely prohibited from voting, as were men without property. Women could vote in New Jersey until 1807 (provided they could meet the property requirement) and in some local jurisdictions in other northern states. Non-white Americans could also vote in these jurisdictions, provided they could meet the property requirement. By 1856, white men were allowed to vote in all states regardless of property ownership, although requirements for paying tax remained in five states.[5][6] On the other hand, several states, including Pennsylvania and New Jersey stripped the free black males of the right to vote in the same period."
] | [
"did not originally define who was eligible to vote"
] |
2699638364028636748 | Casino Royale (2006 film) | Casino Royale ( 2006 film ) - wikipedia Casino Royale ( 2006 film ) This article is about the 2006 film . For the 1967 film , see Casino Royale ( 1967 film ) . For other uses , see Casino Royale . Casino Royale British theatrical release poster Directed by Martin Campbell Produced by Michael G. Wilson Barbara Broccoli Screenplay by Neal Purvis Robert Wade Paul Haggis Based on Casino Royale by Ian Fleming Starring Daniel Craig Eva Green Mads Mikkelsen Giancarlo Giannini Jeffrey Wright Judi Dench Music by David Arnold Cinematography Phil Meheux Edited by Stuart Baird Production company Eon Productions Stillking Films Babelsberg Film Distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Columbia Pictures Release date 14 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) ( London ) 16 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 16 ) ( United Kingdom ) 17 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 144 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Czech Republic Germany Language English Budget $150 million Box office $600 million Casino Royale is a 2006 British spy film , the twenty - first in the Eon Productions James Bond film series , and the third screen adaptation of Ian Fleming 's 1953 novel of the same name . Directed by Martin Campbell and written by Neal Purvis & Robert Wade and Paul Haggis , it is the first film to star Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond , and was produced by Eon Productions for Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and Columbia Pictures , making it the first Eon - produced Bond film to be co-produced by the latter studio . Following Die Another Day , Eon Productions decided to reboot the series , allowing them to show a less experienced and more vulnerable Bond . Casino Royale takes place at the beginning of Bond 's career as Agent 007 , as he is earning his licence to kill . The plot sees Bond on an assignment to bankrupt terrorist financier Le Chiffre in a high - stakes poker game ; Bond falls in love with Vesper Lynd , a treasury employee assigned to provide the money he needs for the game . The film begins a story arc that continues in Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) . Casting involved a widespread search for a new actor to succeed Pierce Brosnan as James Bond ; the choice of Craig , announced in October 2005 , drew significant controversy . Location filming took place in the Czech Republic , The Bahamas , Italy and the United Kingdom with interior sets built at Barrandov Studios and Pinewood Studios . Casino Royale premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square on 14 November 2006 . It received an overwhelmingly positive critical response , with reviewers highlighting Craig 's reinvention of the character and the film 's departure from the tropes of previous Bond films . It earned almost $600 million worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing James Bond film until the release of Skyfall in 2012 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Effects 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Casino Royale in Concert 4.2 Box office 4.3 Home media 4.4 Cuts and censorship 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Top ten lists 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) MI6 agent James Bond gains his licence to kill and status as a 00 agent by assassinating the traitorous MI6 section chief Dryden at the British Embassy in Prague , as well as his contact , Fisher , in a bathroom in Lahore , Pakistan . In Uganda , the mysterious liaison Mr. White introduces warlord Steven Obanno of the Lord 's Resistance Army to Le Chiffre , a terrorist financier . Obanno entrusts Le Chiffre with a large sum of money to invest safely for him ; instead Le Chiffre uses it to buy put options on the aerospace company Skyfleet , thus betting the money on the company 's failure . In Madagascar , Bond pursues bomb maker Mollaka to an African embassy , shooting him dead and blowing up the building . In London , MI6 chief M admonishes Bond for having violated international law , and advises him to rethink his future as an agent . Clues from Mollaka point to corrupt Greek official Alex Dimitrios . Bond finds Dimitrios in the Bahamas and , after seducing his wife , Solange , pursues him to Miami . Bond kills Dimitrios and follows his henchman to the airport . He thwarts the destruction of Skyfleet 's airliner , costing Le Chiffre his investment . To recoup the money , Le Chiffre sets up a high - stakes Texas hold ' em tournament at the Casino Royale in Montenegro . MI6 enters Bond in the tournament , believing a defeat will force Le Chiffre to seek asylum with the British government , which they will grant in exchange for information on his clients . On the train to Montenegro , Bond meets Vesper Lynd , a British Treasury agent there to protect the government 's $10 million buy - in . In Montenegro , Bond and Vesper meet their MI6 contact , René Mathis . Bond gains the upper hand at the start of the game . During a break , Obanno , furious at the loss of his investment , ambushes Le Chiffre in his suite . After Obanno leaves Le Chiffre 's room , Bond engages him and strangles him to death . Vesper is traumatised by the encounter , but Bond comforts her . When the tournament resumes , Bond loses his initial stake , and Vesper refuses to fund further playing . Frustrated , Bond is about to kill Le Chiffre when he meets Felix Leiter , a fellow player and CIA agent who is on the same mission as Bond . Leiter , on the verge of losing , agrees to stake Bond on the condition that the CIA takes custody of Le Chiffre after his defeat . Bond rapidly rebuilds his position before the next break . Le Chiffre 's girlfriend , Valenka , spikes Bond 's martini with digitalis poison . Bond vomits and retreats to his Aston Martin to inject himself with an antidote . MI6 instructs him to use the defibrillator , but a wire is disconnected ; Vesper saves Bond by reconnecting the wire . Bond returns to the game just as Leiter loses his last hand to Le Chiffre . The tournament culminates in a $115 - million hand in which the remaining players , including Bond and Le Chiffre , go all in . Le Chiffre trumps the other players , but Bond wins with a straight flush . After Bond and Vesper share a romantic dinner , Vesper is kidnapped by Le Chiffre 's men . Bond pursues them in his Aston Martin . He sees Vesper lying in the road and swerves to avoid her , crashing his car . They are taken captive by Le Chiffre . Before Bond falls unconscious , Le Chiffre reveals that Mathis was his mole in MI6 . Le Chiffre tortures Bond for the password to the account containing the money , but Bond refuses to give in . As Le Chiffre prepares to castrate Bond , White bursts in and shoots him dead . Bond awakens in a hospital on Lake Como and has Mathis arrested by MI6 . Bond decides to resign from MI6 to be with Vesper . Bond and Vesper travel to Venice . M calls Bond and tells him the money was never deposited . Bond calls Mendel , the Swiss banker responsible for the monetary transactions following the poker tournament , to figure out what is going on . Mendel informs Bond that the money has been deposited , but is being withdrawn as they speak . Realising Vesper has stolen it , Bond pursues her and her clients into a building . The building is damaged in the struggle and begins to sink into the Grand Canal , with Vesper trapped inside . Bond kills Vesper 's clients and attempts to save her , but she refuses his attempts and drowns . White , watching nearby , walks away with the money . Bond rejoins MI6 and copes with Vesper 's death by denouncing her as a traitor to M and to keep sweating Mathis . M informs him the same organisation behind Le Chiffre had kidnapped Vesper 's lover and threatened to kill him unless she became a double agent . During the torture with Le Chiffre , Vesper made a deal : the money in exchange for Bond 's life . Bond discovers a text message left for him by Vesper with White 's name and phone number . At his estate in Lake Como , White receives a phone call from Bond . As he asks for the caller 's identity , Bond shoots him in the leg , then introduces himself : `` The name 's Bond ... James Bond . '' Cast ( edit ) Daniel Craig as James Bond : A British MI6 officer who , after being assigned 00 - status , is sent on a mission to arrest a bomb - maker in Madagascar , where he stumbles upon Le Chiffre 's terrorist cell and is then sent to defeat him in a high - stakes poker game at Casino Royale . Eva Green as Vesper Lynd : An agent for HM Treasury assigned to supervise Bond and finance him in a high - stakes poker game . Mads Mikkelsen as Le Chiffre : A banker who services many of the world 's terrorists . He is a mathematical genius and expert chess player and uses these skills when playing poker . Judi Dench as M : The head of MI6 . Although she feels she has promoted Bond too soon and chides him for his rash actions , she acts as an important maternal figure in his life . Dench was the only cast member carried through from the Pierce Brosnan films . Giancarlo Giannini as René Mathis : Bond 's contact in Montenegro . Jeffrey Wright as Felix Leiter : A CIA operative participating in the poker tournament while assisting Bond . This is the first Eon - produced Bond film in which Leiter is played by a black actor . ( The only other black actor to portray Leiter was Bernie Casey in Never Say Never Again , which was not produced by Eon . ) Simon Abkarian as Alex Dimitrios : Another contractor in the international terrorist underworld and associate of Le Chiffre , based in the Bahamas . Caterina Murino as Solange Dimitrios : Dimitrios 's wife , whom Bond seduces , causing her unintentionally to reveal one of his plans . After Bond kills Dimitrios , she is found tortured and killed . Ivana Miličević as Valenka : Le Chiffre 's girlfriend and henchwoman , who accompanies him to the poker game . Isaach de Bankolé as Steven Obanno : A leader of the Lord 's Resistance Army , introduced to Le Chiffre by Mr. White to account his finances . Jesper Christensen as Mr. White : A liaison for an unnamed criminal organisation . Sébastien Foucan as Mollaka : A bomb - maker pursued by Bond through a construction site in Madagascar . Tobias Menzies as Villiers : M 's young secretary at MI6 Headquarters . The character 's last name is a reference to James Villiers , who portrayed Bill Tanner in For Your Eyes Only , and to the character of Amherst Villiers in the original novel . Ludger Pistor as Mendel : A Swiss banker responsible for all monetary transactions during and after the poker tournament . Claudio Santamaria as Carlos : A terrorist employed by Le Chiffre to blow up an aircraft . Richard Sammel as Gettler : An assassin who works for an unnamed criminal organisation and contacts Vesper in Venice . Clemens Schick as Kratt : Le Chiffre 's bodyguard , who often accompanies his boss wherever he travels . Joseph Millson as Carter : An MI6 agent who accompanies Bond in Madagascar . Ben Cooke as Williams : An MI6 agent who debriefs Bond in London . Malcolm Sinclair as Dryden : A corrupt MI6 Section Chief , and Bond 's second official target . Darwin Shaw as Fisher : Dryden 's underground contact . M sends Bond to kill him , his first official target . Bond tracks him down ( in Lahore , Pakistan in deleted scenes ) , nearly drowns him , and then shoots him dead . Tom Chadbon as a stockbroker , briefly seen having a telephone conversation with Le Chiffre . Tsai Chin as Madame Wu : A professional veteran poker player . Chin also played Ling in You Only Live Twice . Veruschka as Gräfin von Wallenstein : a countess participating in the poker tournament . Alessandra Ambrosio as Tennis Girl . Christina Cole as Ocean Club Receptionist . Diane Hartford as Card Player . Casino Royale includes a cameo by British entrepreneur Richard Branson ( seen being frisked at Miami International Airport ) . The cameo was cut out of the in - flight versions shown on British Airways ' in - flight entertainment systems , and the Virgin Atlantic aircraft Branson supplied had its tail fin ( bearing the company logo ) obscured . Production ( edit ) Casino Royale had been produced as a 1954 television episode and a 1967 satirical film . Eon Productions gained the rights to Casino Royale in 1999 after Sony Pictures Entertainment exchanged them for Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 's rights to Spider - Man . In March 2004 , Neal Purvis and Robert Wade began writing a screenplay for Pierce Brosnan as Bond , aiming to bring back the flavour of Ian Fleming 's original Bond novels . Paul Haggis ' main contribution was to rewrite the climax of the film . He explained , `` the draft that was there was very faithful to the book and there was a confession , so in the original draft the character confessed and killed herself . She then sent Bond to chase after the villains ; Bond chased the villains into the house . I do n't know why but I thought that Vesper had to be in the sinking house and Bond has to want to kill her and then try and save her . '' Director Quentin Tarantino expressed interest in directing an adaptation of Casino Royale , but Eon were not interested . He claims to have worked behind the scenes with the Fleming family , and believed this was the reason why filmmakers finally went ahead with Casino Royale . Tarantino also said he would have set it in the 1960s and would have only made it with Pierce Brosnan as Bond . In February 2005 , Martin Campbell was announced as the film 's director . Later in 2005 , Sony led a consortium that purchased MGM , allowing Sony to gain distribution rights starting with the film . Eon believed that they had relied too heavily on CGI effects in the more recent films , particularly Die Another Day , and were keen to accomplish the stunts in Casino Royale `` the old fashioned way '' . In keeping with this drive for more realism , screenwriters Purvis , Wade and Haggis wanted the script to follow as closely as possible to the original 1953 novel , keeping Fleming 's darker storyline and characterisation of Bond . Due to then copyright issues related to the Thunderball the organisation Mr White is part of is not named Spectre . Casting ( edit ) Pierce Brosnan had signed a deal for four films when he was cast in the role of James Bond . This was fulfilled with the production of Die Another Day in 2002 . At this stage , Brosnan was approaching his 50th birthday . Brosnan kept in mind fans and critics were not happy with Roger Moore playing Bond until he was 58 and speculation began the producers were seeking to replace Brosnan with a younger actor . Brosnan officially announced he was stepping down in February 2004 . At one point , producer Michael G. Wilson claimed there was a list of over 200 names being considered for his replacement . Croatian actor Goran Višnjić auditioned for the role the same day as Craig , but was reportedly unable to master a British accent . New Zealander Karl Urban was considered , but was unable to make the screen test due to filming commitments . According to Martin Campbell , Henry Cavill was the only other actor in serious contention for the role , but at 22 years old was considered too young . Australian actor Sam Worthington and Scottish actor Dougray Scott were also considered . Hugh Jackman was approached to play the character just before Craig was chosen to play Bond but turned it down due to other commitments . In May 2005 , English actor Daniel Craig stated MGM and producers Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli had assured him he would get the role of Bond , and Matthew Vaughn told reporters MGM offered him the opportunity to direct the new film , but Eon Productions at that point had not approached either of them . A year beforehand , Craig rejected the idea of starring , as he felt the series had descended into formula ; only when he read the script did he become interested . Craig read all of Fleming 's novels to prepare for the part , and cited Mossad and British Secret Service agents who served as advisors on the set of Munich as inspiring because , `` Bond has just come out of the service and he 's a killer . ( ... ) You can see it in their eyes , you know immediately : oh , hello , he 's a killer . There 's a look . These guys walk into a room and very subtly they check the perimeters for an exit . That 's the sort of thing I wanted . '' On 14 October 2005 Eon Productions , Sony Pictures Entertainment and MGM announced at a press conference in London that Craig would be the sixth actor to portray James Bond . Taking time off from reshoots for The Invasion , a business - suit clad , rather long - haired Craig boarded a Royal Marines Rigid Raider from HMS Belfast before travelling to HMS President where he was introduced to the world 's press . Significant controversy followed the decision , with some critics and fans expressing doubt the producers had made the right choice . Throughout the entire production period , Internet campaigns such as `` danielcraigisnotbond.com '' expressed their dissatisfaction and threatened to boycott the film in protest . Craig , unlike previous actors , was not considered by the protesters to fit the tall , dark , handsome and charismatic image of Bond to which viewers had been accustomed . The Daily Mirror ran a front - page news story critical of Craig , with the headline , The Name 's Bland -- James Bland . The next important casting was that of the lead Bond girl , Vesper Lynd . Casting director Debbie McWilliams acknowledged Hollywood actresses Angelina Jolie and Charlize Theron were `` strongly considered '' for the role and Belgian actress Cécile de France had also auditioned , but her English accent `` was n't up to scratch . '' French actress Audrey Tautou was also considered , but not chosen because of her role in The Da Vinci Code , which was released in May 2006 . It was announced on 16 February 2006 French actress Eva Green would play the part . Filming ( edit ) Craig in Venice during filming . Principal photography for Casino Royale commenced on 3 January 2006 and concluded on 20 July 2006 . The film was primarily shot at Barrandov Studios in Prague , with additional location shooting in the Bahamas , Italy and the United Kingdom . The shoot concluded at Pinewood Studios . Michael G. Wilson had stated Casino Royale would either be filmed or take place in Prague and South Africa . However , Eon Productions encountered problems in securing film locations in South Africa . After no other locations became available , the producers had to reconsider their options . In September 2005 , Martin Campbell and director of photography Phil Meheux were scouting Paradise Island in the Bahamas as a possible location for the film . On 6 October 2005 , Martin Campbell confirmed Casino Royale would film in the Bahamas and `` maybe Italy '' . In addition to the extensive location filming , studio work including choreography and stunt co-ordination practice was performed at the Barrandov Studios in Prague , and at Pinewood Studios , where the film used several stages , the paddock tank and the 007 Stage . Further shooting in the UK was scheduled for Dunsfold Aerodrome in Surrey , the cricket pavilion at Eton College ( although that scene was cut from the completed movie ) and the Millbrook Vehicle Proving Ground in Bedfordshire . The Grandhotel Pupp , Karlovy Vary , Czech Republic . After Prague , the production moved to the Bahamas . Several locations around New Providence were used for filming during February and March , particularly on Paradise Island . Footage set in Mbale , Uganda , was filmed at Black Park , a Country Park in Buckinghamshire , on 4 July 2006 . Additional scenes took place at Albany House , an estate owned by golfers Ernie Els and Tiger Woods . The crew returned to the Czech Republic in April , and continued there , filming in Prague , Planá and Loket , before completing in the town of Karlovy Vary in May . A famous Czech spa , Karlovy Vary was used as the exterior of the Casino Royale , with the Grandhotel Pupp serving as `` Hotel Splendide '' . The main Italian location was Venice , where the majority of the film 's ending is set . Other scenes in the latter half of the film were shot in late May and early June at the Villa del Balbianello on the shores of Lake Como . Further exterior shooting for the movie took place at properties such as the Villa la Gaeta , near the lakeside town of Menaggio . A recreation of the Body Worlds exhibit provided a setting for one scene in the film . Among the Body Worlds plastinates featured in that scene were the Poker Playing Trio ( which plays a key role in one scene ) and Rearing Horse and Rider . The exhibition 's developer and promoter , German anatomist Gunther von Hagens , also has a cameo appearance in the film , although only his trademark hat is actually visible on screen . Effects ( edit ) In designing the credit sequence for the film , graphic designer Daniel Kleinman was inspired by the cover of the 1953 British first edition of Casino Royale , which featured Ian Fleming 's original design of a playing card bordered by eight red hearts dripping with blood . Kleinman said , `` The hearts not only represent cards but the tribulations of Bond 's love story . So I took that as inspiration to use playing card graphics in different ways in the titles , '' like a club representing a puff of gun smoke , and slashed arteries spurting thousands of tiny hearts . In creating the shadow images of the sequence , Kleinman digitised the footage of Craig and the film 's stuntmen on the Inferno visual effects system , at Framestore CFC in London ; the actors ' silhouettes were incorporated into more than 20 digitally animated scenes depicting intricate and innovative card patterns . Kleinman decided not to use the female silhouettes commonly seen throughout the Bond title sequences , considering that the women did not fit with both the film 's spirit and the storyline following Bond falling in love . For the rest of the film , Chris Corbould , the special effects and miniature effects supervisor , returned to a more realistic style of film making and significantly reduced digital effects . According to Corbould , `` CGI is a great tool and can be very useful , but I will fight to the tooth and nail to do something for real . It 's the best way to go '' . Three scenes involving primarily physical effects in the film were the chase at a building site in Madagascar , the Miami Airport chase sequence , and the sinking Venetian house , with sets located on the Grand Canal and in Pinewood Studios . First on the schedule were the scenes on the Madagascar building site , shot in the Bahamas on the site of a derelict hotel which Michael G. Wilson had become acquainted with in 1977 during the filming of The Spy Who Loved Me . In the scene , Bond drives a digger towards the building , slamming into the concrete plinth on which Mollaka is running . The stunt team built a model and put forward several ways in which the digger could conceivably take out the concrete , including taking out the pillar underneath . A section of the concrete wall was removed to fit the digger and reinforced with steel . The sequence at Miami International Airport was partly shot at the Dunsfold Aerodrome , in Surrey , which is known from British car show Top Gear , with some footage from the Prague and Miami airports . In filming the scene in which the engine thrust of the moving aircraft blows the police car high into the air , second unit directors Ian Lowe , Terry Madden and Alex Witt used a crane with a strong lead cable attached to the rear bumper of the vehicle to move it up and backwards at the moment of full extension away from the plane . The Skyfleet S570 aircraft in the film was an ex-British Airways 747 - 200B G - BDXJ which had its engines removed and was modified for its appearance in the film . The modified aircraft had the outboard engines replaced by external fuel tanks , while the inboard engines were replaced by a mock - up pair of engines on each inboard pylon . The cockpit profile was altered to make the 747 look like a prototype of an advanced airliner . The plane used can be seen on the BBC motoring programme Top Gear on the Test Track . Aston Martin DBS driven by Bond in the film The sinking of the Venetian house at the climax of the film featured the largest rig ever built for a Bond film . For the scene involving Bond following Vesper into the house undergoing renovation supported by inflatable balloons , a tank was constructed at the 007 stage at Pinewood , consisting of a Venetian piazza and the interior of the three - story dilapidated house . The rig , weighing some 90 tons , incorporated electronics with hydraulic valves which were closely controlled by computer because of the dynamic movement within the system on its two axes . The same computer system also controlled the exterior model , which the effects team had built to one - third scale in order to film the building eventually collapsing into the Venetian canal . The model elevator within the rig could be immersed in 19 feet ( 5.8 m ) of water , and used banks of compressors to strictly regulate movement . At the time of filming , Aston Martin were still in the final phases of designing the DBS . The scene involving the car crash was devised using an Aston Martin DB9 that was specially modified to look like Bond 's Aston Martin DBS V12 and reinforced to withstand the impact . Due to the low centre of gravity of the vehicle , an 18 - inch ( 450 mm ) ramp had to be implemented on the road tarmac at Millbrook Proving Grounds and Adam Kirley , the stunt driver who performed the stunt , had to use an air cannon located behind the driver 's seat to propel the car into a roll at the precise moment of impact . At a speed exceeding 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) , the car rotated seven times while being filmed , and was confirmed by the Guinness Book of Records on 5 November 2006 as a new world record . Music ( edit ) Main article : Casino Royale ( 2006 soundtrack ) The soundtrack of Casino Royale , released by Sony Classical Records on 14 November 2006 , featured music composed by veteran composer David Arnold , his fourth soundtrack for the Bond film series , while Nicholas Dodd orchestrated and conducted the score . Producers Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli announced on 26 July 2006 Chris Cornell , then - former lead singer of Soundgarden and former lead singer of Audioslave , composed and would perform the title song , `` You Know My Name '' . The song 's main notes are played throughout the film as a substitute for the James Bond theme , to represent Bond 's youth and inexperience . The classic theme only plays during the end credits to signal the climax of his character arc . Release ( edit ) Casino Royale premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square , the Odeon West End and the Empire simultaneously in London on 14 November 2006 . It marked the 60th Royal Film Performance and benefited the Cinema & Television Benevolent Fund ( CTBF ) , whose patron , Queen Elizabeth II , was in attendance with the Duke of Edinburgh . It is the third James Bond premiere that the Queen attended , following You Only Live Twice and Die Another Day . Along with the cast and crew , numerous celebrities and 5,000 paying guests were also in attendance with half the proceeds benefiting the CTBF . Only two days following the premiere , unlicensed copies appeared for sale in London . `` The rapid appearance of this film on the streets shows the sophistication and organisation behind film piracy in the UK , '' said Kieron Sharp , from the Federation Against Copyright Theft . Infringing copies of the DVD were selling for less than £ 1.57 . Craig himself was offered such a DVD while walking anonymously through the streets of Beijing wearing a hat and glasses to avoid being identified . In January 2007 , Casino Royale became the first Bond film ever to be shown in mainland Chinese cinemas . The Chinese version was edited before release , with the reference to the Cold War re-dubbed and new dialogue added during the poker scene explaining the process of Texas hold ' em , as the game is less familiar in China ( this addition is reminiscent of dialogue that was added to the 1954 American TV adaptation to explain the rules of baccarat , the game featured in the original book ) . Casino Royale has earned approximately $11.7 million in China since its opening on 30 January on 468 screens , including a record opening weekend collection for a non-Chinese film , with $1.5 million . After critics dubbed Die Another Day `` Buy Another Day '' because of around 20 product placement deals , Eon limited their promotions for Casino Royale . Partners included Ford Motors , Heineken Pilsener ( which Eva Green starred in adverts for ) , Smirnoff , Omega SA , Virgin Atlantic Airways and Sony Ericsson . Casino Royale in Concert ( edit ) On 30 September and 1 October 2017 , the Royal Albert Hall hosted a special screening of the film with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra performing the score live . Box Office ( edit ) The film has earned $599,045,960 worldwide . Casino Royale was the 4th highest - grossing film of 2006 , and was the highest - grossing instalment of the James Bond series until Skyfall surpassed it in November 2012 . Upon its release in the United Kingdom Casino Royale broke series records on both opening day -- £ 1.7 million -- and opening weekend -- £ 13,370,969 . At the end of its box office run , the film had grossed £ 55.4 million , making it the most successful film of the year in the UK , and as of 2011 , the tenth highest - grossing film of all time in the country . On its US opening day Casino Royale was on top with $14,741,135 , and throughout the weekend grossed a total of $40,833,156 , placing it second in the ranking behind Happy Feet ( $41.5 million ) . However , Casino Royale was playing in 370 fewer cinemas and had a better average ( $11,890 per cinema , against $10,918 for Happy Feet ) . It earned $167,445,960 by the end of its run in North America , marking what was at the time the highest - grossing film of the series , before being surpassed by Quantum of Solace 's $168.4 million . On 18 November 2006 Casino Royale opened at the first position in 27 countries , with a weekend gross of $43,407,886 in the non-UK , Irish , US or Canada markets . The film retained the top spot at the worldwide box office for four weeks . Home media ( edit ) Casino Royale was simultaneously released on DVD , UMD and Blu - ray Disc on 16 March 2007 . In the UK , Casino Royale was released on 16 March 2007 on DVD and Blu - ray Disc . The DVD and Blu - ray Disc releases broke sales records : the Region 1 Blu - ray Disc edition became the highest selling high - definition title to date , selling more than 100,000 copies since its release . The region 2 DVD edition achieved the record of fastest selling title for its first - week release . The UK DVD has continued to sell well , with 1,622,852 copies sold since 19 March . A copy of the Blu - ray Disc edition of Casino Royale was given out to the first 500,000 PAL PlayStation 3 owners who signed up to the PlayStation Network . The DVD release includes the official music video for the film , and three documentaries detailing how Daniel Craig was chosen for the role of Bond , the filming , and an expanded version of the Bond Girls Are Forever documentary incorporating new interviews with Casino Royale cast members . A three - disc edition of Casino Royale on DVD was released in the United Kingdom on 31 October 2008 , coinciding with the cinema release of the sequel , Quantum of Solace ( the following week in the United States ) . As well as features present from the 2007 release , the collector 's edition contains an audio commentary , deleted scenes , featurettes and a storyboard - to - film comparison . A two - disc Blu - ray version also followed in late 2008 , featuring additional supplementary materials , enhanced interactivity through BD - Live , and the previous version 's 5.1 PCM soundtrack was replaced with a similar 5.1 Dolby TrueHD soundtrack . Casino Royale was released a third time on Blu - ray in 2012 with DTS audio and deleted scenes , but with less special features than the 2008 edition . Cuts and censorship ( edit ) Casino Royale was censored for its release in Britain , the United States , Germany and China . In Britain , by omitting some of Le Chiffre 's sadism and James Bond 's reactions in the torture scene , the film received the desired BBFC 12A rating . In the United States , two fight scenes were censored to achieve a PG - 13 rating : the fight between Bond and the traitorous MI6 agent 's contact Fisher , and the fight between Bond and Obanno in the stairway at the Casino Royale . The German edit of the film cuts a sequence where the bomb - planter at the airport breaks a man 's neck , instead replacing it with an alternative take . The mainland Chinese cut of the film also trims the torture scene and the stairway fight , as well as a shot of Bond cleaning his wound at the hotel , and a boat scene . The fully uncensored version can be found on the Australian , Dutch , French , Hong Kong , Japanese , and Scandinavian Blu - ray and DVD releases , and on UK Blu - ray releases from 2012 onwards ( rated 15 ) . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Critics responded with praise to the film , in particular to Craig 's performance and credibility . During production , Craig had been subject to debate by the media and the public , as he did not appear to fit Ian Fleming 's original portrait of the character as tall , dark and suave . The Daily Telegraph compared the quality of Craig 's characterisation of Bond to Sean Connery 's and praised the script as smartly written , noting how the film departed from the series ' conventions . The Times compared Craig 's portrayal of the character to that of Timothy Dalton , and praised the action as `` edgy '' , with another reviewer citing in particular the action sequence involving the cranes in Madagascar . Critics Paul Arendt of BBC Films , Kim Newman of Empire , and Todd McCarthy of Variety all described Craig as the first actor to truly embody Ian Fleming 's James Bond from the original novel : ironic , brutal and cold . The film was similarly well received in North America . MSNBC gave the movie a perfect 5 star rating . The film was described as taking James Bond `` back to his roots '' , similar to From Russia with Love , where the focus was on character and plot rather than the high - tech gadgets and visual effects that were strongly criticised in Die Another Day . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an approval rating of 94 % based on 250 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Casino Royale disposes of the silliness and gadgetry that plagued recent James Bond outings , and Daniel Craig delivers what fans and critics have been waiting for : a caustic , haunted , intense reinvention of 007 . '' It is the fourth - highest rating for a Bond film on the site behind Goldfinger , From Russia with Love , and Dr. No , all of which earned a 96 % score . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100 based on 46 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly named the film as the fifth best of the series , and chose Vesper Lynd as the fourth best Bond girl in the series . Some newspaper columnists and critics were impressed enough by Craig 's performance to consider him a viable candidate for an Academy Award nomination . Roger Ebert gave the film a four out of four star rating , and wrote that `` Craig makes a superb Bond ... who gives the sense of a hard man , wounded by life and his job , who nevertheless cares about people and right and wrong , '' and that the film `` has the answers to all my complaints about the 45 - year - old James Bond series , '' specifically `` why nobody in a Bond movie ever seems to have any real emotions . '' Time Out New York 's Joshua Rothkopf called Craig `` the best Bond in the franchise 's history , '' citing the actor 's `` crisp , hateful , Mamet - worthy snarl ... This is a screwed - up Bond , a rogue Bond , a bounder , a scrapper and , in the movie 's astoundingly bleak coda , an openhearted lover . '' Vicky Allan of the Sunday Herald noted Bond himself , and not his love interests , was sexually objectified in this film . A moment where he rises from the sea is reminiscent of Ursula Andress in Dr. No ; he feels `` skewered '' by Vesper Lynd 's criticism of him ; `` and though it would be almost unthinkable now have a female character in a mainstream film stripped naked and threatened with genital mutilation , that is exactly what happens to Bond in ( the film ) . '' So although the film backed off from past criticism of Bond girls being sex objects , `` the once invincible James Bond becomes just another joint at the meat market . '' This sentiment is shared by the University of Leicester 's James Chapman , author of License to Thrill , who also notes Craig 's Bond is `` not yet the polished article '' ; he felt his incarnation of Bond is close to Fleming 's because he is `` humourless , '' but is also different because `` Fleming 's Bond did not enjoy killing ; Craig 's Bond seems almost to relish it . '' Andrew Sarris of The New York Observer wrote that this particular Bond film is `` the very first that I would seriously consider placing on my own yearly 10 - best list . Furthermore , I consider Daniel Craig to be the most effective and appealing of the six actors who have played 007 , and that includes even Sean Connery . '' Roger Moore wrote , `` Daniel Craig impressed me so greatly in his debut outing , Casino Royale , by introducing a more gritty , unrefined edge to the character that I thought Sean ( Connery ) might just have to move over . Craig 's interpretation was like nothing we 'd seen on screen before ; Jimmy Bond was earning his stripes and making mistakes . It was intriguing to see him being castigated by M , just like a naughty schoolboy would be by his headmaster . The script showed him as a vulnerable , troubled , and flawed character . Quite the opposite to my Bond ! Craig was , and is , very much the Bond Ian Fleming had described in the books -- a ruthless killing machine . It was a Bond that the public wanted . '' So impressed was Moore that he chose to buy the DVD . Raymond Benson , the author of nine Bond novels , called Casino Royale `` a perfect Bond film . '' However , the film met with mixed reactions from other critics . Rob Gonsalves of eFilmCritic.com gave the film a positive review , but commented , `` When you strip the 007 films down for action and ' realism , ' you lose the soul of those old beloved Bond movies -- they might as well be Jason Bourne movies . '' John Beifuss of The Commercial Appeal said , `` Who wants to see Bond learn a lesson about ego , as if he were Greg Brady in his ' Johnny Bravo ' phase ? '' Anthony Lane of The New Yorker criticised the more imperfect and self - aware depiction of the character , saying , `` Even James Bond , in other words , wants to be 007 . '' Though American radio personality Michael Medved gave the film three stars out of four , describing it as `` intriguing , audacious and very original ... more believable and less cartoonish , than previous 007 extravaganzas , '' he commented that the `` sometimes sluggish pacing will frustrate some Bond fanatics . '' Similarly , a reviewer for The Sun praised the film for its darkness and Craig 's performance , but felt that `` like the novel , it suffers from a lack of sharpness in the plot '' and believed that it required additional editing , particularly the finale . Commentators such as Emanuel Levy concurred , feeling the ending was too long , and that the film 's terrorist villains lacked depth , although he praised Craig and gave the film a B+ overall . Other reviewers responded negatively , including Tim Adams of The Observer who felt the film came off uncomfortably in an attempt to make the series grittier . In December 2006 , Casino Royale was named the best film of the year by viewers of Film 2006 . The sequence with Craig sporting swimming trunks topped the sexiest male celebrity poll of The Sun , and in 2009 Del Monte Foods launched an ice lolly moulded to resemble Craig emerging from the sea . In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly named it the 19th best film of the past 25 years . Top ten lists ( edit ) The film appeared on many critics ' top ten lists of the best films of 2006 . 1st -- Owen Gleiberman , Entertainment Weekly 3rd -- Empire 3rd -- Marc Moha , The Oregonian 3rd -- Stephanie Zacharek , Salon.com 3rd -- William Arnold , Seattle Post-Intelligencer 7th -- Jack Mathews , New York Daily News 8th -- James Berardinelli , ReelViews 8th -- Desson Thomson , Washington Post 8th -- Michael Phillips , Chicago Tribune 9th -- Andrew Sarris , The New York Observer 9th -- Stephen Hunter , Washington Post 10th -- Michael Wilmington , Chicago Tribune 10th -- Mike Russell , The Oregonian Accolades ( edit ) At the 2006 British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards , Casino Royale won the Film Award for Best Sound ( Chris Munro , Eddy Joseph , Mike Prestwood Smith , Martin Cantwell , Mark Taylor ) , and the Orange Rising Star Award , which was won by Eva Green . The film was nominated for eight BAFTA awards , including the Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film of the Year ; Best Screenplay ( Neal Purvis , Robert Wade , Paul Haggis ) ; the Anthony Asquith Award for Best Film Music ( David Arnold ) ; Best Cinematography ( Phil Meheux ) ; Best Editing ( Stuart Baird ) ; Best Production Design ( Peter Lamont , Simon Wakefield ) ; Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects ( Steve Begg , Chris Corbould , John Paul Docherty , Ditch Doy ) ; and Best Actor ( Daniel Craig ) . This made Craig the first actor ever to receive a BAFTA nomination for a performance as James Bond . He also received the Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor . Casino Royale won the Excellence in Production Design Award from the Art Directors Guild , and singer Chris Cornell 's `` You Know My Name '' won the International Press Academy Satellite Award for Best Original Song . The film was nominated for five Saturn Awards -- Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film , Best Actor ( Daniel Craig ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Eva Green ) , Best Writing ( Purvis , Wade and Haggis ) and Best Music ( David Arnold ) . The 2006 Golden Tomato Awards named Casino Royale the Wide Release Film of the Year . Casino Royale was also nominated for , and has won , many other international awards for its screenplay , film editing , visual effects , and production design . At the 2007 Saturn Awards , the film was declared to be the Best Action / Adventure / Thriller film of 2006 . Several members of the crew were also recipients of 2007 Taurus World Stunt Awards , including Gary Powell for Best Stunt Coordination and Ben Cooke , Kai Martin , Marvin Stewart - Campbell and Adam Kirley for Best High Work . See also ( edit ) Film portal James Bond portal 2000s portal Outline of James Bond Casino Royale , 1967 film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CASINO ROYALE ( 2006 ) '' . 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Newsday. 10 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery Writers of America Announces 2007 Edgar Award Nominees '' . Mystery Writers of America . PR Newswire Association LLC. 19 January 2007 . Retrieved 20 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Sheigh ( 12 January 2007 ) . `` 10 make cut for ACE noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Visual Effects Society 5th Annual VES Awards Announced '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Visual Effects Society . 11 February 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 March 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne ; Carl DiOrio ( 18 February 2007 ) . `` Casino , Curse , top ADG Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 20 February 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Cohen , David S. ( 10 May 2007 ) . `` Superman tops Saturns '' . Variety . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2007 Taurus World Stunt Awards Ended with a Bang on Sunday Night '' . Taurus Worlds Stunt Awards . 21 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Casino Royale ( 2006 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casino Royale ( 2006 film ) . Casino Royale -- official site Casino Royale on IMDb Casino Royale at AllMovie Casino Royale at Rotten Tomatoes Casino Royale at Metacritic Casino Royale at Box Office Mojo James Bond in film List of films Filmography Eon Productions Dr. No ( 1962 ) From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) Octopussy ( 1983 ) A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) GoldenEye ( 1995 ) Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Spectre ( 2015 ) Non-Eon films Casino Royale ( 1967 ) Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) History 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Cast and characters Recurring characters Recurring actors Actors considered for the James Bond role Bond girls Related Motifs Music Gun barrel sequence Film locations White bikini of Ursula Andress Book Casino Royale ( 2006 ) Characters Le Chiffre Vesper Lynd Music `` You Know My Name '' soundtrack Tie - ins 007 : Quantum of Solace Related Quantum of Solace Casino Royale ( novel ) `` Casino Royale '' ( Climax ! ) Casino Royale ( 1967 film ) Films directed by Martin Campbell The Sex Thief ( 1973 ) Eskimo Nell ( 1975 ) Three for All ( 1975 ) Criminal Law ( 1988 ) Defenseless ( 1991 ) Cast a Deadly Spell ( 1991 ) No Escape ( 1994 ) GoldenEye ( 1995 ) The Mask of Zorro ( 1998 ) Vertical Limit ( 2000 ) Beyond Borders ( 2003 ) The Legend of Zorro ( 2005 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) Edge of Darkness ( 2010 ) Green Lantern ( 2011 ) Reckless ( 2013 ) Warriors ( 2014 ) The Foreigner ( 2017 ) Empire Award for Best Film Braveheart ( 1996 ) Se7en ( 1997 ) Men in Black ( 1998 ) Titanic ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2005 ) King Kong ( 2006 ) Casino Royale ( 2007 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight ( 2009 ) Avatar ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Skyfall ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Interstellar ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2017 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2018 ) Saturn Award for Best Action or Adventure Film Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Memento ( 2001 ) Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2004 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) 300 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) Salt ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) BNE : XX5591485 BNF : cb16742395v ( data ) GND : 7718427 - 0 LCCN : n2007007151 VIAF : 180397795 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casino_Royale_(2006_film)&oldid=856900301 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films Casino Royale ( 2006 film ) 2000s action thriller films 2000s adventure films 2000s spy films Best Film Empire Award winners American films British films Czech films German films Italian films Columbia Pictures films Films scored by David Arnold Films about terrorism Films based on British novels Films directed by Martin Campbell Films produced by Barbara Broccoli Films produced by Michael G. Wilson Films set in the Bahamas Films set in Lahore Films set in London Films set in Madagascar Films set in Miami Films set in Montenegro Films set in Prague Films set in Uganda Films set in Venice Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in the Bahamas Films shot in the Czech Republic Films shot in Italy Films shot in London Films shot in Venice Gambling films James Bond films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Parkour in film Poker films Reboot films Screenplays by Paul Haggis Stillking Films films Trading films Torture in films Hidden categories : EngvarB from December 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2016 Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the bond girl in casino royale | [
"The next important casting was that of the lead Bond girl, Vesper Lynd. Casting director Debbie McWilliams acknowledged Hollywood actresses Angelina Jolie and Charlize Theron were \"strongly considered\" for the role and Belgian actress Cécile de France had also auditioned, but her English accent \"wasn't up to scratch.\"[35] French actress Audrey Tautou was also considered, but not chosen because of her role in The Da Vinci Code, which was released in May 2006.[36] It was announced on 16 February 2006 French actress Eva Green would play the part.[37]\n"
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"Vesper Lynd"
] |
-8344058539217204562 | List of Ryder Cup records | List of Ryder Cup records - wikipedia List of Ryder Cup records The Ryder Cup is a biennial men 's golf competition between teams from Europe and the United States . Originally contested between Great Britain and the United States , the first official Ryder Cup took place in 1927 . The representation of `` Great Britain and Ireland '' was extended to include continental Europe from 1979 . In all the following tables Europe includes Great Britain / Great Britain and Ireland up to 1977 . For details of individual players ' complete Ryder Cup records see : List of European Ryder Cup golfers and List of American Ryder Cup golfers . Contents 1 Summary 2 Holes - in - one 2.1 Europe 2.2 United States 3 Largest margins of victory in a match 3.1 36 hole matches ( to 1959 ) 3.1. 1 Europe 3.1. 2 United States 3.2 18 hole matches ( from 1961 ) 3.2. 1 Europe 3.2. 2 United States 4 Pairings 4.1 Most frequent pairings 4.1. 1 Europe 4.1. 2 United States 5 Age - related records 5.1 Youngest players 5.1. 1 Europe 5.1. 2 United States 5.2 Oldest players 5.2. 1 Europe 5.2. 2 United States 5.3 Longest lived players 5.3. 1 Europe 5.3. 2 United States 5.4 Captains 6 References Summary ( edit ) There have been a total of 984 individual matches played in the 42 Ryder Cups . Of these the United States has won 475 , Europe ( including Great Britain / Great Britain and Ireland up to 1977 ) has won 375 with 134 matches halved . Thus the United States have scored a total of 542 points to Europe 's 442 . Team All Ryder Cups 36 hole matches 18 hole matches Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs Overall Singles Foursomes Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs United States won 475 239 138 98 94 61 33 381 178 105 98 Europe won 375 176 113 86 48 33 15 327 143 98 86 Halved 134 67 30 37 14 10 120 57 26 37 United States points 542 2721⁄2 153 1161⁄2 101 66 35 441 2061⁄2 118 1161⁄2 Europe points 442 2091⁄2 128 1041⁄2 55 38 17 387 1711⁄2 111 1041⁄2 Total 984 482 281 221 156 104 52 828 378 229 221 36 holes matches were played up to 1959 , 18 hole matches from 1961 onwards . Fourball matches were first played in 1963 . The table includes three 18 hole single matches ( in 1979 , 1991 and 1993 ) which were not actually played because of injury but were declared as halved matches . Holes - in - one ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) Hole Player Match Type Year 16th at Muirfield Peter Butler Brian Barnes & Peter Butler lost 1 hole v Jack Nicklaus & Tom Weiskopf Foursomes 1973 14th at The Belfry Nick Faldo Nick Faldo halved with Paul Azinger Singles 1993 6th at Oak Hill Costantino Rocca Sam Torrance & Costantino Rocca won 6 & 5 v Davis Love III & Jeff Maggert Foursomes 1995 11th at Oak Hill Howard Clark Howard Clark won 1 hole v Peter Jacobsen Singles 1995 14th at The K Club Paul Casey Paul Casey & David Howell won 5 & 4 v Stewart Cink & Zach Johnson Foursomes 2006 United States ( edit ) Hole Player Match Type Year 14th at The K Club Scott Verplank Scott Verplank won 4 & 3 v Pádraig Harrington Singles 2006 Largest margins of victory in a match ( edit ) 36 hole matches ( to 1959 ) ( edit ) All victories by 7 or more holes for Europe and by 8 or more holes for the United States are listed . Europe ( edit ) Margin Winner Loser Type Year 10 & 8 George Duncan Walter Hagen Singles 1929 9 & 8 Abe Mitchell Olin Dutra Singles 1933 9 & 7 Fred Daly Ted Kroll Singles 1953 The largest victory in a foursomes match was a 7&5 win by Aubrey Boomer & Charles Whitcombe against Leo Diegel & Bill Mehlhorn in 1927 . United States ( edit ) Margin Winner Loser Type Year 10 & 9 Walter Hagen & Denny Shute George Duncan & Arthur Havers Foursomes 1931 10 & 9 Ed Oliver & Lew Worsham Henry Cotton & Arthur Lees Foursomes 1947 9 & 8 Leo Diegel Abe Mitchell Singles 1929 9 & 8 Paul Runyan & Horton Smith Bill Cox & Ted Jarman Foursomes 1935 18 hole matches ( from 1961 ) ( edit ) All victories by 5 or more holes for Europe and by 6 or more holes for the United States are listed . Europe ( edit ) Margin Winner Loser Type Year 7 & 5 José Maria Cañizares & José Rivero Tom Kite & Calvin Peete Foursomes 1985 7 & 5 Ian Woosnam & Bernhard Langer Paul Azinger & Payne Stewart Foursomes 1993 6 & 5 Dave Thomas & George Will Arnold Palmer & Dave Marr Foursomes 1965 6 & 5 Nick Faldo & Peter Oosterhuis Andy Bean & Tom Kite Foursomes 1979 6 & 5 Des Smyth & José Maria Cañizares Bill Rogers & Bruce Lietzke Fourball 1981 6 & 5 Seve Ballesteros & José María Olazábal Tom Watson & Mark O'Meara Fourball 1989 6 & 5 Ian Woosnam & Peter Baker Fred Couples & Paul Azinger Fourball 1993 6 & 5 Sam Torrance & Costantino Rocca Davis Love III & Jeff Maggert Foursomes 1995 6 & 5 Luke Donald & Lee Westwood Steve Stricker & Tiger Woods Foursomes The largest victory in a singles match has been a 5&4 win , achieved 9 times , firstly by Bernard Hunt against Jerry Barber in 1961 . United States ( edit ) Margin Winner Loser Type Year 8 & 7 Tom Kite Howard Clark Singles 1989 8 & 7 Fred Couples Ian Woosnam Singles 1997 7 & 6 Miller Barber Maurice Bembridge Singles 1969 7 & 6 Lee Trevino Brian Huggett Singles 1971 7 & 6 Hale Irwin & Tom Kite Ken Brown & Des Smyth Foursomes 1979 7 & 6 Paul Azinger & Mark O'Meara Nick Faldo & David Gilford Foursomes 1991 7 & 6 Tom Lehman Ignacio Garrido Singles 1997 7 & 6 Keegan Bradley & Phil Mickelson Lee Westwood & Luke Donald Foursomes 2012 The largest victory in a fourball match has been a 7&5 win by Lee Trevino & Jerry Pate against Nick Faldo & Sam Torrance in 1981 . Pairings ( edit ) Most frequent pairings ( edit ) Pairings used 7 or more times for Europe and 5 or more times for the United States are listed . Europe ( edit ) Pairing Number Points First Year Last Year Overall Record W -- L -- H Foursomes Record W -- L -- H Fourballs Record W -- L -- H Seve Ballesteros & José María Olazábal 15 12 1993 11 -- 2 -- 2 6 -- 1 -- 1 5 -- 1 -- 1 Peter Alliss & Christy O'Connor Snr 12 5.5 1959 1969 5 -- 6 -- 1 4 -- 4 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- 0 Brian Barnes & Bernard Gallacher 10 5.5 1973 1979 5 -- 4 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 -- 1 Nick Faldo & Ian Woosnam 10 6 1991 5 -- 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 -- 0 Neil Coles & Bernard Hunt 8 2.5 1963 1967 2 -- 5 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 -- 0 Darren Clarke & Lee Westwood 8 6 1999 2006 6 -- 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 -- 0 Justin Rose & Henrik Stenson 8 6 2014 2018 6 -- 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 -- 0 Neil Coles & Christy O'Connor Snr 7 3.5 1963 1973 3 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 -- 1 Tony Jacklin & Peter Oosterhuis 7 1973 3 -- 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 -- 1 Nick Faldo & Colin Montgomerie 7 3.5 1993 1995 3 -- 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 -- 1 Bernhard Langer & Colin Montgomerie 7 5.5 1991 2002 5 -- 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 -- 0 Sergio García & Lee Westwood 7 5 2002 2008 4 -- 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 -- 1 United States ( edit ) Pairing Number Points First Year Last Year Overall Record W -- L -- H Foursomes Record W -- L -- H Fourballs Record W -- L -- H Patrick Reed & Jordan Spieth 7 5 2014 2016 4 -- 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 -- 0 Larry Nelson & Lanny Wadkins 6 1979 4 -- 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 -- 0 Tom Kite & Curtis Strange 6 2.5 1989 2 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 -- 0 Phil Mickelson & David Toms 6 3.5 2002 2006 3 -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- 0 Steve Stricker & Tiger Woods 6 2012 2 -- 4 -- 0 1 -- 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 -- 0 Webb Simpson & Bubba Watson 6 2012 2018 3 -- 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 -- 0 Julius Boros & Tony Lema 5 3.5 1963 1965 3 -- 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 -- 0 Gardner Dickinson & Arnold Palmer 5 5 1967 1971 5 -- 0 -- 0 4 -- 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 -- 0 Keegan Bradley & Phil Mickelson 5 2012 2014 4 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 -- 0 Age - related records ( edit ) The ages given are on the first day of the Ryder Cup . Generally the leading 5 in each category are given . Youngest players ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) Age Player Year Date of Birth Date of Cup 19 years , 258 days Sergio García 1999 9 January 1980 24 September 1999 20 years , 59 days Nick Faldo 1977 18 July 1957 15 September 1977 20 years , 216 days Paul Way 12 March 1963 14 October 1983 20 years , 221 days Bernard Gallacher 1969 9 February 1949 18 September 1969 20 years , 249 days Ken Brown 1977 9 January 1957 15 September 1977 United States ( edit ) Age Player Year Date of Birth Date of Cup 20 years , 339 days Horton Smith 1929 22 May 1908 26 April 1929 21 years , 61 days Jordan Spieth 2014 27 July 1993 26 September 2014 21 years , 270 days Tiger Woods 1997 30 December 1975 26 September 1997 21 years , 292 days Rickie Fowler 13 December 1988 1 October 2010 23 years , 35 days Horton Smith 1931 22 May 1908 26 June 1931 Oldest players ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) Age Player Year Date of Birth Date of Cup 50 years , 67 days Ted Ray 1927 28 March 1877 3 June 1927 48 years , 273 days Christy O'Connor , Snr 1973 21 December 1924 20 September 1973 48 years , 196 days Dai Rees 1961 31 March 1913 13 October 1961 47 years , 283 days George Duncan 1931 16 September 1883 26 June 1931 47 years , 257 days Arthur Lees 1955 21 February 1908 5 November 1955 The oldest rookie was Ted Ray in 1927 . Excluding Ray , who was playing in the first Ryder Cup , Tom Haliburton who was 46 years , 130 days in 1961 is the oldest European rookie . United States ( edit ) Age Player Year Date of Birth Date of Cup 51 years , 20 days Raymond Floyd 1993 4 September 1942 24 September 1993 50 years , 290 days Jay Haas 2 December 1953 17 September 2004 49 years , 23 days Raymond Floyd 1991 4 September 1942 27 September 1991 48 years , 104 days Phil Mickelson 2018 16 June 1970 28 September 2018 48 years , 95 days Fred Funk 14 June 1956 17 September 2004 The oldest rookie was Fred Funk in 2004 . Longest lived players ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) Age Player Date of Birth Date of Death 95 years , 311 days Ted Jarman 2 July 1907 9 May 2003 92 years , 288 days John Panton 9 October 1916 24 July 2009 91 years , 335 days Aubrey Boomer 1 November 1897 2 October 1989 91 years , 334 days Sam King 27 March 1911 24 February 2003 91 years , 305 days John Jacobs 14 March 1925 13 January 2017 Peter Alliss , currently aged 87 years , 242 days , is the oldest living British / European Ryder Cup player and is the only survivor of the 1953 British team . United States ( edit ) Age Player Date of Birth Date of Death 97 years , 75 days Gene Sarazen 27 February 1902 13 May 1999 95 years , 281 days Doug Ford 6 August 1922 14 May 2018 95 years , 272 days Jack Burke Jr . 29 January 1923 Living 94 years , 234 days Byron Nelson 4 February 1912 26 September 2006 93 years , 248 days Paul Runyan 12 July 1908 17 March 2002 Jack Burke Jr. is the only survivor of the 1951 , 1953 and 1955 American teams . † ^ denotes age at death , or , if living , age as of 28 October 2018 Captains ( edit ) Youngest Ryder Cup captain : Arnold Palmer - 34 years , 31 days in 1963 Youngest European captain : Charles Whitcombe - 35 years , 278 days in 1931 Youngest non-playing captain : Ben Hogan - 37 years , 34 days in 1949 Youngest non-playing European captain : Tony Jacklin - 39 years , 99 days in 1983 Oldest Ryder Cup captain : Tom Watson - 65 years , 22 days in 2014 Oldest European captain : J.H. Taylor - 62 years , 99 days in 1933 Oldest playing captain : Ted Ray - 50 years , 67 days in 1927 Oldest playing United States captain : Sam Snead - 47 years , 163 days in 1959 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` PGA Media Guide 2012 '' ( PDF ) . PGA of America . p. 69 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Media Guide 2012 '' ( PDF ) . PGA of America . p. 68 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Media Guide 2012 '' ( PDF ) . PGA of America . p. 75 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Media Guide 2012 '' ( PDF ) . PGA of America . p. 74 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Ryder Cup United States vs. Great Britain 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 United States vs. Great Britain and Ireland 1973 1977 United States vs. Europe 1979 1981 1985 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Statistics and lists Matches Records Broadcasters American golfers European golfers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ryder_Cup_records&oldid=866116783 '' Categories : Ryder Cup lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 10 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has scored the most points in the ryder cup | [
"There have been a total of 984 individual matches played in the 42 Ryder Cups. Of these the United States has won 475, Europe (including Great Britain/Great Britain and Ireland up to 1977) has won 375 with 134 matches halved. Thus the United States have scored a total of 542 points to Europe's 442.[1]\n"
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"United States"
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2403821750649158209 | List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances | List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances - wikipedia List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances In To Catch a Thief ( 1955 ) , Hitchcock appears as the bus passenger on the right alongside Cary Grant . English film director Alfred Hitchcock made cameo appearances in 39 of his 52 surviving major films ( his second film , The Mountain Eagle , is lost ) . For the films in which he appeared , he would be seen for a brief moment in a non-speaking part , such as boarding a bus , crossing in front of a building , standing in an apartment across the courtyard , or even appearing in a newspaper photograph ( as seen in the film Lifeboat , which otherwise provided no other opportunity for him to appear ) . This playful gesture became one of Hitchcock 's signatures ; and fans would make a sport of trying to spot his cameos . As a recurring theme , he would carry a musical instrument -- especially memorable was the double bass case that he wrestles onto the train at the beginning of Strangers on a Train . In his earliest appearances , he filled in as an obscure extra in crowds or walking through scenes in long camera shots . His later appearances became more prominent , such as when he turns to see Jane Wyman 's disguise as she passes him in Stage Fright , and in stark silhouette in his final film Family Plot . His appearances became so popular that he began to make them earlier in his films so as not to distract the audience from the plot . Hitchcock confirms this in extended interviews with François Truffaut , and indeed the majority of his appearances occur within the first half - hour of his films . Hitchcock 's longest cameo appearances are in his British films Blackmail and Young and Innocent . He appears in all 30 features from Rebecca ( his first American film ) onward ; before his move to Hollywood , he only occasionally performed cameos . Contents 1 Cameo appearances in Hitchcock films 2 Other cameo appearances 3 References 4 External links Cameo appearances in Hitchcock films ( edit ) This is a list of Hitchcock 's cameo appearances in films that he directed . Title Year H : M ( : S ) Description The Birds 1963 0 : 02 : 18 Leaving the pet shop with two of his own Sealyham terriers , Geoffrey and Stanley , as Tippi Hedren enters . Blackmail 1929 0 : 10 : 25 Being bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground . This cameo is 19 seconds long . Dial M for Murder 1954 0 : 13 : 13 On the left side in the class - reunion photo . Easy Virtue 1928 0 : 21 : 15 Walking past a tennis court carrying a walking stick . Family Plot 1976 0 : 40 : 00 In silhouette through the door of the Registrar of Births and Deaths . Foreign Correspondent 1940 0 : 12 : 44 After Joel McCrea leaves his hotel , wearing a coat and hat and reading a newspaper . Frenzy 1972 0 : 04 : 07 In the center of a crowd , wearing a bowler hat ; he is the only one not applauding the speaker ; and a minute later , right after the victim washes ashore , standing next to a gray - haired man with a gray beard . I Confess 1953 0 : 01 : 33 Crossing the top of a flight of steps . The Lady Vanishes 1938 1 : 32 : 31 In Victoria Station , wearing a black coat , smoking a cigarette , and making a strange movement with his head . Lifeboat 1944 0 : 00 : 25 In the `` before '' and `` after '' pictures in the newspaper ad for `` Reduco Obesity Slayer '' . The Lodger 1927 0 : 03 At a desk in the newsroom . 1 : 24 In the mob scene next to Detective Joe who 's bearing the lodger 's weight on the fence by holding his arms . The Man Who Knew Too Much 1956 0 : 25 : 12 As the McKennas watch the acrobats in the marketplace , Hitchcock appears at the left in a suit and puts his hands in his pockets . The Man Who Knew Too Much 1934 0 : 33 : 25 Walking across a road in a dark trench coat as a bus passes . Marnie 1964 0 : 00 : 05 Entering from the left of the hotel corridor after Tippi Hedren passes by , and clearly breaking the fourth wall by looking the audience straight in the eye . Mr. & Mrs. Smith 1941 0 : 42 : 57 Passing Robert Montgomery in front of his building . Murder ! 1930 0 : 59 : 45 Walking past the house where the murder was committed with a female companion , at the end of Sir John 's visit to the scene with Markham and his wife Lucy . North by Northwest 1959 0 : 02 : 09 Missing a bus , just after his credit passes off screen during the title sequence . Notorious 1946 1 : 04 : 44 At the big party in Claude Rains ' mansion , drinking champagne and then quickly departing . Number Seventeen 1932 0 : 51 : 25 On the bus amongst other passengers , in a dark coat and hat , facing away , he bounces up and down ; approx . four seconds . The Paradine Case 1947 0 : 38 : 00 Leaving the train at a railway station , carrying a cello case . Psycho 1960 0 : 06 : 59 Seen through an office window wearing a Stetson cowboy hat as Janet Leigh comes through the door . Rear Window 1954 0 : 26 : 12 Winding the clock in the songwriter 's apartment . Rebecca 1940 2 : 06 : 57 Walking near the phone booth just after George Sanders makes a call . Rope 1948 0 : 01 : 51 Just after his credit towards the end of the opening sequence of the film , walking alongside a woman ( to her right ) , and swinging a newspaper in stride from his right hand . Rope 1948 0 : 55 : 00 In the background as a red flashing neon sign of his trademark profile . Sabotage 1936 0 : 08 : 56 Just after the lights come back on in front of the Bijou , looking up as he crosses in front of the crowd . Saboteur 1942 1 : 04 : 45 Standing in front of `` Cut Rate Drugs '' as the saboteurs ' car stops . Shadow of a Doubt 1943 0 : 16 : 27 On the train to Santa Rosa , playing cards , back to the camera . Spellbound 1945 0 : 38 : 50 Coming out of an elevator at the Empire State Hotel , carrying a violin case and smoking a cigarette . Stage Fright 1950 0 : 39 : 49 Turning to look back at Jane Wyman in her disguise as Marlene Dietrich 's maid . Strangers on a Train 1951 0 : 10 : 34 Boarding a train with a double bass as Farley Granger gets off in his hometown . Suspicion 1941 0 : 03 : 25 Walking a horse across the screen at the hunt meet . 0 : 44 : 58 Mailing a letter at the village postbox ( long shot ) . The 39 Steps 1935 0 : 06 : 56 The man tossing a white cigarette box while the bus pulls up for Robert Donat and Lucie Mannheim to leave the theatre . To Catch a Thief 1955 0 : 09 : 40 Sitting next to Cary Grant on the bus . Topaz 1969 0 : 32 : 27 Being pushed in a wheelchair in the airport . Hitchcock gets up from the chair , shakes hands with a man , and walks off to the right . Torn Curtain 1966 0 : 00 : 08 Sitting in the Hotel d'Angleterre lobby with a baby on his knee . He shifts the child from one knee to the other . The music playing at this point in the film is an adaptation of Charles Gounod 's Funeral March of a Marionette , a song now associated with Hitchcock due to it being used as the theme for his television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents The Trouble with Harry 1955 0 : 22 : 14 Seen outside of the window -- the man walking past the parked limousine of an old man who is looking at paintings . Under Capricorn 1949 0 : 02 : 11 In the town square during new governor 's speech , wearing a blue coat and brown hat . 0 : 12 : 17 One of three men on the steps of Government House . Vertigo 1958 0 : 11 : 40 In a grey suit walking in the street with a trumpet case . The Wrong Man 1956 0 : 00 : 18 Seen in silhouette narrating the film 's prologue . Donald Spoto 's biography says that Hitchcock chose to make an explicit appearance in this film ( rather than a cameo ) to emphasize that , unlike his other movies , The Wrong Man was a true story about an actual person . Young and Innocent 1937 0 : 15 : 00 Outside the courthouse , holding a camera . Other cameo appearances ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alfred Hitchcock regularly made cameo appearances in his films . However , only once did he appear in an installment of his Alfred Hitchcock Presents television show ( aside from his personal introductions and closings ) . The one cameo was in the 1958 episode of the third season titled `` Dip in the Pool '' . At 5 : 15 minutes into the episode , Hitchcock appears on the cover of a magazine being read by Mr. Renshaw ( Philip Bourneuf ) . Hitchcock 's image shows up in Alain Resnais 's Last Year at Marienbad , as an homage to Hitchcock 's cameo appearances . Director Richard Franklin incorporates a Hitchcock cameo into Psycho II ( 1983 ) , even though Hitchcock had been dead for three years . When Mary Samuels and Norman Bates pay an early nighttime visit to Mother 's bedroom , Hitchcock 's famous silhouette can be seen in shadow on the far right wall just after they enter the room and before they turn on the lights . In Gus Van Sant 's 1998 shot - for - shot remake of Psycho , Van Sant can be seen standing next to a Hitchcock look - alike at the same point in the film as in the original . As pointed out by Nick @ Nite Rewind , Alfred 's shadow appears in an episode of The Odd Couple . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Truffaut , François ( 1968 ) Hitchcock , Secker and Warburg Jump up ^ Walker , Michael ( 2006 ) Hitchcock 's motifs Amsterdam University Press Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( 5 February 2009 ) . `` Final cut for Hollywood 's favourite dog '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . External links ( edit ) Cameo picture gallery from Filmsite.com A list of the cameos at Empire magazines website A supercut of Hitchcock 's cameos The Hitchcock Cameos , on the Alfred Hitchcock Wiki ( includes screen shots of all cameos ) . Alfred Hitchcock Filmography Unproduced projects Themes and plot devices Cameos Awards and honors Feature films Silent films The Pleasure Garden ( 1925 ) The Mountain Eagle ( 1926 ) The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1927 ) The Ring ( 1927 ) Downhill ( 1927 ) The Farmer 's Wife ( 1928 ) Easy Virtue ( 1928 ) Champagne ( 1928 ) The Manxman ( 1929 ) British sound films Blackmail ( 1929 ) Juno and the Paycock ( 1930 ) Murder ! ( 1930 ) Elstree Calling ( 1930 ) The Skin Game ( 1931 ) Mary ( 1931 ) Rich and Strange ( 1931 ) Number Seventeen ( 1932 ) Waltzes from Vienna ( 1934 ) The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1934 ) The 39 Steps ( 1935 ) Secret Agent ( 1936 ) Sabotage ( 1936 ) Young and Innocent ( 1937 ) The Lady Vanishes ( 1938 ) Jamaica Inn ( 1939 ) Hollywood and later Rebecca ( 1940 ) Foreign Correspondent ( 1940 ) Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 1941 ) Suspicion ( 1941 ) Saboteur ( 1942 ) Shadow of a Doubt ( 1943 ) Lifeboat ( 1944 ) Spellbound ( 1945 ) Notorious ( 1946 ) The Paradine Case ( 1947 ) Rope ( 1948 ) Under Capricorn ( 1949 ) Stage Fright ( 1950 ) Strangers on a Train ( 1951 ) I Confess ( 1953 ) Dial M for Murder ( 1954 ) Rear Window ( 1954 ) To Catch a Thief ( 1955 ) The Trouble with Harry ( 1955 ) The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) The Wrong Man ( 1956 ) Vertigo ( 1958 ) North by Northwest ( 1959 ) Psycho ( 1960 ) The Birds ( 1963 ) Marnie ( 1964 ) Torn Curtain ( 1966 ) Topaz ( 1969 ) Frenzy ( 1972 ) Family Plot ( 1976 ) Short films Always Tell Your Wife ( 1923 ) An Elastic Affair ( 1930 ) Aventure Malgache ( 1944 ) Bon Voyage ( 1944 ) The Fighting Generation ( 1944 ) Television Alfred Hitchcock Presents episodes List of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour episodes Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 TV series ) Related Hitchcockian Number 13 The Blackguard Lord Camber 's Ladies German Concentration Camps Factual Survey Alfred Hitchcock Edition Clue Alfred Hitchcock 's Mystery Magazine Alfred Hitchcock 's Anthology Three Investigators Transatlantic Pictures High Anxiety Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho Hitchcock The Girl Hitchcock / Truffaut film Family Alma Reville Pat Hitchcock Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Alfred_Hitchcock_cameo_appearances&oldid=865093571 '' Categories : Alfred Hitchcock In - jokes Lists of film characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Кыргызча 日本 語 Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 17 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is alfred hitchcock's cameo in rope | [
"\n\nTitle\nYear\nH:M[:S]\nDescription\n\n\nThe Birds\n\n1963\n\n0:02:18\n\nLeaving the pet shop with two of his own Sealyham terriers, Geoffrey and Stanley, as Tippi Hedren enters.[3]\n\n\nBlackmail\n\n1929\n\n0:10:25\n\nBeing bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground. This cameo is 19 seconds long.\n\n\nDial M for Murder\n\n1954\n\n0:13:13\n\nOn the left side in the class-reunion photo.\n\n\nEasy Virtue\n\n1928\n\n0:21:15\n\nWalking past a tennis court carrying a walking stick.\n\n\nFamily Plot\n\n1976\n\n0:40:00\n\nIn silhouette through the door of the Registrar of Births and Deaths.\n\n\nForeign Correspondent\n\n1940\n\n0:12:44\n\nAfter Joel McCrea leaves his hotel, wearing a coat and hat and reading a newspaper.\n\n\nFrenzy\n\n1972\n\n0:04:07\n\nIn the center of a crowd, wearing a bowler hat; he is the only one not applauding the speaker; and a minute later, right after the victim washes ashore, standing next to a gray-haired man with a gray beard.\n\n\nI Confess\n\n1953\n\n0:01:33\n\nCrossing the top of a flight of steps.\n\n\nThe Lady Vanishes\n\n1938\n\n1:32:31\n\nIn Victoria Station, wearing a black coat, smoking a cigarette, and making a strange movement with his head.\n\n\nLifeboat\n\n1944\n\n0:00:25\n\nIn the \"before\" and \"after\" pictures in the newspaper ad for \"Reduco Obesity Slayer\".\n\n\nThe Lodger\n\n1927\n\n0:03\n\nAt a desk in the newsroom.\n\n\n1:24\n\nIn the mob scene next to Detective Joe who's bearing the lodger's weight on the fence by holding his arms.\n\n\nThe Man Who Knew Too Much\n\n1956\n\n0:25:12\n\nAs the McKennas watch the acrobats in the marketplace, Hitchcock appears at the left in a suit and puts his hands in his pockets.\n\n\nThe Man Who Knew Too Much\n\n1934\n\n0:33:25\n\nWalking across a road in a dark trench coat as a bus passes.\n\n\nMarnie\n\n1964\n\n0:00:05\n\nEntering from the left of the hotel corridor after Tippi Hedren passes by, and clearly breaking the fourth wall by looking the audience straight in the eye.\n\n\nMr. & Mrs. Smith\n\n1941\n\n0:42:57\n\nPassing Robert Montgomery in front of his building.\n\n\nMurder!\n\n1930\n\n0:59:45\n\nWalking past the house where the murder was committed with a female companion, at the end of Sir John's visit to the scene with Markham and his wife Lucy.\n\n\nNorth by Northwest\n\n1959\n\n0:02:09\n\nMissing a bus, just after his credit passes off screen during the title sequence.\n\n\nNotorious\n\n1946\n\n1:04:44\n\nAt the big party in Claude Rains' mansion, drinking champagne and then quickly departing.\n\n\nNumber Seventeen\n\n1932\n\n0:51:25\n\nOn the bus amongst other passengers, in a dark coat and hat, facing away, he bounces up and down; approx. four seconds.\n\n\nThe Paradine Case\n\n1947\n\n0:38:00\n\nLeaving the train at a railway station, carrying a cello case.\n\n\nPsycho\n\n1960\n\n0:06:59\n\nSeen through an office window wearing a Stetson cowboy hat as Janet Leigh comes through the door.\n\n\nRear Window\n\n1954\n\n0:26:12\n\nWinding the clock in the songwriter's apartment.\n\n\nRebecca\n\n1940\n\n2:06:57\n\nWalking near the phone booth just after George Sanders makes a call.\n\n\nRope\n\n1948\n\n0:01:51\n\nJust after his credit towards the end of the opening sequence of the film, walking alongside a woman (to her right), and swinging a newspaper in stride from his right hand.\n\n\nRope\n\n1948\n\n0:55:00\n\nIn the background as a red flashing neon sign of his trademark profile.\n\n\nSabotage\n\n1936\n\n0:08:56\n\nJust after the lights come back on in front of the Bijou, looking up as he crosses in front of the crowd.\n\n\nSaboteur\n\n1942\n\n1:04:45\n\nStanding in front of \"Cut Rate Drugs\" as the saboteurs' car stops.\n\n\nShadow of a Doubt\n\n1943\n\n0:16:27\n\nOn the train to Santa Rosa, playing cards, back to the camera.\n\n\nSpellbound\n\n1945\n\n0:38:50\n\nComing out of an elevator at the Empire State Hotel, carrying a violin case and smoking a cigarette.\n\n\nStage Fright\n\n1950\n\n0:39:49\n\nTurning to look back at Jane Wyman in her disguise as Marlene Dietrich's maid.\n\n\nStrangers on a Train\n\n1951\n\n0:10:34\n\nBoarding a train with a double bass as Farley Granger gets off in his hometown.\n\n\nSuspicion\n\n1941\n\n0:03:25\n\nWalking a horse across the screen at the hunt meet.\n\n\n0:44:58\n\nMailing a letter at the village postbox (long shot).\n\n\nThe 39 Steps\n\n1935\n\n0:06:56\n\nThe man tossing a white cigarette box while the bus pulls up for Robert Donat and Lucie Mannheim to leave the theatre.\n\n\nTo Catch a Thief\n\n1955\n\n0:09:40\n\nSitting next to Cary Grant on the bus.\n\n\nTopaz\n\n1969\n\n0:32:27\n\nBeing pushed in a wheelchair in the airport. Hitchcock gets up from the chair, shakes hands with a man, and walks off to the right.\n\n\nTorn Curtain\n\n1966\n\n0:00:08\n\nSitting in the Hotel d'Angleterre lobby with a baby on his knee. He shifts the child from one knee to the other. The music playing at this point in the film is an adaptation of Charles Gounod's Funeral March of a Marionette, a song now associated with Hitchcock due to it being used as the theme for his television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents\n\n\nThe Trouble with Harry\n\n1955\n\n0:22:14\n\nSeen outside of the window—the man walking past the parked limousine of an old man who is looking at paintings.\n\n\nUnder Capricorn\n\n1949\n\n0:02:11\n\nIn the town square during new governor's speech, wearing a blue coat and brown hat.\n\n\n0:12:17\n\nOne of three men on the steps of Government House.\n\n\nVertigo\n\n1958\n\n0:11:40\n\nIn a grey suit walking in the street with a trumpet case.\n\n\nThe Wrong Man\n\n1956\n\n0:00:18\n\nSeen in silhouette narrating the film's prologue. Donald Spoto's biography says that Hitchcock chose to make an explicit appearance in this film (rather than a cameo) to emphasize that, unlike his other movies, The Wrong Man was a true story about an actual person.\n\n\nYoung and Innocent\n\n1937\n\n0:15:00\n\nOutside the courthouse, holding a camera.\n",
"\n\nTitle\nYear\nH:M[:S]\nDescription\n\n\nThe Birds\n\n1963\n\n0:02:18\n\nLeaving the pet shop with two of his own Sealyham terriers, Geoffrey and Stanley, as Tippi Hedren enters.[3]\n\n\nBlackmail\n\n1929\n\n0:10:25\n\nBeing bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground. This cameo is 19 seconds long.\n\n\nDial M for Murder\n\n1954\n\n0:13:13\n\nOn the left side in the class-reunion photo.\n\n\nEasy Virtue\n\n1928\n\n0:21:15\n\nWalking past a tennis court carrying a walking stick.\n\n\nFamily Plot\n\n1976\n\n0:40:00\n\nIn silhouette through the door of the Registrar of Births and Deaths.\n\n\nForeign Correspondent\n\n1940\n\n0:12:44\n\nAfter Joel McCrea leaves his hotel, wearing a coat and hat and reading a newspaper.\n\n\nFrenzy\n\n1972\n\n0:04:07\n\nIn the center of a crowd, wearing a bowler hat; he is the only one not applauding the speaker; and a minute later, right after the victim washes ashore, standing next to a gray-haired man with a gray beard.\n\n\nI Confess\n\n1953\n\n0:01:33\n\nCrossing the top of a flight of steps.\n\n\nThe Lady Vanishes\n\n1938\n\n1:32:31\n\nIn Victoria Station, wearing a black coat, smoking a cigarette, and making a strange movement with his head.\n\n\nLifeboat\n\n1944\n\n0:00:25\n\nIn the \"before\" and \"after\" pictures in the newspaper ad for \"Reduco Obesity Slayer\".\n\n\nThe Lodger\n\n1927\n\n0:03\n\nAt a desk in the newsroom.\n\n\n1:24\n\nIn the mob scene next to Detective Joe who's bearing the lodger's weight on the fence by holding his arms.\n\n\nThe Man Who Knew Too Much\n\n1956\n\n0:25:12\n\nAs the McKennas watch the acrobats in the marketplace, Hitchcock appears at the left in a suit and puts his hands in his pockets.\n\n\nThe Man Who Knew Too Much\n\n1934\n\n0:33:25\n\nWalking across a road in a dark trench coat as a bus passes.\n\n\nMarnie\n\n1964\n\n0:00:05\n\nEntering from the left of the hotel corridor after Tippi Hedren passes by, and clearly breaking the fourth wall by looking the audience straight in the eye.\n\n\nMr. & Mrs. Smith\n\n1941\n\n0:42:57\n\nPassing Robert Montgomery in front of his building.\n\n\nMurder!\n\n1930\n\n0:59:45\n\nWalking past the house where the murder was committed with a female companion, at the end of Sir John's visit to the scene with Markham and his wife Lucy.\n\n\nNorth by Northwest\n\n1959\n\n0:02:09\n\nMissing a bus, just after his credit passes off screen during the title sequence.\n\n\nNotorious\n\n1946\n\n1:04:44\n\nAt the big party in Claude Rains' mansion, drinking champagne and then quickly departing.\n\n\nNumber Seventeen\n\n1932\n\n0:51:25\n\nOn the bus amongst other passengers, in a dark coat and hat, facing away, he bounces up and down; approx. four seconds.\n\n\nThe Paradine Case\n\n1947\n\n0:38:00\n\nLeaving the train at a railway station, carrying a cello case.\n\n\nPsycho\n\n1960\n\n0:06:59\n\nSeen through an office window wearing a Stetson cowboy hat as Janet Leigh comes through the door.\n\n\nRear Window\n\n1954\n\n0:26:12\n\nWinding the clock in the songwriter's apartment.\n\n\nRebecca\n\n1940\n\n2:06:57\n\nWalking near the phone booth just after George Sanders makes a call.\n\n\nRope\n\n1948\n\n0:01:51\n\nJust after his credit towards the end of the opening sequence of the film, walking alongside a woman (to her right), and swinging a newspaper in stride from his right hand.\n\n\nRope\n\n1948\n\n0:55:00\n\nIn the background as a red flashing neon sign of his trademark profile.\n\n\nSabotage\n\n1936\n\n0:08:56\n\nJust after the lights come back on in front of the Bijou, looking up as he crosses in front of the crowd.\n\n\nSaboteur\n\n1942\n\n1:04:45\n\nStanding in front of \"Cut Rate Drugs\" as the saboteurs' car stops.\n\n\nShadow of a Doubt\n\n1943\n\n0:16:27\n\nOn the train to Santa Rosa, playing cards, back to the camera.\n\n\nSpellbound\n\n1945\n\n0:38:50\n\nComing out of an elevator at the Empire State Hotel, carrying a violin case and smoking a cigarette.\n\n\nStage Fright\n\n1950\n\n0:39:49\n\nTurning to look back at Jane Wyman in her disguise as Marlene Dietrich's maid.\n\n\nStrangers on a Train\n\n1951\n\n0:10:34\n\nBoarding a train with a double bass as Farley Granger gets off in his hometown.\n\n\nSuspicion\n\n1941\n\n0:03:25\n\nWalking a horse across the screen at the hunt meet.\n\n\n0:44:58\n\nMailing a letter at the village postbox (long shot).\n\n\nThe 39 Steps\n\n1935\n\n0:06:56\n\nThe man tossing a white cigarette box while the bus pulls up for Robert Donat and Lucie Mannheim to leave the theatre.\n\n\nTo Catch a Thief\n\n1955\n\n0:09:40\n\nSitting next to Cary Grant on the bus.\n\n\nTopaz\n\n1969\n\n0:32:27\n\nBeing pushed in a wheelchair in the airport. Hitchcock gets up from the chair, shakes hands with a man, and walks off to the right.\n\n\nTorn Curtain\n\n1966\n\n0:00:08\n\nSitting in the Hotel d'Angleterre lobby with a baby on his knee. He shifts the child from one knee to the other. The music playing at this point in the film is an adaptation of Charles Gounod's Funeral March of a Marionette, a song now associated with Hitchcock due to it being used as the theme for his television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents\n\n\nThe Trouble with Harry\n\n1955\n\n0:22:14\n\nSeen outside of the window—the man walking past the parked limousine of an old man who is looking at paintings.\n\n\nUnder Capricorn\n\n1949\n\n0:02:11\n\nIn the town square during new governor's speech, wearing a blue coat and brown hat.\n\n\n0:12:17\n\nOne of three men on the steps of Government House.\n\n\nVertigo\n\n1958\n\n0:11:40\n\nIn a grey suit walking in the street with a trumpet case.\n\n\nThe Wrong Man\n\n1956\n\n0:00:18\n\nSeen in silhouette narrating the film's prologue. Donald Spoto's biography says that Hitchcock chose to make an explicit appearance in this film (rather than a cameo) to emphasize that, unlike his other movies, The Wrong Man was a true story about an actual person.\n\n\nYoung and Innocent\n\n1937\n\n0:15:00\n\nOutside the courthouse, holding a camera.\n"
] | [
"0:01:51",
"0:55:00"
] |
-7902280161156543824 | Oshodi-Isolo | Oshodi - Isolo - Wikipedia Oshodi - Isolo Jump to : navigation , search Oshodi - Isolo LGA and suburb Location in Lagos Country Nigeria State Lagos State Area Total 17 sq mi ( 45 km ) Population ( 2017 ) Total 1,000,509 Time zone WAT ( UTC + 1 ) photo news Oshodi - Isolo is a Local Government Area ( LGA ) within Lagos State . It was formed by the second republic Governor of Lagos State , Alhaji Lateef Kayode Jakande , also known as ' Baba Kekere ' and the first Executive Chairman of the Local Government was late Sir Isaac Ademolu Banjoko . The LGA is part of the Ikeja Division of Lagos State , Nigeria . At the 2006 Census it had a population of 621,509 people , and an area of 45 square kilometers . Hon . Idris Bolaji Muse Ariyoh , has been re-elected for a second term into office July 25th 2017 , as the Executive Chairman . Two State House of Assembly , Hon . Shokunle Hakeem Oshodi / Isolo I APC And Hon . Emeka Odimogu Oshodi / Isolo II APC Hon . Moruf Akinderu Fatai also known as ' MAF ' by his constituents and supporters , of the Action Congress ( AC ) represented Oshodi - Isolo I , and Hon . Joseph Ajatta ( AC ) represented Oshodi - Isolo II . From 1999 - 2007 , Mudasiru Oyetunde Hussein of the Alliance for Democracy party represented Oshodi - Isolo . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MEMBERS '' . The House of Representatives , Federal Republic of Nigeria . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` AC Senatorial Candidate boasts : I 'll flush Adeleke out of Senate '' . The Daily Sun . August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Oshodi - Isolo Local Government Lagos State State capital : Ikeja Cities Eko Atlantic Ikorodu Ikeja Lagos Lekki Towns Badagry Epe Ojo LGAs Agege Ajeromi - Ifelodun Alimosho Amuwo - Odofin Apapa Badagry Epe Eti - Osa Ibeju - Lekki Ifako - Ijaiye Ikeja Ikorodu Kosofe Lagos Island Lagos Mainland Mushin Ojo Oshodi - Isolo Somolu Surulere Government Leaders Governor Chief Justice Attorney General Executive Council Ministries Education Finance Agriculture and Cooperatives Commerce and Industry Economic Planning and Budget Energy and Mineral Resources Environment Establishments , Training and Pensions Health Home Affairs and Culture Housing Information and Strategy Justice Rural Development Science and Technology Special Studies Tourism and Inter-governmental Relations Transport Waterfront Infrastructure Development Women Affairs and Poverty Alleviation Works and Infrastructure Youth , Sports and Social Development House of Assembly 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Others Lagos State Civil Service Head of Service City Hall , Lagos Lagos State Police Command Oba of Lagos This Lagos -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oshodi-Isolo&oldid=822130077 '' Categories : Lagos State Local Government Areas in Lagos State Populated places in Lagos State Local Government Areas in Yorubaland Lagos stubs Hidden categories : Nigeria articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 15 : 39 . About Wikipedia | who is the chairman of isolo local government | [
"Oshodi-Isolo is a Local Government Area (LGA) within Lagos State. It was formed by the second republic Governor of Lagos State, Alhaji Lateef Kayode Jakande, also known as 'Baba Kekere' and the first Executive Chairman of the Local Government was late Sir Isaac Ademolu Banjoko. The LGA is part of the Ikeja Division of Lagos State, Nigeria. At the 2006 Census it had a population of 621,509 people, and an area of 45 square kilometers. Hon. Idris Bolaji Muse Ariyoh, has been re-elected for a second term into office July 25th 2017, as the Executive Chairman."
] | [
"Hon. Idris Bolaji Muse Ariyoh"
] |
9154477636497254661 | Blood proteins | Blood proteins - wikipedia Blood proteins Jump to : navigation , search Blood proteins , also termed plasma proteins or serum proteins , are proteins present in blood plasma . They serve many different functions , including transport of lipids , hormones , vitamins and minerals in activity and functioning of the immune system . Other blood proteins act as enzymes , complement components , protease inhibitors or kinin precursors . Contrary to popular belief , haemoglobin is not a blood protein , as it is carried within red blood cells , rather than in the blood serum . Serum albumin accounts for 55 % of blood proteins , and is a major contributor to maintaining the osmotic pressure of plasma to assist in the transport of lipids and steroid hormones . Globulins make up 38 % of blood proteins and transport ions , hormones , and lipids assisting in immune function . Fibrinogen comprises 7 % of blood proteins ; conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin is essential for blood clotting . The remainder of the plasma proteins ( 1 % ) are regulatory proteins , such as enzymes , proenzymes , and hormones . All blood proteins are synthesized in liver except for the gamma globulins . Separating serum proteins by electrophoresis is a valuable diagnostic tool as well as a way to monitor clinical progress . Current research regarding blood plasma proteins is centered on performing proteomics analyses of serum / plasma in the search for biomarkers . These efforts started with two - dimensional gel electrophoresis efforts in the 1970s and in more recent times this research has been performed using LC - tandem MS based proteomics . The normal laboratory value of serum total protein is around 7 g / dL . Families of blood proteins ( edit ) Blood protein Normal level % Function Albumins 3.5 - 5.0 g / dl 55 % create and maintain oncotic pressure ; transport insoluble molecules Globulins 2.0 - 2.5 g / dl 38 % participate in immune system Fibrinogen 0.2 - 0.45 g / dl 7 % Blood coagulation Regulatory proteins < 1 % Regulation of gene expression Clotting factors < 1 % Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin Examples of specific blood proteins : Prealbumin ( transthyretin ) Alpha 1 antitrypsin ( neutralizes trypsin that has leaked from the digestive system ) Alpha 1 acid glycoprotein Alpha 1 fetoprotein alpha2 - macroglobulin Gamma globulins Beta - 2 microglobulin Haptoglobin Ceruloplasmin Complement component 3 Complement component 4 C - reactive protein ( CRP ) Lipoproteins ( chylomicrons , VLDL , LDL , HDL ) Transferrin Prothrombin MBL or MBP Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anderson NL , Anderson NG ( 1977 ) . `` High Resolution Two - Dimensional Electrophoresis of Human Plasma Proteins '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 74 ( 12 ) : 5421 -- 5425 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 74.12. 5421 . PMC 431746 . PMID 271964 . Jump up ^ Adkins JN ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Toward a human blood serum proteome : analysis by multidimensional separation coupled with mass spectrometry '' . Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 1 ( 12 ) : 947 -- 955 . doi : 10.1074 / mcp. M200066 - MCP200 . PMID 12543931 . Jump up ^ Malmström , E ; Kilsgård , O ; Hauri , S ; Smeds , E ; Herwald , H ; Malmström , L ; Malmström , J ( January 2016 ) . `` Large - scale inference of protein tissue origin in gram - positive sepsis plasma using quantitative targeted proteomics '' . Nat Commun. 7 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms10261 . PMID 26732734 . Jump up ^ Geyer , PE ; Kulak , NA ; Pichler , G ; Holdt , LM ; Teupser , D ; Mann , M ( March 2016 ) . `` Plasma Proteome Profiling to Assess Human Health and Disease '' . Cell Syst. 2 ( 3 ) : 185 -- 95 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cels. 2016.02. 015 . PMID 27135364 . References ( edit ) Clinical Chemistry : a laboratory perspective / ( edited by ) Wendy Arneson , Jean Brickell . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_proteins&oldid=818976853 '' Categories : Blood proteins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Oromoo Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 17 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of the clotting protein found in plasma | [
"Serum albumin accounts for 55% of blood proteins, and is a major contributor to maintaining the osmotic pressure of plasma to assist in the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulins make up 38% of blood proteins and transport ions, hormones, and lipids assisting in immune function. Fibrinogen comprises 7% of blood proteins; conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin is essential for blood clotting. The remainder of the plasma proteins (1%) are regulatory proteins, such as enzymes, proenzymes, and hormones. All blood proteins are synthesized in liver except for the gamma globulins."
] | [
"Fibrinogen"
] |
-5321218910996664490 | WrestleMania XXVIII | WrestleMania XXVIII - wikipedia WrestleMania XXVIII Jump to : navigation , search WrestleMania XXVIII Promotional poster featuring John Cena and The Rock Tagline ( s ) `` Once in a Lifetime '' Theme song ( s ) `` Invincible '' by Machine Gun Kelly feat . Ester Dean `` Wild Ones '' by Flo Rida feat . Sia `` Good Feeling '' by Flo Rida `` Girl Gone Wild '' by Madonna `` The Memory Remains '' by Metallica Information Promotion WWE Date April 1 , 2012 Attendance 78,363 Venue Sun Life Stadium City Miami Gardens , Florida Pay - per - view chronology Elimination Chamber ( 2012 ) WrestleMania XXVIII Extreme Rules ( 2012 ) WrestleMania chronology WrestleMania XXVII WrestleMania XXVIII WrestleMania 29 WrestleMania XXVIII was the twenty - eighth annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay - per - view ( PPV ) event produced by WWE . It took place on April 1 , 2012 at Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida . It is the highest grossing PPV event in professional wrestling history . There were eight matches on the event 's card and one pre-show match that was streamed on YouTube . The main event , in which The Rock defeated John Cena , was advertised a year in advance . The match , and its yearlong buildup , was broadcast on NBC and later sent to DVD and Blu - Ray , collected under the title of The Rock vs John Cena : Once in a Lifetime . The match was later included in WWE Best PPV Matches of 2012 as the Most Anticipated WrestleMania Match of All Time . Despite the `` Once in a Lifetime '' tagline , the two would wrestle each other again at WrestleMania 29 for the WWE Championship , with Cena emerging victorious . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Background 1.2 Storylines 2 Event 2.1 Pre-show 2.2 Preliminary matches 2.3 Main event matches 3 Reception 4 Results 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) A record of 78,363 fans at Sun Life Stadium for WrestleMania XXVIII The city of Miami Gardens was one of the two major contenders to host WrestleMania XXVII along with Atlanta ; in February 2010 , Atlanta was awarded the right to host the event . According to the Miami - Dade Sports Commission , WWE management felt that Miami 's planning for the event would have been too hectic with many other sporting events held in the area around the same time of the planning , such as Super Bowl XLIV . However , the Miami area was reportedly considered for the next event due to its international ties , facilities , airports and experience of hosting previous major events . Bidding documents were sent to seventeen cities in consideration for hosting a WrestleMania event between 2012 and 2014 , with fourteen replying in interest . Other cities under consideration for WrestleMania XXVIII included Los Angeles , New Orleans , New York City , Toronto , Detroit , Tampa , Vancouver , St. Louis , Jacksonville , Orlando and Houston . The city of Dallas also showed interest but had to withdraw from bidding for the next two years due to hosting events such as the NCAA Final Four . Miami was revealed as the site of WrestleMania on February 9 , 2011 , by The Miami Herald and at a WWE press conference at the Fontainebleau Miami Beach . WrestleMania XXVIII was the second Wrestlemania event that was hosted in the state of Florida , the fourth open - air event , and the third event to be held entirely outdoors . For hosting the event , WWE received a $250,000 cash incentive from the Miami - Dade Sports Commission raised through grants and sponsorships . Along with WrestleMania XXVIII , a series of events grouped as `` WrestleMania Week '' was held in the week preceding the event including WrestleMania 's annual WrestleMania Axxess fan convention at the Miami Beach Convention Center , the 2012 WWE Hall of Fame ceremony at the American Airlines Arena , the finals of the WrestleMania Reading Challenge , and a Celebrity Pro-Am Golf tournament . Storylines ( edit ) WrestleMania consisted of professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing feuds or storylines that played out on WWE 's primary television programs . Wrestlers portrayed villains or heroes as they followed a series of events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches . John Cena ( left ) and The Rock ( right ) agree to fight at WrestleMania XXVIII The main event of WrestleMania XXVIII pitted The Rock wrestling against John Cena . On the February 14 , 2011 episode of Raw , The Rock was revealed as the host of WrestleMania XXVII , and upon his return to WWE , began a feud with John Cena ( and Cena 's opponent at that WrestleMania , then - WWE Champion , The Miz ) , which continued for weeks in terms of verbal insults , until the March 28 episode of Raw , where Cena delivered the Attitude Adjustment to the Rock after he fended off attacks from the Miz and Alex Riley . At WrestleMania XXVII , the Rock got involved in the main event WWE Championship match between The Miz and John Cena , which initially ended in a double count - out . After the match was restarted under no disqualifications , no count - outs rules , the Rock delivered a Rock Bottom to Cena , thus enabling the Miz to win the match . The next night on Raw , Cena challenged the Rock to a one - on - one match ; Rock accepted and proposed that it be held at WrestleMania XXVIII . After winning the championship from The Miz at Extreme Rules , Cena interrupted The Rock 's birthday celebrations during the May 2 episode of Raw to announce his intention to defend the WWE Championship against The Rock at WrestleMania XXVIII . Such intentions were however thwarted by Cena losing the title against CM Punk at Money in the Bank in July . At Survivor Series in November , Cena teamed with the Rock ( who wrestled his first WWE match in almost eight years , last competing at WrestleMania XX ) , and billed as `` the most charismatic tag team '' , and defeated the Miz and R - Truth . After the match , The Rock gave a Rock Bottom to Cena . Chief Operating Officer Triple H being taunted by The Undertaker ahead of their second consecutive WrestleMania match A second main event , billed as the `` end of an era '' , saw the Undertaker face Triple H in a Hell in a Cell match . The previous year at WrestleMania XXVII , in a No Holds Barred match , The Undertaker defeated Triple H via submission , in their second encounter at a WrestleMania ( the first being at WrestleMania X-Seven in 2001 , where the Undertaker won as well ) . However , in the post-match events , due to the harsh physicality suffered during the bout , the Undertaker , for the first time in his career , was carted away from the Georgia Dome by the medical staff on a stretcher . After a near ten - month long hiatus , The Undertaker returned on the January 30 , 2012 episode of Raw , confronting and challenging Triple H to a rematch at WrestleMania XXVIII . The Undertaker , having been dissatisfied of his post-WrestleMania match scenario the previous year , stated that he `` did not want ' that scene ' to be a lasting memory '' of him and was willing to give Triple H `` another chance at immortality '' . After Triple H refused to accept the challenge the next week on Raw , his close friend and WWE Hall of Famer , Shawn Michaels appeared on the February 13 episode of Raw to instigate him in accepting The Undertaker 's challenge , which was in vain as Triple H stated he was willing to put his ego and personal agendas aside for the future of WWE , and viewed The Undertaker 's 19 -- 0 undefeated WrestleMania streak as a `` brand '' to cash - in for the company , finally ending the argument saying he would not be the one to end it . Then , on the February 20 episode of Raw , The Undertaker still remained adamant in getting a WrestleMania rematch with Triple H , going so far as to label Triple H as a `` coward '' , and comparing his abilities and career to that of Shawn Michaels . Enraged by these comments , Triple H finally accepted The Undertaker 's challenge at WrestleMania XXVIII , saying that if `` he ( Undertaker ) wanted an end , they would go all the way '' , and proposed that they would compete in a Hell in a Cell match . On the March 5 episode of Raw , Michaels confronted Triple H again ; Michaels expressed his views on who was better than the other , predicted Triple H 's chances of defeating The Undertaker and revealed himself as the special guest referee in their Hell in a Cell match at WrestleMania . On July 17 , 2011 , at the Money in the Bank event , Daniel Bryan defeated seven other wrestlers to win the SmackDown Money in the Bank ladder match . On the July 22 episode of SmackDown , Bryan declared his intentions of cashing - in his Money in the Bank contract at WrestleMania XXVIII . However , he apparently cashed - in his contract briefcase on the November 25 episode of SmackDown and pinned the reigning World Heavyweight Champion Mark Henry to supposedly win the title and began to celebrate , but SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long informed Bryan that Henry was not medically cleared to compete , and declared the match void , thereby returning the briefcase to Bryan and the title back to Henry . The next week on Raw , Bryan acknowledged that he went back on his word , saying that headlining WrestleMania was his dream and that his `` plans changed '' ; that the briefcase `` does n't guarantee ( him ) anything '' , since he could be put out of action at any time . WWE continued to maintain the advertisement for WrestleMania , until Bryan successfully cashed in his Money in the Bank contract briefcase on Big Show at the TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs event on December 18 , 2011 , to become the new World Heavyweight Champion . In January 2012 , at the twenty - fifth annual Royal Rumble pay - per - view , Sheamus won the thirty - man Royal Rumble match , giving him the right to challenge either the WWE Champion or the World Heavyweight Champion at WrestleMania XXVIII . At Elimination Chamber in February , Sheamus attacked Daniel Bryan , after the latter successfully retained his World Heavyweight Championship in an Elimination Chamber match , thus challenging Bryan for his title at WrestleMania . In another match , CM Punk defended the WWE Championship against Chris Jericho . Since the summer of 2011 , Punk had successfully defended the WWE Championship numerous times , calling himself the `` best wrestler in the world '' . On the January 2 , 2012 episode of Raw , after extensive hype through several viral vignettes proclaiming the `` end of the world as we know it '' on that day , Chris Jericho returned to WWE after over a year , and established a villainous persona over the next several weeks . On the February 13 episode of Raw , Jericho accused Punk in an in - ring segment of being a copycat of him , and that he ( Punk ) stole his proclamation of being the `` best in the world '' . While competing in the Raw Elimination Chamber match at the Elimination Chamber pay - per - view , Jericho was knocked out by a kick to the head by Punk , rendering him unable to compete any further , and Punk went on to win that match . This incident further fueled Jericho 's animosity towards Punk . On the February 20 episode of Raw , Jericho last eliminated Big Show to win a ten - man battle royal to determine the number - one contender to face Punk for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania XXVIII . In subsequent promos , both wrestlers expressed their desire to prove who is `` the best in the world . '' Another title match scheduled was between Cody Rhodes and Big Show for the former 's Intercontinental Championship . Their feud gained increased momentum week after week when , over January and February 2012 , Rhodes began mocking Big Show 's less than stellar performances at WrestleMania over the years , calling him `` a reverse Undertaker '' ( a direct reference to The Undertaker 's undefeated 19 -- 0 record at WrestleMania , compared to Big Show 's 3 -- 8 record ) , in addition to citing the `` ridiculous nature '' of some of his matches , such as his Sumo match against Akebono at WrestleMania 21 and a No Disqualification match against Floyd Mayweather at WrestleMania XXIV , both of which Big Show lost . Rhodes also cost Big Show a chance at the World Heavyweight Championship , by eliminating him from the SmackDown Elimination Chamber match at the Elimination Chamber pay - per - view in February , and a shot at the WWE Championship at WrestleMania , when he pulled Big Show over the top rope , aiding in his elimination by Chris Jericho in the end of a number - one contender 's battle royal on the February 20 episode of Raw . On the March 2 episode of SmackDown , General Manager Theodore Long scheduled a match between Rhodes and Big Show for the Intercontinental Championship at WrestleMania XXVIII , where the latter has vowed `` to win at all costs . '' At the Elimination Chamber pay - per - view in February 2012 , John Laurinaitis , WWE 's Executive Vice President of Talent Relations and Interim Raw General Manager , expressed his desire to be become the permanent general manager of both Raw and SmackDown . Alberto Del Rio , Mark Henry , and Christian all came out and voiced their support for Laurinaitis over SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long , who later that night put forth his own claim to run both brands . On the February 21 episode of SmackDown , the two General Managers got into an argument following a match between Raw 's WWE Champion CM Punk and SmackDown 's World Heavyweight Champion Daniel Bryan that ended in a draw , with each man supporting the opposing brand 's world champion . The two were then given the chance by the WWE Board of Directors to run the other show for one night in order for the Board to evaluate them , with Long running the March 5 episode of Raw and Laurinaitis in charge of the March 9 episode of SmackDown . But being still not convinced of either man 's decision - making , on March 12 , the Board of Directors scheduled a 12 - man tag team match for WrestleMania XXVIII , with the stipulation that the General Manager of the winning team being awarded stewardship of both Raw and SmackDown . The same night on Raw , Long appointed his assistant , Santino Marella to be the captain of his team , while Laurinaitis appointed his legal counsel , David Otunga to be his team 's captain , naming Mark Henry as the first member of his team . Over the following weeks , R - Truth , Kofi Kingston , Zack Ryder , The Great Khali and Booker T were added to Team Teddy , with Hornswoggle serving as the team 's mascot , while Christian , Dolph Ziggler and Jack Swagger and The Miz joined Team Johnny . Christian , who had joined the team in return for Laurinatis promising him a shot at the World Heavyweight Championship after WrestleMania , quit the team due to being ( kayfabe ) injured by CM Punk on the but due to a March 26 episode of Raw ( the real reason being Christian not having fully recovered from his real - life ankle injury ) and was replaced by Drew McIntyre . Another match scheduled for WrestleMania was between Divas Beth Phoenix and Eve Torres taking on the team of Kelly Kelly and Extra co-host Maria Menounos . The feud between Phoenix and Menounos began on the October 12 , 2009 episode of Raw when Menounos accompanied then - Access Hollywood host Nancy O'Dell , who was the guest host of Raw that night . Phoenix , angered over having been traded to the SmackDown brand by O'Dell , barged into their office and got into a confrontation with both women , leading to a Six - Diva tag team match later that night in which Menounos ' team defeated Phoenix 's team . On the 2011 edition of Tribute to the Troops , Menounos made an appearance , this time in an Eight - Diva tag team match , winning the match for her team by pinning Phoenix . Kelly and Eve , on the other hand , had a falling apart of their friendship after Eve turned villainous and admitted to having used Zack Ryder and John Cena to further her own career . On the March 15 episode of Extra , Phoenix and Eve interrupted an interview between Kelly and Menounos , which resulted in a confrontation . Phoenix would then challenge Menounos to a match at WrestleMania , which the latter accepted . Later that night , WWE officials sanctioned a tag team match pitting Phoenix and Eve against Menounos and Kelly for WrestleMania XXVIII . Another rivalry heading into WrestleMania was between Randy Orton and Kane . On the March 2 episode of SmackDown , Kane interrupted Orton 's match against Daniel Bryan , causing Orton to lose via count - out . The two men ensued in a brawl , which ended with Orton ultimately being chokeslammed by Kane , who `` welcomed ( Orton ) back '' from being injured at the hands of Bryan a few weeks ago . Orton retaliated on the March 5 episode of Raw , by delivering an RKO to Kane , who had just defeated R - Truth . On the March 9 episode of SmackDown , Orton and Kane once again brawled at the end of the show with no man appearing to gain an advantage . The next week on SmackDown , when Orton demanded Kane to explain the root cause of his attacks on him , the latter referred to his handshake with Orton after a Street Fight on the July 22 , 2011 episode of SmackDown , in which Orton had defeated him . Kane , explaining that the handshake made him look weak and `` human '' , that this `` wretched '' self was now gone , and now wanted to eliminate that memory , challenging Orton at WrestleMania XXVIII . On March 30 , a Triple Threat tag team match for the Tag Team Championship was scheduled between the defending champions Primo & Epico , The Usos ( Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso ) , and the newly formed team of Justin Gabriel and Tyson Kidd . This match would be streamed online free before the pay - per - view on both WWE.com and the official WWE YouTube channel . Event ( edit ) Pre-show ( edit ) A non-televised Triple Threat tag team match for the Tag Team Championship pitted champions Primo & Epico , The Usos ( Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso ) , and Justin Gabriel and Tyson Kidd against each other . The match began with multiple aerial tactics and many pin attempts . In the midst of the match , Justin Gabriel botched a dive outside resulting in an elbow injury . The match ended when Epico hit Jey Uso with a Backstabber and pinned him to retain the titles . Preliminary matches ( edit ) The kiss between Daniel Bryan and AJ Lee , which cost Bryan his World Heavyweight Championship to Sheamus in an 18 - second match In the first televised match , World Heavyweight Champion Daniel Bryan defended his title against 2012 Royal Rumble winner Sheamus . After receiving a good luck kiss from his storyline girlfriend AJ Lee , Bryan was surprised by Sheamus , who delivered a Brogue Kick and pinned him to win the title . Lasting only 18 seconds , this was one of the shortest title matches in WWE history . In the second match , Randy Orton faced Kane . After trading moves back and forth , Orton gained the upperhand until Kane made a comeback . Kane continued to dominate the match until Orton kicked out of a chokeslam . Orton gained back momentum but after attempting an RKO from the second rope , Kane delivered a Chokeslam off the second rope and pinned him . Next , the Intercontinental Championship was up for grabs between champion Cody Rhodes and Big Show . Rhodes attempted to avoid his opponent until Show caught him and tossed back inside . Show dominated from there with vicious attacks . Rhodes managed to deliver a disaster kick . As he went for another one , he took a spear mid-air to the groin from Show . Show knocked out Rhodes with a Knockout Punch and pinned him to win his first Intercontinental Championship . Kelly Kelly performing a Molly - Go - Round on Beth Phoenix A tag team match pitted Kelly Kelly and Extra correspondent Maria Menounos against Divas Champion Beth Phoenix and Eve . Kelly began to get the upperhand over Eve . Kelly tagged in Menounos who got off to a good start but was slowed down by interference from Phoenix . Phoenix and Eve would continue to wear down Menounos who had already suffered two cracked ribs prior to the event . Menounos eventually tagged in Kelly who began to dominate . Phoenix managed to wear down Kelly but Kelly countered a Glam Slam with a bulldog and tagged in Menounos . The climax of the match came when Kelly saved Menounos , knocked Phoenix into Eve on the apron , and Menounos rolled up Phoenix for the win . Main event matches ( edit ) The Undertaker and Triple H facing off before their match Jim Ross joined the commentators ( Michael Cole and Jerry Lawler ) to call the first main event match . The first main event match was a Hell in a Cell match between Triple H and The Undertaker with Shawn Michaels as special guest referee billed as `` the end of an era '' . The match started with the two going back and forth . The match moved to the outside where The Undertaker dominated . Back in the ring , Triple H assaulted Undertaker with the steel steps and even countered a Hell 's Gate . The match intensified when Triple H brought steel chairs and a sledgehammer into the ring . After multiple big moves and weapon shots on each other the two men repeatedly kicked out . After suffering multiple Pedigrees , a Sweet Chin Music , and multiple chair and sledgehammer shots , Undertaker came back and executed a Tombstone Piledriver ; however , Triple H kicked out . Triple H delivered one more Pedigree before the Undertaker kicked out , took back control , performed another Tombstone , and won the match to extend his undefeated streak to 20 -- 0 . After the match , Undertaker and Michaels helped Triple H out of the ring and made it to the entrance stage , where they embraced . Next , a twelve - man tag team match was to determine who would run both Raw and SmackDown , pitting teams representing Teddy Long and John Laurinaitis against each other . The match began with a back - and - forth between both teams . After Booker T ( of Team Teddy ) entered he was worn down by most of Team Johnny until the rest of both teams engaged in an all - out brawl both inside and outside of the ring . Then , Zack Ryder ( of Team Teddy ) started to dominate Team Johnny 's Dolph Ziggler and The Miz , but as he was distracted by his storyline girlfriend Eve , The Miz delivered a Skull Crushing Finale to Ryder and scored a pinfall victory for Team Johnny , giving John Laurinaitis control of both shows . John Cena and The Rock staring each other down before their `` once in a lifetime '' match The next match saw WWE Champion CM Punk defend against Chris Jericho with the stipulation that if Punk was disqualified he would lose his title . Punk immediately started attacking Jericho . Jericho taunted and slapped Punk , trying to provoke him into getting himself disqualified . Punk grabbed a chair but resisted hitting Jericho and continued on with the match . After multiple finishing moves were applied , Punk countered The Walls of Jericho and applied the Anaconda Vise , forcing Jericho to submit and allowing him to retain the WWE Championship . The final match pitted John Cena and The Rock in a match billed `` once in a lifetime '' . Cena and Rock viciously went back - and - forth with each other throughout the match . The Rock kicked out of two Attitude Adjustments , Cena out of a Rock Bottom and People 's Elbow . When Cena attempted a People 's Elbow on the Rock , he ran into another Rock Bottom , which allowed the Rock to pick up the win . Reception ( edit ) WrestleMania XXVIII received generally positive critical reception , with appraisal going to the main event , the WWE Championship match , and the match between The Undertaker and Triple H , though the World Heavyweight Championship match was panned . Rob McNichol , writing for British tabloid The Sun , scored the event 8.5 / 10 , with CM Punk vs. Chris Jericho being the match of the night for the ' wrestling purists . ' However , they cited the `` first 60 minutes of this four - hour show were a disaster '' , ridiculing the decision of the World Heavyweight Championship bout , describing it as a `` transparent virtual slap in the face to those who admire the talents of the Irishman and the American Dragon . '' Examiner.com rated WrestleMania as 4 out of 5 stars , giving the match of the night to Triple H vs. The Undertaker , describing it as `` a barrage of violence , passion , and pacing displayed by all three performers in the brutal cage '' , while also criticizing the beginning of the show as ' underwhelming . ' The Canadian Online Explorer ranked the show 6.5 / 10 , giving full marks to both the Hell in a Cell and WWE Championship matches , whereas the Rock vs John Cena received a 7 / 10 rating . Eric Larnick of The Huffington Post praised the main event match giving it a verdict of good ; he applauded Dwayne Johnson , opining that he worked `` his butt off to prove that he can still go in the squared circle '' . The post also praised the WWE Championship and Hell in a Cell matches , ranking them alongside the main event . IGN called Daniel Bryan vs Sheamus the `` worst match of the night '' and the Undertaker vs Triple H the `` match of the night '' . They too applauded the main event match , calling the unexpected outcome a good way for the crowd to go home happy . The Baltimore Sun 's Adam Testa led with a headline that Wrestlemania XXVIII was unable to live up to the hype , while the main event did . He labeled the match as being the match that could break or make the WrestleMania and ended in `` an amazing sequence . '' The Rock 's victory was again stated as shocking and welcome , leaving people curious about the aftermath of the event . Yahoo 's A. Orien avery found The Rock vs. Hulk Hogan from WrestleMania X8 as the only comparable match from previous WrestleManias , though the Rock being in his prime would make the match more symbolic . WrestleMania XXVIII garnered 1,217,000 buys , making it the most purchased wrestling event in history , surpassing WrestleMania 23 's buyrate of approximately 1.2 million , with global gross sales in excess of $67 million . The event also set a new record for the highest grossing live event in WWE history , grossing $8.9 million . Results ( edit ) No . Results Stipulations Times Primo and Epico ( c ) ( with Rosa Mendes ) defeated Justin Gabriel and Tyson Kidd and The Usos ( Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso ) Triple threat tag team match for the WWE Tag Team Championship 5 : 11 Sheamus defeated Daniel Bryan ( c ) ( with AJ Lee ) Singles match for the World Heavyweight Championship 0 : 18 Kane defeated Randy Orton Singles match 10 : 56 Big Show defeated Cody Rhodes ( c ) Singles match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship 5 : 18 5 Kelly Kelly and Maria Menounos defeated Beth Phoenix and Eve Torres Tag team match 6 : 49 6 The Undertaker defeated Triple H Hell in a Cell match with Shawn Michaels as the special guest referee 30 : 50 7 Team Johnny ( David Otunga , Dolph Ziggler , Drew McIntyre , Jack Swagger , Mark Henry and The Miz ) ( with Brie Bella , John Laurinaitis and Vickie Guerrero ) defeated Team Teddy ( Booker T , Kofi Kingston , The Great Khali , R - Truth , Santino Marella and Zack Ryder ) ( with Aksana , Eve Torres , Hornswoggle , Nikki Bella and Theodore Long ) Twelve - man tag team match to determine the general manager of both the Raw and SmackDown brands 10 : 38 8 CM Punk ( c ) defeated Chris Jericho by submission Singles match for the WWE Championship ; had Punk been disqualified he would have lost the championship 22 : 21 9 The Rock defeated John Cena Singles match 30 : 34 ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match P -- indicates the match took place on the pre-show See also ( edit ) List of WWE pay - per - view events References ( edit ) Jump up ^ WWE Music Group Tweet on Twitter Jump up ^ WWE Music Group Tweet on Twitter Jump up ^ WWE Music Group Tweet on Twitter Jump up ^ WWE Music Group Tweet on Twitter Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . 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Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's WWE Raw Results 1 / 30 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Raw -- Huge Return , Champion vs. Champion , Rumble PPV fall - out `` . Pro Wrestling Torch. 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's WWE Raw Results 2 / 6 : Jericho - Punk follow - up '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's WWE Raw Results 2 / 13 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Raw -- HBK returns , Chamber preview matches `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Champion CM Punk vs. Chris Jericho '' . WWE . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WWE WrestleMania Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WWE WrestleMania XXIV Results '' . Pro-Wrestling Edge . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Parks , Greg ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Parks ' WWE SmackDown Report 3 / 2 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of the show , including Randy Orton 's return vs. Daniel Bryan `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swap thing '' . WWE . October 12 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Artus , Matthew ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Kelly Kelly & Maria Menounos def . Divas Champion Beth Phoenix & Eve '' . WWE . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nemer , Paul ( March 10 , 2012 ) . `` Smackdown Results -- 3 / 9 / 12 '' . wrestleview.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parks , Greg ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Parks ' WWE SmackDown Report 3 / 16 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of the show , including the return of Christian 's Peep Show `` . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Tag Team Championship Triple Threat Match '' . WWE . 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Jump up ^ `` Highs of Taker - HHH , Cena - Rock and Punk - Jericho overcome plenty of lows at WrestleMania XXVIII '' . Slam.canoe.ca . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Larnick , Eric ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` The Rock Returns to WrestleMania '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/blogs/jay-1986/2012/04/02/wrestlemania-28-results-and-review Jump up ^ http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-04-01/sports/bal-wrestlemania-results-the-rock-vs-john-cena-highlights-wrestlemania-that-didnt-live-up-to-hype-20120401_1_wrestlemania-cody-rhodes-big-show Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/top/news?slug=ycn-11188256 Jump up ^ `` WWE Reports 2012 Second Quarter Results '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . WWE . August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WrestleMania XXVIII sets pay - per - view record '' . WWE.com. April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won between john cena and the rock | [
"There were eight matches on the event's card and one pre-show match that was streamed on YouTube. The main event, in which The Rock defeated John Cena, was advertised a year in advance. The match, and its yearlong buildup, was broadcast on NBC and later sent to DVD and Blu-Ray, collected under the title of The Rock vs John Cena: Once in a Lifetime.[10] The match was later included in WWE Best PPV Matches of 2012 as the Most Anticipated WrestleMania Match of All Time.[11] Despite the \"Once in a Lifetime\" tagline, the two would wrestle each other again at WrestleMania 29 for the WWE Championship, with Cena emerging victorious.[12]"
] | [
"The Rock"
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1791299024808541274 | History of chemistry | History of chemistry - wikipedia History of chemistry Jump to : navigation , search The 1871 periodic table constructed by Dmitri Mendeleev . The periodic table is one of the most potent icons in science , lying at the core of chemistry and embodying the most fundamental principles of the field . The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present . By 1000 BC , civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry . Examples include extracting metals from ores , making pottery and glazes , fermenting beer and wine , extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume , rendering fat into soap , making glass , and making alloys like bronze . The protoscience of chemistry , alchemy , was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations . However , by performing experiments and recording the results , alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry . The distinction began to emerge when a clear differentiation was made between chemistry and alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist ( 1661 ) . While both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with matter and its transformations , chemists are seen as applying scientific method to their work . Chemistry is considered to have become an established science with the work of Antoine Lavoisier , who developed a law of conservation of mass that demanded careful measurement and quantitative observations of chemical phenomena . The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics , especially through the work of Willard Gibbs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient history 1.1 Early metallurgy 1.2 Bronze Age 1.3 Iron Age 1.4 Classical antiquity and atomism 1.4. 1 Ancient world 2 Medieval alchemy 2.1 The philosopher 's stone 2.2 Problems encountered with alchemy 2.3 Alchemy in the Islamic world 3 17th and 18th centuries : Early chemistry 3.1 Robert Boyle 3.2 Development and dismantling of phlogiston 3.3 Volta and the Voltaic pile 3.4 Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier 4 19th century 4.1 John Dalton 4.2 Jöns Jacob Berzelius 4.3 New elements and gas laws 4.4 Wöhler and the vitalism debate 4.5 Mid-1800s 4.6 Perkin , Crookes , and Nobel 4.7 Mendeleev 's periodic table 4.8 Josiah Willard Gibbs 4.9 Late 19th century 4.9. 1 Ramsay 's discovery of the noble gases 4.9. 2 Marie and Pierre Curie 4.9. 3 Ernest Rutherford 5 20th century 5.1 Niels Bohr 5.2 Gilbert N. Lewis 5.3 Quantum mechanics 5.4 Quantum chemistry 5.5 Molecular biology and biochemistry 5.6 Late 20th century 6 Mathematics and chemistry 7 Scope of chemistry 7.1 Chemical industry 8 See also 8.1 Histories and timelines 8.2 Notable chemists 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Ancient History ( edit ) Early metallurgy ( edit ) Main articles : History of ferrous metallurgy and History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent The earliest recorded metal employed by humans seems to be gold which can be found free or `` native '' . Small amounts of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves used during the late Paleolithic period , c. 40,000 BC . Silver , copper , tin and meteoric iron can also be found native , allowing a limited amount of metalworking in ancient cultures . Egyptian weapons made from meteoric iron in about 3000 BC were highly prized as `` Daggers from Heaven '' . Arguably the first chemical reaction used in a controlled manner was fire . However , for millennia fire was seen simply as a mystical force that could transform one substance into another ( burning wood , or boiling water ) while producing heat and light . Fire affected many aspects of early societies . These ranged from the simplest facets of everyday life , such as cooking and habitat lighting , to more advanced technologies , such as pottery , bricks , and melting of metals to make tools . It was fire that led to the discovery of glass and the purification of metals which in turn gave way to the rise of metallurgy . During the early stages of metallurgy , methods of purification of metals were sought , and gold , known in ancient Egypt as early as 2900 BC , became a precious metal . Bronze Age ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age Certain metals can be recovered from their ores by simply heating the rocks in a fire : notably tin , lead and ( at a higher temperature ) copper , a process known as smelting . The first evidence of this extractive metallurgy dates from the 5th and 6th millennium BC , and was found in the archaeological sites of Majdanpek , Yarmovac and Plocnik , all three in Serbia . To date , the earliest copper smelting is found at the Belovode site , these examples include a copper axe from 5500 BC belonging to the Vinča culture . Other signs of early metals are found from the third millennium BC in places like Palmela ( Portugal ) , Los Millares ( Spain ) , and Stonehenge ( United Kingdom ) . However , as often happens with the study of prehistoric times , the ultimate beginnings can not be clearly defined and new discoveries are ongoing . Mining areas of the ancient Middle East . Boxes colors : arsenic is in brown , copper in red , tin in grey , iron in reddish brown , gold in yellow , silver in white and lead in black . Yellow area stands for arsenic bronze , while grey area stands for tin bronze . These first metals were single ones or as found . By combining copper and tin , a superior metal could be made , an alloy called bronze , a major technological shift which began the Bronze Age about 3500 BC . The Bronze Age was period in human cultural development when the most advanced metalworking ( at least in systematic and widespread use ) included techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of copper ores , and then smelting those ores to cast bronze . These naturally occurring ores typically included arsenic as a common impurity . Copper / tin ores are rare , as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in western Asia before 3000 BC . After the Bronze Age , the history of metallurgy was marked by armies seeking better weaponry . Countries in Eurasia prospered when they made the superior alloys , which , in turn , made better armor and better weapons . This often determined the outcomes of battles . Significant progress in metallurgy and alchemy was made in ancient India . Iron Age ( edit ) Main article : Iron Age The extraction of iron from its ore into a workable metal is much more difficult than copper or tin . It appears to have been invented by the Hittites in about 1200 BC , beginning the Iron Age . The secret of extracting and working iron was a key factor in the success of the Philistines . In other words , the Iron Age refers to the advent of ferrous metallurgy . Historical developments in ferrous metallurgy can be found in a wide variety of past cultures and civilizations . This includes the ancient and medieval kingdoms and empires of the Middle East and Near East , ancient Iran , ancient Egypt , ancient Nubia , and Anatolia ( Turkey ) , Ancient Nok , Carthage , the Greeks and Romans of ancient Europe , medieval Europe , ancient and medieval China , ancient and medieval India , ancient and medieval Japan , amongst others . Many applications , practices , and devices associated or involved in metallurgy were established in ancient China , such as the innovation of the blast furnace , cast iron , hydraulic - powered trip hammers , and double acting piston bellows . Classical antiquity and atomism ( edit ) Main article : Atomism Democritus , Greek philosopher of atomistic school . Philosophical attempts to rationalize why different substances have different properties ( color , density , smell ) , exist in different states ( gaseous , liquid , and solid ) , and react in a different manner when exposed to environments , for example to water or fire or temperature changes , led ancient philosophers to postulate the first theories on nature and chemistry . The history of such philosophical theories that relate to chemistry can probably be traced back to every single ancient civilization . The common aspect in all these theories was the attempt to identify a small number of primary classical element that make up all the various substances in nature . Substances like air , water , and soil / earth , energy forms , such as fire and light , and more abstract concepts such as ideas , aether , and heaven , were common in ancient civilizations even in absence of any cross-fertilization ; for example in Greek , Indian , Mayan , and ancient Chinese philosophies all considered air , water , earth and fire as primary elements . Ancient world ( edit ) Around 420 BC , Empedocles stated that all matter is made up of four elemental substances -- earth , fire , air and water . The early theory of atomism can be traced back to ancient Greece and ancient India . Greek atomism dates back to the Greek philosopher Democritus , who declared that matter is composed of indivisible and indestructible atoms around 380 BC . Leucippus also declared that atoms were the most indivisible part of matter . This coincided with a similar declaration by Indian philosopher Kanada in his Vaisheshika sutras around the same time period . In much the same fashion he discussed the existence of gases . What Kanada declared by sutra , Democritus declared by philosophical musing . Both suffered from a lack of empirical data . Without scientific proof , the existence of atoms was easy to deny . Aristotle opposed the existence of atoms in 330 BC . Earlier , in 380 BC , a Greek text attributed to Polybus argues that the human body is composed of four humours . Around 300 BC , Epicurus postulated a universe of indestructible atoms in which man himself is responsible for achieving a balanced life . With the goal of explaining Epicurean philosophy to a Roman audience , the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius wrote De Rerum Natura ( The Nature of Things ) in 50 BC . In the work , Lucretius presents the principles of atomism ; the nature of the mind and soul ; explanations of sensation and thought ; the development of the world and its phenomena ; and explains a variety of celestial and terrestrial phenomena . Much of the early development of purification methods is described by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia . He made attempts to explain those methods , as well as making acute observations of the state of many minerals . Medieval alchemy ( edit ) See also : Minima naturalia , a medieval Aristotelian concept analogous to atomism Seventeenth century alchemical emblem showing the four Classical elements in the corners of the image , alongside the tria prima on the central triangle . The elemental system used in Medieval alchemy was developed primarily by the Persian - Arab alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān and rooted in the classical elements of Greek tradition . His system consisted of the four Aristotelian elements of air , earth , fire , and water in addition to two philosophical elements : sulphur , characterizing the principle of combustibility ; `` the stone which burns '' , and mercury , characterizing the principle of metallic properties . They were seen by early alchemists as idealized expressions of irreducibile components of the universe and are of larger consideration within philosophical alchemy . The three metallic principles : sulphur to flammability or combustion , mercury to volatility and stability , and salt to solidity . became the tria prima of the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus . He reasoned that Aristotle 's four - element theory appeared in bodies as three principles . Paracelsus saw these principles as fundamental and justified them by recourse to the description of how wood burns in fire . Mercury included the cohesive principle , so that when it left in smoke the wood fell apart . Smoke described the volatility ( the mercurial principle ) , the heat - giving flames described flammability ( sulphur ) , and the remnant ash described solidity ( salt ) . The philosopher 's stone ( edit ) Main article : Alchemy `` The Alchemist '' , by Sir William Douglas , 1855 Alchemy is defined by the Hermetic quest for the philosopher 's stone , the study of which is steeped in symbolic mysticism , and differs greatly from modern science . Alchemists toiled to make transformations on an esoteric ( spiritual ) and / or exoteric ( practical ) level . It was the protoscientific , exoteric aspects of alchemy that contributed heavily to the evolution of chemistry in Greco - Roman Egypt , the Islamic Golden Age , and then in Europe . Alchemy and chemistry share an interest in the composition and properties of matter , and prior to the eighteenth century were not separated into distinct disciplines . The term chymistry has been used to describe the blend of alchemy and chemistry that existed before this time . The earliest Western alchemists , who lived in the first centuries of the common era , invented chemical apparatus . The bain - marie , or water bath is named for Mary the Jewess . Her work also gives the first descriptions of the tribikos and kerotakis . Cleopatra the Alchemist described furnaces and has been credited with the invention of the alembic . Later , the experimental framework established by Jabir ibn Hayyan influenced alchemists as the discipline migrated through the Islamic world , then to Europe in the twelfth century . During the Renaissance , exoteric alchemy remained popular in the form of Paracelsian iatrochemistry , while spiritual alchemy flourished , realigned to its Platonic , Hermetic , and Gnostic roots . Consequently , the symbolic quest for the philosopher 's stone was not superseded by scientific advances , and was still the domain of respected scientists and doctors until the early eighteenth century . Early modern alchemists who are renowned for their scientific contributions include Jan Baptist van Helmont , Robert Boyle , and Isaac Newton . Problems encountered with alchemy ( edit ) There were several problems with alchemy , as seen from today 's standpoint . There was no systematic naming scheme for new compounds , and the language was esoteric and vague to the point that the terminologies meant different things to different people . In fact , according to The Fontana History of Chemistry ( Brock , 1992 ) : The language of alchemy soon developed an arcane and secretive technical vocabulary designed to conceal information from the uninitiated . To a large degree , this language is incomprehensible to us today , though it is apparent that readers of Geoffery Chaucer 's Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale or audiences of Ben Jonson 's The Alchemist were able to construe it sufficiently to laugh at it . Chaucer 's tale exposed the more fraudulent side of alchemy , especially the manufacture of counterfeit gold from cheap substances . Less than a century earlier , Dante Alighieri also demonstrated an awareness of this fraudulence , causing him to consign all alchemists to the Inferno in his writings . Soon after , in 1317 , the Avignon Pope John XXII ordered all alchemists to leave France for making counterfeit money . A law was passed in England in 1403 which made the `` multiplication of metals '' punishable by death . Despite these and other apparently extreme measures , alchemy did not die . Royalty and privileged classes still sought to discover the philosopher 's stone and the elixir of life for themselves . There was also no agreed - upon scientific method for making experiments reproducible . Indeed , many alchemists included in their methods irrelevant information such as the timing of the tides or the phases of the moon . The esoteric nature and codified vocabulary of alchemy appeared to be more useful in concealing the fact that they could not be sure of very much at all . As early as the 14th century , cracks seemed to grow in the facade of alchemy ; and people became sceptical . Clearly , there needed to be a scientific method where experiments can be repeated by other people , and results needed to be reported in a clear language that laid out both what is known and unknown . Alchemy in the Islamic world ( edit ) Jābir ibn Hayyān ( Geber ) , a Persian - Arab alchemist whose experimental research laid the foundations of chemistry . Main article : Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam In the Islamic World , the Muslims were translating the works of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians into Arabic and were experimenting with scientific ideas . The development of the modern scientific method was slow and arduous , but an early scientific method for chemistry began emerging among early Muslim chemists , beginning with the 9th century chemist Jābir ibn Hayyān ( known as `` Geber '' in Europe ) , who is considered as `` the father of chemistry '' . He introduced a systematic and experimental approach to scientific research based in the laboratory , in contrast to the ancient Greek and Egyptian alchemists whose works were largely allegorical and often unintelligble . He also invented and named the alembic ( al - anbiq ) , chemically analyzed many chemical substances , composed lapidaries , distinguished between alkalis and acids , and manufactured hundreds of drugs . He also refined the theory of five classical elements into the theory of seven alchemical elements after identifying mercury and sulfur as chemical elements . Among other influential Muslim chemists , Abū al - Rayhān al - Bīrūnī , Avicenna and Al - Kindi refuted the theories of alchemy , particularly the theory of the transmutation of metals ; and al - Tusi described a version of the conservation of mass , noting that a body of matter is able to change but is not able to disappear . Rhazes refuted Aristotle 's theory of four classical elements for the first time and set up the firm foundations of modern chemistry , using the laboratory in the modern sense , designing and describing more than twenty instruments , many parts of which are still in use today , such as a crucible , cucurbit or retort for distillation , and the head of a still with a delivery tube ( ambiq , Latin alembic ) , and various types of furnace or stove . For practitioners in Europe , alchemy became an intellectual pursuit after early Arabic alchemy became available through Latin translation , and over time , they improved . Paracelsus ( 1493 -- 1541 ) , for example , rejected the 4 - elemental theory and with only a vague understanding of his chemicals and medicines , formed a hybrid of alchemy and science in what was to be called iatrochemistry . Paracelsus was not perfect in making his experiments truly scientific . For example , as an extension of his theory that new compounds could be made by combining mercury with sulfur , he once made what he thought was `` oil of sulfur '' . This was actually dimethyl ether , which had neither mercury nor sulfur . 17th and 18th centuries : early chemistry ( edit ) Agricola , author of De re metallica Workroom , from De re metallica , 1556 , Chemical Heritage Foundation See also : Timeline of chemistry and Corpuscularianism Practical attempts to improve the refining of ores and their extraction to smelt metals was an important source of information for early chemists in the 16th century , among them Georg Agricola ( 1494 -- 1555 ) , who published his great work De re metallica in 1556 . His work describes the highly developed and complex processes of mining metal ores , metal extraction and metallurgy of the time . His approach removed the mysticism associated with the subject , creating the practical base upon which others could build . The work describes the many kinds of furnace used to smelt ore , and stimulated interest in minerals and their composition . It is no coincidence that he gives numerous references to the earlier author , Pliny the Elder and his Naturalis Historia . Agricola has been described as the `` father of metallurgy '' . In 1605 , Sir Francis Bacon published The Proficience and Advancement of Learning , which contains a description of what would later be known as the scientific method . In 1605 , Michal Sedziwój publishes the alchemical treatise A New Light of Alchemy which proposed the existence of the `` food of life '' within air , much later recognized as oxygen . In 1615 Jean Beguin published the Tyrocinium Chymicum , an early chemistry textbook , and in it draws the first - ever chemical equation . In 1637 René Descartes publishes Discours de la méthode , which contains an outline of the scientific method . The Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont 's work Ortus medicinae was published posthumously in 1648 ; the book is cited by some as a major transitional work between alchemy and chemistry , and as an important influence on Robert Boyle . The book contains the results of numerous experiments and establishes an early version of the law of conservation of mass . Working during the time just after Paracelsus and iatrochemistry , Jan Baptist van Helmont suggested that there are insubstantial substances other than air and coined a name for them - `` gas '' , from the Greek word chaos . In addition to introducing the word `` gas '' into the vocabulary of scientists , van Helmont conducted several experiments involving gases . Jan Baptist van Helmont is also remembered today largely for his ideas on spontaneous generation and his 5 - year tree experiment , as well as being considered the founder of pneumatic chemistry . Robert Boyle ( edit ) Robert Boyle , one of the co-founders of modern chemistry through his use of proper experimentation , which further separated chemistry from alchemy Title page from The sceptical chymist , 1661 , Chemical Heritage Foundation Anglo - Irish chemist Robert Boyle ( 1627 -- 1691 ) is considered to have refined the modern scientific method for alchemy and to have separated chemistry further from alchemy . Although his research clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition , Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist , and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry , and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method . Although Boyle was not the original discoverer , he is best known for Boyle 's law , which he presented in 1662 : the law describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas , if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system . Boyle is also credited for his landmark publication The Sceptical Chymist in 1661 , which is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry . In the work , Boyle presents his hypothesis that every phenomenon was the result of collisions of particles in motion . Boyle appealed to chemists to experiment and asserted that experiments denied the limiting of chemical elements to only the classic four : earth , fire , air , and water . He also pleaded that chemistry should cease to be subservient to medicine or to alchemy , and rise to the status of a science . Importantly , he advocated a rigorous approach to scientific experiment : he believed all theories must be proved experimentally before being regarded as true . The work contains some of the earliest modern ideas of atoms , molecules , and chemical reaction , and marks the beginning of the history of modern chemistry . Boyle also tried to purify chemicals to obtain reproducible reactions . He was a vocal proponent of the mechanical philosophy proposed by René Descartes to explain and quantify the physical properties and interactions of material substances . Boyle was an atomist , but favoured the word corpuscle over atoms . He commented that the finest division of matter where the properties are retained is at the level of corpuscles . He also performed numerous investigations with an air pump , and noted that the mercury fell as air was pumped out . He also observed that pumping the air out of a container would extinguish a flame and kill small animals placed inside . Boyle helped to lay the foundations for the Chemical Revolution with his mechanical corpuscular philosophy . Boyle repeated the tree experiment of van Helmont , and was the first to use indicators which changed colors with acidity . Development and dismantling of phlogiston ( edit ) Joseph Priestley , co-discoverer of the element oxygen , which he called `` dephlogisticated air '' In 1702 , German chemist Georg Stahl coined the name `` phlogiston '' for the substance believed to be released in the process of burning . Around 1735 , Swedish chemist Georg Brandt analyzed a dark blue pigment found in copper ore . Brandt demonstrated that the pigment contained a new element , later named cobalt . In 1751 , a Swedish chemist and pupil of Stahl 's named Axel Fredrik Cronstedt , identified an impurity in copper ore as a separate metallic element , which he named nickel . Cronstedt is one of the founders of modern mineralogy . Cronstedt also discovered the mineral scheelite in 1751 , which he named tungsten , meaning `` heavy stone '' in Swedish . In 1754 , Scottish chemist Joseph Black isolated carbon dioxide , which he called `` fixed air '' . In 1757 , Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt , while investigating arsenic compounds , creates Cadet 's fuming liquid , later discovered to be cacodyl oxide , considered to be the first synthetic organometallic compound . In 1758 , Joseph Black formulated the concept of latent heat to explain the thermochemistry of phase changes . In 1766 , English chemist Henry Cavendish isolated hydrogen , which he called `` inflammable air '' . Cavendish discovered hydrogen as a colorless , odourless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air , and published a paper on the production of water by burning inflammable air ( that is , hydrogen ) in dephlogisticated air ( now known to be oxygen ) , the latter a constituent of atmospheric air ( phlogiston theory ) . In 1773 , Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered oxygen , which he called `` fire air '' , but did not immediately publish his achievement . In 1774 , English chemist Joseph Priestley independently isolated oxygen in its gaseous state , calling it `` dephlogisticated air '' , and published his work before Scheele . During his lifetime , Priestley 's considerable scientific reputation rested on his invention of soda water , his writings on electricity , and his discovery of several `` airs '' ( gases ) , the most famous being what Priestley dubbed `` dephlogisticated air '' ( oxygen ) . However , Priestley 's determination to defend phlogiston theory and to reject what would become the chemical revolution eventually left him isolated within the scientific community . In 1781 , Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that a new acid , tungstic acid , could be made from Cronstedt 's scheelite ( at the time named tungsten ) . Scheele and Torbern Bergman suggested that it might be possible to obtain a new metal by reducing this acid . In 1783 , José and Fausto Elhuyar found an acid made from wolframite that was identical to tungstic acid . Later that year , in Spain , the brothers succeeded in isolating the metal now known as tungsten by reduction of this acid with charcoal , and they are credited with the discovery of the element . Volta and the voltaic pile ( edit ) A voltaic pile on display in the Tempio Voltiano ( the Volta Temple ) near Volta 's home in Como . Italian physicist Alessandro Volta constructed a device for accumulating a large charge by a series of inductions and groundings . He investigated the 1780s discovery `` animal electricity '' by Luigi Galvani , and found that the electric current was generated from the contact of dissimilar metals , and that the frog leg was only acting as a detector . Volta demonstrated in 1794 that when two metals and brine - soaked cloth or cardboard are arranged in a circuit they produce an electric current . In 1800 , Volta stacked several pairs of alternating copper ( or silver ) and zinc discs ( electrodes ) separated by cloth or cardboard soaked in brine ( electrolyte ) to increase the electrolyte conductivity . When the top and bottom contacts were connected by a wire , an electric current flowed through the voltaic pile and the connecting wire . Thus , Volta is credited with constructing the first electrical battery to produce electricity . Volta 's method of stacking round plates of copper and zinc separated by disks of cardboard moistened with salt solution was termed a voltaic pile . Thus , Volta is considered to be the founder of the discipline of electrochemistry . A Galvanic cell ( or voltaic cell ) is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reaction taking place within the cell . It generally consists of two different metals connected by a salt bridge , or individual half - cells separated by a porous membrane . Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier ( edit ) Portrait of Monsieur Lavoisier and his wife , by Jacques - Louis David Main articles : Antoine Lavoisier and Chemical Revolution Although the archives of chemical research draw upon work from ancient Babylonia , Egypt , and especially the Arabs and Persians after Islam , modern chemistry flourished from the time of Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier , a French chemist who is celebrated as the `` father of modern chemistry '' . Lavoisier demonstrated with careful measurements that transmutation of water to earth was not possible , but that the sediment observed from boiling water came from the container . He burnt phosphorus and sulfur in air , and proved that the products weighed more than the original . Nevertheless , the weight gained was lost from the air . Thus , in 1789 , he established the Law of Conservation of Mass , which is also called `` Lavoisier 's Law . '' The world 's first ice - calorimeter , used in the winter of 1782 - 83 , by Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre - Simon Laplace , to determine the heat involved in various chemical changes ; calculations which were based on Joseph Black 's prior discovery of latent heat . These experiments mark the foundation of thermochemistry . Repeating the experiments of Priestley , he demonstrated that air is composed of two parts , one of which combines with metals to form calxes . In Considérations Générales sur la Nature des Acides ( 1778 ) , he demonstrated that the `` air '' responsible for combustion was also the source of acidity . The next year , he named this portion oxygen ( Greek for acid - former ) , and the other azote ( Greek for no life ) . Lavoisier thus has a claim to the discovery of oxygen along with Priestley and Scheele . He also discovered that the `` inflammable air '' discovered by Cavendish - which he termed hydrogen ( Greek for water - former ) - combined with oxygen to produce a dew , as Priestley had reported , which appeared to be water . In Reflexions sur le Phlogistique ( 1783 ) , Lavoisier showed the phlogiston theory of combustion to be inconsistent . Mikhail Lomonosov independently established a tradition of chemistry in Russia in the 18th century . Lomonosov also rejected the phlogiston theory , and anticipated the kinetic theory of gases . Lomonosov regarded heat as a form of motion , and stated the idea of conservation of matter . Lavoisier worked with Claude Louis Berthollet and others to devise a system of chemical nomenclature which serves as the basis of the modern system of naming chemical compounds . In his Methods of Chemical Nomenclature ( 1787 ) , Lavoisier invented the system of naming and classification still largely in use today , including names such as sulfuric acid , sulfates , and sulfites . In 1785 , Berthollet was the first to introduce the use of chlorine gas as a commercial bleach . In the same year he first determined the elemental composition of the gas ammonia . Berthollet first produced a modern bleaching liquid in 1789 by passing chlorine gas through a solution of sodium carbonate - the result was a weak solution of sodium hypochlorite . Another strong chlorine oxidant and bleach which he investigated and was the first to produce , potassium chlorate ( KClO ) , is known as Berthollet 's Salt . Berthollet is also known for his scientific contributions to theory of chemical equilibria via the mechanism of reverse chemical reactions . Traité élémentaire de chimie Lavoisier 's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie ( Elementary Treatise of Chemistry , 1789 ) was the first modern chemical textbook , and presented a unified view of new theories of chemistry , contained a clear statement of the Law of Conservation of Mass , and denied the existence of phlogiston . In addition , it contained a list of elements , or substances that could not be broken down further , which included oxygen , nitrogen , hydrogen , phosphorus , mercury , zinc , and sulfur . His list , however , also included light , and caloric , which he believed to be material substances . In the work , Lavoisier underscored the observational basis of his chemistry , stating `` I have tried ... to arrive at the truth by linking up facts ; to suppress as much as possible the use of reasoning , which is often an unreliable instrument which deceives us , in order to follow as much as possible the torch of observation and of experiment . '' Nevertheless , he believed that the real existence of atoms was philosophically impossible . Lavoisier demonstrated that organisms disassemble and reconstitute atmospheric air in the same manner as a burning body . With Pierre - Simon Laplace , Lavoisier used a calorimeter to estimate the heat evolved per unit of carbon dioxide produced . They found the same ratio for a flame and animals , indicating that animals produced energy by a type of combustion . Lavoisier believed in the radical theory , believing that radicals , which function as a single group in a chemical reaction , would combine with oxygen in reactions . He believed all acids contained oxygen . He also discovered that diamond is a crystalline form of carbon . While many of Lavoisier 's partners were influential for the advancement of chemistry as a scientific discipline , his wife Marie - Anne Lavoisier was arguably the most influential of them all . Upon their marriage , Mme . Lavoisier began to study chemistry , English , and drawing in order to help her husband in his work either by translating papers into English , a language which Lavoisier did not know , or by keeping records and drawing the various apparatuses that Lavoisier used in his labs . Through her ability to read and translate articles from Britain for her husband , Lavoisier had access knowledge from many of the chemical advances happening outside of his lab . Furthermore , Mme . Lavoisier kept records of Lavoisier 's work and ensured that his works were published . The first sign of Marie - Anne 's true potential as a chemist in Lavoisier 's lab came when she was translating a book by the scientist Richard Kirwan . While translating , she stumbled upon and corrected multiple errors . When she presented her translation , along with her notes to Lavoisier Her edits and contributions led to Lavoisier 's refutation of the theory of phlogiston . Lavoisier made many fundamental contributions to the science of chemistry . Following Lavoisier 's work , chemistry acquired a strict quantitative nature , allowing reliable predictions to be made . The revolution in chemistry which he brought about was a result of a conscious effort to fit all experiments into the framework of a single theory . He established the consistent use of chemical balance , used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory , and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature . Lavoisier was beheaded during the French Revolution . 19th century ( edit ) In 1802 , French American chemist and industrialist Éleuthère Irénée du Pont , who learned manufacture of gunpowder and explosives under Antoine Lavoisier , founded a gunpowder manufacturer in Delaware known as E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company . The French Revolution forced his family to move to the United States where du Pont started a gunpowder mill on the Brandywine River in Delaware . Wanting to make the best powder possible , du Pont was vigilant about the quality of the materials he used . For 32 years , du Pont served as president of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company , which eventually grew into one of the largest and most successful companies in America . Throughout the 19th century , chemistry was divided between those who followed the atomic theory of John Dalton and those who did not , such as Wilhelm Ostwald and Ernst Mach . Although such proponents of the atomic theory as Amedeo Avogadro and Ludwig Boltzmann made great advances in explaining the behavior of gases , this dispute was not finally settled until Jean Perrin 's experimental investigation of Einstein 's atomic explanation of Brownian motion in the first decade of the 20th century . Well before the dispute had been settled , many had already applied the concept of atomism to chemistry . A major example was the ion theory of Svante Arrhenius which anticipated ideas about atomic substructure that did not fully develop until the 20th century . Michael Faraday was another early worker , whose major contribution to chemistry was electrochemistry , in which ( among other things ) a certain quantity of electricity during electrolysis or electrodeposition of metals was shown to be associated with certain quantities of chemical elements , and fixed quantities of the elements therefore with each other , in specific ratios . These findings , like those of Dalton 's combining ratios , were early clues to the atomic nature of matter . John Dalton ( edit ) John Dalton is remembered for his work on partial pressures in gases , color blindness , and atomic theory Main articles : John Dalton and Atomic theory In 1803 , English meteorologist and chemist John Dalton proposed Dalton 's law , which describes the relationship between the components in a mixture of gases and the relative pressure each contributes to that of the overall mixture . Discovered in 1801 , this concept is also known as Dalton 's law of partial pressures . Dalton also proposed a modern atomic theory in 1803 which stated that all matter was composed of small indivisible particles termed atoms , atoms of a given element possess unique characteristics and weight , and three types of atoms exist : simple ( elements ) , compound ( simple molecules ) , and complex ( complex molecules ) . In 1808 , Dalton first published New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 - 1827 ) , in which he outlined the first modern scientific description of the atomic theory . This work identified chemical elements as a specific type of atom , therefore rejecting Newton 's theory of chemical affinities . Instead , Dalton inferred proportions of elements in compounds by taking ratios of the weights of reactants , setting the atomic weight of hydrogen to be identically one . Following Jeremias Benjamin Richter ( known for introducing the term stoichiometry ) , he proposed that chemical elements combine in integral ratios . This is known as the law of multiple proportions or Dalton 's law , and Dalton included a clear description of the law in his New System of Chemical Philosophy . The law of multiple proportions is one of the basic laws of stoichiometry used to establish the atomic theory . Despite the importance of the work as the first view of atoms as physically real entities and introduction of a system of chemical symbols , New System of Chemical Philosophy devoted almost as much space to the caloric theory as to atomism . French chemist Joseph Proust proposed the law of definite proportions , which states that elements always combine in small , whole number ratios to form compounds , based on several experiments conducted between 1797 and 1804 Along with the law of multiple proportions , the law of definite proportions forms the basis of stoichiometry . The law of definite proportions and constant composition do not prove that atoms exist , but they are difficult to explain without assuming that chemical compounds are formed when atoms combine in constant proportions . Jöns Jacob Berzelius ( edit ) Jöns Jacob Berzelius , the chemist who worked out the modern technique of chemical formula notation and is considered one of the fathers of modern chemistry Main article : Jöns Jacob Berzelius A Swedish chemist and disciple of Dalton , Jöns Jacob Berzelius embarked on a systematic program to try to make accurate and precise quantitative measurements and insure the purity of chemicals . Along with Lavoisier , Boyle , and Dalton , Berzelius is known as the father of modern chemistry . In 1828 he compiled a table of relative atomic weights , where oxygen was set to 100 , and which included all of the elements known at the time . This work provided evidence in favor of Dalton 's atomic theory : that inorganic chemical compounds are composed of atoms combined in whole number amounts . He determined the exact elementary constituents of large numbers of compounds . The results strongly confirmed Proust 's Law of Definite Proportions . In his weights , he used oxygen as a standard , setting its weight equal to exactly 100 . He also measured the weights of 43 elements . In discovering that atomic weights are not integer multiples of the weight of hydrogen , Berzelius also disproved Prout 's hypothesis that elements are built up from atoms of hydrogen . Motivated by his extensive atomic weight determinations and in a desire to aid his experiments , he introduced the classical system of chemical symbols and notation with his 1808 publishing of Lärbok i Kemien , in which elements are abbreviated by one or two letters to make a distinct abbreviation from their Latin name . This system of chemical notation -- in which the elements were given simple written labels , such as O for oxygen , or Fe for iron , with proportions noted by numbers -- is the same basic system used today . The only difference is that instead of the subscript number used today ( e.g. , H O ) , Berzelius used a superscript ( H O ) . Berzelius is credited with identifying the chemical elements silicon , selenium , thorium , and cerium . Students working in Berzelius 's laboratory also discovered lithium and vanadium . Berzelius developed the radical theory of chemical combination , which holds that reactions occur as stable groups of atoms called radicals are exchanged between molecules . He believed that salts are compounds of an acid and bases , and discovered that the anions in acids would be attracted to a positive electrode ( the anode ) , whereas the cations in a base would be attracted to a negative electrode ( the cathode ) . Berzelius did not believe in the Vitalism Theory , but instead in a regulative force which produced organization of tissues in an organism . Berzelius is also credited with originating the chemical terms `` catalysis '' , `` polymer '' , `` isomer '' , and `` allotrope '' , although his original definitions differ dramatically from modern usage . For example , he coined the term `` polymer '' in 1833 to describe organic compounds which shared identical empirical formulas but which differed in overall molecular weight , the larger of the compounds being described as `` polymers '' of the smallest . By this long superseded , pre-structural definition , glucose ( C H O ) was viewed as a polymer of formaldehyde ( CH O ) . New elements and gas laws ( edit ) Humphry Davy , the discover of several alkali and alkaline earth metals , as well as contributions to the discoveries of the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine . Main article : Humphry Davy English chemist Humphry Davy was a pioneer in the field of electrolysis , using Alessandro Volta 's voltaic pile to split up common compounds and thus isolate a series of new elements . He went on to electrolyse molten salts and discovered several new metals , especially sodium and potassium , highly reactive elements known as the alkali metals . Potassium , the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis , was discovered in 1807 by Davy , who derived it from caustic potash ( KOH ) . Before the 19th century , no distinction was made between potassium and sodium . Sodium was first isolated by Davy in the same year by passing an electric current through molten sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) . When Davy heard that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury , he tried it himself . Davy was successful , and discovered calcium in 1808 by electrolyzing a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide . He worked with electrolysis throughout his life and , in 1808 , he isolated magnesium , strontium and barium . Davy also experimented with gases by inhaling them . This experimental procedure nearly proved fatal on several occasions , but led to the discovery of the unusual effects of nitrous oxide , which came to be known as laughing gas . Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele , who called it `` dephlogisticated marine acid '' ( see phlogiston theory ) and mistakenly thought it contained oxygen . Scheele observed several properties of chlorine gas , such as its bleaching effect on litmus , its deadly effect on insects , its yellow - green colour , and the similarity of its smell to that of aqua regia . However , Scheele was unable to publish his findings at the time . In 1810 , chlorine was given its current name by Humphry Davy ( derived from the Greek word for green ) , who insisted that chlorine was in fact an element . He also showed that oxygen could not be obtained from the substance known as oxymuriatic acid ( HCl solution ) . This discovery overturned Lavoisier 's definition of acids as compounds of oxygen . Davy was a popular lecturer and able experimenter . Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac , who stated that the ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the products can be expressed in simple whole numbers . Main articles : Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac and Gay - Lussac 's law French chemist Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac shared the interest of Lavoisier and others in the quantitative study of the properties of gases . From his first major program of research in 1801 -- 1802 , he concluded that equal volumes of all gases expand equally with the same increase in temperature : this conclusion is usually called `` Charles 's law '' , as Gay - Lussac gave credit to Jacques Charles , who had arrived at nearly the same conclusion in the 1780s but had not published it . The law was independently discovered by British natural philosopher John Dalton by 1801 , although Dalton 's description was less thorough than Gay - Lussac 's . In 1804 Gay - Lussac made several daring ascents of over 7,000 meters above sea level in hydrogen - filled balloons -- a feat not equaled for another 50 years -- that allowed him to investigate other aspects of gases . Not only did he gather magnetic measurements at various altitudes , but he also took pressure , temperature , and humidity measurements and samples of air , which he later analyzed chemically . In 1808 Gay - Lussac announced what was probably his single greatest achievement : from his own and others ' experiments he deduced that gases at constant temperature and pressure combine in simple numerical proportions by volume , and the resulting product or products -- if gases -- also bear a simple proportion by volume to the volumes of the reactants . In other words , gases under equal conditions of temperature and pressure react with one another in volume ratios of small whole numbers . This conclusion subsequently became known as `` Gay - Lussac 's law '' or the `` Law of Combining Volumes '' . With his fellow professor at the École Polytechnique , Louis Jacques Thénard , Gay - Lussac also participated in early electrochemical research , investigating the elements discovered by its means . Among other achievements , they decomposed boric acid by using fused potassium , thus discovering the element boron . The two also took part in contemporary debates that modified Lavoisier 's definition of acids and furthered his program of analyzing organic compounds for their oxygen and hydrogen content . The element iodine was discovered by French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811 . Courtois gave samples to his friends , Charles Bernard Desormes ( 1777 -- 1862 ) and Nicolas Clément ( 1779 -- 1841 ) , to continue research . He also gave some of the substance to Gay - Lussac and to physicist André - Marie Ampère . On December 6 , 1813 , Gay - Lussac announced that the new substance was either an element or a compound of oxygen . It was Gay - Lussac who suggested the name `` iode '' , from the Greek word ιώδες ( iodes ) for violet ( because of the color of iodine vapor ) . Ampère had given some of his sample to Humphry Davy . Davy did some experiments on the substance and noted its similarity to chlorine . Davy sent a letter dated December 10 to the Royal Society of London stating that he had identified a new element . Arguments erupted between Davy and Gay - Lussac over who identified iodine first , but both scientists acknowledged Courtois as the first to isolate the element . In 1815 , Humphry Davy invented the Davy lamp , which allowed miners within coal mines to work safely in the presence of flammable gases . There had been many mining explosions caused by firedamp or methane often ignited by open flames of the lamps then used by miners . Davy conceived of using an iron gauze to enclose a lamp 's flame , and so prevent the methane burning inside the lamp from passing out to the general atmosphere . Although the idea of the safety lamp had already been demonstrated by William Reid Clanny and by the then unknown ( but later very famous ) engineer George Stephenson , Davy 's use of wire gauze to prevent the spread of flame was used by many other inventors in their later designs . There was some discussion as to whether Davy had discovered the principles behind his lamp without the help of the work of Smithson Tennant , but it was generally agreed that the work of both men had been independent . Davy refused to patent the lamp , and its invention led to him being awarded the Rumford medal in 1816 . Amedeo Avogadro , who postulated that , under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure , equal volumes of gases contain an equal number of molecules . This is known as Avogadro 's law . Main articles : Amedeo Avogadro and Avogadro 's law After Dalton published his atomic theory in 1808 , certain of his central ideas were soon adopted by most chemists . However , uncertainty persisted for half a century about how atomic theory was to be configured and applied to concrete situations ; chemists in different countries developed several different incompatible atomistic systems . A paper that suggested a way out of this difficult situation was published as early as 1811 by the Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro ( 1776 - 1856 ) , who hypothesized that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules , from which it followed that relative molecular weights of any two gases are the same as the ratio of the densities of the two gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure . Avogadro also reasoned that simple gases were not formed of solitary atoms but were instead compound molecules of two or more atoms . Thus Avogadro was able to overcome the difficulty that Dalton and others had encountered when Gay - Lussac reported that above 100 ° C the volume of water vapor was twice the volume of the oxygen used to form it . According to Avogadro , the molecule of oxygen had split into two atoms in the course of forming water vapor . Avogadro 's hypothesis was neglected for half a century after it was first published . Many reasons for this neglect have been cited , including some theoretical problems , such as Jöns Jacob Berzelius 's `` dualism '' , which asserted that compounds are held together by the attraction of positive and negative electrical charges , making it inconceivable that a molecule composed of two electrically similar atoms -- as in oxygen -- could exist . An additional barrier to acceptance was the fact that many chemists were reluctant to adopt physical methods ( such as vapour - density determinations ) to solve their problems . By mid-century , however , some leading figures had begun to view the chaotic multiplicity of competing systems of atomic weights and molecular formulas as intolerable . Moreover , purely chemical evidence began to mount that suggested Avogadro 's approach might be right after all . During the 1850s , younger chemists , such as Alexander Williamson in England , Charles Gerhardt and Charles - Adolphe Wurtz in France , and August Kekulé in Germany , began to advocate reforming theoretical chemistry to make it consistent with Avogadrian theory . Wöhler and the vitalism debate ( edit ) Structural formula of urea Main articles : Vitalism , Friedrich Wöhler , and Wöhler synthesis In 1825 , Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig performed the first confirmed discovery and explanation of isomers , earlier named by Berzelius . Working with cyanic acid and fulminic acid , they correctly deduced that isomerism was caused by differing arrangements of atoms within a molecular structure . In 1827 , William Prout classified biomolecules into their modern groupings : carbohydrates , proteins and lipids . After the nature of combustion was settled , a dispute about vitalism and the essential distinction between organic and inorganic substances began . The vitalism question was revolutionized in 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea , thereby establishing that organic compounds could be produced from inorganic starting materials and disproving the theory of vitalism . This opened a new research field in chemistry , and by the end of the 19th century , scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds . The most important among them are mauve , magenta , and other synthetic dyes , as well as the widely used drug aspirin . The discovery of the artificial synthesis of urea contributed greatly to the theory of isomerism , as the empirical chemical formulas for urea and ammonium cyanate are identical ( see Wöhler synthesis ) . In 1832 , Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig discovered and explained functional groups and radicals in relation to organic chemistry , as well as first synthesizing benzaldehyde . Liebig , a German chemist , made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry , and worked on the organization of organic chemistry . Liebig is considered the `` father of the fertilizer industry '' for his discovery of nitrogen as an essential plant nutrient , and his formulation of the Law of the Minimum which described the effect of individual nutrients on crops . Mid-1800s ( edit ) In 1840 , Germain Hess proposed Hess 's law , an early statement of the law of conservation of energy , which establishes that energy changes in a chemical process depend only on the states of the starting and product materials and not on the specific pathway taken between the two states . In 1847 , Hermann Kolbe obtained acetic acid from completely inorganic sources , further disproving vitalism . In 1848 , William Thomson , 1st Baron Kelvin ( commonly known as Lord Kelvin ) established the concept of absolute zero , the temperature at which all molecular motion ceases . In 1849 , Louis Pasteur discovered that the racemic form of tartaric acid is a mixture of the levorotatory and dextrotatory forms , thus clarifying the nature of optical rotation and advancing the field of stereochemistry . In 1852 , August Beer proposed Beer 's law , which explains the relationship between the composition of a mixture and the amount of light it will absorb . Based partly on earlier work by Pierre Bouguer and Johann Heinrich Lambert , it established the analytical technique known as spectrophotometry . In 1855 , Benjamin Silliman , Jr. pioneered methods of petroleum cracking , which made the entire modern petrochemical industry possible . Formulas of acetic acid given by August Kekulé in 1861 . Main articles : Stanislao Cannizzaro and Karlsruhe Congress Avogadro 's hypothesis began to gain broad appeal among chemists only after his compatriot and fellow scientist Stanislao Cannizzaro demonstrated its value in 1858 , two years after Avogadro 's death . Cannizzaro 's chemical interests had originally centered on natural products and on reactions of aromatic compounds ; in 1853 he discovered that when benzaldehyde is treated with concentrated base , both benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol are produced -- a phenomenon known today as the Cannizzaro reaction . In his 1858 pamphlet , Cannizzaro showed that a complete return to the ideas of Avogadro could be used to construct a consistent and robust theoretical structure that fit nearly all of the available empirical evidence . For instance , he pointed to evidence that suggested that not all elementary gases consist of two atoms per molecule -- some were monatomic , most were diatomic , and a few were even more complex . Another point of contention had been the formulas for compounds of the alkali metals ( such as sodium ) and the alkaline earth metals ( such as calcium ) , which , in view of their striking chemical analogies , most chemists had wanted to assign to the same formula type . Cannizzaro argued that placing these metals in different categories had the beneficial result of eliminating certain anomalies when using their physical properties to deduce atomic weights . Unfortunately , Cannizzaro 's pamphlet was published initially only in Italian and had little immediate impact . The real breakthrough came with an international chemical congress held in the German town of Karlsruhe in September 1860 , at which most of the leading European chemists were present . The Karlsruhe Congress had been arranged by Kekulé , Wurtz , and a few others who shared Cannizzaro 's sense of the direction chemistry should go . Speaking in French ( as everyone there did ) , Cannizzaro 's eloquence and logic made an indelible impression on the assembled body . Moreover , his friend Angelo Pavesi distributed Cannizzaro 's pamphlet to attendees at the end of the meeting ; more than one chemist later wrote of the decisive impression the reading of this document provided . For instance , Lothar Meyer later wrote that on reading Cannizzaro 's paper , `` The scales seemed to fall from my eyes . '' Cannizzaro thus played a crucial role in winning the battle for reform . The system advocated by him , and soon thereafter adopted by most leading chemists , is substantially identical to what is still used today . Perkin , Crookes , and Nobel ( edit ) In 1856 , Sir William Henry Perkin , age 18 , given a challenge by his professor , August Wilhelm von Hofmann , sought to synthesize quinine , the anti-malaria drug , from coal tar . In one attempt , Perkin oxidized aniline using potassium dichromate , whose toluidine impurities reacted with the aniline and yielded a black solid -- suggesting a `` failed '' organic synthesis . Cleaning the flask with alcohol , Perkin noticed purple portions of the solution : a byproduct of the attempt was the first synthetic dye , known as mauveine or Perkin 's mauve . Perkin 's discovery is the foundation of the dye synthesis industry , one of the earliest successful chemical industries . German chemist August Kekulé von Stradonitz 's most important single contribution was his structural theory of organic composition , outlined in two articles published in 1857 and 1858 and treated in great detail in the pages of his extraordinarily popular Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie ( `` Textbook of Organic Chemistry '' ) , the first installment of which appeared in 1859 and gradually extended to four volumes . Kekulé argued that tetravalent carbon atoms - that is , carbon forming exactly four chemical bonds - could link together to form what he called a `` carbon chain '' or a `` carbon skeleton , '' to which other atoms with other valences ( such as hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen , and chlorine ) could join . He was convinced that it was possible for the chemist to specify this detailed molecular architecture for at least the simpler organic compounds known in his day . Kekulé was not the only chemist to make such claims in this era . The Scottish chemist Archibald Scott Couper published a substantially similar theory nearly simultaneously , and the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov did much to clarify and expand structure theory . However , it was predominantly Kekulé 's ideas that prevailed in the chemical community . A Crookes tube ( 2 views ) : light and dark . Electrons travel in straight lines from the cathode ( left ) , as evidenced by the shadow cast from the Maltese cross on the fluorescence of the righthand end . The anode is at the bottom wire . British chemist and physicist William Crookes is noted for his cathode ray studies , fundamental in the development of atomic physics . His researches on electrical discharges through a rarefied gas led him to observe the dark space around the cathode , now called the Crookes dark space . He demonstrated that cathode rays travel in straight lines and produce phosphorescence and heat when they strike certain materials . A pioneer of vacuum tubes , Crookes invented the Crookes tube - an early experimental discharge tube , with partial vacuum with which he studied the behavior of cathode rays . With the introduction of spectrum analysis by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff ( 1859 - 1860 ) , Crookes applied the new technique to the study of selenium compounds . Bunsen and Kirchhoff had previously used spectroscopy as a means of chemical analysis to discover caesium and rubidium . In 1861 , Crookes used this process to discover thallium in some seleniferous deposits . He continued work on that new element , isolated it , studied its properties , and in 1873 determined its atomic weight . During his studies of thallium , Crookes discovered the principle of the Crookes radiometer , a device that converts light radiation into rotary motion . The principle of this radiometer has found numerous applications in the development of sensitive measuring instruments . In 1862 , Alexander Parkes exhibited Parkesine , one of the earliest synthetic polymers , at the International Exhibition in London . This discovery formed the foundation of the modern plastics industry . In 1864 , Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage , building on Claude Louis Berthollet 's ideas , proposed the law of mass action . In 1865 , Johann Josef Loschmidt determined the exact number of molecules in a mole , later named Avogadro 's number . In 1865 , August Kekulé , based partially on the work of Loschmidt and others , established the structure of benzene as a six carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds . Kekulé 's novel proposal for benzene 's cyclic structure was much contested but was never replaced by a superior theory . This theory provided the scientific basis for the dramatic expansion of the German chemical industry in the last third of the 19th century . Today , the large majority of known organic compounds are aromatic , and all of them contain at least one hexagonal benzene ring of the sort that Kekulé advocated . Kekulé is also famous for having clarified the nature of aromatic compounds , which are compounds based on the benzene molecule . In 1865 , Adolf von Baeyer began work on indigo dye , a milestone in modern industrial organic chemistry which revolutionized the dye industry . Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr ( diatomaceous earth ) it became safer and more convenient to handle , and this mixture he patented in 1867 as dynamite . Nobel later on combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds , similar to collodion , but settled on a more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive , and obtained a transparent , jelly - like substance , which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite . Gelignite , or blasting gelatin , as it was named , was patented in 1876 ; and was followed by a host of similar combinations , modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various other substances . Mendeleev 's periodic table ( edit ) Main articles : Dmitri Mendeleev , Periodic table , and History of the periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev , responsible for organizing the known chemical elements in a periodic table . An important breakthrough in making sense of the list of known chemical elements ( as well as in understanding the internal structure of atoms ) was Dmitri Mendeleev 's development of the first modern periodic table , or the periodic classification of the elements . Mendeleev , a Russian chemist , felt that there was some type of order to the elements and he spent more than thirteen years of his life collecting data and assembling the concept , initially with the idea of resolving some of the disorder in the field for his students . Mendeleev found that , when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight , the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern , or periodicity , of properties within groups of elements . Mendeleev 's law allowed him to build up a systematic periodic table of all the 66 elements then known based on atomic mass , which he published in Principles of Chemistry in 1869 . His first Periodic Table was compiled on the basis of arranging the elements in ascending order of atomic weight and grouping them by similarity of properties . Mendeleev had such faith in the validity of the periodic law that he proposed changes to the generally accepted values for the atomic weight of a few elements and , in his version of the periodic table of 1871 , predicted the locations within the table of unknown elements together with their properties . He even predicted the likely properties of three yet - to - be-discovered elements , which he called ekaboron ( Eb ) , ekaaluminium ( Ea ) , and ekasilicon ( Es ) , which proved to be good predictors of the properties of scandium , gallium , and germanium , respectively , which each fill the spot in the periodic table assigned by Mendeleev . At first the periodic system did not raise interest among chemists . However , with the discovery of the predicted elements , notably gallium in 1875 , scandium in 1879 , and germanium in 1886 , it began to win wide acceptance . The subsequent proof of many of his predictions within his lifetime brought fame to Mendeleev as the founder of the periodic law . This organization surpassed earlier attempts at classification by Alexandre - Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois , who published the telluric helix , an early , three - dimensional version of the periodic table of the elements in 1862 , John Newlands , who proposed the law of octaves ( a precursor to the periodic law ) in 1864 , and Lothar Meyer , who developed an early version of the periodic table with 28 elements organized by valence in 1864 . Mendeleev 's table did not include any of the noble gases , however , which had not yet been discovered . Gradually the periodic law and table became the framework for a great part of chemical theory . By the time Mendeleev died in 1907 , he enjoyed international recognition and had received distinctions and awards from many countries . In 1873 , Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff and Joseph Achille Le Bel , working independently , developed a model of chemical bonding that explained the chirality experiments of Pasteur and provided a physical cause for optical activity in chiral compounds. van ' t Hoff 's publication , called Voorstel tot Uitbreiding der Tegenwoordige in de Scheikunde gebruikte Structuurformules in de Ruimte , etc . ( Proposal for the development of 3 - dimensional chemical structural formulae ) and consisting of twelve pages text and one page diagrams , gave the impetus to the development of stereochemistry . The concept of the `` asymmetrical carbon atom '' , dealt with in this publication , supplied an explanation of the occurrence of numerous isomers , inexplicable by means of the then current structural formulae . At the same time he pointed out the existence of relationship between optical activity and the presence of an asymmetrical carbon atom . Josiah Willard Gibbs ( edit ) Main articles : Josiah Willard Gibbs and Statistical mechanics J. Willard Gibbs formulated a concept of thermodynamic equilibrium of a system in terms of energy and entropy . He also did extensive work on chemical equilibrium , and equilibria between phases . American mathematical physicist J. Willard Gibbs 's work on the applications of thermodynamics was instrumental in transforming physical chemistry into a rigorous deductive science . During the years from 1876 to 1878 , Gibbs worked on the principles of thermodynamics , applying them to the complex processes involved in chemical reactions . He discovered the concept of chemical potential , or the `` fuel '' that makes chemical reactions work . In 1876 he published his most famous contribution , `` On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances '' , a compilation of his work on thermodynamics and physical chemistry which laid out the concept of free energy to explain the physical basis of chemical equilibria . In these essays were the beginnings of Gibbs ' theories of phases of matter : he considered each state of matter a phase , and each substance a component . Gibbs took all of the variables involved in a chemical reaction - temperature , pressure , energy , volume , and entropy - and included them in one simple equation known as Gibbs ' phase rule . Within this paper was perhaps his most outstanding contribution , the introduction of the concept free energy , now universally called Gibbs free energy in his honor . The Gibbs free energy relates the tendency of a physical or chemical system to simultaneously lower its energy and increase its disorder , or entropy , in a spontaneous natural process . Gibbs 's approach allows a researcher to calculate the change in free energy in the process , such as in a chemical reaction , and how fast it will happen . Since virtually all chemical processes and many physical ones involve such changes , his work has significantly impacted both the theoretical and experiential aspects of these sciences . In 1877 , Ludwig Boltzmann established statistical derivations of many important physical and chemical concepts , including entropy , and distributions of molecular velocities in the gas phase . Together with Boltzmann and James Clerk Maxwell , Gibbs created a new branch of theoretical physics called statistical mechanics ( a term that he coined ) , explaining the laws of thermodynamics as consequences of the statistical properties of large ensembles of particles . Gibbs also worked on the application of Maxwell 's equations to problems in physical optics . Gibbs 's derivation of the phenomenological laws of thermodynamics from the statistical properties of systems with many particles was presented in his highly influential textbook Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics , published in 1902 , a year before his death . In that work , Gibbs reviewed the relationship between the laws of thermodynamics and statistical theory of molecular motions . The overshooting of the original function by partial sums of Fourier series at points of discontinuity is known as the Gibbs phenomenon . Late 19th century ( edit ) German engineer Carl von Linde 's invention of a continuous process of liquefying gases in large quantities formed a basis for the modern technology of refrigeration and provided both impetus and means for conducting scientific research at low temperatures and very high vacuums . He developed a methyl ether refrigerator ( 1874 ) and an ammonia refrigerator ( 1876 ) . Though other refrigeration units had been developed earlier , Linde 's were the first to be designed with the aim of precise calculations of efficiency . In 1895 he set up a large - scale plant for the production of liquid air . Six years later he developed a method for separating pure liquid oxygen from liquid air that resulted in widespread industrial conversion to processes utilizing oxygen ( e.g. , in steel manufacture ) . In 1883 , Svante Arrhenius developed an ion theory to explain conductivity in electrolytes . In 1884 , Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff published Études de Dynamique chimique ( Studies in Dynamic Chemistry ) , a seminal study on chemical kinetics . In this work , van ' t Hoff entered for the first time the field of physical chemistry . Of great importance was his development of the general thermodynamic relationship between the heat of conversion and the displacement of the equilibrium as a result of temperature variation . At constant volume , the equilibrium in a system will tend to shift in such a direction as to oppose the temperature change which is imposed upon the system . Thus , lowering the temperature results in heat development while increasing the temperature results in heat absorption . This principle of mobile equilibrium was subsequently ( 1885 ) put in a general form by Henry Louis Le Chatelier , who extended the principle to include compensation , by change of volume , for imposed pressure changes . The van ' t Hoff - Le Chatelier principle , or simply Le Chatelier 's principle , explains the response of dynamic chemical equilibria to external stresses . In 1884 , Hermann Emil Fischer proposed the structure of purine , a key structure in many biomolecules , which he later synthesized in 1898 . He also began work on the chemistry of glucose and related sugars . In 1885 , Eugene Goldstein named the cathode ray , later discovered to be composed of electrons , and the canal ray , later discovered to be positive hydrogen ions that had been stripped of their electrons in a cathode ray tube ; these would later be named protons . The year 1885 also saw the publishing of J.H. van ' t Hoff 's L'Équilibre chimique dans les Systèmes gazeux ou dissous à I'État dilué ( Chemical equilibria in gaseous systems or strongly diluted solutions ) , which dealt with this theory of dilute solutions . Here he demonstrated that the `` osmotic pressure '' in solutions which are sufficiently dilute is proportionate to the concentration and the absolute temperature so that this pressure can be represented by a formula which only deviates from the formula for gas pressure by a coefficient i . He also determined the value of i by various methods , for example by means of the vapor pressure and François - Marie Raoult 's results on the lowering of the freezing point . Thus van ' t Hoff was able to prove that thermodynamic laws are not only valid for gases , but also for dilute solutions . His pressure laws , given general validity by the electrolytic dissociation theory of Arrhenius ( 1884 - 1887 ) - the first foreigner who came to work with him in Amsterdam ( 1888 ) - are considered the most comprehensive and important in the realm of natural sciences . In 1893 , Alfred Werner discovered the octahedral structure of cobalt complexes , thus establishing the field of coordination chemistry . Ramsay 's discovery of the noble gases ( edit ) Main articles : William Ramsay and Noble gas The most celebrated discoveries of Scottish chemist William Ramsay were made in inorganic chemistry . Ramsay was intrigued by the British physicist John Strutt , 3rd Baron Rayleigh 's 1892 discovery that the atomic weight of nitrogen found in chemical compounds was lower than that of nitrogen found in the atmosphere . He ascribed this discrepancy to a light gas included in chemical compounds of nitrogen , while Ramsay suspected a hitherto undiscovered heavy gas in atmospheric nitrogen . Using two different methods to remove all known gases from air , Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh were able to announce in 1894 that they had found a monatomic , chemically inert gaseous element that constituted nearly 1 percent of the atmosphere ; they named it argon . J.J. Thomson The following year , Ramsay liberated another inert gas from a mineral called cleveite ; this proved to be helium , previously known only in the solar spectrum . In his book The Gases of the Atmosphere ( 1896 ) , Ramsay showed that the positions of helium and argon in the periodic table of elements indicated that at least three more noble gases might exist . In 1898 Ramsay and the British chemist Morris W. Travers isolated these elements -- called neon , krypton , and xenon -- from air brought to a liquid state at low temperature and high pressure . Sir William Ramsay worked with Frederick Soddy to demonstrate , in 1903 , that alpha particles ( helium nuclei ) were continually produced during the radioactive decay of a sample of radium . Ramsay was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize for Chemistry in recognition of `` services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air , and his determination of their place in the periodic system . '' In 1897 , J.J. Thomson discovered the electron using the cathode ray tube . In 1898 , Wilhelm Wien demonstrated that canal rays ( streams of positive ions ) can be deflected by magnetic fields , and that the amount of deflection is proportional to the mass - to - charge ratio . This discovery would lead to the analytical technique known as mass spectrometry in 1912 . Marie and Pierre Curie ( edit ) Marie Curie , a pioneer in the field of radioactivity and the first twice - honored Nobel laureate ( and still the only one in two different sciences ) Main articles : Marie Curie , Pierre Curie , and Henri Becquerel Marie Skłodowska - Curie was a Polish - born French physicist and chemist who is famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity . She and her husband are considered to have laid the cornerstone of the nuclear age with their research on radioactivity . Marie was fascinated with the work of Henri Becquerel , a French physicist who discovered in 1896 that uranium casts off rays similar to the X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen . Marie Curie began studying uranium in late 1897 and theorized , according to a 1904 article she wrote for Century magazine , `` that the emission of rays by the compounds of uranium is a property of the metal itself -- that it is an atomic property of the element uranium independent of its chemical or physical state . '' Curie took Becquerel 's work a few steps further , conducting her own experiments on uranium rays . She discovered that the rays remained constant , no matter the condition or form of the uranium . The rays , she theorized , came from the element 's atomic structure . This revolutionary idea created the field of atomic physics and the Curies coined the word radioactivity to describe the phenomena . Pierre Curie , known for his work on radioactivity as well as on ferromagnetism , paramagnetism , and diamagnetism ; notably Curie 's law and Curie point . Pierre and Marie further explored radioactivity by working to separate the substances in uranium ores and then using the electrometer to make radiation measurements to ' trace ' the minute amount of unknown radioactive element among the fractions that resulted . Working with the mineral pitchblende , the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898 . They named the element polonium , after Marie 's native country of Poland . On December 21 , 1898 , the Curies detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende . They presented this finding to the French Academy of Sciences on December 26 , proposing that the new element be called radium . The Curies then went to work isolating polonium and radium from naturally occurring compounds to prove that they were new elements . In 1902 , the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram of pure radium , demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element . While it took three years for them to isolate radium , they were never able to isolate polonium . Along with the discovery of two new elements and finding techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes , Curie oversaw the world 's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms , using radioactive isotopes . With Henri Becquerel and her husband , Pierre Curie , she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics . She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry . She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize , and she is the only woman to win the award in two different fields . While working with Marie to extract pure substances from ores , an undertaking that really required industrial resources but that they achieved in relatively primitive conditions , Pierre himself concentrated on the physical study ( including luminous and chemical effects ) of the new radiations . Through the action of magnetic fields on the rays given out by the radium , he proved the existence of particles electrically positive , negative , and neutral ; these Ernest Rutherford was afterward to call alpha , beta , and gamma rays . Pierre then studied these radiations by calorimetry and also observed the physiological effects of radium , thus opening the way to radium therapy . Among Pierre Curie 's discoveries were that ferromagnetic substances exhibited a critical temperature transition , above which the substances lost their ferromagnetic behavior - this is known as the `` Curie point . '' He was elected to the Academy of Sciences ( 1905 ) , having in 1903 jointly with Marie received the Royal Society 's prestigious Davy Medal and jointly with her and Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics . He was run over by a carriage in the rue Dauphine in Paris in 1906 and died instantly . His complete works were published in 1908 . Ernest Rutherford ( edit ) Ernest Rutherford , discoverer of the nucleus and considered the father of nuclear physics New Zealand - born chemist and physicist Ernest Rutherford is considered to be `` the father of nuclear physics . '' Rutherford is best known for devising the names alpha , beta , and gamma to classify various forms of radioactive `` rays '' which were poorly understood at his time ( alpha and beta rays are particle beams , while gamma rays are a form of high - energy electromagnetic radiation ) . Rutherford deflected alpha rays with both electric and magnetic fields in 1903 . Working with Frederick Soddy , Rutherford explained that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements , now known to involve nuclear reactions . Top : Predicted results based on the then - accepted plum pudding model of the atom . Bottom : Observed results . Rutherford disproved the plum pudding model and concluded that the positive charge of the atom must be concentrated in a small , central nucleus . He also observed that the intensity of radioactivity of a radioactive element decreases over a unique and regular amount of time until a point of stability , and he named the halving time the `` half - life . '' In 1901 and 1902 he worked with Frederick Soddy to prove that atoms of one radioactive element would spontaneously turn into another , by expelling a piece of the atom at high velocity . In 1906 at the University of Manchester , Rutherford oversaw an experiment conducted by his students Hans Geiger ( known for the Geiger counter ) and Ernest Marsden . In the Geiger -- Marsden experiment , a beam of alpha particles , generated by the radioactive decay of radon , was directed normally onto a sheet of very thin gold foil in an evacuated chamber . Under the prevailing plum pudding model , the alpha particles should all have passed through the foil and hit the detector screen , or have been deflected by , at most , a few degrees . However , the actual results surprised Rutherford . Although many of the alpha particles did pass through as expected , many others were deflected at small angles while others were reflected back to the alpha source . They observed that a very small percentage of particles were deflected through angles much larger than 90 degrees . The gold foil experiment showed large deflections for a small fraction of incident particles . Rutherford realized that , because some of the alpha particles were deflected or reflected , the atom had a concentrated centre of positive charge and of relatively large mass - Rutherford later termed this positive center the `` atomic nucleus '' . The alpha particles had either hit the positive centre directly or passed by it close enough to be affected by its positive charge . Since many other particles passed through the gold foil , the positive centre would have to be a relatively small size compared to the rest of the atom - meaning that the atom is mostly open space . From his results , Rutherford developed a model of the atom that was similar to the solar system , known as Rutherford model . Like planets , electrons orbited a central , sun - like nucleus . For his work with radiation and the atomic nucleus , Rutherford received the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . 20th century ( edit ) The first Solvay Conference was held in Brussels in 1911 and was considered a turning point in the world of physics and chemistry . In 1903 , Mikhail Tsvet invented chromatography , an important analytic technique . In 1904 , Hantaro Nagaoka proposed an early nuclear model of the atom , where electrons orbit a dense massive nucleus . In 1905 , Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch developed the Haber process for making ammonia , a milestone in industrial chemistry with deep consequences in agriculture . The Haber process , or Haber - Bosch process , combined nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia in industrial quantities for production of fertilizer and munitions . The food production for half the world 's current population depends on this method for producing fertilizer . Haber , along with Max Born , proposed the Born -- Haber cycle as a method for evaluating the lattice energy of an ionic solid . Haber has also been described as the `` father of chemical warfare '' for his work developing and deploying chlorine and other poisonous gases during World War I . Robert A. Millikan , who is best known for measuring the charge on the electron , won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923 . In 1905 , Albert Einstein explained Brownian motion in a way that definitively proved atomic theory . Leo Baekeland invented bakelite , one of the first commercially successful plastics . In 1909 , American physicist Robert Andrews Millikan - who had studied in Europe under Walther Nernst and Max Planck - measured the charge of individual electrons with unprecedented accuracy through the oil drop experiment , in which he measured the electric charges on tiny falling water ( and later oil ) droplets . His study established that any particular droplet 's electrical charge is a multiple of a definite , fundamental value -- the electron 's charge -- and thus a confirmation that all electrons have the same charge and mass . Beginning in 1912 , he spent several years investigating and finally proving Albert Einstein 's proposed linear relationship between energy and frequency , and providing the first direct photoelectric support for Planck 's constant . In 1923 Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics . In 1909 , S.P.L. Sørensen invented the pH concept and develops methods for measuring acidity . In 1911 , Antonius Van den Broek proposed the idea that the elements on the periodic table are more properly organized by positive nuclear charge rather than atomic weight . In 1911 , the first Solvay Conference was held in Brussels , bringing together most of the most prominent scientists of the day . In 1912 , William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg proposed Bragg 's law and established the field of X-ray crystallography , an important tool for elucidating the crystal structure of substances . In 1912 , Peter Debye develops the concept of molecular dipole to describe asymmetric charge distribution in some molecules . Niels Bohr ( edit ) Niels Bohr , the developer of the Bohr model of the atom , and a leading founder of quantum mechanics Main articles : Niels Bohr and Bohr model In 1913 , Niels Bohr , a Danish physicist , introduced the concepts of quantum mechanics to atomic structure by proposing what is now known as the Bohr model of the atom , where electrons exist only in strictly defined circular orbits around the nucleus similar to rungs on a ladder . The Bohr Model is a planetary model in which the negatively charged electrons orbit a small , positively charged nucleus similar to the planets orbiting the Sun ( except that the orbits are not planar ) - the gravitational force of the solar system is mathematically akin to the attractive Coulomb ( electrical ) force between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electrons . In the Bohr model , however , electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have a set size and energy - the energy levels are said to be quantized , which means that only certain orbits with certain radii are allowed ; orbits in between simply do n't exist . The energy of the orbit is related to its size - that is , the lowest energy is found in the smallest orbit . Bohr also postulated that electromagnetic radiation is absorbed or emitted when an electron moves from one orbit to another . Because only certain electron orbits are permitted , the emission of light accompanying a jump of an electron from an excited energy state to ground state produces a unique emission spectrum for each element . Niels Bohr also worked on the principle of complementarity , which states that an electron can be interpreted in two mutually exclusive and valid ways . Electrons can be interpreted as wave or particle models . His hypothesis was that an incoming particle would strike the nucleus and create an excited compound nucleus . This formed the basis of his liquid drop model and later provided a theory base for the explanation of nuclear fission . Moseley 's Staircase In 1913 , Henry Moseley , working from Van den Broek 's earlier idea , introduces concept of atomic number to fix inadequacies of Mendeleev 's periodic table , which had been based on atomic weight . The peak of Frederick Soddy 's career in radiochemistry was in 1913 with his formulation of the concept of isotopes , which stated that certain elements exist in two or more forms which have different atomic weights but which are indistinguishable chemically . He is remembered for proving the existence of isotopes of certain radioactive elements , and is also credited , along with others , with the discovery of the element protactinium in 1917 . In 1913 , J.J. Thomson expanded on the work of Wien by showing that charged subatomic particles can be separated by their mass - to - charge ratio , a technique known as mass spectrometry . Gilbert N. Lewis ( edit ) Main article : Gilbert N. Lewis American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis laid the foundation of valence bond theory ; he was instrumental in developing a bonding theory based on the number of electrons in the outermost `` valence '' shell of the atom . In 1902 , while Lewis was trying to explain valence to his students , he depicted atoms as constructed of a concentric series of cubes with electrons at each corner . This `` cubic atom '' explained the eight groups in the periodic table and represented his idea that chemical bonds are formed by electron transference to give each atom a complete set of eight outer electrons ( an `` octet '' ) . Lewis 's theory of chemical bonding continued to evolve and , in 1916 , he published his seminal article `` The Atom of the Molecule '' , which suggested that a chemical bond is a pair of electrons shared by two atoms . Lewis 's model equated the classical chemical bond with the sharing of a pair of electrons between the two bonded atoms . Lewis introduced the `` electron dot diagrams '' in this paper to symbolize the electronic structures of atoms and molecules . Now known as Lewis structures , they are discussed in virtually every introductory chemistry book . Shortly after publication of his 1916 paper , Lewis became involved with military research . He did not return to the subject of chemical bonding until 1923 , when he masterfully summarized his model in a short monograph entitled Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules . His renewal of interest in this subject was largely stimulated by the activities of the American chemist and General Electric researcher Irving Langmuir , who between 1919 and 1921 popularized and elaborated Lewis 's model . Langmuir subsequently introduced the term covalent bond . In 1921 , Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach establish concept of quantum mechanical spin in subatomic particles . For cases where no sharing was involved , Lewis in 1923 developed the electron pair theory of acids and base : Lewis redefined an acid as any atom or molecule with an incomplete octet that was thus capable of accepting electrons from another atom ; bases were , of course , electron donors . His theory is known as the concept of Lewis acids and bases . In 1923 , G.N. Lewis and Merle Randall published Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances , first modern treatise on chemical thermodynamics . The 1920s saw a rapid adoption and application of Lewis 's model of the electron - pair bond in the fields of organic and coordination chemistry . In organic chemistry , this was primarily due to the efforts of the British chemists Arthur Lapworth , Robert Robinson , Thomas Lowry , and Christopher Ingold ; while in coordination chemistry , Lewis 's bonding model was promoted through the efforts of the American chemist Maurice Huggins and the British chemist Nevil Sidgwick . Quantum mechanics ( edit ) Quantum mechanics in the 1920s From left to right , top row : Louis de Broglie ( 1892 -- 1987 ) and Wolfgang Pauli ( 1900 -- 58 ) ; second row : Erwin Schrödinger ( 1887 -- 1961 ) and Werner Heisenberg ( 1901 -- 76 ) Main articles : Louis de Broglie , Wolfgang Pauli , Erwin Schrödinger , and Werner Heisenberg In 1924 , French quantum physicist Louis de Broglie published his thesis , in which he introduced a revolutionary theory of electron waves based on wave -- particle duality in his thesis . In his time , the wave and particle interpretations of light and matter were seen as being at odds with one another , but de Broglie suggested that these seemingly different characteristics were instead the same behavior observed from different perspectives -- that particles can behave like waves , and waves ( radiation ) can behave like particles . Broglie 's proposal offered an explanation of the restriction motion of electrons within the atom . The first publications of Broglie 's idea of `` matter waves '' had drawn little attention from other physicists , but a copy of his doctoral thesis chanced to reach Einstein , whose response was enthusiastic . Einstein stressed the importance of Broglie 's work both explicitly and by building further on it . In 1925 , Austrian - born physicist Wolfgang Pauli developed the Pauli exclusion principle , which states that no two electrons around a single nucleus in an atom can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously , as described by four quantum numbers . Pauli made major contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory - he was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the Pauli exclusion principle - as well as solid - state physics , and he successfully hypothesized the existence of the neutrino . In addition to his original work , he wrote masterful syntheses of several areas of physical theory that are considered classics of scientific literature . The Schrödinger equation In 1926 at the age of 39 , Austrian theoretical physicist Erwin Schrödinger produced the papers that gave the foundations of quantum wave mechanics . In those papers he described his partial differential equation that is the basic equation of quantum mechanics and bears the same relation to the mechanics of the atom as Newton 's equations of motion bear to planetary astronomy . Adopting a proposal made by Louis de Broglie in 1924 that particles of matter have a dual nature and in some situations act like waves , Schrödinger introduced a theory describing the behaviour of such a system by a wave equation that is now known as the Schrödinger equation . The solutions to Schrödinger 's equation , unlike the solutions to Newton 's equations , are wave functions that can only be related to the probable occurrence of physical events . The readily visualized sequence of events of the planetary orbits of Newton is , in quantum mechanics , replaced by the more abstract notion of probability . ( This aspect of the quantum theory made Schrödinger and several other physicists profoundly unhappy , and he devoted much of his later life to formulating philosophical objections to the generally accepted interpretation of the theory that he had done so much to create . ) German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg was one of the key creators of quantum mechanics . In 1925 , Heisenberg discovered a way to formulate quantum mechanics in terms of matrices . For that discovery , he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932 . In 1927 he published his uncertainty principle , upon which he built his philosophy and for which he is best known . Heisenberg was able to demonstrate that if you were studying an electron in an atom you could say where it was ( the electron 's location ) or where it was going ( the electron 's velocity ) , but it was impossible to express both at the same time . He also made important contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows , the atomic nucleus , ferromagnetism , cosmic rays , and subatomic particles , and he was instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe , together with a research reactor in Munich , in 1957 . Considerable controversy surrounds his work on atomic research during World War II . Quantum chemistry ( edit ) Main article : Quantum chemistry Some view the birth of quantum chemistry in the discovery of the Schrödinger equation and its application to the hydrogen atom in 1926 . However , the 1927 article of Walter Heitler and Fritz London is often recognised as the first milestone in the history of quantum chemistry . This is the first application of quantum mechanics to the diatomic hydrogen molecule , and thus to the phenomenon of the chemical bond . In the following years much progress was accomplished by Edward Teller , Robert S. Mulliken , Max Born , J. Robert Oppenheimer , Linus Pauling , Erich Hückel , Douglas Hartree , Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock , to cite a few . Still , skepticism remained as to the general power of quantum mechanics applied to complex chemical systems . The situation around 1930 is described by Paul Dirac : The underlying physical laws necessary for the mathematical theory of a large part of physics and the whole of chemistry are thus completely known , and the difficulty is only that the exact application of these laws leads to equations much too complicated to be soluble . It therefore becomes desirable that approximate practical methods of applying quantum mechanics should be developed , which can lead to an explanation of the main features of complex atomic systems without too much computation . Hence the quantum mechanical methods developed in the 1930s and 1940s are often referred to as theoretical molecular or atomic physics to underline the fact that they were more the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry and spectroscopy than answers to chemically relevant questions . In 1951 , a milestone article in quantum chemistry is the seminal paper of Clemens C.J. Roothaan on Roothaan equations . It opened the avenue to the solution of the self - consistent field equations for small molecules like hydrogen or nitrogen . Those computations were performed with the help of tables of integrals which were computed on the most advanced computers of the time . In the 1940s many physicists turned from molecular or atomic physics to nuclear physics ( like J. Robert Oppenheimer or Edward Teller ) . Glenn T. Seaborg was an American nuclear chemist best known for his work on isolating and identifying transuranium elements ( those heavier than uranium ) . He shared the 1951 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Edwin Mattison McMillan for their independent discoveries of transuranium elements . Seaborgium was named in his honour , making him the only person , along Albert Einstein and Yuri Oganessian , for whom a chemical element was named during his lifetime . Molecular biology and biochemistry ( edit ) Main articles : History of molecular biology and History of biochemistry By the mid 20th century , in principle , the integration of physics and chemistry was extensive , with chemical properties explained as the result of the electronic structure of the atom ; Linus Pauling 's book on The Nature of the Chemical Bond used the principles of quantum mechanics to deduce bond angles in ever - more complicated molecules . However , though some principles deduced from quantum mechanics were able to predict qualitatively some chemical features for biologically relevant molecules , they were , till the end of the 20th century , more a collection of rules , observations , and recipes than rigorous ab initio quantitative methods . Diagrammatic representation of some key structural features of DNA This heuristic approach triumphed in 1953 when James Watson and Francis Crick deduced the double helical structure of DNA by constructing models constrained by and informed by the knowledge of the chemistry of the constituent parts and the X-ray diffraction patterns obtained by Rosalind Franklin . This discovery lead to an explosion of research into the biochemistry of life . In the same year , the Miller -- Urey experiment demonstrated that basic constituents of protein , simple amino acids , could themselves be built up from simpler molecules in a simulation of primordial processes on Earth . Though many questions remain about the true nature of the origin of life , this was the first attempt by chemists to study hypothetical processes in the laboratory under controlled conditions . In 1983 Kary Mullis devised a method for the in - vitro amplification of DNA , known as the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) , which revolutionized the chemical processes used in the laboratory to manipulate it . PCR could be used to synthesize specific pieces of DNA and made possible the sequencing of DNA of organisms , which culminated in the huge human genome project . An important piece in the double helix puzzle was solved by one of Pauling 's students Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl , the result of their collaboration ( Meselson -- Stahl experiment ) has been called as `` the most beautiful experiment in biology '' . They used a centrifugation technique that sorted molecules according to differences in weight . Because nitrogen atoms are a component of DNA , they were labelled and therefore tracked in replication in bacteria . Late 20th century ( edit ) Buckminsterfullerene , C In 1970 , John Pople developed the Gaussian program greatly easing computational chemistry calculations . In 1971 , Yves Chauvin offered an explanation of the reaction mechanism of olefin metathesis reactions . In 1975 , Karl Barry Sharpless and his group discovered a stereoselective oxidation reactions including Sharpless epoxidation , Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation , and Sharpless oxyamination . In 1985 , Harold Kroto , Robert Curl and Richard Smalley discovered fullerenes , a class of large carbon molecules superficially resembling the geodesic dome designed by architect R. Buckminster Fuller . In 1991 , Sumio Iijima used electron microscopy to discover a type of cylindrical fullerene known as a carbon nanotube , though earlier work had been done in the field as early as 1951 . This material is an important component in the field of nanotechnology . In 1994 , Robert A. Holton and his group achieved the first total synthesis of Taxol . In 1995 , Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman produced the first Bose -- Einstein condensate , a substance that displays quantum mechanical properties on the macroscopic scale . Mathematics and chemistry ( edit ) Classically , before the 20th century , chemistry was defined as the science of the nature of matter and its transformations . It was therefore clearly distinct from physics which was not concerned with such dramatic transformation of matter . Moreover , in contrast to physics , chemistry was not using much of mathematics . Even some were particularly reluctant to use mathematics within chemistry . For example , Auguste Comte wrote in 1830 : Every attempt to employ mathematical methods in the study of chemical questions must be considered profoundly irrational and contrary to the spirit of chemistry ... if mathematical analysis should ever hold a prominent place in chemistry -- an aberration which is happily almost impossible -- it would occasion a rapid and widespread degeneration of that science . However , in the second part of the 19th century , the situation changed and August Kekulé wrote in 1867 : I rather expect that we shall someday find a mathematico - mechanical explanation for what we now call atoms which will render an account of their properties . Scope of chemistry ( edit ) As understanding of the nature of matter has evolved , so too has the self - understanding of the science of chemistry by its practitioners . This continuing historical process of evaluation includes the categories , terms , aims and scope of chemistry . Additionally , the development of the social institutions and networks which support chemical enquiry are highly significant factors that enable the production , dissemination and application of chemical knowledge . ( See Philosophy of chemistry ) Chemical industry ( edit ) Main article : Chemical industry The later part of the nineteenth century saw a huge increase in the exploitation of petroleum extracted from the earth for the production of a host of chemicals and largely replaced the use of whale oil , coal tar and naval stores used previously . Large - scale production and refinement of petroleum provided feedstocks for liquid fuels such as gasoline and diesel , solvents , lubricants , asphalt , waxes , and for the production of many of the common materials of the modern world , such as synthetic fibers , plastics , paints , detergents , pharmaceuticals , adhesives and ammonia as fertilizer and for other uses . Many of these required new catalysts and the utilization of chemical engineering for their cost - effective production . In the mid-twentieth century , control of the electronic structure of semiconductor materials was made precise by the creation of large ingots of extremely pure single crystals of silicon and germanium . Accurate control of their chemical composition by doping with other elements made the production of the solid state transistor in 1951 and made possible the production of tiny integrated circuits for use in electronic devices , especially computers . See also ( edit ) Histories and timelines ( edit ) Atomic theory Cupellation History of chromatography History of electrochemistry History of the molecule History of molecular biology History of physics History of science and technology History of the periodic table History of thermodynamics History of energy History of molecular theory History of materials science List of years in science Nobel Prize in chemistry Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics Timeline of chemical elements discoveries Timeline of chemistry Timeline of materials technology Timeline of thermodynamics , statistical mechanics , and random processes The Chemical History of a Candle The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Notable chemists ( edit ) listed chronologically : List of chemists Robert Boyle , 1627 -- 1691 Joseph Black , 1728 -- 1799 Joseph Priestley , 1733 -- 1804 Carl Wilhelm Scheele , 1742 -- 1786 Antoine Lavoisier , 1743 -- 1794 Alessandro Volta , 1745 -- 1827 Jacques Charles , 1746 -- 1823 Claude Louis Berthollet , 1748 -- 1822 Amedeo Avogadro , 1776 - 1856 Joseph - Louis Gay - Lussac , 1778 -- 1850 Humphry Davy , 1778 -- 1829 Jöns Jakob Berzelius , inventor of modern chemical notation , 1779 -- 1848 Justus von Liebig , 1803 -- 1873 Louis Pasteur , 1822 -- 1895 Stanislao Cannizzaro , 1826 -- 1910 Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz , 1829 -- 1896 Dmitri Mendeleev , 1834 -- 1907 Josiah Willard Gibbs , 1839 -- 1903 J.H. van ' t Hoff , 1852 -- 1911 William Ramsay , 1852 -- 1916 Svante Arrhenius , 1859 -- 1927 Walther Nernst , 1864 -- 1941 Marie Curie , 1867 -- 1934 Gilbert N. Lewis , 1875 -- 1946 Otto Hahn , 1879 -- 1968 Irving Langmuir , 1881 -- 1957 Linus Pauling , 1901 -- 1994 Glenn T. Seaborg , 1912 -- 1999 Robert Burns Woodward , 1917 - 1979 Frederick Sanger , 1918 - 2013 Geoffrey Wilkinson , 1921 - 1996 Rudolph A. Marcus , 1923 - George Andrew Olah , 1926 - 2017 Elias James Corey , 1928 - Akira Suzuki , 1930 - Richard F. Heck , 1931 - 2015 Harold Kroto , 1939 - 2016 Jean - Marie Lehn , 1939 - Peter Atkins , 1940 - Barry Sharpless , 1941 - Richard Smalley , 1943 -- 2005 Jean - Pierre Sauvage , 1944 - Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry Jump up ^ `` History of Gold '' . Gold Digest . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Photos , E. , ' The Question of Meteorictic versus Smelted Nickel - Rich Iron : Archaeological Evidence and Experimental Results ' World Archaeology Vol. 20 , No. 3 , Archaeometallurgy ( February 1989 ) , pp. 403 -- 421 . Online version accessed on 2010 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : W. Keller ( 1963 ) The Bible as History , p. 156 ISBN 0 - 340 - 00312 - X Jump up ^ Radivojević , Miljana ; Rehren , Thilo ; Pernicka , Ernst ; Šljivar , Dušan ; Brauns , Michael ; Borić , Dušan ( 2010 ) . `` On the origins of extractive metallurgy : New evidence from Europe '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 37 ( 11 ) : 2775 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2010.06. 012 . Jump up ^ Neolithic Vinca was a metallurgical culture Stonepages from news sources November 2007 Jump up ^ Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I : Our Oriental Heritage : `` Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India , and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times , when India was looked to , even by Imperial Rome , as the most skilled of the nations in such chemical industries as dyeing , tanning , soap - making , glass and cement ... By the sixth century the Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry ; they were masters of calcinations , distillation , sublimation , steaming , fixation , the production of light without heat , the mixing of anesthetic and soporific powders , and the preparation of metallic salts , compounds and alloys . The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India to a perfection unknown in Europe till our own times ; King Porus is said to have selected , as a specially valuable gift from Alexander , not gold or silver , but thirty pounds of steel . The Moslems took much of this Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe ; the secret of manufacturing `` Damascus '' blades , for example , was taken by the Arabs from the Persians , and by the Persians from India . '' Jump up ^ B.W. Anderson ( 1975 ) The Living World of the Old Testament , p. 154 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 48598 - 3 Jump up ^ R.F. Tylecote ( 1992 ) A History of Metallurgy ISBN 0 - 901462 - 88 - 8 Jump up ^ Temple , Robert K.G. ( 2007 ) . The Genius of China : 3,000 Years of Science , Discovery , and Invention ( 3rd edition ) . London : André Deutsch . pp. 44 -- 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 00202 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1935 ) , Our Oriental Heritage : `` Two systems of Hindu thought propound physical theories suggestively similar to those of Greece . Kanada , founder of the Vaisheshika philosophy , held that the world was composed of atoms as many in kind as the various elements . The Jains more nearly approximated to Democritus by teaching that all atoms were of the same kind , producing different effects by diverse modes of combinations . Kanada believed light and heat to be varieties of the same substance ; Udayana taught that all heat comes from the sun ; and Vachaspati , like Newton , interpreted light as composed of minute particles emitted by substances and striking the eye . '' Jump up ^ Simpson , David ( 29 June 2005 ) . `` Lucretius ( c. 99 - c. 55 BCE ) '' . The Internet History of Philosophy . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lucretius ( 50 BCE ) . `` de Rerum Natura ( On the Nature of Things ) '' . The Internet Classics Archive . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 09 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Norris , John A. ( 2006 ) . `` The Mineral Exhalation Theory of Metallogenesis in Pre-Modern Mineral Science '' . Ambix. 53 : 43 . doi : 10.1179 / 174582306X93183 . Jump up ^ Clulee , Nicholas H. ( 1988 ) . John Dee 's Natural Philosophy . Routledge . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 00625 - 5 . Jump up ^ Strathern , 2000 . Page 79 . Jump up ^ Holmyard , E.J. ( 1957 ) . Alchemy . New York : Dover , 1990 . pp. 15 , 16 . Jump up ^ William Royall Newman . Atoms and Alchemy : Chymistry and the experimental origins of the scientific revolution . University of Chicago Press , 2006 . p. xi Jump up ^ Holmyard , E.J. ( 1957 ) . Alchemy . New York : Dover , 1990 . pp. 48 , 49 . Jump up ^ Stanton J. Linden . The alchemy reader : from Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton Cambridge University Press . 2003 . p. 44 Jump up ^ Brock , William H. ( 1992 ) . The Fontana History of Chemistry . London , England : Fontana Press . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 686173 - 3 . Jump up ^ Brock , William H. ( 1992 ) . The Fontana History of Chemistry . London , England : Fontana Press . ISBN 0 - 00 - 686173 - 3 . Jump up ^ The History of Ancient Chemistry Archived 2015 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Derewenda , Zygmunt S. ; Derewenda , ZS ( 2007 ) . `` On wine , chirality and crystallography '' . Acta Crystallographica Section A. 64 ( Pt 1 ) : 246 -- 258 ( 247 ) . Bibcode : 2008AcCrA ... 64 ... 246D . doi : 10.1107 / S0108767307054293 . PMID 18156689 . Jump up ^ John Warren ( 2005 ) . `` War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq : a sadly mismanaged affair '' , Third World Quarterly , Volume 26 , Issue 4 & 5 , p. 815 - 830 . Jump up ^ Dr. A. Zahoor ( 1997 ) , JABIR IBN HAIYAN ( Geber ) Jump up ^ Paul Vallely , How Islamic inventors changed the world , The Independent , 10 March 2006 Jump up ^ Kraus , Paul , Jâbir ibn Hayyân , Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam . I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II . Jâbir et la science grecque , . Cairo ( 1942 - 1943 ) . Repr . By Fuat Sezgin , ( Natural Sciences in Islam . 67 - 68 ) , Frankfurt . 2002 : `` To form an idea of the historical place of Jabir 's alchemy and to tackle the problem of its sources , it is advisable to compare it with what remains to us of the alchemical literature in the Greek language . One knows in which miserable state this literature reached us . Collected by Byzantine scientists from the tenth century , the corpus of the Greek alchemists is a cluster of incoherent fragments , going back to all the times since the third century until the end of the Middle Ages . '' `` The efforts of Berthelot and Ruelle to put a little order in this mass of literature led only to poor results , and the later researchers , among them in particular Mrs. Hammer - Jensen , Tannery , Lagercrantz , von Lippmann , Reitzenstein , Ruska , Bidez , Festugiere and others , could make clear only few points of detail ... The study of the Greek alchemists is not very encouraging . An even surface examination of the Greek texts shows that a very small part only was organized according to true experiments of laboratory : even the supposedly technical writings , in the state where we find them today , are unintelligible nonsense which refuses any interpretation . It is different with Jabir 's alchemy . The relatively clear description of the processes and the alchemical apparatuses , the methodical classification of the substances , mark an experimental spirit which is extremely far away from the weird and odd esotericism of the Greek texts . The theory on which Jabir supports his operations is one of clearness and of an impressive unity . More than with the other Arab authors , one notes with him a balance between theoretical teaching and practical teaching , between the ` ilm and the ` amal . In vain one would seek in the Greek texts a work as systematic as that which is presented for example in the Book of Seventy . '' ( cf . Ahmad Y Hassan . `` A Critical Reassessment of the Geber Problem : Part Three '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09. ) Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1980 ) . The Age of Faith ( The Story of Civilization , Volume 4 ) , p. 162 - 186 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 01200 - 2 . Jump up ^ Strathern , Paul . ( 2000 ) , Mendeleyev 's Dream -- the Quest for the Elements , New York : Berkley Books Jump up ^ Marmura , Michael E. ; Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1965 ) . `` An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwan Al - Safa'an , Al - Biruni , and Ibn Sina by Seyyed Hossein Nasr '' . Speculum. 40 ( 4 ) : 744 -- 746 . doi : 10.2307 / 2851429 . JSTOR 2851429 . Jump up ^ Robert Briffault ( 1938 ) . The Making of Humanity , p. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ Alakbarov , Farid ( 2001 ) . `` A 13th - Century Darwin ? Tusi 's Views on Evolution '' . Azerbaijan International . 9 : 2 . Jump up ^ Karl Alfred von Zittel ( 1901 ) History of Geology and Palaeontology , p. 15 Jump up ^ Asarnow , Herman ( 2005 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Sir Francis Bacon : Empiricism '' . An Image - Oriented Introduction to Backgrounds for English Renaissance Literature . University of Portland . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Crosland , M.P. ( 1959 ) . `` The use of diagrams as chemical ' equations ' in the lectures of William Cullen and Joseph Black . '' Annals of Science , Vol 15 , No. 2 , June Jump up ^ Robert Boyle Jump up ^ Acott , Chris ( 1999 ) . `` The diving `` Law - ers '' : A brief resume of their lives `` . South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal . 29 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0813 - 1988 . OCLC 16986801 . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Levine , Ira . N ( 1978 ) . `` Physical Chemistry '' University of Brooklyn : McGraw - Hill Jump up ^ Levine , Ira . N. ( 1978 ) , p12 gives the original definition . Jump up ^ Ursula Klein ( July 2007 ) . `` Styles of Experimentation and Alchemical Matter Theory in the Scientific Revolution '' . Metascience . Springer . 16 ( 2 ) : 247 -- 256 ( 247 ) . doi : 10.1007 / s11016 - 007 - 9095 - 8 . ISSN 1467 - 9981 . Jump up ^ Nordisk familjebok -- Cronstedt : `` den moderna mineralogiens och geognosiens grundläggare '' = `` the modern mineralogy 's and geognosie 's founder '' Jump up ^ Cooper , Alan ( 1999 ) . `` Joseph Black '' . History of Glasgow University Chemistry Department . University of Glasgow Department of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Seyferth , Dietmar ( 2001 ) . `` Cadet 's Fuming Arsenical Liquid and the Cacodyl Compounds of Bunsen '' . Organometallics. 20 ( 8 ) : 1488 -- 1498 . doi : 10.1021 / om0101947 . Jump up ^ Partington , J.R. ( 1989 ) . A Short History of Chemistry . Dover Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65977 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , 53 -- 60 ; Schofield ( 2004 ) , 112 -- 13 . The difficulty in precisely defining the time and place of the `` discovery '' of oxygen , within the context of the developing chemical revolution , is one of Thomas Kuhn 's central illustrations of the gradual nature of paradigm shifts in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Priestley '' . Chemical Achievers : The Human Face of Chemical Sciences . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carl Wilhelm Scheele '' . History of Gas Chemistry . Center for Microscale Gas Chemistry , Creighton University . 2005 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Nigel ( 2004 ) . Tungsten and the Elements of Groups 3 to 7 ( The Periodic Table ) . Chicago : Heinemann Library . ISBN 1 - 4034 - 3518 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` ITIA Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . International Tungsten Industry Association . June 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ITIA Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . International Tungsten Industry Association . December 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mottelay , Paul Fleury ( 2008 ) . Bibliographical History of Electricity and Magnetism ( Reprint of 1892 ed . ) . Read Books . p. 247 . ISBN 1 - 4437 - 2844 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Inventor Alessandro Volta Biography '' . The Great Idea Finder . The Great Idea Finder. 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lavoisier , Antoine ( 1743 - 1794 ) -- from Eric Weisstein 's World of Scientific Biography , ScienceWorld ^ Jump up to : http://www.humantouchofchemistry.com/marieanne-lavoisier.htm ^ Jump up to : Pullman , Bernard ( 2004 ) . The Atom in the History of Human Thought . Reisinger , Axel . USA : Oxford University Press Inc . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511447 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` John Dalton '' . Chemical Achievers : The Human Face of Chemical Sciences . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Proust , Joseph Louis ( 1754 - 1826 ) '' . 100 Distinguished Chemists . European Association for Chemical and Molecular Science . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Enghag , P. ( 2004 ) . `` 11 . Sodium and Potassium '' . Encyclopedia of the elements . Wiley - VCH Weinheim . ISBN 3 - 527 - 30666 - 8 . Jump up ^ Davy , Humphry ( 1808 ) . `` On some new Phenomena of Chemical Changes produced by Electricity , particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalies , and the Exhibition of the new Substances , which constitute their Bases '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Royal Society of London . 98 ( 0 ) : 1 -- 45 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1808.0001 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1933 ) . `` XII . Other Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium : Beryllium , Boron , Silicon and Aluminum '' . The Discovery of the Elements . Easton , Pennsylvania : Journal of Chemical Education . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 3872 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Krebs ( 2006 ) . The history and use of our earth 's chemical elements : a reference guide . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33438 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sir Humphry Davy ( 1811 ) . `` On a Combination of Oxymuriatic Gas and Oxygene Gas '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 101 ( 0 ) : 155 -- 162 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1811.0008 . Jump up ^ Gay - Lussac , J.L. ( L'An X -- 1802 ) , `` Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs '' ( Researches on the expansion of gases and vapors ) , Annales de chimie , 43 : 137 -- 175 Check date values in : date = ( help ) . English translation ( extract ) . On page 157 , Gay - Lussac mentions the unpublished findings of Charles : `` Avant d'aller plus loin , je dois prévenir que quoique j'eusse reconnu un grand nombre de fois que les gaz oxigène , azote , hydrogène et acide carbonique , et l'air atmosphérique se dilatent également depuis 0 ° jusqu'a 80 ° , le cit . Charles avait remarqué depuis 15 ans la même propriété dans ces gaz ; mais n'avant jamais publié ses résultats , c'est par le plus grand hasard que je les ai connus . '' ( Before going further , I should inform ( you ) that although I had recognized many times that the gases oxygen , nitrogen , hydrogen , and carbonic acid ( i.e. , carbon dioxide ) , and atmospheric air also expand from 0 ° to 80 ° , citizen Charles had noticed 15 years ago the same property in these gases ; but having never published his results , it is by the merest chance that I knew of them . ) Jump up ^ J. Dalton ( 1802 ) `` Essay IV . On the expansion of elastic fluids by heat , '' Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester , vol. 5 , pt. 2 , pages 595 - 602 . Jump up ^ http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Gay-Lussac-Joseph-Louis.html ^ Jump up to : Courtois , Bernard ( 1813 ) . `` Découverte d'une substance nouvelle dans le Vareck '' . Annales de chimie. 88 : 304 . In French , seaweed that had been washed onto the shore was called `` varec '' , `` varech '' , or `` vareck '' , whence the English word `` wrack '' . Later , `` varec '' also referred to the ashes of such seaweed : The ashes were used as a source of iodine and salts of sodium and potassium . Jump up ^ Swain , Patricia A. ( 2005 ) . `` Bernard Courtois ( 1777 -- 1838 ) famed for discovering iodine ( 1811 ) , and his life in Paris from 1798 '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin for the History of Chemistry . 30 ( 2 ) : 103 . ^ Jump up to : Gay - Lussac , J. ( 1813 ) . `` Sur un nouvel acide formé avec la substance décourverte par M. Courtois '' . Annales de chimie. 88 : 311 . Jump up ^ Gay - Lussac , J. ( 1813 ) . `` Sur la combination de l'iode avec d'oxigène '' . Annales de chimie. 88 : 319 . Jump up ^ Gay - Lussac , J. ( 1814 ) . `` Mémoire sur l'iode '' . Annales de chimie. 91 : 5 . Jump up ^ Davy , H. ( 1813 ) . `` Sur la nouvelle substance découverte par M. Courtois , dans le sel de Vareck '' . Annales de chimie. 88 : 322 . Jump up ^ Davy , Humphry ( January 1 , 1814 ) . `` Some Experiments and Observations on a New Substance Which Becomes a Violet Coloured Gas by Heat '' . Phil . Trans . R. Soc . Lond. 104 : 74 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1814.0007 . Jump up ^ David Knight , ' Davy , Sir Humphry , baronet ( 1778 -- 1829 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 accessed 6 April 2008 Jump up ^ `` History of Chirality '' . Stheno Corporation . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lambert - Beer Law '' . Sigrist - Photometer AG . 2007 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Silliman , Jr. ( 1816 -- 1885 ) '' . Picture History . Picture History LLC. 2003 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Moore , F.J. ( 1931 ) . A History of Chemistry . McGraw - Hill . pp. 182 -- 1184 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148855 - 3 . ( 2nd edition ) Jump up ^ `` Jacobus Henricus va n't Hoff '' . Chemical Achievers : The Human Face of Chemical Sciences . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertson , E.F. ( 1997 ) . `` Josiah Willard Gibbs '' . MacTutor . School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews , Scotland . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. ( 1996 ) . `` Boltzmann , Ludwig ( 1844 -- 1906 ) '' . Eric Weisstein 's World of Scientific Biography . Wolfram Research Products . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Svante August Arrhenius '' . Chemical Achievers : The Human Face of Chemical Sciences . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Jacobus H. van ' t Hoff : The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 '' . Nobel Lectures , Chemistry 1901 -- 1921 . Elsevier Publishing Company . 1966 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Louis Le Châtelier '' . World of Scientific Discovery . Thomson Gale. 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Emil Fischer : The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 '' . Nobel Lectures , Chemistry 1901 -- 1921 . Elsevier Publishing Company . 1966 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` History of Chemistry '' . Intensive General Chemistry . Columbia University Department of Chemistry Undergraduate Program . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Werner : The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913 '' . Nobel Lectures , Chemistry 1901 -- 1921 . Elsevier Publishing Company . 1966 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Werner : The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 '' . Nobel Lectures , Physics 1901 -- 1921 . Elsevier Publishing Company . 1967 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ W. Heitler and F. London , Wechselwirkung neutraler Atome und Homöopolare Bindung nach der Quantenmechanik , Z . Physik , 44 , 455 ( 1927 ) . Jump up ^ P.A.M. Dirac , Quantum Mechanics of Many - Electron Systems , Proc. R. Soc . London , A 123 , 714 ( 1929 ) . Jump up ^ C.C.J. Roothaan , A Study of Two - Center Integrals Useful in Calculations on Molecular Structure , J. Chem. Phys. , 19 , 1445 ( 1951 ) . Jump up ^ Watson , J. and Crick , F. , `` Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids '' Nature , April 25 , 1953 , p 737 -- 8 Jump up ^ W.J. Hehre , W.A. Lathan , R. Ditchfield , M.D. Newton , and J.A. Pople , Gaussian 70 ( Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange , Program No. 237 , 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Catalyse de transformation des oléfines par les complexes du tungstène. II . Télomérisation des oléfines cycliques en présence d'oléfines acycliques Die Makromolekulare Chemie Volume 141 , Issue 1 , Date : 9 February 1971 , Pages : 161 -- 176 Par Jean - Louis Hérisson , Yves Chauvin doi : 10.1002 / macp. 1971.021410112 Jump up ^ Katsuki , T. ; Sharpless , K.B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980 , 102 , 5974 . ( doi : 10.1021 / ja00538a077 ) Jump up ^ Hill , J.G. ; Sharpless , K.B. ; Exon , C.M. ; Regenye , R. Org . Syn. , Coll . Vol. 7 , p. 461 ( 1990 ) ; Vol. 63 , p. 66 ( 1985 ) . ( Article ) Jump up ^ Jacobsen , E.N. ; Marko , I. ; Mungall , W.S. ; Schroeder , G. ; Sharpless , K.B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988 , 110 , 1968 . ( doi : 10.1021 / ja00214a053 ) Jump up ^ Kolb , H.C. ; Van Nieuwenhze , M.S. ; Sharpless , K.B. Chem. Rev. 1994 , 94 , 2483 -- 2547 . ( Review ) ( doi : 10.1021 / cr00032a009 ) Jump up ^ Gonzalez , J. ; Aurigemma , C. ; Truesdale , L. Org . Syn. , Coll . Vol. 10 , p. 603 ( 2004 ) ; Vol. 79 , p. 93 ( 2002 ) . ( Article ) Jump up ^ Sharpless , K.B. ; Patrick , D.W. ; Truesdale , L.K. ; Biller , S.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975 , 97 , 2305 . ( doi : 10.1021 / ja00841a071 ) Jump up ^ Herranz , E. ; Biller , S.A. ; Sharpless , K.B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978 , 100 , 3596 -- 3598 . ( doi : 10.1021 / ja00479a051 ) Jump up ^ Herranz , E. ; Sharpless , K.B. Org . Syn. , Coll . Vol. 7 , p. 375 ( 1990 ) ; Vol. 61 , p. 85 ( 1983 ) . ( Article ) Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 '' . Nobelprize.org . The Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Franklin Medal awarded to Dr. Sumio Iijima , Director of the Research Center for Advanced Carbon Materials , AIST '' . National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology . 2002 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ First total synthesis of taxol 1 . Functionalization of the B ring Robert A. Holton , Carmen Somoza , Hyeong Baik Kim , Feng Liang , Ronald J. Biediger , P. Douglas Boatman , Mitsuru Shindo , Chase C. Smith , Soekchan Kim , et al. ; J. Am. Chem. Soc. ; 1994 ; 116 ( 4 ) ; 1597 -- 1598 . DOI Abstract Jump up ^ First total synthesis of taxol. 2 . Completion of the C and D rings Robert A. Holton , Hyeong Baik Kim , Carmen Somoza , Feng Liang , Ronald J. Biediger , P. Douglas Boatman , Mitsuru Shindo , Chase C. Smith , Soekchan Kim , and et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. ; 1994 ; 116 ( 4 ) pp 1599 -- 1600 DOI Abstract Jump up ^ A synthesis of taxusin Robert A. Holton , R.R. Juo , Hyeong B. Kim , Andrew D. Williams , Shinya Harusawa , Richard E. Lowenthal , Sadamu Yogai J. Am. Chem. Soc. ; 1988 ; 110 ( 19 ) ; 6558 -- 6560 . Abstract Jump up ^ `` Cornell and Wieman Share 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics '' . NIST News Release . National Institute of Standards and Technology . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . References ( edit ) Selected classic papers from the history of chemistry Biographies of Chemists Eric R. Scerri , The Periodic Table : Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) Servos , John W. , Physical chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling : the making of a science in America , Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08566 - 8 Documentaries BBC ( 2010 ) . Chemistry : A Volatile History . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : History of chemistry Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of chemistry . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the scientists credited with introducing the phenomena known as radioactivity | [
"Marie Skłodowska-Curie was a Polish-born French physicist and chemist who is famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She and her husband are considered to have laid the cornerstone of the nuclear age with their research on radioactivity. Marie was fascinated with the work of Henri Becquerel, a French physicist who discovered in 1896 that uranium casts off rays similar to the X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen. Marie Curie began studying uranium in late 1897 and theorized, according to a 1904 article she wrote for Century magazine, \"that the emission of rays by the compounds of uranium is a property of the metal itself—that it is an atomic property of the element uranium independent of its chemical or physical state.\" Curie took Becquerel's work a few steps further, conducting her own experiments on uranium rays. She discovered that the rays remained constant, no matter the condition or form of the uranium. The rays, she theorized, came from the element's atomic structure. This revolutionary idea created the field of atomic physics and the Curies coined the word radioactivity to describe the phenomena."
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"Marie Skłodowska-Curie"
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-2706269572583185007 | Meditations in an Emergency | Meditations in an Emergency - Wikipedia Meditations in an Emergency Jump to : navigation , search For the Mad Men episode , see Meditations in an Emergency ( Mad Men ) . Meditations in an Emergency Author Frank O'Hara Language English Publisher Grove Press Publication date 1957 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3452 - 3 Meditations in an Emergency is a book of poetry by American poet Frank O'Hara , first published by Grove Press in 1957 . Its title poem was first printed in the November 1954 issue of Poetry : A Magazine of Verse . The name of the book is purported to derive from English poet John Donne 's prose work , Devotions upon Emergent Occasions , stemming from a joke between O'Hara and other members of the renowned New York School of poets . Critics have noted the influence of impressionism and abstract expressionism in the collection , with most of the poems detailing the theme of identity and everyday life in New York City . The book is dedicated to painter Jane Freilicher . Poems ( edit ) To the Harbormaster Poem : `` The eager note on my door ... '' To the Film industry in Crisis Poem : `` At night Chinamen jump '' Blocks Les Etiquette juanes Aus einem April River Poem : `` There I could never be a boy '' On Rachmaninoff 's Birthday The Hunter For Grace , After a Party On Looking at `` La Grande Jatte , '' the Czar Wept Anew Romanze , or The Music Students The Three - Penny Opera A Terrestrial Cuckoo Jane Awake A Mexican Guitar Chez Jane Two Variations Ode Invincibility Poem in January Meditations in an Emergency For James Dean Sleeping on the Wing Radio On Seeing Larry Rivers ' `` Washington Crossing the Delaware '' at the Museum of Modern Art For Janice and Kenneth to Voyage Mayakovsky Mentions in popular culture ( edit ) The book , and references to it , are seen on several occasions in Season 2 of the AMC television drama Mad Men . In the season 's first episode , `` For Those Who Think Young , '' the book is read by an unknown character in a bar and later by the show 's main character , Don Draper . At the conclusion of the episode , a passage from the fourth section of the poem `` Mayakovsky '' is read as Draper inscribes the book to a then - unknown recipient with the message , `` Made me think of you - D '' , and subsequently places the book in an envelope and drops it in the mailbox . In the season 's 12th episode , `` The Mountain King '' , Draper , visiting California on business , visits Anna Draper and finds the book he sent on her bookshelf -- revealing that she was the previously unknown recipient . Episode 13 , `` Meditations in an Emergency '' , is set at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis and takes its title directly from O'Hara's book . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : O'Hara , Frank ( 1967 ) . Meditations in an Emergency . Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3452 - 3 . Jump up ^ Poetry Foundation . Frank O'Hara : `` Meditations in an Emergency '' on the website of Poetry : A Magazine of Verse , originally printed November 1954 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ http://blog.bestamericanpoetry.com/the_best_american_poetry/2008/07/frank-oharas-me.html Jump up ^ AMC Television . Episode Guide : Mad Men - Season 2 , Episode 1 : `` For Those Who Think Young '' . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . This article about a collection of written poetry is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meditations_in_an_Emergency&oldid=800525944 '' Categories : 1957 books American poetry collections New York School poets Poetry collection stubs Hidden categories : Books with missing cover All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 02 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does don mail meditations in an emergency to | [
"In the season's 12th episode, \"The Mountain King\", Draper, visiting California on business, visits Anna Draper and finds the book he sent on her bookshelf—revealing that she was the previously unknown recipient."
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"Anna Draper"
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-8539665130581505070 | Bohemian Rhapsody | Bohemian Rhapsody - wikipedia Bohemian Rhapsody This article is about the song . For the film , see Bohemian Rhapsody ( film ) . For other uses , see Bohemian Rhapsody ( disambiguation ) . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Original UK and Spain single picture sleeve , also used for some re-releases Single by Queen from the album A Night at the Opera B - side `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' Released 31 October 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 31 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded August -- September 1975 Genre Progressive rock hard rock progressive pop Length 5 : 55 Label EMI ( UK ) Elektra ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Freddie Mercury Producer ( s ) Roy Thomas Baker Queen Queen singles chronology `` Lily of the Valley '' ( 1975 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 1975 ) `` You 're My Best Friend '' ( 1976 ) Music video `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' on YouTube A Night at the Opera track listing 12 tracks Side one `` Death on Two Legs ( Dedicated to ... ) '' `` Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon '' `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' `` You 're My Best Friend '' `` ' 39 '' `` Sweet Lady '' `` Seaside Rendezvous '' Side two `` The Prophet 's Song '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Good Company '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` God Save the Queen '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' is a song by the British rock band Queen . It was written by Freddie Mercury for the band 's 1975 album A Night at the Opera . It is a six - minute suite , consisting of several sections without a chorus : an intro , a ballad segment , an operatic passage , a hard rock part and a reflective coda . The song is a more accessible take on the 1970s progressive rock genre . It was reportedly the most expensive single ever made at the time of its release , although the exact cost of production can not be determined . When it was released as a single , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' became a commercial success , staying at the top of the UK Singles Chart for nine weeks and selling more than a million copies by the end of January 1976 . It reached number one again in 1991 for another five weeks when the same version was re-released following Mercury 's death , eventually becoming the UK 's third - best - selling single of all time . It is also the only song to be the UK Christmas number one twice by the same artist . It topped the charts in several other markets as well , including Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Ireland , and The Netherlands , later becoming one of the best - selling singles of all time selling over 6 million copies worldwide . In the United States , the song originally peaked at number nine in 1976 . It returned to the chart at number two in 1992 , and also appeared in the film Wayne 's World , which contributed to the revival of its American popularity . Although critical reaction was initially mixed , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' remains one of Queen 's most popular songs and is frequently considered one of the greatest rock songs of all time . The single was accompanied by a promotional video , which many scholars consider ground - breaking . Rolling Stone stated that its influence `` can not be overstated , practically inventing the music video seven years before MTV went on the air . '' The Guardian ranked the music video for `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' number 31 on their list of the 50 key events in rock music history , adding it ensured `` videos would henceforth be a mandatory tool in the marketing of music '' . In 2004 , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In 2012 , the song topped the list on an ITV nationwide poll in the UK to find `` The Nation 's Favourite Number One '' over 60 years of music , while Mercury 's vocal performance was chosen as the greatest in rock history by readers of Rolling Stone . Contents 1 History and recording 2 Composition and analysis 2.1 Intro ( 0 : 00 -- 0 : 49 ) 2.2 Ballad ( 0 : 49 -- 2 : 40 ) 2.3 Guitar solo ( 2 : 40 -- 3 : 05 ) 2.4 Opera ( 3 : 05 -- 4 : 07 ) 2.5 Rock ( 4 : 07 -- 4 : 54 ) 2.6 Outro ( 4 : 54 -- 5 : 55 ) 3 Lyrics 4 Release 5 Promotional video 6 Critical reception 7 Legacy 7.1 Accolades 7.2 Wayne 's World 7.3 40th anniversary 8 Live performances 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Decade - end charts 10 Sales and certifications 11 Queen comments on the record 12 Personnel 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links History and recording ( edit ) Freddie Mercury wrote `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' at his home in London . The song 's producer , Roy Thomas Baker , related how Mercury once played the opening ballad section on the piano for him : `` He played the beginning on the piano , then stopped and said , ' And this is where the opera section comes in ! ' Then we went out to eat dinner . '' Guitarist Brian May says the band thought that Mercury 's blueprint for the song was `` intriguing and original , and worthy of work '' . According to May , much of Queen 's material was written in the studio , but this song `` was all in Freddie 's mind '' before they started . Music scholar Sheila Whiteley suggests that `` the title draws strongly on contemporary rock ideology , the individualism of the bohemian artists ' world , with rhapsody affirming the romantic ideals of art rock '' . Commenting on bohemianism , Judith Peraino said `` Mercury intended ... ( this song ) to be a ' mock opera ' , something outside the norm of rock songs , and it does follow a certain operatic logic : choruses of multi-tracked voices alternate with aria - like solos , the emotions are excessive , the plot confusing . '' According to Mercury 's friend Chris Smith ( a keyboard player in Smile ) , Mercury first started developing `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' in the late 1960s ; Mercury used to play parts of songs he was writing at the piano , and one of his pieces , known simply as `` The Cowboy Song '' , contained lyrics that ended up in the completed version produced years later , in 1975 , specifically , `` Mama ... just killed a man . '' Recording began on 24 August 1975 at Rockfield Studio 1 near Monmouth , South Wales , after a three - week rehearsal at Penrhos Court , near Kington , Herefordshire . During the making of the track , four additional studios ( Roundhouse , Sarm East Studios , Scorpio Sound , and Wessex Sound Studios ) were used . According to some band members , Mercury mentally prepared the song beforehand and directed the band throughout . Mercury used a Bechstein `` concert grand '' piano , which he played in the promotional video and the UK tour . Due to the elaborate nature of the song , it was recorded in various sections . May , Mercury , and drummer Roger Taylor reportedly sang their vocal parts continually for ten to twelve hours a day . The entire piece took three weeks to record , and in some sections featured 180 separate overdubs . Since the studios of the time only offered 24 - track analog tape , it was necessary for the three to overdub themselves many times and `` bounce '' these down to successive sub-mixes . In the end , eighth - generation tapes were used . The various sections of tape containing the desired sub-mixes had to be spliced ( cut and assembled in the correct sequence ) . May recalled placing a tape in front of the light and being able to see through it , as the tape had been used so many times . Producer Baker recalls that May 's solo was done on only one track , rather than recording multiple tracks . May stated that he wanted to compose `` a little tune that would be a counterpart to the main melody ; I did n't just want to play the melody '' . The guitarist said that his better material stems from this way of working : in which he thought of the tune before playing it : `` the fingers tend to be predictable unless being led by the brain . '' Composition and Analysis ( edit ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' has been affiliated to the genres of progressive rock / symphonic rock , hard rock , and progressive pop . The song is highly unusual for a popular single in featuring no chorus , combining disparate musical styles and containing lyrics which eschew conventional love - based narratives for allusions to murder and nihilism . It consists of sections , beginning with an introduction , then a piano ballad , before a guitar solo leads to an operatic interlude . A hard rock part follows this and it concludes with a coda . The song is in the keys of B ♭ major , E ♭ major , A major and F major , and is predominantly in meter . This musical format of writing a song as a suite with changes in style , tone and tempo throughout was uncommon in most mainstream pop and rock music but common in progressive rock . The genre had reached its artistic and commercial zenith between 1970 and 1975 in the music of British bands such as Jethro Tull , Yes , Genesis , Emerson , Lake & Palmer , Gentle Giant , Van der Graaf Generator and Curved Air . The music of progressive rock was characterised by dramatic contrasts , frequent shifts in tempo and in rhythmic character from one section of a composition to the next . Bands from the genre had blended rock with classical music , its structural features and compositional practices , as well as using classical music instrumentation . Queen had embraced progressive rock as one of their many diverse influences . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' parodies many different elements of opera by using bombastic choruses , sarcastic recitative and distorted Italian operatic phraseology . An embryonic version of this style had already been utilised in Mercury 's earlier compositions for the band `` My Fairy King '' ( 1973 ) and `` The March of the Black Queen '' ( 1974 ) . Intro ( 0 : 00 -- 0 : 49 ) ( edit ) The song begins with a close five - part harmony a cappella introduction in B ♭ major -- as evidenced by the presence of a V-I cadence ( F7 - B ♭ ) multi track recordings of Mercury although the video has all four members lip - syncing this part . The lyrics question whether life is `` real '' or `` just fantasy caught in a landslide '' before concluding that there can be `` no escape from reality '' . After 20 seconds , the grand piano enters , the song modulates briefly to E ♭ major and Mercury 's voice alternates with the other vocal parts . The narrator introduces himself as `` just a poor boy '' but declares that he `` needs no sympathy '' because he is `` easy come , easy go '' and then `` little high , little low '' ( when heard in stereo , the words `` little high '' come from the left speaker whereas the `` little low '' comes from the right ) ; chromatic side - slipping on `` easy come , easy go '' highlights the dream - like atmosphere . The end of this section is marked by the bass entrance and the cross-handed piano vamp in B ♭ . Ballad ( 0 : 49 -- 2 : 40 ) ( edit ) `` Mama , just killed a man '' This sample features the distinctive piano phrase in B ♭ and the first line of the first verse . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The piano begins in B ♭ major along with the entrance of John Deacon 's bass guitar , marking the onset of this section . After it plays twice , Mercury 's vocals enter . Over the course of the section , the vocals evolve from a softly sung harmony to an impassioned solo performance by Mercury . The narrator explains to his mother that he has `` just killed a man , '' with `` a gun against his head '' and in doing so , has thrown his life away . This `` confessional '' section , Whiteley comments , is `` affirmative of the nurturant and life - giving force of the feminine and the need for absolution '' . In the middle of the verse ( 1 : 17 ) , Taylor 's drums enter , and a descending chromatic run leads to a temporary modulation to E ♭ major ( up one fourth ) . The narrator makes the second of several invocations to his `` mama '' in the new key , continuing the original theme . The narrator explains his regret over `` mak ( ing ) you cry '' and urging `` mama '' to `` carry on as if nothing really matters '' . A brief , descending variation of the piano phrase connects to the second verse . As the ballad proceeds into its second verse , the speaker confesses how ashamed he is by his act of murder ( as May enters on guitar and mimics the upper range of the piano at 1 : 50 ) . May imitates a bell tree during the line `` sends shivers down my spine '' , by playing the strings of his guitar on the other side of the bridge . The narrator bids the world goodbye announcing he has `` got to go '' and prepares to `` face the truth '' admitting `` I do n't want to die / I sometimes wish I 'd never been born at all . '' This is where the guitar solo enters . Guitar solo ( 2 : 40 -- 3 : 05 ) ( edit ) Towards the end of the ballad section , the band builds in intensity , incorporating a guitar solo ( in E ♭ major ) played and composed by May . The intensity continues to build , but once the bass line completes its descent establishing modulation to the new key ( A major ) , the entire band cuts out abruptly at 3 : 03 except for quiet , staccato A major quaver ( eighth - note ) chords on the piano , marking the start of the `` Opera '' section . Opera ( 3 : 05 -- 4 : 07 ) ( edit ) `` Scaramouche , Scaramouche , will you do the fandango ? '' The operatic segment enters immediately as May 's solo abruptly concludes . This vast shift in style is just one example of how the song rapidly changes throughout its running time . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A rapid series of rhythmic and harmonic changes introduces a pseudo-operatic midsection , which contains the bulk of the elaborate vocal multi-tracking , depicting the narrator 's descent into hell . While the underlying pulse of the song is maintained , the dynamics vary greatly from bar to bar , from only Mercury 's voice accompanied by a piano to a multi-voice choir supported by drums , bass , piano , and timpani . The choir effect was created by having May , Mercury , and Taylor repeatedly sing their vocal parts , resulting in 180 separate overdubs . These overdubs were then combined into successive submixes . According to Roger Taylor , the voices of May , Mercury and himself combined created a wide vocal range : `` Brian could get down quite low , Freddie had a powerful voice through the middle , and I was good at the high stuff . '' The band wanted to create `` a wall of sound , that starts down and goes all the way up '' . The band used the bell effect for lyrics `` Magnifico '' and `` Let me go '' . Also , on `` Let him go '' , Taylor singing the top section carries his note on further after the rest of the `` choir '' have stopped singing . Lyrical references in this passage include Scaramouche , the fandango , Galileo Galilei , Figaro , Beelzebub and Bismillah , as rival factions fight over the narrator 's soul . The section concludes with a full choral treatment of the lyric `` Beelzebub has a devil put aside for me ! '' , on a block B ♭ major chord . Roger Taylor tops the final chord with a falsetto B ♭ in the fifth octave ( B ♭ 5 ) . Using the 24 - track technology available at the time , the `` opera '' section took about three weeks to finish . Producer Roy Thomas Baker said `` Every time Freddie came up with another ' Galileo ' , I would add another piece of tape to the reel . '' Baker recalls that they kept wearing out the tape , which meant having to do transfers . Rock ( 4 : 07 -- 4 : 54 ) ( edit ) The operatic section leads into a rock interlude with a guitar riff written by Mercury . At 4 : 15 , a quadruple - tracked Mercury ( in stereo , the four parts are panned two on the left and two on the right ) sings angry lyrics addressed to an unspecified `` you '' , accusing them of betrayal and abuse and insisting `` ca n't do this to me , baby '' . Three ascending guitar runs follow . Mercury then plays a similar B ♭ run on the piano , as the song builds up to the finale with a ritardando . Outro ( 4 : 54 -- 5 : 55 ) ( edit ) After Mercury plays ascending octaves of notes from the B ♭ mixolydian mode ( composed of the notes from the E ♭ scale ) , the song then returns to the tempo and form of the introduction , initially in E ♭ major , before quickly modulating to C minor , only to soon go through an abrupt short series of modulations , bringing it back to C minor again in time for the final `` nothing really matters '' section . A guitar accompanies the chorus `` ooh , ooh yeah , ooh yeah . '' A double - tracked twin guitar melody is played through an amplifier designed by John Deacon , affectionately nicknamed the `` Deacy Amp '' . Mercury 's line `` Nothing really matters ... '' appears again , `` cradled by light piano arpeggios suggesting both resignation ( minor tonalities ) and a new sense of freedom in the wide vocal span '' . After the line `` nothing really matters '' is repeated multiple times , the song finally concludes in the key of E ♭ major , but then changes again to F major just before it ends . The final line , `` Any way the wind blows '' , is followed by the quiet sound of a large tam - tam that finally expels the tension built up throughout the song . Lyrics ( edit ) The New York Times commented that `` the song 's most distinct feature is the fatalistic lyrics '' . Mercury refused to explain his composition other than to say it was about relationships ; the band is still protective of the song 's secret . Brian May supports suggestions that the song contained veiled references to Mercury 's personal traumas . He recalls `` Freddie was a very complex person : flippant and funny on the surface , but he concealed insecurities and problems in squaring up his life with his childhood . He never explained the lyrics , but I think he put a lot of himself into that song . '' May , though , says the band had agreed that the core of a lyric was a private issue for the composer . In a BBC Three documentary about the making of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , Roger Taylor maintains that the true meaning of the song is `` fairly self - explanatory with just a bit of nonsense in the middle '' . It 's one of those songs which has such a fantasy feel about it . I think people should just listen to it , think about it , and then make up their own minds as to what it says to them ... `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' did n't just come out of thin air . I did a bit of research although it was tongue - in - cheek and mock opera . Why not ? -- Freddie Mercury When the band released a Greatest Hits cassette in Iran , a leaflet in Persian was included with translation and explanations ( refers to a book published in Iran called The March of the Black Queen by Sarah Sefati and Farhad Arkani , which included the whole biography of the band and complete lyrics with Persian translation ( 2000 ) ) . In the explanation , Queen states that `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' is about a young man who has accidentally killed someone and , like Faust , sold his soul to the devil . On the night before his execution , he calls for God saying , `` Bismillah '' ( `` In the name of God '' in Arabic ) , and with the help of angels , regains his soul from Shaitan ( the devil in Islam ) . Despite this , critics , both journalistic and academic , have speculated over the meaning behind the song 's lyrics . Some believe the lyrics describe a suicidal murderer haunted by demons or depict events just preceding an execution . The latter explanation points to Albert Camus 's novel The Stranger , in which a young man confesses to an impulsive murder and has an epiphany before he is executed , as probable inspiration . Others believe the lyrics were only written to fit with the music , and have no meaning ; Kenny Everett quoted Mercury as claiming the lyrics were simply `` random rhyming nonsense '' . Still others interpreted them as Mercury 's way of dealing with personal issues . Music scholar Sheila Whiteley observes that Mercury reached a turning point in his personal life in the year he wrote `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . He had been living with Mary Austin for seven years but had just embarked on his first love affair with a man . She suggests that the song provides an insight into Mercury 's emotional state at the time , `` living with Mary ( ' Mamma ' , as in Mother Mary ) and wanting to break away ( ' Mamma Mia let me go ' ) '' . Others suggest it as veiled reference to coming out , and dealing with the grave repercussions of the sodomy laws of the time . Release ( edit ) One of Side - A labels of the US single release When the band wanted to release the single in 1975 , various executives suggested to them that , at 5 minutes and 55 seconds , it was too long and would never be a hit . The song was played to other musicians who commented the band had no hope of it ever being played on radio . According to producer Roy Thomas Baker , he and the band bypassed this corporate decision by playing the song for Capital Radio DJ Kenny Everett : `` we had a reel - to - reel copy but we told him he could only have it if he promised not to play it . ' I wo n't play it , ' he said , winking ... '' Their plan worked -- Everett teased his listeners by playing only parts of the song . Audience demand intensified when Everett played the full song on his show 14 times in two days . Hordes of fans attempted to buy the single the following Monday , only to be told by record stores that it had not yet been released . The same weekend , Paul Drew , who ran the RKO stations in the States , heard the track on Everett 's show in London . Drew managed to get a copy of the tape and started to play it in the States , which forced the hand of Queen 's US label , Elektra . In an interview with Sound on Sound , Baker reflects that `` it was a strange situation where radio on both sides of the Atlantic was breaking a record that the record companies said would never get airplay ! '' Eventually the unedited single was released , with `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' as the B - side . Following Everett 's escapade in October 1975 , Eric Hall , a well known record plugger , gave a copy to David `` Diddy '' Hamilton to play on his weekday Radio One show . Eric stated `` Monster , Monster ! This could be a hit ! '' The song became the 1975 UK Christmas number one , holding the top position for nine weeks . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was the first song ever to get to number one in the UK twice with the same version , and is also the only single to have been Christmas number one twice with the same version . The second was upon its re-release ( as a double A-side single with `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ) in 1991 following Mercury 's death , staying at number one for five weeks . In the United States , the single was also a success , although to a lesser extent than in the UK . The single , released in December 1975 , reached number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of one million copies . A re-release in 1992 ( popularized by the song 's appearance in the hit film Wayne 's World ) reached number two . In a retrospective interview , Anthony DeCurtis of Rolling Stone explains why the song performed less strongly in the US charts by saying that it 's `` the quintessential example of the kind of thing that does n't exactly go over well in America '' . Its chart run of 24 weeks , however , placed it at number 18 on Billboard 's year - end chart , higher than some number ones of the year . In its 1992 chart resurgence , it lasted 17 weeks on the chart and peaked at number two , with a year - end chart position of 39 . It was certified gold by the RIAA a second time on 8 August 2005 for digital download sales over 100,000 , and quadruple platinum on 23 April 2014 for combined digital sales and streams . It has sold 4.4 million digital copies in the US as of September 2017 . With the Canadian record - buying public , the single fared better , reaching number one in the RPM national singles chart for the week ending 1 May 1976 . Promotional video ( edit ) Though some artists had made video clips to accompany songs ( including Queen themselves ; for example , `` Keep Yourself Alive '' , `` Seven Seas of Rhye '' , `` Killer Queen '' and `` Liar '' already had `` pop promos '' , as they were known at the time ) , it was only after the success of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' that it became regular practice for record companies to produce promotional videos for artists ' single releases . These videos could then be shown on television shows , such as the BBC 's Top of the Pops , without the need for the artist to appear in person . A promo video also allowed the artist to have their music broadcast and accompanied by their own choice of visuals , rather than dancers such as Pan 's People . According to May , the video was produced so that the band could avoid miming on Top of the Pops , since they would have looked off miming to such a complex song . He also said that the band knew they would be set to appear at Dundee 's Caird Hall on tour and unable to appear on the programme anyway . The video has been hailed as launching the MTV age . The band used Trillion , a subsidiary of Trident Studios , their former management company and recording studio . They hired one of their trucks and got it to Elstree Studios , where the band were rehearsing for their tour . The video was directed by Bruce Gowers , who had directed a video of the band 's 1974 performance at the Rainbow Theatre in London , and was recorded by cameraman Barry Dodd and assistant director / floor manager Jim McCutcheon . The video was recorded in just four hours on 10 November 1975 , at a cost of £ 4,500 . Gowers reported that the band was involved in the discussion of the video and the end result , and `` was a co-operative to that extent , but there was only one leader . '' The video opens with a shot of the four band members in near darkness as they sing the a cappella part . The lights fade up , and the shots cross-fade into close - ups of Freddie . The composition of the shot is the same as Mick Rock 's cover photograph for their second album Queen II . The photo , inspired by a photograph of actress Marlene Dietrich , was the band 's favourite image of themselves . The video then fades into them playing their instruments . In the opera section of the video , the scene reverts to the Queen II standing positions , after which they perform once again on stage during the hard rock segment . In the closing seconds of the video Roger Taylor is depicted stripped to the waist , striking the tam tam in the manner of the trademark of the Rank Organisation 's Gongman , familiar in the UK as the opening of all Rank film productions . All of the special effects were achieved during the recording , rather than editing . The visual effect of Mercury 's face cascading away ( during the echoed line `` go '' ) was accomplished by pointing the camera at a monitor , giving visual feedback , a glare analogous to audio feedback . The honeycomb illusion was created using a shaped lens . The video was edited within five hours because it was due to be broadcast the same week in which it was taped . The video was sent to the BBC as soon as it was completed and aired for the first time on Top of the Pops in November 1975 . After a few weeks at number one , an edit of the video was created . The most obvious difference is the flames superimposed over the introduction as well as several alternate camera angles . Critical reception ( edit ) Although the song has become one of the most revered in popular music history , the initial critical reaction was mixed . The UK music papers reacted with bemusement , recognising that the song was original and technically accomplished , but they mostly remained indifferent . Pete Erskine of NME observed that , `` It 'll be interesting to see whether it 'll be played in its entirety on the radio . It 's performed extremely well , but more in terms of production than anything else ... Someone somewhere has decided that the boys ' next release must sound ' epic ' . And it does . They sound extremely self - important . '' Allan Jones of Melody Maker was unimpressed , describing the song as `` a superficially impressive pastiche of incongruous musical styles '' and that Queen `` contrived to approximate the demented fury of the Balham Amateur Operatic Society performing The Pirates of Penzance ... ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' is full of drama , passion and romance and sounds rather like one of those mini-opera affairs that Pete Townsend ( sic ) used to tack on to the end of Who albums '' , before concluding , `` The significance of the composition eludes me totally , though I must admit to finding it horrifically fascinating . It 's likely to be a hit of enormous proportions despite its length . '' Ray Fox - Cumming of Record Mirror was also left unmoved , saying , `` It has no immediate selling point whatsoever : among its many parts . there 's scarcely a shred of a tune and certainly no one line to latch onto . There 's no denying that it 's devilishly clever , encompassing everything from bits of operatic harmonies to snatches that sound like Sparks and David Cassidy , but , in the end the whole adds up to less than the sum of its parts . '' He did , however , admit that it was `` unthinkable '' that it would n't be a hit . The most positive review came from Sounds , which called it `` impossibly disjointed and complex , but a dazzlingly clever epic from the fevered mind of Freddie Mercury '' . Legacy ( edit ) The Queen Extravaganza performing the song at the Fox Theatre , Detroit in 2012 In terms of execution , the song is preceded by the Beach Boys ' 1966 single `` Good Vibrations '' , which was also pieced together using various different sections . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was praised by Beach Boys leader Brian Wilson , who in 1976 called it `` the most competitive thing that 's come along in ages '' and `` a fulfillment and an answer to a teenage prayer -- of artistic music '' . Greg Lake , whose song `` I Believe in Father Christmas '' was kept from number one in the UK by `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' when it was released in 1975 , acknowledged that he was `` beaten by one of the greatest records ever made '' , describing it as `` a once - in - a-lifetime recording '' . Addressing the song 's enduring popularity , author and music lecturer Jochen Eisentraut wrote in 2012 : `` A year before punk made it unfashionable , progressive rock had an astounding success with the theoretically over-length ( nearly 6 - minute ) single ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' which bore many of the hallmarks of the ' prog ' genre '' . He said it was `` unique at this point to hear a hit single in this style '' , it was `` more accessible than other music of the genre '' and was `` able to communicate beyond the usual confines of the style '' . Author and progressive rock historian Stephen Lambe called it a `` remarkable '' single and said it `` provides a neat but coincidental bridge between prog in its prime and the move to more aggressive songwriting '' , suggesting the song `` feels like a grotesque ( although probably unintentional ) parody of progressive rock '' . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide described it as `` either a prog - rock benchmark or the most convoluted novelty song ever recorded '' . Writing for the BBC in 2015 , the Chicago Tribune 's music critic Greg Kot called it a `` prog - rock pocket operetta '' and said the song 's `` reign as a work of wigged - out genius rather than a dated gimmick testifies to its go - for - broke attitude -- one that has resonated across generations '' . In 2009 , The Guardian 's music critic , Tom Service , examined the song 's relationship with the traditions of classical music , describing its popularity as `` one of the strangest musical phenomena out there '' : The precedents of Bohemian Rhapsody are as much in the 19th - century classical traditions of rhapsodic , quasi-improvisational reveries -- like , say , the piano works of Schumann or Chopin or the tone - poems of Strauss or Liszt -- as they are in prog - rock or the contemporary pop of 1975 . That 's because the song manages a sleight of musical hand that only a handful of real master - musicians have managed : the illusion that its huge variety of styles -- from intro , to ballad , to operatic excess , to hard - rock , to reflective coda -- are unified into a single statement , a drama that somehow makes sense . It 's a classic example of the unity in diversity that high - minded musical commentators have heard in the symphonies of Beethoven or the operas of Mozart . And that 's exactly what the piece is : a miniature operatic - rhapsodic - symphonic - tone - poem . Comparison was also made between the song and Led Zeppelin 's 1971 epic `` Stairway to Heaven '' by music writers Pete Prown and HP Newquist . They observed both songs were `` a slow , introspective beginning and gradual climb to a raging metal jam and back again '' , with the notable distinction being `` while Zeppelin meshed folk influences with heavy metal , Queen opted for the light grandeur of the operetta as part of its hard rock '' . They said `` for sheer cleverness alone , not to mention May 's riveting electric work , ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' rightfully became one of the top singles of 1975 and established Queen in the elite of seventies rock bands '' . In 2015 , The Economist described it as `` one of the most innovative pieces of the progressive rock era '' . It wrote `` though Led Zeppelin 's John Paul Jones and The Beatles ' Paul McCartney had experimented with symphonic elements , and Roger Waters of Pink Floyd and Pete Townshend of The Who had created narrative albums with distinct ' movements ' , none had had the audacity to import a miniature opera into rock music . '' Accolades ( edit ) The song has won numerous awards , and has been covered and parodied by many artists . In 1977 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' received two Grammy Award nominations for Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus and Best Arrangement for Voices . In 1977 , only two years after its release , the British Phonographic Industry named `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' as the best British single of the period 1952 -- 77 . It is a regular entry in greatest - songs polls , and it was named by the Guinness Book of Records in 2002 as the top British single of all time . The song is also listed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . Robbie Williams on stage in Poland in 2015 performing the song with the Queen image in the background The song also came in tenth in a BBC World Service poll to find the world 's favourite song . In 2000 it came second to `` Imagine '' by John Lennon in a Channel 4 television poll of The 100 Best Number 1s . It has been in the top 5 of the Dutch annual `` Top 100 Aller Tijden '' ( `` All - Time Top 100 ( Singles ) '' ) since 1977 , reaching number one on eight occasions , more than any other artist . In 1999 , the annual `` Top 2000 '' poll commenced to find the best songs ever made , and `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' has been ranked number one in all but four years ( 2005 , 2010 , 2014 and 2015 when it was number two ) . In a 2012 readers poll conducted by Rolling Stone , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was voted the best vocal performance in rock history . In 2010 , the song ranked at 166 on Rolling Stone magazine 's `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' list . In 2004 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . As of 2004 , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' is the second most played song on British radio , in clubs and on jukeboxes collectively , after Procol Harum 's `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' . On 30 September 2007 on the Radio 1 Chart Show , for BBC Radio 1 's 40th birthday , it was revealed that `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was the most played song since Radio 1 's launch . In 2004 , BBC Three featured the song as part of their The Story of ... series of documentaries dedicated to specific songs . First broadcast in December 2004 , the programme charted the history of the song , discussed its credentials , and took Roger Taylor and Brian May of Queen back to one of the studios in which it was recorded . In 2012 , the song topped an ITV poll in the UK to find `` The Nation 's Favourite Number One '' over 60 years of music , ahead of Michael Jackson 's `` Billie Jean '' ( No. 2 ) , Adele 's `` Someone like You '' ( No. 3 ) , Oasis ' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( No. 4 ) and The Beatles ' `` Hey Jude '' ( No. 5 ) . The song was also ranked # 5 in RadioMafia 's list of `` Top 500 Songs '' . The song was also included in the music video games Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock and Rock Band 3 . The song was featured in the second trailer and the ending of the 2016 film Suicide Squad , and appears on the soundtrack album for the film , covered by American band Panic ! at the Disco . Wayne 's World ( edit ) The song enjoyed renewed popularity in 1992 due to its inclusion in the soundtrack to the film Wayne 's World . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was re-released as a double A-side cassette single with `` The Show Must Go On '' in January 1992 to commemorate the death of Freddie Mercury , with proceeds going to the Magic Johnson Foundation for AIDS research . Following the release of the film and soundtrack album in February , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart after 16 years , reaching number two . The film 's director , Penelope Spheeris , was hesitant to use the song , as it did not entirely fit with the lead characters , who were fans of less flamboyant hard rock and heavy metal . Mike Myers insisted that the song fit the scene . According to music scholar Theodore Gracyk , by 1992 , when the film was released , even `` classic rock '' stations had stopped playing the almost - six - minute song . Gracyk suggests that beginning the tape in the middle of the song after `` the lyrics which provide the song 's narrative ... forces the film 's audience to respond to its presence in the scene without the ' commentary ' of the lyrics '' . Helped by the song , the soundtrack album of the film was a major hit . In connection with this , a new video was released , interspersing excerpts from the film with footage from the original Queen video , along with some live footage of the band . Myers was horrified that the record company had mixed clips from Wayne 's World with Queen 's original video , fearing that this would upset the band . He said , `` they 've just whizzed on a Picasso . '' He asked the record company to tell Queen that the video was not his idea , and that he apologised to them . The band , though , sent a reply simply saying , `` Thank you for using our song . '' This astonished Myers , who responded , `` Thank you for even letting me touch the hem of your garments ! '' The Wayne 's World video version of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' won Queen its only MTV Video Music Award for `` Best Video from a Film '' . When remaining members Brian May and Roger Taylor took the stage to accept the award , Brian May was overcome with emotion and said that `` Freddie would be tickled . '' In the final scene of said video , a pose of the band from the video from the original `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' clip morphs into an identically posed 1985 photo , first featured in the `` One Vision '' video . The song was also featured in the movie Loaded Weapon 1 in a scene parodying Wayne 's World . 40th Anniversary ( edit ) To mark the 40th anniversary of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , the song was released on a limited edition 12 '' vinyl with the original B - side `` I 'm In Love With My Car '' on 27 November 2015 for Record Store Day 2015 . Queen also released A Night At The Odeon , Live At Hammersmith 75 , on CD , DVD & Blu - ray . This includes the first live `` professionally '' recorded performance of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . However , the very first recording and live performance of Bohemian Rhapsody was the performance on 14 November 1975 in Liverpool . Live Performances ( edit ) This Section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' live at Milton Keynes Bowl ( 1982 ) In live performances , the operatic segment would be played from tape as it was too complicated for the band to perform live . As the heavy rock segment followed , the band would return to the stage . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The a cappella opening was too complex to perform live , so Mercury tried various ways of introducing the song . When the song `` Mustapha '' became a live favourite , Mercury would often sub in that song 's a cappella opening , which was easier to reproduce live as it was only one voice . During the Hot Space Tour , and occasionally at other times , Mercury would do a piano improvisation ( generally the introduction to `` Death on Two Legs '' ) that ended with the first notes of the song . Often , the preceding song would end , and Mercury would sit at the piano , say a quick word and start playing the ballad section . From left to right : Deacon , Taylor and May in concert in Hanover in 1979 . Behind the drum kit is the tam - tam used at the end of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Initially following the song 's release , the operatic middle section proved a problem for the band . Because of extensive multi-tracking , it could not be performed on stage . The band did not have enough of a break between the Sheer Heart Attack and A Night at the Opera tours to find a way to make it work live , so they split the song into three sections that were played throughout the night . The opening and closing ballads were played as part of a medley , with `` Killer Queen '' and `` March of the Black Queen '' taking the place of the operatic and hard rock sections . In 1976 concerts where the same medley was played , the operatic section from the album would be played from tape as the introduction to the setlist . During this playback , Mercury would appear briefly to sing live for the line , `` I see a little sillhouetto of a man '' . As the song segued into the hard rock section , the band would emerge on the smoke filled stage -- the playback would end at this point , and the hard rock section would be performed live ( without the final ballad section , which appeared later in the set ) . Starting with the A Day at the Races Tour in 1977 , the band adopted their lasting way of playing the song live . The opening ballad would be played on stage , and after Brian May 's guitar solo , the lights would go down , the band would leave the stage , and the operatic section would be played from tape , while coloured stage lights provided a light show based around the voices of the opera section . A blast of pyrotechnics after Roger Taylor 's high note on the final `` for me '' would announce the band 's return for the hard rock section and closing ballad . Queen played the song in this form all through the Magic Tour of 1986 . This style was also used for the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert , with Elton John singing the opening ballad and then after the taped operatic section , Axl Rose singing the hard rock section . John and Rose sang the closing ballad part together in a duet . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was performed by Queen + Paul Rodgers throughout their tours , accompanied by a video of Mercury . Footage from the Live at Wembley ' 86 was used for the 2005 / 6 tour , and the 1981 Montreal performance used for the Rock the Cosmos Tour . As with the Queen tours , the band went backstage for the operatic section , which was accompanied by a video tribute to Freddie Mercury . When the hard rock section began , the lights came back up to the full band on stage , including Rodgers , who took over lead vocals . Rodgers duetted with the recording of Mercury for the `` outro '' section , allowing the audience to sing the final `` Nothing really matters to me '' , while the taped Mercury took a bow for the crowd . Rodgers would then repeat the line , and the final line ( `` Any way the wind blows '' ) was delivered with one last shot of Mercury smiling at the audience . Commenting upon this staging , Brian May says that they `` had to rise to the challenge of getting Freddie in there in a way which gave him his rightful place , but without demeaning Paul in any way . It also kept us live and ' present ' , although conscious and proud of our past , as we logically should be . '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was performed by Queen + Adam Lambert on Queen & Adam Lambert Rock Big Ben Live , with a different live version which has never been done before -- the opening ballad was shared between Lambert & Mercury , then after May 's guitar solo , instead of the normal light show while the opera section was played from a tape , the band stayed on and performed `` Killer Queen '' instead . At the end of `` Killer Queen '' , the band performed the rock and outro sections of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) 22 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( IFPI ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 18 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Cash Box 6 Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) Double A-side with `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Double A-side with `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 18 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 36 France ( SNEP ) 15 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 16 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Position UK Singles ( BMRB ) 22 Chart ( 1976 ) Position Canada RPM Top 100 6 UK Singles ( BMRB ) 35 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Cash Box Singles 52 Chart ( 1991 ) Position UK Singles ( Gallup ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 41 UK Singles ( Gallup ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 39 US Cash Box Singles 22 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 -- 79 ) Position UK Singles ( OCC ) 7 Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position UK Singles 23 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 2,540,604 United States ( RIAA ) ( physical ) Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( digital ) 6 × Platinum 4,445,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . Queen comments on the record ( edit ) I 'm going to shatter some illusions , it was just one of those pieces I wrote for the album : just writing my batch of songs . In its early stages I almost rejected it , but then it grew . We started deciding on a single about halfway through . There were a few contenders -- we were thinking of `` The Prophet 's Song '' at one point -- but then `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' seemed the one . There was a time when the others wanted to chop it around a bit , but I refused . If it was going to be released , it would be in its entirety . We knew it was very risky , but we had so much confidence in that song -- I did anyway . I felt , underneath it all , that if it was successful it would earn a lot of respect . People were all going , You 're joking , they 'll never play it , you 'll only hear the first few bars and then they 'll fade it out . We had numerous rows . EMI were shocked -- a six - minute single ? You must be joking ! The same in America -- oh , you just got away with it in Britain . -- Freddie Mercury , 1976 When we finished the album , the Night at the Opera album , that was the track on it that we thought we were gon na release as a single in the UK first . And when we released it in Britain we did n't necessarily think it 'd be released in America , cause we know even over here , you know , the AM tastes are even more ( hesitates ) stricter . Anyway we did have thoughts about even in the UK , perhaps editing it down at all , but we listened to it over and over again and there was no way we could edit it . We tried a few ideas , but if you edited it , you always lost some part of the song , so we had to leave it all in . And luckily it took off anyway . -- John Deacon , 1977 The vocal harmonies was something we wanted to do from the beginning , as we are always keen to do that kind of thing . We wanted to be a group that could do the heaviness of hard rock , but also have harmonies swooping around all over the place . We thought there was some real power and emotion in that combination . The guitar solo was pretty much off the cuff , except I think I had plenty of time to think about that one . I remember playing along with it in the studio for a while when other things were being done . I knew what kind of melody I wanted to play . -- Brian May , 1982 Personnel ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Freddie Mercury -- lead and backing vocals , piano , operatic vocals ( middle register ) Brian May -- electric guitar , operatic vocals ( low register ) Roger Taylor -- drums , timpani , gong , operatic vocals ( high register ) John Deacon -- bass guitar See also ( edit ) List of Bohemian Rhapsody cover versions List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Horton , Matthew ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` Queen : 20 Things You Probably Never Knew About ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' '' . NME . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Service , Tom ( 8 December 2009 ) . `` Bohemian Rhapsody : Mamma , we 've killed a song '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eisentraut , Jochen ( 2012 ) . The Accessibility of Music : Participation , Reception , and Contact . Cambridge University Press . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1107024830 . progressive rock had an astounding success with the theoretically over-length ( nearly 6 minute ) single ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' which bore many of the hallmarks of the ' prog ' genre ^ Jump up to : Cunningham 1995 . Jump up ^ Hodkinson 2004 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Dadds , Kimberley ( 19 July 2007 ) . `` The UK 's longest - running chart toppers '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Corn 2005 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Every Official Christmas Number 1 ever '' . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Heatley 2008 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( 30 October 2015 ) . `` Party On : Queen 's Brian May Remembers ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' on 40th Anniversary '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Hann , Michael ( 12 June 2011 ) . `` Queen herald the age of the music video '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Recording Academy 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen 's Bohemian Rhapsody voted the Nation 's Favourite Number 1 Single '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 January 2012 Jump up ^ `` Reader 's Poll : The Best Vocal Performances in Rock History '' . Rolling Stone . 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : BBC 2004b . ^ Jump up to : Chiu 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Whiteley 2006 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Peraino 2005 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( 2011 ) , `` Interview '' , Queen : Days of our Lives ( documentary ) , BBC ^ Jump up to : Hodkinson 2004 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Classic Albums 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Kot , Greg ( 24 August 2015 ) . `` The strangest rock classic ever ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . The prog - rock pocket operetta has sold more than 6 million copies worldwide Jump up ^ Fowles , Paul ( 2009 ) . A Concise History of Rock Music . Mel Bay Publications , Inc. p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0786666430 . Bohemian Rhapsody could easily have been dismissed as a fitting farewell to the dying genre of symphonic rock , had it not been for the fact that it was this record alone that elevated a previously middle - ranking commercial rock band to superstar status Jump up ^ de Haan , Jan - Jaap . `` Queen : A Night At The Opera '' . Dutch Progressive Rock Page . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . If you have to explain the concept of symphonic rock to anyone completely unfamiliar with Genesis , Pink Floyd or Marillion ( yes , these people exist ) , you have to mention just one song : Bohemian Rhapsody ^ Jump up to : Pete Prown ; HP Newquist ( 1997 ) . Legends of Rock Guitar : The Essential Reference of Rock 's Greatest Guitarists . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0793540426 . ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' was akin to Led Zeppelin 's ' Stairway to Heaven . ' But while Zeppelin meshed folk influences with heavy metal , Queen opted for the light grandeur of the operetta as part of its hard rock ^ Jump up to : `` Bohemian Rhapsody 's long legacy '' . The Economist. 27 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Breithaupt , Don ; Breithaupt , Jeff ( 2000 ) , Night Moves : Pop Music in the Late ' 70s , St. Martin 's Press , p. 67 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 19821 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Queensongs.info . Jump up ^ Cateforis , Theo ( 2012 ) . The Rock History Reader . Routledge . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0415892131 . Jump up ^ Macan , Edward ( 1997 ) . Rocking the Classics : English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture . Oxford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 0195098884 . Jump up ^ John Covach ; Graeme M. Boone , eds. ( 1997 ) . Understanding Rock : Essays in Musical Analysis . Oxford University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0195100051 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Queen biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McLeod , Ken ( May 2001 ) . `` Bohemian Rhapsodies : Operatic Influences on Rock Music '' . Popular Music . Cambridge University Press . 20 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 203 . doi : 10.1017 / s0261143001001404 . JSTOR 853651 . ^ Jump up to : Whiteley 2006 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Black 2002 . Jump up ^ Davis 1993 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ BBC 2004a . Jump up ^ `` Is Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Actually About Coming Out ? - Pitchfork `` . pitchfork.com . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bohemian rhapsody celebrates 40 YEARS : 19 things you did n't know about the queen anthem '' . Express Online . 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lesley - Ann ( 2012 ) . Freddie Mercury : The Definitive Biography . Hodder & Stoughton . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 44473 - 369 - 3 . Jump up ^ BBC 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Gold & Platinum Searchable Database . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Singles '' . Billboard ( `` Billboard 's Talent in Action '' supplement ) . 25 December 1976 . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4125a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ Muikku , Jari ( 1990 ) . `` On the role and tasks of a record producer '' . Popular Music and Society . 14 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 33 . doi : 10.1080 / 03007769008591381 . ^ Jump up to : Lambe , Stephen ( 2013 ) . Citizens of Hope and Glory : The Story of Progressive Rock ( Second ed . ) . The Hill , Stroud : Amberley Publishing . p. 58 . ISBN 9781445607375 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Erskine , Pete ( 1 November 1975 ) . `` Platters '' . NME . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Jones , Allan ( 1 November 1975 ) . `` All that glitters is not ... '' . Melody Maker . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Fox - Cumming , Ray ( 1 November 1975 ) . `` Singles '' . Record Mirror & Disc . p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Singles '' . Sounds . 1 November 1975 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ McAlpine , Fraser ( 10 October 2015 ) . `` 10 Things You May Not Know About Queen 's ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' '' . BBC America . Jump up ^ Cromelin , Richard ( 7 August 1976 ) . `` Pet Sounds & The California Consciousness '' . Sounds . Jump up ^ Mulholland , Garry ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` The Making Of ... Greg Lake 's I Believe In Father Christmas '' . Uncut . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Nathan Brackett ; Christian Hoard , eds. ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Simon & Schuster Ltd. p. 668 . ISBN 978 - 0743201698 . Jump up ^ `` Queen -- Artist -- Grammy.com '' . Grammy Awards database search . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gracyk 2007 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ BBC 2002 . Jump up ^ Radio Veronica . Jump up ^ Top 2000 Lijst radio2.nl . Retrieved 18 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` 1 . Queen , ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' -- Readers ' Poll : The Best Vocal Performances in Rock History '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 16 Aug 2018 . Jump up ^ ClashMusic.com 2009 . Jump up ^ Radiomafian Top 500 ( v. 1995 ) Archived 29 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Finnish ) . yle.fi . Accessed on 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 17 June 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Soundtrack : Skrillex & Rick Ross , Panic ! at the Disco Cover ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Gracyk 2007 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Gracyk 2007 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Made in Heaven video documentary `` Champions of the World . '' Jump up ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Jump up ^ `` First Performance of Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Jump up ^ `` QUEEN LIVE - information on concerts ; reviews , pictures , and more '' . www.queenlive.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://jonh-ingham.blogspot.ca/2007/02/queen-riot-at-opera.html%7CArticle by John Ingham , published 29 November 1975 Accessed 4 December 2014 Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : Q '' . Hit Parade Italia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 2 , 1976 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.nz -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 - 1989 Songs A-B '' . South Africa Rock Lists . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Singles Top 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 the Week of April 24 , 1976 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Singles '' . 24 April 1976 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Bohemian Rhapsody / The Days of Our Lives '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2123 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2131 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 2 , 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Queen Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles '' . 16 May 1992 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Best Sellers : Singles '' . Record Mirror and Disc . London , England : Spotlight Publications . 10 January 1976 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Lyttle , Brendan ( 8 January 1977 ) . `` Top 200 singles of ' 76 '' . RPM . Vol. 26 no . 14 -- 15 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles of 1976 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications . 25 December 1976 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Nigel , ed. ( 1977 ) . `` Top 100 Singles 1976 '' . BPI Year Book 1977 ( 2nd ed . ) . London , England : The British Phonographic Industry Ltd . pp. 216 -- 18 . ISBN 0 - 906154 - 00 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1976 '' . Cash Box . 25 December 1976 . p. 62 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Top 100 Singles '' . Music Week . 11 January 1992 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles '' . Music Week . 16 January 1993 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard ( `` 1992 : The Year in Music '' supplement ) . 26 December 1992 . p . YE - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Pop Singles '' . Cash Box . 26 December 1992 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Singles of the Seventies '' . Music Week ( `` 1959 -- 2009 : Anniversary Special '' supplement ) . London , England . 19 September 2009 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Queen ; ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Bohemian Rhapsody in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . 9 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Freddie Mercury Interview , January 1976 , Sounds References ( edit ) Hodkinson , Mark ( 2004 ) . Queen : The Early Years . Music Sales Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84449 - 012 - 2 . Pope , Rob ( 2002 ) . The English Studies Book : An Introduction to Language , Literature and Culture . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 25709 - 3 . `` Smashed Hits : What is a Bohemian Rhapsody ? '' . BBC News . 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Corn , John ( 2005 ) . Britain Since 1948 . Folens Publishers . ISBN 1 - 84303 - 985 - 0 . Heatley , Michael ( 2008 ) . Massive Music Moments . Collins and Brown . ISBN 1 - 84340 - 493 - 1 . Directed by Carl Johnston ( 4 December 2004 ) . The Story of Bohemian Rhapsody ( Television production ) . BBC . Peraino , Judith ( 2005 ) . Listening to the Sirens : Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21587 - 7 . Chiu , David ( 27 December 2005 ) . `` Unconventional Queen Hit Still Rocks After 30 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Allen , Nick ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Muppets ' Bohemian Rhapsody takes YouTube by storm '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 April 2010 . Davis , Andy ( 1993 ) . `` Queen 's Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Record Collector ( 167 ) : 20 . Black , Johnny ( 2002 ) . `` The Greatest Songs Ever ! Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Blender . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . `` Queen album brings rock to Iran '' . BBC News . 24 August 2004 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Gracyk , Theodore ( 2007 ) . Listening to Popular Music : Or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Led Zeppelin . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 06983 - 7 . `` Grammy Hall of Fame Award '' . Grammy.com. 2004 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . `` Most Played Song On British Radio '' . ClashMusic.com. 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Cunningham , Mark ( October 1995 ) . `` An Invitation to the Opera '' . Sound on Sound . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Directed by Matthew Longfellow ( 21 March 2006 ) . A Making of ' A Night at the Opera ' ( DVD ) . Classic Albums . `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 2004 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . `` Irish song voted world 's favourite '' . BBC News . 20 December 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . `` Top 100 Aller Tijden '' . Radio Veronica . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Buckley , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Rock . Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 457 - 0 . Whiteley , Sheila ( 2006 ) . Queering the Popular Pitch . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97805 - X . `` Press Release : Queen + The Muppets Single '' . BrianMay.com. 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . BBC Radio 2 . April 2005 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . `` Queen : inducted in 2001 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Chael , David ( 13 October 2008 ) . `` Review : Queen and Paul Rodgers on tour '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . `` Bohemian Rhapsody Chart Entries '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . External links ( edit ) Original music video Queen Brian May Roger Taylor Freddie Mercury John Deacon Studio albums Queen Queen II Sheer Heart Attack A Night at the Opera A Day at the Races News of the World Jazz The Game Hot Space The Works A Kind of Magic The Miracle Innuendo Made in Heaven Live albums Live Killers Live Magic At the Beeb Live at Wembley ' 86 Queen on Fire -- Live at the Bowl Queen Rock Montreal Hungarian Rhapsody : Queen Live in Budapest Live at the Rainbow ' 74 A Night at the Odeon -- Hammersmith 1975 On Air Soundtracks Flash Gordon Bohemian Rhapsody Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits II Classic Queen The 12 '' Collection Queen Rocks Greatest Hits III Stone Cold Classics The A -- Z of Queen , Volume 1 Absolute Greatest Deep Cuts , Volume 1 ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Deep Cuts , Volume 2 ( 1977 -- 1982 ) Deep Cuts , Volume 3 ( 1984 -- 1995 ) Icon Queen Forever On Air Additional albums Five Live ( with George Michael ) The Cosmos Rocks ( with Paul Rodgers ) Box sets The Complete Works CD Single Box Box of Tricks Ultimate Queen The Crown Jewels The Platinum Collection The Singles Collection Volume 1 The Singles Collection Volume 2 The Singles Collection Volume 3 The Singles Collection Volume 4 On Air Videography We Will Rock You Live in Rio The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert Greatest Video Hits 1 Queen at Wembley Queen Rocks Greatest Video Hits 2 We Are the Champions : Final Live in Japan Queen on Fire -- Live at the Bowl Queen Rock Montreal Hungarian Rhapsody : Queen Live in Budapest Live at the Rainbow ' 74 A Night at the Odeon -- Hammersmith 1975 Tours Queen II Tour Sheer Heart Attack Tour A Night at the Opera Tour Summer Gigs 1976 A Day at the Races Tour News of the World Tour Jazz Tour Crazy Tour The Game Tour Hot Space Tour The Works Tour The Magic Tour Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour Rock the Cosmos Tour Queen + Adam Lambert Tour 2012 Queen + Adam Lambert Tour 2014 -- 2015 Queen + Adam Lambert 2016 Summer Festival Tour Queen + Adam Lambert Tour 2017 -- 2018 Related Discography Awards Live performances Songs The Story of Bohemian Rhapsody Queen + Paul Rodgers Queen + Adam Lambert Queen & Adam Lambert Rock Big Ben Live Larry Lurex Mike Grose Smile The Cross The Brian May Band One Night of Queen Queen : The eYe Trident Studios Musicland Studios Abbey Road Studios Olympic Studios Metropolis Studios Rockfield Studios AIR Studios Island Studios The Town House We Will Rock You ( musical ) We Will Rock You : 10th Anniversary Tour Queen at the Ballet Deacy Amp Mercury Phoenix Trust Queen Extravaganza Tour Mountain Studios Red Special Spike Edney Jim Beach John Reid List of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' cover versions SingStar Queen Dragon Attack : A Tribute to Queen Stone Cold Queen : A Tribute Killer Queen : A Tribute to Queen A Night at the Hip Hopera Bohemian Rhapsody ( film ) Book Category Portal Queen songs Discography Queen `` Keep Yourself Alive '' `` Liar '' Queen II `` Seven Seas of Rhye '' Sheer Heart Attack `` Killer Queen '' / `` Flick of the Wrist '' `` Now I 'm Here '' `` Lily of the Valley '' `` Stone Cold Crazy '' A Night at the Opera `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` You 're My Best Friend '' `` Love of My Life '' A Day at the Races `` Somebody to Love '' `` Tie Your Mother Down '' `` Teo Torriatte ( Let Us Cling Together ) '' `` Long Away '' `` Good Old - Fashioned Lover Boy '' News of the World `` We Are the Champions '' / `` We Will Rock You '' `` Spread Your Wings '' `` It 's Late '' Jazz `` Bicycle Race '' / `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' `` Jealousy '' `` Mustapha '' Live Killers `` Love of My Life '' ( Live ) `` We Will Rock You '' ( Live ) The Game `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' `` Save Me '' `` Play the Game '' `` Another One Bites the Dust '' `` Need Your Loving Tonight '' Flash Gordon `` Flash '' Hot Space `` Under Pressure '' ( with David Bowie ) `` Body Language '' `` Las Palabras de Amor '' `` Calling All Girls '' `` Staying Power '' `` Back Chat '' The Works `` Radio Ga Ga '' `` I Want to Break Free '' `` It 's a Hard Life '' `` Hammer to Fall '' A Kind of Magic `` One Vision '' `` A Kind of Magic '' `` Princes of the Universe '' `` Friends Will Be Friends '' `` Pain Is So Close to Pleasure '' `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' `` One Year of Love '' The Miracle `` I Want It All '' `` Breakthru '' `` The Invisible Man '' `` Scandal '' `` The Miracle '' Innuendo `` Innuendo '' `` I 'm Going Slightly Mad '' `` Headlong '' `` I Ca n't Live with You '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' Made in Heaven `` Heaven for Everyone '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` I Was Born to Love You '' `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' `` Let Me Live '' `` You Do n't Fool Me '' Queen Rocks `` No - One but You ( Only the Good Die Young ) '' / `` Tie Your Mother Down '' Greatest Hits III `` Under Pressure ( Rah Mix ) '' Non-album singles `` Thank God It 's Christmas '' `` Another One Bites the Dust ( Small Soldiers Remix ) '' `` We Will Rock You '' ( with Five ) `` We Are the Champions '' ( with Robbie Williams ) `` Flash ( Vanguard Mix ) '' `` Another One Bites the Dust ( The Miami Project Remixes ) '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( with The Muppets ) Other songs `` See What a Fool I 've Been '' `` Death on Two Legs '' `` Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon '' `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' `` ' 39 '' `` Sweet Lady '' `` Seaside Rendezvous '' `` The Prophet 's Song '' `` Good Company '' `` Sheer Heart Attack '' `` Is This the World We Created ... ? '' `` Ride the Wild Wind '' `` Delilah '' `` Made in Heaven '' `` Mother Love '' `` Let Me in Your Heart Again '' `` Love Kills '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Category UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1970s `` I Hear You Knocking '' ( Dave Edmunds , 1970 ) `` Ernie ( The Fastest Milkman in the West ) '' ( Benny Hill , 1971 ) `` Long Haired Lover from Liverpool '' ( Jimmy Osmond , 1972 ) `` Merry Xmas Everybody '' ( Slade , 1973 ) `` Lonely This Christmas '' ( Mud , 1974 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( Queen , 1975 ) `` When a Child Is Born '' ( Johnny Mathis , 1976 ) `` Mull of Kintyre '' ( Wings , 1977 ) `` Mary 's Boy Child '' ( Boney M. , 1978 ) `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part 2 ) '' ( Pink Floyd , 1979 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1990s `` Saviour 's Day '' ( Cliff Richard , 1990 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Queen , 1991 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston , 1992 ) `` Mr Blobby '' ( Mr Blobby , 1993 ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( East 17 , 1994 ) `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson , 1995 ) `` 2 Become 1 '' ( Spice Girls , 1996 ) `` Too Much '' ( Spice Girls , 1997 ) `` Goodbye '' ( Spice Girls , 1998 ) `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( Westlife , 1999 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Works based on Faust Folk legend Faust Johann Georg Faust Deal with the Devil in popular culture Simon Magus Theophilus of Adana Erdgeist Mephistopheles Pan Twardowski Stingy Jack Seminal works Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1587 chapbook ) Cenodoxus ( 1602 , play ) Doctor Faustus ( 1604 play ) Goethe 's Faust ( 1808 play ) Faust , Part One Faust , Part Two Prose `` Bearskin '' `` Daniel and the Devil '' Melmoth the Wanderer ( 1820 ) `` The Devil and Tom Walker '' ( 1824 ) St. John 's Eve ( 1830 ) Auriol ( 1844 ) Chasse - galerie ( 1892 ) The Sorrows of Satan ( 1896 ) Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll , Pataphysician ( 1898 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1929 -- 40 ) Mephisto ( 1936 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1937 ) None but Lucifer ( 1939 ) Doktor Faustus ( 1947 ) The Devil in Velvet ( 1951 ) The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant ( 1954 ) Gimmicks Three ( 1956 ) The Devil to Pay in the Backlands ( 1956 ) That Hell - Bound Train ( 1958 ) For a Breath I Tarry ( 1966 ) The Damnation Game ( 1986 ) Eric ( 1990 ) The Devil 's Own Work ( 1991 ) Jack Faust ( 1997 ) Johannes Cabal the Necromancer ( 2009 ) Plays Gretchen ( 1879 ) Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter ? ( 1955 ) The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon ( 1965 ) Temptation ( 1986 ) Operas Faust ( 1816 , Spohr ) La damnation de Faust ( 1846 , Berlioz ) Faust ( 1859 , Gounod ) Mefistofele ( 1868 , Boito ) Le petit Faust ( 1869 , Hervé ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1855 , Lutz ) Faust up to Date ( 1888 , Lutz ) Doktor Faust ( 1916 -- 25 , Busoni ) Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights ( 1938 ) The Rake 's Progress ( 1951 , Stravinsky ) Reuben , Reuben ( 1955 ) Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1994 ) Faustus , the Last Night ( 2006 ) Classical music Gretchen am Spinnrade ( 1814 , Schubert ) Faust Overture ( 1840 , Wagner ) Grande sonate ' Les quatre âges ' 2nd movement `` Quasi-Faust '' ( 1847 , Alkan ) Scenes from Goethe 's Faust ( 1853 , Schumann ) Part II of Symphony No. 8 ( 1906 -- 07 , Mahler ) Faust Symphony ( 1854 -- 57 , Liszt ) Mephisto Waltzes ( Liszt ) Gothic Symphony ( Brian ) Bagatelle sans tonalité ( Liszt ) Other music Albums Epica Saga Epica The Black Halo Beethoven 's Last Night The Black Rider Songs `` Mephisto Polka '' ( 1859 -- 85 ) `` Cross Road Blues '' ( 1936 ) `` Sympathy for the Devil '' ( 1968 ) `` Friend of the Devil '' ( 1970 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 1975 ) `` The Devil Went Down to Georgia '' ( 1979 ) `` Faustian Echoes '' ( 2012 ) `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' ( 2015 ) Films Faust and Marguerite ( 1900 ) The Damnation of Faust ( 1903 ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1904 ) The Student of Prague ( 1913 ) Rapsodia satanica ( 1915 ) The Student of Prague ( 1926 ) Faust ( 1926 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) Alias Nick Beal ( 1949 ) The Legend of Faust ( 1949 ) Beauty and the Devil ( 1950 ) Marguerite de la nuit ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1958 ) Faust ( 1960 ) Bedazzled ( 1967 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) El extraño caso del doctor Fausto ( 1969 ) Mephisto ( 1981 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1982 ) Oh , God ! You Devil ( 1984 ) Faust ( 1994 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1994 ) Bedazzled ( 2000 ) Faust : Love of the Damned ( 2001 ) Fausto 5.0 ( 2001 ) I Was a Teenage Faust ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) Faust ( 2011 ) Television Episodes `` The Devil 's Hands Are Idle Playthings '' ( 2003 ) Other The Devil and Daniel Mouse ( 1978 ) Musicals Damn Yankees ( 1955 ) Randy Newman 's Faust ( 1993 ) Success ! ( 1993 ) Faust ( 2003 ) Other Paintings Faust ( ballet ) ( 1848 ) Gods ' Man ( 1929 ) Faust ( manga ) ( 1950 ) Doctor Faustus ( comics ) ( 1968 ) Faust ( Avatar Press ) ( 1987 ) Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemian_Rhapsody&oldid=866388113 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom 1975 singles 1975 songs 1976 singles 1991 singles 1992 singles Brit Award for British Single British rock songs Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Elektra Records singles British hard rock songs EMI Records singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Rock ballads Hollywood Records singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles The Muppets songs Music based on the Faust legend Music medleys Music videos directed by Bruce Gowers Never Shout Never songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Spain Panic ! at the Disco songs Parlophone singles Progressive pop songs British progressive rock songs Queen ( band ) songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs about death Songs about crime Murder ballads Song recordings produced by Roy Thomas Baker Songs written by Freddie Mercury Symphonic rock songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from April 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Articles needing additional references from December 2017 Pages using extra track listing with no tracks Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 01 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does bohemian rhapsody play in suicide squad | [
"In 2004 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[12] As of 2004[update], \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" is the second most played song on British radio, in clubs and on jukeboxes collectively, after Procol Harum's \"A Whiter Shade of Pale\".[64] On 30 September 2007 on the Radio 1 Chart Show, for BBC Radio 1's 40th birthday, it was revealed that \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was the most played song since Radio 1's launch. In 2004, BBC Three featured the song as part of their The Story of... series of documentaries dedicated to specific songs. First broadcast in December 2004, the programme charted the history of the song, discussed its credentials, and took Roger Taylor and Brian May of Queen back to one of the studios in which it was recorded. In 2012, the song topped an ITV poll in the UK to find \"The Nation's Favourite Number One\" over 60 years of music, ahead of Michael Jackson's \"Billie Jean\" (No. 2), Adele's \"Someone like You\" (No. 3), Oasis' \"Don't Look Back in Anger\" (No. 4) and The Beatles' \"Hey Jude\" (No. 5).[13] The song was also ranked #5 in RadioMafia's list of \"Top 500 Songs\".[65] The song was also included in the music video games Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock and Rock Band 3. The song was featured in the second trailer and the ending of the 2016 film Suicide Squad, and appears on the soundtrack album for the film, covered by American band Panic! at the Disco.[66]\n"
] | [
"the ending"
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-8429393829156988021 | Tower of the Americas | Tower of the Americas - Wikipedia Tower of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tower of the Americas General information Type Observation tower Location San Antonio , Texas , U.S. Coordinates 29 ° 25 ′ 08 '' N 98 ° 29 ′ 01 '' W / 29.418888 ° N 98.483611 ° W / 29.418888 ; - 98.483611 ( Tower of the Americas ) Coordinates : 29 ° 25 ′ 08 '' N 98 ° 29 ′ 01 '' W / 29.418888 ° N 98.483611 ° W / 29.418888 ; - 98.483611 ( Tower of the Americas ) Construction started August 9 , 1966 Opening April 6 , 1968 Owner City of San Antonio Management City of San Antonio and Landry 's Restaurants Height Antenna spire 750 ft ( 230 m ) Roof 622 ft ( 190 m ) Top floor 579 ft ( 176 m ) Design and construction Architect O'Neil Ford Entrance to the Tower of the Americas The very top of tower of Americas View of Downtown San Antonio from the Tower of the Americas The three elevators on the exterior of the Tower of the Americas The Tower of the Americas is a 750 - foot ( 230 - meter ) observation tower - restaurant located in the Hemisfair district on the southeastern portion of Downtown San Antonio , Texas , United States . The tower was designed by San Antonio architect O'Neil Ford and was built as the theme structure of the 1968 World 's Fair , HemisFair ' 68 . It was the tallest observation tower in the United States from 1968 until 1996 , when the Las Vegas Stratosphere Tower was completed . It is the tallest building in San Antonio , and the 27th - tallest building in Texas . The tower is located in the middle of HemisFair Park and has an observation deck that is accessible by elevator for a fee . There is also a lounge and revolving restaurant at the top of the tower that provides panoramic views of the city . The fastest recorded time up the tower 's 952 steps is 5 minutes 18 seconds on January 29 , 1981 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction history 2 Tower restaurant 3 Building heights 4 FM radio 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Construction history ( edit ) Construction of the tower began on August 9 , 1966 and was completed in approximately 18 months , just in time for the opening ceremonies for the fair held on April 6 , 1968 . The tophouse of the building was constructed at ground level and hoisted to the top of the poured concrete shaft . As the tophouse was being hoisted into place , on October 30 , 1967 some of the cables used to hoist it snapped , leaving it resting on and precariously tilted on the Tower 's shaft . Eventually , oil field pipes were used in lieu of cables to complete the job . Tower restaurant ( edit ) In 2004 , Landry 's Restaurants , Inc. won the bid for a 15 - year lease to manage and operate the property for its owner , the City of San Antonio . Landry 's undertook an extensive $8 million renovation of the existing restaurant and lounge and observation deck and added a 4 - D film `` ride '' called `` Skies Over Texas , '' that gives the history of Texas in a film format . Additionally , Landry 's spent another $4 million to add approximately 200 % more space for ground level attractions such as a gift shop and cafe . Renovations were completed and the tower re-opened with the new Eyes Over Texas Restaurant , Bar 601 and the Flags Over Texas observation deck on June 21 , 2006 . The restaurant rotates slowly , and observation deck entry is included in the cost of a tower ticket . In September 2007 , Landry 's converted the Eyes Over Texas Restaurant into one of its Chart House outlets . Prior to Landry 's , Frontier Enterprises ( owner of San Antonio - based Jim 's Restaurants ) operated the Tower of the Americas ' restaurant for more than three decades . CN Tower , Toronto , Ontario , Canada Willis Tower , Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Stratosphere , Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. Tower of the Americas , San Antonio , Texas , U.S. Space Needle , Seattle , Washington , U.S. Building heights ( edit ) 750 ft ( 229 m ) to top of the antenna . 622 ft ( 190 m ) to top of roof . 579 ft ( 176 m ) to indoor observation deck . 560 ft ( 170 m ) to outdoor observation deck . 550 ft ( 168 m ) to restaurant and stationary level . FM radio ( edit ) Since 1970 the roof has hosted a 30 - meter - tall ( 98 ft ) tapered steel mast , used as support for three FM antennas ; 101.9 KQXT ( then known as KCOR - FM ) , 102.7 KJXK ( then KTFM ) , and 104.5 KZEP ( then KITE - FM ) . In 2007 , the three individual antennas were replaced by a 16 - bay master antenna that radiates all three FM signals including the HD signal for KQXT . Clear Channel Radio and Electronics Research Inc. headed up the project along with their contractors and involved the City of San Antonio and Landry 's Restaurants . The new antenna system improved coverage for all three radio stations . An option existed for several years to add facilities for a move in signal on 97.7 ( requiring rearrangement of ten other stations ) to share the site . This was organized by Bret Huggins and David Stewart of Rawhide Radio , LLC ( partly owned by Hispanic Broadcasting now Univision radio ) . Transmitters are located between the public areas of the observation deck and the revolving restaurant in equipment bays along with air conditioners and plumbing . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tower of The Americas , San Antonio , Texas . List of tallest buildings in Texas Tower Life Building List of revolving restaurants References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gerem , Yves ( 2001 ) . A Marmac Guide to San Antonio . Gretna : Pelican Publishing Company . p. 271 . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 821 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Tower of the Americas '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tower of the Americas '' . Planeteyetraveler.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ San Antonio Express News , January 30 , 1981 , page 12 - A Jump up ^ `` A top draw at the tower could be at the bottom '' . San Antonio Express - News . February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . `` A Guide to the San Antonio Fair , Inc. , Records , 1963 - 1995 ( Bulk 1964 - 1968 ) '' . Texas Archival Resources Online . Retrieved Feb. 9 , 2006 . External links ( edit ) History of the Tower of the Americas research guide with archival photographs Tower of the Americas restaurant Emporis : Tower of the Americas Tower of the Americas at Structurae FCC - Entry Preceded by Elm Place Tallest Building in Texas 1968 -- 1974 229m Succeeded by Renaissance Tower ( Dallas ) Preceded by None Tallest Building in Texas Outside of Dallas and Houston 1968 -- 2009 190m Succeeded by The Austonian ( Austin ) Preceded by Tower Life Building Tallest Building in San Antonio 1968 -- Present 229m Succeeded by None Landry 's , Inc . Tilman J. Fertitta Entertainment destinations Downtown Aquarium , Denver Downtown Aquarium , Houston Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier Golden Nugget Atlantic City Golden Nugget Las Vegas Golden Nugget Laughlin Kemah Boardwalk Restaurants Bubba Gump Shrimp Company Claim Jumper Fish Tales McCormick & Schmick 's Morton 's The Steakhouse Muer Seafood Restaurants Rainforest Cafe Saltgrass Steak House T - Rex Cafe Tower of the Americas Vic & Anthony 's Steakhouse City of San Antonio Nickname : Alamo City Attractions The Alamo Alamo Cenotaph La Antorcha de la Amistad Basilica of the National Shrine of the Little Flower Cathedral of San Fernando HemisFair ' 68 Houston Street San Antonio Zoo Tower of the Americas Tower Life Building Museums Artpace Blue Star Contemporary Art Museum Briscoe Western Art Museum Casa Navarro State Historic Site Fort Sam Houston Museum Gallista Gas Gallery Guadalupe Cultural Arts Center Guinness World Records UTSA Institute of Texan Cultures McNay Art Museum Museo Alameda Museum of Aerospace Medicine O. Henry House Museum Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! San Antonio Academy Museum San Antonio Museum of Art Southwest School of Art Spanish Governor 's Palace Edward Steves Homestead Texas Air Museum Texas Transportation Museum United States Army Medical Department Museum Witte Museum Yturri - Edmunds Historic Site See also : List of museums in Central Texas Entertainment Alamodome Alamo City Rugby Arneson River Theater AT&T Center Aztec on the River Fiesta Noche del Rio Fiesta San Antonio Freeman Coliseum Majestic Theatre Morgan 's Wonderland Nelson W. Wolff Stadium San Antonio Missions ( Baseball ) San Antonio Rampage San Antonio Scorpions San Antonio Spurs San Antonio Stars San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo San Antonio Symphony San Antonio Talons Santikos Theatres San Antonio Zoo SeaWorld San Antonio Six Flags Fiesta Texas Splashtown St. Mary 's Strip Texas Folklife Festival Toyota Field Tobin Center for the Performing Arts ( San Antonio Municipal Auditorium ) Companies Christus Santa Rosa iHeartMedia Visionworks of America Firstmark Credit Union Frost Bank Harte Hanks H-E-B M7 Aerospace NewTek Rackspace San Antonio Express - News SAS Shoemakers ( SAS ) SAWS Security Service Federal Credit Union SWBC Tesoro Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas USAA Valero Research and education The Alamo Colleges Baptist School of Health Professions Cancer Therapy & Research Center Children 's Cancer Research Institute Oblate School of Theology Our Lady of the Lake University San Antonio Public Library South Texas Medical Center Texas Biomedical Research Institute Southwest Research Institute St. Mary 's University Texas A&M University -- San Antonio Texas Neurosciences Institute Trinity University University Hospital System University of the Incarnate Word University of Texas Health Science Center University of Texas at San Antonio Military San Antonio Military Medical Center Brooks City - Base Camp Bullis Fort Sam Houston Lackland Air Force Base Pershing House Randolph Air Force Base Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center Parks Acequia Park Brackenridge Park Denman Estate Park Dwight D. Eisenhower Park Friedrich Wilderness Park Government Canyon State Natural Area Hardberger Park Mahncke Park Orsinger Park San Antonio Botanical Garden Japanese Tea Garden San Antonio Missions National Historical Park San Pedro Springs Park O.P. Schnabel Park Travis Park Restaurants and shopping Bill Miller Bar - B-Q Enterprises Buckhorn Saloon & Museum Don Pedro Mexican Restaurant Earl Abel 's Guenther House Jim 's Restaurants La Villita Luby 's Market Square North Star Mall Pearl Brewery Rivercenter River Walk The Shops at La Cantera Taco Cabana Whataburger Other Acequia Madre de Valero Architecture Bexar County Courthouse Culture Downtown Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center History timeline St. Joseph Catholic Church Metropolitan Area Neighborhoods and Districts San Antonio Conservation Society San Antonio International Airport San Antonio Springs San Antonio Station VIA Metropolitan Transit Bexar County San Antonio -- New Braunfels Metro Texas United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_the_Americas&oldid=797015770 '' Categories : Towers completed in 1968 Tourist attractions in San Antonio Buildings and structures in San Antonio Towers in Texas Observation towers in the United States Towers with revolving restaurants Restaurants in San Antonio World 's fair architecture in Texas Hidden categories : Use American English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Structurae ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 12 : 40 . About Wikipedia | when was the tower of the americas built | [
"Construction of the tower began on August 9, 1966 and was completed in approximately 18 months, just in time for the opening ceremonies for the fair held on April 6, 1968. The tophouse of the building was constructed at ground level and hoisted to the top of the poured concrete shaft. As the tophouse was being hoisted into place, on October 30, 1967 some of the cables used to hoist it snapped, leaving it resting on and precariously tilted on the Tower’s shaft. Eventually, oil field pipes were used in lieu of cables to complete the job."
] | [
"began on August 9, 1966 and was completed in approximately 18 months, just in time for the opening ceremonies for the fair held on April 6, 1968"
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-8408597087387281596 | Constitutional Convention (United States) | Constitutional Convention ( United states ) - wikipedia Constitutional Convention ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original convention that created the U.S. Constitution . For that Constitution 's method of changing itself , see Article Five of the United States Constitution . `` Federal Convention '' redirects here . For other uses , see Federal Convention ( disambiguation ) . Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States The Constitutional Convention ( also known as the Philadelphia Convention , the Federal Convention , or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia ) took place from May 25 to September 17 , 1787 , in the old Pennsylvania State House ( later known as Independence Hall because of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence there eleven years before ) in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was intended to revise the league of states and first system of government under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , ( which were first proposed in 1776 , adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1778 and only finally unanimously ratified by the Original Thirteen States by 1781 ) , the intention from the outset of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The delegates elected George Washington of Virginia , former commanding general of the Continental Army in the late American Revolutionary War ( 1775 - 1783 ) , to preside over the Convention . The result of the Convention was the creation of the Constitution of the United States , placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States and indeed of worldwide historical , political and social influence . The most contentious disputes revolved around composition and election of the upper legislative house in the future bicameral Congress , to be known as the Senate , how `` proportional representation '' was to be defined ( whether to include slaves or other property ) , whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single chief executive to be called the President , how to elect the President , how long his term was to be and whether he could run for reelection , what offenses should be impeachable , the nature of a fugitive slave clause , whether to allow the abolition of the slave trade , and whether judges should be chosen by the legislature or executive . Most of the time during the Convention was spent on deciding these issues , while the powers of legislature , executive , and judiciary were not heavily disputed . Once the Convention began , the delegates first agreed on the principles of the Convention , then they agreed on Madison 's proposed Virginia Plan and began to modify it . A Committee of Detail , assembled during the July 4th recess , eventually produced a rough draft of the constitution . Most of the rough draft remained in place , and can be found in the final version of the constitution . After the final issues were resolved , the Committee on Style produced the final version , and it was voted on by the delegates , inscribed on parchment with engraving for printing and sent to the states and their legislatures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 2 The Convention 2.1 James Madison 's blueprint 2.2 The early debate 2.3 The first draft 2.4 Further modifications and concluding debate 2.5 Drafting and signing 3 Proposed plans 3.1 Virginia Plan 3.2 New Jersey Plan 3.3 Hamilton 's plan 3.4 Pinckney 's plan 3.5 Connecticut Compromise 4 Slavery 4.1 Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise 4.2 Three - Fifths Compromise 5 Framers of the Constitution 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Historical context ( edit ) Before the Constitution was drafted , the nearly 4 million inhabitants of the 13 newly independent states were governed under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , created by the Second Continental Congress . It soon became evident to nearly all that the chronically underfunded Confederation government , as originally organized , was inadequate for managing the various conflicts that arose among the states . As the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of the states , any state had effective veto power over any proposed change . In addition , the Articles gave the weak federal government no taxing power : it was wholly dependent on the states for its money , and had no power to force delinquent states to pay . Once the immediate task of winning the American Revolutionary War of 1775 to 1783 had passed , the states began to look to their own interests , and disputes arose . These included a dispute between Maryland and Virginia over the Potomac River and opposition to Rhode Island 's imposing taxes on all traffic passing through it on the post road . James Madison suggested that state governments should appoint commissioners `` to take into consideration the trade of the United States ; to examine the relative situation and trade of said states ; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interests and permanent harmony '' . Another impetus for the convention was Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 - 1787 . A political conflict between Boston merchants and rural farmers over issues including tax debts had broken out into an open rebellion . This rebellion was led by a former Revolutionary War captain , Daniel Shays , a small farmer with tax debts , who had never received payment for his service in the Continental Army . The rebellion took months for Massachusetts to put down completely , and some desired a federal army that would be able to put down such insurrections . In September 1786 , at the Annapolis Convention , delegates from five states called for a Constitutional Convention in order to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation . The subsequent Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia , convening in the Old Pennsylvania State House ( then becoming known as Independence Hall ) on May 14 , 1787 . Rhode Island , fearing that the Convention would work to its disadvantage , boycotted the Convention and , when the Constitution was put to the states during the next year of controversial debates , initially refused to ratify it , waiting until May 1790 to become the thirteenth , a year after the new federal government commenced . The Convention ( edit ) Independence Hall 's Assembly Room Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century , very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14 , 1787 , and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured . ( New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings , on July 23 . ) James Madison arrived first , and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived . While waiting for the other delegates , the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan , which was designed and written by James Madison . On May 25 , the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House . George Washington was unanimously elected president of the Convention , and it was agreed that the discussions and votes would be kept secret until the conclusion of the meeting . Despite the sweltering summer heat , the windows of the meeting hall were nailed shut to keep the proceedings a secret from the public . Although William Jackson was elected as secretary , his records were brief and included very little detail . Madison 's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 , supplemented by the notes of Robert Yates , remain the most complete record of the Convention . Throughout the debate , delegates constantly referred to precedents from history in support of their position . Most commonly , they referred to the history of England , in particular the Glorious Revolution ( often simply called `` The Revolution '' ) , classical history ( mainly the Roman Republic and the leagues of Greek city - states ) , and recent precedents from Holland and Germany . Outside the Convention in Philadelphia , there was a national convening of the Society of the Cincinnati . Washington was said to be embarrassed . The 1776 `` old republican '' delegates like Elbridge Gerry ( MA ) found anything military or hereditary anathema . The Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia and New York convention was meeting to redefine its Confession , dropping the faith requirement for civil authority to prohibit false worship . Protestant Episcopalian Washington attended a Roman Catholic Mass and dinner . Revolution veteran Jonas Phillips , of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue , petitioned the Convention to avoid a national oath including belief in both Old and New Testaments . Merchants of Providence , Rhode Island , petitioned for consideration , though their Assembly had not sent a delegation . Manasseh Cutler came directly from the capital in New York and found himself a frequent dinner guest among the delegates . He carried grants of five million acres to parcel out among The Ohio Company and `` speculators '' , including some who were attending the Convention . A Philadelphia guest of Robert Morris , Noah Webster would write a pamphlet immediately after the signing . `` Leading Principles of the Federal Convention '' advocated adoption of the Constitution . It was published much earlier and more widely circulated than today 's better known Federalist Papers . James Madison 's blueprint ( edit ) While waiting for the Convention to formally begin , James Madison sketched out his initial draft , which became known as the Virginia Plan and reflected his views as a strong nationalist . By the time the rest of the Virginia delegation arrived , most of the Pennsylvania delegation had arrived as well . They agreed on Madison 's plan , and formed what came to be the predominant coalition . By the time the Convention started , the only blueprints that had been assembled were Madison 's Virginia Plan , and Charles Pinckney 's plan . As Pinckney did n't have a coalition behind his plan , Madison 's plan was the starting point for deliberations . James Madison , the author of the Virginia Plan The Convention agreed on several principles . Most importantly , they agreed that the Convention should go beyond its mandate merely to amend the Articles of Confederation , and instead should produce a new constitution outright . While some delegates thought this illegal , the Articles of Confederation were closer to a treaty between sovereign states than they were to a national constitution , so the genuine legal problems were limited . Another principle they agreed on was that the new government would have all the powers of the Confederation Congress , plus additional powers over the states . Once agreeing on these principles , the Convention voted on the Virginia plan and signaled their approval for it . Once this was done , they began modifying it . Madison 's plan operated on several assumptions that were not seriously challenged . During the deliberations , few raised serious objections to the planned bicameral congress , nor the separate executive function , nor the separate judicial function . As English law had typically recognized government as having two separate functions , law making embodied in the legislature , and law executing embodied in the king and his courts , the division of the legislature from the executive and judiciary was a natural and uncontested point . The division of the legislature into an upper and lower house was n't questioned either , despite the obscure origins of the English House of Lords and its role as the representative of the hereditary nobility . Americans had seldom known any but bicameral legislatures , both in Britain and in most state governments . The main exceptions to this were the dysfunctional Confederation Congress and the unicameral Pennsylvania legislature , which was seen as quickly vacillating between partisan extremes after each election . Experience had convinced the delegates that an upper house was necessary to tame the passions of the lower classes against the interests of wealthy merchants and landowners . Since America had no native hereditary aristocracy , the character of this upper house was designed to protect the interests of this wealthy elite , the `` minority of the opulent , '' against the interests of the lower classes , who constituted the majority of the population . In England , at this day , if elections were open to all classes of people , the property of landed proprietors would be insecure . An agrarian law would soon take place . If these observations be just , our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation . Landholders ought to have a share in the government , to support these invaluable interests , and to balance and check the other . They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority . The Senate , therefore , ought to be this body ; and to answer these purposes , they ought to have permanency and stability . -- James Madison , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates On Thursday , June 7 , it was proposed that senators should be chosen directly by the state legislatures , instead of by popular vote , as this method was more likely to preserve the power of the upper classes . Convention delegate Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts observed that `` the great mercantile interest and of stockholders , is not provided for in any mode of election - they will however be better represented if the State legislatures choose the second branch . '' The proposal was carried unanimously . The delegates also agreed with Madison that the executive function had to be independent of the legislature . In their aversion to kingly power , American legislatures had created state governments where the executive was beholden to the legislature , and by the late 1780s this was widely seen as being a source of paralysis . The Confederation government was the ultimate example of this . Furthermore , in the English tradition , judges were seen as being agents of the King and his court , who represented him throughout his realm . Madison believed that in the American states , this direct link between state executives and judges was a source of corruption through patronage , and thought the link had to be severed between the two , thus creating the `` third branch '' of the judiciary which had been without any direct precedent before this point . Madison , however , did not believe that the judiciary should be truly independent , but rather beholden to the legislature rather than the executive . At the Convention , some sided with Madison that the legislature should choose judges , while others believed the president should choose judges . A compromise was eventually reached that the president should choose judges and the Senate confirm them . In a few areas , Madison 's plan included provisions that had little support among the delegates . Few agreed with Madison that the legislature should be able to invalidate state laws , so the idea was dropped . While most thought there should be some mechanism to invalidate bad laws by congress , few agreed with Madison that a board of the executive and judges should decide on this . Instead , the power was given solely to the executive in the form of the veto . Many also thought this would be useful to protect the executive , whom many worried might become beholden to an imperial legislature . Also , during the deliberations , the New Jersey Plan was introduced , although it was more of a protest to the excessive national character of the Virginia plan , and was not seriously considered . The office of Vice President was also included later in the deliberations , mainly to provide the president a successor if he was unable to complete his term but also to provide presidential electors with an incentive to vote for at least one out of state candidate in addition to a `` favorite son '' from their own state or region . The early debate ( edit ) Each state was allowed to cast a single vote either for or against a proposal during the debates in accordance with the majority opinion of the state 's delegates . Throughout the Convention , delegates would regularly come and go , with only 30 -- 40 being present on a typical day . Consequently , if a state 's delegates were equally divided in their views on a given proposal , or if too few of the state 's delegates were in attendance to establish a quorum for the delegation when votes were being cast on a particular proposal , that state 's delegation had essentially no effect on the outcome of the vote on the proposal . Thus , for example , after two of New York 's three delegates abandoned the Convention in mid July with no intention of returning , New York was left unable to vote on any further proposals at the Convention , although Hamilton would continue to periodically attend and occasionally to speak during the debates . All communities divide themselves into the few and the many . The first are the rich and well born , the other the mass of the people . The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God ; and however generally this maxim has been quoted and believed , it is not true in fact . The people are turbulent and changing ; they seldom judge or determine right . Give therefore to the first class a distinct , permanent share in the government . They will check the unsteadiness of the second , and as they can not receive any advantage by a change , they therefore will ever maintain good government . Can a democratic assembly , who annually revolve in the mass of the people , be supposed steadily to pursue the public good ? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy . Their turbulent and uncontroling disposition requires checks . -- Alexander Hamilton , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates The first area of major dispute was the manner by which the lower house would be apportioned . A minority wanted it to be apportioned so that all states would have equal weight , though this was never seriously considered . Most wanted it apportioned in accordance with some mixture of property and population . Though there was discussion on how to calculate property for this purpose , the issue of property was later dropped because of its difficulty , and an assumption that property would closely correlate to population . Most accepted the desire among the slave states to count slaves as part of the population , although their servile status was raised as a major objection against this . The Three - Fifths Compromise assessing population by adding the number of free persons to three - fifths of `` all other persons '' ( slaves ) was agreed to without serious dispute . In 1783 , when attempting to assess a national taxation system , the Confederation Congress had considered a three fifths ratio , which did not achieve unanimity . This compromise resulted in a large coalition of states , including the small slave states of South Carolina and Georgia , backing the Virginia plan and thus expanding the power of the primary coalition . That the lower house was to be elected directly by the voters was also accepted without major dispute . More contentious than the lower house was the question of the upper house . Few agreed with Madison that its members should be elected by the lower house . James Wilson suggested election by popular vote versus election by state legislature , but his proposal was shot down 10 -- 1 by the delegates . Most delegates did n't question the intelligence of the voters , rather what concerned them was the slowness by which information spread in the late 18th century . At the time of the Convention , they noted that local newspapers said little of current events , and what little they had was sketchy and dated . Local papers even said little about the meeting of the Convention . Alexander Hamilton proposed extending the term in office for senators to life , considering earlier proposals of four and seven years inefficient to enable the `` rich and well born '' to have a `` distinct , permanent share in the government , '' which could `` check the imprudence of democracy . '' Moreover , Hamilton proposed that senators not be elected directly by the general public , but by `` electors '' chosen for that purpose . Front side of the Virginia Plan Besides the problems of direct election , the new Constitution was seen as such a radical break with the old system , by which delegates were elected to the Confederation Congress by state legislatures , that the Convention agreed to retain this method of electing senators to make the constitutional change less radical . The more difficult problem was the issue of apportionment . The Connecticut delegation offered a compromise , whereby the number of representatives for each state in the lower house would be apportioned based on the relative size of the state 's population , while the number of representatives in the upper house would be the same for all of the states , irrespective of size . The large states , fearing a diminution of their influence in the legislature under this plan , opposed this proposal . Unable to reach agreement , the delegates decided to leave this issue for further consideration later during the meeting . The delegates could n't agree on whether the executive should be a single person , or a board of three . Many wished to limit the power of the executive and thus supported the proposal to divide the executive power between three persons . The possible problems of this system , in addition to the knowledge that George Washington would probably be the first president , calmed the fears enough so that the proponents of a singular executive could accumulate a large coalition . This issue came up occasionally after the matter was settled , but was never again seriously doubted . Another issue concerned the election of the president . Few agreed with Madison that the executive should be elected by the legislature . There was widespread concern with direct election , because information diffused so slowly in the late 18th century , and because of concerns that people would only vote for candidates from their state or region . A vocal minority wanted the national executive to be chosen by the governors of the states . The issue was one of the last major issues to be resolved , and was done so in the electoral college . At the time , before the formation of modern political parties , there was widespread concern that candidates would routinely fail to secure a majority of electors in the electoral college . The method of resolving this problem therefore was a contested issue . Most thought that the house should then choose the president , since it most closely reflected the will of the people . This caused dissension among delegates from smaller states , who realized that this would put their states at a disadvantage . To resolve this dispute , the Convention agreed that the house would elect the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , but that each state delegation would vote as a bloc , rather than individually . As the Convention was entering its second full month of deliberations , it was decided that further consideration of the prickly question of how to apportion representatives in the national legislature should be referred to a committee composed of one delegate from each of the eleven states that were present at that time at the Convention . The members of this `` Grand Committee , '' as it has come to be known , included Elbridge Gerry , Oliver Ellsworth , Robert Yates , William Paterson , Gunning Bedford , Jr. , George Mason , William Davie , John Rutledge , Abraham Baldwin , and Benjamin Franklin . In its report to the Convention on July 5 , the committee offered a compromise . The large states had opposed the Connecticut Compromise , because they felt it gave too much power to the smaller states . The Grand Committee 's proposal added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the lower house and not be subject to modification by the upper house ( although this Origination Clause would later be modified so that revenue bills could be amended in the upper house , or Senate ) . With this modification , the Convention in a close vote adopted the compromise on July 16 . Nationalist delegates remained bitterly opposed , however , until on July 23 they succeeded in further modifying the compromise to give members of the Senate individual voting power , rather than having votes taken by each state 's representatives en bloc , as had occurred in Congress under the Articles of Confederation . This accomplished the nationalist goal of preventing state governments from having a direct say in Congress 's choice to make national laws . The final document was thus a mixture of Madison 's original `` national '' constitution and the desired `` federal '' Constitution that many of the delegates sought . The first draft ( edit ) The Convention adjourned from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of the Committee of Detail , which was to produce a first draft of the Constitution . It was chaired by John Rutledge , with the other members including Edmund Randolph , Oliver Ellsworth , James Wilson , and Nathaniel Gorham . Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings , three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee 's handiwork : an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge , extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson , also with Rutledge 's edits , and the committee 's final report to the Convention . From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan , the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan , and other sources , such as the Articles of Confederation , provisions of the state constitutions , and even Charles Pinckney 's plan , to produce the first full draft , which author David O. Stewart has called a `` remarkable copy - and - paste job . '' Randolph adopted two rules in preparing his initial outline : that the Constitution should only include essential principles , avoiding minor provisions that would change over time , and that it should be stated in simple and precise language . Much of what was included in the committee 's report consisted of numerous details that the Convention had never discussed but which the committee correctly viewed as uncontroversial and unlikely to be challenged ; and as such , much of the committee 's proposal would ultimately be incorporated into the final version of the Constitution without debate . Examples of these details included the Speech and Debate Clause , which grants members of Congress immunity for comments made in their jobs , and the rules for organizing the House of Representatives and the Senate . However , Rutledge , himself a former state governor , was determined that while the new national government should be stronger than the Confederation government had been , the national government 's power over the states should not be limitless ; and at Rutledge 's urging , the committee went beyond what the Convention had proposed . As Stewart describes it , the committee `` hijacked '' and remade the Constitution , altering critical agreements the Convention delegates had already made , enhancing the powers of the states at the expense of the national government , and adding several far - reaching provisions that the Convention had never discussed . John Rutledge , a judge and former governor of South Carolina , chaired the committee that wrote the first draft of the Constitution . He argued for a federal government of limited power . The first major change , insisted on by Rutledge , was meant to sharply curtail the essentially unlimited powers to legislate `` in all cases for the general interests of the Union '' that the Convention only two weeks earlier had agreed to grant the Congress . Rutledge and Randolph worried that the broad powers implied in the language agreed on by the Convention would have given the national government too much power at the expense of the states . In Randolph 's outline the committee replaced that language with a list of 18 specific `` enumerated '' powers , many adopted from the Articles of Confederation , that would strictly limit the Congress ' authority to measures such as imposing taxes , making treaties , going to war , and establishing post offices . Rutledge , however , was not able to completely convince all of the members of the committee to accept the change . Over the course of a series of drafts , a catchall provision ( the `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' ) was eventually added , most likely by Wilson , a nationalist little concerned with the sovereignty of individual states , giving the Congress the broad power `` to make all Laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Another revision of Wilson 's draft also placed eight specific limits on the states , such as barring them from independently entering into treaties and from printing their own money , providing a certain degree of balance to the limits on the national government intended by Rutledge 's list of enumerated powers . In addition , Wilson 's draft modified the language of the Supremacy Clause adopted by the Convention , to ensure that national law would take precedence over inconsistent state laws . These changes set the final balance between the national and state governments that would be entered into the final document , as the Convention never challenged this dual - sovereignty between nation and state that had been fashioned by Rutledge and Wilson . Another set of radical changes introduced by the Committee of Detail proved far more contentious when the committee 's report was presented to the Convention . On the day the Convention had agreed to appoint the committee , Southerner Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , of South Carolina , had warned of dire consequences should the committee fail to include protections for slavery in the Southern states , or allow for taxing of Southern agricultural exports . Pinckney and his fellow Southern delegates must have been delighted to see that the committee had included three provisions that explicitly restricted the Congress ' authority in ways favorable to Southern interests . The proposed language would bar the Congress from ever interfering with the slave trade . It would also prohibit taxation of exports , and would require that any legislation concerning regulation of foreign commerce through tariffs or quotas ( that is , any laws akin to England 's `` Navigation Acts '' ) pass only with two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress . While much of the rest of the committee 's report would be accepted without serious challenge on the Convention floor , these last three proposals would provoke outrage from Northern delegates and slavery opponents . The final report of the committee , which became the first draft of the Constitution , was the first workable constitutional plan , as Madison 's Virginia Plan had simply been an outline of goals and a broad structure . Even after it issued this report , the committee continued to meet off and on until early September . Further modifications and concluding debate ( edit ) Another month of discussion and relatively minor refinement followed , during which several attempts were made to alter the Rutledge draft , though few were successful . Some wanted to add property qualifications for people to hold office , while others wanted to prevent the national government from issuing paper money . Madison in particular wanted to push the Constitution back in the direction of his Virginia plan . One important change that did make it into the final version included the agreement between northern and southern delegates to empower Congress to end the slave trade starting in 1808 . Southern and northern delegates also agreed to strengthen the Fugitive Slave Clause in exchange for removing a requirement that two - thirds of Congress agree on `` navigation acts '' ( regulations of commerce between states and foreign governments ) . The two - thirds requirement was favored by southern delegates , who thought Congress might pass navigation acts that would be economically harmful to slaveholders . Once the Convention had finished amending the first draft from the Committee of Detail , a new set of unresolved questions were sent to several different committees for resolution . The Committee of Detail was considering several questions related to habeas corpus , freedom of the press , and an executive council to advise the president . Two committees addressed questions related to the slave trade and the assumption of war debts . A new committee was created , the Committee on Postponed Parts , to address other questions that had been postponed . Its members , such as Madison , were delegates who had shown a greater desire for compromise and were chosen for this reason as most in the Convention wanted to finish their work and go home . The committee dealt with questions related to the taxes , war making , patents and copyrights , relations with Indian tribes , and Franklin 's compromise to require money bills to originate in the House . The biggest issue they addressed was the presidency , and the final compromise was written by Madison with the committee 's input . They adopted Wilson 's earlier plan for choosing the president by an electoral college , and settled on the method of choosing the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , which many such as Madison thought would be `` nineteen times out of twenty '' . The committee also shortened the president 's term from seven years to four years , freed the president to seek re-election after an initial term , and moved impeachment trials from the courts to the Senate . They also created the office of the vice president , whose only roles were to succeed a president unable to complete a term of office , to preside over the Senate , and to cast tie - breaking votes in the Senate . The committee transferred important powers from the Senate to the president , for example the power to make treaties and appoint ambassadors . One controversial issue throughout much of the Convention had been the length of the president 's term , and whether the president was to be term limited . The problem had resulted from the understanding that the president would be chosen by Congress ; the decision to have the president be chosen instead by an electoral college reduced the chance of the president becoming beholden to Congress , so a shorter term with eligibility for re-election became a viable option . Near the end of the Convention , Gerry , Randolph , and Mason emerged as the main force of opposition . Their fears were increased as the Convention moved from Madison 's vague Virginia Plan to the concrete plan of Rutledge 's Committee of Detail . Some have argued that Randolph 's attacks on the Constitution were motivated by political ambition , in particular his anticipation of possibly facing rival Patrick Henry in a future election . The main objection of the three was the compromise that would allow Congress to pass `` navigation acts '' with a simple majority in exchange for strengthened slave provisions . Among their other objections was an opposition to the office of vice president . Though most of their complaints did not result in changes , a couple did . Mason succeeded in adding `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' to the impeachment clause . Gerry also convinced the Convention to include a second method for ratification of amendments . The report out of the Committee of Detail had included only one mechanism for constitutional amendment , in which two - thirds of the states had to ask Congress to convene a convention for consideration of amendments . Upon Gerry 's urging , the Convention added back the Virginia Plan 's original method whereby Congress would propose amendments that the states would then ratify . All amendments to the Constitution , save the 21st amendment , have been made through this latter method . Despite their successes , these three dissenters grew increasingly unpopular as most other delegates wanted to bring the Convention 's business to an end and return home . As the Convention was drawing to a conclusion , and delegates prepared to refer the Constitution to the Committee on Style to pen the final version , one delegate raised an objection over civil trials . He wanted to guarantee the right to a jury trial in civil matters , and Mason saw in this a larger opportunity . Mason told the Convention that the constitution should include a bill of rights , which he thought could be prepared in a few hours . Gerry agreed , though the rest of the committee overruled them . They wanted to go home , and thought this was nothing more than another delaying tactic . Few at the time realized how important the issue would become , with the absence of a bill of rights becoming the main argument of the anti-Federalists against ratification . Most of the Convention 's delegates thought that states already protected individual rights , and that the Constitution did not authorize the national government to take away rights , so there was no need to include protections of rights . Once the Convention moved beyond this point , the delegates addressed a couple of last - minute issues . Importantly , they modified the language that required spending bills to originate in the House of Representatives and be flatly accepted or rejected , unmodified , by the Senate . The new language empowered the Senate to modify spending bills proposed by the House . Drafting and signing ( edit ) U.S. Postage , Issue of 1937 , depicting Delegates at the signing of the Constitution , engraving after a painting by Junius Brutus Stearns Once the final modifications had been made , the Committee of Style and Arrangement was appointed `` to revise the style of and arrange the articles which had been agreed to by the house . '' Unlike other committees , whose members were named so the committees included members from different regions , this final committee included no champions of the small states . Its members were mostly in favor of a strong national government and unsympathetic to calls for states ' rights . They were William Samuel Johnson ( Connecticut ) , Alexander Hamilton ( New York ) , Gouverneur Morris ( Pennsylvania ) , James Madison ( Virginia ) , and Rufus King ( Massachusetts ) . On Wednesday , September 12 , the report of the `` committee of style '' was ordered printed for the convenience of the delegates . For three days , the Convention compared this final version with the proceedings of the Convention . The Constitution was then ordered engrossed on Saturday , September 15 by Jacob Shallus , and was submitted for signing on September 17 . It made at least one important change to what the Convention had agreed to ; King wanted to prevent states from interfering in contracts . Although the Convention never took up the matter , his language was now inserted , creating the contract clause . Gouverneur Morris is credited , both now and then , as the chief draftsman of the final document , including the stirring preamble . Not all the delegates were pleased with the results ; thirteen left before the ceremony , and three of those remaining refused to sign : Edmund Randolph of Virginia , George Mason of Virginia , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts . George Mason demanded a Bill of Rights if he was to support the Constitution . The Bill of Rights was not included in the Constitution submitted to the states for ratification , but many states ratified the Constitution with the understanding that a bill of rights would soon follow . Shortly before the document was to be signed , Gorham proposed to lower the size of congressional districts from 40,000 to 30,000 citizens . A similar measure had been proposed earlier , and failed by one vote . George Washington spoke up here , making his only substantive contribution to the text of the Constitution in supporting this move . The Convention adopted it without further debate . Gorham would sign the document , although he had openly doubted whether the United States would remain a single , unified nation for more than 150 years . Ultimately , 39 of the original 55 delegates ended up signing , but it is likely that none were completely satisfied . Their views were summed up by Benjamin Franklin , who said , I confess that There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them ... I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain , may be able to make a better Constitution ... It therefore astonishes me , Sir , to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does ; and I think it will astonish our enemies ... Rhode Island never sent delegates , and two of New York 's three delegates did not stay at the Convention for long . Therefore , as George Washington stated , the document was executed by `` eleven states , and Colonel Hamilton . '' Washington signed the document first , and then moving by state delegation from north to south , as had been the custom throughout the Convention , the delegates filed to the front of the room to sign their names . At the time the document was signed , Franklin gave a persuasive speech involving an anecdote on a sun that was painted on the back of Washington 's Chippendale chair . As recounted in Madison 's notes : Whilst the last members were signing it Doctor . Franklin looking towards the Presidents Chair , at the back of which a rising sun happened to be painted , observed to a few members near him , that Painters had found it difficult to distinguish in their art a rising from a setting sun . I have said he , often and often in the course of the Session , and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue , looked at that behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting : But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun . The Constitution was then submitted to the states for ratification , pursuant to its own Article VII . Proposed plans ( edit ) Several plans were introduced , with the most important plan being that of James Madison ( the Virginia Plan ) . The Convention 's work was mostly a matter of modifying this plan . Charles Pinckney also introduced a plan , although this was n't considered and its exact character has been lost to history . After the Convention was well under way , the New Jersey Plan was introduced though never seriously considered . It was mainly a protest to what some delegates thought was the excessively radical change from the Articles of Confederation . Alexander Hamilton also offered a plan after the Convention was well under way , though it included an executive serving for life and therefore the delegates felt it too closely resembled a monarchy . Historians are unsure how serious he was about this , and some have speculated that he may have done it to make Madison 's plan look moderate by comparison . The Connecticut Compromise was n't a plan but one of several compromises offered by the Connecticut delegation . It was key to the ultimate ratification of the constitution , but was only included after being modified by Benjamin Franklin in order to make it more appealing to larger states . Virginia plan ( edit ) Main article : Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan Prior to the start of the Convention , the Virginian delegates met and , drawing largely from Madison 's suggestions , came up with what came to be known as the Virginia Plan , also known as the Large State Plan . For this reason , James Madison is sometimes called the Father of the Constitution . Presented by Virginia governor Edmund Randolph on May 29 , 1787 , the Virginia Plan proposed a very powerful bicameral legislature . Both houses of the legislature would be determined proportionately . The lower house would be elected by the people , and the upper house would be elected by the lower house . The executive would exist solely to ensure that the will of the legislature was carried out and would therefore be selected by the legislature . The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary , and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto , subject to override . New Jersey plan ( edit ) Main article : New Jersey Plan The New Jersey Plan After the Virginia Plan was introduced , New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan . Under the Articles of Confederation , each state had equal representation in Congress , exercising one vote each . The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states ' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population . On June 14 and 15 , 1787 , a small - state caucus met to create a response to the Virginia Plan . The result was the New Jersey Plan , otherwise known as the Small State Plan . Paterson 's New Jersey Plan was ultimately a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan , and was much closer to the initial call for the Convention : drafting amendments to the Articles of Confederation to fix the problems in it . Under the New Jersey Plan , the existing Continental Congress would remain , but it would be granted new powers , such as the power to levy taxes and force their collection . An executive branch was created , to be elected by Congress ( the plan allowed for a multi-person executive ) . The executives would serve a single term and were subject to recall on the request of state governors . The plan also created a judiciary that would serve for life , to be appointed by the executives . Lastly , any laws set by Congress would take precedence over state laws . When Paterson reported the plan to the Convention on June 15 , 1787 , it was ultimately rejected , but it gave the smaller states a rallying point for their interests . Hamilton 's plan ( edit ) The Hamilton Plan Unsatisfied with the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan , Alexander Hamilton proposed his own plan . It also was known as the British Plan , because of its resemblance to the British system of strong centralized government . In his plan , Hamilton advocated virtually doing away with state sovereignty and consolidating the states into a single nation . The plan featured a bicameral legislature , the lower house elected by the people for three years . The upper house would be elected by electors chosen by the people and would serve for life . The plan also gave the Governor , an executive elected by electors for a life - term of service , an absolute veto over bills . State governors would be appointed by the national legislature , and the national legislature had veto power over any state legislation . Hamilton presented his plan to the Convention on June 18 , 1787 . The plan was perceived as a well - thought - out plan , but it was not considered , because it resembled the British system too closely . It also contemplated the loss of most state authority , which the states were unwilling to allow . Pinckney 's plan ( edit ) The Pinckney Plan Immediately after Randolph finished laying out the Virginia Plan , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina presented his own plan to the Convention . As Pinckney did not write it down , the only evidence of the plan are Madison 's notes , so the details are somewhat vague . It was a confederation , or treaty , among the thirteen states . There was to be a bicameral legislature made up of a Senate and a House of Delegates . The House would have one member for every one thousand inhabitants . The House would elect Senators who would serve by rotation for four years and represent one of four regions . Congress would meet in a joint session to elect a President , and would also appoint members of the cabinet . Congress , in joint session , would serve as the court of appeal of last resort in disputes between states . Pinckney did also provide for a supreme Federal Judicial Court . The Pinckney plan was not debated , but it may have been referred to by the Committee of Detail . Connecticut compromise ( edit ) Main article : Connecticut Compromise The Connecticut Compromise , forged by Roger Sherman from Connecticut , was proposed on June 11 . In a sense it blended the Virginia ( large - state ) and New Jersey ( small - state ) proposals . Ultimately , however , its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate , and thus retaining a federal character in the constitution . Sherman sided with the two - house national legislature of the Virginia Plan , but proposed `` That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st . branch ( house ) should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants ; and that in the second branch or Senate , each State should have one vote and no more . '' This plan failed at first , but on July 23 the question was finally settled . What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan . In the Grand Committee , Benjamin Franklin successfully proposed the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house . But the final July 16 vote on the compromise still left the Senate looking like the Confederation Congress . In the preceding weeks of debate , Madison , King , and Gouverneur Morris each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason . Then on July 23 , just before most of the convention 's work was referred to the Committee of Detail , Morris and King moved that state representatives in the Senate be given individual votes , rather than voting en bloc , as they had in the Confederation Congress . Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut , a leading proponent of the compromise , supported their motion , and the Convention adopted it . As the personally powerful senators were to receive terms much longer than the state legislators who appointed them , they became substantially independent . The compromise nonetheless continued to serve the self - interest of small - state political leaders , who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained . Slavery ( edit ) Among the most controversial issues confronting the delegates was that of slavery . Slavery was widespread in the states at the time of the Convention . At least a third of the Convention 's 55 delegates owned slaves , including all of the delegates from Virginia and South Carolina . Slaves comprised approximately one - fifth of the population of the states ; and apart from northernmost New England , where slavery had largely been eliminated , slaves lived throughout all regions of the country . The majority of the slaves ( more than 90 % ) , however , lived in the South , where approximately 1 in 3 families owned slaves ( in the largest and wealthiest state , Virginia , that figure was nearly 1 in 2 families ) . The entire agrarian economy of the South was based on slave labor , and the Southern delegates to the Convention were unwilling to accept any proposals that they believed would threaten the institution . Commerce and slave trade compromise ( edit ) Quaker John Dickinson argued forcefully against slavery during the Convention . Once Delaware 's largest slaveholder , he had freed all of his slaves by 1787 . Whether slavery was to be regulated under the new Constitution was a matter of such intense conflict between the North and South that several Southern states refused to join the Union if slavery were not to be allowed . Delegates opposed to slavery were forced to yield in their demands that slavery practiced within the confines of the new nation be completely outlawed . However , they continued to argue that the Constitution should prohibit the states from participating in the international slave trade , including in the importation of new slaves from Africa and the export of slaves to other countries . The Convention postponed making a final decision on the international slave trade until late in the deliberations because of the contentious nature of the issue . During the Convention 's late July recess , the Committee of Detail had inserted language that would prohibit the federal government from attempting to ban international slave trading and from imposing taxes on the purchase or sale of slaves . The Convention could not agree on these provisions when the subject came up again in late August , so they referred the matter to an eleven - member committee for further discussion . This committee helped work out a compromise : Congress would have the power to ban the international slave trade , but not for another twenty years ( that is , not until 1808 ) . In exchange for this concession , the federal government 's power to regulate foreign commerce would be strengthened by provisions that allowed for taxation of slave trades in the international market and that reduced the requirement for passage of navigation acts from two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress to simple majorities . Three - fifths compromise ( edit ) Main article : Three - Fifths Compromise Another contentious slavery - related question was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress , or would instead be considered property and as such not be considered for purposes of representation . Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation , but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population . Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation , but not in determining representation . Finally , delegate James Wilson proposed the Three - Fifths Compromise . This was eventually adopted by the Convention . Framers of the Constitution ( edit ) Fifty - five delegates attended sessions of the Constitutional Convention , and are considered the Framers of the Constitution , although only 39 delegates actually signed . The states had originally appointed 70 representatives to the Convention , but a number of the appointees did not accept or could not attend , leaving 55 who would ultimately craft the Constitution . Almost all of the 55 Framers had taken part in the Revolution , with at least 29 having served in the Continental forces , most in positions of command . All but two or three had served in colonial or state government during their careers . The vast majority ( about 75 % ) of the delegates were or had been members of the Confederation Congress , and many had been members of the Continental Congress during the Revolution . Several had been state governors . Just two delegates , Roger Sherman and Robert Morris , would be signatories to all three of the nation 's founding documents : the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution . More than half of the delegates had trained as lawyers ( several had even been judges ) , although only about a quarter had practiced law as their principal means of business . There were also merchants , manufacturers , shippers , land speculators , bankers or financiers , two or three physicians , a minister , and several small farmers . Of the 25 who owned slaves , 16 depended on slave labor to run the plantations or other businesses that formed the mainstay of their income . Most of the delegates were landowners with substantial holdings , and most , with the possible exception of Roger Sherman and William Few , were very comfortably wealthy . George Washington and Robert Morris were among the wealthiest men in the entire country . Connecticut Oliver Ellsworth * William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman Delaware Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford , Jr . Jacob Broom John Dickinson George Read Georgia Abraham Baldwin William Few William Houstoun * William Pierce * Maryland Daniel Carroll Luther Martin * James McHenry John Francis Mercer * Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry * Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Caleb Strong * New Hampshire Nicholas Gilman John Langdon New Jersey David Brearley Jonathan Dayton William Houston * William Livingston William Paterson New York Alexander Hamilton John Lansing , Jr. * Robert Yates * North Carolina William Blount William Richardson Davie * Alexander Martin * Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson Pennsylvania George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Jared Ingersoll Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris James Wilson South Carolina Pierce Butler Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney John Rutledge Virginia John Blair James Madison George Mason * James McClurg * Edmund Randolph * George Washington George Wythe * Rhode Island Rhode Island did not send delegates to the Convention . ( * ) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution . Randolph , Mason , and Gerry were the only three present in Philadelphia at the time who refused to sign . Several prominent Founders are notable for not participating in the Constitutional Convention . Thomas Jefferson was abroad , serving as the minister to France ( nonetheless , Jefferson , in a letter to John Adams , would describe the delegates approvingly as a gathering of `` demi - gods '' ) . John Adams was in Britain , serving as minister to that country , but he wrote home to encourage the delegates . Patrick Henry refused to participate because he `` smelt a rat in Philadelphia , tending toward the monarchy . '' Also absent were John Hancock and Samuel Adams . Many of the states ' older and more experienced leaders may have simply been too busy with the local affairs of their states to attend the Convention , which had originally been planned to strengthen the existing Articles of Confederation , not to write a constitution for a completely new national government . See also ( edit ) Confederation Period Constitution Day ( United States ) Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution The Federalist Papers Founding Fathers of the United States History of the United States Constitution History of the United States National Constitution Center Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution United States Bill of Rights Syng inkstand Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manasseh Cutler was a Congregationalists minister and former Army chaplain from Massachusetts . He arrived directly from lobbying success in New York City during the Northwest Ordinance negotiations at the Articles Congress . Jump up ^ History Alive ! Pursuing American Ideals . Rancho Cordova , CA : Teachers ' Curriculum Institute . April 2013 . p. 56 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Jump up ^ Odesser - Torpey , Marilyn ( 2013 ) . Insiders ' Guide to Philadelphia & Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Morris Book Publishing , LLC . p. 26 . ISBN 9780762756995 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rossiter , Clinton ( 1987 ) . 1787 : The Grand Convention . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30404 - 6 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau ( 2017 ) . `` Pop Culture : 1790 '' . History : Fast Facts . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Articles of Confederation , Art . 13 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jump up ^ The Ratification of the Constitution National Archives ^ Jump up to : Padover , Saul K. ( 1995 ) . Landynski , Jacob W. , ed . The Living U.S. Constitution : Historical Background , Landmark Supreme Court Decisions , with Introductions , Indexed Guide , Pen Portraits of the Signers ( 3rd rev . ed . ) . New York : Meridian . ISBN 978 - 0452011472 . Jump up ^ Irons , Lee. , The 1788 American Revision of the Westminster Standards , viewed September 15 , 2011 . Referencing `` Records of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1706 -- 1788 '' ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Teaching American History.org , A citizen of America : an examination into the leading principles of America , viewed October 20 , 2011 . Scudder , Horace Elisha . Noah Webster , 1885 ed. , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Robert Yates . http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/yates.asp Jump up ^ The Three - Fifth Compromise Digitalhistory.uh.edu Jump up ^ Farrand , Max , ed. ( 1911 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Volume 1 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand , Max , ed. ( 1911 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Volume 2 . New Haven : Yale University Press . pp. 94 -- 95 . ^ Jump up to : See Laurence Claus , Power Enumeration and the Silences of Constitutional Federalism http://ssrn.com/abstract=2837390 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . Jump up ^ United States Postage Stamps Jump up ^ National Archives . `` Bill of Rights '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Speech of Benjamin Franklin -- The U_S_ Constitution Online -- USConstitution_net ^ Jump up to : `` Rising Sun '' in The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Vol. 1 ( ed . John R. Vile : ABC - CLIO , 2005 ) , p. 681 . Jump up ^ Madison Notes for September 17 , 1787 . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 2006 ) . America 's Constitution : A Biography . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7272 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : US Constitution.net . `` Constitutional Topic : The Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Plan of Charles Pinckney ( South Carolina ) , Presented to the Federal Convention , May 29 , 1787 . `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : May 29 . `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max , ed. ( 1911 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Volume 1 . New Haven : Yale University Press . pp. 489 , 490 , 551 . ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . D.C. : Government Printing Office . ^ Jump up to : Constitutional Rights Foundation . `` The Constitution and Slavery '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2004 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Framers of the Constitution '' . America 's Founding Documents . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . 2017 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rodell , Fred ( 1986 ) . 55 Men : The Story of the Constitution , Based on the Day - by - Day Notes of James Madison . Stackpole Books . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 4409 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Founding Fathers : A Brief Overview '' . The Charters of Freedom . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press . Bibliography ( edit ) Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . Bowen , Catherine Drinker , Miracle At Philadelphia : The Story of the Constitutional Convention ( Little , Brown 1966 ) Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press . Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constitutional Convention ( United States ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which state sent no delegates to the constitutional convention | [
"Outside the Convention in Philadelphia, there was a national convening of the Society of the Cincinnati. Washington was said to be embarrassed. The 1776 \"old republican\" delegates like Elbridge Gerry (MA) found anything military or hereditary anathema. The Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia and New York convention was meeting to redefine its Confession, dropping the faith requirement for civil authority to prohibit false worship.[11] Protestant Episcopalian Washington attended a Roman Catholic Mass and dinner.[12] Revolution veteran Jonas Phillips, of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue, petitioned the Convention to avoid a national oath including belief in both Old and New Testaments. Merchants of Providence, Rhode Island, petitioned for consideration, though their Assembly had not sent a delegation.[13]"
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"Rhode Island"
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-8821722426369761775 | Bohemian Rhapsody (film) | Bohemian Rhapsody ( film ) - wikipedia Bohemian Rhapsody ( film ) For other uses , see Bohemian Rhapsody ( disambiguation ) . Bohemian Rhapsody Theatrical release poster Directed by Bryan Singer Produced by Graham King Jim Beach Screenplay by Anthony McCarten Story by Anthony McCarten Peter Morgan Starring Rami Malek Lucy Boynton Gwilym Lee Ben Hardy Joseph Mazzello Aidan Gillen Tom Hollander Mike Myers Music by John Ottman Cinematography Newton Thomas Sigel Edited by John Ottman Production company 20th Century Fox New Regency GK Films Queen Films Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 23 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 23 ) ( SSE Arena ) 24 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 24 ) ( United Kingdom ) 2 November 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 134 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Box office $12.5 million Bohemian Rhapsody is a 2018 biographical film about the British rock band Queen , focusing on lead singer Freddie Mercury 's life and leading up to Queen 's Live Aid performance at Wembley Stadium in 1985 . The film is a British - American joint venture produced by 20th Century Fox , New Regency , GK Films , and Queen Films , with Fox serving as distributor . Directed by Bryan Singer , it is written by Anthony McCarten , produced by Graham King and former Queen manager Jim Beach , and stars Rami Malek as Mercury , with Lucy Boynton , Gwilym Lee , Ben Hardy , Joseph Mazzello , Aidan Gillen , Tom Hollander , Allen Leech and Mike Myers in supporting roles . Queen members Brian May and Roger Taylor served as creative consultants of the film . Principal photography began in London in September 2017 with Singer as director . In December 2017 , Singer was fired for absence and clashing with the cast and crew ; Dexter Fletcher was hired to complete the film , although Singer retained sole director credit as per DGA guidelines . Filming concluded in January 2018 . Bohemian Rhapsody was released in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2018 and is scheduled to be in the United States on 2 November 2018 . The film received a mixed critical reception ; its direction and historical inaccuracies were criticized , but Malek 's performance as Mercury received unanimous praise . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Directing credit 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) During the early 1970s , aspiring Parsi songwriter Farrokh Bulsara , later known as Freddie Mercury , forms the band Queen alongside his new friends Brian May , Roger Taylor and John Deacon with his supportive girlfriend Mary Austin . Freddie struggles with coming out as bisexual , his freeloader second manager , drugs , and his alienation of his band mates before he reconciles with them and reconnects with his father 's philosophy of ethical choices . Their career is successful against all odds of getting their music to be heard . In 1985 , the band is asked to perform at Live Aid . Freddie tells the band he has AIDS and vows to go out doing what he and the band does best . Cast ( edit ) Rami Malek as Freddie Mercury , lead vocalist of the rock band Queen Adam Rauf as young Freddie Mercury Lucy Boynton as Mary Austin , Mercury 's girlfriend Gwilym Lee as Brian May , Queen lead guitarist Ben Hardy as Roger Taylor , Queen drummer Joseph Mazzello as John Deacon , Queen bass guitarist Aidan Gillen as John Reid , Queen 's second manager Tom Hollander as Jim Beach , Queen 's third manager Allen Leech as Paul Prenter , Mercury 's personal manager Mike Myers as Ray Foster , an EMI executive Aaron McCusker as Jim Hutton , Mercury 's boyfriend Dermot Murphy as Bob Geldof Meneka Das as Jer Bulsara , Mercury 's mother Ace Bhatti as Bomi Bulsara , Mercury 's father Dickie Beau as Kenny Everett Neil Fox - Roberts as Mr. Austin , Mary 's father Philip Andrew as Reinhold Mack Matthew Houston as Larry Mullen Jr. , the drummer of the Irish rock band U2 Michelle Duncan as Shelley Stern Max Bennett as David , Mary 's boyfriend Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Bohemian Rhapsody was announced in 2010 . In a BBC interview published on 17 September 2010 , Queen guitarist Brian May spoke about an upcoming film project concerning the history of the band . According to the interview , Sacha Baron Cohen was set to play Freddie Mercury , with Graham King acting as a co-producer , and Peter Morgan ( nominated for award - winning biopics The Queen and Frost / Nixon ) , writing the screenplay . May confirmed in April 2011 that the production was moving forward . He strongly approved of the casting of Baron Cohen , but also had certain reservations about the possible direction the project might take . The band 's concerns focused on avoiding any harm to Mercury 's legacy . In July 2013 , Baron Cohen left the project due to creative differences . Allegedly , he had wished to produce an adult - oriented film , while the band wanted to take a more family - friendly approach . May confirmed later in 2013 that Baron Cohen had left the project on good terms . Comments by May and Roger Taylor suggested that Baron Cohen was too well known as a comedian and prankster ( due largely to his fictional personae Ali G and Borat ) , and that his presence in the film would be distracting . In March 2016 , Baron Cohen spoke about misunderstandings with the surviving members of the band about the intended subject and events of the film , in particular whether the story ought to continue past Mercury 's 1991 death . He also mentioned artistic disagreements with the band over the composition of the production team , referring specifically to Morgan , David Fincher , and Tom Hooper . Following Baron Cohen 's departure , in December 2013 , Ben Whishaw was mentioned as a possible replacement to play Freddie Mercury . Also at this time , Dexter Fletcher was selected as the film 's director . Fletcher removed himself from the project early the following year , amid reports of creative disagreements with King . In August 2014 , Whishaw suggested that the film was not progressing well and that there had been scripting problems . Whishaw exited the project seven months later . Rumours followed in 2015 that Baron Cohen had rejoined the project , and also that Whishaw might return . In November 2015 , screenwriter Anthony McCarten had become attached to the project , which now had the working title of Bohemian Rhapsody after the band 's song of the same name . Developing a fresh take on the story from his interviews with the band ( May and Taylor ) , he delivered his first draft in February 2016 . A year later , director Bryan Singer was in talks to take over the direction of Bohemian Rhapsody , Rami Malek was cast to play Mercury , and the film was being fast - tracked by 20th Century Fox and New Regency . It was reported elsewhere in 2015 that Johnny Flynn was due to play Roger Taylor , and that Gemma Arterton would play Mercury 's partner Mary Austin . In May 2017 , Malek confirmed that he had conducted recordings at Abbey Road Studios and had consulted directly with Taylor and May at Taylor 's apartment . The same month , Entertainment Weekly reported that Taylor and May were serving as the film 's music producers . By August 2017 , Justin Haythe was revealed to have penned another draft of the script . Casting ( edit ) On 4 November 2016 , it was announced that Rami Malek would star as Freddie Mercury . On 21 August 2017 , additional cast members were announced , including Ben Hardy as drummer Roger Taylor , Gwilym Lee as lead guitarist Brian May , and Joseph Mazzello as bass guitarist John Deacon . On 30 August 2017 , it was reported that Allen Leech had been cast in the film to play Mercury 's personal manager , Paul Prenter , who worked for him from 1977 to 1986 when he was fired for betraying Mercury by selling his personal information to the UK newspapers . On 6 September 2017 , Lucy Boynton joined the cast of the film to play Mercury 's long - term girlfriend , Mary Austin . Lindsey Stirling , Bryce Dallas Howard , Maria Bello and Ashley Johnson were also considered . On 11 September 2017 , Mike Myers joined the cast to play EMI executive Ray Foster . On 22 September 2017 , Aaron McCusker joined the cast of the film to play Mercury 's long - term boyfriend , Jim Hutton . On 26 September 2017 , it was announced that Aidan Gillen was cast as John Reid , Queen 's second manager , from 1975 to 1978 , who took over from Norman Sheffield of Trident Studios and Tom Hollander would play Jim Beach , Queen 's third manager , who took over from John Reid in 1978 . Filming ( edit ) Pre-production began in July 2017 in the United Kingdom , with principal photography beginning in London in September 2017 . An exact replica of the 1985 Live Aid set at Wembley Stadium was created and brought to Bovingdon Airfield near Hemel Hempstead where it was set up for rehearsals on 7 September 2017 with extras on set . Queen archivist Greg Brooks was instrumental in helping recreate each scene to make it as true to life as possible . He worked daily with Fox for months from the beginning , providing answers to questions . When Malek was contacted about playing Mercury , he had only a casual knowledge of Queen . To become Mercury , Malek had to work many intense sessions with a movement coach ( as well as learn to talk with prosthetic teeth ) . Malek said , `` I had to re-create things he did on the fly , onstage . There were many days I said to myself , ' This is a lost cause . ' '' After finishing the film , Malek said that he became a `` Queen super-fan '' , saying , `` I see Freddie as the best performer of all time ... I never ceased to be astonished by this man . '' While Malek sang some parts in the film , producers inserted vocal stems from Queen songs as well as filling in parts with Marc Martel , a winner of the Queen Extravaganza Live Tour auditions . On 1 December 2017 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that 20th Century Fox had temporarily halted production due to the `` unexpected unavailability '' of director Bryan Singer , with sources saying that Singer had failed to return to the set after the Thanksgiving week , leaving producers nervous about the state of production and started discussions about potentially replacing him , at which point cinematographer Newton Thomas Sigel had to step in and direct during Singer 's non-showings . Singer 's absence was reportedly due to `` a personal health matter concerning Bryan and his family '' however , other sources claimed that star Rami Malek and the crew had grown tired of Singer 's behaviour , reportedly showing up late to set and repeatedly clashing with Malek . On 4 December 2017 , Singer was fired as director , with about two weeks remaining in principal photography . On 6 December 2017 , Dexter Fletcher was announced as Singer 's replacement . On 15 December 2017 , the film had resumed filming in and around London after replacing Singer with Fletcher . Fletcher estimated two - thirds of the principal photography had been completed when he joined the production , saying `` I came into the last few weeks of principal photography and editing and the bits and pieces like that ... I was looking at two complete ( acts ) in a good film , and ( I had to ) not let it down . '' On 16 January 2018 , Brian May uploaded a photo on his Instagram account on the set of the film and said : Today , under the auspices of our new supreme pilot , Dexter Fletcher , I got my own directorial chair ! I was very touched . So ! My first day on the set of Bohemian Rhapsody the Movie for more than 6 weeks , and the atmosphere is massively warm and joyful . The entire BR company has been through storms which would have sunk many a ship , but they 're all still on board , full of optimism -- and with a team spirit stronger than ever . There 's such a great feeling of pride in this movie . I wish I could show you pictures ! But for now it 's good to protect the surprises . The Bohemian Rhapsody ship is on course ! ! With full steam up ! Bri . On 29 January 2018 , several cast members posted to social media that the filming had finished . Directing credit ( edit ) According to the Directors Guild of America , only one director can be named for a film , and the DGA has sole control over who that will be . Although Dexter Fletcher replaced Bryan Singer on the set before filming was completed , producer Graham King announced in June 2018 that Singer would receive the directing credit on the finished film . Music ( edit ) Main article : Bohemian Rhapsody : The Original Soundtrack John Ottman , a frequent collaborator of Singer , composed the film 's score . An official soundtrack album , containing several Queen hits and 11 previously unreleased recordings , including five tracks from their 21 - minute Live Aid performance in July 1985 which have never before been released in audio form , was released by Hollywood Records on CD , cassette , and digital formats on 19 October 2018 , with a release on vinyl following in February or March 2019 . Release ( edit ) Bohemian Rhapsody was released in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2018 in IMAX . It is scheduled for release in the United States by 20th Century Fox on 2 November 2018 . The film was previously scheduled for release on 25 December 2018 . The world premiere took place in London at the SSE Arena , Wembley on 23 October 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) Mural on the side of Mercury 's former art college in west London to promote the film . The teaser trailer for the film was released on 15 May 2018 and with more than 5 million views in the first 24 hours , it was the top trending video on YouTube . Television writer and producer Bryan Fuller argued that the trailer favours Mercury 's relationship with women as opposed to his ones with men while also highlighting the absence of the singer 's AIDS diagnosis from the synopsis . Instead , it 's simply referred to as `` a life - threatening illness '' . Executives have stated that the film will still acknowledge Mercury 's gay relationships . With the recent release of the trailer , Queen had three of the top 20 positions on Billboard 's Hot Rock Songs chart , including `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , `` Another One Bites the Dust '' and `` We Are the Champions '' . On 11 June 2018 , at CineEurope , a showing of the film Bohemian Rhapsody closed the show with appearances by Rami Malek , producer Graham King , and special appearances by Brian May and Roger Taylor , who were playing a concert of Queen + Adam Lambert in Barcelona . The first teaser trailer was released on 14 May 2018 with the full trailer coming a day later showing the band working on their song `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . It was announced on 6 September 2018 that the film would receive a PG - 13 rating . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the film had preview screenings on its opening night of 24 October 2018 , grossing £ 1.62 million ( $2.08 million ) from 575 venues , with a per - screen average of £ 2,817 ( $3,612 ) . It went on to gross $12.5 million from 1,250 screens in its opening weekend , finishing first at the box office . In the United States and Canada , Bohemian Rhapsody will be released alongside The Nutcracker and the Four Realms and Nobody 's Fool , and was originally projected to gross $26 -- 30 million in its opening weekend . By the week of its release , weekend estimates had reached $35 -- 40 million . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 56 % based on 103 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Bohemian Rhapsody hits a handful of high notes , but as an in - depth look at a beloved band , it offers more of a medley than a true greatest hits collection . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote , `` Rami Malek does a commanding job of channeling Freddie Mercury 's flamboyant rock - god bravura , but Bryan Singer 's middle - of - the - road Queen biopic rarely lives up to the authenticity of its lead performance . '' Paul Whitington , writing for the Irish Independent , gave the film 3 / 5 stars , saying , `` Bohemian Rhapsody is not big on subtlety : it tells Freddie 's story loudly , taking dramatic shortcuts , over-neatly conflating events and reducing most of the surrounding characters to single dimensions . Some of the dialogue 's a bit heavy - handed too , but I must say I was thoroughly entertained . '' For the Evening Standard , Craig McLean wrote , `` Bohemian Rhapsody is triumphant entertainment . The post-production special effects have done their job : the Live Aid scenes are convincingly epic . The actors have done their job , too , notably Malek , who oozes pure Mercury . '' The chief rock and pop critic of The Guardian , Alexis Petridis , described the film 's portrayal of Mercury as `` sanitised , '' writing `` Bohemian Rhapsody is a film that plays so fast and loose with the truth , it ends up seeming faintly ridiculous : you start out nitpicking about minor chronological errors ... and end up with your jaw on the floor . '' The newspaper 's film critic , Steve Rose , described the film as a `` rock slog with a troubling moralistic subtext '' . Although praising Rami Malek 's performance , David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a grade of `` D + '' , criticizing Singer 's direction and calling the film `` royally embarrassing '' , writing , `` Queen 's music may have been unclassifiable , but their movie is as trite and textbook as it gets ... It 's par for the course in this terrible and self - indulgent piece of revisionist history , where the legend is always prioritized over the truth , even when the truth was surely far more interesting . '' For The Spectator , Jasper Rees described Bohemian Rhapsody as `` a succession of predigested clichés , '' writing `` you are overcome by the sapping impression that almost nothing happened the way it 's being presented , '' citing in particular the timing of Mercury 's AIDS diagnosis . Rees concluded , `` The costumes and wigs are splendid , and the songs are still up to snuff . But this homage to a showman is more famine than feast . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bryan Singer was replaced by Dexter Fletcher near the end of principal photography , but retained his sole director credit in accordance with Directors Guild of America rules . Fletcher received `` Executive Producer '' credit . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Galuppo , Mia ( 12 June 2018 ) . `` Bryan Singer to Get Directing Credit on Queen Biopic ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bohemian Rhapsody ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bohemian Rhapsody ( 2018 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bohemian Rhapsody ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Rachel Yang ( 23 October 2018 ) . `` ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' Sees Mixed Reviews as Critics Praise Rami Malek '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mr Robot star Rami Malek to play Freddie Mercury in Queen biopic '' . theguardian . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( 6 September 2017 ) . `` ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' : Lucy Boynton Joins Queen Pic As Mary Austin '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Queen Pic ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' Finds Bandmates In Ben Hardy , Gwilym Lee & Joe Mazzello '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Galuppo , Mia ( 26 September 2017 ) . `` Aidan Gillen , Tom Hollander Join Cast of Queen Biopic ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` Allen Leech Joins ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' As Paul Prenter , Freddy Mercury 's Judas '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jr , Mike Fleming ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` Mike Myers Comes Full Circle With ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' '' . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( 22 September 2017 ) . `` ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' : Aaron McCusker Cast As Freddie Mercury Boyfriend Jim Hutton '' . Jump up ^ `` Sacha Baron Cohen to play Freddie Mercury '' . BBC News . 17 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sacha Baron Cohen is perfect to play Freddie Mercury but we ca n't mess up his legacy , says Brian May '' . dailyrecord.co.uk. 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` Sacha Baron Baron Cohen Exits Freddie Mercury Biopic Over Creative Differences With Queen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brian May Speaks on Queen Biopic Problems '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sacha Baron Cohen Says David Fincher Eyed Queen Biopic , Producers Wanted Freddie Mercury To Die Mid-Movie '' . 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Whishaw joins Freddie Mercury biopic '' . BBC News . 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dexter Fletcher Drops Out Of Freddie Mercury Biopic '' . www.yahoo.com . Yahoo News . 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Whishaw says Freddie Mercury film is on hold '' . www.telegraph.co.uk . The Daily Telegraph . 6 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sacha Baron Cohen rejoins troubled Freddie Mercury biopic '' . www.telegraph.co.uk . The Daily Telegraph . 28 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleming Jr ( 18 November 2015 ) . `` ' Theory Of Everything 's Anthony McCarten Scripting Freddie Mercury Pic For GK Films ; Ben Whishaw In The Wings ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( 4 November 2016 ) . `` Queen Movie Amping Up With Bryan Singer & Rami Malek As Freddie Mercury '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Mercury biopic starring Ben Whishaw ' will start shooting in June 2016 ' '' . www.nme.com . NME. 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rami Malek on playing Freddie Mercury : ' I could have my Beyoncé moment ' '' . www.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Bryan Singer 's Bohemian Rhapsody Casts Queen Bandmates ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ ' Mr. Robot ' Star Rami Malek to Play Freddie Mercury in Queen Biopic , Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 16 July 2017 ) . `` Queen Pic ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' Tunes Up For Fall Start With Bryan Singer , Rami Malek '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live Aid 1985 set transported to field for Freddie Mercury biopic '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Peacock , Tim ( 7 September 2018 ) . `` Watch Trailer For The Forthcoming Queen Biopic Bohemian Rhapsody '' . www.udiscovermusic.com . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Andy ( July 2018 ) . `` Freddie Goes to Hollywood '' . Rolling Stone . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Fox Halts Production on Queen Biopic Due to Bryan Singer Absence The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryan Singer : Illness forces director to stop work on Freddie Mercury film BBC News . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox Halts Production on Bryan Singer 's Queen Biopic Bohemian Rhapsody ScreenRant. 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( 4 December 2017 ) Bryan Singer Fired From Directing Queen Biopic After On - Set Chaos ( Exclusive ) The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dexter Fletcher Replaces Bryan Singer On ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' Deadline . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' + ' Doctor Who ' Filming Now in the U.K. Backstage . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marotta , Jenna ( 10 May 2018 ) . `` ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' Director Dexter Fletcher on the Pressure of Replacing Bryan Singer -- Exclusive '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Instagram . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Falt , Chris ( 4 December 2017 ) . `` Fox Fired Bryan Singer , but It Wo n't Be Able to Remove Him as the Director of ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 12 June 2018 ) . `` Bryan Singer Will Get Directing Credit on ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` Queen Unearth Live Aid Recordings for ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Queen To Release Bohemian Rhapsody Original Film Soundtrack On October 19 '' . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . Burbank , California : Hollywood Records . September 5 , 2018 . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schatz , Lake . `` Queen to release Bohemian Rhapsody film soundtrack '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 13 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( 26 March 2018 ) . `` 20th Century Fox Shuffles Release Dates For ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' , ' Dark Phoenix ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Deacon , Queen , official , Freddie Mercury , Brian May , Roger Taylor , John . `` QueenOnline.com -- News '' . www.queenonline.com . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Rolli , Bryan ( 15 May 2018 ) . `` The First ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' Trailer Gets One Key Aspect Right '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( 17 May 2018 ) . `` Bohemian Rhapsody trailer sparks controversy for ' ignoring ' Freddie Mercury 's sexuality '' . Independent.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Queen 's ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' Biopic Trailer Sparks Title Track & Other Classics on Hot Rock Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( 13 June 2018 ) . `` CineEurope : Fox Revs Up ' Alita , ' ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' in Likely Last Show Before Sale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Bohemian Rhapsody movie : release date , cast , trailer , soundtrack and all the details '' . Smooth. 5 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( 6 September 2018 ) . `` ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' Gets A PG - 13 , But ' Nobody 's Fool ' Is Tyler Perry 's First R - Rated Comedy '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' posts healthy £ 1.62 m UK opening night '' . Screen . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 28 October 2018 ) . `` ' Halloween ' Treats Itself To No. 1 ; ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' Is Queen Of UK ; ' Venom ' Tops $500 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 28 October 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 11 October 2018 ) . `` ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' Will Rock the Box Office With $30 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved 13 October 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 30 October 2018 ) . `` Moviegoers Do The Fandango As ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' Bests ' A Star Is Born ' In Presales ; Freddie Mercury Biopic Eyes $40 M Start '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 30 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bohemian Rhapsody ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bohemian Rhapsody reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 30 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 23 October 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' '' . Variety . Penske Media . Retrieved 23 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Whitington ( 26 October 2018 ) . `` Bohemian Rhapsody review : ' Malek 's energy and conviction overcome the dramatic dips of a film that 's far from perfect ' '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 28 October 2018 . Jump up ^ McLean , Craig . `` Bohemian Rhapsody : The real story behind the Freddie Mercury and Queen biopic '' . Evening Standard . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 29 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( 24 October 2018 ) . `` Guaranteed to blow your mind : the real Freddie Mercury '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( 23 October 2018 ) . `` Bohemian Rhapsody review : Freddie Mercury biopic bites the dust '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( 23 October 2018 ) . `` ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' Review : A Spirited Rami Malek Ca n't Save Bryan Singer 's Royally Embarrassing Queen Biopic '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 23 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Rees , Jasper . `` A succession of predigested clichés : Bohemian Rhapsody reviewed '' . The Spectator . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Bohemian Rhapsody on IMDb Bohemian Rhapsody at Metacritic Bohemian Rhapsody at Rotten Tomatoes Bohemian Rhapsody at AllMovie Bohemian Rhapsody at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Bryan Singer Lion 's Den ( 1988 ) Public Access ( 1993 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) X2 ( 2003 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Valkyrie ( 2008 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) Bohemian Rhapsody ( 2018 ) Queen Brian May Roger Taylor Freddie Mercury John Deacon Studio albums Queen Queen II Sheer Heart Attack A Night at the Opera A Day at the Races News of the World Jazz The Game Hot Space The Works A Kind of Magic The Miracle Innuendo Made in Heaven Live albums Live Killers Live Magic At the Beeb Live at Wembley ' 86 Queen on Fire -- Live at the Bowl Queen Rock Montreal Hungarian Rhapsody : Queen Live in Budapest Live at the Rainbow ' 74 A Night at the Odeon -- Hammersmith 1975 On Air Soundtracks Flash Gordon Bohemian Rhapsody Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits II Classic Queen The 12 '' Collection Queen Rocks Greatest Hits III Stone Cold Classics The A -- Z of Queen , Volume 1 Absolute Greatest Deep Cuts , Volume 1 ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Deep Cuts , Volume 2 ( 1977 -- 1982 ) Deep Cuts , Volume 3 ( 1984 -- 1995 ) Icon Queen Forever On Air Additional albums Five Live ( with George Michael ) The Cosmos Rocks ( with Paul Rodgers ) Box sets The Complete Works CD Single Box Box of Tricks Ultimate Queen The Crown Jewels The Platinum Collection The Singles Collection Volume 1 The Singles Collection Volume 2 The Singles Collection Volume 3 The Singles Collection Volume 4 On Air Videography We Will Rock You Live in Rio The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert Greatest Video Hits 1 Queen at Wembley Queen Rocks Greatest Video Hits 2 We Are the Champions : Final Live in Japan Queen on Fire -- Live at the Bowl Queen Rock Montreal Hungarian Rhapsody : Queen Live in Budapest Live at the Rainbow ' 74 A Night at the Odeon -- Hammersmith 1975 Tours Queen II Tour Sheer Heart Attack Tour A Night at the Opera Tour Summer Gigs 1976 A Day at the Races Tour News of the World Tour Jazz Tour Crazy Tour The Game Tour Hot Space Tour The Works Tour The Magic Tour Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour Rock the Cosmos Tour Queen + Adam Lambert Tour 2012 Queen + Adam Lambert Tour 2014 -- 2015 Queen + Adam Lambert 2016 Summer Festival Tour Queen + Adam Lambert Tour 2017 -- 2018 Related Discography Awards Live performances Songs The Story of Bohemian Rhapsody Queen + Paul Rodgers Queen + Adam Lambert Queen & Adam Lambert Rock Big Ben Live Larry Lurex Mike Grose Smile The Cross The Brian May Band One Night of Queen Queen : The eYe Trident Studios Musicland Studios Abbey Road Studios Olympic Studios Metropolis Studios Rockfield Studios AIR Studios Island Studios The Town House We Will Rock You ( musical ) We Will Rock You : 10th Anniversary Tour Queen at the Ballet Deacy Amp Mercury Phoenix Trust Queen Extravaganza Tour Mountain Studios Red Special Spike Edney Jim Beach John Reid List of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' cover versions SingStar Queen Dragon Attack : A Tribute to Queen Stone Cold Queen : A Tribute Killer Queen : A Tribute to Queen A Night at the Hip Hopera Bohemian Rhapsody ( film ) Book Portal Freddie Mercury Discography Studio albums Mr. Bad Guy Barcelona Compilations The Freddie Mercury Album The Solo Collection Lover of Life , Singer of Songs Messenger of the Gods : The Singles Collection Singles `` Love Kills '' `` I Was Born to Love You '' `` Made in Heaven '' `` Living on My Own '' `` Time '' `` The Great Pretender '' `` Barcelona '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` How Can I Go On '' `` In My Defence '' `` Love Kills '' Related articles 17473 Freddiemercury The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert Queen Smile Larry Lurex The Mercury Phoenix Trust The Hectics Cirolana mercuryi Mercurana Bohemian Rhapsody ( film ) Logan Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemian_Rhapsody_(film)&oldid=866520294 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s musical films 2010s LGBT - related films 20th Century Fox films American films American biographical films American LGBT - related films American musical films American rock music films British films British biographical films British LGBT - related films British musical films Biographical films about singers Biographical films about musicians Cultural depictions of Freddie Mercury Films based on actual events Films about music and musicians Films about musical groups Films directed by Bryan Singer Films directed by Dexter Fletcher Films produced by Bryan Singer Films scored by John Ottman Films set in the 1970s Films set in 1970 Films set in 1975 Films set in 1977 Films set in the 1980s Films set in 1985 Films set in London Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Freddie Mercury HIV / AIDS in film IMAX films LGBT - related films based on actual events LGBT - related musical films Musical films based on actual events Queen ( band ) Regency Enterprises films Upcoming English - language films Upcoming IMAX films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the new queen film come out | [
"Bohemian Rhapsody was released in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2018 and is scheduled to be in the United States on 2 November 2018. The film received a mixed critical reception; its direction and historical inaccuracies were criticized, but Malek's performance as Mercury received unanimous praise.[6]\n"
] | [
"2 November 2018"
] |
657658178680069609 | Union Council of Ministers | Union council of ministers - Wikipedia Union council of ministers This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 31 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Republic of India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Union Government ( show ) Constitution of India Fundamental rights Executive : President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary of India Civil Services of India Parliament : Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha The Chairman The Speaker Judiciary : Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner Political parties ( show ) National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) State Govt. and Local Govt. ( show ) Governor Chief Minister Chief Secretary State Level : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local governments : Divisional commissioner District magistrate Sub-divisional magistrate Rural bodies Zilla panchayats Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies Municipal Corporations Municipal councils Nagar Panchayats Other countries Atlas The Union Council of Ministers exercises executive authority in the Republic of India . It consists of senior ministers , called `` Cabinet Ministers '' , junior ministers , called `` Ministers of State '' and deputy ministers . It is led by the Prime Minister . A smaller executive body , called the Union Cabinet is the supreme decision - making body in India . Only the Prime Minister and ministers of the rank of `` Cabinet Minister '' are members of Union Cabinet as per Article 352 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regulations 2 Ranking 3 Appointment 4 Removal 5 Council of Ministers of a State 6 Current Union Council of Ministers 6.1 Cabinet Ministers 6.2 Ministers of State ( Independent Charge ) 6.3 Ministers of State 7 References 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Regulations ( edit ) Per Article 75 ( 3 ) , the Council of Ministers is responsible collectively to the lower house of the Indian Parliament , called the Lok Sabha ( House of People ) . When a bill introduced by a minister in the Lok sabha is not approved by it , entire council of ministers is responsible and not the minister . The council of ministers upon losing confidence of Lok Sabha shall resign to facilitate new government formation . A minister shall not take any decision without being considered by the council of ministers per Article 78 ( c ) . All union cabinet members shall submit in writing to the President to propose proclamation of emergency by the president per Article 352 . According to the Constitution of India , the total number of ministers in the Council of Ministers must not exceed 15 % of the total number of members of the House of the People . Ministers must be members of parliament . Any minister who is not a member of either the lower or upper houses of parliament for six consecutive months is automatically stripped off his or her ministerial post . Ranking ( edit ) There are five categories of council of ministers as given below , in descending order of rank : Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister ( if any ) : presides as Prime Minister in his absence or as the senior most cabinet minister . Cabinet Minister : member of cabinet ; leads a ministry Minister of State ( Independent Charges ) : junior minister not reporting to a cabinet minister Minister of State ( MoS ) : junior minister reporting to a cabinet minister , usually tasked with a specific responsibility in that ministry Appointment ( edit ) Per Article 75 , a minister who works at the pleasure of President , is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister . Removal ( edit ) Upon self resignation Upon dismissal by the President for minister 's unconstitutional acts per Article 75 ( 2 ) . Upon direction from the Judiciary for committing violation of law . Upon ceasing eligibility to be a member of Parliament . It is nowhere stated in the constitution , a minister can be removed by the Prime Minister at his will . Council of ministers of a State ( edit ) Every state in India is governed by its council of ministers with rules and procedure similar to union council of ministers per Articles 163 , 164 and 167 ( c ) . There is no concept of cabinet rank minister in the council of ministers . Current Union council of ministers ( edit ) As a collective , each successive Council of Ministers is referred to as a cabinet . The current cabinet is led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi , who took office on 26 May 2014 . Cabinet ministers ( edit ) Source : Key India cabinet ministers information - 2014 Portfolio Minister Took office Left office Party Prime Minister Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Department of Atomic Energy Department of Space All important policy issues and all other portfolios not allocated to any Minister . Narendra Modi 26 May 2014 Incumbent BJP Minister of Home Affairs Rajnath Singh 26 May 2014 Incumbent BJP Minister of External Affairs Sushma Swaraj 26 May 2014 Incumbent BJP Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs Sushma Swaraj 26 May 2014 7 January 2016 BJP This Ministry was merged with Ministry of External Affairs Minister of Finance Minister of Corporate Affairs Arun Jaitley 26 May 2014 Incumbent BJP Minister of Defence Arun Jaitley 26 May 2014 9 November 2014 BJP Manohar Parrikar 9 November 2014 13 March 2017 BJP Arun Jaitley 13 March 2017 3 September 2017 BJP Nirmala Sitharaman 3 September 2017 Incumbent BJP Minister of Information and Broadcasting Prakash Javadekar 26 May 2014 9 November 2014 BJP Arun Jaitley 9 November 2014 5 July 2016 BJP Venkaiah Naidu 5 July 2016 17 July 2017 BJP Smriti Irani 18 July 2017 Incumbent BJP Minister of Railways D.V. Sadananda Gowda 26 May 2014 9 November 2014 BJP Suresh Prabhu 9 November 2014 3 September 2017 BJP Piyush Goyal 3 September 2017 Incumbent BJP Minister of Urban Development Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Venkaiah Naidu 26 May 2014 17 July 2017 BJP Narendra Singh Tomar 18 July 2017 3 September 2017 BJP Currently Minister of state in charge Minister of Road Transport and Highways Minister of Shipping Nitin Gadkari 26 May 2014 Incumbent BJP Minister of Law and Justice Ravi Shankar Prasad 26 May 2014 9 November 2014 BJP D.V. Sadananda Gowda 9 November 2014 5 July 2016 BJP Ravi Shankar Prasad 5 July 2016 Incumbent BJP Minister of Electronics and Information Technology Ravi Shankar Prasad 26 May 2014 3 September 2017 BJP Alphons Kannanthanam 3 September 2017 Incumbent BJP Minister of Water Resources , River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Uma Bharati 26 May 2014 3 September 2017 BJP Nitin Gadkari 3 September 2017 Incumbent BJP Minister of Drinking Water and Sanitation Gopinath Munde 26 May 2014 3 June 2014 BJP Nitin Gadkari 4 June 2014 9 November 2014 BJP Chaudhary Birender Singh 9 November 2014 5 July 2016 BJP Narendra Singh Tomar 5 July 2016 3 September 2017 BJP Uma Bharati 3 September 2017 Incumbent BJP Minister of Minority Affairs Najma A. Heptulla 26 May 2014 12 July 2016 BJP Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi 12 July 2016 Incumbent BJP Minister of Rural Development Minister of Panchayati Raj Gopinath Munde 26 May 2014 3 June 2014 BJP Nitin Gadkari 4 June 2014 9 November 2014 BJP Birender Singh 9 November 2014 5 July 2016 BJP Narendra Singh Tomar 5 July 2016 Incumbent BJP Minister of Mines Narendra Singh Tomar 27 May 2014 5 July 2016 BJP Piyush Goyal 6 July 2016 3 September 2017 BJP Minister of state was responsible Narendra Singh Tomar 3 September 2017 Incumbent BJP Minister of Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution Ram Vilas Paswan 26 May 2014 Incumbent LJP Minister of Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Kalraj Mishra 26 May 2014 31 August 2017 BJP Currently Minister of state in charge Minister of Women and Child Development Maneka Gandhi 26 May 2014 Incumbent BJP Minister of Parliamentary Affairs Venkaiah Naidu 26 May 2014 5 July 2016 BJP Ananth Kumar 5 July 2016 Incumbent BJP Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers Ananth Kumar 26 May 2014 Incumbent BJP Minister of Civil Aviation Ashok Gajapathi Raju Pusapati 26 May 2014 Incumbent TDP Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Anant Geete 26 May 2014 Incumbent Shiv Sena Minister of Food Processing Industries Harsimrat Kaur Badal 26 May 2014 Incumbent SAD Minister of Steel Narendra Singh Tomar 26 May 2014 5 July 2016 BJP Chaudhary Birender Singh 5 July 2016 Incumbent BJP Minister of Labour and Employment Bandaru Dattatreya 26 May 2014 9 November 2014 BJP Currently Minister of state in charge Minister of Tribal Affairs Jual Oram 26 May 2014 Incumbent BJP Minister of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Radha Mohan Singh 26 May 2014 Incumbent BJP Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment Thawar Chand Gehlot 26 May 2014 Incumbent BJP Minister of Human Resource Development Smriti Irani 26 May 2014 5 July 2016 BJP Prakash Javadekar 5 July 2016 Incumbent BJP Minister of Science and Technology Harsh Vardhan 9 November 2014 Incumbent BJP Minister Of Health and Family Welfare Harsh Vardhan 4 June 2014 9 November 2014 BJP Jagat Prakash Nadda 9 November 2014 Incumbent BJP Minister of Textiles Smriti Irani 5 July 2016 Incumbent BJP Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation Rao Inderjit Singh 26 May 2014 9 November 2014 BJP Minister of state was responsible VK Singh 9 November 2014 5 July 2016 BJP Minister of state was responsible D.V. Sadananda Gowda 5 July 2016 Incumbent BJP Minister Of Commerce and Industry Nirmala Sitharaman 26 May 2014 3 September 2017 BJP Minister of state was responsible Suresh Prabhu 3 September 2017 Incumbent BJP Minister Of Coal Piyush Goyal 26 May 2014 3 September 2017 BJP Minister of state was responsible Piyush Goyal 3 September 2017 Incumbent BJP Minister Of Petroleum and Natural Gas Dharmendra Pradhan 26 May 2014 3 September 2017 BJP Minister of state was responsible Dharmendra Pradhan 3 September 2017 Incumbent BJP Ministers of State ( Independent Charge ) ( edit ) Minister Party Portfolio Rao Inderjit Singh Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) of the Ministry of Planning ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Santosh Kumar Gangwar Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) of the Ministry of Labour and Employment Shripad Yasso Naik Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) of the Ministry of Ayurveda , Yoga and Naturopathy , Unani , Siddha and Homoeopathy ( AYUSH ) Dr. Jitendra Singh Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) of the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region ; Minister of State in the Prime Minister 's Office ; Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions ; Minister of State in the Department of Atomic Energy ; and Minister of State in the Department of Space Dr. Mahesh Sharma Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) of the Ministry of Culture ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment , Forest and Climate Change . Giriraj Singh Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) of the Ministry of Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises . Manoj Sinha Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) of the Ministry of Communications ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways . Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting . R.K. Singh Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) of the Ministry of Power ; and Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy . Hardeep Singh Puri Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs . Alphons Kannanthanam Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) of the Ministry of Tourism ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology . Ministers of State ( edit ) Minister Party Portfolio Vijay Goel Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation . Pon Radhakrishnan Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Shipping . S.S. Ahluwalia Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation . Ramesh Jigajinagi Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation . Ramdas Athawale Republican Party of India ( A ) Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment . Vishnu Deo Sai Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Steel . Ram Kripal Yadav Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development . Hansraj Ahir Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs . Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Coal . Rajen Gohain Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways . General ( Retd . ) V.K. Singh Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs . Parsottambhai Rupala Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Panchayati Raj . Jayant Sinha Bharatiya Janata Party Civil Aviation Krishan Pal Gurjar Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment . Jasvantsinh Sumanbhai Bhabhor Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs . Shiv Pratap Shukla Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance . Ashwini Kumar Choubey Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare . Sudarshan Bhagat Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs . Kiren Rijiju Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs . Upendra Kushwaha Rashtriya Lok Samta Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Human Resource Development . Dr. Virendra Kumar Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Women and Child Development ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Minority Affairs . Anupriya Patel Apna Dal ( Sonelal ) Minister of State in the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare M.J. Akbar Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs . Anant Kumar Hegde Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship . Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Food Processing Industries . Y.S. Chowdary Telugu Desam Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Science and Technology ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Earth Sciences . Jayant Sinha Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Civil Aviation . Babul Supriyo Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises . Arjun Ram Meghwal Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Water Resources , River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation . Vijay Sampla Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment . Ajay Tamta Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Textiles . Krishna Raj Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare . Chhotu Ram Chaudhary Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . P.P. Chaudhary Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Law and Justice ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs . Dr. Subhash Ramrao Bhamre Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence . Gajendra Singh Shekhawat Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare . Dr. Satya Pal Singh Bharatiya Janata Party Minister of State in the Ministry of Human Resource Development ; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Water Resources , River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wikisource : Constitution of India / Part V # Article 74 . 7BCouncil of Ministers to aid and advise President. 7D Jump up ^ Wikisource : Constitution of India / Part XVIII Jump up ^ `` Origin and Scope of Doctrine of Pleasure in India '' . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Allocation of Business Rules 1961 '' . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Full-list-PM-Modis-new-look-Cabinet/articleshow/53067400.cms%7CFull Archived 2014 - 12 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . list : PM Modi 's new - look Cabinet Jump up ^ `` President of India allocates portfolios of the Council of Ministers '' . Press Information Bureau . 3 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shri Prakash Javadekar assumes charge as Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) for Information & Broadcasting '' . Press Information Bureau . 27 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smriti Irani out of HRD , Venkaiah Naidu gets I&B ministry '' . Indian Express . New Delhi . 5 July 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Smriti Irani gets I&B ministry , NS Tomar given urban development ministry '' . 18 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nitin Gadkari given additional charge of portfolios held by Gopinath Munde '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Modi Cabinet rejig : Manohar Parrikar new Defence Minister , Suresh Prabhu gets Railways '' . Zee News . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 14 . See also ( edit ) Politics of India National Democratic Alliance Council of Ministers of Narendra Modi Template : Modi ministry References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Union Council of Ministers of India . 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Singh Chandra Shekhar Rao 1st Vajpayee Deve Gowda Gujral 2nd Vajpayee 3rd Vajpayee 1st Manmohan Singh 2nd Manmohan Singh Modi Common types of government ministers and ministries Leadership President Vice-President Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Office of the President Cabinet department / Office of the Prime Minister Defence / Foreign Affairs / Public Safety Defence ( list ) Foreign / External Affairs ( list ) International development Public Security / Internal Security / Homeland Security Immigration Economics / Infrastructure Commerce / Trade Communications Finance / Treasury ( list ) Industry Public Works / Infrastructure Transport Environment / Natural resources Agriculture Climate change Energy Environment ( list ) Fisheries Forestry Irrigation Land management Mining Natural resources Petroleum / Oil Water resources Social Education ( List ) Culture Health Information Interior / Internal Affairs / Home Affairs ( list ) Justice / Law Labour Religion Science ( and Technology ) Sports Tourism Minister without portfolio Ministries by portfolio Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Home Affairs Finance External Affairs Defence Railways Health and Family Welfare HRD Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Parliamentary Affairs Science and Technology Tribal Affairs North Eastern Region Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Council_of_Ministers&oldid=808047471 '' Categories : Parliament of India Union ministers of India Cabinet of India National cabinets Council of Ministers of India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use Indian English from December 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी Polski Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 15 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many types of ministers are there in central government | [
"The Union Council of Ministers exercises executive authority in the Republic of India.[1] It consists of senior ministers, called \"Cabinet Ministers\", junior ministers, called \"Ministers of State\" and deputy ministers.",
"The Union Council of Ministers exercises executive authority in the Republic of India.[1] It consists of senior ministers, called \"Cabinet Ministers\", junior ministers, called \"Ministers of State\" and deputy ministers.",
"The Union Council of Ministers exercises executive authority in the Republic of India.[1] It consists of senior ministers, called \"Cabinet Ministers\", junior ministers, called \"Ministers of State\" and deputy ministers."
] | [
"Cabinet Ministers",
"Ministers of State",
"deputy ministers"
] |
-2830400270240895950 | School of Rock (TV series) | School of Rock ( TV series ) - wikipedia School of Rock ( TV series ) This article is about the television series . For the movie , see School of Rock . For the stage adaptation , see School of Rock ( musical ) . School of Rock Genre Musical - comedy Based on School of Rock by Mike White Developed by Jim Armogida & Steve Armogida Starring Breanna Yde Ricardo Hurtado Jade Pettyjohn Lance Lim Aidan Miner Tony Cavalero Jama Williamson Theme music composer Gabriel Mann Jeannie Lurie Linus of Hollywood Opening theme `` Are You Ready to Rock ? '' Composer ( s ) Gabriel Mann Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 45 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jim Armogida & Steve Armogida Jay Kogen Scott Rudin Eli Bush Richard Linklater Producer ( s ) Harry Hannigan Chris Phillips Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Armogida Brothers Productions Nickelodeon Productions Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) -- April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) External links Website School of Rock is an American musical - comedy television series developed by Jim Armogida and Steve Armogida that aired on Nickelodeon from March 12 , 2016 to April 8 , 2018 . The series is based on the 2003 film of the same name and stars Breanna Yde , Ricardo Hurtado , Jade Pettyjohn , Lance Lim , Aidan Miner , Tony Cavalero , and Jama Williamson . Contents 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Production 5 Release 6 Ratings 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Set in Austin , Texas , the series follows a group of rule - abiding students who learn to take risks and reach new heights thanks to substitute teacher Dewey Finn , a down - on - his - luck musician who uses the language of rock and roll to inspire his class to form a secret band . Throughout the school year , these middle - school classmates find themselves navigating relationships , discovering their unknown talents and learning lessons on loyalty and friendships . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of School of Rock episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) June 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 18 ) 13 September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) January 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) 20 July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Breanna Yde as Tomika , a 12 - year - old schoolgirl who is best friends with classmate Summer . She plays the electric bass and is also the lead singer in the band . Ricardo Hurtado as Freddy , a 12 - year - old schoolboy who is considered the most handsome guy in his class and plays the drums in the band . His best friends are classmates Zack and Lawrence . Unbeknownst to him , Summer has a huge crush on him . At the end of the second season , he begins to have feelings for her . Jade Pettyjohn as Summer , a 12 - year - old schoolgirl who is best friends with Tomika and plays the tambourine in the band and also is the manager . She has a crush on Freddy . Lance Lim as Zack , a 12 - year - old schoolboy who is best friends with Lawrence and Freddy . He plays the electric guitar . Aidan Miner as Lawrence , a 12 - year - old schoolboy who is best friends with Zack and Freddy and is considered the smartest kid in his class . He plays the electronic keyboard . Tony Cavalero as Mr. Finn , the new substitute teacher and an ex-rock musician who teaches the kids how to play and work together as a band . In the second season , he is promoted to a regular teacher . Jama Williamson as Principal Mullins , the principal of the school . In the first season , she is a recurring character , but is promoted to a main character in the second season . Recurring ( edit ) Ivan Mallon as Clark Brec Bassinger as Kale ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Will Kindrachuk as Asher ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Production ( edit ) In August 2014 , Nickelodeon announced a TV series adaptation of School of Rock , and the cast was revealed in March 2015 . On April 5 , 2016 , Nickelodeon announced that School of Rock had been renewed for a 13 - episode second season , and actress Breanna Yde announced on her Twitter account that production of season two began April 24 , 2016 . In April 2016 , Jama Williamson was promoted to the regular cast for the series ' second season . The second season premiered on Nickelodeon on September 17 , 2016 . Nickelodeon renewed the series for a 20 - episode third season on December 2 , 2016 . The third season premiered on July 8 , 2017 . On November 15 , 2017 , Nickelodeon announced that the third season would be the last . Tony Cavalero reported on social media that the series finale was airing on April 8 , 2018 . The last episode of the third season as well as the series aired on April 8 , 2018 . Release ( edit ) On June 25 , 2018 , it was announced that School of Rock will stream on Hulu . Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 12 March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) 2.38 June 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 18 ) 1.39 1.49 13 September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) 1.34 January 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) 1.18 1.35 20 July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) 1.03 April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 0.67 0.78 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Nominated 2017 28th Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Nominated 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` School of Rock '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Broadcast History : 3 / 12 / 16 - 4 / 8 / 18 Jump up ^ Laura Prudom ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon Orders School of Rock Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Nickelodeon Reveals Cast for School of Rock Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` School of Rock Renewed for Season 2 by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breanna Yde ( @ breannayde ) ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Being back on set is great ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' School Of Rock ' : Jama Williamson Upped To Regular On Nickelodeon Music Comedy Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` School of Rock Renewed for Season 3 by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn and School of Rock Canceled by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tony Cavalero ( @ TonyCavalero ) ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` I love # RockAndRoll # TONIGHT ! We will all be watching together . The series finale of ... www.instagram.com/p/BhUTOI5hzPE/ '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Tony Cavalero ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` I love # RockAndRoll # TONIGHT ! We will all be watching together . The series finale of @ nickelodeon 's # SchoolOfRock ! ❤ ️ YOU ALL ! @ breannayde @ lancedaelim @ theaidanminer @ jadepettyjohn_official @ ricardo # SundayFunday '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` School of Rock '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Broadcast History : 3 / 12 / 16 - 4 / 8 / 18 Jump up ^ Natalie Jarvey ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Daria , My Super Sweet 16 to Stream Exclusively on Hulu '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Television Academy . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . Variety . January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Television Academy . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . 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Nickelodeon Rewind Nick : The Smart Place to Play Nickelodeon Saturday programming block Nick Studio 10 School of Rock Adaptations 2015 musical 2016 TV series episodes Music Movie soundtrack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_of_Rock_(TV_series)&oldid=854514457 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2010s Nickelodeon shows 2016 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings American children 's comedy television series American teen sitcoms American musical television series Television programs based on films Television series by Paramount Television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Kurdî Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский سنڌي Српски / srpski Tiếng Việt 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 22 : 41 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who plays mr finn on school of rock | [
"Tony Cavalero as Mr. Finn, the new substitute teacher and an ex-rock musician who teaches the kids how to play and work together as a band. In the second season, he is promoted to a regular teacher."
] | [
"Tony Cavalero"
] |
-7675929081112932861 | The Great British Bake Off | The Great British Bake Off - wikipedia The Great British Bake Off Jump to : navigation , search `` GBBO '' redirects here . For the ornithological organisation , see Great Basin Bird Observatory . For the most recent series , see The Great British Bake Off ( series 8 ) . The Great British Bake Off Genre Baking Directed by Andy Devonshire ( 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- ) Scott Tankard ( 2012 -- 13 ) Presented by Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Sandi Toksvig Noel Fielding Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Prue Leith Theme music composer Tom Howe Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 8 No. of episodes 74 ( excluding 28 specials ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Anna Beattie ( 2010 -- ) Richard McKerrow ( 2010 ) Sarah Thomson - Woolley ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kieran Smith ( 2012 ) Producer ( s ) Samantha Beddoes ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Amanda Westwood ( 2012 ) Location ( s ) Cotswolds , Scone Palace , Sandwich , Bakewell , Mousehole , Fulham Palace ( all 2010 ) Valentines Mansion ( 2011 ) Harptree Court ( 2012 -- 13 ) Welford Park ( 2014 -- ) Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Distributor Channel 4 Release Original network BBC Two ( 2010 -- 13 ) BBC One ( 2014 -- 16 ) Channel 4 ( 2017 -- ) Picture format 16 : 9 Audio format Stereo Original release 17 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 17 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Great British Sewing Bee Bake Off : Crème de la Crème The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice The Great Pottery Throw Down Junior Bake Off The Big Family Cooking Showdown External links Website www.channel4.com/programmes/the-great-british-bake-off Production website thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk The Great British Bake Off , often referred to as Bake Off or GBBO , is a British television baking competition produced by Love Productions , in which a group of amateur bakers compete against each other in a series of rounds , attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills , with a contestant being eliminated in each round , with the winner being selected from the remaining contestants that make it to the finals . The show 's first episode was aired on 17 August 2010 , with its first four series broadcast on BBC Two , until its growing popularity led the BBC to move it to BBC One for the next three series . After its seventh series , Love Productions signed a three - year deal with Channel 4 to produce the show for the broadcaster . The programme was originally presented by Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc , with Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood the judges . The current presenters are Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig with Hollywood and Prue Leith on the judging panel . In chronological order , the winners are Edd Kimber , Joanne Wheatley , John Whaite , Frances Quinn , Nancy Birtwhistle , Nadiya Hussain , Candice Brown and Sophie Faldo . The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with reinvigorating interest in baking throughout the United Kingdom , with many of its participants , including winners , having gone on to start a career based on bakery , while the BAFTA award - winning programme has spawned a number of specials and spin - off shows -- a celebrity charity series in aid of Sport Relief or Comic Relief ; Junior Bake Off for young children ( broadcast on the CBBC channel ) ; after - show series An Extra Slice ; and Bake Off : Crème de la Crème for teams of professional pastry chefs . The show 's format was used as the basis for two BBC Two series , The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down , and , in addition to the show being shown in other countries ( in the United States and Canada , the show is referred to as The Great British Baking Show ) , the format has also been sold to many countries around the world where local versions of the show are produced . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Development 1.2 Broadcast and personnel changes 2 Format 3 Series overview 3.1 Series 1 ( 2010 ) 3.2 Series 2 ( 2011 ) 3.3 Series 3 ( 2012 ) 3.4 Series 4 ( 2013 ) 3.5 Series 5 ( 2014 ) 3.6 Series 6 ( 2015 ) 3.7 Series 7 ( 2016 ) 3.8 Series 8 ( 2017 ) 4 Incomplete bakes and other incidents 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Cultural impact 5.3 TV ratings 6 Controversies 6.1 Product placement sanction 6.2 Favouritism 6.3 Baked Alaska controversy ( `` Bingate '' ) 6.4 Use of innuendo 6.5 Clones , legal challenges and move to Channel 4 6.6 Accidental revealing of Series 8 winner 7 Awards and nominations 8 International broadcast and versions 8.1 International versions 9 The Great Sport Relief Bake Off 9.1 Series 1 ( 2012 ) 9.2 Series 2 ( 2014 ) 9.3 Series 3 ( 2016 ) 10 The Great Comic Relief Bake Off 10.1 Series 1 ( 2013 ) 10.2 Series 2 ( 2015 ) 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The idea of the baking competition was conceived by producer Anna Beattie after she spoke to a friend who had seen ' bake - offs ' in America . Beattie was also inspired by village fete baking competitions ; she said : `` I loved that idea of village fetes and an old - fashioned baking competition with people who only wanted to bake a good cake . '' However , Beattie failed to interest any channel in the idea for four years . In early 2009 , they pitched the idea to Janice Hadlow , the then controller of BBC Two . The pitch was successful , and Hadlow and the Commissioning Editor Charlotte Moore commissioned the programme , which was then developed over the next six months . The development team first selected Mary Berry as a judge , and following an audition Paul Hollywood was also appointed . Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc were approached to be presenters of the show . Broadcast and personnel changes ( edit ) On 17 August 2010 , the first episode of The Great British Bake Off was shown on BBC Two . It stayed on BBC Two for four years , grew in popularity and become the most popular programme on that channel . In its fifth series it was moved to BBC One where it stayed for three years . It was the most - watched programme on British television in 2015 and 2016 . Following extended negotiations , Love Productions announced that the seventh series of the show would be the last broadcast by the BBC . On 12 September 2016 , Love agreed to a three - year deal to broadcast the show on Channel 4 . Giedroyc and Perkins subsequently announced that they would not be returning when the show moves to its new network . On 22 September , Berry announced that she would also be leaving the show when it moved to Channel 4 , while Hollywood later announced he would stay . In March 2017 , it was announced that Prue Leith would join Hollywood as judge , while Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig would take over as presenters . Format ( edit ) The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all - around baker from the contestants , who are all amateurs . The applicants to the show are assessed by a researcher , followed by an audition in London with two of their bakes . They then undergo a screen test and an interview with a producer . A second audition involves the applicants baking two recipes for the judges in front of the cameras . Ten contestants were chosen for the first series , twelve for the following two series , thirteen for the fourth , and back to twelve from series five onwards . In each episode , the amateur bakers are given three challenges : a signature bake , a technical challenge , and a show - stopper . The three challenges take place over two days , and the filming takes up to 16 hours a day . The contestants are assessed by the judges who then choose a `` Star Baker '' for the week ( introduced in series 2 ) , and a contestant is also eliminated . In the final round , three bakers are left and a winner is chosen from the three . Signature Challenge This challenge is for the amateur bakers to show off their tried - and - tested recipes for bakes they might make for their friends and family . Technical Challenge This challenge requires enough technical knowledge and experience to produce a certain finished product when given only limited -- or even minimal -- instructions . The bakers are all given the same recipe and are not told beforehand what the challenge will be . The finished products are judged blind and ranked from worst to best . Showstopper Challenge This challenge is for the bakers to show off their skills and talent . The judges favour a bake that is both of a professional appearance but is also outstanding in taste . In the first series , the location of the cast and crew moves from town to town each week , but starting from the second series , the competition is held in one location in a specially constructed marquee . Interspersed in the programme are the background of the contestants as well as video vignettes on the history of baking . What each baker intends to bake during a particular challenge is illustrated using animated graphics . These graphics have been created by illustrator Tom Hovey since the show 's inception in 2010 . Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Premiere Finale Winner Runners - up Average UK viewers ( millions ) Timeslot Channel 6 17 August 2010 21 September 2010 Edd Kimber Miranda Gore Browne 2.77 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm BBC Two Ruth Clemens 8 14 August 2011 4 October 2011 Joanne Wheatley Holly Bell 4.00 Mary - Anne Boermans 10 14 August 2012 16 October 2012 John Whaite Brendan Lynch 5.00 James Morton 10 20 August 2013 22 October 2013 Frances Quinn Kimberley Wilson 7.35 Ruby Tandoh 5 10 6 August 2014 8 October 2014 Nancy Birtwhistle Luis Troyano 10.04 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm BBC One Richard Burr 6 10 5 August 2015 7 October 2015 Nadiya Hussain Ian Cumming 12.50 Tamal Ray 7 10 24 August 2016 26 October 2016 Candice Brown Andrew Smyth 13.85 Jane Beedle 8 10 29 August 2017 31 October 2017 Sophie Faldo Kate Lyon 9.02 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Channel 4 Steven Carter - Bailey Series 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 1 ) Series 1 of The Great British Bake Off saw ten home bakers take part in a bake - off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off 's best amateur baker . Each week the nationwide tour saw the bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline . The rounds took place in various locations across the UK , with the final round being held at Fulham Palace , London . The three finalists were Ruth Clemens , Miranda Gore Browne , and Edd Kimber . On 21 September 2010 , Edd Kimber was crowned the best amateur baker . Series 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 2 ) The number of amateur baker contestants increased to twelve for the second series . Unlike Series 1 , this year The Great British Bake Off stayed in one location -- Valentines Mansion , a 17th - century mansion house in Redbridge , London . All the Series 2 finalists were female : Holly Bell , Mary - Anne Boermans , and the winning contestant Joanne Wheatley . Series 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 3 ) A third series of The Great British Bake Off began on 14 August 2012 . The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . In contrast to Season 2 , there was an all - male final . The finalists were Brendan Lynch , James Morton and John Whaite , who won the final in a surprise result . Series 4 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off started on 20 August 2013 on BBC Two . The series was again filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . The all - female final was won by Frances Quinn , with Ruby Tandoh and Kimberley Wilson as runners up . Series 5 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 5 ) The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 6 August 2014 on BBC One . This series was filmed at Welford Park in Berkshire . There were twelve bakers taking part . Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges , whilst Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc continued to present the series . Richard Burr was awarded the largest number of star baker designations of any series so far , but was beaten by Nancy Birtwhistle in the final . A spin - off show The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice , hosted by comedian Jo Brand on BBC Two , was also launched as a companion series this year . Each episode was broadcast two days after the main show but later moved to the same night . The show includes interviews with eliminated contestants . Series 6 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 6 ) The sixth series began on 5 August 2015 on BBC One , again from Welford Park in Berkshire . Spin - off show The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice returned for a second series , with Jo Brand as host . This series was won by Nadiya Hussain , with Ian Cumming and Tamal Ray as runners up . Series 7 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) The seventh series began on 24 August 2016 on BBC One , once again from Welford Park in Berkshire , a later than usual start following the BBC 's coverage of the Olympic Games . This series was won by Candice Brown , with Jane Beedle and Andrew Smyth as runners up . Series 8 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 8 ) The eighth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 29 August 2017 . This is the first series of The Great British Bake Off to be broadcast on Channel 4 following its move from the BBC . The series features new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig , and new judge Prue Leith along with returning judge Paul Hollywood . This series was won by Sophie Faldo , with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter - Bailey finishing as runners - up . Incomplete bakes and other incidents ( edit ) As of the sixth series , there have been four incomplete bakes . In Series 2 , Robert Billington accidentally dropped his tiered showstopper while applying finishing touches to the cake . Both judges and presenters came to his aid to salvage the bottom tier of his cake . He was able to present the incomplete showstopper as a single - tiered cake . In Series 3 , John Whaite was unable to complete his bake after he suffered a severe cut to his finger on the food processor . He tried to continue working on his strudel wearing a rubber glove , but the bleeding required medical attention and he therefore had to abandon the last bake . As a result , no one was eliminated that week . In Series 4 , contestant Deborah accidentally used Howard 's custard instead of her own . As a result , Howard was forced to use Deborah 's custard , and this was taken into account by the judges . In Series 5 , during the Baked Alaska challenge , Iain Watters ' ice cream melted for reasons that were not entirely clear , although the editing of the show suggested that it had been caused by another contestant 's actions . He threw his ice cream into the bin in frustration and left the tent . He returned shortly after , and as he had no cake for judging ( he produced his bin instead , and the incident was labelled `` bingate '' ) , he was eliminated from the competition . The event that led to his departure provoked some anger from the viewers . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The early reviews for the first series were mixed . Lucy Mangan of The Guardian wondered if `` competitive baking ( is ) a contradiction in terms '' and found the proceedings humourless . Iain Hollingshead of The Daily Telegraph was scathing , describing the presenters as `` annoying '' , the judge Paul Hollywood as looking `` sinister without being interesting '' , and that the audience would be so bored that they `` could certainly forgive the cameraman if he were to commit hara - kiri in a giant pool of egg and flour . '' However , reviews from the later series were more positive . Andrew Collins of The Guardian called it `` the nicest show on television '' and judged it the best TV programme of 2012 . Rachel Ward of The Daily Telegraph thought the programme `` had just the right consistency of mouth - watering morsels , good humour , and fascinating history '' , while Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent considered the contest `` perfectly baked '' . Bake Off was moved to Channel 4 in 2017 , and reviews of the programme on the channel were largely positive , although a few felt that it did not compare well to the BBC version . Mark Lawson of The Guardian described the programme on Channel 4 as `` both exactly the same but also just subtly different enough '' , and that `` only someone desperate to dislike the re-plated show could argued that ( it ) has soured , spoiled or binned its recipe '' . Michael Hogan of The Telegraph thought that while `` Mary , Mel and Sue might be gone but the show 's recipe remains as winning as ever . The four Cs -- chemistry , camaraderie , comedy , cakes -- were all present and correct . '' Anna Leszkiewicz of the New Statesman however considered that while the format had been left largely unchanged and the contestants `` irresistibly likeable '' , `` every single change to the show has been for the worse '' . Cultural impact ( edit ) The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with spurring an interest in home baking , with supermarkets and department stores in the UK reporting sharp rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories . It was also credited with reviving the Women 's Institute , whose membership reached its highest level since the 1970s . The show also boosted the sales of bakery books and the number of baking clubs , and independent bakeries also showed an increase . According to one analyst , more than three - fifths of adults have baked at home at least once in 2013 compared with only a third in 2011 . TV ratings ( edit ) The first series of The Great British Bake Off premiered in August 2010 with moderate ratings of just over 2 million viewers for its first episode . This was enough to place it in BBC Two 's top ten for that week , and over the series the audience grew to over three million , with the semi-final and final both achieving first place in BBC Two 's weekly ratings . During the second series , the ratings gradually increased , and it became a surprise hit with nearly 4 million watching each episode . Week two was the last time that the show was out - rated by another BBC Two programme in the same week ( it came second to the drama Page Eight ) ; from then until the show 's move to BBC One , every competition episode would be the channel 's number one rated programme of the week . By its final episode it had averaged 4.56 million viewers , peaking at 5.1 million in its last 15 minutes . The ratings continued to strengthen in the third series , and the show began to beat its competition in its timeslot . The final of the series where John Whaite was crowned the winner saw its highest rating yet , with an average of 6.5 million viewers that peaked at 7.2 million , which made it the second highest - rated BBC Two - originated show after Top Gear since at least 2006 . The fourth series achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two . The viewer count for its premiere episode was more than two million higher than that of the previous series , while the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak , more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV . The final episode is the most - watched show on BBC Two since the present ratings system was introduced in 2002 , beating the previous record set by Top Gear . As a result of its high ratings , the show was moved to BBC One . After its move to BBC One , the opening episode was watched by over 7 million viewers according to overnight figures , beating the figure of 5.6 million for the opening episode of the previous year . A `` sabotage '' controversy surrounding episode four helped the show gain its biggest ever audience of 10.3 million viewers , with 2 million people who watched it on BBC iPlayer . The final of the show gained an overnight viewing figure of 12.29 million , then the highest viewing figure of the year for a non-sporting event on UK TV . In the following year , the top ten ratings for 2015 was also dominated by The Great British Bake Off , with seven of the year 's ten most - watched television programmes being episodes of the show , topped by the final episode with 15.05 million viewers . In the last series on the BBC in 2016 , nine of the top ten most - watched programmes of the year were episodes of the show , with 16.03 million viewers watching the finale . The first series broadcast by Channel 4 opened with average viewing figures of 5.8 million , rising to 6.5 million to include those watching on Channel 4 + 1 . Although this was the lowest figure for an opening episode since 2013 , it was Channel 4 's biggest overnight audience since the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics . The 7 - day rating for the episode was 9.46 million . Controversies ( edit ) Product placement sanction ( edit ) In September 2012 , production company Love Productions was sanctioned by the BBC for product placement of Smeg fridges . The issue came to light after a viewer wrote to the Radio Times complaining of `` blatant product promotion '' . After an investigation , the BBC said Love Production 's loan agreement with Smeg did not meet editorial guidelines and was being revised for the third series , and that appropriate retrospective hire payments would be made . The BBC asked Smeg to remove a notice from its website promoting its association with the show , which it has since done . Favouritism ( edit ) During the fourth series , there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show ; however , similar claims were not made the previous year over the all - male final , or even the year before , when there was also an all - female quarter - final . The fourth series also suffered allegations of Paul Hollywood 's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh , and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc . Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation . Baked Alaska controversy ( `` bingate '' ) ( edit ) In the fourth episode of the fifth series , there was controversy around the elimination of contestant Iain Watters . During the final showstopper round contestants were tasked with producing a Baked Alaska . Iain 's ice cream was shown as having not set and in a show of frustration he threw his bake in the bin . The editing of the show suggested that another contestant , Diana Beard , had caused the failure by removing the ice cream from a freezer , and the perceived `` sabotage '' resulted in a furore on social media networks . However , unseen footage broadcast in the accompanying programme An Extra Slice shows Luis holding the large floor freezer that contained Iain 's ice cream open as he piped the sides of his own baked Alaska , while Mel warns him to pipe quickly and close the freezer . Later in the episode , when Iain removes his ice cream to begin the next step of his dish , it is still quite soft , indicating it went into the freezer he shared with Diana without being completely frozen . Various members of the cast posted comments in support of Diana and a BBC spokesman later issued a statement that `` Diana removing Iain 's ice cream from the freezer for less than a minute was in no way responsible for Iain 's departure . '' More than 800 complaints were lodged with the BBC over the incident and some also complained to the communication watchdog Ofcom . Use of innuendo ( edit ) A number of viewers complained to the BBC feedback show Points of View in the fifth series about the `` constant smutty remarks '' from the presenters Mel and Sue . This series was seen as having more innuendos than previous ones ; some reviewers noted the `` extra pinch of saucy spice '' and `` the increasingly filthy - minded hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins '' , while the Daily Mail argued that the `` smutty '' innuendos made the show no longer fit for family entertainment . The series 3 winner John Whaite however argued that innuendo is part of what made the show a success , whilst judge Paul Hollywood described the innuendos as banter in the spirit of the Carry On films and is a part of British culture , a view shared by others . Clones , legal challenges and move to Channel 4 ( edit ) The success of The Great British Bake Off led to the BBC commissioning many other series closely following the format from Love Productions for example The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down . However the 2014 series Hair using the same format was produced in house by the BBC , Love Productions responded by making preparations to sue the BBC for infringing their copyright . Although the matter was kept quiet , with the BBC settling out of court and compensating Love Productions , the matter soured relations between the BBC and Love Productions . In September 2016 , it was announced that the BBC had lost the broadcast rights of the show to Channel 4 . Channel 4 offered £ 25 million for the show outbidding the £ 15 million offered by the BBC . In January 2017 the BBC waived its rights to keep the program off the air until 2018 , and wished the programme `` well for the future '' . Accidental revealing of series 8 winner ( edit ) On 31 October 2017 , judge Prue Leith accidentally revealed the winner of Series 8 on Twitter twelve hours before the finale was due to air . This caused uproar among many fans of the show . She quickly deleted the tweet and apologised to the fans who saw the tweet . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Great British Bake Off was nominated for a Rose d'Or in the Lifestyle section of the 2012 competition and won . The programme has been nominated a number of times in various categories for the BAFTA awards and won in 2012 , 2013 , and 2016 . It also won two 2015 National Television Award for Skills Challenge Show . Year Award Recipient Results Ref . 2012 Rose d'Or Lifestyle The Great British Bake Off Won BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans , Richard McKerrow Won YouTube Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2013 Features Anna Beattie , Kieran Smith , Amanda Westwood , Scott Tankard Won Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment Nominated 2014 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Amanda Westwood , Samantha Beddoes , Simon Evans Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2015 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Samantha Beddoes , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans Nominated Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Skills Challenge Show Won 2016 National Television Award Challenge Show Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Won Radio Times audience award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2017 National Television Award Challenge Show The Great British Bake Off Nominated TV judge Mary Berry Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Nominated International broadcast and versions ( edit ) The UK version of The Great British Bake Off is broadcast in many countries and it has been sold to 196 territories as of 2015 . The format has also been sold to 20 territories by 2015 , making it the third most successful BBC format after Dancing with the Stars ( Strictly Come Dancing ) and The Weakest Link . Many of these shows have been successful . The Junior Bake Off format has also been sold to Thailand . Beginning in 2014 , the US broadcaster PBS has aired several series of the show under the name The Great British Baking Show . The change of name was necessary due to the fact that `` Bake - Off '' is a registered trademark of Pillsbury in the United States . The fifth series was broadcast as Season 1 in Winter 2014 -- 2015 ; the fourth series was then broadcast as Season 2 in Fall 2015 , and the sixth series was broadcast as Season 3 in Summer 2016 . The CBC began broadcasting The Great British Bake Off in Canada in August 2016 , starting with the sixth series and also with the Great British Baking Show title . The seventh series aired the year after . International versions ( edit ) Current and upcoming versions include : Legend : Airing or in production No longer airing Country Local title Host ( s ) Judges Channel Premiere Australia The Great Australian Bake Off Shane Jacobson Anna Gare Dan Lepard Kerry Vincent Nine Network 9 July 2013 Claire Hooper Mel Buttle Maggie Beer Matt Moran LifeStyle Food 13 October 2015 Belgium De MeesterBakker ( The Master Baker ) Rani De Coninck Sofie Dumont Bernard Proot vtm 4 April 2012 Brazil Bake Off Brasil Carolina Fiorentino ( 2017 -- ) Ticiana Villas Boas ( 2015 -- 16 ) Fabrizio Fasano Jr . Beca Milano ( 2017 -- ) Carolina Fiorentino ( 2015 -- 16 ) SBT 26 July 2015 Júnior Bake Off Brasil Carolina Florentino Fabrizio Fasano Jr . Beca Milano TBA Bulgaria Bake Off : Най - сладкото състезание ( Bake Off : The Sweetest Competition ) Aleksandra Raeva Raffi Bohosyan Julia Pandzherova Yuri Baltaliyski Nova TV 15 November 2016 Canada The Great Canadian Baking Show Dan Levy Julia Chan Bruno Feldeisen Rochelle Adonis CBC 1 November 2017 Denmark Den store bagedyst ( The Great Baking Contest ) Timm Vladimir Mette Blomsterberg Jan Friis - Mikkelsen DR1 28 August 2012 Estonia Eesti parim pagar Kristjan Rabi ( 2015 ) Indrek Vaheoja ( 2015 ) Alari Kivisaar Angeelika Kang Ants Uustalu TV3 31 August 2015 Finland Koko Suomi leipoo ( The whole of Finland bakes ) Anne Kukkohovi Mika Parviainen Sami Granroth MTV3 24 September 2013 France Le Meilleur Pâtissier ( The Best Baker ) Julia Vignali Cyril Lignac Jacqueline Mercorelli M6 RTL - TVI ( Belgium ) 26 November 2012 Germany Das große Backen ( The great Bake ) Britt Hagedorn ( 2013 ) Meltem Kaptan ( 2013 ) Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2014 -- 16 ) Annika Lau ( 2017 ) Christian Hümbs Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2013 ) Andrea Schirmaier - Huber ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betty Schliephake - Burchardt ( 2015 -- 17 ) Sat. 1 1 December 2013 Ireland The Great Irish Bake Off Anna Nolan Biddy White Lennon Paul Kelly TV3 19 September 2013 Italy Bake Off Italia -- Dolci in forno ( Bake Off Italy -- Sweets in the oven ) Benedetta Parodi Ernst Knam Clelia d'Onofrio Damiano Carrara Real Time November 2013 Israel בייק אוף ישראל ( Bake Off Israel ) Paula Rosenberg Aya Kremerman Ran Shmueli Oded Brenner Carine Goren Channel 2 9 April 2016 Netherlands Heel Holland Bakt ( All of Holland bakes ) Martine Bijl ( 2013 -- 15 ) André van Duin ( 2016 -- present ) Robèrt van Beckhoven Janny van der Heijden MAX ( NPO 1 ) 5 June 2013 Norway Hele Norge baker ( All of Norway Bakes ) Line Verndal Pascal Dupuy Øyvind Lofthus TV3 10 March 2013 Poland Bake Off -- Ale Ciacho ! ( Bake Off -- What A Cake ! ) Anna Gacek Paulina Mikuła Krzysztof Ilnicki Gosia Molska TVP2 5 September 2016 Portugal Best Bakery -- A Melhor Pastelaria de Portugal ( Best Bakery -- The Best Pastry in Portugal ) Ana Guiomar Luca Arguelles Telmo Moutinho SIC 3 October 2016 Romania Bake Off Romania Nicolle Stanese Alex Stan Simona Pope Tudor Constantinescu Pro TV 29 February 2016 South Africa The Great South African Bake Off Anne Hirsch Lentswe Bhengu Shirley Guy Tjaart Walraven BBC Lifestyle 8 October 2015 Sweden Hela Sverige bakar ( All of Sweden Bakes ) Tilde de Paula Johan Sörberg Birgitta Rasmussen TV4 ( Sjuan ) 20 September 2012 Hela kändis - Sverige bakar ( Celebrity All of Sweden Bakes ) 11 November 2014 Turkey Ver Fırına Burcu Esmersoy Arda Türkmen Emel Başdoğan TV8 20 October 2014 Ukraine Великий пекарський турнір ( Great Bakers Tournament ) Yuri Gorbunov Serge Markovic Catherine Ahronik Olga Ganushchak 1 + 1 1 September 2013 United States The American Baking Competition Jeff Foxworthy Marcela Valladolid Paul Hollywood CBS 29 May 2013 United States The Great American Baking Show Ayesha Curry Anthony Adams Johnny Iuzzini Paul Hollywood ABC 30 November 2015 ( as The Great Holiday Baking Show ) The Great Sport Relief Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Sport Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc Jennifer Saunders ( 2016 ) Ed Byrne ( 2014 , 2016 ) Sarah Millican ( 2016 ) Sue Perkins ( 2014 ) Jo Brand ( 2014 ) Omid Djalili ( 2014 ) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 12 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 2012 -- 2013 ) BBC One ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) -- 23 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) Website thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk Episode viewing figures from BARB . Series 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Finalist Winner Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Traybake Wholemeal Cheese Scones Meringue Dessert Angela Griffin 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) 3.52 James Wong Joe Swift Sarah Hadland Savoury Flan Banana & Chocolate Chip Loaves Layered Cake Arlene Phillips 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 2.79 Fi Glover Gus Casely - Hayford Saira Khan Classic Crumble Coffee & Walnut Cake 24 Miniature Tarts Alex Deakin 12 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 2.56 Alex Langlands Anita Rani Pearl Lowe Trio of Baked Biscuits 6 Sausage Rolls Covered Tiered Occasion Cake Angela Griffin 13 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) 3.43 Anita Rani Fi Glover Series 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Sue Perkins 12 Sandwich Biscuits Tarte Tatin 3D Novelty Cake Bonnie Wright 13 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 4.37 Johnny Vaughan Michael Vaughan Samantha Bond Jo Brand 12 Gingerbread Biscuits Banoffee Pie Chocolate Cake Greg Rutherford 14 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 5.07 Jane Horrocks Jason Gardiner Kirsty Young Omid Djalili Traybake Iced Ring Dougnuts Layered Cakes Emma Freud 15 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 5.02 Jamelia Michael Ball Victoria Pendleton Ed Byrne Pizzas Eccles Cakes Tiered Cakes Alistair McGowan 16 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ) 4.94 Doon Mackichan Helen Skelton Rochelle Humes Series 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Mel Giedroyc Canapés Paris -- Brest Trophy Cake David James 27 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 6.03 Jason Manford Maddy Hill Samantha Cameron Jennifer Saunders American Muffins Football Pie Tiered Cake Chris Kamara 3 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 7.44 Ed Balls Kimberley Walsh Victoria Coren Mitchell Ed Byrne Savoury tarts Chocolate and Beetroot Tray Bake 3D Biscuits Geri Horner 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 7.12 Jermaine Jenas John Simpson Louise Redknapp Sarah Millican Open - top Pie Salmon Roulade Cupcakes Ade Edmondson 24 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 6.74 Alison Steadman Morgana Robinson Will Young The Great Comic Relief Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Comic Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc ( 2013 , 2015 ) Sue Perkins ( 2015 ) Jo Brand ( 2015 ) Ed Byrne ( 2015 ) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 2013 ) BBC One ( 2015 ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) -- 4 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) Website thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk Series 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Shortbread Custard Slices Portrait Cake Jo Brand 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) 4.17 Stephen K. Amos Lorna Watson Ingrid Oliver Iced Biscuits Bakewell Tart Gateaux Warwick Davis 22 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 4.44 Duncan Bannatyne Simon Reeve Andy Akinwolere Scones Chocolate Eclairs Novelty Cake Ellie Simmonds 23 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 4.34 Kirsty Wark Julia Bradbury Bob Mortimer Chocolate Biscuits Lemon Meringue Pie Comic Relief Birthday Cake Claudia Winkleman 24 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 4.39 Ed Byrne Martha Kearney Helen Glover Series 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Sue Perkins Giant Cookie or Biscuit 12 Mini Fruit Tarts Tiered Chocolate Cake Dame Edna Everage 11 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 7.75 Joanna Lumley Jennifer Saunders Lulu Mel Giedroyc 24 cupcakes 20 profiteroles Marble `` Building '' Cake Jonathan Ross 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 8.39 Zoe Sugg Gok Wan Abbey Clancy Jo Brand 24 Shortbread 6 Mini Pork Pies Triple - tiered Pavlova Sarah Brown 25 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 7.92 David Mitchell Michael Sheen Jameela Jamil Ed Byrne Tray Bake 12 Crumpets Vegetable Self Portrait Cake Alexa Chung 4 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 8.21 Victoria Wood Chris Moyles Kayvan Novak References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halls , Andy ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off to move from BBC to Channel 4 after ' exhaustive ' talks break down '' . The Sun . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` BBC loses Great British Bake Off , as Channel 4 swoops for corporation 's biggest show '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2017 : Noel Fielding to co-host the new Channel 4 series '' . The Independent . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Saffron Alexander ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Everything you need to know about Bake Off : Creme de la Creme '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Stephens ( 14 August 2012 ) . `` Behind the scenes at the Great British Bake - Off '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Louise ( 20 July 2013 ) . `` Behind the scenes at The Great British Bake Off '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great British Bake Off : ' Now we 're on BBC1 , Mary Berry demands a golden throne ' '' . The Guardian . 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Victoria ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` ' It Took Four Years of Pitching To Get Bake Off Commissioned ' '' . Woman and Home . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigella cooks up an Italian feast for BBC Two as raft of new food programming is announced '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Berry : Judging The Great British Bake Off '' . BBC . 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Foster ( 17 December 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off dominates list of most - watched shows of 2015 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off hands BBC clean sweep of top 10 most - viewed shows of 2016 -- but how will the corporation cope next year ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Halls , Andy ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off to move from BBC to Channel 4 after ' exhaustive ' talks break down '' . The Sun . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` BBC loses Great British Bake Off , as Channel 4 swoops for corporation 's biggest show '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Mel and Sue to quit as hosts '' . BBC News . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Berry to leave Bake Off ahead of Channel 4 move '' . BBC News . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Martinson , Jane ( 22 September 2016 ) . `` Mary Berry to leave Bake Off -- but Paul Hollywood agrees to stay '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Alice ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig to host new Great British Bake Off '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Liv Siddall ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Illustration : We interview the artist behind the Great British Bake Off , Tom Hovey '' . It 's Nice That . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hovey '' . Jump up ^ Rachel Moss ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off moves to BBC1 '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Stephen Price ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` BBC1 rises to the challenge '' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ Sarah Rainey ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` Edd Kimber : the great British baker '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` Young grandmother who honed cooking skills making cakes for sons crowned Great British Bake - Off winner '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Food on BBC Two '' . 26 April 2012 Jump up ^ Emily Hill ( 13 October 2012 ) . `` The fabulous Bake Off boys ... as definitely NOT seen on TV ! '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Vicky Frost ( 16 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : John Whaite is surprise winner '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Bake off is back in August '' . Paul Hollywood ( Twitter ) . 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's easy as pie for Frances ! Viewers ' shock as outsider whisks her way to Bake Off victory with a rainbow picnic pie and wedding cake inspired by Shakespeare '' . dailymail.co.uk. 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : 10 things you need to know '' . The Telegraph . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrick Munn ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` BBC Two Orders ' Great British Bake Off ' Companion Series Fronted By Jo Brand '' . TV Wise . Jump up ^ `` When is The Great British Bake Off on ? '' . Telegraph . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The genius of The Great British Bake Off '' . Guardian . 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 start date : BBC One show delayed thanks to the Rio Olympics '' . The Independent . 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : BBC moves rival cooking show in scheduling spat '' . BBC News . 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sillito , David ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Why did The Great British Bake Off move to Channel 4 ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` Bloodbath at the Bake Off ! Star of BBC2 show slices his finger during strudel round '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Stephanie Weaver ( 4 September 2013 ) . `` Deborah 's desserts fail to impress on Great British Bake Off '' . Northamptonshire Telegraph . Jump up ^ Hannah Ellis - Petersen ( 28 August 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Iain Watters speaks out as Diana Beard quits '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Lucy Mangan ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` TV review : The Great British Bake - Off , The Making of King Arthur and Ideal '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Iain Hollingshead ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off , BBC Two , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Andrew Collins ( 24 August 2012 ) . `` The Week in TV : The Great British Bake - Off , Red or Black ? and The Last Weekend -- video '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Andrew Collins ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` Why The Great British Bake Off is the best TV programme of 2012 -- video '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Rachel Ward ( 17 August 2011 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off , BBC Two , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Tom Sutcliffe ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Last Night : The Great British Bake Off , BBC2 '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off review round - up : Critics praise Channel 4 show and Noel Fielding '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : Leszkiewicz , Anna ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Despite glowing reviews , The Great British Bake Off is definitely worse '' . New Statesman . Jump up ^ Harrison , Phil ( 26 August 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : could do with a bit more time in the oven '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Lawson , Mark ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Bake Off first - look review -- exceedingly good , despite switch to Channel 4 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off , review : in its new home , episode 1 rose to the challenge '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Roya Nikkhah ( 9 September 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off sees sales of baking goods soar '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 6 October 2011 ) . `` Warning , may contain nuts ! Great British Bake Off viewers shocked by ' explicit ' image of male squirrel '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ Laura Cox ( 9 February 2013 ) . `` The Mary Berry effect : How the Great British Bake Off revived the Women 's Institute '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Sarah Rainey ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` How the Great British Bake Off changed Britain '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` TV ratings : 2 m like the taste of The Great British Bake Off '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Vicky Frost ( 3 October 2011 ) , `` The Great British Bake Off gives BBC ratings a big rise '' , The Guardian Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off final leaves sweet taste for 5 m viewers '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jason Deans ( 10 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off beats Holby City with best - ever ratings '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Seven million watch The Great British Bake Off '' . The Daily Telegraph . 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jake Kanter ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off finale peaks with 7.2 m '' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off is a ratings hit on its return '' . BBC . 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final : 9 m watch Frances Quinn win '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Georg Szalai . `` BBC 's ' Great British Bake Off ' Ends Series 4 With Record Ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` ' Great British Bake Off ' moving to BBC One for series five '' . Digital Spy. 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off opener beats last year 's ratings '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Nicola Methven ( 5 September 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off draws highest ever ratings as 10.3 million viewers tune in '' . Mirror . Jump up ^ Ben Lee ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final is most - watched non-sporting TV event of year '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Patrick Foster ( 17 December 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off dominates list of most - watched shows of 2015 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off hands BBC clean sweep of top 10 most - viewed shows of 2016 -- but how will the corporation cope next year ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off is ratings success for Channel 4 '' . BBC News . 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/weekly-top-30/ Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off breaks BBC branding rules '' . BBC News . 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Exceedingly Good Great British Bake Off Facts '' . Heart Britain . 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie and Laura Cox ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bloke Off ! Show accused of favouritism towards female contestants after last man left is eliminated '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Emma Lowe ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` Is Paul sweet on Bake Off model Ruby ? Viewers suggest that TV host , 47 , is flirting on screen with 21 - year - old contestant '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Paul Hollywood shocks Bake Off fans by setting them straight on train '' . What 's on TV . 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Liam O'Brien ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` Raymond Blanc rows with Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh on Twitter '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : why did our show attract so much vitriol ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sarah Ditum ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake - Off : Ruby Tandoh does n't deserve this hostility '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Daisy Wyatt ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Paul Hollywood denies favouring Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh : ' I think Kimberley 's far prettier ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Carl Greenwood ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off beauty Ruby Tandoh definitely does NOT fancy silver fox Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off rocked by Baked Alaska ' sabotage ' scandal '' . independent.co.uk. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Paul Hollywood and Sue Perkins speak out on ' bingate ' '' . guardian.com. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : BBC receives over 500 ' bingate ' complaints while # justiceforiain dominates Twitter '' . metro.co.uk. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason Deans ( 29 August 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Ofcom rules out investigation despite complaints '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jess Denham ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : Viewers complain about ' smutty ' innuendos '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Matilda Battersby ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off innuendos : we pick our favourites '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Andy McFarlane ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` Boris Johnson 's ' Commons comeback ' , Bake Off ' smut ' and who is James Corden ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Andrew Billen ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` TV Review : The Great British Bake Off '' . Jump up ^ Peter Dyke ( 27 May 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Turning up the heat -- new series promises to be smuttiest yet '' . The Daily Star . Jump up ^ Jeanette Kupfermann ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Smut : The ingredient that 's made Bake Off a turn - off . JEANETTE KUPFERMANN says the hit show is no longer family entertainment '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ John Whaite ( 23 September 2014 ) , `` Soggy bottoms and hot buns : why the Bake Off thrives on innuendo '' , The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ Anita Singh ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off smut ? It 's just a bit of banter , says Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Martin Rowson ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` Why the Great British Bake Off needs a sprinkling of smut '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Harry Mount ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off smut : Ooh , Matron ! Why innuendo comes so easily for the British '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Kanter , Jeff ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` How a secret legal dispute damaged the BBC 's effort to keep ' Great British Bake Off ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Addley , Esther ( 14 September 2017 ) . `` ' Three years of bad blood ' : how the Bake Off producers and the BBC fell out of love '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis - Peterson , Hannah ; Conlan , Tara ; Martinson , Jane ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off moves to Channel 4 as BBC negotiations collapse over fee '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , Kevin ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off to return to TV screens in 2017 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McCormack , Kirsty ( 31 October 2017 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2017 winner REVEALED by judge Prue Leith : ' I 'm mortified ' '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rose d'Or -- Wettbewerbskategorien '' . Rose d'Or . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Dinner and Charlie Brooker 's Black Mirror triumph at Rose d'Or Festival '' . Radio Times . 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` BAFTA Awards Search '' . BAFTA . Jump up ^ `` Arqiva British Academy Television Awards in 2013 Winners Announced '' . British Academy of Film and Television Art . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2015 : full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Dinner and Charlie Brooker 's Black Mirror triumph at Rose d'Or Festival '' . Radio Times . 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Television Awards Winners Announced '' . British Academy of Film and Television Art . ^ Jump up to : `` Bafta Television Awards 2013 : full list of winners and nominees '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` National TV Awards 2013 : The winners ' list in full '' . Digital Spy. 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV awards 2014 : Winners in full '' . BBC . 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2014 winners in full -- Ant & Dec , more '' . Digital Spy. 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hannah Furness ( 10 May 2015 ) . `` BBC 's star shows are eclipsed at the Bafta Television awards 2015 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV awards 2015 : Winners in full '' . BBC . 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners '' . National Television Awards . ^ Jump up to : `` Bafta TV awards 2016 : full list of winners '' . Guardian . 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( 3 January 2017 ) . `` From The Great British Bake Off to EastEnders : Full list of nominations for National Television Awards 2017 '' . Metro . Jump up ^ Press Association ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` National Television Awards 2017 : Mary Berry triumphs and Casualty wins over Game of Thrones , plus full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV Awards 2017 : All the winners and nominees '' . BBC . 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : new contestants poised to serve up sixth series '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Tara Conlan ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off recipe has proved a sweet success for BBC Worldwide '' . Guardian . Jump up ^ Josie Ensor ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off proves it has the recipe for success as show goes global '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Mark Cook ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off goes global : from Sweden to Australia the show is flourishing '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` BBC Worldwide sells very first Junior Bake Off format to Thailand '' . BBC . 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Kerry . `` Finally ! ' The Great British Bake Off ' Has Arrived in America '' . Yahoo ! Food . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Baking Show : Season 1 Episodes -- PBS Food '' . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 Episodes -- Great British Baking Show -- PBS Food '' . 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to Watch The Great British Baking Show in Canada '' . CBC . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Europe whips up Bake Off adaptations '' . c21media.net. 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ David Knox ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` Shane Jacobson , Anna Gare to host The Great Australian Bake Off '' . tvtonight.com.au . Jump up ^ Clive Whittingham ( 30 July 2012 ) . `` Bake Off rises in Poland , Oz '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ Stewart Clarke ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Bake Off hits Australia '' . TBI Vision . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Den Store Bagedyst Italic text '' . DR . Jump up ^ `` Eesti parim pagar '' . TV3 . Jump up ^ `` Koko Suomi leipoo '' . MTV3 . Jump up ^ Clive Whittingham ( 21 January 2013 ) . `` Netherlands , Finland set for Bake Off '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ `` Le Meilleur Pâtissier ( M6 ) : Une émission gourmande avec Cyril Lignac -- news télé '' . Programme-tv.net . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC bosses sell The Great British Bake - Off 's smash - hit format to thirteen countries '' . Daily Mail . 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ed Waller ( 7 October 2012 ) . `` French Bake Off in the works '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ `` The Great Irish Bake Off '' . TV3 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Kelly to be judge on Great Irish Bake Off '' . Songway Films. 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off Italia su Real Time : Benedetta Parodi giudice assieme a Ernst Knam e Clelia d'Onofrio '' . Realityshow.blogosfere.it. 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italy says ' Si ! ' to The Great Bake Off '' . BBC Media Centre . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British Bake Off brings sweet secrets to Israel '' . The Times of Israel . 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heel Holland Bakt '' . Omroep MAX . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Laughlin ( January 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off serves up global hit for BBC '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Hele Norge Baker '' . TV3. 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norway cooks up Bake Off '' . 26 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hele Norge Baker '' . Villa Perlesukker. 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prowadzące '' . Telewizja Polska . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jurorzy '' . Telewizja Polska . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off -- Ale Ciacho ! '' . Telewizja Polska . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off Romania incepe , in curand , la PROTV '' . Pro TV . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off , emisiunea culinara care a cucerit intreaga lume , vine la ProTV ! Gazda emisiunii va fi Nicolle Stanese '' . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Imagini din culisele Bake Off Romania ! Premiera , astazi , de la 20 : 30 , numai la ProTV '' . Pro TV . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Applications for Great South African Bake Off open '' . Northglen News . 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hela Sverige bakar '' . TV4 . Jump up ^ `` Hela kändis - Sverige bakar '' . TV4 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey set for Bake Off '' . C21Media. 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ver Fırına '' . TV8. 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baking tournament will surprise the audience wonders of confectionary art 1 + 1 '' . ru.tsn.ua. 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Кастинги -- Великий пекарський турнір -- Кастинги '' . 1plus1.ua . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British BBC format The Great Bake Off will be broadcast at Ukrainian TV channel 1 + 1 '' . Kiev Media Week . 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Josie Ensor ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off proves it has the recipe for success as show goes global '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Baking Show '' . Jump up ^ Kate Goodacre ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off to be remade for US audiences by CBS '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Tim Surette ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` Premiere date info '' . TV.com . Jump up ^ `` The Great American Baking Showpremieres Thursday , December 7 '' . ABC . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ABC 's Baking Show will return with Mary Berry , and a new name '' . Reality Blurred . Jump up ^ Harry Fletcher . `` Mary Berry is remaking The Great British Bake Off in the US for ABC '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( 20 October 2015 ) . `` UK Reality Hit Great British Bake Off Getting Holiday - Themed Remake on ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` Ayesha Curry lands another big TV gig -- this time with ABC '' . The Mercury News . Bay Area News Group . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Jump up ^ `` Sport Relief Bake Off -- tonight 's photos '' . 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Great British Bake Off at BBC Programmes The Great British Wedding Cake at BBC Programmes The Great Sport Relief Bake Off at BBC Programmes The Great Comic Relief Bake Off at BBC Programmes The Great British Bake Off at UKGameshows.com The Great British Bake Off on IMDb The Great Sport Relief Bake Off on IMDb ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : Crème de la Crème International versions Australia Brazil Canada Denmark France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off&oldid=815419584 '' Categories : 2010 British television programme debuts 2010s British reality television series BBC Television programmes British cooking television programmes Channel 4 television programmes English - language television programs The Great British Bake Off Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use British English from September 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Estonian - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing Polish - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Ukrainian - language text BBC programme ID same as Wikidata BBC programme ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Eesti Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Scots Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 18 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won season 1 great british baking show | [
"\n\nSeries\nEpisodes\nPremiere\nFinale\nWinner\nRunners-up\nAverage UK viewers\n(millions)[21][22]\nTimeslot\nChannel\n\n\n1\n6\n17 August 2010\n21 September 2010\nEdd Kimber\nMiranda Gore Browne\n2.77\nTuesday\n8:00 pm\nBBC Two\n\n\nRuth Clemens\n\n\n2\n8\n14 August 2011\n4 October 2011\nJoanne Wheatley\nHolly Bell\n4.00\n\n\nMary-Anne Boermans\n\n\n3\n10\n14 August 2012\n16 October 2012\nJohn Whaite\nBrendan Lynch\n5.00\n\n\nJames Morton\n\n\n4\n10\n20 August 2013\n22 October 2013\nFrances Quinn\nKimberley Wilson\n7.35\n\n\nRuby Tandoh\n\n\n5\n10\n6 August 2014\n8 October 2014\nNancy Birtwhistle\nLuis Troyano\n10.04\nWednesday\n8:00 pm\nBBC One\n\n\nRichard Burr\n\n\n6\n10\n5 August 2015\n7 October 2015\nNadiya Hussain\nIan Cumming\n12.50\n\n\nTamal Ray\n\n\n7\n10\n24 August 2016\n26 October 2016\nCandice Brown\nAndrew Smyth\n13.85\n\n\nJane Beedle\n\n\n8\n10\n29 August 2017\n31 October 2017\nSophie Faldo\nKate Lyon\n9.02\nTuesday\n8:00 pm\nChannel 4\n\n\nSteven Carter-Bailey\n\n"
] | [
"Edd Kimber"
] |
-4751627494839783038 | André-Marie Ampère | André - Marie Ampère - wikipedia André - Marie Ampère Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) André - Marie Ampère Engraving of André - Marie Ampère ( 1775 - 01 - 20 ) 20 January 1775 Lyon , Kingdom of France 10 June 1836 ( 1836 - 06 - 10 ) ( aged 61 ) Marseille , Kingdom of France Nationality French Known for Ampère 's circuital law , Ampère 's force law Scientific career Fields Physics Institutions École Polytechnique Signature André - Marie Ampère ( / ˈæmpɪər / ; French : ( ɑ̃pɛʁ ) ; 20 January 1775 -- 10 June 1836 ) was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism , which he referred to as `` electrodynamics '' . He is also the inventor of numerous applications , such as the solenoid ( a term coined by him ) and the electrical telegraph . An autodidact , Ampère was a member of the Académie des sciences and professor at the École polytechnique and the Collège de France . The SI unit of measurement of electric current , the ampere , is named after him . His name is also one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 French Revolution 3 Teaching career 4 Work in electromagnetism 5 Honours 5.1 Legacy 6 Writings 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Andre - Marie Ampère was born on 20 January 1775 to Jean - Jacques Ampère , a prosperous businessman , and Jeanne Antoinette Desutières - Sarcey Ampère , during the height of the French Enlightenment . He spent his childhood and adolescence at the family property at Poleymieux - au - Mont - d'Or near Lyon . Jean - Jacques Ampère , a successful merchant , was an admirer of the philosophy of Jean - Jacques Rousseau , whose theories of education ( as outlined in his treatise Émile ) were the basis of Ampère 's education . Rousseau believed that young boys should avoid formal schooling and pursue instead an `` education direct from nature . '' Ampère 's father actualized this ideal by allowing his son to educate himself within the walls of his well - stocked library . French Enlightenment masterpieces such as Georges - Louis Leclerc , comte de Buffon 's Histoire naturelle , générale et particulière ( begun in 1749 ) and Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert 's Encyclopédie ( volumes added between 1751 and 1772 ) thus became Ampère 's schoolmasters . The young Ampère , however , soon resumed his Latin lessons , which enabled him to master the works of Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli . French Revolution ( edit ) In addition , Ampère used his access to the latest books to begin teaching himself advanced mathematics at age 12 . In later life Ampère claimed that he knew as much about mathematics and science when he was eighteen as ever he knew ; but , a polymath , his reading embraced history , travels , poetry , philosophy , and the natural sciences . His mother was a devout woman , so Ampère was also initiated into the Catholic faith along with Enlightenment science . The French Revolution ( 1789 -- 99 ) that began during his youth was also influential : Ampère 's father was called into public service by the new revolutionary government , becoming a justice of the peace in a small town near Lyon . When the Jacobin faction seized control of the Revolutionary government in 1792 , his father Jean - Jacques Ampère resisted the new political tides , and he was guillotined on 24 November 1793 , as part of the Jacobin purges of the period . In 1796 Ampère met Julie Carron , and in 1799 they were married . André - Marie Ampère took his first regular job in 1799 as a mathematics teacher , which gave him the financial security to marry Carron and father his first child , Jean - Jacques ( named after his father ) , the next year . ( Jean - Jacques Ampère eventually achieved his own fame as a scholar of languages ) . Ampère 's maturation corresponded with the transition to the Napoleonic regime in France , and the young father and teacher found new opportunities for success within the technocratic structures favoured by the new French First Counsel . In 1802 Ampère was appointed a professor of physics and chemistry at the École Centrale in Bourg - en - Bresse , leaving his ailing wife and infant son in Lyon . He used his time in Bourg to research mathematics , producing Considérations sur la théorie mathématique de jeu ( 1802 ; `` Considerations on the Mathematical Theory of Games '' ) , a treatise on mathematical probability that he sent to the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1803 . Teaching career ( edit ) Essai sur la philosophie des sciences After the death of his wife in July 1803 , Ampère moved to Paris , where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804 . Despite his lack of formal qualifications , Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809 . As well as holding positions at this school until 1828 , in 1819 and 1820 Ampère offered courses in philosophy and astronomy , respectively , at the University of Paris , and in 1824 he was elected to the prestigious chair in experimental physics at the Collège de France . In 1814 Ampère was invited to join the class of mathematicians in the new Institut Impérial , the umbrella under which the reformed state Academy of Sciences would sit . Ampère engaged in a diverse array of scientific inquiries during the years leading up to his election to the academy -- writing papers and engaging in topics from mathematics and philosophy to chemistry and astronomy . was customary among the leading scientific intellectuals of the day . Ampère claimed that `` at eighteen years he found three culminating points in his life , his First Communion , the reading of Antoine Leonard Thomas 's `` Eulogy of Descartes '' , and the Taking of the Bastille . On the day of his wife 's death he wrote two verses from the Psalms , and the prayer , ' O Lord , God of Mercy , unite me in Heaven with those whom you have permitted me to love on earth . ' In times of duress he would take refuge in the reading of the Bible and the Fathers of the Church . '' For a time he took into his family the young student Frédéric Ozanam ( 1813 -- 1853 ) , one of the founders of the Conference of Charity , later known as the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul . Through Ampère , Ozanam had contact with leaders of the neo-Catholic movement , such as François - René de Chateaubriand , Jean - Baptiste Henri Lacordaire , and Charles Forbes René de Montalembert . Ozanam was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1998 . Work in electromagnetism ( edit ) In September 1820 , Ampère 's friend and eventual eulogist François Arago showed the members of the French Academy of Sciences the surprising discovery of Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted that a magnetic needle is deflected by an adjacent electric current . Ampère began developing a mathematical and physical theory to understand the relationship between electricity and magnetism . Furthering Ørsted 's experimental work , Ampère showed that two parallel wires carrying electric currents attract or repel each other , depending on whether the currents flow in the same or opposite directions , respectively - this laid the foundation of electrodynamics . He also applied mathematics in generalizing physical laws from these experimental results . The most important of these was the principle that came to be called Ampère 's law , which states that the mutual action of two lengths of current - carrying wire is proportional to their lengths and to the intensities of their currents . Ampère also applied this same principle to magnetism , showing the harmony between his law and French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb 's law of magnetic action . Ampère 's devotion to , and skill with , experimental techniques anchored his science within the emerging fields of experimental physics . Ampère also provided a physical understanding of the electromagnetic relationship , theorizing the existence of an `` electrodynamic molecule '' ( the forerunner of the idea of the electron ) that served as the component element of both electricity and magnetism . Using this physical explanation of electromagnetic motion , Ampère developed a physical account of electromagnetic phenomena that was both empirically demonstrable and mathematically predictive . In 1827 Ampère published his magnum opus , Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques uniquement déduite de l'experience ( Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena , Uniquely Deduced from Experience ) , the work that coined the name of his new science , electrodynamics , and became known ever after as its founding treatise . In 1827 Ampère was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society and in 1828 , a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science . Honours ( edit ) 8.10. 1825 : Member of the Royal Academy of Science , Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium . Legacy ( edit ) In recognition of his contribution to the creation of modern electrical science , an international convention , signed at the 1881 International Exposition of Electricity , established the ampere as a standard unit of electrical measurement , along with the coulomb , volt , ohm , and watt , which are named , respectively , after Ampère 's contemporaries Charles - Augustin de Coulomb of France , Alessandro Volta of Italy , Georg Ohm of Germany , and James Watt of Scotland . Ampère 's name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower . Several items are named after Ampère ; many streets and squares , schools , a Lyon metro station , and an electric ferry in Norway . Writings ( edit ) Considerations sur la théorie mathématique du jeu , Perisse , Lyon Paris 1802 , online lesen im Internet - Archiv André - Marie Ampère ( 1822 ) ( in French ) , Recueil d'observations électro - dynamiques : contenant divers mémoires , notices , extraits de lettres ou d'ouvrages périodiques sur les sciences , relatifs a l'action mutuelle de deux courans électriques , à celle qui existe entre un courant électrique et un aimant ou le globe terrestre , et à celle de deux aimans l'un sur l'autre , Chez Crochard , https://books.google.com/books?id=-EZOso9TN70C&pg=PA1 . Retrieved 2010 - 9 - 26 André - Marie Ampère ; Babinet ( Jacques , M . ) ( 1822 ) ( in German ) , Exposé des nouvelles découvertes sur l'électricité et le magnétisme , Chez Méquignon - Marvis , https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoAAAAAQAAJ . Retrieved 2010 - 9 - 26 André - Marie Ampère ( 1824 ) ( in German ) , Description d'un appareil électro - dynamique , Chez Crochard ... et Bachelie , https://books.google.com/books?id=-dsEAAAAYAAJ . Retrieved 2010 - 9 - 26 André - Marie Ampère ( 1826 ) ( in German ) , Théorie des phénomènes électro - dynamiques , uniquement déduite de l'expérience , Méquignon - Marvis , https://books.google.com/books?id=LzcVAAAAQAAJ . Retrieved 2010 - 9 - 26 André - Marie Ampère ( 1883 ( Neuauflage ) ) ( in German ) , Théorie mathématique des phénomènes électro - dynamiques : uniquement déduite de l'expérience , A. Hermann , https://archive.org/details/thoriemathmatiq00ampgoog . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 André - Marie Ampère ( 1834 ) ( in German ) , Essai sur la philosophie des sciences , ou , Exposition analytique d'une classification naturelle de toutes les connaissances humaines , Chez Bachelier , https://books.google.com/books?id=j4QPAAAAQAAJ . Retrieved 2010 - 9 - 26 André - Marie Ampère ( 1834 ) ( in German ) , Essai sur la philosophie des sciences , Bd. 1 , Chez Bachelier , https://books.google.com/books?id=OPcOAAAAQAAJ . Retrieved 2010 - 9 - 26 André - Marie Ampère ( 1843 ) ( in German ) , Essai sur la philosophie des sciences , Bd. 2 , Bachelier , https://books.google.com/books?id=ltAEAAAAYAAJ . Retrieved 2010 - 9 - 26 Partial translation of some of Ampère 's writing is in : Magie , W.M. ( 1963 ) . A Source Book in Physics . Harvard : Cambridge MA . pp. 446 -- 460 . Lisa M. Dolling ; Arthur F. Gianelli ; Glenn N. Statile , eds. ( 2003 ) . The Tests of Time : Readings in the Development of Physical Theory . Princeton : Princeton University Press . pp. 157 -- 162 . ISBN 978 - 0691090856 ... References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ampère '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ Dictionary of Scientific Biography . United States of America : Charles Scribner 's Sons . 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Andre - Marie Ampere '' . IEEE Global History Network . IEEE . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Ampère , André Marie '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 878 -- 879 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Biography of Andre Marie Ampere Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia '' . Retrieved 29 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Library and Archive Catalogue '' . Royal Society . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Index biographique des membres et associés de l'Académie royale de Belgique ( 1769 - 2005 ) p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Batterifergen har måttet stå over avganger . Nå er løsningen klar '' . Teknisk Ukeblad . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Williams , L. Pearce ( 1970 ) . `` Ampère , André - Marie '' . Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 139 -- 147 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 10114 - 9 . Hofmann , James R. ( 1995 ) . André - Marie Ampère . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 063117849X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to André - Marie Ampère . Wikiquote has quotations related to : André - Marie Ampère Wikisource has original works written by or about : André - Marie Ampère Ampère and the history of electricity -- a French - language , edited by CNRS , site with Ampère 's correspondence ( full text and critical edition with links to manuscripts pictures , more than 1000 letters ) , an Ampère bibliography , experiments , and 3D simulations Ampère Museum -- a French - language site from the museum in Poleymieux - au - Mont - d'or , near Lyon , France O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` André - Marie Ampère '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Weisstein , Eric Wolfgang ( ed . ) . `` Ampère , André ( 1775 - 1836 ) '' . ScienceWorld . Catholic Encyclopedia on André Marie Ampère André - Marie Ampère : The Founder of Electromagnetism -- Background information and related experiments Electrical units history . ( hide ) Scientists whose names are used as SI units Base units André - Marie Ampère William Thomson , 1st Baron Kelvin Derived units Henri Becquerel Anders Celsius Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Michael Faraday Louis Harold Gray Joseph Henry Heinrich Hertz James Prescott Joule Isaac Newton Georg Ohm Blaise Pascal Werner von Siemens Rolf Maximilian Sievert Nikola Tesla Alessandro Volta James Watt Wilhelm Eduard Weber Scientists whose names are used as non SI units Scientists whose names are used in physical constants VIAF : 41858701 LCCN : n85803043 ISNI : 0000 0001 1058 9312 GND : 118645048 SELIBR : 300446 SUDOC : 028694171 BNF : cb12050947m ( data ) NKC : ola2002113871 Léonore : LH / 32 / 1 BNE : XX1193285 CiNii : DA01728062 RKD : 110491 IATH : w62n53gd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= André - Marie_Ampère&oldid = 796815830 '' Categories : 1775 births 1836 deaths People from Lyon 19th - century French people Electrostatics French physicists People associated with electricity Independent scientists French Roman Catholics Collège de France faculty Foreign Members of the Royal Society Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Members of the French Academy of Sciences Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Honorary Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences Burials at Montmartre Cemetery Magneticians Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Use dmy dates from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 06 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the contribution of ampere in electromagnetic wave | [
"André-Marie Ampère (/ˈæmpɪər/;[1] French: [ɑ̃pɛʁ]; 20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836)[2] was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as \"electrodynamics\". He is also the inventor of numerous applications, such as the solenoid (a term coined by him) and the electrical telegraph. An autodidact, Ampère was a member of the Académie des sciences and professor at the École polytechnique and the Collège de France.",
"André-Marie Ampère (/ˈæmpɪər/;[1] French: [ɑ̃pɛʁ]; 20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836)[2] was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as \"electrodynamics\". He is also the inventor of numerous applications, such as the solenoid (a term coined by him) and the electrical telegraph. An autodidact, Ampère was a member of the Académie des sciences and professor at the École polytechnique and the Collège de France."
] | [
"one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism",
"inventor of numerous applications, such as the solenoid (a term coined by him) and the electrical telegraph"
] |
-6869684741306783342 | Light-independent reactions | Light - independent reactions - wikipedia Light - independent reactions Jump to : navigation , search See also : Light - dependent reactions This article needs attention from an expert in Biology or Molecular and Cell Biology . The specific problem is : The title and scope of this article have issues . See the talk page for details . WikiProject Biology or WikiProject Molecular and Cell Biology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( April 2017 ) The internal structure of a chloroplast The light - independent reactions , or dark reactions , of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose . These reactions occur in the stroma , the fluid - filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes . These reactions take the products ( ATP and NADPH ) of light - dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them . There are three phases to the light - independent reactions , collectively called the Calvin cycle : carbon fixation , reduction reactions , and ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ( RuBP ) regeneration . This process occurs only when light is available . Plants do not carry out the Calvin cycle during nighttime . They instead release sucrose into the phloem from their starch reserves . This process happens when light is available independent of the kind of photosynthesis ( C3 carbon fixation , C4 carbon fixation , and Crassulacean acid metabolism ) ; CAM plants store malic acid in their vacuoles every night and release it by day to make this process work . They are also known as dark reactions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coupling to other metabolic pathways 1.1 Steps 1.2 Products 2 Light - dependent regulation 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Coupling to other metabolic pathways ( edit ) These reactions are closely coupled to the thylakoid electron transport chain as reducing power provided by NADPH produced in the photosystem I is actively needed . The process of photorespiration , also known as C2 cycle , is also coupled to the dark reactions , as it results from an alternative reaction of the RuBisCO enzyme , and its final byproduct is also another glyceraldehyde - 3 - P . Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation The Calvin cycle , Calvin -- Benson -- Bassham ( CBB ) cycle , reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms . The cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin , James Bassham , and Andrew Benson at the University of California , Berkeley by using the radioactive isotope carbon - 14 . Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage and transport molecules ATP and NADPH . The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short - lived electronically excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds that can be used by the organism ( and by animals that feed on it ) . This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation . The key enzyme of the cycle is called RuBisCO . In the following biochemical equations , the chemical species ( phosphates and carboxylic acids ) exist in equilibria among their various ionized states as governed by the pH . The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are functionally equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway , but they are found in the chloroplast stroma instead of the cell cytosol , separating the reactions . They are activated in the light ( which is why the name `` dark reaction '' is misleading ) , and also by products of the light - dependent reaction . These regulatory functions prevent the Calvin cycle from being respired to carbon dioxide . Energy ( in the form of ATP ) would be wasted in carrying out these reactions that have no net productivity . The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following : 3 CO + 6 NADPH + 6 H + 9 ATP → glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) + 6 NADP + 9 ADP + 3 H O + 8 P ( P = inorganic phosphate ) Hexose ( six - carbon ) sugars are not a product of the Calvin cycle . Although many texts list a product of photosynthesis as C O , this is mainly a convenience to counter the equation of respiration , where six - carbon sugars are oxidized in mitochondria . The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three - carbon sugar phosphate molecules , or `` triose phosphates '' , namely , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) . Steps ( edit ) In the first stage of the Calvin cycle , a CO molecule is incorporated into one of two three - carbon molecules ( glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate or G3P ) , where it uses up two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH , which had been produced in the light - dependent stage . The three steps involved are : Calvin cycle step 1 ( black circles represent carbon atoms ) Calvin cycle steps 2 and 3 combined The enzyme RuBisCO catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , RuBP , a 5 - carbon compound , by carbon dioxide ( a total of 6 carbons ) in a two - step reaction . The product of the first step is enediol - enzyme complex that can capture CO or O . Thus , enediol - enzyme complex is the real carboxylase / oxygenase . The CO that is captured by enediol in second step produces an unstable six - carbon compound called 2 - carboxy 3 - keto 1 , 5 - biphosphoribotol ( or 3 - keto - 2 - carboxyarabinitol 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ) that immediately splits into 2 molecules of 3 - phosphoglycerate , or 3 - PGA , a 3 - carbon compound ( also : 3 - phosphoglyceric acid , PGA , 3PGA ) . The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase catalyses the phosphorylation of 3 - PGA by ATP ( which was produced in the light - dependent stage ) . 1 , 3 - Bisphosphoglycerate ( 1 , 3BPGA , glycerate - 1 , 3 - bisphosphate ) and ADP are the products . ( However , note that two 3 - PGAs are produced for every CO that enters the cycle , so this step utilizes two ATP per CO fixed . ) The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase catalyses the reduction of 1 , 3BPGA by NADPH ( which is another product of the light - dependent stage ) . Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate ( also called G3P , GP , TP , PGAL , GAP ) is produced , and the NADPH itself is oxidized and becomes NADP . Again , two NADPH are utilized per CO fixed . Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle The next stage in the Calvin cycle is to regenerate RuBP . Five G3P molecules produce three RuBP molecules , using up three molecules of ATP . Since each CO molecule produces two G3P molecules , three CO molecules produce six G3P molecules , of which five are used to regenerate RuBP , leaving a net gain of one G3P molecule per three CO molecules ( as would be expected from the number of carbon atoms involved ) . Simplified C3 cycle with structural formulas The regeneration stage can be broken down into steps . Triose phosphate isomerase converts all of the G3P reversibly into dihydroxyacetone phosphate ( DHAP ) , also a 3 - carbon molecule . Aldolase and fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase convert a G3P and a DHAP into fructose 6 - phosphate ( 6C ) . A phosphate ion is lost into solution . Then fixation of another CO generates two more G3P . F6P has two carbons removed by transketolase , giving erythrose - 4 - phosphate . The two carbons on transketolase are added to a G3P , giving the ketose xylulose - 5 - phosphate ( Xu5P ) . E4P and a DHAP ( formed from one of the G3P from the second CO fixation ) are converted into sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphate ( 7C ) by aldolase enzyme . Sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphatase ( one of only three enzymes of the Calvin cycle that are unique to plants ) cleaves sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphate into sedoheptulose - 7 - phosphate , releasing an inorganic phosphate ion into solution . Fixation of a third CO generates two more G3P . The ketose S7P has two carbons removed by transketolase , giving ribose - 5 - phosphate ( R5P ) , and the two carbons remaining on transketolase are transferred to one of the G3P , giving another Xu5P . This leaves one G3P as the product of fixation of 3 CO , with generation of three pentoses that can be converted to Ru5P . R5P is converted into ribulose - 5 - phosphate ( Ru5P , RuP ) by phosphopentose isomerase . Xu5P is converted into RuP by phosphopentose epimerase . Finally , phosphoribulokinase ( another plant - unique enzyme of the pathway ) phosphorylates RuP into RuBP , ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , completing the Calvin cycle . This requires the input of one ATP . Thus , of six G3P produced , five are used to make three RuBP ( 5C ) molecules ( totaling 15 carbons ) , with only one G3P available for subsequent conversion to hexose . This requires nine ATP molecules and six NADPH molecules per three CO molecules . The equation of the overall Calvin cycle is shown diagrammatically below . The overall equation of the Calvin cycle ( black circles represent carbon atoms ) RuBisCO also reacts competitively with O instead of CO in photorespiration . The rate of photorespiration is higher at high temperatures . Photorespiration turns RuBP into 3 - PGA and 2 - phosphoglycolate , a 2 - carbon molecule that can be converted via glycolate and glyoxalate to glycine . Via the glycine cleavage system and tetrahydrofolate , two glycines are converted into serine + CO . Serine can be converted back to 3 - phosphoglycerate . Thus , only 3 of 4 carbons from two phosphoglycolates can be converted back to 3 - PGA . It can be seen that photorespiration has very negative consequences for the plant , because , rather than fixing CO , this process leads to loss of CO . C4 carbon fixation evolved to circumvent photorespiration , but can occur only in certain plants native to very warm or tropical climates -- corn , for example . Products ( edit ) The immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle are 2 glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) molecules , 3 ADP , and 2 NADP . ( ADP and NADP are not really `` products . '' They are regenerated and later used again in the Light - dependent reactions ) . Each G3P molecule is composed of 3 carbons . For the Calvin cycle to continue , RuBP ( ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ) must be regenerated . So , 5 out of 6 carbons from the 2 G3P molecules are used for this purpose . Therefore , there is only 1 net carbon produced to play with for each turn . To create 1 surplus G3P requires 3 carbons , and therefore 3 turns of the Calvin cycle . To make one glucose molecule ( which can be created from 2 G3P molecules ) would require 6 turns of the Calvin cycle . Surplus G3P can also be used to form other carbohydrates such as starch , sucrose , and cellulose , depending on what the plant needs . Light - dependent regulation ( edit ) Main article : Light - dependent reactions These reactions do not occur in the dark or at night . There is a light - dependent regulation of the cycle enzymes , as the third step requires reduced NADP . There are two regulation systems at work when the cycle must be turned on or off : the thioredoxin / ferredoxin activation system , which activates some of the cycle enzymes ; and the RuBisCo enzyme activation , active in the Calvin cycle , which involves its own activase . The thioredoxin / ferredoxin system activates the enzymes glyceraldehyde - 3 - P dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - P phosphatase , fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphatase , and ribulose - 5 - phosphatase kinase , which are key points of the process . This happens when light is available , as the ferredoxin protein is reduced in the photosystem I complex of the thylakoid electron chain when electrons are circulating through it . Ferredoxin then binds to and reduces the thioredoxin protein , which activates the cycle enzymes by severing a cystine bond found in all these enzymes . This is a dynamic process as the same bond is formed again by other proteins that deactivate the enzymes . The implications of this process are that the enzymes remain mostly activated by day and are deactivated in the dark when there is no more reduced ferredoxin available . The enzyme RuBisCo has its own , more complex activation process . It requires that a specific lysine amino acid be carbamylated to activate the enzyme . This lysine binds to RuBP and leads to a non-functional state if left uncarbamylated . A specific activase enzyme , called RuBisCo activase , helps this carbamylation process by removing one proton from the lysine and making the binding of the carbon dioxide molecule possible . Even then the RuBisCo enzyme is not yet functional , as it needs a magnesium ion bound to the lysine to function . This magnesium ion is released from the thylakoid lumen when the inner pH drops due to the active pumping of protons from the electron flow . RuBisCo activase itself is activated by increased concentrations of ATP in the stroma caused by its phosphorylation . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Silverstein , Alvin ( 2008 ) . Photosynthesis . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 21 . ISBN 9780822567981 . Jump up ^ John C. Cushman ( 2001 ) . `` A Plastic Photosynthetic Adaptation to Arid Environments '' . Plant Physiology. 127 ( 4 ) : 1439 -- 1448 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 010818 . PMC 1540176 . PMID 11743087 . Jump up ^ Bassham J , Benson A , Calvin M ( 1950 ) . `` The path of carbon in photosynthesis '' ( PDF ) . J Biol Chem. 185 ( 2 ) : 781 -- 7 . doi : 10.2172 / 910351 . PMID 14774424 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Brad Williamson ; Robin J. Heyden ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston , Massachusetts : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Jump up ^ Farazdaghi H ( 2009 ) . `` Modeling the Kinetics of Activation and Reaction of RuBisCO from Gas Exchange '' . Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 29 ( IV ) : 275 -- 294 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9237 - 4_12 . Jump up ^ Campbell , and Reece Biology : 8th Edition , page 198 . Benjamin Cummings , December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Russell , Wolfe et al. Biology : Exploring the Diversity of Life '. Toronto : Nelson College Indigenous , 1st ed , Vol. 1 , 2010 , pg 151 Jump up ^ Besse , I ; Buchanan , B ( 1997 ) . `` Thioredoxin - linked animal and plant processes : the new generation '' . Bot . Bull. Acad. Sin. 38 : 1 -- 11 . Bibliography Bassham JA ( 2003 ) . `` Mapping the carbon reduction cycle : a personal retrospective '' . Photosyn . Res. 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 35 -- 52 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024929725022 . PMID 16228564 . Diwan , Joyce J. ( 2005 ) . `` Photosynthetic Dark Reaction '' . Biochemistry and Biophysics , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . Portis , Archie ; Parry , Martin ( 2007 ) . `` Discoveries in Rubisco ( Ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase ) : a historical perspective '' ( PDF ) . Photosynthesis Research . 94 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 143 . doi : 10.1007 / s11120 - 007 - 9225 - 6 . PMID 17665149 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 12 Further reading ( edit ) Rubisco Activase , from the Plant Physiology Online website Thioredoxins , from the Plant Physiology Online website External links ( edit ) The Biochemistry of the Calvin Cycle at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway from Biochemistry , Fifth Edition by Jeremy M. Berg , John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer . Published by W.H. Freeman and Company ( 2002 ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where in the plant cell does the calvin cycle take place | [
"The Calvin cycle, Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle, reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms."
] | [
"in the stroma of chloroplast"
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8372699283034471672 | Meg Griffin | Meg Griffin - wikipedia Meg Griffin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the cartoon character . For the DJ , see Meg Griffin ( DJ ) . This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance 1998 Pilot Pitch of Family Guy ( Early version ) `` Death Has a Shadow '' ( Official version ) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2011 , 2012 ) Mila Kunis ( 1999 -- present ) Tara Strong ( singing voice ) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin ( father ) Lois Griffin ( mother ) Chris Griffin ( brother ) Stewie Griffin ( brother ) Nationality American Megan `` Meg '' Griffin is a character from the American animated television series Family Guy . The eldest child of the Griffin family , Meg is the family 's scapegoat who receives the least of their attention and bears the brunt of their abuse . Meg made her first appearance on television when Family Guy debuted on Fox on January 31 , 1999 , with the episode `` Death Has a Shadow '' . Originally voiced by Lacey Chabert during the first season , she has been voiced by Mila Kunis since season 2 , although Chabert returned to voice Meg in Yug Ylimaf and Back to the Pilot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 2 Voice actors 3 Appearance 4 Social life 5 Family life 6 References 7 External links Personality ( edit ) Meg is a self - conscious , disturbed , and emotionally sensitive teenage girl . She is treated unfairly by her parents and her many insecurities cause her to try desperately to be part of the `` cool crowd '' , which only results in her getting rebuffed by Connie D'Amico , the popular and beautiful yet mean - spirited and superficial head cheerleader of the local high school , James Woods Regional High School . However , another student named Neil Goldman is attracted to her . She is also usually at the bottom of the family 's pecking order and the butt of Peter 's jokes due to her homeliness , social ineptitude , and unpopularity . Everyone in her family ( except Chris ) makes fun of her : Peter resorts to outrageous stunts and names ; Stewie and Brian employ subtle but effective jokes , but typically choose not to verbalize them in front of Meg ; Lois constantly puts Meg down while boosting her own egotistical image . However , in the episode `` Seahorse Seashell Party '' , she strongly insults and defames her family for their actions against her , causing them to distance themselves in shame and sending Peter and Lois into a depression , though she later apologizes . On one occasion , the whole family even goes as far as to read her diary and mock her deepest secrets . However , on some occasions the family 's true love for her has been proven . She has been so self - conscious and insecure about herself that she has engaged in dangerous sexual behavior just for attention . She is also prone to violent releases of her repressed rage , as shown in `` Road to Rupert '' , when she assaults a man who insulted her after a fender - bender . Many of the show 's `` Meg '' storylines involve her trying to improve her typical life , trying to find a boyfriend , and reaching breaking points with her family and other bullies . In the episode `` Chris Cross '' , it 's strongly hinted that Meg is working with Dutch neo-Nazis when she orders Chris to retrieve mail she receives from the Netherlands at a private post office box , saying she 's `` sort of part of a group that trashes the Anne Frank house every spring . '' Voice actors ( edit ) On the season 1 DVD commentary for the Drawn Together episode `` Hot Tub '' , Cree Summer claims she was offered the role to play Meg but was dismissed by the producers . Meg was voiced by an uncredited Lacey Chabert for the first season , and by Mila Kunis in subsequent seasons after Chabert became busy with school and appearing on Party of Five at the time , although some of her work became second season episodes due to production order . Mila Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character , in part due to her performance on That ' 70s Show . MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition , instructing her to speak more slowly , and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more . Once she claimed that she had it under control , MacFarlane hired her . MacFarlane stated that Kunis `` had a very natural quality to Meg '' and she 's `` in a lot of ways ( ... ) almost more right for the character '' . Kunis 's voice is first heard as Meg in Episode 3 of season two `` Da Boom '' , and the voices switch back and forth in the broadcast order until settling on Kunis . Tara Strong provides Meg 's singing voice in `` Do n't Make Me Over '' . Lacey Chabert ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2011 , 2012 ) Mila Kunis ( 1999 -- present ) Tara Strong ( singing voice ) Appearance ( edit ) Meg , like Peter , has brown hair and wears glasses . She also wears a pink beanie even underneath other headgear . Her clothing consists of a pink and white T - shirt , blue jeans , and tan ( later white ) shoes . She occasionally is seen wearing dresses or formal wear usually without her trademark cap . She is slightly shorter than her younger brother Chris . Meg is also self - conscious about her appearance ( `` I 'm so fat and gross . '' ) . Social life ( edit ) Meg is very unpopular in high school due to her plain appearance and personality . Meg desperately tries to be part of the cool crowd , but is usually coldly rebuffed . She is also usually the butt of Peter 's jokes due to her perceived homeliness and tendency towards social awkwardness . Because of her eagerness for acceptance , she has been recruited unknowingly into a suicidal religious cult , and later recruited again unwittingly into her school 's Lesbian Alliance ( `` Brian Sings and Swings '' ) . However , Meg does have a moderate number of friends , the best of which being with a group of girls who are often seen with her during occasions such as her slumber parties and gossiping about boys . In later episodes , these girls , known by the names Beth , Patty , Collette , Esther , and Ruth , are characterized as being highly unpopular and dateless , much like Meg , even saying that she was the only one of them who ever had a boyfriend ( actually a decaying corpse she was `` dating '' ) . Meg is so unpopular at school that one student fires a nail gun into his own stomach twice ( in shop class ) in order to avoid a date with her , and then in a later episode shoots his own brother as an excuse not to go to a dance with her the following night . On another occasion , Meg and Lois are looking for new clothes for Meg , but with no luck ( a saleswoman ended up pouring gasoline on herself , lighting a match , catching fire , and then jumping out of a window after looking at Meg in a pair of jeans ) . However , she is sought by nerd Neil Goldman . In `` 8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter '' , Neil starts dating a girl named Cecilia , Meg becomes instantly jealous and pretends to date Jake Tucker to make him jealous . This leads to her signing a contract to become Neil 's girlfriend and ( not knowing at first ) his slave , but she gets him to tear up the contract after Lois seduces him . Perverted neighbor Glenn Quagmire has shown a repeated interest in her , mostly due to his very low standards , asking if she has reached the age of consent . Quagmire comes close to succeeding when Lois tells Peter to back off after he was ruining Meg and Quagmire 's ' dates ' . Then , they rescue Meg after Glenn takes her to his cabin , Peter and Lois arriving in time before anything happens . In several episodes she is shown dating , including stories with characters Mayor Adam West and nudist Jeff Campbell . She also loses her virginity unknowingly on live television to Saturday Night Live host Jimmy Fallon after having a drastic makeover ; but , before all that happens , she goes out with a rebel at her school named Craig Hoffman . In `` Jerome is the New Black '' , Jerome , an old flame of Lois 's and Peter 's new friend , admits to having sex with Meg , to which Peter replies indifferently . In the episode `` Brian Sings and Swings '' , a lesbian student named Sarah invites Meg to join in her Lesbian Alliance Club , with Meg not knowing at first what kind of club it was . Desperate to fit in , she pretends to be a lesbian and also pretends to be attracted to Sarah and even goes so far as to kiss her to prove it . At the end of the episode , Meg goes over to Sarah 's house to admit she lied about being a lesbian ( Sarah thought that Meg came over to have sex and even undresses when Meg is telling her that she lied ) , much to Glenn 's ( who was hiding in Sarah 's closet ) disappointment . She also used to have a crush on anchorman Tom Tucker , but it ended after she discovered his vanity and selfishness . In other episodes , she is portrayed as chronically incapable of finding a boyfriend . For her Junior Prom she accepts a pity date from Brian , the family dog and only after threatening suicide . Earlier in season 2 , she dated Joe Swanson 's son Kevin Swanson , but in `` Stew - Roids '' it is mentioned that Kevin died in Iraq . In the episode , `` Prick Up Your Ears '' , she dates a boy named Doug , but he breaks up with her when he sees her naked right before almost having sex . In the episode `` Peter 's Daughter '' , Meg falls in love with a medical student named Michael Milano after coming out of a short coma ( caused by Peter when he asked her to `` rescue '' beer and make him a sandwich out of an already flooded kitchen ) and they start to date . After he breaks up with Meg ( because of Peter being overprotective of her after promising that if she came out of the coma , he would `` treat her like a princess '' ) , she announces that she is pregnant by Michael and the two get engaged . After finding out that she is not actually pregnant , Meg tells Michael the truth hoping that he will stay , however , Michael quickly leaves Meg at the altar . In the episode `` Dial Meg for Murder '' , she is dating a convict , while in the episode `` Go , Stewie , Go ! '' she dates an attractive young man named Anthony , who is absolutely normal ( much to the surprise of many of the other characters ) . They were so shocked that they had to do tests just to see if he was completely normal which annoyed Meg . It is presumed that she broke up with him after he and Lois had an affair . Meg also shows extremely possessive behavior when she encounters someone she believes she has a romantic connection with such as kidnapping Brian and detaining Bonnie Swanson at the airport by planting a gun in her purse . Overall , Meg has shown romantic interest in and dated several men throughout the series . However , there have been several instances in which she has shown hints of being bisexual or a lesbian : examples of this include `` Brian Sings and Swings '' , `` Stew - Roids '' , and `` Dial Meg for Murder '' . In November 2016 , when asked by Splitsider if the writers will further develop the characters of Chris and Meg in future episodes , showrunner Alec Sulkin confirmed that the series crew members are working on doing so and added that there are plans for an episode where Meg comes out as a lesbian , taking inspiration from previous instances in which she exhibited signs of lesbian characteristics , like when she joins a lesbian alliance group at school in `` Brian Sings and Swings '' and is identified as a transgender man named `` Ron '' in Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story , the latter which takes place in the future . However , Sulkin also noted that the plotline has not yet been finalized and thus is n't officially set to be used in an episode . Family life ( edit ) In the first three seasons of the show , Meg 's family often inadvertently humiliated her due to their bumbling or stupidity , though they cared for her and meant well . In the post-cancellation seasons , this began to change as the show started to flesh out the characters to the point where it seems that most of the population of Quahog despise her for no reason other than her simply being `` Meg '' . In an interview , Mila Kunis stated : `` Meg gets picked on a lot . But it 's funny . It 's like the middle child . She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 16 - year - old , when you 're kind of going through puberty and what - not . She 's just in perpetual mode of humiliation , and it 's fun . '' Meg is also the most misunderstood , at least by Peter , Chris , and others who are shown avoiding her company , disparaging her in person , gathering in her bedroom to read her diary for laughs , etc . Peter reminds Lois , `` We agreed that if we could only save two , we 'd leave Meg ! '' even randomly shooting her when she simply said `` Hi Dad '' ( `` Peter 's Daughter '' ) but despite this he also was going to say `` I love you '' in `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' , and in `` Road to Rupert '' he stated they were ' secret best friends ' before throwing lemonade in her face , saying he would have to continue to treat her badly in public in order to maintain his reputation due to `` peer pressure '' , thus giving hope that they may be on good terms . Occasionally , when Meg asks a question to Peter or just speaks when he is in the room , Peter responds by saying `` Shut up , Meg , '' which is immediately followed by a line from another character . When the family tries an anger management technique of writing letters and not sending them , Meg finds Peter 's letter to her , which says , `` Dear Meg , for the first four years of your life , I thought you were a house cat . '' And in Peter 's short story of her birth , they had to go back to get her once they realized they grabbed the afterbirth . In the episode `` Stewie Kills Lois '' , Peter tells guests on a cruise ship about how he and Lois had gone to get an abortion but decided against it when they arrived at the clinic and found out the abortionist had one hand . He then says `` two and a half months later , our daughter Meg was born '' -- indicating that they had tried to abort her when Lois was already over six months pregnant . Another hint to this is when Meg is in the car with Lois and at an attempt to make civilized conversation , says , `` Hey Meg , did you know that if you 're on birth control and you take an antibiotic it makes it not work ? ' Cause no one told me ! I just thought you should know '' and laughs awkwardly . On Meg 's 17th birthday , her mother and father both try to hide from Meg that they do not remember her age . Peter states that Meg sucks in the episode `` PTV '' , and Chris says that people think the same thing about her in `` Long John Peter '' . In `` Not All Dogs Go to Heaven '' , Brian says to Meg 's face that she lives in a home `` where nobody respects or cares about ( her ) , not even enough to get ( her ) a damn mumps shot ! '' Chris , however , seems to have more of a typical brother - sister relationship with Meg , with Chris telling those who abuse her that it is never her fault . Chris , at one point , threatened to quit his job at the local mini-mart if his boss did n't re-hire Meg ( at the insistence of Lois ) . Like Chris , Meg has an anthropomorphic monkey in her closet , and although she has proved it , her family coldly state that they were talking about Chris ' , not hers . Cleveland comments to Peter `` Meg is my least favorite of your children . '' Apparently , a double standard also exists against Meg , further underscoring the mistreatment she suffers from the people around her . In `` Big Man on Hippocampus '' , an episode wherein Peter loses his memory , as he reacquaints himself with the pleasures of sex , Lois tells him that it is inappropriate to have sex with his own children ; in response , Meg attempts an incest joke . She then lambastes her for this and kicks her out of the room . However , in the season finale `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' , Lois tells a joke that implies that it was Meg that gave birth to Stewie , and apart from a shocked reaction from the latter , Lois receives no such violent reaction . Additionally , in `` Model Misbehavior '' , when Lois starts a modeling career , Peter states that he will pleasure himself to Lois ' pictures , followed by Chris and Meg both exclaiming `` Me too ! '' to which Peter shouts `` Oh God , Meg , that 's sick ! That 's your mother ! '' , ignoring the fact that Chris said the same thing . Meg responded by saying `` I was only trying to fit in ! '' Peter immediately kicked her out of the house . Later , during an unrelated conversation , when she spoke , he said `` Meg , who let you back in the house ? '' Brian 's attention softens the lack of respect from Peter and the neighbors ; he admits that he cares for Meg when she goes out with Mayor Adam West . Lois has also often shown sympathy for Meg , for example , taking her to Spring Break at the beach . Lois very often comforts Meg when she is down ; however , she gives up one attempt after 45 minutes and gives her a Sylvia Plath novel and a bottle of Ambien , and with a `` Whatever happens , happens , '' leaves Meg to her misery . One of the most cruel examples comes in the episode `` You Ca n't Do That On Television , Peter '' . When Peter is mauled by a puma , Meg uses medical training to save his life . However , no one thanks her afterward and when she tries to point it out , Peter just tells her to get him water . The family 's treatment of Meg finally reaches her limit in `` Dial Meg for Murder '' when Meg emerges from a short stint in a Young Offenders Institution as a hardened criminal , abusing her family and beating up anyone who makes fun of her . It is only after a conversation with Brian that she changes her ways . However , it comes to a head once again in `` Seahorse Seashell Party '' , when Meg finally grows tired of her mistreatment and lashes out against Lois and Peter , informing them of their own flaws . Lois condescendingly tells Meg that she is simply taking her own problems out on everyone else invoking Meg to bring up her mother 's delinquent past . Meg tells her that she is far from the perfect parent , harshly berates her for constantly and ruthlessly pointing out Meg 's shortcomings . Lois tries to justify that she 's a better person because of her past and she is open that she is n't the perfect parent , but Meg tells her that she 's the farthest thing from and states how she has neglected to protect her from harm and guide her through life . Meg also informs Lois that when she turns 18 , she may never want to see her again . This breaks Lois ' heart and she finally admits that she 's been a terrible mother to Meg . Finally , Meg turns on Peter who , unable to comprehend her insults , thinks that his daughter 's argument is amusing , even when she points out Peter 's destructive tendencies and that he would go to jail if someone could witness his negative treatment towards her . It dawns on Peter that he is being insulted when Meg calls him a `` waste of a man . '' A disillusioned Peter asks Lois to tell Meg to `` knock it off , '' but Lois refuses because he did n't stick up for her . Within moments , Peter turns his abusive criticisms and insults on Chris and Lois . Peter finally runs to his room crying , with Lois running after him , leaving Meg and Chris behind , who is now fully recovered from his trip ( he had smoked marijuana prior to the argument ) , to discuss what just happened . Chris likes that Meg stood up for herself , but she sadly tells him that even though she meant every word , seeing Peter turn on everyone like wolves has made her think that it is ultimately her non-ideal role to serve as the Griffins ' `` lightning rod that absorbs all the dysfunction '' . He commends her on her maturity , and even goes on to say that Meg is the `` strongest person '' in the family . She soon apologizes to the others and says that she is actually the one at fault ; Peter asks Chris if she is a `` bitch '' , to which he proudly responds `` Yes , yes she is , '' and the family reconciles . Since this episode the abuse that Meg receives begins to fades away as a storyline . Meg also notices that Peter 's pro wrestler sister Karen treats Peter exactly the way Peter treats her , and they bond over this with a plan to embarrass Karen at a wrestling show -- which goes awry when Meg hits her with a metal folding chair instead of a breakaway one and injures Karen to the point where she ends up in a coma and ( as it is implied ) possibly will die from her injuries without a blood transfusion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IMDB -- Family Guy -- Stew - Roids ( 2009 ) Movie Connections Jump up ^ Aurthur , Kate ( 2005 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Sharing the Ratings Spoils '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lacey Chabert interview by GameSpy ( October 6 , 2006 ) - Sonic Retro ^ Jump up to : `` Family Guy -- Casting Mila Kunis '' . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Seth MacFarlane '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( 2005 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Fox Swears By Family Guy '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Planet Family Guy - Character guide - Meg Griffin Jump up ^ Mila Kunis talks about working on Family Guy `` : EveryJoe - Sports and Entertainment News Archived October 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Movie Reviews , Articles , Trailers , and more at Metacritic ^ Jump up to : `` Barely Legal '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 8 . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Fox . I 'm so fat and gross ! Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Death Bang '' . Family Guy . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 1999 - 04 - 18 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Brian Sings and Swings '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 19 . 2006 - 01 - 08 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Fifteen Minutes of Shame '' . Family Guy . Season 2 . Episode 12 . 2000 - 04 - 25 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Thin White Line '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 2001 - 11 - 07 . Fox . Are you 18 yet ? Jump up ^ `` The Story on Page One '' . Family Guy . Season 2 . Episode 19 . 2000 - 07 - 18 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` From Method to Madness '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 18 . 2002 - 01 - 24 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Make Me Over '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 4 . 2005 - 06 - 05 . Fox . Jump up ^ Newman , Vicki ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` Family Guy 's Meg Griffin ' to come out as lesbian ' ... but will she still go on to become transgender man Ron ? '' . Mirror . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Dawn ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Is Meg Griffin of ' Family Guy ' About to Come Out as a Lesbian ? '' . LGBTQ Nation . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Top 25 Family Guy Characters '' . IGN . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` Mila Kunis Talks About Working on Family Guy and Her Upcoming Movie '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stuck Together , Torn Apart '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 19 . 2002 - 01 - 31 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Petergeist '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 26 . 2006 - 05 - 07 . Fox . Oh yeah right like I 'm going back for Meg Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapons '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 7 . 2001 - 08 - 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Peter 's Two Dads '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 10 . 2007 - 02 - 11 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Out Is Hard to Do '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 9 . 2005 - 07 - 17 . Fox Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 3 . 2006 - 09 - 24 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Big Man on Hippocampus '' . Family Guy . Season 8 . Episode 10 . 2010 - 01 - 03 . Fox . `` I wish you 'd told him that before he lost his memory ! '' - Meg , after Lois tells Peter he can not have sex with the children Jump up ^ `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' . Family Guy . Season 8 . Episode 21 . 2010 - 06 - 20 . Fox . External links ( edit ) Meg Griffin at Fox.com Meg Griffin on IMDb Mila Kunis on Meg Griffin ( hide ) Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Mayor West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards `` The 100th Episode Special '' Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Family Guy portal Animation portal Television portal Comedy portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meg_Griffin&oldid=807344166 '' Categories : Family Guy characters Child characters in television Teenage characters in television Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from Rhode Island Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Animated human characters Female characters in animation Fictional characters who have attempted suicide Fictional victims of child abuse Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 11 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played meg on family guy in 1999 | [
"Meg made her first appearance on television when Family Guy debuted on Fox on January 31, 1999, with the episode \"Death Has a Shadow\". Originally voiced by Lacey Chabert during the first season, she has been voiced by Mila Kunis since season 2, although Chabert returned to voice Meg in Yug Ylimaf and Back to the Pilot."
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"Lacey Chabert"
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-3350746537712103704 | United States dollar | United States dollar - Wikipedia United States dollar Jump to : navigation , search `` USD '' redirects here . For other uses , see USD ( disambiguation ) . United States dollar Federal Reserve Notes ISO 4217 Code USD Number 840 Exponent Denominations Superunit 10 eagle 100 union 1000 grand Subunit ⁄ dime ⁄ cent ⁄ mill Symbol $ cent ¢ mill ₥ Nickname List ( show ) Ace , bean , bill , bone , buck , deuce , dub , ducat , doubloon , fin , frog , greenback , large , simoleons , skins , smackeroo , smackers , spondulix , Tom , and yard Plural : dead presidents , green , bones , clams Based on denomination : Washingtons , Jeffersons , Lincolns , Hamiltons , Jacksons , Grants , and Benjamins , C - note , grand , sawbuck , single See also : peso in Puerto Rico , and piastre in Cajun Louisiana Banknotes Freq . used $1 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 Rarely used $2 Coins Freq . used 1 ¢ , 5 ¢ , 10 ¢ , $ 1⁄4 Rarely used $ 1⁄2 , $1 Demographics Official user ( s ) United States East Timor Ecuador El Salvador Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Panama Zimbabwe 3 non-U.S. territories ( show ) British Virgin Islands Caribbean Netherlands Turks and Caicos Islands Unofficial user ( s ) 36 other countries ( show ) Afghanistan Angola Argentina The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Cambodia Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominican Republic Ghana Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Iraq Jamaica Laos Lebanon Liberia Mexico Myanmar Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Sierra Leone Somalia Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela 6 non-U.S. territories ( show ) Anguilla ( UK ) Ascension Island ( UK ; de facto ) Bermuda ( UK ) British Indian Ocean Territory ( de facto ) Cayman Islands ( UK ; de facto ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ; de facto ) 2 non-U.S. cities ( show ) Cancún , Mexico Tijuana , Mexico Issuance Central bank Federal Reserve System Website www.federalreserve.gov Printer Bureau of Engraving and Printing Website www.moneyfactory.gov Mint United States Mint Website www.usmint.gov Valuation Inflation 2.46 % ( April 2018 ) Source inflationdata.com Method CPI Pegged by 27 currencies ( show ) Aruban florin Bahamian dollar ( at par ) Bahraini dinar ( higher value ) Barbadian dollar Belize dollar Bermudian dollar ( at par ) Cayman Islands dollar ( higher value ) Cuban convertible peso ( at par ) Djiboutian franc East Caribbean dollar East Timor Centavo Coin ( at par ) Ecuadorian Centavo Coin ( at par ) Eritrean nakfa Hong Kong dollar ( narrow band ) Iraqi dinar Jordanian dinar ( higher value ) Kuwaiti dinar ( higher value ) Lebanese pound Netherlands Antillean guilder Omani rial ( higher value ) Panamanian balboa ( at par ) Qatari riyal Saudi riyal Trinidad and Tobago dollar United Arab Emirates dirham Venezuelan bolívar Zimbabwean Bond Coins and Zimbabwean Bond Notes ( at par ) The United States dollar ( sign : $ ; code : USD ; also abbreviated US $ and referred to as the dollar , U.S. dollar , or American dollar ) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792 . For most practical purposes , it is divided into 100 smaller cent ( ¢ ) units , but is occasionally divided into 1000 mills ( ₥ ) for accounting purposes . The circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars ( 12 U.S.C. § 418 ) . Since the suspension in 1971 of convertibility of paper U.S. currency into any precious metal , the U.S. dollar is , de facto , fiat money . As it is the most used in international transactions , the U.S. dollar is the world 's primary reserve currency . Several countries use it as their official currency , and in many others it is the de facto currency . Besides the United States , it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean : the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands . A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money , while still minting their own coins , or also accept U.S. dollar coins ( such as the Sacagawea or presidential dollar ) . As of September 20 , 2017 , there were approximately $1.58 trillion in circulation , of which $1.53 trillion was in Federal Reserve notes ( the remaining $50 billion is in the form of coins ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Etymology 2.1 Nicknames 3 Dollar sign 4 History 4.1 Continental currency 4.2 Silver and gold standards 5 Coins 5.1 Collector coins 5.2 Dollar coins 5.3 Mint marks 5.3. 1 Notes 6 Banknotes 7 Means of issue 8 Value 9 Exchange rates 9.1 Historical exchange rates 9.2 Current exchange rates 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links 14.1 Images of U.S. currency and coins Overview ( edit ) Article I , Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power `` To coin money '' . Laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U.S.C. § 5112 . Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued . These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as `` legal tender '' in payment of debts . The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar . The pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle . Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins , which have values ranging from one cent to 100 dollars . These other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar . The Constitution provides that `` a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time '' . That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code . The sums of money reported in the `` Statements '' are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars ( for example , see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government ) . The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States . The word `` dollar '' is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution . There , `` dollars '' is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar , a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency , or reales . In 1792 the U.S. Congress passed a Coinage Act . Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins , including `` DOLLARS OR UNITS -- each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current , and to contain three hundred and seventy - one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure , or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver '' . Section 20 of the act provided , `` That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars , or units ... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation '' . In other words , this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States . Unlike the Spanish milled dollar , the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values . In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one - thousandth of a dollar ( symbol ₥ ) , cent or one - hundredth of a dollar ( symbol ¢ ) , dime or one - tenth of a dollar , and eagle or ten dollars , with prescribed weights and composition of gold , silver , or copper for each . It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union , but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist . However , only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar ; `` dime '' is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10 ¢ , while `` eagle '' and `` mill '' are largely unknown to the general public , though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies , and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $ X. XX9 per gallon , e.g. , $3.599 , more commonly written as $3.59 ⁄ . When currently issued in circulating form , denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes ( with the exception of gold , silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender , but worth far more as bullion ) . Both one - dollar coins and notes are produced today , although the note form is significantly more common . In the past , `` paper money '' was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar ( fractional currency ) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 ( known as the `` double eagle '' , discontinued in the 1930s ) . The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars , and subsequently was used in naming gold coins . Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination , known as `` fractional currency '' , was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as `` shinplasters '' . In 1854 , James Guthrie , then Secretary of the Treasury , proposed creating $100 , $50 and $25 gold coins , which were referred to as a `` Union '' , `` Half Union '' , and `` Quarter Union '' , thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100 . Series of 1917 $1 United States bill Today , USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper , unlike most common paper , which is made of wood fiber . U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint . U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and , since 1914 , have been issued by the Federal Reserve . The `` large - sized notes '' issued before 1928 measured 7.42 by 3.125 inches ( 188.5 by 79.4 mm ) ; small - sized notes , introduced that year , measure 6.14 by 2.61 by 0.0043 inches ( 155.96 by 66.29 by 0.11 mm ) . When the current , smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine - sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency . Etymology ( edit ) Further information : Dollar In the 16th century , Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers ( from German thal , or nowadays usually Tal , `` valley '' , cognate with `` dale '' in English ) , named for Joachimstal , the valley where the silver was mined ( St. Joachim 's Valley , now Jáchymov ; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia , now part of the Czech Republic ) . Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler , a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler , Norwegian as dalar and daler , Dutch as daler or daalder , Ethiopian as ታላሪ ( talari ) , Hungarian as tallér , Italian as tallero , and English as dollar . Alternatively , thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen ( `` great guilder '' , being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder ) , minted from the silver from Joachimsthal . The coins minted at Joachimsthal soon lent their name to other coins of similar size and weight from other places . One such example , was a Dutch coin depicting a lion , hence its Dutch name leeuwendaler ( in English : lion dollar ) . The leeuwendaler was authorized to contain 427.16 grains of . 75 fine silver and passed locally for between 36 and 42 stuivers . It was lighter than the large - denomination coins then in circulation , thus it was more advantageous for a Dutch merchant to pay a foreign debt in leeuwendalers and it became the coin of choice for foreign trade . The leeuwendaler was popular in the Dutch East Indies and in the Dutch New Netherland Colony ( New York ) , and circulated throughout the Thirteen Colonies during the 17th and early 18th centuries . It was also popular throughout Eastern Europe , where it led to the current Romanian and Moldovan currency being called leu ( literally `` lion '' ) . Among the English - speaking community , the coin came to be popularly known as lion dollar -- and is the origin of the name dollar . The modern American - English pronunciation of dollar is still remarkably close to the 17th - century Dutch pronunciation of daler . By analogy with this lion dollar , Spanish pesos -- with the same weight and shape as the lion dollar -- came to be known as Spanish dollars . By the mid-18th century , the lion dollar had been replaced by the Spanish dollar , the famous `` piece of eight '' , which was distributed widely in the Spanish colonies in the New World and in the Philippines . Eventually , dollar became the name of the first official American currency . Nicknames ( edit ) See also : Slang terms for money § United States The colloquialism `` buck '' ( s ) ( much like the British word `` quid '' ( s , pl ) for the pound sterling ) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations , including the U.S. dollar . This term , dating to the 18th century , may have originated with the colonial leather trade . It may also have originated from a poker term . `` Greenback '' is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North . The original note was printed in black and green on the back side . It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar ( but not to the dollars of other countries ) . Other well - known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include `` greenmail '' , `` green '' and `` dead presidents '' ( the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills ) . A `` grand '' , sometimes shortened to simply `` G '' , is a common term for the amount of $1,000 . The suffix `` K '' or `` k '' ( from `` kilo - '' ) is also commonly used to denote this amount ( such as `` $10 k '' to mean $10,000 ) . However , the $1,000 note is no longer in general use . A `` large '' or `` stack '' , it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 ( such as `` fifty large '' meaning $50,000 ) . The $100 note is nicknamed `` Benjamin '' , `` Benji '' , `` Ben '' , or `` Franklin '' ( after Benjamin Franklin ) , `` C - note '' ( C being the Roman numeral for 100 ) , `` Century note '' or `` bill '' ( e.g. `` two bills '' being $200 ) . The $50 note is occasionally called a `` yardstick '' or a `` grant '' ( after President Ulysses S. Grant , pictured on the obverse ) . The $20 note is referred to as a `` double sawbuck '' , `` Jackson '' ( after Andrew Jackson ) , or `` double eagle '' . The $10 note is referred to as a `` sawbuck '' , `` ten - spot '' or `` Hamilton '' ( after Alexander Hamilton ) . The $5 note as `` Lincoln '' , `` fin '' , `` fiver '' or `` five - spot '' . The infrequently - used $2 note is sometimes called `` deuce '' , `` Tom '' , or `` Jefferson '' ( after Thomas Jefferson ) . The $1 note as a `` single '' or `` buck '' . The dollar has also been referred to as a `` bone '' and `` bones '' in plural ( e.g. `` twenty bones '' is equal to $20 ) . The newer designs , with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse ( rather than in cameo insets ) , upon paper color - coded by denomination , are sometimes referred to as `` bigface '' notes or `` Monopoly money '' . `` Piastre '' was the original French word for the U.S. dollar , used for example in the French text of the Louisiana Purchase . Calling the dollar a piastre is still common among the speakers of Cajun French and New England French . Modern French uses dollar for this unit of currency as well . The term is still used as slang for U.S. dollars in the French - speaking Caribbean islands , most notably Haiti . Dollar sign ( edit ) Main article : Dollar sign Spanish silver real or peso of 1768 The symbol $ , usually written before the numerical amount , is used for the U.S. dollar ( as well as for many other currencies ) . The sign was the result of a late 18th - century evolution of the scribal abbreviation `` p '' for the peso , the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries . These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America , namely in Mexico City ; Potosí , Bolivia ; and Lima , Peru . The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $ . Another popular explanation is that it is derived from the Pillars of Hercules on the Spanish Coat of arms of the Spanish dollar . These Pillars of Hercules on the silver Spanish dollar coins take the form of two vertical bars ( ) and a swinging cloth band in the shape of an `` S '' . Yet another explanation suggests that the dollar sign was formed from the capital letters U and S written or printed one on top of the other . This theory , popularized by novelist Ayn Rand in Atlas Shrugged , does not consider the fact that the symbol was already in use before the formation of the United States . History ( edit ) See also : History of the United States dollar Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note , featuring a portrait of President William McKinley . Reverse of a $500 Federal Reserve Note . The American dollar coin was initially based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar , used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries . The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint ( founded 1792 ) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar , minted in Mexico and Peru . The Spanish , U.S. silver dollars , and later , Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States , and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857 . The coinage of various English colonies also circulated . The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony ( New York ) , but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century . Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable , thus they were sometimes referred to as `` dog dollars '' . The U.S. dollar was first defined by the Coinage Act of 1792 , which specified a `` dollar '' to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains ( 27.0 g ) of standard silver and an `` eagle '' to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains ( 17 g ) of gold ( again depending on purity ) . The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton 's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars . Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains . A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight , and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar . The same coinage act also set the value of an eagle at 10 dollars , and the dollar at ⁄ eagle . It called for 90 % silver alloy coins in denominations of 1 , ⁄ , ⁄ , ⁄ , and ⁄ dollars ; it called for 90 % gold alloy coins in denominations of 1 , ⁄ , ⁄ , and ⁄ eagles . The value of gold or silver contained in the dollar was then converted into relative value in the economy for the buying and selling of goods . This allowed the value of things to remain fairly constant over time , except for the influx and outflux of gold and silver in the nation 's economy . The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents , as is the custom now ; although today , by law , only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency . In fact , the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency , a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs . The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century ; before that `` heads '' side of coinage used profile faces and striding , seated , and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans . The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime ( 1946 ) and the Dollar ( 1971 ) . For articles on the currencies of the colonies and states , see Connecticut pound , Delaware pound , Georgia pound , Maryland pound , Massachusetts pound , New Hampshire pound , New Jersey pound , New York pound , North Carolina pound , Pennsylvania pound , Rhode Island pound , South Carolina pound , and Virginia pound . Continental currency ( edit ) Continental One Third Dollar Bill ( obverse ) See also : Continental currency During the American Revolution the thirteen colonies became independent states . Freed from British monetary regulations , they each issued £ sd paper money to pay for military expenses . The Continental Congress also began issuing `` Continental Currency '' denominated in Spanish dollars . The dollar was valued relative to the states ' currencies at the following rates : 5 shillings -- Georgia 6 shillings -- Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Virginia 7 ⁄ shillings -- Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , Pennsylvania 8 shillings -- New York , North Carolina 32 ⁄ shillings -- South Carolina Continental currency depreciated badly during the war , giving rise to the famous phrase `` not worth a continental '' . A primary problem was that monetary policy was not coordinated between Congress and the states , which continued to issue bills of credit . Additionally , neither Congress nor the governments of the several states had the will or the means to retire the bills from circulation through taxation or the sale of bonds . The currency was ultimately replaced by the silver dollar at the rate of 1 silver dollar to 1000 continental dollars . Silver and gold standards ( edit ) From 1792 , when the Mint Act was passed , the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains ( 24.056 g ) of silver . The gold coins that were minted were not given any denomination and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar . 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains ( 1.50 g ) , followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains ( 1.505 g ) in 1837 ( 16 : 1 ratio ) . In 1862 , paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals , due to the Civil War . Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated . This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812 . The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788 . With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited , the continentals quickly lost their value , giving rise to the phrase `` not worth a continental '' . This was a primary reason for the `` No state shall ... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts '' clause in article 1 , section 10 of the United States Constitution . In order to finance the War of 1812 , Congress authorized the issuance of Treasury Notes , interest - bearing short - term debt that could be used to pay public dues . While they were intended to serve as debt , they did function `` to a limited extent '' as money . Treasury Notes were again printed to help resolve the reduction in public revenues resulting from the Panic of 1837 and the Panic of 1857 , as well as to help finance the Mexican -- American War and the Civil War . In addition to Treasury Notes , in 1861 , Congress authorized the Treasury to borrow $50 million in the form of Demand Notes , which did not bear interest but could be redeemed on demand for precious metals . However , by December 1861 , the Union government 's supply of specie was outstripped by demand for redemption and they were forced to suspend redemption temporarily . The following February , Congress passed the Legal Tender Act of 1862 , issuing United States Notes , which were not redeemable on demand and bore no interest , but were legal tender , meaning that creditors had to accept them at face value for any payment except for public debts and import tariffs . However , silver and gold coins continued to be issued , resulting in the depreciation of the newly printed notes through Gresham 's Law . In 1869 , Supreme Court ruled in Hepburn v. Griswold that Congress could not require creditors to accept United States Notes , but overturned that ruling the next year in the Legal Tender Cases . In 1875 , Congress passed the Specie Payment Resumption Act , requiring the Treasury to allow US Notes to be redeemed for gold after January 1 , 1879 . The Treasury ceased to issue United States Notes in 1971 . The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains ( 1.505 g ) of gold , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67 . Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964 , when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters , and the half dollar was reduced to 40 % silver . Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970 . Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt . The gold standard was changed to 13.71 grains ( 0.888 g ) , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35 . This standard persisted until 1968 . Between 1968 and 1975 , a variety of pegs to gold were put in place , eventually culminating in a sudden end , on August 15 , 1971 , to the convertibility of dollars to gold later dubbed the Nixon Shock . The last peg was $42.22 per ounce before the U.S. dollar was allowed to freely float on currency markets . According to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing , the largest note it ever printed was the $100,000 Gold Certificate , Series 1934 . These notes were printed from December 18 , 1934 , through January 9 , 1935 , and were issued by the Treasurer of the United States to Federal Reserve Banks only against an equal amount of gold bullion held by the Treasury . These notes were used for transactions between Federal Reserve Banks and were not circulated among the general public . Coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the United States dollar Official United States coins have been produced every year from 1792 to the present . Denomination Common name Front Reverse Portrait and design date Reverse motif and design date Weight Diameter Material Edge Circulation Cent 1 ¢ penny Abraham Lincoln Union Shield 2.5 g ( 0.088 oz ) 0.75 in ( 19.05 mm ) 97.5 % Zn 2.5 % Cu plain Wide Five - Cent 5 ¢ nickel Thomas Jefferson Monticello 5 g ( 0.176 oz ) 0.835 in ( 21.21 mm ) 75 % Cu 25 % Ni plain Wide Dime 10 ¢ dime Franklin D. Roosevelt olive branch , torch , oak branch 0.08 oz ( 2.268 g ) 0.705 in ( 17.91 mm ) 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 118 reeds Wide Quarter Dollar 25 ¢ quarter George Washington Various ; five designs per year 0.2 oz ( 5.67 g ) 0.955 in ( 24.26 mm ) 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 119 reeds Wide Half Dollar 50 ¢ half John F. Kennedy Presidential Seal 0.4 oz ( 11.34 g ) 1.205 in ( 30.61 mm ) 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 150 reeds Limited Dollar coin $1 dollar coin , golden dollar Profile of Sacagawea with her child , Jean Baptiste Charbonneau Bald eagle in flight ( 2000 -- 2008 ) , Various ; new design per year 0.286 oz ( 8.10 g ) 1.043 in ( 26.50 mm ) 88.5 % Cu 6 % Zn 3.5 % Mn 2 % Ni Lettered Limited Discontinued coin denominations include : Half cent : ⁄ ¢ , 1793 -- 1857 Fugio Cent : 1 ¢ , 1787 Two - cent piece : 2 ¢ , 1863 -- 1873 Three - cent bronze : 3 ¢ , 1863 ( not circulated ) Three - cent nickel : 3 ¢ , 1865 -- 1889 Trime : 3 ¢ , 1851 -- 1873 Half dime : 5 ¢ , 1792 -- 1873 Twenty - cent piece : 20 ¢ , 1875 -- 1878 Gold dollar : $1.00 , 1849 -- 1889 Quarter eagle : $2.50 , 1792 -- 1929 Three - dollar piece : $3.00 , 1854 -- 1889 Stella : $4.00 , ( not circulated ) Half eagle : $5.00 , 1795 -- 1929 , minted as a commemorative 1986 -- present Eagle : $10.00 , minted as a commemorative 1984 -- 2003 Double eagle : $20.00 , 1849 -- 1933 , 2009 Half - union : $50.00 , 1877 ( pattern only ) , 1915 ( Panama -- Pacific International Exposition coin ) Union : $100.00 , 2015 ( High relief ; not circulated ) Collector coins for which everyday transactions are non-existent . American Eagles originally were not available from the Mint for individuals but had to be purchased from authorized dealers . In 2006 The Mint began direct sales to individuals of uncirculated bullion coins with a special finish , and bearing a `` W '' mintmark . American Silver Eagle $1 ( 1 troy ounce ) silver bullion coin 1986 -- present American Gold Eagle $5 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , $10 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , $25 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , and $50 ( 1 troy oz ) Gold bullion coin 1986 -- present American Platinum Eagle ( $10 , $25 , $50 , and $100 platinum coin ) 1997 -- present United States commemorative coins -- special issue coins $50.00 ( Half Union ) 1915 Presidential Proofs ( see below ) 2007 -- present Technically , all these coins are still legal tender at face value , though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value , and for gold and silver coins , their precious metal value . From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content , which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel . However , since 1992 , the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes , quarters , and half dollars in place of the standard copper - nickel versions . In addition , an experimental $4.00 ( Stella ) coin was also minted in 1879 , but never placed into circulation , and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination . The $50 coin mentioned was only produced in 1915 for the Panama - Pacific International Exposition ( 1915 ) celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal . Only 1,128 were made , 645 of which were octagonal ; this remains the only U.S. coin that was not round as well as the largest and heaviest U.S. coin ever produced . A $100 gold coin was produced in High relief during 2015 , although it was primarily produced for collectors , not for general circulation . From 1934 to present , the only denominations produced for circulation have been the familiar penny , nickel , dime , quarter , half dollar and dollar . The nickel is the only coin still in use today that is essentially unchanged ( except in its design ) from its original version . Every year since 1866 , the nickel has been 75 % copper and 25 % nickel , except for 4 years during World War II when nickel was needed for the war . Due to the penny 's low value , some efforts have been made to eliminate the penny as circulating coinage . Collector coins ( edit ) The United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators . Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime , quarter , and half dollar containing 90 % silver . Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997 , the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year 's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins . Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president . Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins , the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13 , 2011 , by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner . Future minting of such coins will be made solely for collectors . 2007 had George Washington , John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , and James Madison 2008 had James Monroe , John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson , and Martin Van Buren 2009 had William Henry Harrison , John Tyler , James K. Polk , and Zachary Taylor 2010 had Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , and Abraham Lincoln 2011 had Andrew Johnson , Ulysses S. Grant , Rutherford B. Hayes , and James A. Garfield 2012 had Chester Arthur , Grover Cleveland ( 1st term ) , Benjamin Harrison , and Grover Cleveland ( 2nd term ) 2013 had William McKinley , Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson 2014 had Warren G. Harding , Calvin Coolidge , Herbert Hoover , and Franklin D. Roosevelt 2015 had Harry S Truman , Dwight D. Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , and Lyndon B. Johnson 2016 had Richard M. Nixon , Gerald R. Ford and Ronald Reagan . Dollar coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the United States dollar The first United States dollar was minted in 1794 . Known as the Flowing Hair Dollar , contained 416 grains of `` standard silver '' ( 89.25 % silver and 10.75 % copper ) , as specified by Section 13 of the Coinage Act of 1792 . It was designated by Section 9 of that Act as having `` the value of a Spanish milled dollar '' . Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States . Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935 ; a copper - nickel dollar of the same large size , featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower , was minted from 1971 through 1978 . Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century . The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979 ; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters , due to their nearly equal size , their milled edge , and their similar color . Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 ( collectors ' pieces were struck in 1981 ) , but , as with all past U.S. coins , they remain legal tender . As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted , additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999 . In 2000 , a new $1 coin , featuring Sacagawea , ( the Sacagawea dollar ) was introduced , which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color , without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar . However , this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still - existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions . The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support . In February 2007 , the U.S. Mint , under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 , introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin . Based on the success of the `` 50 State Quarters '' series , the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations , starting with George Washington , on the obverse side . The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty . To allow for larger , more detailed portraits , the traditional inscriptions of `` E Pluribus Unum '' , `` In God We Trust '' , the year of minting or issuance , and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face . This feature , similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £ 1 coin , is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs . The inscription `` Liberty '' has been eliminated , with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement . In addition , due to the nature of U.S. coins , this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse ( heads ) side ( Lincoln / penny , Jefferson / nickel , Franklin D. Roosevelt / dime , Washington / quarter , Kennedy / half dollar , and Eisenhower / dollar ) . Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with two different portraits issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms . Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks . Highly sought after by collectors , and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery , the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions `` E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P '' . The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia , although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units . Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to `` heads '' , some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying `` upside down lettering error '' coins . Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years , whereas coins are more permanent . The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes , which have been withdrawn from circulation , bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones . As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes , they commonly accept only $1 bills , though a few will give change in dollar coins . Mint marks ( edit ) Mint Mint mark Metal minted Year established Current status Denver All metals 1906 Facility open Philadelphia P or none All metals 1792 Facility open San Francisco All metals 1854 Facility open ( proof only ) West Point W or none Gold , Silver and Platinum 1973 Facility open ( bullion only ) Carson City CC Gold and Silver 1870 Facility closed , 1893 Charlotte Gold only 1838 Facility closed , 1861 Dahlonega Gold only 1838 Facility closed , 1861 Manila M or none All metals 1920 Facility closed , 1922 ; re-opened 1925 -- 1941 New Orleans Gold and Silver 1838 Facility closed , 1861 ; re-opened 1879 -- 1909 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The letter `` P '' is used for the Philadelphia mint mark on all coins ( except cents ) released from 1980 onward . Before this it had only been used on silver Jefferson nickels from 1942 to 1945 . Jump up ^ Between 1973 and 1986 there was no mint mark ( these coins are indistinguishable from coins produced at the Philadelphia Mint from 1973 to 1980 ) ; after 1988 the letter `` W '' was used for coinage , except for the 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle . Jump up ^ It is now the home of the Nevada State Museum , which still strikes commemorative medallions with the `` CC '' mint mark ( most recently in 2014 commemorating the Nevada Sesquicentennial ) , using former mint 's the original coin press . Jump up ^ Although the mint mark `` D '' has been used by two separate mints , it is easy to distinguish between the two , as any 19th century coinage is Dahlonega , and any 20th or 21st century coins are Denver . Jump up ^ During the period in which this mint branch was operational , The Philippines was an insular territory and then commonwealth of the U.S. ; it was the first ( and to date only ) U.S. branch mint located outside the Continental United States . Jump up ^ The letter `` M '' was used for the Manila mint mark on all coins released from 1925 onward ; before this it had produced its coins with no mintmark . Jump up ^ During the Civil War , this mint operated under the control of the State of Louisiana ( February 1861 ) and the Confederate States of America ( March 1861 ) until it ran out of bullion later in that year ; some Half Dollars have been identified as being the issue of the State of Louisiana and the Confederacy . Banknotes ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Note Denomination Front Reverse Portrait Reverse motif First series Latest series Circulation One Dollar George Washington Great Seal of the United States Series 1935 Series 2017 Wide Two Dollars Thomas Jefferson Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence Series 1976 Series 2013 Limited Five Dollars Abraham Lincoln Lincoln Memorial Series 2006 Series 2013 Wide Ten Dollars Alexander Hamilton U.S. Treasury Series 2004A Series 2013 Wide Twenty Dollars Andrew Jackson White House Series 2004 Series 2013 Wide Fifty Dollars Ulysses S. Grant United States Capitol Series 2004 Series 2013 Wide One Hundred Dollars Benjamin Franklin Independence Hall Series 2009 Series 2013 Wide The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to `` borrow money on the credit of the United States '' . Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes . Those notes are `` obligations of the United States '' and `` shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States , in the city of Washington , District of Columbia , or at any Federal Reserve bank '' . Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as `` legal tender '' for the payment of debts . Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes , including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note . The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s . Currently printed denominations are $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , and $100 . Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969 . These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime ; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use . With the advent of electronic banking , they became less necessary . Notes in denominations of $500 , $1,000 , $5,000 , $10,000 , and $100,000 were all produced at one time ; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details . With the exception of the $100,000 bill ( which was only issued as a Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated ; thus it is illegal to own ) , these notes are now collectors ' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors . Though still predominantly green , post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations . As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note , except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill . It also plans larger , higher - contrast numerals , more color differences , and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period . Means of issue ( edit ) The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury , plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks . The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994 , to 800 billion in 2005 , and over 3000 billion in 2013 . The amount of cash in circulation is increased ( or decreased ) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System . Eight times a year , the 12 - person Federal Open Market Committee meets to determine U.S. monetary policy . Every business day , the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy . If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply , it will buy securities ( such as U.S. Treasury Bonds ) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars . Conversely , it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars , to take dollars out of circulation . When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase , it credits the seller 's reserve account ( with the Federal Reserve ) . This money is not transferred from any existing funds -- it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high - powered money . Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve . To fulfill those requests , the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department . The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( to print new dollar bills ) and the Bureau of the Mint ( to stamp the coins ) . Usually , the short - term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short - term interest rate target . In other instances , monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold . For example , in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate , the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight . The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include : ( i ) Discount window lending ( as lender of last resort ) ; ( ii ) Fractional deposit lending ( changes in the reserve requirement ) ; ( iii ) Moral suasion ( cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes ) ; ( iv ) `` Open mouth operations '' ( talking monetary policy with the market ) . Value ( edit ) Buying power of one U.S. dollar compared to 1774 USD Year Equivalent buying power 1774 $1.00 1780 $0.59 1790 $0.89 1800 $0.64 1810 $0.66 1820 $0.69 1830 $0.88 1840 $0.94 1850 $1.03 1860 $0.97 Year Equivalent buying power 1870 $0.62 1880 $0.79 1890 $0.89 1900 $0.96 1910 $0.85 1920 $0.39 1930 $0.47 1940 $0.56 1950 $0.33 1960 $0.26 Year Equivalent buying power 1970 $0.20 1980 $0.10 1990 $0.06 2000 $0.05 2007 $0.04 2008 $0.04 2009 $0.04 $0.035 2011 $0.034 2012 $0.03 U.S. Consumer Price Index , starting from 1913 The 6th paragraph of Section 8 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the U.S. Congress shall have the power to `` coin money '' and to `` regulate the value '' of domestic and foreign coins . Congress exercised those powers when it enacted the Coinage Act of 1792 . That Act provided for the minting of the first U.S. dollar and it declared that the U.S. dollar shall have `` the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current '' . The table to the right shows the equivalent amount of goods that , in a particular year , could be purchased with $1 . The table shows that from 1774 through 2012 the U.S. dollar has lost about 97.0 % of its buying power . The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation , which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time . A consumer price index ( CPI ) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households . The United States Consumer Price Index , published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics , is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States . It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day - to - day living expenses . A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982 -- 1984 and the annual year - over-year change in CPI is shown at right . The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime , especially during the American Civil War , World War I , and World War II . The Federal Reserve , which was established in 1913 , was designed to furnish an `` elastic '' currency subject to `` substantial changes of quantity over short periods '' , which differed significantly from previous forms of high - powered money such as gold , national bank notes , and silver coins . Over the very long run , the prior gold standard kept prices stable -- for instance , the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s . The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability , reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s , before presiding over a 30 % deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s . Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II , the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce , and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold . Rising government spending in the 1960s , however , led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility , gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold , and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline . Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold , gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon , resulting in the `` Nixon shock '' . The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold , and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency . The Federal Reserve , however , continued to increase the money supply , resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s . This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked ( the Phillips curve ) , and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign . Between 1965 and 1981 , the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value . In 1979 , President Carter appointed Paul Volcker Chairman of the Federal Reserve . The Federal Reserve tightened the money supply and inflation was substantially lower in the 1980s , and hence the value of the U.S. dollar stabilized . Over the thirty - year period from 1981 to 2009 , the U.S. dollar lost over half its value . This is because the Federal Reserve has targeted not zero inflation , but a low , stable rate of inflation -- between 1987 and 1997 , the rate of inflation was approximately 3.5 % , and between 1997 and 2007 it was approximately 2 % . The so - called `` Great Moderation '' of economic conditions since the 1970s is credited to monetary policy targeting price stability . There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation ( which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time ) or low , stable inflation ( which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time , as is the case now ) . Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar , others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed . Exchange Rates ( edit ) Historical exchange Rates ( edit ) Currency units per U.S. dollar , averaged over the year 1970 1980 1985 1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2018 Euro -- -- -- -- -- 0.9387 1.0832 1.1171 1.0578 0.8833 0.8040 0.8033 0.7960 0.7293 0.6791 0.7176 0.6739 0.7178 0.7777 0.7530 0.7520 0.9015 0.8504 Japanese yen 357.6 240.45 250.35 146.25 111.08 113.73 107.80 121.57 125.22 115.94 108.15 110.11 116.31 117.76 103.39 93.68 87.78 79.70 79.82 97.60 105.74 121.05 111.130 Pound sterling 8 s 4 d = 0.4167 0.4484 0.8613 0.6207 0.6660 0.6184 0.6598 0.6946 0.6656 0.6117 0.5456 0.5493 0.5425 0.4995 0.5392 0.6385 0.4548 0.6233 0.6308 0.6393 0.6066 0.6544 0.7454 Canadian dollar 1.081 1.168 1.321 1.1605 1.2902 1.4858 1.4855 1.5487 1.5704 1.4008 1.3017 1.2115 1.1340 1.0734 1.0660 1.1412 1.0298 0.9887 0.9995 1.0300 1.1043 1.2789 1.2842 Mexican peso 0.01250 -- 0.02650 2.80 2.67 2.50 3.1237 9.553 9.459 9.337 9.663 10.793 11.290 10.894 10.906 10.928 11.143 13.498 12.623 12.427 13.154 12.758 13.302 15.837 19.911 Renminbi yuan 2.46 1.7050 2.9366 4.7832 5.7620 8.2783 8.2784 8.2770 8.2771 8.2772 8.2768 8.1936 7.9723 7.6058 6.9477 6.8307 6.7696 6.4630 6.3093 6.1478 6.1620 6.2840 6.383 Indian rupee 7.56 8.000 12.38 16.96 31.291 43.13 45.00 47.22 48.63 46.59 45.26 44.00 45.19 41.18 43.39 48.33 45.65 46.58 53.37 58.51 62.00 64.1332 68.11 Singapore dollar -- -- 2.179 1.903 1.6158 1.6951 1.7361 1.7930 1.7908 1.7429 1.6902 1.6639 1.5882 1.5065 1.4140 1.4543 1.24586 1.2565 1.2492 1.2511 1.2665 1.3748 1.343 South African rand 0.7182 0.7780 2.2343 2.5600 3.2729 6.1191 6.9468 8.6093 10.5176 7.5550 6.4402 6.3606 6.7668 7.0477 8.2480 8.4117 7.3159 7.2510 8.2014 9.6436 10.8420 12.7759 12.736 Notes : 1 . Mexican peso values prior to 1993 revaluation 2 . Value at the start of the year Sources : US : Last 4 years , 2009 -- 2012 , 2005 -- 2008 , 2001 -- 2004 , 1997 -- 2000 , 1993 -- 1996 , all available years Multiple countries : 2004 -- present Australia : 1970 -- present China : 1974 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 Mexico : 1976 -- 1991 Canada : 1977 -- 1991 Current exchange rates ( edit ) Current USD exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Numismatics portal Coins of the United States dollar Counterfeit United States currency Federal Reserve Note International use of the U.S. dollar Large denominations of United States currency Series ( United States currency ) Strong dollar policy U.S. Dollar Index Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alongside East Timor centavo coins Jump up ^ Alongside Ecuadorian centavo coins Jump up ^ Alongside Panamanian balboa coins Jump up ^ Official currency for Zimbabwean government transactions Jump up ^ United States dollars , Iranian rials , and Pakistani rupees are widely accepted . Jump up ^ Used heavily for large purchases . Jump up ^ Bahamian dollar tied at a 1 : 1 rate to the United States dollar , both are accepted interchangeably . Jump up ^ Barbadian dollar tied at about 2 : 1 , both the accepted . Visiting Barbados FAQ : What is the local currency ? , Invest Barbados Jump up ^ Alongside the Cambodian riel Jump up ^ Alongside the Chilean peso Jump up ^ Alongside the Colombian peso Jump up ^ Alongside the Costa Rican colón Jump up ^ Iraqi dinar tied at about 2 : 1 , both accepted . Jump up ^ Alongside the Jamaican dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the Lao kip Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Lebanese pound at a fixed exchange rate of 1 : 1,500 Jump up ^ Alongside the Mexican peso Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Burmese kyat Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Nicaraguan córdoba Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Paraguayan guarani Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Peruvian sol Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Somali shilling Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Surinamese dollar Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Uruguayan peso Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Venezuelan bolívar Jump up ^ Alongside the East Caribbean dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the Saint Helena pound Jump up ^ Alongside the Bermudian dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the New Zealand dollar ^ Jump up to : The United States dollar is widely used by locals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nichol , Mark . `` 50 Slang Terms for Money '' . dailywritingtips.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Central Bank of Timor - Leste '' . Retrieved Mar 22 , 2017 . The official currency of Timor - Leste is the United States dollar , which is legal tender for all payments made in cash . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador '' . CIA World Factbook . October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . The dollar is legal tender Jump up ^ `` El Salvador '' . CIA World Factbook . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 27 , 2001 . The US dollar became El Salvador 's currency in 2001 Jump up ^ FCO country profile Archived June 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` British Indian Ocean Territory Currency '' . Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com . March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` demtullpitcairn.com '' ( PDF ) . www.demtullpitcairn.com . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Ends Convertibility of US Dollars to Gold and Announces Wage / Price Controls '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is U.S. currency still backed by gold ? '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Implementation of Monetary Policy -- The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Benjamin J. Cohen , The Future of Money , Princeton University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11666 - 0 ; cf . `` the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia '' , Charles Agar , Frommer 's Vietnam , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 79816 - 9 , p. 17 Jump up ^ `` How much U.S. currency is in circulation ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 5 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 5112 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 7 of Section 9 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mehl , B. Max . `` United States $50.00 Gold Pieces , 1877 '' , in Star Rare Coins Encyclopedia and Premium Catalogue ( 20th edition , 1921 ) ^ Jump up to : National Geographic . June 2002 . p. 1 . Ask US . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Colonial -- Lion Dollar '' . Coins.lakdiva.org . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` etymologiebank.nl '' . etymologiebank.nl . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julian , R.W. ( 2007 ) . `` All About the Dollar '' . Numismatist : 41 . Jump up ^ `` Buck '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paper Money Glossary '' . Littleton Coin Company . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cajori , Florian ( ( 1929 ) 1993 ) . A History of Mathematical Notations ( Vol. 2 ) . New York : Dover , 15 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 67766 - 4 Jump up ^ Aiton , Arthur S. and Benjamin W. Wheeler ( May 1931 ) . `` The First American Mint '' , The Hispanic American Historical Review 11 ( 2 ) , 198 and note 2 on 198 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Arthur ( 1957 ) . A History of the Dollar . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 56 . The dollar sign , $ , is connected with the peso , contrary to popular belief , which considers it to be an abbreviation of ' U.S. ' The two parallel lines represented one of the many abbreviations of ' P , ' and the ' S ' indicated the plural . The abbreviation ' $ . ' was also used for the peso , and is still used in Argentina . Jump up ^ `` What is the origin of the $ Sign ? '' Archived May 5 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing website Jump up ^ Rand , Ayn . Atlas Shrugged. 1957 . Signet. 1992 . p628 Jump up ^ James , James Alton ( 1970 ) ( 1937 ) . Oliver Pollock : The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot . Freeport : Books for Libraries Press . p. 356 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 5527 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion Dollar : Introduction '' . Coins.nd.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mint , U.S. `` Coinage Act of 1792 '' . U.S. treasury . Jump up ^ See ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` United States Dollar '' . OANDA . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Engraving and printing currency and security documents : Article b '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Soniak ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` On the Money : Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Coin Portraits '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newman , Eric P. ( 1990 ) . The Early Paper Money of America ( 3 ed . ) . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 120 - X . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert E. ( 2008 ) . One Nation Under Debt : Hamilton , Jefferson , and the History of What We Owe . New York , New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 50 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 154393 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` IRS Court Case Shakes the Foundations of the Debt Money System '' . Beyondmoney.net . November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 $100 American Liberty High Relief Gold Coin Photos '' . July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christian Zappone ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Kill - the - penny bill introduced '' . CNN Money . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Ali ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Penny pinching : Can Obama manage elimination of one - cent coin ? '' . NBC News . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program '' . Department of the Treasury . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Section 13 of the Coinage Act of 1792 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CNN Money Congress tries again for a dollar coin . Written by Gordon T. Anderson . Published April 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Report to the Subcommittee on Treasury and General Government , Committee on Appropriations , U.S. Senate '' ( PDF ) . USGAO . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pub . L. No. 109 - 145 , 119 Stat. 2664 ( December 22 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ The United States Mint . `` The United States Mint Pressroom '' . Usmint.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Godless Dollars Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2017 $1 '' . www.uspapermoney.info . Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 2 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the United States Constitution '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 411 of Title 12 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5103 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5115 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See Federal Reserve Note for details and references Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Adjusted Monetary Base '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve 's Beige Book '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2007 . Retrieved January 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davies , Phil . `` Right on Target '' . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Jump up ^ `` Open Market Operations '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Open market operations enable the Federal Reserve to affect the supply of reserve balances in the banking system . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheets : Currency & Coins '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Section 9 of the Coinage Act of 1792 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Measuring Worth -- Purchasing Power of Money in the United States from 1774 to 2010 '' . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Olivier Blanchard ( 2000 ) . Macroeconomics ( 2nd ed . ) , Englewood Cliffs , N.J : Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 013306 - X Jump up ^ `` Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Milton Friedman , Anna Jacobson Schwartz . A monetary history of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 . p. 546 . ISBN 978 - 0691003542 . Jump up ^ Friedman 189 -- 190 ^ Jump up to : `` Central Banking -- Then and Now '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Controlling Inflation : A Historical Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monetary Credibility , Inflation , and Economic Growth '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Monetary Policy : The Fed 's Goals '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Exchange Rates Currency Converter - TransferMate '' . www.transfermate.com . ^ Jump up to : 1970 -- 1992 Archived October 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... 1980 derived from AUD -- USD = 1.1055 and AUD -- GBP = 0.4957 at end of Dec 1979 : 0.4957 / 1.1055 = 0.448394392 ; 1985 derived from AUD -- USD = 0.8278 and AUD -- GBP = 0.7130 at end of Dec 1984 : 0.7130 / 0.8278 = 0.861319159 Jump up ^ `` Exchange Rates Between the United States Dollar and the South African Rand '' . Measuring Worth . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Foreign Exchange Rates -- G. 5A ; Release Dates '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Prasad , Eswar S. ( 2014 ) . The Dollar Trap : How the U.S. Dollar Tightened Its Grip on Global Finance . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 16112 - 9 . 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吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 134 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 14 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who's picture is on the two dollar bill | [
"\n\nDenomination\nFront\nReverse\nPortrait\nReverse motif\nFirst series\nLatest series\nCirculation\n\n\nOne Dollar\n\n\nGeorge Washington\nGreat Seal of the United States\nSeries 1935\nSeries 2017[50]\nWide\n\n\nTwo Dollars\n\n\nThomas Jefferson\nTrumbull's Declaration of Independence\nSeries 1976\nSeries 2013\nLimited\n\n\nFive Dollars\n\n\nAbraham Lincoln\nLincoln Memorial\nSeries 2006\nSeries 2013\nWide\n\n\nTen Dollars\n\n\nAlexander Hamilton\nU.S. Treasury\nSeries 2004A\nSeries 2013\nWide\n\n\nTwenty Dollars\n\n\nAndrew Jackson\nWhite House\nSeries 2004\nSeries 2013\nWide\n\n\nFifty Dollars\n\n\nUlysses S. Grant\nUnited States Capitol\nSeries 2004\nSeries 2013\nWide\n\n\nOne Hundred Dollars\n\n\nBenjamin Franklin\nIndependence Hall\nSeries 2009\nSeries 2013\nWide\n\n"
] | [
"Thomas Jefferson"
] |
8142149303811812714 | List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals | List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals - wikipedia List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals Jump to : navigation , search List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals European Cup / Champions League trophy Founded 1955 Region Europe ( UEFA ) Number of teams 32 ( group stage ) 2 ( finalists ) Current champions Real Madrid ( 13th title ) Most successful club ( s ) Real Madrid ( 13 titles ) 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League The UEFA Champions League is a seasonal association football competition established in 1955 . The UEFA Champions League is open to the league champions of all UEFA ( Union of European Football Associations ) member associations ( except Liechtenstein , which has no league competition ) , as well as to the clubs finishing from second to fourth position in the strongest leagues . Prior to the 1992 -- 93 season , the tournament was named the European Cup . Originally , only the champions of their respective national league and the defending champion of the competition were allowed to participate . However , this was changed in 1997 to allow the runners - up of the stronger leagues to compete as well . In the Champions League era , the defending champion of the competition did not automatically qualify until the rules were changed in 2005 to allow title holders Liverpool to enter the competition . Teams that have won the UEFA Champions League three times in a row , or five times overall , receive a multiple - winner badge . Six teams have earned this privilege : Real Madrid , Ajax , Bayern Munich , Milan , Liverpool and Barcelona . Until 2009 , clubs that had earned that badge were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs ' Cup and a new one was commissioned ; since 2009 , the winning team each year has received a full - size replica of the trophy , while the original is retained by UEFA . A total of 20 clubs have won the Champions League / European Cup . Real Madrid hold the record for the most victories , having won the competition 13 times , including the inaugural competition . They have also won the competition the most times in a row , winning it five times from 1956 to 1960 . Juventus have been runners - up the most times , losing seven finals . Atlético Madrid is the only team to reach three finals without having won the trophy while Reims and Valencia have finished as runners - up twice without winning . Spain has provided the most champions , with 18 wins from two clubs . Italy have produced 12 winners from three clubs and England have produced 12 winners from five clubs . English teams were banned from the competition for five years following the Heysel disaster in 1985 . The current champions are Real Madrid , who beat Liverpool in the 2018 final . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of finals 2 Performances 2.1 By club 2.2 By nation 3 Venues 4 Notes 5 References List of finals Key Match was won during extra time * Match was won on a penalty shoot - out & Match was won after a replay The `` Season '' column refers to the season the competition was held , and wikilinks to the article about that season . The wikilinks in the `` Score '' column point to the article about that season 's final game . List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals Season Nation Winners Score Runners - up Nation Venue Attendance 1955 -- 56 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 3 Reims France Parc des Princes , Paris 38,239 1956 -- 57 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Fiorentina Italy Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 124,000 1957 -- 58 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Milan Italy Heysel Stadium , Brussels 67,000 1958 -- 59 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Reims France Neckarstadion , Stuttgart 72,000 1959 -- 60 Spain Real Madrid 7 -- 3 Eintracht Frankfurt West Germany Hampden Park , Glasgow 127,621 1960 -- 61 Portugal Benfica 3 -- 2 Barcelona Spain Wankdorf Stadium , Bern 26,732 1961 -- 62 Portugal Benfica 5 -- 3 Real Madrid Spain Olympisch Stadion , Amsterdam 61,257 1962 -- 63 Italy Milan 2 -- 1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium , London 45,715 1963 -- 64 Italy Internazionale 3 -- 1 Real Madrid Spain Prater Stadium , Vienna 71,333 1964 -- 65 Italy Internazionale 1 -- 0 Benfica Portugal San Siro , Milan 89,000 1965 -- 66 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Partizan Yugoslavia Heysel Stadium , Brussels 46,745 1966 -- 67 Scotland Celtic 2 -- 1 Internazionale Italy Estádio Nacional , Lisbon 45,000 1967 -- 68 England Manchester United 4 -- 1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium , London 92,225 1968 -- 69 Italy Milan 4 -- 1 Ajax Netherlands Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 31,782 1969 -- 70 Netherlands Feyenoord 2 -- 1 Celtic Scotland San Siro , Milan 53,187 1970 -- 71 Netherlands Ajax 2 -- 0 Panathinaikos Greece Wembley Stadium , London 83,179 1971 -- 72 Netherlands Ajax 2 -- 0 Internazionale Italy De Kuip , Rotterdam 61,354 1972 -- 73 Netherlands Ajax 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Red Star Stadium , Belgrade 89,484 1973 -- 74 West Germany Bayern Munich 4 -- 0 Atlético Madrid Spain Heysel Stadium , Brussels 72,047 1974 -- 75 West Germany Bayern Munich 2 -- 0 Leeds United England Parc des Princes , Paris 48,374 1975 -- 76 West Germany Bayern Munich 1 -- 0 Saint - Étienne France Hampden Park , Glasgow 54,864 1976 -- 77 England Liverpool 3 -- 1 Borussia Mönchengladbach West Germany Stadio Olimpico , Rome 57,000 1977 -- 78 England Liverpool 1 -- 0 Club Brugge Belgium Wembley Stadium , London 92,500 1978 -- 79 England Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 Malmö FF Sweden Olympiastadion , Munich 57,500 1979 -- 80 England Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 Hamburg West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 51,000 1980 -- 81 England Liverpool 1 -- 0 Real Madrid Spain Parc des Princes , Paris 48,360 1981 -- 82 England Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich West Germany De Kuip , Rotterdam 46,000 1982 -- 83 West Germany Hamburg 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Olympic Stadium , Athens 73,500 1983 -- 84 England Liverpool 1 -- 1 * Roma Italy Stadio Olimpico , Rome 69,693 1984 -- 85 Italy Juventus 1 -- 0 Liverpool England Heysel Stadium , Brussels 58,000 1985 -- 86 Romania Steaua București 0 -- 0 * Barcelona Spain Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville 70,000 1986 -- 87 Portugal Porto 2 -- 1 Bayern Munich West Germany Prater Stadium , Vienna 57,500 1987 -- 88 Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 * Benfica Portugal Neckarstadion , Stuttgart 68,000 1988 -- 89 Italy Milan 4 -- 0 Steaua București Romania Camp Nou , Barcelona 97,000 1989 -- 90 Italy Milan 1 -- 0 Benfica Portugal Prater Stadium , Vienna 57,558 1990 -- 91 Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 0 -- 0 * Marseille France Stadio San Nicola , Bari 56,000 1991 -- 92 Spain Barcelona 1 -- 0 Sampdoria Italy Wembley Stadium , London 70,827 1992 -- 93 France Marseille 1 -- 0 Milan Italy Olympiastadion , Munich 64,400 1993 -- 94 Italy Milan 4 -- 0 Barcelona Spain Olympic Stadium , Athens 70,000 1994 -- 95 Netherlands Ajax 1 -- 0 Milan Italy Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna 49,730 1995 -- 96 Italy Juventus 1 -- 1 * Ajax Netherlands Stadio Olimpico , Rome 70,000 1996 -- 97 Germany Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion , Munich 59,000 1997 -- 98 Spain Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Amsterdam Arena , Amsterdam 48,500 1998 -- 99 England Manchester United 2 -- 1 Bayern Munich Germany Camp Nou , Barcelona 90,245 1999 -- 2000 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Valencia Spain Stade de France , Saint - Denis 80,000 2000 -- 01 Germany Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 * Valencia Spain San Siro , Milan 71,500 2001 -- 02 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Bayer Leverkusen Germany Hampden Park , Glasgow 50,499 2002 -- 03 Italy Milan 0 -- 0 * Juventus Italy Old Trafford , Manchester 62,315 2003 -- 04 Portugal Porto 3 -- 0 Monaco France Arena AufSchalke , Gelsenkirchen 53,053 2004 -- 05 England Liverpool 3 -- 3 * Milan Italy Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul 69,000 2005 -- 06 Spain Barcelona 2 -- 1 Arsenal England Stade de France , Saint - Denis 79,610 2006 -- 07 Italy Milan 2 -- 1 Liverpool England Olympic Stadium , Athens 63,000 2007 -- 08 England Manchester United 1 -- 1 * Chelsea England Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow 67,310 2008 -- 09 Spain Barcelona 2 -- 0 Manchester United England Stadio Olimpico , Rome 62,467 2009 -- 10 Italy Internazionale 2 -- 0 Bayern Munich Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 73,490 2010 -- 11 Spain Barcelona 3 -- 1 Manchester United England Wembley Stadium , London 87,695 2011 -- 12 England Chelsea 1 -- 1 * Bayern Munich Germany Allianz Arena , Munich 62,500 2012 -- 13 Germany Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 Borussia Dortmund Germany Wembley Stadium , London 86,298 2013 -- 14 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Atlético Madrid Spain Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 60,976 2014 -- 15 Spain Barcelona 3 -- 1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion , Berlin 70,442 2015 -- 16 Spain Real Madrid 1 -- 1 * Atlético Madrid Spain San Siro , Milan 71,942 2016 -- 17 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Juventus Italy Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 65,842 2017 -- 18 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 1 Liverpool England NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev 61,561 Upcoming finals Season Nation Finalist Match Finalist Nation Venue 2018 -- 19 Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid 2019 -- 20 Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul Performances See also : European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics § General performances By club Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club Club Winners Runners - up Years won Years runner - up Real Madrid 13 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 1962 , 1964 , 1981 Milan 7 1963 , 1969 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 , 2007 1958 , 1993 , 1995 , 2005 Bayern Munich 5 5 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 2001 , 2013 1982 , 1987 , 1999 , 2010 , 2012 Liverpool 5 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 2005 1985 , 2007 , 2018 Barcelona 5 1992 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 1961 , 1986 , 1994 Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1995 1969 , 1996 Manchester United 1968 , 1999 , 2008 2009 , 2011 Internazionale 1964 , 1965 , 2010 1967 , 1972 Juventus 7 1985 , 1996 1973 , 1983 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003 , 2015 , 2017 Benfica 5 1961 , 1962 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1988 , 1990 Nottingham Forest 0 1979 , 1980 -- Porto 0 1987 , 2004 -- Celtic 1967 1970 Hamburg 1980 Steaua București 1986 1989 Marseille 1993 1991 Borussia Dortmund 1997 2013 Chelsea 2012 2008 Feyenoord 0 1970 -- Aston Villa 0 1982 -- PSV Eindhoven 0 1988 -- Red Star Belgrade 0 1991 -- Atlético Madrid 0 -- 1974 , 2014 , 2016 Reims 0 -- 1956 , 1959 Valencia 0 -- 2000 , 2001 Fiorentina 0 -- 1957 Eintracht Frankfurt 0 -- 1960 Partizan 0 -- 1966 Panathinaikos 0 -- 1971 Leeds United 0 -- Saint - Étienne 0 -- 1976 Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 -- 1977 Club Brugge 0 -- 1978 Malmö FF 0 -- 1979 Roma 0 -- 1984 Sampdoria 0 -- 1992 Bayer Leverkusen 0 -- 2002 Monaco 0 -- Arsenal 0 -- 2006 By nation Ten different nations have won the Champions League , and thirteen nations have sent a team to the finals . Since the 1996 -- 97 season , however ( other than Porto 's win in 2003 -- 04 ) the winners have come from one of only four nations -- Spain ( 11 ) , England ( 4 ) , Italy ( 3 ) , and Germany ( 3 ) -- and ( other than Monaco 's performance in 2003 -- 04 ) the runners up have all come from the same four nations . Performance by nation Nation Winners Runners - up Spain 18 11 Italy 12 16 England 12 8 Germany 7 10 Netherlands 6 Portugal 5 France 5 Romania Scotland Yugoslavia Belgium 0 Greece Sweden Venues European Cup and UEFA Champions League final venues Ground Hosts Years Wembley Stadium , London 7 1963 , 1968 , 1971 , 1978 , 1992 , 2011 , 2013 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 1957 , 1969 , 1980 , 2010 Heysel Stadium , Brussels 1958 , 1966 , 1974 , 1985 Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna 1964 , 1987 , 1990 , 1995 San Siro , Milan 1965 , 1970 , 2001 , 2016 Stadio Olimpico , Rome 1977 , 1984 , 1996 , 2009 Parc des Princes , Paris 1956 , 1975 , 1981 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1960 , 1976 , 2002 Olympiastadion , Munich 1979 , 1993 , 1997 Olympic Stadium , Athens 1983 , 1994 , 2007 Mercedes - Benz Arena , Stuttgart 1959 , 1988 De Kuip , Rotterdam 1972 , 1982 Camp Nou , Barcelona 1989 , 1999 Stade de France , Saint - Denis 2000 , 2006 Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul 2005 , 2020 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern 1961 Olympisch Stadion , Amsterdam 1962 Estádio Nacional , Lisbon 1967 Red Star Stadium , Belgrade 1973 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville 1986 Stadio San Nicola , Bari 1991 Amsterdam Arena , Amsterdam 1998 Old Trafford , Manchester 2003 Veltins - Arena , Gelsenkirchen Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow 2008 Allianz Arena , Munich 2012 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 2014 Olympiastadion , Berlin 2015 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 2017 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev 2018 Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid 2019 Notes A . The first final , played two days earlier , ended 1 -- 1 after extra time . B. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Liverpool won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 2 . C. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Steaua București won the penalty shoot - out 2 -- 0 . D. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . PSV Eindhoven won the penalty shoot - out 6 -- 5 . E. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Red Star Belgrade won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 3 . F. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Juventus won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 2 . G. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Bayern Munich won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 4 . H. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Milan won the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 . I. Score was 3 -- 3 after 90 minutes and extra time . Liverpool won the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 . J. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Manchester United won the penalty shoot - out 6 -- 5 . K. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Chelsea won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 3 . L. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Real Madrid won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 3 . References General `` European Champions ' Cup '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . `` European Champion Clubs ' Cup -- History '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 64 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Football 's top club competition '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 / 98 : Seventh heaven for Madrid '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool get in Champions League '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 10 June 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Museum '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 10 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Vieli , André , ed . ( October 2005 ) . `` A brand - new trophy '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Direct . Union of European Football Associations ( 42 ) : 8 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2007 / 08 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions ' League 2009 / 10 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Andrew ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Spain savour European pre-eminence '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 : English teams banned after Heysel '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 31 May 1985 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League -- Statistics Handbook 2012 / 13 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 141 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 / 74 : Muller ends Bayern wait '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 15 May 1974 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 / 84 : Kennedy spot on for Liverpool '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 30 May 1984 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 / 86 : Steaua stun Barcelona '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 7 May 1986 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 / 88 : PSV prosper from Oranje boom '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 1988 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 / 91 : Crvena Zvezda spot on '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 29 May 1991 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 / 96 : Juve hold their nerve '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 22 May 1996 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 / 01 : Kahn saves day for Bayern '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 23 May 2001 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 / 03 : Shevchenko spot on for Milan '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2003 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 / 05 : Liverpool belief defies Milan '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 / 08 : Fate favours triumphant United '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot - out win ends Chelsea 's long wait for glory '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spot - on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . UEFA club competitions winners Men 's Champions League Cup Winners ' Cup Europa League Intertoto Cup Super Cup Intercontinental Cup Women 's Champions League European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners European Cup 1950s 1955 -- 56 : Real Madrid 1956 -- 57 : Real Madrid 1957 -- 58 : Real Madrid 1958 -- 59 : Real Madrid 1959 -- 60 : Real Madrid 1960s 1960 -- 61 : Benfica 1961 -- 62 : Benfica 1962 -- 63 : Milan 1963 -- 64 : Internazionale 1964 -- 65 : Internazionale 1965 -- 66 : Real Madrid 1966 -- 67 : Celtic 1967 -- 68 : Manchester United 1968 -- 69 : Milan 1969 -- 70 : Feyenoord 1970s 1970 -- 71 : Ajax 1971 -- 72 : Ajax 1972 -- 73 : Ajax 1973 -- 74 : Bayern Munich 1974 -- 75 : Bayern Munich 1975 -- 76 : Bayern Munich 1976 -- 77 : Liverpool 1977 -- 78 : Liverpool 1978 -- 79 : Nottingham Forest 1979 -- 80 : Nottingham Forest 1980s 1980 -- 81 : Liverpool 1981 -- 82 : Aston Villa 1982 -- 83 : Hamburg 1983 -- 84 : Liverpool 1984 -- 85 : Juventus 1985 -- 86 : Steaua București 1986 -- 87 : Porto 1987 -- 88 : PSV 1988 -- 89 : Milan 1989 -- 90 : Milan 1990s 1990 -- 91 : Red Star Belgrade 1991 -- 92 : Barcelona UEFA Champions League 1990s 1992 -- 93 : Marseille 1993 -- 94 : Milan 1994 -- 95 : Ajax 1995 -- 96 : Juventus 1996 -- 97 : Borussia Dortmund 1997 -- 98 : Real Madrid 1998 -- 99 : Manchester United 1999 -- 2000 : Real Madrid 2000s 2000 -- 01 : Bayern Munich 2001 -- 02 : Real Madrid 2002 -- 03 : Milan 2003 -- 04 : Porto 2004 -- 05 : Liverpool 2005 -- 06 : Barcelona 2006 -- 07 : Milan 2007 -- 08 : Manchester United 2008 -- 09 : Barcelona 2009 -- 10 : Internazionale 2010s 2010 -- 11 : Barcelona 2011 -- 12 : Chelsea 2012 -- 13 : Bayern Munich 2013 -- 14 : Real Madrid 2014 -- 15 : Barcelona 2015 -- 16 : Real Madrid 2016 -- 17 : Real Madrid 2017 -- 18 : Real Madrid Finals Winning managers Winning players European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 Finals 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Appearances Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_finals&oldid=843519853 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Finals UEFA Champions League European Champion Clubs ' Cup Lists of association football matches Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from May 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 17 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | premier league club with most champions league winners | [
"A total of 20 clubs have won the Champions League/European Cup. Real Madrid hold the record for the most victories, having won the competition 13 times, including the inaugural competition. They have also won the competition the most times in a row, winning it five times from 1956 to 1960. Juventus have been runners-up the most times, losing seven finals. Atlético Madrid is the only team to reach three finals without having won the trophy while Reims and Valencia have finished as runners-up twice without winning. Spain has provided the most champions, with 18 wins from two clubs.[9] Italy have produced 12 winners from three clubs and England have produced 12 winners from five clubs. English teams were banned from the competition for five years following the Heysel disaster in 1985.[10] The current champions are Real Madrid, who beat Liverpool in the 2018 final."
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7051418414216052095 | Beautiful Creatures (novel) | Beautiful Creatures ( novel ) - wikipedia Beautiful Creatures ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For other uses , see Beautiful Creatures ( disambiguation ) . Beautiful Creatures Cover image for the novel Author Kami Garcia & Margaret Stohl Country United States Language English Genre Young adult , fantasy , romance Publisher Little , Brown Pages 563 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 04267 - 3 Followed by Beautiful Darkness , Beautiful Chaos , Beautiful Redemption Beautiful Creatures is an American young adult novel written by authors Kami Garcia and Margaret Stohl and the first book in the Caster Chronicles series . The book was published on December 1 , 2009 , by Little , Brown , and Company . In the UK , Beautiful Creatures is published by Penguin Books . On January 3 , 2013 , a new edition of the novel was published , featuring images from the movie on the cover . The book was written in 12 weeks , inspired by a dare ( a bet with 7 kids the authors knew ) and was never intended to be published . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Plot summary 3 Reception 4 Accolades 5 Adaptations 5.1 Film 5.2 Comic book 6 Sequels 7 Bibliography 8 References 9 External links Characters ( edit ) Ethan Lawson Wate is the 16 year old narrator of the novel . He is a high school boy from the fictional town of Gatlin , South Carolina . Though he is not a Caster himself , he somehow has the ability to protect Lena from powerful magic and Dark Casters . He and Lena share a connection called Kelting , which lets them communicate telepathically , even if they are miles away . Lena Duchannes is a Caster who appears in Ethan 's dreams before moving to Gatlin . She must be claimed for either Light or Dark on her sixteenth birthday . Sarafine Duchannes , Lena 's mother and the strongest Dark Caster . She tries to convince Lena to become a Dark Caster . Macon Melchizedek Ravenwood , is Lena 's uncle . He is an Incubus who chooses to live off dreams rather than blood . While characters in the book compare him to Boo Radley , he is described by the writers in an interview with Boys with Books , as an `` Atticus Finch of badasses '' . Genevieve Duchannes was the Caster who caused the curse in Lena 's family by trying to bring her dead fiancé , Ethan Carter Wate , back to life using the Book of Moons . She was likely a Natural . Ethan Carter Wate was Genevieve 's fiancé who died when he was shot during the great burning of Gatlin . Genevieve tried to bring him back to life by using the Book of Moons , which led to her turning Dark . However , Ethan was only revived for a few moments before dying again . Ridley Duchannes is Lena 's cousin and a Dark Caster . She can manipulate people using a lollipop . Mitchell Wate , Ethan 's father , is a reclusive writer deep in mourning for his wife . Amarie `` Amma '' Treadeau is a Seer who is like a grandmother to Ethan . She can communicate with her dead family , whom she calls the Greats . Amma is known throughout Gatlin for her culinary skill . Marian Ashcroft is the librarian of the Mortal and Caster libraries . She was the best friend of Ethan 's late mother , Lila Evers Wate , and has known Ethan since he was born . Though she greatly rues it , she can not help Ethan when he is in danger because she is a Caster librarian and is bound by their rules . Hunting Phineas Ravenwood is a ruthless incubus and Macon 's brother . Unlike Macon , he feeds on blood , which gives him a more youthful appearance . Plot summary ( edit ) Sixteen - year - old Ethan Wate lives in Gatlin , South Carolina , with his widowed father . Lena Duchannes is a mysterious girl with magical powers who appears in Ethan 's recurring nightmares . Though she initially rebuffs his attempts at interacting with her , they eventually become friends despite harassment from other classmates that almost gets her expelled . Lena 's uncle Macon Ravenwood also attempts to keep Ethan and Lena apart to protect them . Every member of Lena 's family is a `` Caster '' with magical powers . On Lena 's sixteenth birthday , she will be `` claimed '' as either a Light or Dark Caster , but she is terrified of becoming an evil Dark Caster . Meanwhile , Ethan discovers a locket at Ravenwood Manor , Lena 's home , that induces visions of Lena 's ancestor Genevieve Duchannes and Ethan 's ancestor Ethan Carter Wate , who were engaged during the Civil War . Through the locket , they discover that Genevieve tried to resurrect Ethan Carter Wate using the magical Book of Moons . Due to Genevieve 's use of the spell , the Book has the ability to determine which of the Duchannes will be Light or Dark . Ethan and Lena find the Book of Moons in Genevieve 's grave and study it for ways to prevent Lena from becoming Dark . Furthermore , Lena is continuously spiritually attacked by a Dark Caster named Sarafine , who is actually her mother . While the Duchannes can not prevent the attacks , Ethan 's presence seems to stop them . Lena 's sixteenth birthday is celebrated by Ethan , the Duchannes , and her classmates . Macon forbids Lena to attend the party set up by her classmates , but Lena sneaks out anyway and confesses her love to Ethan , who reciprocates . Sarafine reveals herself at the party , accompanied by incubus Hunting Ravenwood . Sarafine tells Lena that she will be able to Claim herself for the Dark or Light at midnight . If she chooses to go Dark , all the Light Casters in her family will die , but she would be able to have a previously - impossible physical relationship with Ethan . If she chooses to go Light , all the Dark Casters in her family will die , including Macon . A fight occurs , culminating in Sarafine escaping and Hunting nearly killing Macon . After Ethan gathers the other Duchannes for help , Ethan searches for Lena , but instead meets Sarafine , who kills him . At midnight , Lena uses her power over nature to block out the moonlight , preventing her from being claimed . She recites a spell from the Book of Moons to resurrect Ethan . The spell works , but as payment , the Book kills Macon . Reception ( edit ) Kirkus Reviews writes that `` Ethan 's wry narrative voice will resonate with readers of John Green as well as the hordes of supernatural - romance fans looking for the next book to sink their teeth into '' . Booklist also positively reviewed the book , stating `` there 's plenty teens will like : romance , magic , hauntings , and the promise of more to come . '' The School Library Journal praised Beautiful Creatures 's `` detailed descriptions '' and `` satisfying conclusion '' , writing that it would appeal to fans of True Blood . Publishers Weekly criticized the book 's `` protracted climax '' but wrote that Beautiful Creatures had a `` compelling and dimensional mythology '' . Despite its use of magic , the book is praised for its `` authentic '' characters and world . Linda Perez of the Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy states `` Stohl writes clearly and lyrically , '' `` the world they 've created ... is so believable that readers will find themselves unwittingly believing in magic '' . According to Ilene Cooper of Booklist `` the 600 pages could have been cut to make a tight , better story '' . Accolades ( edit ) The series was named one of MTV News 's `` series to watch '' in 2010 . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : Beautiful Creatures ( 2013 film ) Alcon Entertainment , with 3 Arts Entertainment and Belle Pictures , produced a 2013 movie version for Warner Bros. , adapted and directed by Richard LaGravenese , starring Alden Ehrenreich and Alice Englert as Ethan Wate and Lena Duchannes and Jeremy Irons , Viola Davis , Emma Thompson , and Emmy Rossum in supporting roles . The film was released on February 14 , 2013 . The film received mixed to average reviews and was a box office disappointment . Beautiful Creatures : The Official Illustrated Movie Companion by Mark Cotta Vaz , was published in the UK by Penguin Books on 2 January 2013 , as a Puffin Paperback . Comic book ( edit ) Yen Press announced in 2012 it was adapting Beautiful Creatures into manga format , with artist Cassandra Jean . Sequels ( edit ) Beautiful Creatures was signed by Little , Brown , and Company for a four - book series , the Caster Chronicles , with the follow - up books titled : Beautiful Darkness , Book 2 -- published October 12 , 2010 Beautiful Chaos , Book 3 -- published October 18 , 2011 Beautiful Redemption , Book 4 -- published October 23 , 2012 Bibliography ( edit ) Garcia , Kami ; Stohl , Margaret ( 2009 ) . Beautiful Creatures . Beautiful Creatures . New York : Little , Brown and company . p. 563 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith . `` The Beautiful Creatures authors give us the rules for creating a believable fantasy '' . io9 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ BEAUTIFUL CREATURES By Kami Garcia , Margaret Stohl Kirkus Reviews ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Ilene ( 1 November 2009 ) . `` Beautiful Creatures '' . Booklist : 1 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Grades 5 & Up : Beautiful Creatures School Library Journal Jump up ^ Children 's Review : Beautiful Creatures Publishers Weekly Jump up ^ Perez , Linda ( October 2010 ) . `` Beautiful Creatures '' . Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy . Arizona , USA . 54 ( 2 ) : 154 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ The Next ' Twilight ' : The Search Continues At BookExpo America MTV News Jump up ^ Cotta Vaz , Mark ( 2013 ) . Beautiful Creatures : The Official Illustrated Movie Companion . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 134853 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Beautiful Creatures : The Official Illustrated Movie Companion - Mark Cotta Vaz '' . Puffin Books . 2 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Yen Press Announces New Adaptations and Licenses Anime News Network External links ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Official Beautiful Creatures series website Beautiful Creatures title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database ( hide ) Caster Chronicles Books Beautiful Creatures Beautiful Darkness Beautiful Chaos Beautiful Redemption Film adaptation Beautiful Creatures ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beautiful_Creatures_(novel)&oldid=813730258 '' Categories : 2009 American novels American young adult novels Little , Brown and Company books American fantasy novels adapted into films Paranormal romance novels Young adult fantasy novels Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what book are they reading in beautiful creatures | [
"Meanwhile, Ethan discovers a locket at Ravenwood Manor, Lena's home, that induces visions of Lena's ancestor Genevieve Duchannes and Ethan's ancestor Ethan Carter Wate, who were engaged during the Civil War. Through the locket, they discover that Genevieve tried to resurrect Ethan Carter Wate using the magical Book of Moons. Due to Genevieve's use of the spell, the Book has the ability to determine which of the Duchannes will be Light or Dark. Ethan and Lena find the Book of Moons in Genevieve's grave and study it for ways to prevent Lena from becoming Dark. Furthermore, Lena is continuously spiritually attacked by a Dark Caster named Sarafine, who is actually her mother. While the Duchannes cannot prevent the attacks, Ethan's presence seems to stop them."
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5725933284392226581 | Heart of the Ocean | Heart of the Ocean - wikipedia Heart of the Ocean Jump to : navigation , search The Heart of the Ocean diamond pencil drawing as portrayed in the 1997 movie Titanic For other uses , see Heart of the Ocean ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Heart of the Ocean is the name of a fictional blue diamond featured prominently in the 1997 film Titanic . In the story , the 56 carat diamond was originally owned by Louis XVI and cut into a heart shape after the French Revolution . In the film the necklace was purchased by Hockley , played by Billy Zane , a week before he sailed on the ill - fated ocean liner Titanic . The necklace was meant to be given as an engagement present to his fiancée Rose , played by Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart . It is believed that both Rose and the necklace went down with the ship , leading some of the main characters to believe the necklace lies somewhere within the wreckage of the Titanic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 1997 film 3 Design 3.1 The Original Necklace 3.2 The J. Peterman Necklace 3.3 The Asprey & Garrard Necklace 4 Reproductions 5 References Origin ( edit ) The story of the Hope Diamond bears many similarities to the story of the Heart of the Ocean with the obvious exception of the Hope Diamond not actually having been on board the Titanic . In the 1953 film Titanic , a blue diamond plays an important role in a love affair as well . A primary plot point in this earlier film is the theft of the diamond , which creates a dramatic break in a romantic relationship which is similar to the 1997 film . 1997 film ( edit ) In the 1997 film a fictional treasure hunter , Brock Lovett ( Bill Paxton ) , searches for a priceless blue diamond necklace which he believes lies within the wreck of the RMS Titanic . Lovett explains that the necklace was fashioned from a large blue diamond worn by Louis XVI in his royal crown . Shortly after the King 's execution in 1793 , the diamond was cut into a heart shape and became known as the Heart of the Ocean . The story of the Heart of the Ocean is similar to the story of the Hope Diamond , except the Hope Diamond was worn by Louis XIV in a royal necklace . Lovett 's hunch about the diamond 's whereabouts seems to be confirmed when his team salvages a drawing in which a nude woman is wearing the necklace . The drawing is dated April 14 , 1912 , the day the Titanic sank . Later on an elderly woman ( Gloria Stuart ) watches Lovett 's discovery on the news and immediately contacts the salvage team . Claiming to be both the woman in the picture and Rose Dewitt Bukater she is immediately flown out to Lovett 's salvage ship . Rose requests to view the recovered drawing and Lovett shows her some artifacts salvaged from the wreck , specifically those recovered from her stateroom on Titanic . During this scene Lovett reveals the origins of the diamond and that if it is recovered the Heart of the Ocean would be worth more than the Hope Diamond . While examining an ornate butterfly comb , Rose becomes emotional and begins detailing her time aboard the Titanic . During the film the audience 's perspective alternates between the past and present as Rose shares her memories . Rose divulges the intimate details of her relationship with the artist of the drawing , Jack Dawson ( Leonardo DiCaprio ) , which leads up to the night of the sinking . On the night of the sinking the diamond changes hands a few times between Rose and Jack , resulting in Jack being framed of its theft by Rose 's fiancé Cal . As the ship starts to list dramatically it becomes quite clear that the unsinkable Titanic will indeed sink . With this in mind Rose 's fiancé , Cal , returns to the suite and empties the safe placing the precious gem in his overcoat . Later on Cal puts this same coat on Rose as she enters a lifeboat , forgetting about the diamond in its pocket . It is not thoroughly stated whether or not Rose ( Gloria Stuart ) tells Brock Lovett about Cal emptying his safe along with the diamond , it is assumed she does n't as Lovett does n't have any follow up questions . At the end of the film , Rose walks alone to the stern of the salvage ship and opens her hands revealing both the necklace and Rose 's identity as Rose Dewitt Bukater . While examining the necklace , Rose has a flashback to 1912 on her arrival in New York and discovers the necklace in the overcoat . Returning to the present , Rose , with a smile , drops the necklace from her hand into the water presumably above the Titanic wreck site . Design ( edit ) London - based jewelers Asprey & Garrard used cubic zirconias set in white gold to create an Edwardian - style necklace to be used as a prop in the film . Asprey & Garrard produced and designed the necklaces : the result was three different and unique designs . Two of their designs were used in the film while the other went unused until after the film had been released . The three necklaces are commonly known as the original prop , the J. Peterman necklace , and the Asprey necklace . The three necklaces are all very similar but have distinguishable differences . The original necklace ( edit ) The original necklace was the necklace seen throughout the film . This necklace has a large London - blue stone cut into a trillion / cleftless heart surrounded by white round cut cubic zirconias set in white gold . The chain is composed of a mix of round , pear , and marquise cut white cubic zirconias . The bail on this necklace was a heart cut white cubic zirconia attached to a white round cut stone which was attached to the cage on the main stone . The J. Peterman necklace ( edit ) Due to The J. Peterman Company 's acquisition of this particular necklace through the sale of props from the film , this design is often referred to as the J. Peterman design , though officially the necklace does not hold this designation . This particular design is another blue cubic zirconia ; however , it is cut into the shape of a heart rather than a trillion cut . The main stone is surrounded by round cut cubic zirconias and features a white round cut stone at the top where it attaches to the chain . The chain is composed of white round cut cubic zirconias , with a larger inverted pear cut cubic zirconia as the bail . This particular design is featured in the film for a brief moment when Caledon retrieves the necklace from his safe during the sinking , this is the only time the necklace is seen on screen . This particular necklace is believed to still be in the possession of the J. Peterman Company . The Asprey & Garrard necklace ( edit ) The third and final design was not used in the film . After the film 's success , Asprey & Garrard were commissioned to create an authentic Heart of the Ocean necklace using the original design . The result was a platinum - set , 171 - carat ( 34.2 g ) heart - shaped Ceylon sapphire surrounded by 103 diamonds . This design featured a much larger inverted pear shaped Ceylon sapphire with a subtle cleft to resemble a heart . The chain for this necklace also featured a mix of round , pear , and marquise cut white diamonds . The bail also featured a heart cut white diamond with another round cut diamond attached to an inverted pear shape diamond which was then attached to the cage of the main stone . The necklace was donated to Sotheby 's auction house in Beverly Hills for an auction benefiting the Diana , Princess of Wales Memorial Fund and Southern California 's Aid For AIDS . It was sold to an unidentified Asprey client for $1.4 million , under the agreement that Celine Dion would wear it two nights later at the 1998 Academy Awards ceremony . This necklace has since not been made available for public viewing . Reproductions ( edit ) An example of one of the many replicas made by the J. Peterman Company back in 1998 . After the release of the film in 1998 , The J. Peterman Company sold less expensive reproductions . Their necklace consisted of 137 Austrian crystals and a detachable , inauthentic `` blue diamond '' pendant packaged in a navy blue , hinged presentation box . This is the only officially licensed reproduction of the necklace . This particular replica can still be found on the secondary market , although likely in used condition . There are many other unofficial inspired reproductions available on the secondary market ranging from as little as five dollars to thousands of dollars . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clarke , James ( 14 May 2014 ) . The Cinema of James Cameron : Bodies in Heroic Motion . Columbia University Press . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 85062 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Terry ( March 11 , 1998 ) . `` Real ' Titanic ' Necklace to Benefit Diana 's Trust : Movie 's Paste Necklace Recreated with Real Jewels '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Diane Sawyer . Jump up ^ Van Der Voort , Jane ( February 11 , 2001 ) . `` Heart Of The Matter '' . The Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ `` J. Peterman Co . Finds Merchandising ' Jewel ' in ' Titanic ' ; ' Heart of the Ocean ' Necklace To Be Sold Through Company 's Catalog '' . Business Wire . March 23 , 1998 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_of_the_Ocean&oldid=838671894 '' Categories : Fictional gemstones and jewelry Titanic ( 1997 film ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Íslenska Italiano Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 15 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the blue diamond from the titanic | [
"The Heart of the Ocean is the name of a fictional blue diamond featured prominently in the 1997 film Titanic. In the story, the 56 carat diamond was originally owned by Louis XVI and cut into a heart shape after the French Revolution. In the film the necklace was purchased by Hockley, played by Billy Zane, a week before he sailed on the ill-fated ocean liner Titanic. The necklace was meant to be given as an engagement present to his fiancée Rose, played by Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart. It is believed that both Rose and the necklace went down with the ship, leading some of the main characters to believe the necklace lies somewhere within the wreckage of the Titanic."
] | [
"fictional"
] |
5066381520244573688 | It Is Well with My Soul | It is Well with my soul - wikipedia It is Well with my soul Jump to : navigation , search `` It Is Well '' redirects here . For the Kutless album , see It Is Well ( album ) . `` It Is Well '' redirects here . For Hillsong Song , see It Is Well With My Soul ( Hillsong song ) . ( Original lyrics ) When peace like a river , attendeth my way , When sorrows like sea billows roll ; Whatever my lot , Thou hast taught me to know It is well , it is well , with my soul . Refrain : It is well , ( it is well ) , With my soul , ( with my soul ) It is well , it is well , with my soul . Though Satan should buffet , though trials should come , Let this blest assurance control , That Christ has regarded my helpless estate , And hath shed His own blood for my soul . My sin , oh , the bliss of this glorious thought ! My sin , not in part but the whole , Is nailed to the cross , and I bear it no more , Praise the Lord , praise the Lord , O my soul ! For me , be it Christ , be it Christ hence to live : If Jordan above me shall roll , No pang shall be mine , for in death as in life , Thou wilt whisper Thy peace to my soul . But Lord , ' tis for Thee , for Thy coming we wait , The sky , not the grave , is our goal ; Oh , trump of the angel ! Oh , voice of the Lord ! Blessed hope , blessed rest of my soul . And Lord , haste the day when my faith shall be sight , The clouds be rolled back as a scroll ; The trump shall resound , and the Lord shall descend , A song in the night , oh my soul ! `` know '' ( at the end of the third line ) was changed to `` say '' . `` A song in the night , oh my soul '' ( last line ) was changed to `` Even so , it is well with my soul '' . `` It Is Well With My Soul '' is a hymn penned by hymnist Horatio Spafford and composed by Philip Bliss . First published in Gospel Songs No. 2 by Sankey and Bliss ( 1876 ) , it is possibly the most influential and enduring in the Bliss repertoire and is often taken as a choral model , appearing in hymnals of a wide variety of Christian fellowships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Notable performances 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) This hymn was written after traumatic events in Spafford 's life . The first was the death of his son at the age of 2 and the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which ruined him financially ( he had been a successful lawyer and had invested significantly in property in the area of Chicago that was extensively damaged by the great fire ) . His business interests were further hit by the economic downturn of 1873 , at which time he had planned to travel to Europe with his family on the SS Ville du Havre . In a late change of plan , he sent the family ahead while he was delayed on business concerning zoning problems following the Great Chicago Fire . While crossing the Atlantic , the ship sank rapidly after a collision with a sea vessel , the Loch Earn , and all four of Spafford 's daughters died . His wife Anna survived and sent him the now famous telegram , `` Saved alone ... '' . Shortly afterwards , as Spafford traveled to meet his grieving wife , he was inspired to write these words as his ship passed near where his daughters had died . Bliss called his tune Ville du Havre , from the name of the stricken vessel . The Spaffords later had three more children . On February 11 , 1880 , their son , Horatio Goertner Spafford , died at the age of four , of scarlet fever . Their daughters were Bertha Hedges Spafford ( born March 24 , 1878 ) and Grace Spafford ( born January 18 , 1881 ) . Their Presbyterian church regarded their tragedy as divine punishment . In response , the Spaffords formed their own Messianic sect , dubbed `` the Overcomers '' by American press . In 1881 , the Spaffords , including baby Bertha and newborn Grace , set sail for Ottoman - Turkish Palestine . The Spaffords settled in Jerusalem and helped found a group called the American Colony . Colony members , later joined by Swedish Christians , engaged in philanthropic work among the people of Jerusalem regardless of their religious affiliation and without proselytizing motives -- thereby gaining the trust of the local Muslim , Jewish , and Christian communities . During and immediately after World War I , the American Colony played a critical role in supporting these communities through the great suffering and deprivations by running soup kitchens , hospitals , orphanages and other charitable ventures . The colony later became the subject of Jerusalem by the Nobel prize - winning author , Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf . Notable performances ( edit ) The Georgia Southern University marching band Southern Pride plays the song at the end of each win . 1961 : Tennessee Ernie Ford ; Hymns at Home 1963 : Doris Akers ; Forever Faithful 1968 : Mahalia Jackson ; A Mighty Fortress 1991 : Don Moen ; Eternal God 1995 : Jennifer Holliday ; On & On 1995 : Crystal Lewis ; ( Hymns ) My Life 1999 : Audio Adrenaline ; Underdog 1999 : Selah ; Be Still My Soul 2000 : 4Him ; Hymns : A Place of Worship 2001 : Dwight Yoakam ; South of Heaven , West of Hell 2002 : Rebecca St. James ; Worship God 2002 : Amy Grant , with a portion of the song along with `` The River 's Gonna Keep On Rolling '' ( written by Vince Gill ) on her album Legacy ... Hymns and Faith 2003 : The Three Tenors ; Bath 2003 2005 : Jars of Clay ; Redemption Songs 2006 : Chris Rice ; Peace Like a River : The Hymns Project 2008 : Kristyn Getty ( YouTube ) 2009 : Kutless ; It Is Well 2011 : Hillsong Music ( Darlene Zschech ) single ( new bridge added by Reuben Morgan & Ben Fielding ) ; all proceeds from the recording go to help the Queensland Flood Relief Effort 2011 : Josh Wilson ; See You , instrumental version , finger - style guitar 2011 : Mary Mary ; Something Big 2013 : Eleventyseven ; Good Spells ( EP ) 2014 : Michael W. Smith ; Hymns 2014 : Shane & Shane ; The Worship Initiative , Vol. 4 2014 : Sebastian Demrey ; Heritage ; Hymns of our Faith 2014 : Newsboys ; Hallelujah for the Cross 2014 : Bro . Philemon featuring Morris Babyface 2015 : Kristian Stanfill from the Passion Conferences 's album Even So Come 2016 : Audrey Assad ; Inheritance 2016 : Joey + Rory ; Hymns That Are Important to Us 2017 : MercyMe sampled this song in `` Even If '' from their album Lifer 2017 : The Mormon Tabernacle Choir performed this song during their weekly broadcast of Music and the Spoken Word on June 25th . 2017 : The Mormon Tabernacle Choir with Hugh Bonneville performed this song while recounting its history during its annual Christmas concert from December 15th through 17th . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History '' . Kosinski Studio . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Although the presence of a refrain makes the item technically a gospel song versus a hymn in the strict sense , it has a remarkably sustained and sonorous quality , which makes it comparable to the stateliest hymns in both Protestant and Roman Catholic hymnody . It has been prolifically translated and has demonstrated an appeal in various cultures . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Colony in Jerusalem , 1870 - 2006 '' . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCann , Forrest M. ( 1997 ) . Hymns and History : An Annotated Survey of Sources . Abilene , TX : ACU Press . ISBN 0 - 89112 - 058 - 0 , pp. 154 , 327 - 328 , 359 - 360 , 520 , 597 . Jump up ^ Sandra Bennett ( 2012 ) . `` The Beat Goes On '' . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gettys -- It Is Well '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reuben Morgan ( 2011 ) . `` Hillsong collected blog -- It Is Well '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bro Philemon - It Is Well ft . Morris Babyface ( Official Video with lyrics ) GhanaMusic.com Video '' ( partly sung in Mandarin Chinese ) , YouTube . Jump up ^ Francis Doku , `` Best Male Artiste in African Inspirational Music category for AFRIMA 2014 '' , Modern Ghana , 28 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : It Is Well with My Soul Library of Congress item mamcol. 016 High resolution images of the restored original manuscript ( up to 22 MB ) front AND back at the Library of Congress . ( Includes an extra verse on the back , as well as notes from his prayer meetings ) SpaffordHymn.com The original Hymn manuscript The American Colony in Jerusalem ( A Library of Congress Exhibition ) McCann , Forrest Mason ( 1997 ) . Hymns & History : An Annotated Survey of Sources . Abilene , Texas : ACU Press , pp. 327 -- 328 , 520 , 597 . ISBN 0 - 89112 - 058 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Is_Well_with_My_Soul&oldid=831024200 '' Categories : American Christian hymns Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 08 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | author of it is well with my soul hymn | [
"\"It Is Well With My Soul\" is a hymn penned by hymnist Horatio Spafford and composed by Philip Bliss. First published in Gospel Songs No. 2 by Sankey and Bliss (1876), it is possibly the most influential and enduring in the Bliss repertoire and is often taken as a choral model, appearing in hymnals of a wide variety of Christian fellowships.[2]",
"\"It Is Well With My Soul\" is a hymn penned by hymnist Horatio Spafford and composed by Philip Bliss. First published in Gospel Songs No. 2 by Sankey and Bliss (1876), it is possibly the most influential and enduring in the Bliss repertoire and is often taken as a choral model, appearing in hymnals of a wide variety of Christian fellowships.[2]"
] | [
"Horatio Spafford",
"Philip Bliss"
] |
-261883395519151816 | Oregon Medical Insurance Pool | Oregon medical insurance Pool - wikipedia Oregon medical insurance Pool The Oregon Medical Insurance Pool ( OMIP ) , instituted in 1987 , is designed to provide medical insurance coverage for residents of the state of Oregon with pre-existing conditions ( i.e. HIV / AIDS , diabetes , etc . ) who do not already have private insurance . OMIP is administered by Oregon 's Office of Private Health Partnerships through Blue Cross / Blue Shield . It functions similarly to other private insurance . Ryan White CARE Act ( edit ) HIV / AIDS clients of OMIP are able to receive needed assistance through the federally sponsored Ryan White CARE Act . CAREAssist , Oregon 's AIDS Drug Assistance Program , is funded the federal Ryan White CARE program . CAREAssist pays insurance premiums and medical services / prescription co-pays for individuals in need who are infected with HIV / AIDS . Impact of federal legislation ( edit ) Due to the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act as federal law in 2010 , as of January 1 , 2014 , insurers will no longer be permitted to charge higher rates or discriminate against those individuals who have a pre-existing condition . This will effectively end the need for OMIP . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ State of Oregon . `` Oregon Medical Insurance Pool '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ State of Oregon . `` CAREAssist '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregon_Medical_Insurance_Pool&oldid=676485070 '' Categories : Oregon law 1987 establishments in Oregon Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 August 2015 , at 09 : 13 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who does the oregon medical insurance pool protect | [
"The Oregon Medical Insurance Pool (OMIP), instituted in 1987, is designed to provide medical insurance coverage for residents of the state of Oregon with pre-existing conditions (i.e. HIV/AIDS, diabetes, etc.) who do not already have private insurance. OMIP is administered by Oregon's Office of Private Health Partnerships through Blue Cross/Blue Shield. It functions similarly to other private insurance.[1]\n"
] | [
"residents of the state of Oregon with pre-existing conditions (i.e. HIV/AIDS, diabetes, etc.) who do not already have private insurance"
] |
-8167288873960425704 | Flag of Canada | Flag of Canada - Wikipedia Flag of Canada Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the national flag of Canada . For other Canadian flags , see List of Canadian flags . Canada Name Canadian flag , The Maple Leaf , l'Unifolié Use National flag , civil and state ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted February 15 , 1965 Design A vertical triband of red ( hoist - side and fly - side ) and white ( double width ) with the red maple leaf centred on the white band . Designed by George F.G. Stanley The flag of Canada , often referred to as the Canadian flag , or unofficially as the Maple Leaf and l'Unifolié ( French for `` the one - leafed '' ) , is a national flag consisting of a red field with a white square at its centre in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 , in the middle of which is featured a stylized , red , 11 - pointed maple leaf charged in the centre . It is the first specified by law for use as the country 's national flag . In 1964 , Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson formed a committee to resolve the ongoing issue of the lack of an official Canadian flag , sparking a serious debate about a flag change to replace the Union Flag . Out of three choices , the maple leaf design by George Stanley , based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada , was selected . The flag made its first official appearance on February 15 , 1965 ; the date is now celebrated annually as National Flag of Canada Day . The Canadian Red Ensign was unofficially used since the 1890s and approved by a 1945 Order in Council for use `` wherever place or occasion may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag '' . Also , the Royal Union Flag remains an official flag in Canada . There is no law dictating how the national flag is to be treated , but there are conventions and protocols to guide how it is to be displayed and its place in the order of precedence of flags , which gives it primacy over the aforementioned and most other flags . Many different flags created for use by Canadian officials , government bodies , and military forces contain the maple leaf motif in some fashion , either by having the Canadian flag charged in the canton , or by including maple leaves in the design . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins and design 2 History 2.1 Early flags 2.2 Great Flag Debate 2.3 Flag today 3 Flags used in Canada from 1497 to the present 4 Proclamation 5 Alternative flags 6 Protocol 7 Promoting the flag 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Origins and design ( edit ) See also : Maple leaf The Canadian flag flying at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Construction sheet . The flag is horizontally symmetric and therefore the obverse and reverse sides appear identical . The width of the Maple Leaf flag is twice the height . The white field is a Canadian pale ( a square central band in a vertical triband flag , named after this flag ) ; each bordering red field is exactly half its size and it bears a stylized red maple leaf at its centre . In heraldic terminology , the flag 's blazon as outlined on the original royal proclamation is `` gules on a Canadian pale argent a maple leaf of the first '' . The maple leaf has been used as a Canadian emblem since the 18th century . It was first used as a national symbol in 1868 when it appeared on the coat of arms of both Ontario and Quebec . In 1867 , Alexander Muir composed the patriotic song `` The Maple Leaf Forever '' , which became an unofficial anthem in English - speaking Canada . The maple leaf was later added to the Canadian coat of arms in 1921 . From 1876 until 1901 , the leaf appeared on all Canadian coins and remained on the penny after 1901 . The use of the maple leaf by the Royal Canadian Regiment as a regimental symbol extended back to 1860 . During the First World War and Second World War , badges of the Canadian Forces were often based on a maple leaf design . The maple leaf would eventually adorn the tombstones of Canadian military graves . By proclaiming the Royal Arms of Canada , King George V in 1921 made red and white the official colours of Canada ; the former came from Saint George 's Cross and the latter from the French royal emblem since King Charles VII . These colours became `` entrenched '' as the national colours of Canada upon the proclamation of the Royal Standard of Canada ( the Canadian monarch 's personal flag ) in 1962 . The Department of Canadian Heritage has listed the various colour shades for printing ink that should be used when reproducing the Canadian flag ; these include : FIP red : General Printing Ink , No. 0 - 712 ; Inmont Canada Ltd. , No. 4T51577 ; Monarch Inks , No. 62539 / 0 Rieger Inks , No. 25564 Sinclair and Valentine , No . RL163929 / 0 . The number of points on the leaf has no special significance ; the number and arrangement of the points were chosen after wind tunnel tests showed the current design to be the least blurry of the various designs when tested under high wind conditions . The image of the maple leaf used on the flag was designed by Jacques Saint - Cyr ; Jack Cook claims that this stylized eleven - point maple leaf was lifted from a copyrighted design owned by a Canadian craft shop in Ottawa . The colours 0 / 100 / 100 / 0 in the CMYK process , PMS 032 ( flag red 100 % ) , or PMS 485 ( used for screens ) in the Pantone colour specifier can be used when reproducing the flag . For the Federal Identity Program , the red tone of the standard flag has an RGB value of 255 -- 0 -- 0 ( web hexadecimal # FF0000 ) . In 1984 , the National Flag of Canada Manufacturing Standards Act was passed to unify the manufacturing standards for flags used in both indoor and outdoor conditions . History ( edit ) Early flags ( edit ) The first flag known to have flown in Canada was the St George 's Cross carried by John Cabot when he reached Newfoundland in 1497 . In 1534 , Jacques Cartier planted a cross in Gaspé bearing the French royal coat of arms with the fleurs - de-lis . His ship flew a red flag with a white cross , the French naval flag at the time . New France continued to fly the evolving French military flags of that period . As the de jure national flag of the United Kingdom , the Union Flag ( commonly known as the Union Jack and , by law , called the Royal Union Flag in Canada since 1964 ) was used similarly in Canada since the 1621 British settlement in Nova Scotia . Its use continued after Canada 's independence from the United Kingdom in 1931 until the adoption of the current flag in 1965 . A Canadian postcard marking the coronation of King George V and Queen Mary in 1911 , showing the Royal Union Flag ( lower ) and a version of the Red Ensign with a crowned composite shield of Canada ( unapproved by the sovereign ) in the fly An early example of a Canadian Red Ensign approx. 1870 -- 1898 Shortly after Canadian Confederation in 1867 , the need for distinctive Canadian flags emerged . The first Canadian flag was that then used as the flag of the Governor General of Canada , a Union Flag with a shield in the centre bearing the quartered arms of Ontario , Quebec , Nova Scotia , and New Brunswick surrounded by a wreath of maple leaves . In 1870 the Red Ensign , with the addition of the Canadian composite shield in the fly , began to be used unofficially on land and sea and was known as the Canadian Red Ensign . As new provinces joined the Confederation , their arms were added to the shield . In 1892 , the British admiralty approved the use of the Red Ensign for Canadian use at sea . The composite shield was replaced with the coat of arms of Canada upon its grant in 1921 and , in 1924 , an Order in Council approved its use for Canadian government buildings abroad . In 1925 , Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King established a committee to design a flag to be used at home , but it was dissolved before the final report could be delivered . Despite the failure of the committee to solve the issue , public sentiment in the 1920s was in favour of fixing the flag problem for Canada . New designs were proposed in 1927 , 1931 , and 1939 . The 1946 special joint committee 's recommended national flag During the Second World War , the Red Ensign was the recognized Canadian national flag . A joint committee of the Senate and House of Commons was appointed on November 8 , 1945 , to recommend a national flag to officially adopt . It received 2,409 designs from the public and was addressed by the director of the Historical Section of the Canadian Army , Fortescue Duguid , who pointed out red and white were Canada 's official colours and there was already an emblem representing the country : three joined maple leaves seen on the escutcheon of the Canadian coat of arms . By May 9 the following year , the committee reported back with a recommendation `` that the national flag of Canada should be the Canadian red ensign with a maple leaf in autumn golden colours in a bordered background of white '' . The Legislative Assembly of Quebec had urged the committee to not include any of what it deemed as `` foreign symbols '' , including the Union Flag , and Mackenzie King , then still prime minister , declined to act on the report , leaving the order to fly the Canadian Red Ensign in place . Great flag debate ( edit ) Main article : Great Canadian Flag Debate By the 1960s , debate for an official Canadian flag intensified and became a subject of controversy , culminating in the Great Flag Debate of 1964 . In 1963 , the minority Liberal government of Lester B. Pearson gained power and decided to adopt an official Canadian flag through parliamentary debate . The principal political proponent of the change was Pearson . He had been a significant broker during the Suez Crisis of 1956 , for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . During the crisis , Pearson was disturbed when the Egyptian government objected to Canadian peacekeeping forces on the grounds that the Canadian flag ( the Red Ensign ) contained the same symbol ( the Union Flag ) also used as a flag by the United Kingdom , one of the belligerents . Pearson 's goal was for the Canadian flag to be distinctive and unmistakably Canadian . The main opponent to changing the flag was the leader of the opposition and former prime minister , John Diefenbaker , who eventually made the subject a personal crusade . In 1961 , Leader of the Opposition Lester Pearson asked John Ross Matheson to begin researching what it would take for Canada to have a new flag . Pearson knew the Red Ensign with the Union Jack was unpopular in Quebec , a base of support for his Liberal Party , but strongly favoured by English Canada . By April 1963 , Pearson was prime minister in a minority government and risked losing power over the issue . He formed a 15 - member multi-party parliamentary committee in 1963 to select a new design , despite opposition leader Diefenbaker 's demands for a referendum on the issue . On May 27 , 1964 , Pearson 's cabinet introduced a motion to parliament for adoption of his favourite design , presented to him by artist and heraldic advisor Alan Beddoe , of a `` sea to sea '' ( Canada 's motto ) flag with blue borders and three conjoined red maple leaves on a white field . This motion led to weeks of acrimonious debate in the House of Commons and the design came to be known as the `` Pearson Pennant '' , derided by the media and viewed as a `` concession to Québec '' . Flag today ( edit ) A new all - party committee was formed in September 1964 , comprising seven Liberals , five Conservatives , one New Democrat , one Social Crediter , and one Créditiste , with Herman Batten as chairman , while John Matheson acted as Pearson 's right - hand man . Among those who gave their opinions to the group were Duguid , expressing the same views as he had in 1945 , insisting on a design using three maple leaves ; Arthur R.M. Lower , stressing the need for a distinctly Canadian emblem ; Marcel Trudel , arguing for symbols of Canada 's founding nations , which did not include the maple leaf ( a thought shared by Diefenbaker ) ; and A.Y. Jackson , providing his own suggested designs . A steering committee also considered about 2,000 suggestions from the public , in addition to 3,900 others , `` including those that had accumulated in the Department of the Secretary of State and those from a parliamentary flag committee of 1945 -- 1946 '' . Through a six - week period of study with political manoeuvring , the committee took a vote on the two finalists : the Pearson Pennant ( Beddoe 's design ) and the current design . Believing the Liberal members would vote for the Prime Minister 's preference , the Conservatives voted for the single leaf design . The Liberals , though , all voted for the same , giving a unanimous , 14 to 0 vote for the option created by George Stanley and inspired by the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada ( RMC ) in Kingston , Ontario . There , near the parade square , in March 1964 , while viewing the college flag atop the Mackenzie Building , Stanley , then RMC 's Dean of Arts , first suggested to Matheson , then Member of Parliament for Leeds , that the RMC flag should form the basis of the national flag . The suggestion was followed by Stanley 's memorandum of March 23 , 1964 , on the history of Canada 's emblems , in which he warned that any new flag `` must avoid the use of national or racial symbols that are of a divisive nature '' and that it would be `` clearly inadvisable '' to create a flag that carried the Union Jack or a fleur - de-lis . According to Matheson , Pearson 's one `` paramount and desperate objective '' in introducing the new flag was to keep Quebec in the Canadian union . It was Dr. Stanley 's idea that the new flag should be red and white and that it should feature the single maple leaf ; his memorandum included the first sketch of what would become the flag of Canada . Stanley and Matheson collaborated on a design that was ultimately , after six months of debate and 308 speeches , passed by a majority vote in the House of Commons on December 15 , 1964 . Just after this , at 2 : 00 am , Matheson wrote to Stanley : `` Your proposed flag has just now been approved by the Commons 163 to 78 . Congratulations . I believe it is an excellent flag that will serve Canada well . '' The Senate added its approval two days later . Elizabeth II , Queen of Canada , proclaimed the new flag on January 28 , 1965 , and it was inaugurated on February 15 of the same year at an official ceremony held on Parliament Hill in Ottawa , in the presence of Governor General Major - General Georges Vanier , the Prime Minister , other members of the Cabinet , and Canadian parliamentarians . The Red Ensign was lowered at the stroke of noon and the new maple leaf flag was raised . The crowd sang `` O Canada '' followed by `` God Save the Queen '' . Of the flag , Vanier said `` ( it ) will symbolize to each of us -- and to the world -- the unity of purpose and high resolve to which destiny beckons us '' . Maurice Bourget , Speaker of the Senate , said : `` The flag is the symbol of the nation 's unity , for it , beyond any doubt , represents all the citizens of Canada without distinction of race , language , belief , or opinion . '' Yet there was still opposition to the change , and Stanley 's life was even threatened for having `` assassinated the flag '' . In spite of this , Stanley attended the flag raising ceremony . At the time of the 50th anniversary of the flag , the government -- held by the Conservative Party -- was criticized for the lack of official ceremony dedicated to the date ; accusations of partisanship were levelled . Minister of Canadian Heritage Shelly Glover denied the charges and others , including Liberal Members of Parliament , pointed to community events taking place around the country . Governor General David Johnston did , though , preside at an official ceremony at Confederation Park in Ottawa , integrated with Winterlude . He said `` ( t ) he National Flag of Canada is so embedded in our national life and so emblematic of our national purpose that we simply can not imagine our country without it . '' Queen Elizabeth II stated : `` On this , the 50th anniversary of the National Flag of Canada , I am pleased to join with all Canadians in the celebration of this unique and cherished symbol of our country and identity . '' A commemorative stamp and coin were issued by Canada Post and the Royal Canadian Mint , respectively . The Flag of Canada is represented as the Unicode emoji sequence U + 1F1E8 🇨 REGIONAL INDICATOR C , U + 1F1E6 🇦 REGIONAL INDICATOR A . Flags used in Canada from 1497 to the present ( edit ) Flag on John Cabot 's ship , and used during the English colonization of the Americas before the Act of Union ( 1497 - 1707 ) Flag used during the Scottish colonization of the Americas before the Act of Union ( 1621 - 1707 ) Flag of France at time of Jacques Cartier ( 1534 -- 1604 ) Merchant Flag used by Champlain and French merchants ( 1604 -- 1663 ) New France Flag ( 1663 -- 1763 ) The Great Britain Union Flag ( 1763 -- 1801 ) The United Kingdom Union Flag ( 1801 -- 1964 ) and the Canadian Royal Union Flag ( 1964 -- present ) Flag used ( 1868 -- 1921 ) 1907 Canadian Red Ensign commonly used in western Canada . Note the inclusion of all the provincial emblems . Flag used ( 1921 -- 1957 ) 1957 version of the Canadian Red Ensign that had evolved as the de facto national flag until 1965 First flag proposal to Parliament ; the Pearson Pennant Flag of the Royal Military College of Canada ; used as inspiration by George F.G. Stanley Earlier ( 1964 ) version of the proposal that was adopted Current flag , ( 1965 -- present ) Current flag , using Pantone specifications . Proclamation ( edit ) After the resolutions proposing a new national flag for Canada were passed by the two houses of parliament , a proclamation was drawn up for signature by the Canadian queen . This was created in the form of an illuminated document on vellum , with calligraphy by Yvonne Diceman and heraldic illustrations . The text was rendered in black ink , using a quill , while the heraldic elements were painted in gouache with gilt highlights . The Great Seal of Canada was embossed and secured by a silk ribbon . The royal proclamation of the national flag of Canada This parchment was signed discreetly by the calligrapher , but was made official by the signatures of Queen Elizabeth II , Prime Minister Lester Pearson , and Attorney General Guy Favreau . In order to obtain these signatures , the document was flown to the United Kingdom ( for the Queen 's royal sign - manual ) and to the Caribbean ( for the signature of Favreau , who was on vacation ) . This transport to different climates , combined with the quality of the materials with which the proclamation was created , and the subsequent storage and repair methods ( including the use of Scotch Tape ) contributed to the deterioration of the document : The gouache was flaking off , leaving gaps in the heraldic designs , most conspicuously on the red maple leaf of the flag design in the centre of the sheet , and the adhesive from the tape had left stains . A desire to have the proclamation as part of a display at the Canadian Museum of Civilization marking the flag 's 25th anniversary led to its restoration in 1989 . The proclamation is today stored in a temperature and humidity controlled , plexiglass case , so as to prevent the vellum from changing dimensionally . Alternative flags ( edit ) As a symbol of the nation 's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations , the Royal Union Flag is an official Canadian flag and is flown on certain occasions . Regulations require federal installations to fly the Royal Union Flag beside the national flag when physically possible , using a second flagpole , on the following days : Commonwealth Day ( the second Monday in March ) , Victoria Day ( the same date as the Canadian sovereign 's official birthday ) , and the anniversary of the Statute of Westminster ( December 11 ) . The Royal Union Flag can also be flown at the National War Memorial or at other locations during ceremonies that honour Canadian involvement with forces of other Commonwealth nations during times of war . The national flag always precedes the Royal Union Flag , with the former occupying the place of honour . The Royal Union Flag is also part of the provincial flags of Ontario and Manitoba , forming the canton of these flags ; a stylized version is used on the flag of British Columbia and the flag of Newfoundland and Labrador . Several of the provincial lieutenant governors formerly used a modified union flag as their personal standard , but the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia is the only one who retains this design . The Royal Union Flag and Red Ensign are still flown in Canada by veterans ' groups and others who continue to stress the importance of Canada 's British heritage and the Commonwealth connection . The Red Ensign is occasionally still used as well , including official use at some ceremonies . It was flown at the commemorations of the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 2007 . This decision elicited criticism from those who believe it should not be given equal status to the Canadian flag and received praise from people who believe that it is important to retain the ties to Canada 's past . In Quebec , the provincial flag ( a white cross on a field of blue with four fleurs - de-lis ) can be considered a national flag along with the Maple Leaf flag , as is the Acadian flag in the Acadian regions of the Maritime provinces , and the flags of the Iroquois Nation , the Metis Nation and other groups . Protocol ( edit ) The Canadian flag flying between the flag of France ( left ) and the Canadian Red Ensign ( right ) at the Canadian National Vimy Memorial No law dictates the proper use of the Canadian flag . Canadian Heritage has released guidelines on how to correctly display the flag alone and with other flags . The guidelines deal with the order of precedence in which the Canadian flag is placed , where the flag can be used , how it is used , and what people should do to honour the flag . The suggestions , titled Flag Etiquette in Canada , were published by Canadian Heritage in book and online formats and last updated in August 2011 . The flag itself can be displayed on any day at buildings operated by the Government of Canada , airports , military bases , and diplomatic offices , as well as by citizens , during any time of the day . When flying the flag , it must be flown using its own pole and must not be inferior to other flags , save for , in descending order , the Queen 's standard , the governor general 's standard , any of the personal standards of members of the Canadian Royal Family , or flags of the lieutenant governors . The Canadian flag is flown at half - mast in Canada to indicate a period of mourning . Canadian Forces does have a special protocol for folding the Canadian flag for presentations , such as during a funeral ceremony ; CF does not recommend this method for everyday use . Promoting the flag ( edit ) A sample of items from the Parliamentary Flag Program Since the adoption of the Canadian flag in 1965 , the Canadian government has sponsored programs to promote it . Examples include the Canadian Parliamentary Flag Program of the Department of Canadian Heritage and the flag program run by the Department of Public Works . These programs increased the exposure of the flag and the concept that it was part of the national identity . To increase awareness of the new flag , the Parliamentary Flag Program was set up in December 1972 , by the Cabinet and , beginning in 1973 , allowed members of the House of Commons to distribute flags and lapel pins in the shape of the Canadian flag to their constituents . Flags that have been flown on the Peace Tower and the East and West Blocks of Parliament Hill are packaged by the Department of Public Works and offered to the public free of charge . The program has a 34 - year waiting list for East and West Block flags , and a 48 - year waiting list for Peace Tower flags . Since 1996 , February 15 has been commemorated as National Flag of Canada Day . In 1996 , Minister of Canadian Heritage Sheila Copps instituted the One in a Million National Flag Challenge . This program was intended to provide Canadians with a million new national flags in time for Flag Day , 1997 . The program was controversial because it cost some $45 million , and provided no means to hoist or fly the flags . The official numbers from Canadian Heritage put the expenses at $15.5 million , with approximately a seventh of the cost offset by donations . Many museums across the country have special historic flags in their collections . Settlers , Rails & Trails Inc. , of Argyle , Manitoba is home to Canada 's 2nd largest flag collection ( second only to the Canadian Museum of History , Gatineau , Quebec ) The Canadian Flag Collection contains over 1,300 historic , corporate , regional , sport and special occasion flags . See also ( edit ) Canada portal National Flag of Canada Day National symbols of Canada List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Matheson 1980 ) , p. 177 Jump up ^ Richard Foot ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Stanley Flag '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stacey , C.P. , ed. ( 1972 ) . `` 19 . Order in Council on the Red Ensign , 1945 '' . Historical documents of Canada . 5 . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 7705 - 0861 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` First `` Canadian flags '' `` . Department of Canadian Heritage . September 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Canadian Heritage ( January 1 , 2003 ) . `` The National Flag of Canada : Colours Specification '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved December 20 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Description of the Proclamation by Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second which formalized the National Flag of Canada in 1965 '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Registration of the National Flag of Canada '' . The Public Register of Arms , Flags and Badges of Canada . Queen 's Printer for Canada . March 15 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The flag was later registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on March 15 , 2005 as `` Gules on a Canadian pale Argent a maple leaf Gules '' . Jump up ^ James Minahan ( 2009 ) . The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems : Volume 2 . Greenwood Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34500 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Jeanette Hanna ; Alan C. Middleton ( 2008 ) . Ikonica : A Field Guide to Canada 's Brandscape . Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 79 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 275 - 5 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caren Irr ( 1998 ) . The Suburb of Dissent : Cultural Politics in the United States and Canada During the 1930s . Duke University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 2192 - 0 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ W.K. Cross ( 2011 ) . Canadian Coins : Collector and Maple Leaf Issues . Charlton Press . p. intro . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88968 - 342 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tim Herd ( 2012 ) . Maple Sugar : From Sap to Syrup : The History , Lore , and How - To Behind This Sweet Treat . Storey Publishing , LLC . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61212 - 211 - 3 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ J.L. Granatstein ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Army : Waging War and Keeping the Peace . University of Toronto Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1178 - 8 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Cemeteries and Monuments '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Military History ( Wilfrid Laurier University ) . 2005 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Birth of the Canadian flag '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tidridge , Nathan ( 2011 ) . Thompson , Allister , ed . Canada 's Constitutional Monarchy . Toronto : Dundurn Press . p. 222 . ISBN 9781554889808 . Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` You were asking ... '' Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( Matheson 1980 ) ^ Jump up to : Archbold 2002 Jump up ^ `` The Eleven Point Maple Leaf '' . Canada 's Four Corners . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Government of Canada FIP Signature '' . Industry Canada . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Flag of Canada Manufacturing Standards Act '' . Justice Laws Website . laws-lois.justice.gc.ca . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Flag and Emblems '' . Portrait of Québec . Government of Quebec . October 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Alistair B. ( January 30 , 1998 ) . `` A Canadian Flag for Canada '' . The flags of Canada . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2008 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Flag of Canada '' , The Canadian Encyclopedia , Historica Canada , archived from the original on February 14 , 2015 , retrieved February 13 , 2015 Jump up ^ Archbold 2002 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada : Canadian Heraldic Authority ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Proposed Flag for Canada : Anatole Vanier , 1927 '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada : Canadian Heraldic Authority ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Proposed Flag for Canada : Gérard Gallienne , 1931 '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada : Canadian Heraldic Authority ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Proposed Flag for Canada : Ephrem Côté '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Flag Debate '' . Mount Allison University . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Flag Debate '' . CBC . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Thorner 2003 , p. 524 Jump up ^ `` The Great Canadian Flag Debate '' . CBC . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Corbett , Ron ( June 30 , 2013 ) . `` Flag designer recalls how he came up with the Maple Leaf design '' . Toronto Sun . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reeve , Iain ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Wrong turns on the road of symbolism '' . The Peak . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Heritage Flags '' . Canadianheritage.gc.ca . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` George F.G. Stanley 's Flag Memorandum to John Matheson , 23 March 1964 ( includes Dr. Stanley 's original sketches for the Canadian Flag ) '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mackey , Eva. 2002 . The House of Difference . Toronto : University of Toronto Press. page 56 Jump up ^ `` Dr. George F.G. Stanley '' . people.stfx.ca . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The National Flag of Canada ; A symbol of Canadian Identity '' . Department of Canadian Heritage . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Milewiski , Terry ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Canada 's flag debate flaps on , 50 years later '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The National ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` The real story behind the Canadian Flag '' . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2016 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Governor General of Canada ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Governor General to Celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the National Flag of Canada '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Message from Her Majesty The Queen on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the National Flag of Canada '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 🇨 🇦 Flag for Canada Emoji '' . Emojipedia . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grace , John ( 1990 ) . Library and Archives Canada , ed . `` Conserving the Proclamation of the Canadian Flag '' . The Archivist . National Archives of Canada . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Canadian Heritage ( January 1 , 2003 ) . `` The Royal Union Flag '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2006 . Retrieved May 20 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Globe Editorial : Red Ensign '' . The Globe and Mail . March 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Peritz , Ingrid ( July 9 , 2007 ) . `` Dallaire slams decision to fly Red Ensign '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Flag and emblems of Québec , An Act respecting the , R.S.Q. D - 12.1 '' . CanLil . September 1 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Flying the Flag '' . Department of Canadian Heritage . August 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Honours , Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces '' ( PDF ) . Department of National Defence ( Canada ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Process for the Ceremonial Folding of the National Flag of Canada '' . Directorate of History and Heritage -- National Defence Canada . April 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Administration of the Parliamentary Flag Program '' . Department of Canadian Heritage . January 1 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Flag '' . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dee , Duncan ( February 19 , 1996 ) . `` Heritage Minister Sheila Copps Launches `` One In A Million National Flag '' Campaign `` . Department of Canadian Heritage . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Arnsby , Julia ( February 15 , 1997 ) . `` Canadians Meet the `` One in a Million National Flag '' Challenge `` . Department of Canadian Heritage . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Bibliography ( edit ) Archbold , Rick ( 2002 ) . I Stand For Canada . Macfarlane Walter & Ross . ISBN 1 - 55199 - 108 - X . Levine , Allan . `` The Great Flag Debate '' Canada 's History 94 # 6 ( 2014 -- 15 ) : 32 -- 37 Matheson , Col. John R. ( 1980 ) . Canada 's Flag : a search for a country . Mika Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 919303 - 01 - 3 . Stanley , Dr. George F.G. ( 1965 ) . The Story of Canada 's Flag : A Historical Sketch . Ryerson Press . Thompson , Hugh ( 2002 ) . Canada . Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 9561 - 9 . Thorner , Thomas ( 2003 ) . A Country Nourished on Self - Doubt : Documents in Post-Confederation Canadian History . Broadview Press . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 548 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Canada / Drapeaux du Canada . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Flag of Canada '' dated 2008 - 06 - 08 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles National Flag of Canada -- Department of Canadian Heritage National Flag of Canada etiquette -- Department of Canadian Heritage Flags ( Heritage Minutes ) -- Historica Canada George F.G. Stanley 's Flag Memorandum to John Matheson -- St. Francis Xavier University John Matheson 's postcard to George Stanley -- St. Francis Xavier University Royal Proclamation -- Library and Archives Canada Canada at Flags of the World The Great Canadian Flag Debate -- CBC Digital Archives `` The People 's Choice : Seeking the origins of the Maple Leaf flag , finding the soul of our nation '' -- W5 ( CTV ) `` The Maple Leaf Forever ? 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"In 1964, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson formed a committee to resolve the ongoing issue of the lack of an official Canadian flag, sparking a serious debate about a flag change to replace the Union Flag. Out of three choices, the maple leaf design by George Stanley,[2] based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada, was selected. The flag made its first official appearance on February 15, 1965; the date is now celebrated annually as National Flag of Canada Day."
] | [
"February 15, 1965"
] |
7036321597074092670 | Met Gala | Met Gala - wikipedia Met Gala Jump to : navigation , search This article is about The Costume Institute Gala . For Metropolitan Opera Gala information , see Met Gala ( opera ) . Met Gala Genre Fundraising gala Location ( s ) Metropolitan Museum of Art , Costume Institute New York City , New York Years active 1948 -- present Most recent 7 May 2018 Next event 6 May 2019 Website Costume Institute Gala Metropolitan Museum of Art where the Met Gala is held annually . The Met Gala , formally called the Costume Institute Gala and also known as the Met Ball , is an annual fundraising gala for the benefit of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 's Costume Institute in New York City . It marks the grand opening of the Costume Institute 's annual fashion exhibit . Each year 's event celebrates the theme of that year 's Costume Institute exhibition , and the exhibition sets the tone for the formal dress of the night , since guests are expected to choose their fashion to match the theme of the exhibit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Themes 2.1 Gallery 3 Honorary Event Day Chairs 4 Controversy 5 Notes 6 External links Details ( edit ) Institute Gala is a major fundraising benefit that serves as an opening celebration for the Institute 's annual fashion exhibit . Following the event , the exhibition runs for several months . The 2014 exhibition was scheduled to run from May 8 until August 10 , 2014 . The Gala is widely regarded as one of the most exclusive social events in New York and one of the biggest fundraising nights in the city with $9 million raised in 2013 and a record of $12 million the following year . It is one of the most notable sources of funding for the Institute . The affair , attended by personalities from the arts , fashion , high - society , film , and music , has been held at the Met since 1948 and is considered to be the fashion industry 's premier annual red carpet event . Its red carpet fashions are widely photographed , reviewed , critiqued , and emulated . The museum is closed to the general public on the first Monday of May due to the gala occurring . Anna Wintour , Vogue editor - in - chief and a chair of the event since 1995 ( excluding 1996 and 1998 ) , oversees both the benefit committee and the guest list , with Vogue staffers helping assemble the list of invitees . According to Cathy Horyn of The New York Times , the gathering rivals the West Coast 's Vanity Fair Oscar Party , which is said to have more `` star power '' but less fashion panache . In 2014 , the individual tickets cost $30,000 for those outside the official guest list , after prices were raised $10,000 to increase the exclusivity of the event . The annual guest list includes only 650 -- 700 people . Themes ( edit ) Each year the event has a theme , and includes a cocktail hour and a formal dinner . During the cocktail hour , guests arrive to walk on the red carpet , tour the year 's special themed exhibition , and be seated before the dinner party that includes entertainment from the preeminent entertainers of the day . The theme not only sets the tone for the annual exhibit , but also for the guests who attempt to dress to uphold the theme of the year , oftentimes causing runs on certain fashion themes among the world 's leading fashion retailers . Sometimes , such as in 2013 , the theme is a bit befuddling because it does not provide a clear stylistic directive , while at other times , such as 2014 the theme may be far more challenging to one gender than the other . 1971 -- 1972 : Fashion Plate ( October 1971 -- January 1972 ) 1972 -- 1973 : Untailored Garments ( January -- July 1972 ) 1973 -- 1974 : The World of Balenciaga ( March -- September 1973 ) 1974 -- 1975 : Romantic and Glamorous Hollywood Design ( November 1974 -- August 1975 ) 1975 -- 1976 : American Women of Style ( December 1975 -- August 1976 ) 1976 -- 1977 : The Glory of Russian Costume ( December 1976 -- August 1977 ) 1977 -- 1978 : Vanity Fair : A Treasure Trove ( December 1977 -- September 1978 ) 1978 -- 1979 : Diaghilev : Costumes and Designs of the Ballets Russes ( November 1978 -- June 1979 ) 1979 -- 1980 : Fashions of the Habsburg Era : Austria - Hungary ( December 1979 -- August 1980 ) 1980 -- 1981 : The Manchu Dragon : Costumes of China , the Chi'ng Dynasty ( December 1980 -- August 1981 ) 1981 -- 1982 : The Eighteenth - Century Woman ( December 1981 -- September 1982 ) 1982 -- 1983 : La Belle Époque ( December 1982 -- September 1983 ) 1983 -- 1984 : Yves Saint Laurent : 25 Years of Design ( December 1983 -- September 1984 ) 1984 -- 1985 : Man and the Horse ( December 1984 -- September 1985 ) 1985 -- 1986 : Costumes of Royal India ( December 1985 -- August 1986 ) 1986 -- 1987 : Dance ( December 1986 -- September 1987 ) 1987 -- 1988 : In Style : Celebrating Fifty Years of the Costume Institute ( November 1987 -- April 1988 ) 1988 -- 1989 : From Queen to Empress : Victorian Dress 1837 -- 1877 ( December 1988 -- April 1989 ) 1989 -- 1990 : The Age of Napoleon : Costume from Revolution to Empire , 1789 -- 1815 ( December 1989 -- April 1990 ) 1990 -- 1991 : Théâtre de la Mode -- Fashion Dolls : The Survival of Haute Couture ( December 1990 -- April 1991 ) 1991 -- 1992 : Gala held , but no concurrent costume exhibition 1992 -- 1993 : Fashion and History : A Dialogue ( December 1992 -- March 1993 ) 1993 -- 1994 : Diana Vreeland : Immoderate Style ( December 1993 -- March 1994 ) 1994 -- 1995 : Orientalism : Visions of the East in western dress ( December 1994 -- March 1995 ) 1995 -- 1996 : Haute Couture ( December 1995 -- March 1996 ) 1996 -- 1997 : Christian Dior ( December 1996 -- March 1997 ) 1997 -- 1998 : Gianni Versace ( December 1997 -- March 1998 ) 1998 -- 1999 : Cubism and Fashion ( December 10 , 1998 -- March 14 , 1999 ) 1999 -- 2000 : Rock Style ( December 9 , 1999 -- March 19 , 2000 ) 2000 -- 2001 : No costume exhibition gala presented 2001 : Jacqueline Kennedy : The White House Years ( May 1 -- July 29 , 2001 ) 2001 -- 2002 : No costume exhibition gala presented 2003 : Goddess : The Classical Mode ( May 1 -- August 3 , 2003 ) 2004 : Dangerous Liaisons : Fashion and Furniture in the 18th Century ( April 2 ? , -- August 8 , 2004 ) 2005 : The House of Chanel ( May 5 -- August 7 , 2005 ) 2006 : AngloMania : Tradition and Transgression in British Fashion ( May 3 -- September 6 , 2006 ) 2007 : Poiret : King of Fashion ( May 9 -- August 5 , 2007 ) 2008 : Superheroes : Fashion and Fantasy ( May 7 -- September 1 , 2008 ) 2009 : The Model As Muse : Embodying Fashion ( May 6 -- August 9 , 2009 ) 2010 : American Woman : Fashioning a National Identity ( May 5 -- August 10 , 2010 ) 2011 : Alexander McQueen : Savage Beauty ( May 4 -- August 7 , 2011 ) 2012 : Schiaparelli and Prada : Impossible Conversations ( May 10 -- August 19 , 2012 ) 2013 : Punk : Chaos to Couture ( May 9 -- August 14 , 2013 ) 2014 : Charles James : Beyond Fashion ( May 8 -- August 10 , 2014 ) 2015 : China : Through the Looking Glass ( May 7 -- September 7 , 2015 ) 2016 : Manus x Machina : Fashion In An Age Of Technology 2017 : Rei Kawakubo / Comme des Garçons : Art of the In - Between 2018 : Heavenly Bodies : Fashion and the Catholic Imagination ( May 10 -- October 8 , 2018 ) Gallery ( edit ) Guo Pei gown displayed at `` China : Through the Looking Glass '' in 2015 Balenciaga dress with a Chinese floral motif Savage Beauty exhibition The 2015 Gala and its theme of `` China : Through the Looking Glass '' became the subject of a documentary -- The First Monday in May ' directed by Andrew Rossi produced by Condé Nast Entertainment , Vogue , and Relativity Studios . 225 approved photographers , reporters , and social media participants documented the event for the documentary . All other attendees were forbidden from using social media at the event . Guests received notices about the restriction of selfies and social media inside the gala . The no - selfie ordinance was extended to the following editions of the Met Gala . Honorary event day chairs ( edit ) In addition to Wintour 's role of chairing the whole event , there are annual chairs and co-chairs for the day of the event . The list of past honorary event day chairs includes the following : 1995 : Karl Lagerfeld and Gianni Versace December 7 , 1998 : None December 6 , 1999 : None April 23 , 2001 : Caroline Kennedy and Edwin A. Schlossberg April 28 , 2003 : None April 26 , 2004 : Jacob Rothschild and Jayne Wrightsman May 2 , 2005 : Caroline , Princess of Hanover May 1 , 2006 : Rose Marie Bravo and Stoker Cavendish May 7 , 2007 : François - Henri Pinault May 5 , 2008 : Giorgio Armani ( Julia Roberts ) May 4 , 2009 : Marc Jacobs May 3 , 2010 : Brando Marler May 2 , 2011 : François - Henri Pinault and Salma Hayek May 7 , 2012 : Jeff Bezos May 6 , 2013 : Beyoncé May 5 , 2014 : Aerin Lauder May 4 , 2015 : Silas Chou May 2 , 2016 : Taylor Swift May 1 , 2017 : Katy Perry and Pharrell Williams May 7 , 2018 : Amal Clooney , Rihanna , and Donatella Versace Controversy ( edit ) In 2015 , the theme `` China : Through the Looking Glass '' was previously named `` Chinese Whispers : Tales of the East in Art , Film and Fashion '' . The same year 's theme was met with critics saying it was `` A reminder of the subtle institutionalised racism that 's been compounded by centuries of Asian isolationism across the board , and enduring Western stereotypes exacerbated by ignorance and the meme - able nature of social media . '' In 2016 , Madonna , whilst channeling the theme `` Manus x Machina : Fashion in an Age of Technology '' , provided one of the most controversial outfits in the gala 's history . She appeared in an ensemble designed by Givenchy creative director Riccardo Tisci exposing both her breasts and buttocks . Madonna hit back on her official social media channels by stating `` We have fought and continue to fight for civil rights and gay rights around the world . When it comes to women 's rights we are still in the dark ages . My dress at the Met Ball was a political statement as well as a fashion statement '' . The 2018 Gala had a Roman Catholic theme , and included Rihanna wearing a papal mitre . Critics on social media called it `` blasphemous '' and `` sacrilegious cosplay '' , even though the Catholic Church lent more than forty papal vestments from the Vatican and Cardinal Timothy M. Dolan attended . Kyle Smith argued that the Catholic Church was in fact `` abetting the mockery of its symbols '' . Catholic apologist Michael Voris has criticized Cardinal Dolan for attending the 2018 Met Gala . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Borrelli - Persson , Laird . `` A History of the Met Gala in 60 Seconds , Narrated by Vogue 's Hamish Bowles '' . Vogue . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Costume Institute The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Whitworth , Melissa ( 2011 - 04 - 28 ) . `` Countdown to the Met Ball 2011 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Look : Inside the Met for Tonight 's Costume Institute Gala '' . New York . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Charles James : Beyond Fashion : May 8 -- August 10 , 2014 '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sarah Jessica Parker and Anna Wintour Interview -- Late Night with Seth Meyers -- YouTube Jump up ^ Bourne , Leah ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Met Gala ( But Were Too Afraid To Ask ) '' . NBC New York . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Wintour ' Wants More Exclusivity ' at the Met Ball -- The Cut '' . Nymag.com. April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Peter ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` Top social ticket : NYC 's Costume Institute gala '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide . Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 9781588394552 . Jump up ^ http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/curatorial-departments/the-costume-institute Jump up ^ Trebay , Guy ( November 25 , 2003 ) . `` Final Splash For Publicist '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Charity Ball Game '' . New York . May 21 , 2005 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Carol ( December 15 , 2008 ) . `` Brooklyn Museum 's Costume Treasures Going to the Met '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Beyonce named honorary chair for Costume Institute gala '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Newly Slim Beyonce and Daring Racy in Lace Rihanna Turn Heads in Their Dramatic Gowns at Met Gala '' . Daily Mail . May 3 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Leah ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` See All the Looks From the 2014 Met Gala '' . New York . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Malle , Chloe . `` Met Gala 2014 : The 64 Best Dressed Celebrities '' . Vogue . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Simone S. ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Beauty on the Met Gala Red Carpet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Dee , Britteny ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Met Gala 2014 Theme : Ball Gowns That Would Make Charles James Proud '' . Fashion Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Met Fifth Avenue '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art , i.e. The Met Museum . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Horyn , Cathy ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Anna 's Party : Silk , Satin and Pub Grub '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ https://www.aol.com/article/finance/2017/05/01/met-gala-cost-of-attending-ticket/22063931/ Jump up ^ Gurfein , Laura ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Anna Wintour Raised Met Ball Ticket Prices , Wants ' Exclusivity ' -- That 's a Spicy Met Ball ! -- Racked NY '' . Ny.racked.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Leah ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Ways to Get Invited to the Met Gala '' . The Vivant . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wild Bunch '' . Vogue : 110 -- 32 . July 2009 . Jump up ^ Levine , Joshua ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Anna Wintour 's Brand Anna - WSJ.com '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Cristobal , Sarah . `` Salute to the King : The Haute Monde Descends on the Met to Celebrate Legendary Couturier Paul Poiret '' . Style.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Revel , Revel '' . Vogue : 116 -- 50 . July 2011 . Jump up ^ Hyland , Véronique ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Men Are Freaking Out About What to Wear to the Met Ball '' . New York . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Costume Institute Calls for White Tie Dress Code at Gala '' . Women 's Wear Daily . April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hyland , Véronique ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` This Year 's Met Ball Has Some Weird Dress - Code Requirements '' . New York . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , Adolph S ( October 1971 ) . Stoddart , Katherine , ed . `` Fashion Plate : An Opening Exhibition for the New Costume Institute '' ( PDF ) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin . 30 ( 1 ) : 5 . doi : 10.2307 / 3258574 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . To salute the fashion industry of New York , whose tireless efforts and financial contributions were instrumental in making the new Costume Institute a reality , the Museum will present Fashion Plate in the Costume Institute in the fall of 1971 ... Fashion Plate will be the first of these gallery installations -- the inaugural exhibition . ^ Jump up to : `` Museum Exhibitions 1870 -- 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Costume Institute opens new exhibition '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . January 1972 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . The Costume Institute of The Metropolitan Museum of Art opens its second exhibition on Wednesday , January 26 . Entitled Untailored Garments it presents a diverse assemblage of clothing -- mostly non-European in origin -- which is folded and draped on the human body rather than cut and seamed . Jump up ^ `` Around Town : Museums '' . New York : 26 . June 19 , 1972 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Martin , Richard ; Koda , Harold ( 1993 ) . Diana Vreeland : Immoderate Style . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . p. 15 . ISBN 9780870996917 . OCLC 29315100 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` In and Around Town : Museums '' . New York : 26 . August 25 , 1975 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` New Costume Institute exhibition , American women of style , to open at Metropolitan Museum December 13 '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . December 1975 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Museum to Exhibit Old Russian Clothes '' . Palm Beach Daily News . November 9 , 1975 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` History of Russian costume from the eleventh to the twentieth century : from the collections of the Arsenal Museum , Leningrad ; Hermitage , Leningrad ; Historical Museum , Moscow ; Kremlin Museums , Moscow ; Pavlovsk Museum / ( catalogue compiled by T.S. Alyoshina , I.I. Vishnevskaya , L.V. Efimova , T.T. Korshunova . V.A. Malm , E. Yu . Moiseenko , M.M. Postnokova - Loseva , E.P. Chernukha ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure trove of costumes '' . St. Petersburg Times . November 2 , 1977 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Cone , Polly , ed. ( 1980 ) . The Imperial Style : Fashions of the Hapsburg Era : Based on the Exhibition `` Fashions of the Hapsburg era , Austria - Hungary '' at the Metropolitan Museum of Art , December 1979 -- August 1980 . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0870992325 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Morris , Bernadine ( December 8 , 1981 ) . `` 18th Century Sparks Gala Fashion Night '' . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Leon Talley , Andre ( December 6 , 1981 ) . `` Vreeland 's Show '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Duka , John ( December 7 , 1982 ) . `` La Belle Europe Reigns Again At Met Museum '' . New York Times . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Bernadine ( December 6 , 1983 ) . `` Gala Night at Met Hails Saint Laurent '' . New York Times . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Bernadine ( December 4 , 1984 ) . `` At Costume Institute Show , Equestrian is the Theme '' . New York Times . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Bernadine ( December 10 , 1985 ) . `` A Celebration of Royal India 's Fashions '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Bernadine ( December 10 , 1986 ) . `` Amid Costumes A Little Night Music '' . New York Times . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Bernadine ( December 8 , 1997 ) . `` Spectacular outfits abound at 15th annual costume gala '' . New York Times . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Bernadine ( December 6 , 1988 ) . `` Costume Show : Victorian Elegance '' . New York Times . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In Decked Halls , Wassails '' . New York Times . December 15 , 1991 . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Bernadine ( December 8 , 1992 ) . `` Review / Fashion ; Costume Change At the Met '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EVENING HOURS ; The Ladies in Red '' . New York Times . December 12 , 1993 . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Orientalism : Visions of the East in Western Dress . Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0870997335 . Jump up ^ Dullea , Georgia ( September 25 , 1994 ) . `` Glamour Guys for the Ball '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brozan , Nadine ( October 9 , 1995 ) . `` Chronicle '' . New York Times . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` USA : NEW YORK : CHRISTIAN DIOR 'S COSTUME INSTITUTE GALA '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Brozan , Nadine ( August 1 , 1996 ) . `` Chronicle '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ DiGiacomo , Frank ( December 15 , 1997 ) . `` Inside the sold - out Costume Institute gala '' . New York . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Menkes , Suzy ( December 9 , 1997 ) . `` The Verve and Vivacity of Versace in Met Retrospective '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ C.R. White , Constance ( December 11 , 1997 ) . `` At the Met , a Golden Melting Pot '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CUBISM AND FASHION '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . November 2 , 1998 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` ROCK STYLE IS THEME FOR METROPOLITAN MUSEUM 'S DECEMBER COSTUME INSTITUTE EXHIBITION '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . December 3 , 1999 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Costume Institute Gala Returns '' . BizBash . July 31 , 2002 . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` JACQUELINE KENNEDY : THE WHITE HOUSE YEARS '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . November 13 , 2000 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goddess to be Theme of Costume Institute 's Spring 2003 Exhibition and Gala at Metropolitan Museum '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . May 2003 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Menkes , Suzy ( April 27 , 2004 ) . `` Voluptuous lives , ' Dangerous Liaisons ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metropolitan Museum to Present Unprecedented Chanel Exhibition '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . May 2005 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` AngloMania : Tradition and Transgression in British Fashion '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . April 22 , 2006 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Poiret : King of Fashion '' at Metropolitan Museum 's Costume Institute to Celebrate Paul Poiret , Visionary Artist - Couturier of Early 20th Century '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . April 22 , 2006 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Poiret 's Descendents '' . runway.blogs.nytimes.com/ . New York Times . May 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metropolitan Museum 's Costume Institute Salutes Power of `` Superheroes '' Imagery in Fashion '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . May 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Eric ( May 6 , 2008 ) . `` Stars and Superheroes Sparkle at Museum Gala '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Model as Muse Embodying Fashion '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metropolitan Museum 's Costume Institute Explores Role of Fashion Models as Muses of Recent Eras '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . May 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Eric ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` A Museum Gala Where High Cheekbones and Higher Hemlines Rule '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` '' American Woman : Fashioning a National Identity '' at Metropolitan Museum to Open May 5 , 2010 ; First Costume Institute Exhibition Based on Renowned Brooklyn Museum Costume Collection '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Horyn , Cathy ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` American Women on the March '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Menkes , Suzy ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Elegance Is the Norm at Costume Institute Gala '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alexander McQueen 's Iconic Designs to be Celebrated in a Spring 2011 Costume Institute Retrospective '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Menkes , Suzy ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` Alexander McQueen in All His Dark Glory '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Forrester , Sharon . `` Met Ball 2011 '' . vogue.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elsa Schiaparelli and Miuccia Prada 's Impossible Conversations at Metropolitan Museum 's Costume Institute '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . May 7 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Punk Fashion Is Focus of Costume Institute Exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Lisa ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Met Ball 2013 : The Punk Parade '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charles James : Beyond Fashion May 8 -- August 10 , 2014 '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Trebay , Guy ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Inside the Met Ball : Sculptures in Silk '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Moore , Booth . `` Met Costume Institute Gala : Beyond fashion indeed '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` China : Through the Looking Glass : Costume Institute 's Spring 2015 Exhibition at Metropolitan Museum to Focus on Chinese Imagery in Art , Film , and Fashion '' ( Press release ) . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manus x Machina : Fashion in an Age of Technology '' . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2016 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Costume Institute 's Spring 2017 Exhibition at The Met to Focus on Rei Kawakubo and the Art of the In - Between '' . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2016 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Met Gala 2018 Theme Revealed : `` Heavenly Bodies : Fashion and the Catholic Imagination '' '' ( Press release ) . New York : Vogue . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Chan , Stephanie ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) . `` The Met Gala Is Getting the Documentary Treatment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Vanessa ( 2015 - 05 - 02 ) . `` It 's Called the Met Gala , but It 's Definitely Anna Wintour 's Party '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Chan , Stephanie ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Met Gala : No Selfies Allowed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Selfies Banned Inside Met Gala ? ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Borrelli - Person , Laird ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Amal Clooney , Rihanna , and Donatella Versace to Host 2018 Met Gala '' . Vogue . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The China - Themed Met Gala Was n't Totally Offensive , But Still Problematic '' . Complex AU . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna 's peek - a-boob Met Gala moment '' . NewsComAu . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna slams ' ageist and sexist ' Met Gala outfit critics '' . NewsComAu . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Dave ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` The Met Gala 's ' Catholic Imagination ' Theme Called ' Blasphemous ' and ' Sacrilegious ' by Critics '' . People . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Syme , Rachel ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` Pope Rihanna and Other Revelations from the Catholic - Themed 2018 Met Gala '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( 9 May 2018 ) . `` Red - Carpet Catholicism Is a Loss for the Church '' . National Review . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.churchmilitant.com/video/episode/vortex-dolan-disgrace-again External links ( edit ) Official website Metropolitan Museum of Art Places Fifth Avenue Anna Wintour Costume Center Astor Court Iris B. and Gerald Cantor Roof Garden Robert Goldwater Library Temple of Dendur Thomas J. Watson Library Other sites The Cloisters Met Breuer Directors Luigi Palma di Cesnola Caspar Purdon Clarke Edward Robinson Herbert Eustis Winlock Francis Henry Taylor James Rorimer Thomas Hoving Philippe de Montebello Thomas P. Campbell Miscellaneous Costume Institute Gala ( Met Gala ) Museum Mile Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Met_Gala&oldid=841079546 '' Categories : Annual events in New York City Fashion events in the United States Metropolitan Museum of Art Vogue ( magazine ) Balls ( dance party ) High society Recurring events established in 1948 1948 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Good articles Articles lacking chronology / history sources Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 23 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who chooses who goes to the met gala | [
"Anna Wintour, Vogue editor-in-chief and a chair of the event since 1995 (excluding 1996 and 1998), oversees both the benefit committee and the guest list, with Vogue staffers helping assemble the list of invitees.[2][13] According to Cathy Horyn of The New York Times, the gathering rivals the West Coast's Vanity Fair Oscar Party, which is said to have more \"star power\" but less fashion panache.[22] In 2014, the individual tickets cost $30,000 for those outside the official guest list, after prices were raised $10,000 to increase the exclusivity of the event.[23][13][24] The annual guest list includes only 650–700 people.[25][26]",
"Anna Wintour, Vogue editor-in-chief and a chair of the event since 1995 (excluding 1996 and 1998), oversees both the benefit committee and the guest list, with Vogue staffers helping assemble the list of invitees.[2][13] According to Cathy Horyn of The New York Times, the gathering rivals the West Coast's Vanity Fair Oscar Party, which is said to have more \"star power\" but less fashion panache.[22] In 2014, the individual tickets cost $30,000 for those outside the official guest list, after prices were raised $10,000 to increase the exclusivity of the event.[23][13][24] The annual guest list includes only 650–700 people.[25][26]"
] | [
"Anna Wintour",
"Vogue staffers"
] |
-4045269128444598496 | Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau | Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau - wikipedia Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Jump to : navigation , search Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Wales English : Old Land of My Fathers The earliest composition of `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' in the hand of the Author , James James , 1856 National anthem of Wales Lyrics Evan James , 1856 Music James James , 1856 Audio sample file help `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' ( Welsh pronunciation : ( heːn wlɑːd və n̥adaɪ̯ ) ) is the national anthem of Wales . The title -- taken from the first words of the song -- means `` Old Land of My Fathers '' in Welsh , usually rendered in English as simply `` Land of My Fathers '' . The words were written by Evan James and the tune composed by his son , James James , both residents of Pontypridd , Glamorgan , in January 1856 . The earliest written copy survives and is part of the collections of the National Library of Wales . `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' , recorded in 1899 Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Popularity 3 Usage 4 Lyrics 4.1 Translations 5 Cultural influence 6 Gwlad Newydd y Cymry 6.1 Lyrics 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 External links Origins ( edit ) Glan Rhondda ( Banks of the Rhondda ) , as it was known when it was composed , was first performed in the vestry of the original Capel Tabor , Maesteg ( which later became a working men 's club ) , in either January or February 1856 , by Elizabeth John from Pontypridd , and it soon became popular in the locality . James James , the composer , was a harpist who played his instrument in the public house which he ran , for the purpose of dancing . The song was originally intended to be performed in 6 / 8 time , but had to be slowed down to its present tempo when it began to be sung by large crowds . Popularity ( edit ) The popularity of the song increased after the Llangollen festival of 1858 . Thomas Llewelyn of Aberdare won a competition for an unpublished collection of Welsh airs with a collection that included Glan Rhondda . The adjudicator of the competition , `` Owain Alaw '' ( John Owen , 1821 -- 83 ) asked for permission to include Glan Rhondda in his publication , Gems of Welsh melody ( 1860 -- 64 ) . This volume gave Glan Rhondda its more famous title , `` Hen wlad fy nhadau '' , and was sold in large quantities and ensured the popularity of the anthem across the whole of Wales . At the Bangor Eisteddfod of 1874 `` Hen Wlad fy Nhadau '' gained further popularity when it was sung by Robert Rees ( `` Eos Morlais '' ) , one of the leading Welsh soloists of his day . It was increasingly sung at patriotic gatherings and gradually it developed into a national anthem . `` Hen wlad fy nhadau '' was also one of the first Welsh - language songs recorded when Madge Breese sang it on 11 March 1899 , for the Gramophone Company , as part of the first recording in the Welsh language . In 1905 , `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' became the first national anthem to be sung at the start of a sporting event . Although crowds singing anthems during matches was commonplace , there was no precedent for the anthem to be sung before a game commenced in any sport . The Welsh national rugby team were playing host to the first touring New Zealand team , who to that point were unbeaten . After Wales won the Triple Crown in the 1905 Home Nations Championship the match was dubbed the ' Game of the Century ' by the press . The New Zealand team started every match with the Haka , and Welsh Rugby Union administrator Tom Williams , suggested that Wales player Teddy Morgan lead the crowd in the singing of the anthem as a response . After Morgan began singing , the crowd joined in , and Wales became the first nation to sing a national anthem at the start of a sporting event . In 1978 as part of their album , also called `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' , Geraint Jarman a'r Cynganeddwyr recorded a version of the Welsh national anthem using electric guitars , inspired by Jimi Hendrix 's rendition of the Star - Spangled Banner . Jarman 's version , played by Welsh guitarist Tich Gwilym is one of the most famous modern versions of the song . Usage ( edit ) Tradition has established `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' as an unofficial Welsh anthem since 1905 , when it was first sung by fans at rugby games , although the official anthem at the time was `` God Bless the Prince of Wales '' . `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' slowly established itself as the more popular anthem over the next four decades , and was sung along with `` God Bless the Prince of Wales '' and `` God Save the Queen '' before sporting events until 1975 , when sports officials decided that `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' should be sung alone . Like other British anthems , it has not been established as a national anthem by law , but it has been used as a national anthem at official governmental ceremonies , including the opening of the Welsh Assembly , and at receptions of the British monarchy since the 1970s . It is recognised and used as an anthem at both national and local events in Wales . Usually this will be the only anthem sung : only the first stanza and chorus are usually sung ( and in the Welsh language ) . God Save the Queen , the national anthem of the United Kingdom , is sometimes played alongside `` Hen Wlad fy Nhadau '' during official events with a royal connection . The existence of a separate national anthem for Wales has not always been apparent to those from outside the country . In 1993 the newly appointed Secretary of State for Wales John Redwood was embarrassingly videotaped opening and closing his mouth during a communal singing of the national anthem , clearly ignorant of the words but unable to mime convincingly ; the pictures were frequently cited as evidence of his unsuitability for the post . According to John Major 's autobiography , the first thing Redwood 's successor William Hague said , on being appointed , was that he had better find someone to teach him the words . He found Ffion Jenkins , and later married her . The tune of `` Hen Wlad fy Nhadau '' has been used for the anthems of Cornwall ( Bro Goth Agan Tasow ) , Brittany ( Bro Gozh ma Zadoù ) , and Y Wladfa ( Gwlad Newydd y Cymry , see below ) . Lyrics ( edit ) ( First stanza ) Mae hen wlad fy nhadau yn annwyl i mi , Gwlad beirdd a chantorion , enwogion o fri ; Ei gwrol ryfelwyr , gwladgarwyr tra mad , Dros ryddid collasant eu gwaed . ( Chorus ) Gwlad , gwlad , pleidiol wyf i 'm gwlad . Tra môr yn fur i'r bur hoff bau , O bydded i'r hen iaith barhau . ( Second stanza ) Hen Gymru fynyddig , paradwys y bardd , Pob dyffryn , pob clogwyn , i 'm golwg sydd hardd ; Trwy deimlad gwladgarol , mor swynol yw si Ei nentydd , afonydd , i fi . ( Chorus ) ( Third stanza ) Os treisiodd y gelyn fy ngwlad tan ei droed , Mae hen iaith y Cymry mor fyw ag erioed , Ni luddiwyd yr awen gan erchyll law brad , Na thelyn berseiniol fy ngwlad . ( Chorus ) Translations ( edit ) The following is a fairly free translation in verse . The land of my fathers is dear unto me , a land where the minstrels are honoured and free , Its warring defenders , so gallant and brave , For freedom their life 's blood they gave Land ! , Land ! , Faithful I am to my land ! While seas serves as a wall For this land so pure , O , long may our language endure . O land of the mountains , the bard 's paradise , Whose precipice , valleys are fair to my eyes , Green murmuring forest , far echoing flood Fire the fancy and quicken the blood For tho ' the fierce foeman has ravaged your realm , The old speech of Wales he can not o'erwhelm , Our passionate poets to silence command , Nor banish the harp from your strand . A more literal translation is : The old land of my fathers is dear to me , Land of bards and singers , famous men of renown ; Her brave warriors , very splendid patriots , For freedom shed their blood . Nation ( or country ) , Nation , I am faithful to my Nation . While the sea ( is ) a wall to the pure , most loved land , O may the old language ( sc . Welsh ) endure . Old mountainous Wales , paradise of the bard , Every valley , every cliff , to my look is beautiful . Through patriotic feeling , so charming is the murmur Of her brooks , rivers , to me . If the enemy oppresses my land under his foot , The old language of the Welsh is as alive as ever . The muse is not hindered by the hideous hand of treason , Nor ( is ) the melodious harp of my country . Other translations include : The land of my fathers is dear to me , Old land where the minstrels are honoured and free ; Its warring defenders so gallant and brave , For freedom their life 's blood they gave . Land , land , true I am to my land , While seas secure the land so pure , O may the old language endure . Old land of the mountains , the Eden of bards , Each gorge and each valley a loveliness guards ; Through love of my country , charmed voices will be Its streams , and its rivers , to me . Though foemen have trampled my land ' neath their feet , The language of Cambria still knows no retreat ; The muse is not vanquished by traitor 's fell hand , Nor silenced the harp of my land . and : The land of my fathers , the land of my choice , The land in which poets and minstrels rejoice ; The land whose stern warriors were true to the core , While bleeding for freedom of yore . Wales ! Wales ! fav'rite land of Wales ! While sea her wall , may naught befall To mar the old language of Wales . Old mountainous Cambria , the Eden of bards , Each hill and each valley , excite my regards ; To the ears of her patriots how charming still seems The music that flows in her streams . My country tho ' crushed by a hostile array , The language of Cambria lives out to this day ; The muse has eluded the traitors ' foul knives , The harp of my country survives . Cultural influence ( edit ) The Royal Badge of Wales The Welsh poet Dylan Thomas is often quoted as saying `` The land of my fathers . My fathers can have it ! '' in reference to Wales . However , this is misleading , as it was a villainous character in one of Thomas ' short stories that spoke this line . Gwynfor Evans named his history of Wales Land of my fathers : 2,000 years of Welsh history . It was a translation of the Welsh original , Aros Mae . The £ 1 coins minted in 1985 , 1990 , 1995 and 2000 with a Welsh emblem on the reverse , also bear the edge inscription PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD ( `` I am devoted to my country '' ) , from the refrain of `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' . The new Royal Badge of Wales adopted in 2008 features this motto . Gwlad Newydd y Cymry ( edit ) A printed version of Gwlad Newydd y Cymry A version of `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' was written by Lewis Evans , a migrant from Wales to Y Wladfa , a Welsh - speaking settlement in Patagonia , South America . The version penned by Evans is called Gwlad Newydd y Cymry ( The New Country of the Welsh ) . Gwlad Newydd y Cymry is played to the same tune as `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' . Lyrics ( edit ) The lyrics to Gwlad Newydd y Cymry are as follows ; Y mae Patagonia yn annwyl i mi , Gwlad newydd y Cymry mwyneiddlon yw hi ; Anadlu gwir ryddid a gawn yn y wlad , O gyrhaedd gormesiaeth a brad : Gwlad , gwlad , pleidiol wyf i 'm gwlad , Tra haul y nen uwchben ein pau , O ! bydded i'r Wladfa barhau . Bu'r Cymry yn gorwedd dan ddirmyg yn drwch , Wel , diolch am Wladfa i'n codi o'r llwch ; Ein heniaith a gadwn mewn urddas a bri , Tra'r Gamwy'n ddysgleiriol ei lli : ( chorus ) ' Chaiff Cymro byth mwyach ymostwng i Sais , - Terfynodd ei orthrwm - dystawyd ei lais ; Y Wladfa fawrygwn tra'r Andes wen fawr , A'i choryn yn ' stafell y wawr : ( chorus ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the United States , singing of patriotic songs before games was first observed in the years following the Civil War , with `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' occasionally being sung before baseball games . However , the song 's pregame use did not become customary until the 1920s , and `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' did not become the official national anthem until 1931 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Welsh National Anthem '' . wales.com . Welsh Government . 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welsh anthem -- The background to Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' . Wales history . BBC Cymru Wales . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the National Anthem '' . Rhondda Cynon Taf Library Services . UK . Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ The first known recording of Hen Wlad fy Nhadau , UK : Gathering the Jewels . Jump up ^ `` Welsh national anthem '' . Wales.com website . Welsh Government . 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The anthem in more recent years '' . Wales History . BBC . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Cyphers , Luke ; Trex , Ethan ( 8 September 2011 ) . `` The song remains the same '' . ESPN The Magazine . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School remembers Teddy 's 1905 try '' . BBC . 4 February 2005 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 1905 / 06 ' Originals ' '' . NZ : Rugby museum . Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , John ; Jenkins , Nigel ( 2008 ) . The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales . Cardiff : University of Wales Press . p. 364 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1953 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh National Anthem '' . Visit Wales website . Welsh Government . 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Learn to read , pronounce , sing perform Welsh National Anthem ; New App published by the National Library of Wales published . https://itunesconnect.apple.com/WebObjects/iTunesConnect.woa/ra/ng/app/908469898 External links ( edit ) Welsh Wikisource has original text related to this article : Hen wlad fy nhadau Wikisource has original text related to this article : Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau . Jones , Cantorion Colin , Learn the Welsh National Anthem the Easy Way ( Google You tube ) ( video ) , The North Wales Male Chorus . Hen wlad fy nhadau ( sheet music arranged for piano and voice ) , Cantorion . Côr Meibion Pontypridd , Hen wlad fy nhadau , Male choir . Hen wlad fy nhadau , UK : Welsh Icons , archived from the original ( midi file and vocal video ) on 1 June 2009 . James , Sian , `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' , You tube ( video ) ( played on the Triple Harp and sung ) , Google . Hen wlad fy nhadau ( lyrics ) , UK : Welshpedia . Redwood , John , Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau , You Tube . Siôn T. 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"Glan Rhondda (Banks of the Rhondda), as it was known when it was composed, was first performed in the vestry of the original Capel Tabor, Maesteg (which later became a working men's club), in either January or February 1856, by Elizabeth John from Pontypridd, and it soon became popular in the locality.[2]"
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"in the vestry of the original Capel Tabor, Maesteg"
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-4301478942244092049 | Capture of Fort Ticonderoga | Capture of fort Ticonderoga - wikipedia Capture of fort Ticonderoga Jump to : navigation , search Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Part of the American Revolutionary War An 1875 idealized depiction of Ethan Allen demanding the fort 's surrender Date May 10 , 1775 Location Ticonderoga , Essex County , New York 43 ° 50 ′ 29 '' N 73 ° 23 ′ 17 '' W / 43.84139 ° N 73.38806 ° W / 43.84139 ; - 73.38806 Coordinates : 43 ° 50 ′ 29 '' N 73 ° 23 ′ 17 '' W / 43.84139 ° N 73.38806 ° W / 43.84139 ; - 73.38806 Result Ticonderoga and Crown Point captured by New England militia Belligerents Green Mountain Boys militia of the Connecticut Colony militia of the Province of Massachusetts Bay Great Britain 26th Regiment of Foot Commanders and leaders Ethan Allen Benedict Arnold William Delaplace Strength 83 at Ticonderoga 50 at Crown Point 35 at Saint - Jean 48 at Ticonderoga 9 at Crown Point 21 at Saint - Jean Casualties and losses 1 captured near Fort Saint - Jean 1 wounded at Ticonderoga All captured Canadian campaign Ticonderoga Fort St. Jean Longue - Pointe Arnold 's expedition Quebec Saint - Pierre The Cedars Trois - Rivières Valcour Bay The capture of Fort Ticonderoga occurred during the American Revolutionary War on May 10 , 1775 , when a small force of Green Mountain Boys led by Ethan Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold surprised and overcame a small British garrison at the fort and looted the personal belongings of the garrison . Cannons and other armaments from the fort were later transported to Boston and used to fortify Dorchester Heights and break the standoff at the Siege of Boston . After seizing Ticonderoga , a small detachment captured the nearby Fort Crown Point on May 11 . Seven days later , Arnold and 50 men intrepidly raided Fort Saint - Jean on the Richelieu River in southern Quebec , seizing military supplies , cannons , and the largest military vessel on Lake Champlain . Although the scope of this military action was relatively minor , it had significant strategic importance . It impeded communication between northern and southern units of the British Army , and gave the nascent Continental Army a staging ground for the invasion of Quebec later in 1775 . It also involved two larger - than - life personalities in Allen and Arnold , each of whom sought to gain as much credit and honor as possible for these events . Most significantly , artillery from Ticonderoga would be dragged across Massachusetts to the heights commanding Boston Harbor , forcing the British to withdraw from that city . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Colonial forces assemble 3 Capture of the fort 4 Crown Point and the raid on Fort Saint - Jean 5 Aftermath 5.1 Repercussions in Quebec 5.2 Later actions near Ticonderoga 5.3 Broken communications 5.4 War of words between Allen and Arnold 6 See also 7 References 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) In 1779 , Fort Ticonderoga 's location did not appear to be as strategically important as it had been in the French and Indian War , when the French famously defended it against a much larger British force in the 1758 Battle of Carillon , and when the British captured it in 1759 . After the 1763 Treaty of Paris , in which the French ceded their North American territories to the British , the fort was no longer on the frontier of two great empires , guarding the principal waterway between them . The French had blown up the fort 's powder magazine when they abandoned the fort , and it had fallen further into disrepair since then . In 1775 it was garrisoned by only a small detachment of the 26th Regiment of Foot , consisting of two officers and forty - six men , with many of them `` invalids '' ( soldiers with limited duties because of disability or illness ) . Twenty - five women and children lived there as well . Because of its former significance , Fort Ticonderoga still had a high reputation as the `` gateway to the continent '' or the `` Gibraltar of America '' , but in 1775 it was , according to historian Christopher Ward , `` more like a backwoods village than a fort . '' Even before shooting started in the American Revolutionary War , American Patriots were concerned about Fort Ticonderoga . The fort was a valuable asset for several reasons . Within its walls was a collection of heavy artillery including cannons , howitzers , and mortars , armaments that the Americans had in short supply . The fort was situated on the shores of Lake Champlain , a strategically important route between the Thirteen Colonies and the British - controlled northern provinces . British forces placed there would expose the colonial forces in Boston to attack from the rear . After the war began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19 , 1775 , the British General Thomas Gage realized the fort would require fortification , and several colonists had the idea of capturing the fort . Gage , writing from the besieged city of Boston following Lexington and Concord , instructed Quebec 's governor , General Guy Carleton , to rehabilitate and refortify the forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point . Carleton did not receive this letter until May 19 , well after the fort had been captured . Benedict Arnold had frequently traveled through the area around the fort , and was familiar with its condition , manning , and armaments . En route to Boston following news of the events of April 19 , he mentioned the fort and its condition to members of Silas Deane 's militia . The Connecticut Committee of Correspondence acted on this information ; money was `` borrowed '' from the provincial coffers and recruiters were sent into northwestern Connecticut , western Massachusetts , and the New Hampshire Grants ( now Vermont ) to raise volunteers for an attack on the fort . John Brown , an American spy from Pittsfield , Massachusetts who had carried correspondence between revolutionary committees in the Boston area and Patriot supporters in Montreal , was well aware of the fort and its strategic value . Ethan Allen and other Patriots in the disputed New Hampshire Grants territory also recognized the fort 's value , as it played a role in the dispute over that area between New York and New Hampshire . Whether either took or instigated action prior to the Connecticut Colony 's recruitment efforts is unclear . Brown had notified the Massachusetts Committee of Safety in March of his opinion that Ticonderoga `` must be seized as soon as possible should hostilities be committed by the King 's Troops . '' When Arnold arrived outside Boston , he told the Massachusetts Committee of Safety about the cannons and other military equipment at the lightly defended fort . On May 3 , the Committee gave Arnold a colonel 's commission and authorized him to command a `` secret mission '' , which was to capture the fort . He was issued £ 100 , some gunpowder , ammunition , and horses , and instructed to recruit up to 400 men , march on the fort , and ship back to Massachusetts anything he thought useful . Colonial forces assemble ( edit ) Fort Ticonderoga from Mount Defiance Arnold departed immediately after receiving his instructions . He was accompanied by two captains , Eleazer Oswald and Jonathan Brown , who were charged with recruiting the necessary men . Arnold reached the border between Massachusetts and the Grants on May 6 , where he learned of the recruitment efforts of the Connecticut Committee , and that Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys were already on their way north . Riding furiously northward ( his horse was subsequently destroyed ) , he reached Allen 's headquarters in Bennington the next day . Upon arrival , Arnold was told that Allen was in Castleton , 50 miles ( 80 km ) to the north , awaiting supplies and more men . He was also warned that , although Allen 's effort had no official sanction , his men were unlikely to serve under anyone else . Leaving early the next day , Arnold arrived in Castleton in time to join a war council , where he made a case to lead the expedition based on his formal authorization to act from the Massachusetts Committee . The force that Allen had assembled in Castleton included about 100 Green Mountain Boys , about 40 men raised by James Easton and John Brown at Pittsfield , and an additional 20 men from Connecticut . Allen was elected colonel , with Easton and Seth Warner as his lieutenants . When Arnold arrived on the scene , Samuel Herrick had already been sent to Skenesboro and Asa Douglas to Panton with detachments to secure boats . Captain Noah Phelps , a member of the `` Committee of War for the Expedition against Ticonderoga and Crown Point '' , had reconnoitered the fort disguised as a peddler seeking a shave . He saw that the fort walls were dilapidated , learned from the garrison commander that the soldiers ' gunpowder was wet , and that they expected reinforcements at any time . He reported this intelligence to Allen , following which they planned a dawn raid . Many of the Green Mountain Boys objected to Arnold 's wish to command , insisting that they would go home rather than serve under anyone other than Ethan Allen . Arnold and Allen worked out an agreement , but no documented evidence exists concerning the deal . According to Arnold , he was given joint command of the operation . Some historians have supported Arnold 's contention , while others suggest he was merely given the right to march next to Allen . Capture of the fort ( edit ) The flag of the Green Mountain Boys By 11 : 30 pm on May 9 , the men had assembled at Hand 's Cove ( in what is now Shoreham , Vermont ) and were ready to cross the lake to Ticonderoga . However , boats did not arrive until 1 : 30 am , and they were inadequate to carry the whole force . Eighty - three of the Green Mountain Boys made the first crossing with Arnold and Allen , and Douglas went back for the rest . As dawn approached , Allen and Arnold became fearful of losing the element of surprise , so they decided to attack with the men at hand . The only sentry on duty at the south gate fled his post after his musket misfired , and the Americans rushed into the fort . The Patriots then roused the small number of sleeping troops at gunpoint and began confiscating their weapons . Allen , Arnold , and a few other men charged up the stairs toward the officers ' quarters . Lieutenant Jocelyn Feltham , the assistant to Captain William Delaplace , was awakened by the noise , and called to wake the captain . Stalling for time , Feltham demanded to know by what authority the fort was being entered . Allen , who later claimed that he said it to Captain Delaplace , replied , `` In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress ! '' Delaplace finally emerged from his chambers ( fully clothed , not with `` his breeches in his hand '' , as Allen would later say ) and surrendered his sword . Nobody was killed in the assault . The only injury was to one American , Gideon Warren , who was slightly injured by a sentry with a bayonet . Eventually , as many as 400 men arrived at the fort , which they plundered for liquor and other provisions . Arnold , whose authority was not recognized by the Green Mountain Boys , was unable to stop the plunder . Frustrated , he retired to the captain 's quarters to await forces that he had recruited , reporting to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress that Allen and his men were `` governing by whim and caprice '' at the fort , and that the plan to strip the fort and send armaments to Boston was in peril . When Delaplace protested the seizure of his private liquor stores , Allen issued him a receipt for the stores , which he later submitted to Connecticut for payment . Arnold 's disputes with Allen and his unruly men were severe enough that there were times when some of Allen 's men drew weapons . On May 12 , Allen sent the prisoners to Connecticut 's Governor Jonathan Trumbull with a note saying `` I make you a present of a Major , a Captain , and two Lieutenants of the regular Establishment of George the Third . '' Arnold busied himself over the next few days with cataloging the military equipment at Ticonderoga and Crown Point , a task made difficult by the fact that walls had collapsed on some of the armaments . Crown Point and the raid on fort Saint - Jean ( edit ) 1777 map showing the Champlain Valley , and all four forts Seth Warner sailed a detachment up the lake and captured nearby Fort Crown Point , garrisoned by only nine men . It is widely recorded that this capture occurred on May 10 ; this is attributed to a letter Arnold wrote to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety on May 11 , claiming that an attempt to sail up to Crown Point was frustrated by headwinds . However , Warner claimed , in a letter dated May 12 from `` Head Quarters , Crown Point '' , that he `` took possession of this garrison '' the day before . It appears likely that , having failed on May 10 , the attempt was repeated the next day with success , as reported in Warner 's memoir . A small force was also sent to capture Fort George on Lake George , which was held by only two soldiers . Troops recruited by Arnold 's captains began to arrive , some after seizing Philip Skene 's schooner Katherine and several bateaux at Skenesboro . Arnold rechristened the schooner Liberty . The prisoners had reported that the lone British warship on Lake Champlain was at Fort Saint - Jean , on the Richelieu River north of the lake . Arnold , uncertain whether word of Ticonderoga 's capture had reached Saint - Jean , decided to attempt a raid to capture the ship . He had Liberty outfitted with guns , and sailed north with 50 of his men on May 14 . Allen , not wanting Arnold to get the full glory for that capture , followed with some of his men in bateaux , but Arnold 's small fleet had the advantage of sail , and pulled away from Allen 's boats . By May 17 , Arnold 's small fleet was at the northern end of the lake . Seeking intelligence , Arnold sent a man to reconnoiter the situation at Fort Saint - Jean . The scout returned later that day , reporting that the British were aware of the fall of Ticonderoga and Crown Point , and that troops were apparently on the move toward Saint - Jean . Arnold decided to act immediately . Rowing all night , Arnold and 35 of his men brought their bateaux near the fort . After a brief scouting excursion , they surprised the small garrison at the fort , and seized supplies there , along with the HMS Royal George , a seventy - ton sloop - of - war . Warned by their captives that several companies were on their way from Chambly , they loaded the more valuable supplies and cannons on the George , which Arnold renamed the Enterprise . Boats that they could not take were sunk , and the enlarged fleet returned to Lake Champlain . This activity was observed by Moses Hazen , a retired British officer who lived near the fort . Hazen rode to Montreal to report the action to the local military commander , and then continued on to Quebec City , where he reported the news to General Carleton on May 20 . Major Charles Preston and 140 men were immediately dispatched from Montreal to Saint - Jean in response to Hazen 's warning . Fifteen miles out on the lake , Arnold 's fleet met Allen 's , which was still heading north . After an exchange of celebratory gunfire , Arnold opened his stores to feed Allen 's men , who had rowed 100 miles ( 160 km ) in open boats without provisions . Allen , believing he could seize and hold Fort Saint - Jean , continued north , while Arnold sailed south . Allen arrived at Saint - Jean on May 19 , where he was warned that British troops were approaching by a sympathetic Montreal merchant who had raced ahead of those troops on horseback . Allen , after penning a message for the merchant to deliver to the citizens of Montreal , returned to Ticonderoga on May 21 , leaving Saint - Jean just as the British forces arrived . In Allen 's haste to escape the arriving troops , three men were left behind ; one was captured , but the other two eventually returned south by land . Aftermath ( edit ) Further information : Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) , Saratoga campaign , Siege of Fort Ticonderoga ( 1777 ) , and Battle of Saratoga Ethan Allen and his men eventually drifted away from Ticonderoga , especially once the alcohol began to run out , and Arnold largely controlled affairs from a base at Crown Point . He oversaw the fitting of the two large ships , eventually taking command of Enterprise because of a lack of knowledgeable seamen . His men began rebuilding Ticonderoga 's barracks , and worked to extract armaments from the rubble of the two forts and build gun carriages for them . Connecticut sent about 1,000 men under Colonel Benjamin Hinman to hold Ticonderoga , and New York also began to raise militia to defend Crown Point and Ticonderoga against a possible British attack from the north . When Hinman 's troops arrived in June , there was once again a clash over leadership . None of the communications to Arnold from the Massachusetts committee indicated that he was to serve under Hinman ; when Hinman attempted to assert authority over Crown Point , Arnold refused to accept it , as Hinman 's instructions only included Ticonderoga . The Massachusetts committee eventually sent a delegation to Ticonderoga . When they arrived on June 22 they made it clear to Arnold that he was to serve under Hinman . Arnold , after considering for two days , disbanded his command , resigned his commission , and went home , having spent more than £ 1,000 of his own money in the effort to capture the fort . A 1902 photo of the Fort Crown Point ruins When Congress received news of the events , it drafted a second letter to the inhabitants of Quebec , which was sent north in June with James Price , another sympathetic Montreal merchant . This letter , and other communications from the New York Congress , combined with the activities of vocal American supporters , stirred up the Quebec population in the summer of 1775 . When news of the fall of Ticonderoga reached England , Lord Dartmouth wrote that it was `` very unfortunate ; very unfortunate indeed '' . Repercussions in Quebec ( edit ) News of the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point , and especially the raids on Fort Saint - Jean , electrified the Quebec population . Colonel Dudley Templer , in charge of the garrison at Montreal , issued a call on May 19 to raise a militia for defense of the city , and requested Indians living nearby to also take up arms . Only 50 men , mostly French - speaking landowning seigneurs and petty nobility , were raised in and around Montreal , and they were sent to Saint - Jean ; no Indians came to their aid . Templer also prevented merchants sympathetic to the American cause from sending supplies south in response to Allen 's letter . General Carleton , notified by Hazen of the events on May 20 , immediately ordered the garrisons of Montreal and Trois - Rivières to fortify Saint - Jean . Some troops garrisoned at Quebec were also sent to Saint - Jean . Most of the remaining Quebec troops were dispatched to a variety of other points along the Saint Lawrence , as far west as Oswegatchie , to guard against potential invasion threats . Carleton then traveled to Montreal to oversee the defense of the province from there , leaving the city of Quebec in the hands of Lieutenant Governor Hector Cramahé . Before leaving , Carleton prevailed on Monsignor Jean - Olivier Briand , the Bishop of Quebec , to issue his own call to arms in support of the provincial defense , which was circulated primarily in the areas around Montreal and Trois - Rivières . Later actions near Ticonderoga ( edit ) `` Knox entering camp with artillery '' In July 1775 , General Philip Schuyler began using the fort as the staging ground for the invasion of Quebec that was launched in late August . In the winter of 1775 -- 1776 , Henry Knox directed the transportation of the guns of Ticonderoga to Boston . The guns were placed upon Dorchester Heights overlooking the besieged city and the British ships in the harbor , prompting the British to evacuate their troops and Loyalist supporters from the city in March 1776 . Benedict Arnold again led a fleet of ships at the Battle of Valcour Island , and played other key roles in thwarting Britain 's attempt to recapture the fort in 1776 . The British did recapture the fort in July 1777 during the Saratoga campaign , but had abandoned it by November after Burgoyne 's surrender at Saratoga . Broken communications ( edit ) Although Fort Ticonderoga was not at the time an important military post , its capture had several important results . Rebel control of the area meant that overland communications and supply lines between British forces in Quebec and those in Boston and later New York were severed , so the British military command made an adjustment to their command structure . This break in communication was highlighted by the fact that Arnold , on his way north to Saint - Jean , intercepted a message from Carleton to Gage , detailing the military troop strengths in Quebec . Command of British forces in North America , previously under a single commander , was divided into two commands . General Carleton was given independent command of forces in Quebec and the northern frontier , while General William Howe was appointed Commander - in - Chief of forces along the Atlantic coast , an arrangement that had worked well between Generals Wolfe and Amherst in the French and Indian War . In this war , however , cooperation between the two forces would prove to be problematic and would play a role in the failure of the Saratoga campaign in 1777 , as General Howe apparently abandoned an agreed - upon northern strategy , leaving General John Burgoyne without southern support in that campaign . War of words between Allen and Arnold ( edit ) An engraving of Benedict Arnold after John Trumbull by H.B. Hall , published 1879 Beginning on the day of the fort 's capture , Allen and Arnold began a war of words , each attempting to garner for himself as much credit for the operation as possible . Arnold , unable to exert any authority over Allen and his men , began to keep a diary of events and actions , which was highly critical and dismissive of Allen . Allen , in the days immediately after the action , also began to work on a memoir . Published several years later ( see Further reading ) , the memoir fails to mention Arnold at all . Allen also wrote several versions of the events , which John Brown and James Easton brought to a variety of Congresses and committees in New York , Connecticut , and Massachusetts . Randall ( 1990 ) claims that Easton took accounts written by both Arnold and Allen to the Massachusetts committee , but conveniently lost Arnold 's account on the way , ensuring that Allen 's version , which greatly glorified his role in the affair , would be preferred . Smith ( 1907 ) indicates that it was highly likely that Easton was interested in claiming Arnold 's command for himself . There was clearly no love lost between Easton and Arnold . Allen and Easton returned to Crown Point on June 10 and called a council of war while Arnold was with the fleet on the lake , a clear breach of military protocol . When Arnold , whose men now dominated the garrison , asserted his authority , Easton insulted Arnold , who responded by challenging Easton to a duel . Arnold later reported , `` On refusing to draw like a gentleman , he having a ( sword ) by his side and cases of loaded pistols in his pockets , I kicked him very heartily and ordered him from the Point . '' See also ( edit ) Book : Fort Ticonderoga American Revolutionary War portal List of American Revolutionary War battles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pell ( 1929 ) , p. 81 , claims there is no documentary evidence . Boatner ( 1974 ) ( pp. 1101 -- 1102 ) notes that although Ward believes Arnold merely had the right to march next to Allen , Allen French argues otherwise in The Taking of Ticonderoga in 1775 . Bellesiles ( 1995 ) , p. 117 , claims that Allen offered Arnold the right to march at the head of the column to placate Arnold . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ P. Nelson ( 2000 ) , p. 61 ^ Jump up to : Bellesiles ( 1995 ) , p. 117 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , p. 144 ^ Jump up to : Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Ward ( 1952 ) , Volume 1 , p. 69 ^ Jump up to : Chittenden ( 1872 ) , p. 109 ^ Jump up to : Jellison ( 1969 ) , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Ward ( 1952 ) , Volume 1 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Ward ( 1952 ) , Volume 1 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1873 ) , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Gage ( 1917 ) , p. 397 . Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Bellesiles ( 1995 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 1101 . Jump up ^ Ward ( 1952 ) , Volume 1 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ J. Nelson ( 2006 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 86 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , pp. 124 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Phelps ( 1899 ) , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Jellison ( 1969 ) , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 96 . Jump up ^ New York , Pension Claims by Disabled Revolutionary War Veterans , 1779 - 1789 ^ Jump up to : Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Jellison ( 1969 ) , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Chittenden ( 1872 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ J. Nelson ( 2006 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1848 ) , p. 141 ^ Jump up to : Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 98 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , p. 155 Jump up ^ Morrissey ( 2000 ) , p. 10 Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 103 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , pp. 44 , 50 Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 105 ^ Jump up to : Lanctot ( 1967 ) , p. 44 Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 106 ^ Jump up to : J. Nelson ( 2006 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ J. Nelson ( 2006 ) , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , pp. 128 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , pp. 55 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Jellison ( 1969 ) , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , p. 250 . Jump up ^ French ( 1911 ) , pp. 387 -- 419 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , pp. 290 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Morrissey ( 2000 ) , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Mackesy ( 1993 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ J. Nelson ( 2006 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Van Tyne ( 1905 ) , pp. 161 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 121 . References ( edit ) Bellesiles , Michael A ( 1995 ) . Revolutionary Outlaws : Ethan Allen and the Struggle for Independence on the Early American Frontier . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1603 - 3 . Boatner , Mark Mayo , III ( 1974 ) ( 1966 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( revised ed . ) . New York : McKay . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0578 - 1 . Chipman , Daniel ( 1848 ) . Memoir of Colonel Seth Warner . Middlebury , Vermont : L.W. Clark . OCLC 4403351 . Chittenden , Lucius Eugene ( 1872 ) . The Capture of Ticonderoga : Annual Address Before the Vermont Historical Society Delivered at Montpelier , Vt. , on Tuesday Evening , October 8 , 1872 . Montpelier , Vermont : Vermont Historical Society . ISBN 0 - 7884 - 0802 - X . OCLC 181111316 . Drake , Francis Samuel ( 1873 ) . Life and correspondence of Henry Knox : Major - General in the American Revolutionary Army . Boston : S.G. Drake . OCLC 2358685 . French , Allen ( 1911 ) . The Siege of Boston . New York : McMillan . ISBN 0 - 659 - 90572 - 8 . OCLC 3927532 . Gage , Thomas ( 1931 ) . The correspondence of General Thomas Gage , volume 1 . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 208 - 00812 - 1 . Jellison , Charles A ( 1969 ) . Ethan Allen : Frontier Rebel . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2141 - 8 . Lanctot , Gustave ( 1967 ) . Canada and the American Revolution 1774 -- 1783 . London : Harvard University Press . OCLC 70781264 . Mackesy , Piers ( 1993 ) . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8192 - 7 . Morrissey , Brendan ( 2000 ) . Saratoga 1777 : Turning Point of a Revolution . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 862 - 4 . Nelson , James L. ( 2006 ) . Benedict Arnold 's Navy : The Ragtag Fleet that Lost the Battle of Lake Champlain But Won the American Revolution . Camden , Maine : McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 146806 - 0 . Nelson , Paul David ( 2000 ) . General Sir Guy Carleton , Lord Dorchester : Soldier - statesman of Early British Canada . Madison , New Jersey : Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3838 - 5 . Pell , John ( 1929 ) . Ethan Allen . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 6919 - 1 . Phelps , Oliver Seymour ; Servin , Andrew T. ( 1899 ) . The Phelps family of America and their English ancestors , with copies of wills , deeds , letters , and other interesting papers , coats of arms and valuable records ( two volumes ) . Pittsfield , Massachusetts : Eagle Publishing Company . OCLC 39187566 . Randall , Willard Sterne ( 1990 ) . Benedict Arnold : Patriot and Traitor . New York : William Morrow . ISBN 1 - 55710 - 034 - 9 . Smith , Justin Harvey ( 1907 ) . Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony : Canada , and the American Revolution , Volume 1 . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . OCLC 259236 . Van Tyne , Claude Halstead ( 1905 ) . The American Revolution , 1776 -- 1783 . New York : Harper & Brothers . OCLC 23093734 . Vermont Historical Society ( 1871 ) . Collections of the Vermont Historical Society vol. 2 . Montpelier , Vermont : Vermont Historical Society . OCLC 19358021 . Ward , Christopher ( 1952 ) . The War of the Revolution . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 56852 - 576 - 1 . OCLC 425995 . Wilson , Barry ( 2001 ) . Benedict Arnold : A Traitor in Our Midst . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2150 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Allen , Ethan ( 1849 ) . Ethan Allen 's Narrative of the Capture of Ticonderoga : And of His Captivity and Treatment by the British . Burlington , Vermont : C. Goodrich and S.B. Nichols . ISBN 0 - 665 - 22135 - 5 . OCLC 17008777 . French , Allen ( 1928 ) . The Taking of Ticonderoga in 1775 : The British Story ; A Study of Captors and Captives . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . OCLC 651774 . External links ( edit ) Fort Ticonderoga National Historic Landmark `` Capture of Ticonderoga '' , excerpt from Thrilling Incidents in American History by J.W. Barber , 1860 . New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga&oldid=842489714 '' Categories : 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Conflicts in 1775 Ethan Allen Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States New York ( state ) in the American Revolution Battles and conflicts without fatalities Essex County , New York Vermont in the American Revolution 1775 in New York Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 20 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the battle of fort ticonderoga take place | [
"Even before shooting started in the American Revolutionary War, American Patriots were concerned about Fort Ticonderoga. The fort was a valuable asset for several reasons. Within its walls was a collection of heavy artillery including cannons, howitzers, and mortars, armaments that the Americans had in short supply.[10][11] The fort was situated on the shores of Lake Champlain, a strategically important route between the Thirteen Colonies and the British-controlled northern provinces. British forces placed there would expose the colonial forces in Boston to attack from the rear.[10] After the war began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, the British General Thomas Gage realized the fort would require fortification, and several colonists had the idea of capturing the fort."
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"on the shores of Lake Champlain"
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8651334878375790801 | List of United States cities by population | List of United States cities by population - wikipedia List of United States cities by population Jump to : navigation , search `` List of largest cities in the United States '' redirects here . For a list of largest cities by area , see List of United States cities by area . Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Population tables of U.S. cities Cities Population Area Density Ethnic identity Foreign - born Income Spanish speakers By decade Urban areas Populous cities and metropolitan areas Metropolitan areas 574 Primary Statistical Areas 174 Combined Statistical Areas 929 Core Based Statistical Areas 389 Metropolitan Statistical Areas 541 Micropolitan Statistical Areas Megaregions See also North American metro areas World cities The following is a list of the most populous incorporated places of the United States . As defined by the United States Census Bureau , an `` incorporated place '' includes a variety of designations , including city , town , village , borough , and municipality . A few exceptional Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) are also included in the Census Bureau 's listing of incorporated places . Consolidated city - counties represent a distinct type of government that includes the entire population of a county , or county equivalent . Some consolidated city - counties , however , include multiple incorporated places . This list presents only that portion ( or `` balance '' ) of such consolidated city - counties that are not a part of another incorporated place . This list refers only to the population of individual municipalities within their defined limits , which does not include other municipalities or unincorporated suburban areas within urban agglomerations . A different ranking is evident when considering U.S. metropolitan area populations . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Distribution 1.2 Gallery 2 Puerto Rico 3 Census - designated places 4 Cities formerly over 100,000 people 5 Locations of 50 most populous cities 6 See also 7 References 8 External links United States Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The ten most populous cities of the United States 1 . New York 2 . Los Angeles 3 . Chicago 4 . Houston 5 . Phoenix 6 . Philadelphia 7 . San Antonio 8 . San Diego 9 . Dallas 10 . San Jose The following table lists the 307 incorporated places in the United States with a population of at least 100,000 on July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . A city is displayed in bold if it is a state or federal capital , and in italics if it is the most populous city in the state . Five states -- Delaware , Maine , Vermont , West Virginia and Wyoming -- do not have cities with populations of 100,000 or more . The table below contains the following information : The city rank by population as of July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city name The name of the state in which the city lies The city population as of July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2016 The city land area as of January 1 , 2016 The city population density as of July 1 , 2016 ( residents per unit of land area ) The city latitude and longitude coordinates 2016 rank City State 2016 estimate Census Change 2016 land area 2016 population density Location New York New York 8,537,673 8,175,133 7000443466791304800 ♠ + 4.43 % 301.5 sq mi 780.9 km 28,317 / sq mi 10,933 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 49 '' N 73 ° 56 ′ 19 '' W / 40.6635 ° N 73.9387 ° W / 40.6635 ; - 73.9387 ( 1 New York City ) Los Angeles California 3,976,322 3,792,621 7000484364243092050 ♠ + 4.84 % 468.7 sq mi 1,213.9 km 8,484 / sq mi 3,276 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W / 34.0194 ° N 118.4108 ° W / 34.0194 ; - 118.4108 ( 2 Los Angeles ) Chicago Illinois 2,704,958 2,695,598 6999347232784710470 ♠ + 0.35 % 227.3 sq mi 588.7 km 11,900 / sq mi 4,600 / km 41 ° 50 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W / 41.8376 ° N 87.6818 ° W / 41.8376 ; - 87.6818 ( 3 Chicago ) Houston Texas 2,303,482 2,100,263 7000967588344888229 ♠ + 9.68 % 637.5 sq mi 1,651.1 km 3,613 / sq mi 1,395 / km 29 ° 47 ′ 12 '' N 95 ° 23 ′ 27 '' W / 29.7866 ° N 95.3909 ° W / 29.7866 ; - 95.3909 ( 4 Houston ) 5 Phoenix Arizona 1,615,017 1,445,632 7001117170206525590 ♠ + 11.72 % 517.6 sq mi 1,340.6 km 3,120 / sq mi 1,200 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 112 ° 05 ′ 24 '' W / 33.5722 ° N 112.0901 ° W / 33.5722 ; - 112.0901 ( 6 Phoenix ) 6 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,567,872 1,526,006 7000274350166382040 ♠ + 2.74 % 134.2 sq mi 347.6 km 11,683 / sq mi 4,511 / km 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W / 40.0094 ° N 75.1333 ° W / 40.0094 ; - 75.1333 ( 5 Philadelphia ) 7 San Antonio Texas 1,492,510 1,327,407 7001124380088397910 ♠ + 12.44 % 461.0 sq mi 1,194.0 km 3,238 / sq mi 1,250 / km 29 ° 28 ′ 21 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 30 '' W / 29.4724 ° N 98.5251 ° W / 29.4724 ; - 98.5251 ( 7 San Antonio ) 8 San Diego California 1,406,630 1,307,402 7000758970844468650 ♠ + 7.59 % 325.2 sq mi 842.3 km 4,325 / sq mi 1,670 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 55 '' N 117 ° 08 ′ 06 '' W / 32.8153 ° N 117.1350 ° W / 32.8153 ; - 117.1350 ( 8 San Diego ) 9 Dallas Texas 1,317,929 1,197,816 7001100276670206440 ♠ + 10.03 % 340.9 sq mi 882.9 km 3,866 / sq mi 1,493 / km 32 ° 47 ′ 36 '' N 96 ° 45 ′ 59 '' W / 32.7933 ° N 96.7665 ° W / 32.7933 ; - 96.7665 ( 9 Dallas ) 10 San Jose California 1,025,350 945,942 7000839459501745350 ♠ + 8.39 % 177.5 sq mi 459.7 km 5,777 / sq mi 2,231 / km 37 ° 17 ′ 48 '' N 121 ° 49 ′ 08 '' W / 37.2967 ° N 121.8189 ° W / 37.2967 ; - 121.8189 ( 10 San Jose ) 11 Austin Texas 947,890 790,390 7001199268715444270 ♠ + 19.93 % 312.7 sq mi 809.9 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 30 ° 18 ′ 14 '' N 97 ° 45 ′ 16 '' W / 30.3039 ° N 97.7544 ° W / 30.3039 ; - 97.7544 ( 11 Austin ) 12 Jacksonville Florida 880,619 821,784 7000715942388754220 ♠ + 7.16 % 747.4 sq mi 1,935.8 km 1,178 / sq mi 455 / km 30 ° 20 ′ 13 '' N 81 ° 39 ′ 42 '' W / 30.3369 ° N 81.6616 ° W / 30.3369 ; - 81.6616 ( 12 Jacksonville ) 13 San Francisco California 870,887 805,235 7000815314783882970 ♠ + 8.15 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 18,569 / sq mi 7,170 / km 37 ° 43 ′ 38 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W / 37.7272 ° N 123.0322 ° W / 37.7272 ; - 123.0322 ( 13 San Francisco ) 14 Columbus Ohio 860,090 787,033 7000928258408478419 ♠ + 9.28 % 218.5 sq mi 565.9 km 3,936 / sq mi 1,520 / km 39 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 82 ° 59 ′ 05 '' W / 39.9852 ° N 82.9848 ° W / 39.9852 ; - 82.9848 ( 15 Columbus ) 15 Indianapolis Indiana 855,164 820,445 7000423172790375950 ♠ + 4.23 % 361.5 sq mi 936.3 km 2,366 / sq mi 914 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 36 '' N 86 ° 08 ′ 45 '' W / 39.7767 ° N 86.1459 ° W / 39.7767 ; - 86.1459 ( 14 Indianapolis ) 16 Fort Worth Texas 854,113 741,206 7001152328772298120 ♠ + 15.23 % 342.9 sq mi 888.1 km 2,491 / sq mi 962 / km 32 ° 46 ′ 53 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 48 '' W / 32.7815 ° N 97.3467 ° W / 32.7815 ; - 97.3467 ( 16 Fort Worth ) 17 Charlotte North Carolina 842,051 731,424 7001151248796867480 ♠ + 15.12 % 305.4 sq mi 791.0 km 2,757 / sq mi 1,064 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 49 ′ 52 '' W / 35.2078 ° N 80.8310 ° W / 35.2078 ; - 80.8310 ( 17 Charlotte ) 18 Seattle Washington 704,352 608,660 7001157217494167520 ♠ + 15.72 % 83.8 sq mi 217.0 km 8,405 / sq mi 3,245 / km 47 ° 37 ′ 14 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 03 '' W / 47.6205 ° N 122.3509 ° W / 47.6205 ; - 122.3509 ( 20 Seattle ) 19 Denver Colorado 693,060 600,158 7001154795903745350 ♠ + 15.48 % 153.3 sq mi 397.0 km 4,521 / sq mi 1,746 / km 39 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 52 '' W / 39.7619 ° N 104.8811 ° W / 39.7619 ; - 104.8811 ( Denver ) 20 El Paso Texas 683,080 649,121 7000523153618508720 ♠ + 5.23 % 256.8 sq mi 665.1 km 2,660 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 50 ′ 54 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 37 '' W / 31.8484 ° N 106.4270 ° W / 31.8484 ; - 106.4270 ( 19 El Paso ) 21 Washington District of Columbia 681,170 601,723 7001132032513299310 ♠ + 13.20 % 61.1 sq mi 158.2 km 11,148 / sq mi 4,304 / km 38 ° 54 ′ 15 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 02 '' W / 38.9041 ° N 77.0172 ° W / 38.9041 ; - 77.0172 ( Washington , D.C. ) 22 Boston Massachusetts 673,184 617,594 7000900105894811150 ♠ + 9.00 % 48.3 sq mi 125.1 km 13,938 / sq mi 5,381 / km 42 ° 19 ′ 55 '' N 71 ° 01 ′ 13 '' W / 42.3320 ° N 71.0202 ° W / 42.3320 ; - 71.0202 ( Boston ) 23 Detroit Michigan 672,795 713,777 2999425843085445450 ♠ − 5.74 % 138.8 sq mi 359.5 km 4,847 / sq mi 1,871 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 06 ′ 08 '' W / 42.3830 ° N 83.1022 ° W / 42.3830 ; - 83.1022 ( 18 Detroit ) 24 Nashville Tennessee 660,388 601,222 7000984095725040000 ♠ + 9.84 % 475.9 sq mi 1,232.6 km 1,388 / sq mi 536 / km 36 ° 10 ′ 18 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 06 '' W / 36.1718 ° N 86.7850 ° W / 36.1718 ; - 86.7850 ( Nashville ) 25 Memphis Tennessee 652,717 646,889 6999900927361572080 ♠ + 0.90 % 317.4 sq mi 822.1 km 2,056 / sq mi 794 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 89 ° 58 ′ 39 '' W / 35.1028 ° N 89.9774 ° W / 35.1028 ; - 89.9774 ( Memphis ) 26 Portland Oregon 639,863 583,776 7000960762347201670 ♠ + 9.61 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 4,793 / sq mi 1,851 / km 45 ° 32 ′ 13 '' N 122 ° 39 ′ 00 '' W / 45.5370 ° N 122.6500 ° W / 45.5370 ; - 122.6500 ( Portland ) 27 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 638,367 579,999 7001100634656266650 ♠ + 10.06 % 606.3 sq mi 1,570.3 km 1,053 / sq mi 407 / km 35 ° 28 ′ 02 '' N 97 ° 30 ′ 49 '' W / 35.4671 ° N 97.5137 ° W / 35.4671 ; - 97.5137 ( Oklahoma City ) 28 Las Vegas Nevada 632,912 583,756 7000842064150090110 ♠ + 8.42 % 134.4 sq mi 348.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 36 ° 13 ′ 45 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 36 '' W / 36.2292 ° N 115.2601 ° W / 36.2292 ; - 115.2601 ( Las Vegas ) 29 Louisville Kentucky 616,261 597,337 7000316806091034040 ♠ + 3.17 % 263.5 sq mi 682.5 km 2,339 / sq mi 903 / km 38 ° 09 ′ 55 '' N 85 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W / 38.1654 ° N 85.6474 ° W / 38.1654 ; - 85.6474 ( Louisville ) 30 Baltimore Maryland 614,664 620,961 2999898592665239850 ♠ − 1.01 % 80.9 sq mi 209.5 km 7,598 / sq mi 2,934 / km 39 ° 18 ′ 00 '' N 76 ° 36 ′ 38 '' W / 39.3000 ° N 76.6105 ° W / 39.3000 ; - 76.6105 ( Baltimore ) 31 Milwaukee Wisconsin 595,047 594,833 6998359764841560530 ♠ + 0.04 % 96.2 sq mi 249.2 km 6,186 / sq mi 2,388 / km 43 ° 03 ′ 48 '' N 87 ° 58 ′ 00 '' W / 43.0633 ° N 87.9667 ° W / 43.0633 ; - 87.9667 ( Milwaukee ) 32 Albuquerque New Mexico 559,277 545,852 7000245945787502840 ♠ + 2.46 % 188.2 sq mi 487.4 km 2,972 / sq mi 1,147 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W / 35.1056 ° N 106.6474 ° W / 35.1056 ; - 106.6474 ( Albuquerque ) 33 Tucson Arizona 530,706 520,116 7000203608425812700 ♠ + 2.04 % 230.8 sq mi 597.8 km 2,299 / sq mi 888 / km 32 ° 09 ′ 11 '' N 110 ° 52 ′ 14 '' W / 32.1531 ° N 110.8706 ° W / 32.1531 ; - 110.8706 ( Tucson ) 34 Fresno California 522,053 494,665 7000553667633651060 ♠ + 5.54 % 114.4 sq mi 296.3 km 4,563 / sq mi 1,762 / km 36 ° 47 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 47 ′ 36 '' W / 36.7836 ° N 119.7934 ° W / 36.7836 ; - 119.7934 ( Fresno ) 35 Sacramento California 495,234 466,488 7000616221639141840 ♠ + 6.16 % 97.9 sq mi 253.6 km 5,059 / sq mi 1,953 / km 38 ° 34 ′ 00 '' N 121 ° 28 ′ 07 '' W / 38.5666 ° N 121.4686 ° W / 38.5666 ; - 121.4686 ( Sacramento ) 36 Mesa Arizona 484,587 439,041 7001103739741846430 ♠ + 10.37 % 137.9 sq mi 357.2 km 3,514 / sq mi 1,357 / km 33 ° 24 ′ 07 '' N 111 ° 43 ′ 03 '' W / 33.4019 ° N 111.7174 ° W / 33.4019 ; - 111.7174 ( Mesa ) 37 Kansas City Missouri 481,420 459,787 7000470500470870210 ♠ + 4.71 % 315.0 sq mi 815.8 km 1,528 / sq mi 590 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 30 '' N 94 ° 33 ′ 04 '' W / 39.1251 ° N 94.5510 ° W / 39.1251 ; - 94.5510 ( Kansas City , MO ) 38 Atlanta Georgia 472,522 420,003 7001125044344921350 ♠ + 12.50 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 3,539 / sq mi 1,366 / km 33 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 84 ° 25 ′ 22 '' W / 33.7629 ° N 84.4227 ° W / 33.7629 ; - 84.4227 ( Atlanta ) 39 Long Beach California 470,130 462,257 7000170316512243190 ♠ + 1.70 % 50.3 sq mi 130.3 km 9,347 / sq mi 3,609 / km 33 ° 48 ′ 33 '' N 118 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W / 33.8092 ° N 118.1553 ° W / 33.8092 ; - 118.1553 ( Long Beach ) 40 Colorado Springs Colorado 465,101 416,427 7001116884832155460 ♠ + 11.69 % 195.6 sq mi 506.6 km 2,378 / sq mi 918 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 02 '' N 104 ° 45 ′ 39 '' W / 38.8673 ° N 104.7607 ° W / 38.8673 ; - 104.7607 ( Colorado Springs ) 41 Raleigh North Carolina 458,880 403,892 7001136145306170960 ♠ + 13.61 % 145.1 sq mi 375.8 km 3,163 / sq mi 1,221 / km 35 ° 49 ′ 50 '' N 78 ° 38 ′ 30 '' W / 35.8306 ° N 78.6418 ° W / 35.8306 ; - 78.6418 ( Raleigh ) 42 Miami Florida 453,579 399,457 7001135488926217340 ♠ + 13.55 % 36.0 sq mi 93.2 km 12,599 / sq mi 4,865 / km 25 ° 46 ′ 31 '' N 80 ° 12 ′ 31 '' W / 25.7752 ° N 80.2086 ° W / 25.7752 ; - 80.2086 ( Miami ) 43 Virginia Beach Virginia 452,602 437,994 7000333520550509820 ♠ + 3.34 % 244.7 sq mi 633.8 km 1,850 / sq mi 710 / km 36 ° 46 ′ 48 '' N 76 ° 01 ′ 31 '' W / 36.7800 ° N 76.0252 ° W / 36.7800 ; - 76.0252 ( Virginia Beach ) 44 Omaha Nebraska 446,970 408,958 7000929484201311630 ♠ + 9.29 % 133.2 sq mi 345.0 km 3,356 / sq mi 1,296 / km 41 ° 15 ′ 52 '' N 96 ° 02 ′ 42 '' W / 41.2644 ° N 96.0451 ° W / 41.2644 ; - 96.0451 ( Omaha ) 45 Oakland California 420,005 390,724 7000749403671133590 ♠ + 7.49 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 7,514 / sq mi 2,901 / km 37 ° 46 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 13 ′ 33 '' W / 37.7698 ° N 122.2257 ° W / 37.7698 ; - 122.2257 ( Oakland ) 46 Minneapolis Minnesota 413,651 382,578 7000812200387894760 ♠ + 8.12 % 54.0 sq mi 139.9 km 7,660 / sq mi 2,960 / km 44 ° 57 ′ 48 '' N 93 ° 16 ′ 06 '' W / 44.9633 ° N 93.2683 ° W / 44.9633 ; - 93.2683 ( Minneapolis ) 47 Tulsa Oklahoma 403,090 391,906 7000285374554102260 ♠ + 2.85 % 196.8 sq mi 509.7 km 2,048 / sq mi 791 / km 36 ° 07 ′ 40 '' N 95 ° 54 ′ 08 '' W / 36.1279 ° N 95.9023 ° W / 36.1279 ; - 95.9023 ( Tulsa ) 48 Arlington Texas 392,772 365,438 7000747979137363930 ♠ + 7.48 % 95.8 sq mi 248.1 km 4,100 / sq mi 1,600 / km 32 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 97 ° 07 ′ 29 '' W / 32.7007 ° N 97.1247 ° W / 32.7007 ; - 97.1247 ( Arlington ) 49 New Orleans Louisiana 391,495 343,829 7001138632866919310 ♠ + 13.86 % 169.4 sq mi 438.7 km 2,311 / sq mi 892 / km 30 ° 03 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 56 ′ 04 '' W / 30.0534 ° N 89.9345 ° W / 30.0534 ; - 89.9345 ( New Orleans ) 50 Wichita Kansas 389,902 382,368 7000197035316762910 ♠ + 1.97 % 160.4 sq mi 415.4 km 2,431 / sq mi 939 / km 37 ° 41 ′ 27 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 45 '' W / 37.6907 ° N 97.3459 ° W / 37.6907 ; - 97.3459 ( Wichita ) 51 Cleveland Ohio 385,809 396,815 2999722641533208170 ♠ − 2.77 % 77.7 sq mi 201.2 km 4,965 / sq mi 1,917 / km 41 ° 28 ′ 43 '' N 81 ° 40 ′ 46 '' W / 41.4785 ° N 81.6794 ° W / 41.4785 ; - 81.6794 ( Cleveland ) 52 Tampa Florida 377,165 335,709 7001123487901724410 ♠ + 12.35 % 113.4 sq mi 293.7 km 3,326 / sq mi 1,284 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 12 '' N 82 ° 28 ′ 47 '' W / 27.9701 ° N 82.4797 ° W / 27.9701 ; - 82.4797 ( Tampa ) 53 Bakersfield California 376,380 347,483 7000831609028355340 ♠ + 8.32 % 148.8 sq mi 385.4 km 2,529 / sq mi 976 / km 35 ° 19 ′ 16 '' N 119 ° 01 ′ 06 '' W / 35.3212 ° N 119.0183 ° W / 35.3212 ; - 119.0183 ( Bakersfield ) 54 Aurora Colorado 361,710 325,078 7001112686801321530 ♠ + 11.27 % 153.5 sq mi 397.6 km 2,356 / sq mi 910 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 17 '' N 104 ° 41 ′ 23 '' W / 39.6880 ° N 104.6897 ° W / 39.6880 ; - 104.6897 ( Aurora ) 55 Honolulu Hawaii 351,792 337,256 7000431007899044050 ♠ + 4.31 % 60.5 sq mi 156.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 21 ° 19 ′ 27 '' N 157 ° 50 ′ 51 '' W / 21.3243 ° N 157.8476 ° W / 21.3243 ; - 157.8476 ( Honolulu ) 56 Anaheim California 351,043 336,265 7000439474818967180 ♠ + 4.39 % 50.0 sq mi 129.5 km 7,021 / sq mi 2,711 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 36 '' W / 33.8555 ° N 117.7601 ° W / 33.8555 ; - 117.7601 ( Anaheim ) 57 Santa Ana California 334,217 324,528 7000298556673075980 ♠ + 2.99 % 27.1 sq mi 70.2 km 12,333 / sq mi 4,762 / km 33 ° 44 ′ 11 '' N 117 ° 52 ′ 59 '' W / 33.7363 ° N 117.8830 ° W / 33.7363 ; - 117.8830 ( Santa Ana ) 58 Corpus Christi Texas 325,733 305,215 7000672247432138000 ♠ + 6.72 % 174.6 sq mi 452.2 km 1,866 / sq mi 720 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 15 '' N 97 ° 10 ′ 24 '' W / 27.7543 ° N 97.1734 ° W / 27.7543 ; - 97.1734 ( Corpus Christi ) 59 Riverside California 324,722 303,871 7000686179332677350 ♠ + 6.86 % 81.2 sq mi 210.3 km 3,999 / sq mi 1,544 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 17 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 36 '' W / 33.9381 ° N 117.3932 ° W / 33.9381 ; - 117.3932 ( Riverside ) 60 Lexington Kentucky 318,449 295,803 7000765577090157980 ♠ + 7.66 % 283.6 sq mi 734.5 km 1,123 / sq mi 434 / km 38 ° 02 ′ 27 '' N 84 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W / 38.0407 ° N 84.4583 ° W / 38.0407 ; - 84.4583 ( Lexington ) 61 St. Louis Missouri 311,404 319,294 2999752892318678080 ♠ − 2.47 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 5,023 / sq mi 1,939 / km 38 ° 38 ′ 09 '' N 90 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 38.6357 ° N 90.2446 ° W / 38.6357 ; - 90.2446 ( St. Louis ) 62 Stockton California 307,072 291,707 7000526727161158280 ♠ + 5.27 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 4,977 / sq mi 1,922 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 35 '' N 121 ° 18 ′ 48 '' W / 37.9763 ° N 121.3133 ° W / 37.9763 ; - 121.3133 ( Stockton ) 63 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 303,625 305,704 3000319930390181350 ♠ − 0.68 % 55.4 sq mi 143.5 km 5,481 / sq mi 2,116 / km 40 ° 26 ′ 23 '' N 79 ° 58 ′ 36 '' W / 40.4398 ° N 79.9766 ° W / 40.4398 ; - 79.9766 ( Pittsburgh ) 64 Saint Paul Minnesota 302,398 285,068 7000607925126636450 ♠ + 6.08 % 52.0 sq mi 134.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 44 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 93 ° 06 ′ 15 '' W / 44.9489 ° N 93.1041 ° W / 44.9489 ; - 93.1041 ( Saint Paul ) 65 Cincinnati Ohio 298,800 296,943 6999625372546246240 ♠ + 0.63 % 77.4 sq mi 200.5 km 3,860 / sq mi 1,490 / km 39 ° 08 ′ 25 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 21 '' W / 39.1402 ° N 84.5058 ° W / 39.1402 ; - 84.5058 ( Cincinnati ) 66 Anchorage Alaska 298,192 291,826 7000218143688362240 ♠ + 2.18 % 1,706.6 sq mi 4,420.1 km 175 / sq mi 68 / km 61 ° 10 ′ 27 '' N 149 ° 17 ′ 03 '' W / 61.1743 ° N 149.2843 ° W / 61.1743 ; - 149.2843 ( Anchorage ) 67 Henderson Nevada 292,969 257,729 7001136732769692200 ♠ + 13.67 % 104.7 sq mi 271.2 km 2,798 / sq mi 1,080 / km 36 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 09 '' W / 36.0097 ° N 115.0357 ° W / 36.0097 ; - 115.0357 ( Henderson ) 68 Greensboro North Carolina 287,027 269,666 7000643796399991100 ♠ + 6.44 % 128.3 sq mi 332.3 km 2,237 / sq mi 864 / km 36 ° 05 ′ 42 '' N 79 ° 49 ′ 37 '' W / 36.0951 ° N 79.8270 ° W / 36.0951 ; - 79.8270 ( Greensboro ) 69 Plano Texas 286,057 259,841 7001100892468855950 ♠ + 10.09 % 71.7 sq mi 185.7 km 3,990 / sq mi 1,540 / km 33 ° 03 ′ 03 '' N 96 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W / 33.0508 ° N 96.7479 ° W / 33.0508 ; - 96.7479 ( Plano ) 70 Newark New Jersey 281,764 277,140 7000166847080897740 ♠ + 1.67 % 24.1 sq mi 62.4 km 11,691 / sq mi 4,514 / km 40 ° 43 ′ 27 '' N 74 ° 10 ′ 21 '' W / 40.7242 ° N 74.1726 ° W / 40.7242 ; - 74.1726 ( Newark ) 71 Lincoln Nebraska 280,364 258,379 7000850881844112720 ♠ + 8.51 % 92.1 sq mi 238.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 40 ° 48 ′ 38 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 49 '' W / 40.8105 ° N 96.6803 ° W / 40.8105 ; - 96.6803 ( Lincoln ) 72 Toledo Ohio 278,508 287,208 2999697083646695080 ♠ − 3.03 % 80.7 sq mi 209.0 km 3,451 / sq mi 1,332 / km 41 ° 39 ′ 51 '' N 83 ° 34 ′ 55 '' W / 41.6641 ° N 83.5819 ° W / 41.6641 ; - 83.5819 ( Toledo ) 73 Orlando Florida 277,173 238,300 7001163126311372220 ♠ + 16.31 % 105.2 sq mi 272.5 km 2,635 / sq mi 1,017 / km 28 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 81 ° 16 ′ 25 '' W / 28.4166 ° N 81.2736 ° W / 28.4166 ; - 81.2736 ( Orlando ) 74 Chula Vista California 267,172 243,916 7000953442988569830 ♠ + 9.53 % 49.6 sq mi 128.5 km 5,387 / sq mi 2,080 / km 32 ° 37 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 00 ′ 55 '' W / 32.6277 ° N 117.0152 ° W / 32.6277 ; - 117.0152 ( Chula Vista ) 75 Irvine California 266,122 212,375 7001253075927015890 ♠ + 25.31 % 65.6 sq mi 169.9 km 4,057 / sq mi 1,566 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 46 ′ 17 '' W / 33.6784 ° N 117.7713 ° W / 33.6784 ; - 117.7713 ( Irvine ) 76 Fort Wayne Indiana 264,488 253,691 7000425596493371860 ♠ + 4.26 % 110.6 sq mi 286.5 km 2,391 / sq mi 923 / km 41 ° 05 ′ 18 '' N 85 ° 08 ′ 38 '' W / 41.0882 ° N 85.1439 ° W / 41.0882 ; - 85.1439 ( Fort Wayne ) 77 Jersey City New Jersey 264,152 247,597 7000668626841197590 ♠ + 6.69 % 14.8 sq mi 38.3 km 17,848 / sq mi 6,891 / km 40 ° 42 ′ 41 '' N 74 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 40.7114 ° N 74.0648 ° W / 40.7114 ; - 74.0648 ( Jersey City ) 78 Durham North Carolina 263,016 228,330 7001151911706740240 ♠ + 15.19 % 109.8 sq mi 284.4 km 2,395 / sq mi 925 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 52 '' N 78 ° 54 ′ 10 '' W / 35.9811 ° N 78.9029 ° W / 35.9811 ; - 78.9029 ( Durham ) 79 St. Petersburg Florida 260,999 244,769 7000663074163803420 ♠ + 6.63 % 61.8 sq mi 160.1 km 4,223 / sq mi 1,631 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 82 ° 38 ′ 39 '' W / 27.7620 ° N 82.6441 ° W / 27.7620 ; - 82.6441 ( St. Petersburg ) 80 Laredo Texas 257,156 236,091 7000892240703796420 ♠ + 8.92 % 101.1 sq mi 261.8 km 2,544 / sq mi 982 / km 27 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 99 ° 29 ′ 21 '' W / 27.5604 ° N 99.4892 ° W / 27.5604 ; - 99.4892 ( Laredo ) 81 Buffalo New York 256,902 261,310 2999831311469136269 ♠ − 1.69 % 40.4 sq mi 104.6 km 6,359 / sq mi 2,455 / km 42 ° 53 ′ 33 '' N 78 ° 51 ′ 35 '' W / 42.8925 ° N 78.8597 ° W / 42.8925 ; - 78.8597 ( Buffalo ) 82 Madison Wisconsin 252,551 233,209 7000829384800758120 ♠ + 8.29 % 77.0 sq mi 199.4 km 3,280 / sq mi 1,270 / km 43 ° 05 ′ 16 '' N 89 ° 25 ′ 48 '' W / 43.0878 ° N 89.4299 ° W / 43.0878 ; - 89.4299 ( Madison ) 83 Lubbock Texas 252,506 229,573 7000998941513157030 ♠ + 9.99 % 124.6 sq mi 322.7 km 2,027 / sq mi 783 / km 33 ° 33 ′ 56 '' N 101 ° 53 ′ 12 '' W / 33.5656 ° N 101.8867 ° W / 33.5656 ; - 101.8867 ( Lubbock ) 84 Chandler Arizona 247,477 236,123 7000480851081851410 ♠ + 4.81 % 64.9 sq mi 168.1 km 3,813 / sq mi 1,472 / km 33 ° 16 ′ 58 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 18 '' W / 33.2829 ° N 111.8549 ° W / 33.2829 ; - 111.8549 ( Chandler ) 85 Scottsdale Arizona 246,645 217,385 7001134599903397199 ♠ + 13.46 % 183.9 sq mi 476.3 km 1,341 / sq mi 518 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 03 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 40 '' W / 33.6843 ° N 111.8611 ° W / 33.6843 ; - 111.8611 ( Scottsdale ) 86 Glendale Arizona 245,895 226,721 7000845709043273450 ♠ + 8.46 % 59.1 sq mi 153.1 km 4,161 / sq mi 1,607 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 59 '' N 112 ° 11 ′ 24 '' W / 33.5331 ° N 112.1899 ° W / 33.5331 ; - 112.1899 ( Glendale ) 87 Reno Nevada 245,255 225,221 7000889526287513150 ♠ + 8.90 % 107.3 sq mi 277.9 km 2,286 / sq mi 883 / km 39 ° 32 ′ 57 '' N 119 ° 51 ′ 00 '' W / 39.5491 ° N 119.8499 ° W / 39.5491 ; - 119.8499 ( Reno ) 88 Norfolk Virginia 245,115 242,803 6999952212287327580 ♠ + 0.95 % 53.3 sq mi 138.0 km 4,599 / sq mi 1,776 / km 36 ° 55 ′ 23 '' N 76 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 36.9230 ° N 76.2446 ° W / 36.9230 ; - 76.2446 ( Norfolk ) 89 Winston -- Salem North Carolina 242,203 229,617 7000548130147158090 ♠ + 5.48 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,828 / sq mi 706 / km 36 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 40 '' W / 36.1027 ° N 80.2610 ° W / 36.1027 ; - 80.2610 ( Winston - Salem ) 90 North Las Vegas Nevada 238,702 216,961 7001100206949636110 ♠ + 10.02 % 98.0 sq mi 253.8 km 2,436 / sq mi 941 / km 36 ° 17 ′ 09 '' N 115 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W / 36.2857 ° N 115.0939 ° W / 36.2857 ; - 115.0939 ( North Las Vegas ) 91 Irving Texas 238,289 216,290 7001101710666235150 ♠ + 10.17 % 67.0 sq mi 173.5 km 3,557 / sq mi 1,373 / km 32 ° 51 ′ 28 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 12 '' W / 32.8577 ° N 96.9700 ° W / 32.8577 ; - 96.9700 ( Irving ) 92 Chesapeake Virginia 237,940 222,209 7000707937122258770 ♠ + 7.08 % 338.5 sq mi 876.7 km 703 / sq mi 271 / km 36 ° 40 ′ 46 '' N 76 ° 18 ′ 06 '' W / 36.6794 ° N 76.3018 ° W / 36.6794 ; - 76.3018 ( Chesapeake ) 93 Gilbert Arizona 237,133 208,453 7001137584971192550 ♠ + 13.76 % 68.0 sq mi 176.1 km 3,487 / sq mi 1,346 / km 33 ° 18 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 44 ′ 35 '' W / 33.3103 ° N 111.7431 ° W / 33.3103 ; - 111.7431 ( Gilbert ) 94 Hialeah Florida 236,387 224,669 7000521567283425840 ♠ + 5.22 % 21.5 sq mi 55.7 km 10,995 / sq mi 4,245 / km 25 ° 52 ′ 12 '' N 80 ° 18 ′ 10 '' W / 25.8699 ° N 80.3029 ° W / 25.8699 ; - 80.3029 ( Hialeah ) 95 Garland Texas 234,943 226,876 7000355568680689010 ♠ + 3.56 % 57.0 sq mi 147.6 km 4,122 / sq mi 1,592 / km 32 ° 54 ′ 35 '' N 96 ° 37 ′ 49 '' W / 32.9098 ° N 96.6303 ° W / 32.9098 ; - 96.6303 ( Garland ) 96 Fremont California 233,136 214,089 7000889676723231930 ♠ + 8.90 % 77.5 sq mi 200.7 km 3,008 / sq mi 1,161 / km 37 ° 29 ′ 40 '' N 121 ° 56 ′ 28 '' W / 37.4945 ° N 121.9412 ° W / 37.4945 ; - 121.9412 ( Fremont ) 97 Baton Rouge Louisiana 227,715 229,493 3000225248700396100 ♠ − 0.77 % 85.9 sq mi 222.5 km 2,651 / sq mi 1,024 / km 30 ° 26 ′ 32 '' N 91 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W / 30.4422 ° N 91.1309 ° W / 30.4422 ; - 91.1309 ( Baton Rouge ) 98 Richmond Virginia 223,170 204,214 7000928241942276240 ♠ + 9.28 % 59.8 sq mi 154.9 km 3,732 / sq mi 1,441 / km 37 ° 31 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 28 ′ 34 '' W / 37.5314 ° N 77.4760 ° W / 37.5314 ; - 77.4760 ( Richmond ) 99 Boise Idaho 223,154 205,671 7000850046919594890 ♠ + 8.50 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 2,718 / sq mi 1,049 / km 43 ° 36 ′ 01 '' N 116 ° 13 ′ 54 '' W / 43.6002 ° N 116.2317 ° W / 43.6002 ; - 116.2317 ( Boise ) 100 San Bernardino California 216,239 209,924 7000300823155046590 ♠ + 3.01 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 3,516 / sq mi 1,358 / km 34 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 117 ° 17 ′ 37 '' W / 34.1416 ° N 117.2936 ° W / 34.1416 ; - 117.2936 ( San Bernardino ) 101 Spokane Washington 215,973 208,916 7000337791265388960 ♠ + 3.38 % 68.7 sq mi 177.9 km 3,144 / sq mi 1,214 / km 47 ° 40 ′ 01 '' N 117 ° 26 ′ 00 '' W / 47.6669 ° N 117.4333 ° W / 47.6669 ; - 117.4333 ( Spokane ) 102 Des Moines Iowa 215,472 203,433 7000591791892170890 ♠ + 5.92 % 88.9 sq mi 230.2 km 2,424 / sq mi 936 / km 41 ° 34 ′ 21 '' N 93 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W / 41.5726 ° N 93.6102 ° W / 41.5726 ; - 93.6102 ( Des Moines ) 103 Modesto California 212,175 201,165 7000547311908135110 ♠ + 5.47 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,934 / sq mi 1,905 / km 37 ° 38 ′ 15 '' N 121 ° 00 ′ 11 '' W / 37.6375 ° N 121.0030 ° W / 37.6375 ; - 121.0030 ( Modesto ) 104 Birmingham Alabama 212,157 212,237 3001623062896667360 ♠ − 0.04 % 146.1 sq mi 378.4 km 1,452 / sq mi 561 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 39 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 56 '' W / 33.5274 ° N 86.7990 ° W / 33.5274 ; - 86.7990 ( Birmingham ) 105 Tacoma Washington 211,277 198,397 7000649203364970240 ♠ + 6.49 % 49.7 sq mi 128.7 km 4,251 / sq mi 1,641 / km 47 ° 15 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W / 47.2522 ° N 122.4598 ° W / 47.2522 ; - 122.4598 ( Tacoma ) 106 Fontana California 209,665 196,069 7000693429353951920 ♠ + 6.93 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,876 / sq mi 1,883 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 32 '' N 117 ° 27 ′ 46 '' W / 34.1090 ° N 117.4629 ° W / 34.1090 ; - 117.4629 ( Fontana ) 107 Rochester New York 208,880 210,565 3000199772041887300 ♠ − 0.80 % 35.8 sq mi 92.7 km 5,835 / sq mi 2,253 / km 43 ° 10 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 37 ′ 01 '' W / 43.1699 ° N 77.6169 ° W / 43.1699 ; - 77.6169 ( Rochester ) 108 Oxnard California 207,906 197,899 7000505661979090340 ♠ + 5.06 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,729 / sq mi 2,984 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 08 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 17 '' W / 34.2023 ° N 119.2046 ° W / 34.2023 ; - 119.2046 ( Oxnard ) 109 Moreno Valley California 205,499 193,365 7000627517906549790 ♠ + 6.28 % 51.3 sq mi 132.9 km 4,006 / sq mi 1,547 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 12 ′ 21 '' W / 33.9233 ° N 117.2057 ° W / 33.9233 ; - 117.2057 ( Moreno Valley ) 110 Fayetteville North Carolina 204,759 200,564 7000209160168325320 ♠ + 2.09 % 147.7 sq mi 382.5 km 1,386 / sq mi 535 / km 35 ° 04 ′ 58 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 25 '' W / 35.0828 ° N 78.9735 ° W / 35.0828 ; - 78.9735 ( Fayetteville ) 111 Aurora Illinois 201,110 197,899 7000162254483347570 ♠ + 1.62 % 44.9 sq mi 116.3 km 4,479 / sq mi 1,729 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 49 '' N 88 ° 17 ′ 24 '' W / 41.7635 ° N 88.2901 ° W / 41.7635 ; - 88.2901 ( Aurora ) 112 Glendale California 200,831 191,719 7000475278923841660 ♠ + 4.75 % 30.4 sq mi 78.7 km 6,606 / sq mi 2,551 / km 34 ° 10 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 14 ′ 45 '' W / 34.1814 ° N 118.2458 ° W / 34.1814 ; - 118.2458 ( Glendale ) 113 Yonkers New York 200,807 195,976 7000246509776707350 ♠ + 2.47 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 11,156 / sq mi 4,307 / km 40 ° 56 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W / 40.9459 ° N 73.8674 ° W / 40.9459 ; - 73.8674 ( Yonkers ) 114 Huntington Beach California 200,652 189,992 7000561076255842350 ♠ + 5.61 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,459 / sq mi 2,880 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 26 '' N 118 ° 00 ′ 33 '' W / 33.6906 ° N 118.0093 ° W / 33.6906 ; - 118.0093 ( Huntington Beach ) 115 Montgomery Alabama 200,022 205,764 2999720942438910600 ♠ − 2.79 % 159.8 sq mi 413.9 km 1,252 / sq mi 483 / km 32 ° 20 ′ 50 '' N 86 ° 15 ′ 58 '' W / 32.3472 ° N 86.2661 ° W / 32.3472 ; - 86.2661 ( Montgomery ) 116 Amarillo Texas 199,582 190,695 7000466032145572770 ♠ + 4.66 % 101.4 sq mi 262.6 km 1,968 / sq mi 760 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 00 '' N 101 ° 49 ′ 49 '' W / 35.1999 ° N 101.8302 ° W / 35.1999 ; - 101.8302 ( Amarillo ) 117 Little Rock Arkansas 198,541 193,524 7000259244331452430 ♠ + 2.59 % 118.7 sq mi 307.4 km 1,673 / sq mi 646 / km 34 ° 43 ′ 31 '' N 92 ° 21 ′ 31 '' W / 34.7254 ° N 92.3586 ° W / 34.7254 ; - 92.3586 ( Little Rock ) 118 Akron Ohio 197,633 199,110 3000258198985485409 ♠ − 0.74 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 3,188 / sq mi 1,231 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 50 '' N 81 ° 31 ′ 17 '' W / 41.0805 ° N 81.5214 ° W / 41.0805 ; - 81.5214 ( Akron ) 119 Columbus Georgia 197,485 189,885 7000400242251889300 ♠ + 4.00 % 216.4 sq mi 560.5 km 913 / sq mi 353 / km 32 ° 30 ′ 37 '' N 84 ° 52 ′ 30 '' W / 32.5102 ° N 84.8749 ° W / 32.5102 ; - 84.8749 ( Columbus ) 120 Augusta Georgia 197,081 195,844 6999631625171054510 ♠ + 0.63 % 302.5 sq mi 783.5 km 652 / sq mi 252 / km 33 ° 21 ′ 56 '' N 82 ° 04 ′ 24 '' W / 33.3655 ° N 82.0734 ° W / 33.3655 ; - 82.0734 ( Augusta ) 121 Grand Rapids Michigan 196,445 188,040 7000446979366092320 ♠ + 4.47 % 44.4 sq mi 115.0 km 4,424 / sq mi 1,708 / km 42 ° 57 ′ 40 '' N 85 ° 39 ′ 20 '' W / 42.9612 ° N 85.6556 ° W / 42.9612 ; - 85.6556 ( Grand Rapids ) 122 Shreveport Louisiana 194,920 199,311 2999779691035617700 ♠ − 2.20 % 107.1 sq mi 277.4 km 1,820 / sq mi 700 / km 32 ° 28 ′ 01 '' N 93 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W / 32.4669 ° N 93.7922 ° W / 32.4669 ; - 93.7922 ( Shreveport ) 123 Salt Lake City Utah 193,744 186,440 7000391761424587000 ♠ + 3.92 % 111.2 sq mi 288.0 km 1,742 / sq mi 673 / km 40 ° 46 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 52 '' W / 40.7769 ° N 111.9310 ° W / 40.7769 ; - 111.9310 ( Salt Lake City ) 124 Huntsville Alabama 193,079 180,105 7000720357569195750 ♠ + 7.20 % 213.4 sq mi 552.7 km 905 / sq mi 349 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 86 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W / 34.6990 ° N 86.6730 ° W / 34.6990 ; - 86.6730 ( Huntsville ) 125 Mobile Alabama 192,904 195,111 2999886884901415090 ♠ − 1.13 % 139.4 sq mi 361.0 km 1,384 / sq mi 534 / km 30 ° 40 ′ 06 '' N 88 ° 06 ′ 01 '' W / 30.6684 ° N 88.1002 ° W / 30.6684 ; - 88.1002 ( Mobile ) 126 Tallahassee Florida 190,894 181,376 7000524766231474950 ♠ + 5.25 % 100.4 sq mi 260.0 km 1,901 / sq mi 734 / km 30 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 84 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 30.4551 ° N 84.2534 ° W / 30.4551 ; - 84.2534 ( Tallahassee ) 127 Grand Prairie Texas 190,682 175,396 7000871513603502930 ♠ + 8.72 % 72.3 sq mi 187.3 km 2,637 / sq mi 1,018 / km 32 ° 41 ′ 13 '' N 97 ° 01 ′ 16 '' W / 32.6869 ° N 97.0211 ° W / 32.6869 ; - 97.0211 ( Grand Prairie ) 128 Overland Park Kansas 188,966 173,372 7000899453198901780 ♠ + 8.99 % 75.1 sq mi 194.5 km 2,516 / sq mi 971 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 94 ° 41 ′ 26 '' W / 38.8890 ° N 94.6906 ° W / 38.8890 ; - 94.6906 ( Overland Park ) 129 Knoxville Tennessee 186,239 178,874 7000411742343772710 ♠ + 4.12 % 98.5 sq mi 255.1 km 1,891 / sq mi 730 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 15 '' N 83 ° 56 ′ 57 '' W / 35.9707 ° N 83.9493 ° W / 35.9707 ; - 83.9493 ( Knoxville ) 130 Port St. Lucie Florida 185,132 164,603 7001124718261514070 ♠ + 12.47 % 118.9 sq mi 307.9 km 1,557 / sq mi 601 / km 27 ° 16 ′ 50 '' N 80 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W / 27.2806 ° N 80.3883 ° W / 27.2806 ; - 80.3883 ( Port St. Lucie ) 131 Worcester Massachusetts 184,508 181,045 7000191278411444670 ♠ + 1.91 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 4,933 / sq mi 1,905 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 10 '' N 71 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W / 42.2695 ° N 71.8078 ° W / 42.2695 ; - 71.8078 ( Worcester ) 132 Brownsville Texas 183,823 175,023 7000502791061746170 ♠ + 5.03 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,387 / sq mi 536 / km 25 ° 59 ′ 57 '' N 97 ° 27 ′ 18 '' W / 25.9991 ° N 97.4550 ° W / 25.9991 ; - 97.4550 ( Brownsville ) 133 Tempe Arizona 182,498 161,719 7001128488303786200 ♠ + 12.85 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,562 / sq mi 1,761 / km 33 ° 23 ′ 18 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 54 '' W / 33.3884 ° N 111.9318 ° W / 33.3884 ; - 111.9318 ( Tempe ) 134 Santa Clarita California 181,972 176,320 7000320553539019960 ♠ + 3.21 % 52.8 sq mi 136.8 km 3,446 / sq mi 1,331 / km 34 ° 24 ′ 11 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 15 '' W / 34.4030 ° N 118.5042 ° W / 34.4030 ; - 118.5042 ( Santa Clarita ) 135 Newport News Virginia 181,825 180,719 6999611999845063330 ♠ + 0.61 % 69.1 sq mi 179.0 km 2,631 / sq mi 1,016 / km 37 ° 04 ′ 34 '' N 76 ° 31 ′ 19 '' W / 37.0762 ° N 76.5220 ° W / 37.0762 ; - 76.5220 ( Newport News ) 136 Cape Coral Florida 179,804 154,305 7001165250639966300 ♠ + 16.53 % 105.6 sq mi 273.5 km 1,703 / sq mi 658 / km 26 ° 38 ′ 36 '' N 81 ° 59 ′ 51 '' W / 26.6432 ° N 81.9974 ° W / 26.6432 ; - 81.9974 ( Cape Coral ) 137 Providence Rhode Island 179,219 178,042 6999661079969894750 ♠ + 0.66 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 9,740 / sq mi 3,760 / km 41 ° 49 ′ 23 '' N 71 ° 25 ′ 08 '' W / 41.8231 ° N 71.4188 ° W / 41.8231 ; - 71.4188 ( Providence ) 138 Fort Lauderdale Florida 178,752 165,521 7000799354764652220 ♠ + 7.99 % 34.6 sq mi 89.6 km 5,166 / sq mi 1,995 / km 26 ° 08 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 48 '' W / 26.1412 ° N 80.1467 ° W / 26.1412 ; - 80.1467 ( Fort Lauderdale ) 139 Chattanooga Tennessee 177,571 167,674 7000590252513806550 ♠ + 5.90 % 143.1 sq mi 370.6 km 1,241 / sq mi 479 / km 35 ° 03 ′ 58 '' N 85 ° 14 ′ 54 '' W / 35.0660 ° N 85.2484 ° W / 35.0660 ; - 85.2484 ( Chattanooga ) 140 Rancho Cucamonga California 176,534 165,269 7000681616032044730 ♠ + 6.82 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,413 / sq mi 1,704 / km 34 ° 07 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 51 '' W / 34.1233 ° N 117.5642 ° W / 34.1233 ; - 117.5642 ( Rancho Cucamonga ) 141 Oceanside California 175,464 167,086 7000501418431227029 ♠ + 5.01 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,249 / sq mi 1,641 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 28 '' N 117 ° 18 ′ 22 '' W / 33.2245 ° N 117.3062 ° W / 33.2245 ; - 117.3062 ( Oceanside ) 142 Santa Rosa California 175,155 167,815 7000437386407651280 ♠ + 4.37 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,241 / sq mi 1,637 / km 38 ° 26 ′ 48 '' N 122 ° 42 ′ 22 '' W / 38.4468 ° N 122.7061 ° W / 38.4468 ; - 122.7061 ( Santa Rosa ) 143 Garden Grove California 174,858 170,883 7000232615298186480 ♠ + 2.33 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 9,714 / sq mi 3,751 / km 33 ° 46 ′ 44 '' N 117 ° 57 ′ 38 '' W / 33.7788 ° N 117.9605 ° W / 33.7788 ; - 117.9605 ( Garden Grove ) 144 Vancouver Washington 174,826 161,791 7000805669042159330 ♠ + 8.06 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 3,728 / sq mi 1,439 / km 45 ° 38 ′ 06 '' N 122 ° 35 ′ 45 '' W / 45.6349 ° N 122.5957 ° W / 45.6349 ; - 122.5957 ( Vancouver ) 145 Sioux Falls South Dakota 174,360 153,888 7001133031815346230 ♠ + 13.30 % 75.4 sq mi 195.3 km 2,312 / sq mi 893 / km 43 ° 32 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W / 43.5383 ° N 96.7320 ° W / 43.5383 ; - 96.7320 ( Sioux Falls ) 146 Ontario California 173,212 163,924 7000566604036016690 ♠ + 5.67 % 49.9 sq mi 129.2 km 3,471 / sq mi 1,340 / km 34 ° 02 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 36 ′ 15 '' W / 34.0394 ° N 117.6042 ° W / 34.0394 ; - 117.6042 ( Ontario ) 147 McKinney Texas 172,298 131,117 7001314078265976190 ♠ + 31.41 % 63.0 sq mi 163.2 km 2,735 / sq mi 1,056 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 05 '' W / 33.1985 ° N 96.6680 ° W / 33.1985 ; - 96.6680 ( McKinney ) 148 Elk Grove California 169,743 153,015 7001109322615429860 ♠ + 10.93 % 42.2 sq mi 109.3 km 4,022 / sq mi 1,553 / km 38 ° 24 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 23 ′ 06 '' W / 38.4146 ° N 121.3850 ° W / 38.4146 ; - 121.3850 ( Elk Grove ) 149 Jackson Mississippi 169,148 173,514 2999748377652523720 ♠ − 2.52 % 111.0 sq mi 287.5 km 1,524 / sq mi 588 / km 32 ° 18 ′ 57 '' N 90 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W / 32.3158 ° N 90.2128 ° W / 32.3158 ; - 90.2128 ( Jackson ) 150 Pembroke Pines Florida 168,587 154,019 7000945857329290540 ♠ + 9.46 % 33.0 sq mi 85.5 km 5,109 / sq mi 1,973 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 16 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 25 '' W / 26.0210 ° N 80.3404 ° W / 26.0210 ; - 80.3404 ( Pembroke Pines ) 151 Salem Oregon 167,419 154,637 7000826580960572180 ♠ + 8.27 % 48.6 sq mi 125.9 km 3,445 / sq mi 1,330 / km 44 ° 55 ′ 25 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 24 '' W / 44.9237 ° N 123.0232 ° W / 44.9237 ; - 123.0232 ( Salem ) 152 Springfield Missouri 167,319 159,498 7000490350976187790 ♠ + 4.90 % 82.3 sq mi 213.2 km 2,033 / sq mi 785 / km 37 ° 11 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 17 ′ 29 '' W / 37.1942 ° N 93.2913 ° W / 37.1942 ; - 93.2913 ( Springfield ) 153 Corona California 166,785 152,374 7000945765025529290 ♠ + 9.46 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 4,222 / sq mi 1,630 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 43 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 56 '' W / 33.8620 ° N 117.5655 ° W / 33.8620 ; - 117.5655 ( Corona ) 154 Eugene Oregon 166,575 156,185 7000665236738483210 ♠ + 6.65 % 44.1 sq mi 114.2 km 3,777 / sq mi 1,458 / km 44 ° 03 ′ 24 '' N 123 ° 06 ′ 58 '' W / 44.0567 ° N 123.1162 ° W / 44.0567 ; - 123.1162 ( Eugene ) 155 Fort Collins Colorado 164,207 143,986 7001140437264734070 ♠ + 14.04 % 55.8 sq mi 144.5 km 2,943 / sq mi 1,136 / km 40 ° 32 ′ 54 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 40.5482 ° N 105.0648 ° W / 40.5482 ; - 105.0648 ( Fort Collins ) 156 Peoria Arizona 164,173 154,065 7000656086716645570 ♠ + 6.56 % 175.7 sq mi 455.1 km 934 / sq mi 361 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 10 '' N 112 ° 18 ′ 29 '' W / 33.7862 ° N 112.3080 ° W / 33.7862 ; - 112.3080 ( Peoria ) 157 Frisco Texas 163,656 116,989 7001398900751352690 ♠ + 39.89 % 67.7 sq mi 175.3 km 2,417 / sq mi 933 / km 33 ° 09 ′ 19 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 21 '' W / 33.1554 ° N 96.8226 ° W / 33.1554 ; - 96.8226 ( Frisco ) 158 Cary North Carolina 162,320 135,234 7001200289867932620 ♠ + 20.03 % 56.5 sq mi 146.3 km 2,873 / sq mi 1,109 / km 35 ° 46 ′ 51 '' N 78 ° 48 ′ 48 '' W / 35.7809 ° N 78.8133 ° W / 35.7809 ; - 78.8133 ( Cary ) 159 Lancaster California 160,106 156,633 7000221728499103000 ♠ + 2.22 % 94.3 sq mi 244.2 km 1,698 / sq mi 656 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 31 '' W / 34.6936 ° N 118.1753 ° W / 34.6936 ; - 118.1753 ( Lancaster ) 160 Hayward California 158,937 144,186 7001102305355582370 ♠ + 10.23 % 45.5 sq mi 117.8 km 3,493 / sq mi 1,349 / km 37 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 06 ′ 09 '' W / 37.6287 ° N 122.1024 ° W / 37.6287 ; - 122.1024 ( Hayward ) 161 Palmdale California 157,356 152,750 7000301538461538460 ♠ + 3.02 % 106.0 sq mi 274.5 km 1,484 / sq mi 573 / km 34 ° 35 ′ 28 '' N 118 ° 06 ′ 19 '' W / 34.5910 ° N 118.1054 ° W / 34.5910 ; - 118.1054 ( Palmdale ) 162 Salinas California 157,218 150,441 7000450475601730910 ♠ + 4.50 % 23.6 sq mi 61.1 km 6,662 / sq mi 2,572 / km 36 ° 41 ′ 25 '' N 121 ° 38 ′ 01 '' W / 36.6902 ° N 121.6337 ° W / 36.6902 ; - 121.6337 ( Salinas ) 163 Alexandria Virginia 155,810 139,966 7001113198919737650 ♠ + 11.32 % 15.0 sq mi 38.8 km 10,387 / sq mi 4,010 / km 38 ° 49 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 05 ′ 03 '' W / 38.8201 ° N 77.0841 ° W / 38.8201 ; - 77.0841 ( Alexandria ) 164 Lakewood Colorado 154,393 142,980 7000798223527766120 ♠ + 7.98 % 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 3,599 / sq mi 1,390 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 07 ′ 03 '' W / 39.6989 ° N 105.1176 ° W / 39.6989 ; - 105.1176 ( Lakewood ) 165 Springfield Massachusetts 154,074 153,060 6999662485299882400 ♠ + 0.66 % 31.9 sq mi 82.6 km 4,830 / sq mi 1,860 / km 42 ° 06 ′ 56 '' N 72 ° 32 ′ 24 '' W / 42.1155 ° N 72.5400 ° W / 42.1155 ; - 72.5400 ( Springfield ) 166 Pasadena Texas 153,351 149,043 7000289044101366720 ♠ + 2.89 % 43.5 sq mi 112.7 km 3,525 / sq mi 1,361 / km 29 ° 39 ′ 31 '' N 95 ° 09 ′ 02 '' W / 29.6586 ° N 95.1506 ° W / 29.6586 ; - 95.1506 ( Pasadena ) 167 Sunnyvale California 152,771 140,081 7000905904441001990 ♠ + 9.06 % 22.0 sq mi 57.0 km 6,944 / sq mi 2,681 / km 37 ° 23 ′ 09 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 35 '' W / 37.3858 ° N 122.0263 ° W / 37.3858 ; - 122.0263 ( Sunnyvale ) 168 Macon Georgia 152,555 91,351 7001669987192258430 ♠ + 67.00 % 249.3 sq mi 645.7 km 612 / sq mi 236 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 32 '' N 83 ° 41 ′ 39 '' W / 32.8088 ° N 83.6942 ° W / 32.8088 ; - 83.6942 ( Macon ) 169 Pomona California 152,494 149,058 7000230514296448360 ♠ + 2.31 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,630 / sq mi 2,560 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 31 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 40 '' W / 34.0585 ° N 117.7611 ° W / 34.0585 ; - 117.7611 ( Pomona ) 170 Hollywood Florida 151,998 140,768 7000797766537849510 ♠ + 7.98 % 27.3 sq mi 70.7 km 5,568 / sq mi 2,150 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 52 '' N 80 ° 09 ′ 53 '' W / 26.0310 ° N 80.1646 ° W / 26.0310 ; - 80.1646 ( Hollywood ) 171 Kansas City Kansas 151,709 145,786 7000406280438450880 ♠ + 4.06 % 124.8 sq mi 323.2 km 1,216 / sq mi 470 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 94 ° 44 ′ 30 '' W / 39.1225 ° N 94.7418 ° W / 39.1225 ; - 94.7418 ( Kansas City ) 172 Escondido California 151,613 143,911 7000535191889431660 ♠ + 5.35 % 37.1 sq mi 96.1 km 4,087 / sq mi 1,578 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 59 '' N 117 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W / 33.1331 ° N 117.0740 ° W / 33.1331 ; - 117.0740 ( Escondido ) 173 Clarksville Tennessee 150,287 132,929 7001130580986842600 ♠ + 13.06 % 98.3 sq mi 254.6 km 1,529 / sq mi 590 / km 36 ° 33 ′ 59 '' N 87 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W / 36.5664 ° N 87.3452 ° W / 36.5664 ; - 87.3452 ( Clarksville ) 174 Joliet Illinois 148,262 147,433 6999562289311076889 ♠ + 0.56 % 64.4 sq mi 166.8 km 2,302 / sq mi 889 / km 41 ° 31 ′ 04 '' N 88 ° 08 ′ 56 '' W / 41.5177 ° N 88.1488 ° W / 41.5177 ; - 88.1488 ( Joliet ) 175 Rockford Illinois 147,651 152,871 2999658535628078580 ♠ − 3.41 % 63.5 sq mi 164.5 km 2,325 / sq mi 898 / km 42 ° 15 ′ 32 '' N 89 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 42.2588 ° N 89.0646 ° W / 42.2588 ; - 89.0646 ( Rockford ) 176 Torrance California 147,195 145,438 7000120807491852200 ♠ + 1.21 % 20.5 sq mi 53.1 km 7,180 / sq mi 2,770 / km 33 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 29 '' W / 33.8350 ° N 118.3414 ° W / 33.8350 ; - 118.3414 ( Torrance ) 177 Naperville Illinois 147,122 141,853 7000371440857789400 ♠ + 3.71 % 38.7 sq mi 100.2 km 3,802 / sq mi 1,468 / km 41 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 88 ° 09 ′ 43 '' W / 41.7492 ° N 88.1620 ° W / 41.7492 ; - 88.1620 ( Naperville ) 178 Paterson New Jersey 147,000 146,199 6999547883364455299 ♠ + 0.55 % 8.4 sq mi 21.8 km 17,500 / sq mi 6,800 / km 40 ° 54 ′ 53 '' N 74 ° 09 ′ 46 '' W / 40.9148 ° N 74.1628 ° W / 40.9148 ; - 74.1628 ( Paterson ) 179 Savannah Georgia 146,763 136,286 7000768751008907740 ♠ + 7.69 % 103.6 sq mi 268.3 km 1,417 / sq mi 547 / km 32 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 81 ° 09 ′ 13 '' W / 32.0025 ° N 81.1536 ° W / 32.0025 ; - 81.1536 ( Savannah ) 180 Bridgeport Connecticut 145,936 144,229 7000118353451802340 ♠ + 1.18 % 16.1 sq mi 41.7 km 9,064 / sq mi 3,500 / km 41 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 73 ° 11 ′ 45 '' W / 41.1874 ° N 73.1958 ° W / 41.1874 ; - 73.1958 ( Bridgeport ) 181 Mesquite Texas 143,736 139,824 7000279780295228290 ♠ + 2.80 % 47.2 sq mi 122.2 km 3,045 / sq mi 1,176 / km 32 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 96 ° 35 ′ 20 '' W / 32.7629 ° N 96.5888 ° W / 32.7629 ; - 96.5888 ( Mesquite ) 182 Killeen Texas 143,400 127,921 7001121004369884540 ♠ + 12.10 % 53.5 sq mi 138.6 km 2,680 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 04 ′ 40 '' N 97 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W / 31.0777 ° N 97.7320 ° W / 31.0777 ; - 97.7320 ( Killeen ) 183 Syracuse New York 143,378 145,170 2999876558517600049 ♠ − 1.23 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 5,735 / sq mi 2,214 / km 43 ° 02 ′ 28 '' N 76 ° 08 ′ 37 '' W / 43.0410 ° N 76.1436 ° W / 43.0410 ; - 76.1436 ( Syracuse ) 184 McAllen Texas 142,212 129,877 7000949744758502279 ♠ + 9.50 % 58.4 sq mi 151.3 km 2,435 / sq mi 940 / km 26 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 98 ° 14 ′ 47 '' W / 26.2322 ° N 98.2464 ° W / 26.2322 ; - 98.2464 ( McAllen ) 185 Pasadena California 142,059 137,122 7000360044340076720 ♠ + 3.60 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,176 / sq mi 2,385 / km 34 ° 09 ′ 38 '' N 118 ° 08 ′ 23 '' W / 34.1606 ° N 118.1396 ° W / 34.1606 ; - 118.1396 ( Pasadena ) 186 Bellevue Washington 141,400 122,363 7001155578075071710 ♠ + 15.56 % 33.5 sq mi 86.8 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 47 ° 35 ′ 52 '' N 122 ° 09 ′ 23 '' W / 47.5979 ° N 122.1565 ° W / 47.5979 ; - 122.1565 ( Bellevue ) 187 Fullerton California 140,721 135,161 7000411361265453790 ♠ + 4.11 % 22.4 sq mi 58.0 km 6,282 / sq mi 2,425 / km 33 ° 53 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 55 ′ 41 '' W / 33.8857 ° N 117.9280 ° W / 33.8857 ; - 117.9280 ( Fullerton ) 188 Orange California 140,504 136,416 7000299671592775040 ♠ + 3.00 % 25.4 sq mi 65.8 km 5,532 / sq mi 2,136 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 13 '' N 117 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W / 33.7870 ° N 117.8613 ° W / 33.7870 ; - 117.8613 ( Orange ) 189 Dayton Ohio 140,489 141,527 3000266571042981200 ♠ − 0.73 % 55.7 sq mi 144.3 km 2,522 / sq mi 974 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 39 '' N 84 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W / 39.7774 ° N 84.1996 ° W / 39.7774 ; - 84.1996 ( Dayton ) 190 Miramar Florida 138,449 122,041 7001134446620398060 ♠ + 13.44 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 25 ° 58 ′ 37 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 09 '' W / 25.9770 ° N 80.3358 ° W / 25.9770 ; - 80.3358 ( Miramar ) 191 Thornton Colorado 136,703 118,772 7001150969925571680 ♠ + 15.10 % 35.7 sq mi 92.5 km 3,829 / sq mi 1,478 / km 39 ° 55 ′ 10 '' N 104 ° 56 ′ 34 '' W / 39.9194 ° N 104.9428 ° W / 39.9194 ; - 104.9428 ( Thornton ) 192 West Valley City Utah 136,574 129,480 7000547883843064560 ♠ + 5.48 % 35.5 sq mi 91.9 km 3,847 / sq mi 1,485 / km 40 ° 41 ′ 19 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 42 '' W / 40.6885 ° N 112.0118 ° W / 40.6885 ; - 112.0118 ( West Valley City ) 193 Olathe Kansas 135,473 125,872 7000762758993263000 ♠ + 7.63 % 60.9 sq mi 157.7 km 2,225 / sq mi 859 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 03 '' N 94 ° 49 ′ 10 '' W / 38.8843 ° N 94.8195 ° W / 38.8843 ; - 94.8195 ( Olathe ) 194 Hampton Virginia 135,410 137,436 2999852585930906020 ♠ − 1.47 % 51.5 sq mi 133.4 km 2,629 / sq mi 1,015 / km 37 ° 02 ′ 53 '' N 76 ° 17 ′ 50 '' W / 37.0480 ° N 76.2971 ° W / 37.0480 ; - 76.2971 ( Hampton ) 195 Warren Michigan 135,125 134,056 6999797427940562150 ♠ + 0.80 % 34.4 sq mi 89.1 km 3,928 / sq mi 1,517 / km 42 ° 29 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 30 '' W / 42.4929 ° N 83.0250 ° W / 42.4929 ; - 83.0250 ( Warren ) 196 Midland Texas 134,610 111,147 7001211098815082730 ♠ + 21.11 % 74.4 sq mi 192.7 km 1,809 / sq mi 698 / km 32 ° 01 ′ 29 '' N 102 ° 06 ′ 49 '' W / 32.0246 ° N 102.1135 ° W / 32.0246 ; - 102.1135 ( Midland ) 197 Waco Texas 134,432 124,805 7000771363326789790 ♠ + 7.71 % 89.0 sq mi 230.5 km 1,510 / sq mi 580 / km 31 ° 33 ′ 36 '' N 97 ° 11 ′ 10 '' W / 31.5601 ° N 97.1860 ° W / 31.5601 ; - 97.1860 ( Waco ) 198 Charleston South Carolina 134,385 120,083 7001119100955172670 ♠ + 11.91 % 109.0 sq mi 282.3 km 1,233 / sq mi 476 / km 32 ° 49 ′ 04 '' N 79 ° 57 ′ 32 '' W / 32.8179 ° N 79.9590 ° W / 32.8179 ; - 79.9590 ( Charleston ) 199 Columbia South Carolina 134,309 129,272 7000389643542298410 ♠ + 3.90 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 1,006 / sq mi 388 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 53 ′ 53 '' W / 34.0291 ° N 80.8980 ° W / 34.0291 ; - 80.8980 ( Columbia ) 200 Denton Texas 133,808 113,383 7001180141643809040 ♠ + 18.01 % 93.4 sq mi 241.9 km 1,433 / sq mi 553 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 00 '' N 97 ° 08 ′ 29 '' W / 33.2166 ° N 97.1414 ° W / 33.2166 ; - 97.1414 ( Denton ) 201 Carrollton Texas 133,351 119,097 7001119683955095430 ♠ + 11.97 % 36.3 sq mi 94.0 km 3,674 / sq mi 1,419 / km 32 ° 59 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W / 32.9884 ° N 96.8998 ° W / 32.9884 ; - 96.8998 ( Carrollton ) 202 Surprise Arizona 132,677 117,517 7001129002612387990 ♠ + 12.90 % 107.9 sq mi 279.5 km 1,230 / sq mi 470 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 14 '' N 112 ° 27 ′ 10 '' W / 33.6706 ° N 112.4527 ° W / 33.6706 ; - 112.4527 ( Surprise ) 203 Roseville California 132,671 118,788 7001116872074620330 ♠ + 11.69 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 3,085 / sq mi 1,191 / km 38 ° 46 ′ 08 '' N 121 ° 19 ′ 08 '' W / 38.7690 ° N 121.3189 ° W / 38.7690 ; - 121.3189 ( Roseville ) 204 Sterling Heights Michigan 132,427 129,699 7000210333155999660 ♠ + 2.10 % 36.5 sq mi 94.5 km 3,628 / sq mi 1,401 / km 42 ° 34 ′ 52 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 49 '' W / 42.5812 ° N 83.0303 ° W / 42.5812 ; - 83.0303 ( Sterling Heights ) 205 Murfreesboro Tennessee 131,947 108,755 7001213249965518830 ♠ + 21.32 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 2,360 / sq mi 910 / km 35 ° 51 ′ 08 '' N 86 ° 24 ′ 58 '' W / 35.8522 ° N 86.4160 ° W / 35.8522 ; - 86.4160 ( Murfreesboro ) 206 Gainesville Florida 131,591 124,354 7000581967608601250 ♠ + 5.82 % 62.3 sq mi 161.4 km 2,112 / sq mi 815 / km 29 ° 40 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 20 ′ 46 '' W / 29.6788 ° N 82.3461 ° W / 29.6788 ; - 82.3461 ( Gainesville ) 207 Cedar Rapids Iowa 131,127 126,326 7000380048446083940 ♠ + 3.80 % 70.8 sq mi 183.4 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 41 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 91 ° 40 ′ 40 '' W / 41.9670 ° N 91.6778 ° W / 41.9670 ; - 91.6778 ( Cedar Rapids ) 208 Visalia California 131,074 124,442 7000532939039874000 ♠ + 5.33 % 37.5 sq mi 97.1 km 3,495 / sq mi 1,349 / km 36 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 44 '' W / 36.3273 ° N 119.3289 ° W / 36.3273 ; - 119.3289 ( Visalia ) 209 Coral Springs Florida 130,059 121,096 7000740156569994050 ♠ + 7.40 % 23.8 sq mi 61.6 km 5,465 / sq mi 2,110 / km 26 ° 16 ′ 15 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 33 '' W / 26.2707 ° N 80.2593 ° W / 26.2707 ; - 80.2593 ( Coral Springs ) 210 New Haven Connecticut 129,934 129,779 6999119433806702160 ♠ + 0.12 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 6,948 / sq mi 2,683 / km 41 ° 18 ′ 39 '' N 72 ° 55 ′ 30 '' W / 41.3108 ° N 72.9250 ° W / 41.3108 ; - 72.9250 ( New Haven ) 211 Stamford Connecticut 129,113 122,643 7000527547434423490 ♠ + 5.28 % 37.6 sq mi 97.4 km 3,434 / sq mi 1,326 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 48 '' N 73 ° 32 ′ 46 '' W / 41.0799 ° N 73.5460 ° W / 41.0799 ; - 73.5460 ( Stamford ) 212 Thousand Oaks California 128,888 126,683 7000174056503240370 ♠ + 1.74 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,335 / sq mi 902 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 36 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 27 '' W / 34.1933 ° N 118.8742 ° W / 34.1933 ; - 118.8742 ( Thousand Oaks ) 213 Concord California 128,726 122,067 7000545520083232980 ♠ + 5.46 % 30.5 sq mi 79.0 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 122 ° 00 ′ 06 '' W / 37.9722 ° N 122.0016 ° W / 37.9722 ; - 122.0016 ( Concord ) 214 Elizabeth New Jersey 128,640 124,969 7000293752850706980 ♠ + 2.94 % 12.3 sq mi 31.9 km 10,459 / sq mi 4,038 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 59 '' N 74 ° 11 ′ 37 '' W / 40.6664 ° N 74.1935 ° W / 40.6664 ; - 74.1935 ( Elizabeth ) 215 Lafayette Louisiana 127,626 120,623 7000580569211510240 ♠ + 5.81 % 53.8 sq mi 139.3 km 2,372 / sq mi 916 / km 30 ° 12 ′ 27 '' N 92 ° 01 ′ 43 '' W / 30.2074 ° N 92.0285 ° W / 30.2074 ; - 92.0285 ( Lafayette ) 216 Kent Washington 127,514 92,411 7001379857376286370 ♠ + 37.99 % 33.7 sq mi 87.3 km 3,784 / sq mi 1,461 / km 47 ° 23 ′ 17 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W / 47.3880 ° N 122.2127 ° W / 47.3880 ; - 122.2127 ( Kent ) 217 Topeka Kansas 126,808 127,473 3000478320899327700 ♠ − 0.52 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 2,062 / sq mi 796 / km 39 ° 02 ′ 05 '' N 95 ° 41 ′ 46 '' W / 39.0347 ° N 95.6962 ° W / 39.0347 ; - 95.6962 ( Topeka ) 218 Simi Valley California 126,327 124,237 7000168226856733500 ♠ + 1.68 % 41.5 sq mi 107.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 44 ′ 55 '' W / 34.2669 ° N 118.7485 ° W / 34.2669 ; - 118.7485 ( Simi Valley ) 219 Santa Clara California 125,948 116,468 7000813957481883440 ♠ + 8.14 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 6,845 / sq mi 2,643 / km 37 ° 21 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 04 '' W / 37.3646 ° N 121.9679 ° W / 37.3646 ; - 121.9679 ( Santa Clara ) 220 Athens Georgia 123,371 115,452 7000685912760281330 ♠ + 6.86 % 116.4 sq mi 301.5 km 1,060 / sq mi 410 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 22 ′ 12 '' W / 33.9496 ° N 83.3701 ° W / 33.9496 ; - 83.3701 ( Athens ) 221 Hartford Connecticut 123,243 124,775 2999877218994189540 ♠ − 1.23 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 7,083 / sq mi 2,735 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 57 '' N 72 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W / 41.7659 ° N 72.6816 ° W / 41.7659 ; - 72.6816 ( Hartford ) 222 Victorville California 122,265 115,903 7000548907275911750 ♠ + 5.49 % 73.3 sq mi 189.8 km 1,668 / sq mi 644 / km 34 ° 31 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 21 ′ 13 '' W / 34.5277 ° N 117.3536 ° W / 34.5277 ; - 117.3536 ( Victorville ) 223 Abilene Texas 122,225 117,063 7000440959141658770 ♠ + 4.41 % 106.7 sq mi 276.4 km 1,146 / sq mi 442 / km 32 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 99 ° 44 ′ 17 '' W / 32.4545 ° N 99.7381 ° W / 32.4545 ; - 99.7381 ( Abilene ) 224 Norman Oklahoma 122,180 110,925 7001101464953797610 ♠ + 10.15 % 178.8 sq mi 463.1 km 683 / sq mi 264 / km 35 ° 14 ′ 26 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W / 35.2406 ° N 97.3453 ° W / 35.2406 ; - 97.3453 ( Norman ) 225 Vallejo California 121,299 115,942 7000462041365510340 ♠ + 4.62 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 3,951 / sq mi 1,525 / km 38 ° 06 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 15 ′ 50 '' W / 38.1079 ° N 122.2640 ° W / 38.1079 ; - 122.2640 ( Vallejo ) 226 Berkeley California 121,240 112,580 7000769230769230770 ♠ + 7.69 % 10.5 sq mi 27.2 km 11,547 / sq mi 4,458 / km 37 ° 52 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W / 37.8670 ° N 122.2991 ° W / 37.8670 ; - 122.2991 ( Berkeley ) 227 Round Rock Texas 120,892 99,887 7001210287625016270 ♠ + 21.03 % 35.6 sq mi 92.2 km 3,396 / sq mi 1,311 / km 30 ° 31 ′ 31 '' N 97 ° 39 ′ 58 '' W / 30.5252 ° N 97.6660 ° W / 30.5252 ; - 97.6660 ( Round Rock ) 228 Ann Arbor Michigan 120,782 113,934 7000601049730545760 ♠ + 6.01 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 4,298 / sq mi 1,659 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 43 ′ 51 '' W / 42.2761 ° N 83.7309 ° W / 42.2761 ; - 83.7309 ( Ann Arbor ) 229 Fargo North Dakota 120,762 105,549 7001144132109257310 ♠ + 14.41 % 49.3 sq mi 127.7 km 2,450 / sq mi 950 / km 46 ° 51 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 44 '' W / 46.8652 ° N 96.8290 ° W / 46.8652 ; - 96.8290 ( Fargo ) 230 Columbia Missouri 120,612 108,500 7001111631336405530 ♠ + 11.16 % 65.0 sq mi 168.3 km 1,856 / sq mi 717 / km 38 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 92 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W / 38.9473 ° N 92.3264 ° W / 38.9473 ; - 92.3264 ( Columbia ) 231 Allentown Pennsylvania 120,443 118,032 7000204266639555370 ♠ + 2.04 % 17.5 sq mi 45.3 km 6,882 / sq mi 2,657 / km 40 ° 35 ′ 37 '' N 75 ° 28 ′ 42 '' W / 40.5936 ° N 75.4784 ° W / 40.5936 ; - 75.4784 ( Allentown ) 232 Evansville Indiana 119,477 117,429 7000174403256435800 ♠ + 1.74 % 47.3 sq mi 122.5 km 2,526 / sq mi 975 / km 37 ° 59 ′ 16 '' N 87 ° 32 ′ 05 '' W / 37.9877 ° N 87.5347 ° W / 37.9877 ; - 87.5347 ( Evansville ) 233 Beaumont Texas 118,299 118,296 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 1,441 / sq mi 556 / km 30 ° 05 ′ 06 '' N 94 ° 08 ′ 43 '' W / 30.0849 ° N 94.1453 ° W / 30.0849 ; - 94.1453 ( Beaumont ) 234 Odessa Texas 117,871 99,940 7001179417650590350 ♠ + 17.94 % 45.2 sq mi 117.1 km 2,608 / sq mi 1,007 / km 31 ° 53 ′ 02 '' N 102 ° 20 ′ 28 '' W / 31.8838 ° N 102.3411 ° W / 31.8838 ; - 102.3411 ( Odessa ) 235 Wilmington North Carolina 117,525 106,476 7001103769863631240 ♠ + 10.38 % 51.6 sq mi 133.6 km 2,278 / sq mi 880 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 33 '' N 77 ° 53 ′ 09 '' W / 34.2092 ° N 77.8858 ° W / 34.2092 ; - 77.8858 ( Wilmington ) 236 Arvada Colorado 117,453 106,433 7001103539315813700 ♠ + 10.35 % 38.6 sq mi 100.0 km 3,043 / sq mi 1,175 / km 39 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 09 ′ 01 '' W / 39.8337 ° N 105.1503 ° W / 39.8337 ; - 105.1503 ( Arvada ) 237 Independence Missouri 117,030 116,830 6999171188906958820 ♠ + 0.17 % 77.8 sq mi 201.5 km 1,504 / sq mi 581 / km 39 ° 05 ′ 08 '' N 94 ° 21 ′ 08 '' W / 39.0855 ° N 94.3521 ° W / 39.0855 ; - 94.3521 ( Independence ) 238 Provo Utah 116,868 112,488 7000389374866652440 ♠ + 3.89 % 41.7 sq mi 108.0 km 2,803 / sq mi 1,082 / km 40 ° 14 ′ 43 '' N 111 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W / 40.2453 ° N 111.6448 ° W / 40.2453 ; - 111.6448 ( Provo ) 239 Lansing Michigan 116,020 114,297 7000150747613673150 ♠ + 1.51 % 39.1 sq mi 101.3 km 2,967 / sq mi 1,146 / km 42 ° 42 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 33 ′ 33 '' W / 42.7143 ° N 84.5593 ° W / 42.7143 ; - 84.5593 ( Lansing ) 240 El Monte California 115,807 113,475 7000205507821105970 ♠ + 2.06 % 9.6 sq mi 24.9 km 12,063 / sq mi 4,658 / km 34 ° 04 ′ 29 '' N 118 ° 01 ′ 45 '' W / 34.0746 ° N 118.0291 ° W / 34.0746 ; - 118.0291 ( El Monte ) 241 Springfield Illinois 115,715 116,250 3000539784946236550 ♠ − 0.46 % 60.1 sq mi 155.7 km 1,925 / sq mi 743 / km 39 ° 47 ′ 28 '' N 89 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W / 39.7911 ° N 89.6446 ° W / 39.7911 ; - 89.6446 ( Springfield ) 242 Fairfield California 114,756 105,321 7000895832739909420 ♠ + 8.96 % 40.9 sq mi 105.9 km 2,806 / sq mi 1,083 / km 38 ° 15 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W / 38.2593 ° N 122.0321 ° W / 38.2593 ; - 122.0321 ( Fairfield ) 243 Clearwater Florida 114,361 107,685 7000619956354181180 ♠ + 6.20 % 25.9 sq mi 67.1 km 4,415 / sq mi 1,705 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 46 ′ 00 '' W / 27.9789 ° N 82.7666 ° W / 27.9789 ; - 82.7666 ( Clearwater ) 244 Peoria Illinois 114,265 115,007 3000354821880407280 ♠ − 0.65 % 48.2 sq mi 124.8 km 2,371 / sq mi 915 / km 40 ° 45 ′ 05 '' N 89 ° 37 ′ 03 '' W / 40.7515 ° N 89.6174 ° W / 40.7515 ; - 89.6174 ( Peoria ) 245 Rochester Minnesota 114,011 106,769 7000678286768631340 ♠ + 6.78 % 54.6 sq mi 141.4 km 2,088 / sq mi 806 / km 44 ° 00 ′ 55 '' N 92 ° 28 ′ 38 '' W / 44.0154 ° N 92.4772 ° W / 44.0154 ; - 92.4772 ( Rochester ) 246 Carlsbad California 113,952 105,328 7000818775634209330 ♠ + 8.19 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 3,023 / sq mi 1,167 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 26 '' N 117 ° 16 ′ 58 '' W / 33.1239 ° N 117.2828 ° W / 33.1239 ; - 117.2828 ( Carlsbad ) 247 Westminster Colorado 113,875 106,114 7000731383229357110 ♠ + 7.31 % 31.7 sq mi 82.1 km 3,592 / sq mi 1,387 / km 39 ° 52 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 52 '' W / 39.8822 ° N 105.0644 ° W / 39.8822 ; - 105.0644 ( Westminster ) 248 West Jordan Utah 113,699 103,712 7000962955106448630 ♠ + 9.63 % 32.3 sq mi 83.7 km 3,520 / sq mi 1,360 / km 40 ° 36 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 03 '' W / 40.6024 ° N 112.0008 ° W / 40.6024 ; - 112.0008 ( West Jordan ) 249 Pearland Texas 113,570 91,252 7001244575461359750 ♠ + 24.46 % 46.3 sq mi 119.9 km 2,453 / sq mi 947 / km 29 ° 33 ′ 21 '' N 95 ° 19 ′ 23 '' W / 29.5558 ° N 95.3231 ° W / 29.5558 ; - 95.3231 ( Pearland ) 250 Richardson Texas 113,347 99,223 7001142346028642550 ♠ + 14.23 % 28.6 sq mi 74.1 km 3,963 / sq mi 1,530 / km 32 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 96 ° 42 ′ 29 '' W / 32.9723 ° N 96.7081 ° W / 32.9723 ; - 96.7081 ( Richardson ) 251 Downey California 113,267 111,772 7000133754428658340 ♠ + 1.34 % 12.4 sq mi 32.1 km 9,134 / sq mi 3,527 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 18 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W / 33.9382 ° N 118.1309 ° W / 33.9382 ; - 118.1309 ( Downey ) 252 Miami Gardens Florida 113,058 107,167 7000549702800302330 ♠ + 5.50 % 18.2 sq mi 47.1 km 6,212 / sq mi 2,398 / km 25 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 80 ° 14 ′ 37 '' W / 25.9489 ° N 80.2436 ° W / 25.9489 ; - 80.2436 ( Miami Gardens ) 253 Temecula California 113,054 100,097 7001129444438894270 ♠ + 12.94 % 37.3 sq mi 96.6 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 33 ° 29 ′ 35 '' N 117 ° 07 ′ 54 '' W / 33.4931 ° N 117.1317 ° W / 33.4931 ; - 117.1317 ( Temecula ) 254 Costa Mesa California 112,822 109,960 7000260276464168789 ♠ + 2.60 % 15.7 sq mi 40.7 km 7,186 / sq mi 2,775 / km 33 ° 39 ′ 57 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 44 '' W / 33.6659 ° N 117.9123 ° W / 33.6659 ; - 117.9123 ( Costa Mesa ) 255 College Station Texas 112,141 93,857 7001194806993617950 ♠ + 19.48 % 51.0 sq mi 132.1 km 2,199 / sq mi 849 / km 30 ° 35 ′ 07 '' N 96 ° 17 ′ 47 '' W / 30.5852 ° N 96.2964 ° W / 30.5852 ; - 96.2964 ( College Station ) 256 Elgin Illinois 112,123 108,188 7000363718711871930 ♠ + 3.64 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 2,998 / sq mi 1,158 / km 42 ° 02 ′ 23 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 18 '' W / 42.0396 ° N 88.3217 ° W / 42.0396 ; - 88.3217 ( Elgin ) 257 Murrieta California 111,674 103,466 7000793304080567530 ♠ + 7.93 % 33.6 sq mi 87.0 km 3,324 / sq mi 1,283 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 11 ′ 25 '' W / 33.5721 ° N 117.1904 ° W / 33.5721 ; - 117.1904 ( Murrieta ) 258 Gresham Oregon 111,523 105,594 7000561490236187659 ♠ + 5.61 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,786 / sq mi 1,848 / km 45 ° 30 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 30 '' W / 45.5023 ° N 122.4416 ° W / 45.5023 ; - 122.4416 ( Gresham ) 259 High Point North Carolina 111,223 104,371 7000656504201358610 ♠ + 6.57 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,015 / sq mi 778 / km 35 ° 59 ′ 24 '' N 79 ° 59 ′ 26 '' W / 35.9900 ° N 79.9905 ° W / 35.9900 ; - 79.9905 ( High Point ) 260 Antioch California 110,898 102,372 7000832844918532410 ♠ + 8.33 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 3,772 / sq mi 1,456 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 45 '' N 121 ° 47 ′ 46 '' W / 37.9791 ° N 121.7962 ° W / 37.9791 ; - 121.7962 ( Antioch ) 261 Inglewood California 110,654 109,673 6999894477218640870 ♠ + 0.89 % 9.1 sq mi 23.6 km 12,160 / sq mi 4,700 / km 33 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 39 '' W / 33.9561 ° N 118.3443 ° W / 33.9561 ; - 118.3443 ( Inglewood ) 262 Cambridge Massachusetts 110,651 105,162 7000521956600292880 ♠ + 5.22 % 6.4 sq mi 16.6 km 17,289 / sq mi 6,675 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 71 ° 07 ′ 07 '' W / 42.3760 ° N 71.1187 ° W / 42.3760 ; - 71.1187 ( Cambridge ) 263 Lowell Massachusetts 110,558 106,519 7000379181178944600 ♠ + 3.79 % 13.6 sq mi 35.2 km 8,129 / sq mi 3,139 / km 42 ° 38 ′ 20 '' N 71 ° 19 ′ 16 '' W / 42.6390 ° N 71.3211 ° W / 42.6390 ; - 71.3211 ( Lowell ) 264 Manchester New Hampshire 110,506 109,565 6999858850910418460 ♠ + 0.86 % 33.1 sq mi 85.7 km 3,339 / sq mi 1,289 / km 42 ° 59 ′ 06 '' N 71 ° 26 ′ 39 '' W / 42.9849 ° N 71.4441 ° W / 42.9849 ; - 71.4441 ( Manchester ) 265 Billings Montana 110,323 104,170 7000590669098588850 ♠ + 5.91 % 43.7 sq mi 113.2 km 2,525 / sq mi 975 / km 45 ° 47 ′ 19 '' N 108 ° 33 ′ 00 '' W / 45.7885 ° N 108.5499 ° W / 45.7885 ; - 108.5499 ( Billings ) 266 Pueblo Colorado 110,291 106,595 7000346732961208310 ♠ + 3.47 % 53.6 sq mi 138.8 km 2,058 / sq mi 795 / km 38 ° 16 ′ 12 '' N 104 ° 36 ′ 44 '' W / 38.2699 ° N 104.6123 ° W / 38.2699 ; - 104.6123 ( Pueblo ) 267 Palm Bay Florida 110,104 103,190 7000670026165326100 ♠ + 6.70 % 65.7 sq mi 170.2 km 1,676 / sq mi 647 / km 27 ° 59 ′ 08 '' N 80 ° 39 ′ 45 '' W / 27.9856 ° N 80.6626 ° W / 27.9856 ; - 80.6626 ( Palm Bay ) 268 Centennial Colorado 109,932 100,377 7000951911294420040 ♠ + 9.52 % 29.5 sq mi 76.4 km 3,727 / sq mi 1,439 / km 39 ° 35 ′ 26 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W / 39.5906 ° N 104.8691 ° W / 39.5906 ; - 104.8691 ( Centennial ) 269 Richmond California 109,813 103,701 7000589386794727150 ♠ + 5.89 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,648 / sq mi 1,409 / km 37 ° 57 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 38 '' W / 37.9523 ° N 122.3606 ° W / 37.9523 ; - 122.3606 ( Richmond ) 270 Ventura California 109,592 106,433 7000296806441611150 ♠ + 2.97 % 21.8 sq mi 56.5 km 5,027 / sq mi 1,941 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 04 '' N 119 ° 15 ′ 15 '' W / 34.2678 ° N 119.2542 ° W / 34.2678 ; - 119.2542 ( Ventura ) 271 Pompano Beach Florida 109,393 99,845 7000956282237468080 ♠ + 9.56 % 24.0 sq mi 62.2 km 4,558 / sq mi 1,760 / km 26 ° 14 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 02 '' W / 26.2416 ° N 80.1339 ° W / 26.2416 ; - 80.1339 ( Pompano Beach ) 272 North Charleston South Carolina 109,298 97,471 7001121338654574180 ♠ + 12.13 % 73.7 sq mi 190.9 km 1,483 / sq mi 573 / km 32 ° 55 ′ 04 '' N 80 ° 03 ′ 54 '' W / 32.9178 ° N 80.0650 ° W / 32.9178 ; - 80.0650 ( North Charleston ) 273 Everett Washington 109,043 103,019 7000584746503072250 ♠ + 5.85 % 33.3 sq mi 86.2 km 3,275 / sq mi 1,264 / km 47 ° 57 ′ 24 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 29 '' W / 47.9566 ° N 122.1914 ° W / 47.9566 ; - 122.1914 ( Everett ) 274 Waterbury Connecticut 108,272 110,366 2999810267654893720 ♠ − 1.90 % 28.5 sq mi 73.8 km 3,799 / sq mi 1,467 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 31 '' N 73 ° 02 ′ 12 '' W / 41.5585 ° N 73.0367 ° W / 41.5585 ; - 73.0367 ( Waterbury ) 275 West Palm Beach Florida 108,161 99,919 7000824868143195990 ♠ + 8.25 % 55.1 sq mi 142.7 km 1,963 / sq mi 758 / km 26 ° 44 ′ 47 '' N 80 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W / 26.7464 ° N 80.1251 ° W / 26.7464 ; - 80.1251 ( West Palm Beach ) 276 Boulder Colorado 108,090 97,385 7001109924526364430 ♠ + 10.99 % 24.8 sq mi 64.2 km 4,358 / sq mi 1,683 / km 40 ° 01 ′ 37 '' N 105 ° 15 ′ 07 '' W / 40.0270 ° N 105.2519 ° W / 40.0270 ; - 105.2519 ( Boulder ) 277 West Covina California 107,847 106,098 7000164847593734090 ♠ + 1.65 % 16.0 sq mi 41.4 km 6,740 / sq mi 2,600 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 21 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 36 '' W / 34.0559 ° N 117.9099 ° W / 34.0559 ; - 117.9099 ( West Covina ) 278 Broken Arrow Oklahoma 107,403 98,850 7000865250379362670 ♠ + 8.65 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 1,741 / sq mi 672 / km 36 ° 02 ′ 11 '' N 95 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 36.0365 ° N 95.7810 ° W / 36.0365 ; - 95.7810 ( Broken Arrow ) 279 Clovis California 106,583 95,631 7001114523533163930 ♠ + 11.45 % 24.2 sq mi 62.7 km 4,404 / sq mi 1,700 / km 36 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 119 ° 41 ′ 06 '' W / 36.8282 ° N 119.6849 ° W / 36.8282 ; - 119.6849 ( Clovis ) 280 Daly City California 106,472 101,123 7000528959781652050 ♠ + 5.29 % 7.6 sq mi 19.7 km 14,009 / sq mi 5,409 / km 37 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 54 '' W / 37.7009 ° N 122.4650 ° W / 37.7009 ; - 122.4650 ( Daly City ) 281 Lakeland Florida 106,420 97,422 7000923610683418530 ♠ + 9.24 % 65.9 sq mi 170.7 km 1,615 / sq mi 624 / km 28 ° 03 ′ 20 '' N 81 ° 57 ′ 18 '' W / 28.0555 ° N 81.9549 ° W / 28.0555 ; - 81.9549 ( Lakeland ) 282 Santa Maria California 106,290 99,553 7000676724960573760 ♠ + 6.77 % 22.8 sq mi 59.1 km 4,662 / sq mi 1,800 / km 34 ° 56 ′ 00 '' N 120 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W / 34.9332 ° N 120.4438 ° W / 34.9332 ; - 120.4438 ( Santa Maria ) 283 Norwalk California 106,178 105,549 6999595931747340090 ♠ + 0.60 % 9.7 sq mi 25.1 km 10,946 / sq mi 4,226 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 05 ′ 01 '' W / 33.9076 ° N 118.0835 ° W / 33.9076 ; - 118.0835 ( Norwalk ) 284 Sandy Springs Georgia 105,703 93,853 7001126261280939340 ♠ + 12.63 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 2,804 / sq mi 1,083 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 53 '' N 84 ° 22 ′ 07 '' W / 33.9315 ° N 84.3687 ° W / 33.9315 ; - 84.3687 ( Sandy Springs ) 285 Hillsboro Oregon 105,164 91,611 7001147940749473320 ♠ + 14.79 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 4,207 / sq mi 1,624 / km 45 ° 31 ′ 41 '' N 122 ° 56 ′ 09 '' W / 45.5280 ° N 122.9357 ° W / 45.5280 ; - 122.9357 ( Hillsboro ) 286 Green Bay Wisconsin 105,139 104,057 7000103981471693400 ♠ + 1.04 % 45.4 sq mi 117.6 km 2,316 / sq mi 894 / km 44 ° 31 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 59 ′ 03 '' W / 44.5207 ° N 87.9842 ° W / 44.5207 ; - 87.9842 ( Green Bay ) 287 Tyler Texas 104,798 96,900 7000815067079463369 ♠ + 8.15 % 56.6 sq mi 146.6 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 02 '' N 95 ° 18 ′ 21 '' W / 32.3173 ° N 95.3059 ° W / 32.3173 ; - 95.3059 ( Tyler ) 288 Wichita Falls Texas 104,724 104,553 6999163553413101480 ♠ + 0.16 % 72.2 sq mi 187.0 km 1,450 / sq mi 560 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 24 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 33 '' W / 33.9067 ° N 98.5259 ° W / 33.9067 ; - 98.5259 ( Wichita Falls ) 289 Lewisville Texas 104,659 95,290 7000983209151012700 ♠ + 9.83 % 36.7 sq mi 95.1 km 2,852 / sq mi 1,101 / km 33 ° 02 ′ 48 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 54 '' W / 33.0466 ° N 96.9818 ° W / 33.0466 ; - 96.9818 ( Lewisville ) 290 Burbank California 104,447 103,340 7000107122121153470 ♠ + 1.07 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 6,003 / sq mi 2,318 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 24 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W / 34.1901 ° N 118.3264 ° W / 34.1901 ; - 118.3264 ( Burbank ) 291 Greeley Colorado 103,990 92,889 7001119508230253310 ♠ + 11.95 % 47.8 sq mi 123.8 km 2,176 / sq mi 840 / km 40 ° 24 ′ 55 '' N 104 ° 46 ′ 11 '' W / 40.4153 ° N 104.7697 ° W / 40.4153 ; - 104.7697 ( Greeley ) 292 San Mateo California 103,959 97,207 7000694600183114380 ♠ + 6.95 % 12.1 sq mi 31.3 km 8,592 / sq mi 3,317 / km 37 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 122 ° 18 ′ 38 '' W / 37.5603 ° N 122.3106 ° W / 37.5603 ; - 122.3106 ( San Mateo ) 293 El Cajon California 103,768 99,478 7000431251130903319 ♠ + 4.31 % 14.5 sq mi 37.6 km 7,156 / sq mi 2,763 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 06 '' N 116 ° 57 ′ 37 '' W / 32.8017 ° N 116.9604 ° W / 32.8017 ; - 116.9604 ( El Cajon ) 294 Jurupa Valley California 103,541 0 0000000000000000000 ♠ NA 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 2,414 / sq mi 932 / km 34 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 28 ′ 03 '' W / 34.0026 ° N 117.4676 ° W / 34.0026 ; - 117.4676 ( Jurupa Valley ) 295 Rialto California 103,314 99,171 7000417763257403879 ♠ + 4.18 % 22.3 sq mi 57.8 km 4,633 / sq mi 1,789 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W / 34.1118 ° N 117.3883 ° W / 34.1118 ; - 117.3883 ( Rialto ) 296 Davenport Iowa 102,612 99,685 7000293624918493250 ♠ + 2.94 % 62.9 sq mi 162.9 km 1,631 / sq mi 630 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 15 '' N 90 ° 36 ′ 14 '' W / 41.5541 ° N 90.6040 ° W / 41.5541 ; - 90.6040 ( Davenport ) 297 League City Texas 102,010 83,560 7001220799425562470 ♠ + 22.08 % 51.2 sq mi 132.6 km 1,992 / sq mi 769 / km 29 ° 29 ′ 24 '' N 95 ° 06 ′ 33 '' W / 29.4901 ° N 95.1091 ° W / 29.4901 ; - 95.1091 ( League City ) 298 Edison New Jersey 101,996 99,967 7000202966979103100 ♠ + 2.03 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,389 / sq mi 1,309 / km 40 ° 30 ′ 14 '' N 74 ° 20 ′ 58 '' W / 40.5040 ° N 74.3494 ° W / 40.5040 ; - 74.3494 ( Edison ) 299 Davie Florida 101,871 91,992 7001107389773023740 ♠ + 10.74 % 34.9 sq mi 90.4 km 2,919 / sq mi 1,127 / km 26 ° 04 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 17 ′ 06 '' W / 26.0791 ° N 80.2850 ° W / 26.0791 ; - 80.2850 ( Davie ) 300 Las Cruces New Mexico 101,759 97,618 7000424204552439100 ♠ + 4.24 % 76.9 sq mi 199.2 km 1,323 / sq mi 511 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 47 ′ 23 '' W / 32.3264 ° N 106.7897 ° W / 32.3264 ; - 106.7897 ( Las Cruces ) 301 South Bend Indiana 101,735 101,168 6999560453898465929 ♠ + 0.56 % 41.4 sq mi 107.2 km 2,457 / sq mi 949 / km 41 ° 40 ′ 37 '' N 86 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W / 41.6769 ° N 86.2690 ° W / 41.6769 ; - 86.2690 ( South Bend ) 302 Vista California 101,659 93,834 7000833919474817230 ♠ + 8.34 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 5,436 / sq mi 2,099 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 14 ′ 19 '' W / 33.1895 ° N 117.2386 ° W / 33.1895 ; - 117.2386 ( Vista ) 303 Woodbridge New Jersey 101,389 99,585 7000181151779886530 ♠ + 1.81 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,351 / sq mi 1,680 / km 40 ° 33 ′ 39 '' N 74 ° 17 ′ 34 '' W / 40.5607 ° N 74.2927 ° W / 40.5607 ; - 74.2927 ( Woodbridge ) 304 Renton Washington 100,953 90,927 7001110264277937250 ♠ + 11.03 % 23.4 sq mi 60.6 km 4,314 / sq mi 1,666 / km 47 ° 28 ′ 34 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 31 '' W / 47.4761 ° N 122.1920 ° W / 47.4761 ; - 122.1920 ( Renton ) 305 Lakewood New Jersey 100,758 92,843 7000852514459894660 ♠ + 8.53 % 24.7 sq mi 64.0 km 4,079 / sq mi 1,575 / km 40 ° 04 ′ 38 '' N 74 ° 12 ′ 01 '' W / 40.0771 ° N 74.2004 ° W / 40.0771 ; - 74.2004 ( Lakewood ) 306 San Angelo Texas 100,702 93,200 7000804935622317600 ♠ + 8.05 % 59.9 sq mi 155.1 km 1,681 / sq mi 649 / km 31 ° 26 ′ 28 '' N 100 ° 27 ′ 02 '' W / 31.4411 ° N 100.4505 ° W / 31.4411 ; - 100.4505 ( San Angelo ) 307 Clinton Michigan 100,392 96,796 7000371502954667550 ♠ + 3.72 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 3,573 / sq mi 1,380 / km 42 ° 35 ′ 25 '' N 82 ° 55 ′ 01 '' W / 42.5903 ° N 82.9170 ° W / 42.5903 ; - 82.9170 ( Clinton ) Distribution For cities with populations of 100,000 or more , the following distributions hold . Smaller incorporated places are not included . The mean density is 4,128.21 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,593.91 / km ) . The median is 3,160.85 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,220.41 / km ) . Population Number of municipal governments 1,000,000 + 10 300,000 -- 999,999 54 200,000 -- 299,999 51 100,000 -- 199,999 192 Total 307 State Number of cities CA 73 TX 38 FL 22 CO 12 AZ 10 NC 9 IL , WA 8 GA , MI , NJ , VA 7 OH , TN 6 CT , KS , MA , MO , NY , OR 5 AL , IN , LA , NV , OK , UT IA , MN , PA , SC , WI KY , NE , NM AK , AR , DC , HI , ID , MD , MS , MT , ND , NH , RI , SD DE , ME , VT , WV , WY 0 Gallery 1 . New York , New York 2 . Los Angeles , California 3 . Chicago , Illinois 4 . Houston , Texas 5 . Phoenix , Arizona 6 . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 7 . San Antonio , Texas 8 . San Diego , California 9 . Dallas , Texas 10 . San Jose , California 11 . Austin , Texas 12 . Jacksonville , Florida 13 . San Francisco , California 14 . Columbus , Ohio 15 . Indianapolis , Indiana 16 . Fort Worth , Texas 17 . Charlotte , North Carolina 18 . Seattle , Washington 19 . Denver , Colorado 20 . El Paso , Texas 21 . Washington , District of Columbia 22 . Boston , Massachusetts 23 . Detroit , Michigan 24 . Nashville , Tennessee 25 . Memphis , Tennessee 26 . Portland , Oregon 27 . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 28 . Las Vegas , Nevada 29 . Louisville , Kentucky 30 . Baltimore , Maryland 31 . Milwaukee , Wisconsin 32 . Albuquerque , New Mexico 33 . Tucson , Arizona 34 . Fresno , California 35 . Sacramento , California 36 . Mesa , Arizona 37 . Kansas City , Missouri 38 . Atlanta , Georgia 39 . Long Beach , California 40 . Colorado Springs , Colorado 41 . Raleigh , North Carolina 42 . Miami , Florida 43 . Virginia Beach , Virginia 44 . Omaha , Nebraska 45 . Oakland , California 46 . Minneapolis , Minnesota 47 . Tulsa , Oklahoma 48 . Arlington , Texas 49 . New Orleans , Louisiana 50 . Wichita , Kansas Puerto Rico Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX 1 . San Juan , Puerto Rico The following table lists the five municipalities ( municipios ) of Puerto Rico with a population greater than 100,000 on July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . The table below contains the following information : The municipio rank by population as of July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio The municipio population as of July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The municipio percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2016 The municipio land area as of January 1 , 2016 The municipio population density as of July 1 , 2016 ( residents per land area ) The municipio latitude and longitude coordinates 2016 rank Municipio 2016 estimate 2010 Census Change 2016 land area 2016 population density Location San Juan 347,052 395,326 2998877888122713910 ♠ − 12.21 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 8,786 / sq mi 3,392 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 23 '' N 66 ° 03 ′ 50 '' W / 18.4064 ° N 66.0640 ° W / 18.4064 ; - 66.0640 ( San Juan ) Bayamón 184,374 208,116 2998885919391108800 ♠ − 11.41 % 27.0 sq mi 69.9 km 6,829 / sq mi 2,637 / km 18 ° 22 ′ 48 '' N 66 ° 09 ′ 48 '' W / 18.3801 ° N 66.1633 ° W / 18.3801 ; - 66.1633 ( Bayamón ) Carolina 158,457 176,762 2998896442674330460 ♠ − 10.36 % 20.7 sq mi 53.6 km 7,655 / sq mi 2,956 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 43 '' N 65 ° 58 ′ 47 '' W / 18.4120 ° N 65.9798 ° W / 18.4120 ; - 65.9798 ( Carolina ) Ponce 145,278 166,327 2998873448087201720 ♠ − 12.66 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 4,732 / sq mi 1,827 / km 17 ° 59 ′ 15 '' N 66 ° 36 ′ 35 '' W / 17.9874 ° N 66.6097 ° W / 17.9874 ; - 66.6097 ( Ponce ) 5 Caguas 132,164 142,893 2999249158461226230 ♠ − 7.51 % 10.9 sq mi 28.2 km 12,125 / sq mi 4,681 / km 18 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 66 ° 02 ′ 20 '' W / 18.2321 ° N 66.0390 ° W / 18.2321 ; - 66.0390 ( Caguas ) Census - Designated places Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The following table lists U.S. census - designated places ( CDPs ) with populations of at least 100,000 according to the 2010 Census . A CDP is a concentration of population identified by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes . CDPs are delineated for each decennial census as the statistical counterparts of incorporated places such as cities , towns and villages . CDPs are populated areas that lack separate municipal government , but which otherwise physically resemble incorporated places . Unlike the incorporated cities in the main list , the US Census Bureau does not release annual population estimates for CDPs . The table below contains the following information : The city The state The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city population as of April 1 , 2000 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2000 , to April 1 , 2010 The city land area as of January 1 , 2010 The city population density as of April 1 , 2010 ( residents per land area ) The city ANSI INCITS 446 -- 2008 geographic code The city latitude and longitude coordinates City State 2010 Census 2000 Census Change 2010 land area 2010 population density ANSI Location Paradise Nevada 223,167 186,070 7001199371204385450 ♠ + 19.94 % 46.717 sq mi 120.996 km 4,777 / sq mi 1,844 / km 02409023 36 ° 04 ′ 51 '' N 115 ° 08 ′ 12 '' W / 36.08073 ° N 115.1368 ° W / 36.08073 ; - 115.1368 ( Paradise ) Arlington Virginia 207,627 189,453 7000959288055612739 ♠ + 9.59 % 25.98 sq mi 67.288 km 7,992 / sq mi 3,086 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 10 ′ 59 '' W / 38.880 ° N 77.183 ° W / 38.880 ; - 77.183 ( Arlington ) Sunrise Manor Nevada 189,372 156,120 7001212990007686400 ♠ + 21.30 % 33.352 sq mi 86.381 km 5,678 / sq mi 2,192 / km 02410035 36 ° 10 ′ 43 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 56 '' W / 36.1785 ° N 115.0490 ° W / 36.1785 ; - 115.0490 ( Sunrise Manor ) Spring Valley Nevada 178,395 117,390 7001519677996422180 ♠ + 51.97 % 33.226 sq mi 86.055 km 5,369 / sq mi 2,073 / km 02408797 36 ° 05 ′ 55 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 43 '' W / 36.0987 ° N 115.2619 ° W / 36.0987 ; - 115.2619 ( Spring Valley ) Metairie Louisiana 138,481 146,136 2999476172880056930 ♠ − 5.24 % 23.222 sq mi 60.145 km 5,963 / sq mi 2,302 / km 02403282 29 ° 59 ′ 52 '' N 90 ° 10 ′ 40 '' W / 29.9978 ° N 90.1779 ° W / 29.9978 ; - 90.1779 ( Metairie ) East Los Angeles California 126,496 124,283 7000178061359960740 ♠ + 1.78 % 7.448 sq mi 19.290 km 16,984 / sq mi 6,558 / km 02408711 34 ° 01 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 07 '' W / 34.0315 ° N 118.1686 ° W / 34.0315 ; - 118.1686 ( East Los Angeles ) Enterprise Nevada 108,481 14,676 7002639172799127830 ♠ + 639.17 % 46.513 sq mi 120.468 km 2,332 / sq mi 900 / km 02408084 36 ° 01 ′ 06 '' N 115 ° 12 ′ 55 '' W / 36.0182 ° N 115.2154 ° W / 36.0182 ; - 115.2154 ( Enterprise ) Brandon Florida 103,483 77,895 7001328493484819310 ♠ + 32.85 % 33.101 sq mi 85.731 km 3,126 / sq mi 1,207 / km 02402711 27 ° 56 ′ 10 '' N 82 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W / 27.9360 ° N 82.2993 ° W / 27.9360 ; - 82.2993 ( Brandon ) Cities formerly over 100,000 people The following table lists U.S. cities that , in past censuses , have had populations of at least 100,000 but have since decreased beneath this threshold or have been consolidated with or annexed into a neighboring city . The table below contains the following information : Name of city Name of state The city population as of July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city 's peak population based on highest official enumeration recorded by the Census ( and the year of that particular Census ) The numeric decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2015 . The percent decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2015 . Any additional notes of significant importance . City State 2016 estimated population Peak population ( year ) Numeric decline from peak population Percent decline from peak population Notes Albany New York 7004981110000000000 ♠ 98,111 7005134995000000000 ♠ 134,995 ( 1950 ) - 36,884 - 27.32 % 2.30 % from 2000 to 2010 Allegheny Pennsylvania N / A 7005129896000000000 ♠ 129,896 ( 1900 ) -- -- annexed by Pittsburgh in 1907 Brooklyn New York N / A 7005806343000000000 ♠ 806,343 ( 1890 ) -- -- consolidated with New York City in 1898 Camden New Jersey 7004744200000000000 ♠ 74,420 7005124555000000000 ♠ 124,555 ( 1950 ) - 50,135 - 40.25 % Canton Ohio 7004713230000000000 ♠ 71,323 7005116912000000000 ♠ 116,912 ( 1950 ) - 45,589 - 38.99 % Dearborn Michigan 7004944440000000000 ♠ 94,444 7005112007000000000 ♠ 112,007 ( 1960 ) - 17,563 - 15.68 % 9.93 % from 1990 to 2010 Duluth Minnesota 7004862930000000000 ♠ 86,293 7005107312000000000 ♠ 107,312 ( 1960 ) - 21,019 - 19.59 % Erie Pennsylvania 7004985930000000000 ♠ 98,593 7005138440000000000 ♠ 138,440 ( 1960 ) - 39,847 - 28.78 % Fall River Massachusetts 7004889300000000000 ♠ 88,930 7005120485000000000 ♠ 120,485 ( 1920 ) - 31,555 - 26.19 % Flint Michigan 7004973860000000000 ♠ 97,386 7005196940000000000 ♠ 196,940 ( 1960 ) - 99,554 - 50.55 % Gary Indiana 7004764240000000000 ♠ 76,424 7005178320000000000 ♠ 178,320 ( 1960 ) - 101,896 - 57.14 % Hammond Indiana 7004771340000000000 ♠ 77,134 7005111698000000000 ♠ 111,698 ( 1960 ) - 34,564 - 30.94 % Kenosha Wisconsin 7004996310000000000 ♠ 99,631 7005100150000000000 ♠ 100,150 ( 2012 est ) * - 519 - 0.52 % * Only recorded instance of surpassing 100,000 was July 1 , 2012 estimate Livonia Michigan 7004940410000000000 ♠ 94,041 7005110109000000000 ♠ 110,109 ( 1970 ) - 16,068 - 14.59 % Lynn Massachusetts 7004926970000000000 ♠ 92,697 7005102320000000000 ♠ 102,320 ( 1930 ) - 9,623 - 9.40 % 15.11 % from 1980 to 2010 New Bedford Massachusetts 7004950320000000000 ♠ 95,032 7005121217000000000 ♠ 121,217 ( 1920 ) - 26,185 - 21.60 % 1.39 % from 2000 to 2010 Niagara Falls New York 7004486320000000000 ♠ 48,632 7005102394000000000 ♠ 102,394 ( 1960 ) - 53,762 - 52.51 % Parma Ohio 7004794250000000000 ♠ 79,425 7005100216000000000 ♠ 100,216 ( 1970 ) - 20,791 - 20.75 % Portsmouth Virginia 7004952520000000000 ♠ 95,252 7005114773000000000 ♠ 114,773 ( 1960 ) - 19,521 - 17.01 % Reading Pennsylvania 7004875750000000000 ♠ 87,575 7005111171000000000 ♠ 111,171 ( 1930 ) - 23,596 - 21.22 % 12.38 % from 1990 to 2010 Roanoke Virginia 7004996600000000000 ♠ 99,660 7005100220000000000 ♠ 100,220 ( 1980 ) - 560 - 0.56 % 2.23 % from 2000 to 2010 Scranton Pennsylvania 7004772910000000000 ♠ 77,291 7005143333000000000 ♠ 143,333 ( 1930 ) - 66,042 - 46.08 % 1.6 % from 2010 to 2016 Somerville Massachusetts 7004813220000000000 ♠ 81,322 7005103908000000000 ♠ 103,908 ( 1930 ) - 22,586 - 21.74 % St. Joseph Missouri 7004764720000000000 ♠ 76,472 7005102979000000000 ♠ 102,979 ( 1900 ) - 26,507 - 25.74 % 6.86 % from 1990 to 2010 Trenton New Jersey 7004840560000000000 ♠ 84,056 7005128009000000000 ♠ 128,009 ( 1950 ) - 43,953 - 34.34 % Utica New York 7004606520000000000 ♠ 60,652 7005101740000000000 ♠ 101,740 ( 1930 ) - 41,088 - 40.39 % 2.61 % from 2000 to 2010 Wilmington Delaware 7004714420000000000 ♠ 71,442 7005112504000000000 ♠ 112,504 ( 1940 ) - 41,062 - 36.50 % Youngstown Ohio 7004643120000000000 ♠ 64,312 7005170002000000000 ♠ 170,002 ( 1930 ) - 105,690 - 62.17 % Locations of 50 most populous cities New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Philadelphia Phoenix San Antonio San Diego Dallas San Jose Austin Jacksonville San Francisco Indianapolis Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Seattle Denver El Paso Detroit Washington Boston Memphis Nashville Portland Oklahoma City Las Vegas Baltimore Louisville Milwaukee Albuquerque Tucson Fresno Sacramento Kansas City Long Beach Mesa Atlanta Colorado Springs Virginia Beach Raleigh Omaha Miami Oakland Minneapolis Tulsa Wichita New Orleans Arlington Location of 50 largest cities by population in the United States See also Geography portal North America portal United States portal Demographics of the United States United States Census Bureau List of U.S. states and territories by population List of metropolitan areas of the United States List of United States counties and county equivalents United States Office of Management and Budget The OMB has defined 1098 statistical areas comprising 388 MSAs , 541 μSAs , and 169 CSAs Primary statistical area -- List of the 574 PSAs Combined Statistical Area -- List of the 169 CSAs Core Based Statistical Area -- List of the 929 CBSAs Metropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 388 MSAs Micropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 541 μSAs Largest cities in the United States by population by decade List of U.S. states ' largest cities by population List of cities proper by population ( most populous cities in the world ) List of United States cities by area List of United States cities by population density Lists of populated places in the United States Shrinking cities in the United States Largest cities in the United States by population by decade References Jump up ^ Towns in New England , while incorporated on a level similar to cities in other states , are considered minor civil divisions by the Census Bureau and are not included in its list of incorporated places . A detailed discussion on this subject can be found at New England town # Census treatment of the New England town system . ^ Jump up to : The State of Hawai ʻi has no incorporated municipalities other than the City and County of Honolulu , which comprises the entire Island of Oʻahu . In accordance with Hawaiian law , the United States Census Bureau defines the state 's `` cities '' and `` towns '' as Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) . The Census Bureau defines the Urban Honolulu CDP as the portion of the City and County of Honolulu that is coextensive with the Judicial District of Honolulu . The Urban Honolulu CDP is what is generally thought of as the `` city '' of Honolulu , and its population is used here and in other population comparisons . The Urban Honolulu CDP is currently the most populous Census Designated Place in the United States . The Honolulu , HI Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises the entire City and County of Honolulu . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . U.S. Gazetteer Files . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Or Federal District in the case of Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Since 1898 , the City of New York , New York , has comprised five boroughs with consolidated borough -- county governments : The Borough of Brooklyn and Kings County ( pop . 2,629,150 ) The Borough of Queens and Queens County ( pop . 2,333,054 ) The Borough of Manhattan and New York County ( pop . 1,643,734 ) The Borough of the Bronx and Bronx County ( pop . 1,455,720 ) The Borough of Staten Island and Richmond County ( pop . 476,015 ) Jump up ^ City wins census appeal ; count adjusted -- Houston Chronicle . Chron.com ( December 3 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The City of Philadelphia and Philadelphia County , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The City of Jacksonville , Florida , and Duval County , Florida , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Jacksonville comprises all of Duval County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City and County of San Francisco , California has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Indianapolis , Indiana , and Marion County , Indiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Indianapolis comprises all of Marion County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Indianapolis ( balance ) . Jump up ^ The City and County of Denver , Colorado , has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Washington was consolidated with the District of Columbia in 1871 . Jump up ^ Nashville is a consolidated city - county . The population given is for the entire city - county , excluding other incorporated places lying within the city - county limits . ( See Nashville - Davidson ( balance ) , Tennessee ) . As of 2010 , the population of the city - county including other incorporated places was 626,681 . Jump up ^ The City of Louisville , Kentucky , and Jefferson County , Kentucky , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Louisville comprises all of Jefferson County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Louisville / Jefferson County metro government ( balance ) , Kentucky . ^ Jump up to : This is an independent city that is not part of any county . Jump up ^ The City of New Orleans , Louisiana , and Orleans Parish , Louisiana , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . Jump up ^ The City of Lexington , Kentucky , and Fayette County , Kentucky , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The Municipality of Anchorage , Alaska , is a unified home rule municipality that functions as both a city and a borough . Jump up ^ The Town of Gilbert , Arizona , is currently the most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ The City of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , and East Baton Rouge Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Baton Rouge has retained its own city limits within East Baton Rouge Parish . Jump up ^ Officially listed in US Census Bureau records as Boise City Jump up ^ The City of Columbus , Georgia , and Muscogee County , Georgia , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The City of Augusta , Georgia , and Richmond County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Augusta comprises all of Richmond County except the two other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The Town of Cary , North Carolina , is currently the second most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ After approval by local voters in a 2012 referendum , the City of Macon , Georgia merged with most of unincorporated Bibb County , Georgia on January 1 , 2014 . The new consolidated government is officially `` Macon - Bibb County . '' Jump up ^ Kansas City , Kansas , and Wyandotte County , Kansas , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Kansas City comprises all of Wyandotte County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City of Lafayette , Louisiana , and Lafayette Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Lafayette comprises all of Lafayette Parish except the other incorporated municipalities within the parish . Jump up ^ The City of Athens , Georgia , and Clarke County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Athens comprises all of Clarke County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ Official name is San Buenaventura Jump up ^ Jurupa Valley was incorporated as a city on July 1 , 2011 from various portions of unincorporated territory in Riverside County , California . Because of this , there is no official 2010 Census population . ^ Jump up to : In the state of New Jersey , townships are full - fledged municipalities on par with any town , city , borough , or village . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . 2016 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Town of Davie , Florida , is currently the third most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ In the state of Michigan , charter townships are municipalities on par with any other incorporated city . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . 2016 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Governments '' ( PDF ) . Government Organization . U.S. Census Bureau . December 2002 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . 2016 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The population of all North Side neighborhoods of Pittsburgh ( 41,120 ) , plus Census Tract 4270 Blocks 2 & 3 , which are the sections of Millvale , Pennsylvania that were formally part of Allegheny City . ( an additional 2,301 ) , which totals to 43,421 . All data from the 2010 Census . Jump up ^ The population for Brooklyn in the 2010 Census was 2,504,700 . However , since Brooklyn is now a borough of the City of New York and thus no longer its own separate city , for the purposes of this chart , its current population will be regarded as negligible . External links Find more aboutUnited Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity United States Government United States Census Bureau 2010 United States Census USCB population estimates United States Office of Management and Budget Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_cities_by_population&oldid=831372337 '' Categories : Cities in the United States Lists of cities in the United States by population United States demography - related lists Demographics by city in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2014 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 07 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | number of cities in us with population over 1 million | [
"\n\n2016\nrank\nCity\nState[5]\n2016\nestimate\n2010\nCensus\nChange\n2016 land area\n2016 population density\nLocation\n\n\n1\nNew York[6]\n New York\n8,537,673\n8,175,133\n7000443466791304800♠+4.43%\n301.5 sq mi\n780.9 km2\n28,317/sq mi\n10,933/km2\n40°39′49″N 73°56′19″W / 40.6635°N 73.9387°W / 40.6635; -73.9387 (1 New York City)\n\n\n2\nLos Angeles\n California\n3,976,322\n3,792,621\n7000484364243092050♠+4.84%\n468.7 sq mi\n1,213.9 km2\n8,484/sq mi\n3,276/km2\n34°01′10″N 118°24′39″W / 34.0194°N 118.4108°W / 34.0194; -118.4108 (2 Los Angeles)\n\n\n3\nChicago\n Illinois\n2,704,958\n2,695,598\n6999347232784710470♠+0.35%\n227.3 sq mi\n588.7 km2\n11,900/sq mi\n4,600/km2\n41°50′15″N 87°40′54″W / 41.8376°N 87.6818°W / 41.8376; -87.6818 (3 Chicago)\n\n\n4\nHouston[7]\n Texas\n2,303,482\n2,100,263\n7000967588344888229♠+9.68%\n637.5 sq mi\n1,651.1 km2\n3,613/sq mi\n1,395/km2\n29°47′12″N 95°23′27″W / 29.7866°N 95.3909°W / 29.7866; -95.3909 (4 Houston)\n\n\n5\nPhoenix\n Arizona\n1,615,017\n1,445,632\n7001117170206525590♠+11.72%\n517.6 sq mi\n1,340.6 km2\n3,120/sq mi\n1,200/km2\n33°34′20″N 112°05′24″W / 33.5722°N 112.0901°W / 33.5722; -112.0901 (6 Phoenix)\n\n\n6\nPhiladelphia[8]\n Pennsylvania\n1,567,872\n1,526,006\n7000274350166382040♠+2.74%\n134.2 sq mi\n347.6 km2\n11,683/sq mi\n4,511/km2\n40°00′34″N 75°08′00″W / 40.0094°N 75.1333°W / 40.0094; -75.1333 (5 Philadelphia)\n\n\n7\nSan Antonio\n Texas\n1,492,510\n1,327,407\n7001124380088397910♠+12.44%\n461.0 sq mi\n1,194.0 km2\n3,238/sq mi\n1,250/km2\n29°28′21″N 98°31′30″W / 29.4724°N 98.5251°W / 29.4724; -98.5251 (7 San Antonio)\n\n\n8\nSan Diego\n California\n1,406,630\n1,307,402\n7000758970844468650♠+7.59%\n325.2 sq mi\n842.3 km2\n4,325/sq mi\n1,670/km2\n32°48′55″N 117°08′06″W / 32.8153°N 117.1350°W / 32.8153; -117.1350 (8 San Diego)\n\n\n9\nDallas\n Texas\n1,317,929\n1,197,816\n7001100276670206440♠+10.03%\n340.9 sq mi\n882.9 km2\n3,866/sq mi\n1,493/km2\n32°47′36″N 96°45′59″W / 32.7933°N 96.7665°W / 32.7933; -96.7665 (9 Dallas)\n\n\n10\nSan Jose\n California\n1,025,350\n945,942\n7000839459501745350♠+8.39%\n177.5 sq mi\n459.7 km2\n5,777/sq mi\n2,231/km2\n37°17′48″N 121°49′08″W / 37.2967°N 121.8189°W / 37.2967; -121.8189 (10 San Jose)\n\n\n11\nAustin\n Texas\n947,890\n790,390\n7001199268715444270♠+19.93%\n312.7 sq mi\n809.9 km2\n3,031/sq mi\n1,170/km2\n30°18′14″N 97°45′16″W / 30.3039°N 97.7544°W / 30.3039; -97.7544 (11 Austin)\n\n\n12\nJacksonville[9]\n Florida\n880,619\n821,784\n7000715942388754220♠+7.16%\n747.4 sq mi\n1,935.8 km2\n1,178/sq mi\n455/km2\n30°20′13″N 81°39′42″W / 30.3369°N 81.6616°W / 30.3369; -81.6616 (12 Jacksonville)\n\n\n13\nSan Francisco[10]\n California\n870,887\n805,235\n7000815314783882970♠+8.15%\n46.9 sq mi\n121.5 km2\n18,569/sq mi\n7,170/km2\n37°43′38″N 123°01′56″W / 37.7272°N 123.0322°W / 37.7272; -123.0322 (13 San Francisco)\n\n\n14\nColumbus\n Ohio\n860,090\n787,033\n7000928258408478419♠+9.28%\n218.5 sq mi\n565.9 km2\n3,936/sq mi\n1,520/km2\n39°59′07″N 82°59′05″W / 39.9852°N 82.9848°W / 39.9852; -82.9848 (15 Columbus)\n\n\n15\nIndianapolis[11]\n Indiana\n855,164\n820,445\n7000423172790375950♠+4.23%\n361.5 sq mi\n936.3 km2\n2,366/sq mi\n914/km2\n39°46′36″N 86°08′45″W / 39.7767°N 86.1459°W / 39.7767; -86.1459 (14 Indianapolis)\n\n\n16\nFort Worth\n Texas\n854,113\n741,206\n7001152328772298120♠+15.23%\n342.9 sq mi\n888.1 km2\n2,491/sq mi\n962/km2\n32°46′53″N 97°20′48″W / 32.7815°N 97.3467°W / 32.7815; -97.3467 (16 Fort Worth)\n\n\n17\nCharlotte\n North Carolina\n842,051\n731,424\n7001151248796867480♠+15.12%\n305.4 sq mi\n791.0 km2\n2,757/sq mi\n1,064/km2\n35°12′28″N 80°49′52″W / 35.2078°N 80.8310°W / 35.2078; -80.8310 (17 Charlotte)\n\n\n18\nSeattle\n Washington\n704,352\n608,660\n7001157217494167520♠+15.72%\n83.8 sq mi\n217.0 km2\n8,405/sq mi\n3,245/km2\n47°37′14″N 122°21′03″W / 47.6205°N 122.3509°W / 47.6205; -122.3509 (20 Seattle)\n\n\n19\nDenver[12]\n Colorado\n693,060\n600,158\n7001154795903745350♠+15.48%\n153.3 sq mi\n397.0 km2\n4,521/sq mi\n1,746/km2\n39°45′43″N 104°52′52″W / 39.7619°N 104.8811°W / 39.7619; -104.8811 (Denver)\n\n\n20\nEl Paso\n Texas\n683,080\n649,121\n7000523153618508720♠+5.23%\n256.8 sq mi\n665.1 km2\n2,660/sq mi\n1,030/km2\n31°50′54″N 106°25′37″W / 31.8484°N 106.4270°W / 31.8484; -106.4270 (19 El Paso)\n\n\n21\nWashington[13]\n District of Columbia\n681,170\n601,723\n7001132032513299310♠+13.20%\n61.1 sq mi\n158.2 km2\n11,148/sq mi\n4,304/km2\n38°54′15″N 77°01′02″W / 38.9041°N 77.0172°W / 38.9041; -77.0172 (Washington, D.C.)\n\n\n22\nBoston\n Massachusetts\n673,184\n617,594\n7000900105894811150♠+9.00%\n48.3 sq mi\n125.1 km2\n13,938/sq mi\n5,381/km2\n42°19′55″N 71°01′13″W / 42.3320°N 71.0202°W / 42.3320; -71.0202 (Boston)\n\n\n23\nDetroit\n Michigan\n672,795\n713,777\n2999425843085445450♠−5.74%\n138.8 sq mi\n359.5 km2\n4,847/sq mi\n1,871/km2\n42°22′59″N 83°06′08″W / 42.3830°N 83.1022°W / 42.3830; -83.1022 (18 Detroit)\n\n\n24\nNashville[14]\n Tennessee\n660,388\n601,222\n7000984095725040000♠+9.84%\n475.9 sq mi\n1,232.6 km2\n1,388/sq mi\n536/km2\n36°10′18″N 86°47′06″W / 36.1718°N 86.7850°W / 36.1718; -86.7850 (Nashville)\n\n\n25\nMemphis\n Tennessee\n652,717\n646,889\n6999900927361572080♠+0.90%\n317.4 sq mi\n822.1 km2\n2,056/sq mi\n794/km2\n35°06′10″N 89°58′39″W / 35.1028°N 89.9774°W / 35.1028; -89.9774 (Memphis)\n\n\n26\nPortland\n Oregon\n639,863\n583,776\n7000960762347201670♠+9.61%\n133.5 sq mi\n345.8 km2\n4,793/sq mi\n1,851/km2\n45°32′13″N 122°39′00″W / 45.5370°N 122.6500°W / 45.5370; -122.6500 (Portland)\n\n\n27\nOklahoma City\n Oklahoma\n638,367\n579,999\n7001100634656266650♠+10.06%\n606.3 sq mi\n1,570.3 km2\n1,053/sq mi\n407/km2\n35°28′02″N 97°30′49″W / 35.4671°N 97.5137°W / 35.4671; -97.5137 (Oklahoma City)\n\n\n28\nLas Vegas\n Nevada\n632,912\n583,756\n7000842064150090110♠+8.42%\n134.4 sq mi\n348.1 km2\n4,709/sq mi\n1,818/km2\n36°13′45″N 115°15′36″W / 36.2292°N 115.2601°W / 36.2292; -115.2601 (Las Vegas)\n\n\n29\nLouisville[15]\n Kentucky\n616,261\n597,337\n7000316806091034040♠+3.17%\n263.5 sq mi\n682.5 km2\n2,339/sq mi\n903/km2\n38°09′55″N 85°38′51″W / 38.1654°N 85.6474°W / 38.1654; -85.6474 (Louisville)\n\n\n30\nBaltimore[16]\n Maryland\n614,664\n620,961\n2999898592665239850♠−1.01%\n80.9 sq mi\n209.5 km2\n7,598/sq mi\n2,934/km2\n39°18′00″N 76°36′38″W / 39.3000°N 76.6105°W / 39.3000; -76.6105 (Baltimore)\n\n\n31\nMilwaukee\n Wisconsin\n595,047\n594,833\n6998359764841560530♠+0.04%\n96.2 sq mi\n249.2 km2\n6,186/sq mi\n2,388/km2\n43°03′48″N 87°58′00″W / 43.0633°N 87.9667°W / 43.0633; -87.9667 (Milwaukee)\n\n\n32\nAlbuquerque\n New Mexico\n559,277\n545,852\n7000245945787502840♠+2.46%\n188.2 sq mi\n487.4 km2\n2,972/sq mi\n1,147/km2\n35°06′20″N 106°38′51″W / 35.1056°N 106.6474°W / 35.1056; -106.6474 (Albuquerque)\n\n\n33\nTucson\n Arizona\n530,706\n520,116\n7000203608425812700♠+2.04%\n230.8 sq mi\n597.8 km2\n2,299/sq mi\n888/km2\n32°09′11″N 110°52′14″W / 32.1531°N 110.8706°W / 32.1531; -110.8706 (Tucson)\n\n\n34\nFresno\n California\n522,053\n494,665\n7000553667633651060♠+5.54%\n114.4 sq mi\n296.3 km2\n4,563/sq mi\n1,762/km2\n36°47′01″N 119°47′36″W / 36.7836°N 119.7934°W / 36.7836; -119.7934 (Fresno)\n\n\n35\nSacramento\n California\n495,234\n466,488\n7000616221639141840♠+6.16%\n97.9 sq mi\n253.6 km2\n5,059/sq mi\n1,953/km2\n38°34′00″N 121°28′07″W / 38.5666°N 121.4686°W / 38.5666; -121.4686 (Sacramento)\n\n\n36\nMesa\n Arizona\n484,587\n439,041\n7001103739741846430♠+10.37%\n137.9 sq mi\n357.2 km2\n3,514/sq mi\n1,357/km2\n33°24′07″N 111°43′03″W / 33.4019°N 111.7174°W / 33.4019; -111.7174 (Mesa)\n\n\n37\nKansas City\n Missouri\n481,420\n459,787\n7000470500470870210♠+4.71%\n315.0 sq mi\n815.8 km2\n1,528/sq mi\n590/km2\n39°07′30″N 94°33′04″W / 39.1251°N 94.5510°W / 39.1251; -94.5510 (Kansas City, MO)\n\n\n38\nAtlanta\n Georgia\n472,522\n420,003\n7001125044344921350♠+12.50%\n133.5 sq mi\n345.8 km2\n3,539/sq mi\n1,366/km2\n33°45′46″N 84°25′22″W / 33.7629°N 84.4227°W / 33.7629; -84.4227 (Atlanta)\n\n\n39\nLong Beach\n California\n470,130\n462,257\n7000170316512243190♠+1.70%\n50.3 sq mi\n130.3 km2\n9,347/sq mi\n3,609/km2\n33°48′33″N 118°09′19″W / 33.8092°N 118.1553°W / 33.8092; -118.1553 (Long Beach)\n\n\n40\nColorado Springs\n Colorado\n465,101\n416,427\n7001116884832155460♠+11.69%\n195.6 sq mi\n506.6 km2\n2,378/sq mi\n918/km2\n38°52′02″N 104°45′39″W / 38.8673°N 104.7607°W / 38.8673; -104.7607 (Colorado Springs)\n\n\n41\nRaleigh\n North Carolina\n458,880\n403,892\n7001136145306170960♠+13.61%\n145.1 sq mi\n375.8 km2\n3,163/sq mi\n1,221/km2\n35°49′50″N 78°38′30″W / 35.8306°N 78.6418°W / 35.8306; -78.6418 (Raleigh)\n\n\n42\nMiami\n Florida\n453,579\n399,457\n7001135488926217340♠+13.55%\n36.0 sq mi\n93.2 km2\n12,599/sq mi\n4,865/km2\n25°46′31″N 80°12′31″W / 25.7752°N 80.2086°W / 25.7752; -80.2086 (Miami)\n\n\n43\nVirginia Beach[16]\n Virginia\n452,602\n437,994\n7000333520550509820♠+3.34%\n244.7 sq mi\n633.8 km2\n1,850/sq mi\n710/km2\n36°46′48″N 76°01′31″W / 36.7800°N 76.0252°W / 36.7800; -76.0252 (Virginia Beach)\n\n\n44\nOmaha\n Nebraska\n446,970\n408,958\n7000929484201311630♠+9.29%\n133.2 sq mi\n345.0 km2\n3,356/sq mi\n1,296/km2\n41°15′52″N 96°02′42″W / 41.2644°N 96.0451°W / 41.2644; -96.0451 (Omaha)\n\n\n45\nOakland\n California\n420,005\n390,724\n7000749403671133590♠+7.49%\n55.9 sq mi\n144.8 km2\n7,514/sq mi\n2,901/km2\n37°46′11″N 122°13′33″W / 37.7698°N 122.2257°W / 37.7698; -122.2257 (Oakland)\n\n\n46\nMinneapolis\n Minnesota\n413,651\n382,578\n7000812200387894760♠+8.12%\n54.0 sq mi\n139.9 km2\n7,660/sq mi\n2,960/km2\n44°57′48″N 93°16′06″W / 44.9633°N 93.2683°W / 44.9633; -93.2683 (Minneapolis)\n\n\n47\nTulsa\n Oklahoma\n403,090\n391,906\n7000285374554102260♠+2.85%\n196.8 sq mi\n509.7 km2\n2,048/sq mi\n791/km2\n36°07′40″N 95°54′08″W / 36.1279°N 95.9023°W / 36.1279; -95.9023 (Tulsa)\n\n\n48\nArlington\n Texas\n392,772\n365,438\n7000747979137363930♠+7.48%\n95.8 sq mi\n248.1 km2\n4,100/sq mi\n1,600/km2\n32°42′03″N 97°07′29″W / 32.7007°N 97.1247°W / 32.7007; -97.1247 (Arlington)\n\n\n49\nNew Orleans[17]\n Louisiana\n391,495\n343,829\n7001138632866919310♠+13.86%\n169.4 sq mi\n438.7 km2\n2,311/sq mi\n892/km2\n30°03′12″N 89°56′04″W / 30.0534°N 89.9345°W / 30.0534; -89.9345 (New Orleans)\n\n\n50\nWichita\n Kansas\n389,902\n382,368\n7000197035316762910♠+1.97%\n160.4 sq mi\n415.4 km2\n2,431/sq mi\n939/km2\n37°41′27″N 97°20′45″W / 37.6907°N 97.3459°W / 37.6907; -97.3459 (Wichita)\n\n\n51\nCleveland\n Ohio\n385,809\n396,815\n2999722641533208170♠−2.77%\n77.7 sq mi\n201.2 km2\n4,965/sq mi\n1,917/km2\n41°28′43″N 81°40′46″W / 41.4785°N 81.6794°W / 41.4785; -81.6794 (Cleveland)\n\n\n52\nTampa\n Florida\n377,165\n335,709\n7001123487901724410♠+12.35%\n113.4 sq mi\n293.7 km2\n3,326/sq mi\n1,284/km2\n27°58′12″N 82°28′47″W / 27.9701°N 82.4797°W / 27.9701; -82.4797 (Tampa)\n\n\n53\nBakersfield\n California\n376,380\n347,483\n7000831609028355340♠+8.32%\n148.8 sq mi\n385.4 km2\n2,529/sq mi\n976/km2\n35°19′16″N 119°01′06″W / 35.3212°N 119.0183°W / 35.3212; -119.0183 (Bakersfield)\n\n\n54\nAurora\n Colorado\n361,710\n325,078\n7001112686801321530♠+11.27%\n153.5 sq mi\n397.6 km2\n2,356/sq mi\n910/km2\n39°41′17″N 104°41′23″W / 39.6880°N 104.6897°W / 39.6880; -104.6897 (Aurora)\n\n\n55\nHonolulu[2]\n Hawaii\n351,792\n337,256\n7000431007899044050♠+4.31%\n60.5 sq mi\n156.7 km2\n5,815/sq mi\n2,245/km2\n21°19′27″N 157°50′51″W / 21.3243°N 157.8476°W / 21.3243; -157.8476 (Honolulu)\n\n\n56\nAnaheim\n California\n351,043\n336,265\n7000439474818967180♠+4.39%\n50.0 sq mi\n129.5 km2\n7,021/sq mi\n2,711/km2\n33°51′20″N 117°45′36″W / 33.8555°N 117.7601°W / 33.8555; -117.7601 (Anaheim)\n\n\n57\nSanta Ana\n California\n334,217\n324,528\n7000298556673075980♠+2.99%\n27.1 sq mi\n70.2 km2\n12,333/sq mi\n4,762/km2\n33°44′11″N 117°52′59″W / 33.7363°N 117.8830°W / 33.7363; -117.8830 (Santa Ana)\n\n\n58\nCorpus Christi\n Texas\n325,733\n305,215\n7000672247432138000♠+6.72%\n174.6 sq mi\n452.2 km2\n1,866/sq mi\n720/km2\n27°45′15″N 97°10′24″W / 27.7543°N 97.1734°W / 27.7543; -97.1734 (Corpus Christi)\n\n\n59\nRiverside\n California\n324,722\n303,871\n7000686179332677350♠+6.86%\n81.2 sq mi\n210.3 km2\n3,999/sq mi\n1,544/km2\n33°56′17″N 117°23′36″W / 33.9381°N 117.3932°W / 33.9381; -117.3932 (Riverside)\n\n\n60\nLexington[18]\n Kentucky\n318,449\n295,803\n7000765577090157980♠+7.66%\n283.6 sq mi\n734.5 km2\n1,123/sq mi\n434/km2\n38°02′27″N 84°27′30″W / 38.0407°N 84.4583°W / 38.0407; -84.4583 (Lexington)\n\n\n61\nSt. Louis[16]\n Missouri\n311,404\n319,294\n2999752892318678080♠−2.47%\n62.0 sq mi\n160.6 km2\n5,023/sq mi\n1,939/km2\n38°38′09″N 90°14′41″W / 38.6357°N 90.2446°W / 38.6357; -90.2446 (St. Louis)\n\n\n62\nStockton\n California\n307,072\n291,707\n7000526727161158280♠+5.27%\n61.7 sq mi\n159.8 km2\n4,977/sq mi\n1,922/km2\n37°58′35″N 121°18′48″W / 37.9763°N 121.3133°W / 37.9763; -121.3133 (Stockton)\n\n\n63\nPittsburgh\n Pennsylvania\n303,625\n305,704\n3000319930390181350♠−0.68%\n55.4 sq mi\n143.5 km2\n5,481/sq mi\n2,116/km2\n40°26′23″N 79°58′36″W / 40.4398°N 79.9766°W / 40.4398; -79.9766 (Pittsburgh)\n\n\n64\nSaint Paul\n Minnesota\n302,398\n285,068\n7000607925126636450♠+6.08%\n52.0 sq mi\n134.7 km2\n5,815/sq mi\n2,245/km2\n44°56′56″N 93°06′15″W / 44.9489°N 93.1041°W / 44.9489; -93.1041 (Saint Paul)\n\n\n65\nCincinnati\n Ohio\n298,800\n296,943\n6999625372546246240♠+0.63%\n77.4 sq mi\n200.5 km2\n3,860/sq mi\n1,490/km2\n39°08′25″N 84°30′21″W / 39.1402°N 84.5058°W / 39.1402; -84.5058 (Cincinnati)\n\n\n66\nAnchorage[19]\n Alaska\n298,192\n291,826\n7000218143688362240♠+2.18%\n1,706.6 sq mi\n4,420.1 km2\n175/sq mi\n68/km2\n61°10′27″N 149°17′03″W / 61.1743°N 149.2843°W / 61.1743; -149.2843 (Anchorage)\n\n\n67\nHenderson\n Nevada\n292,969\n257,729\n7001136732769692200♠+13.67%\n104.7 sq mi\n271.2 km2\n2,798/sq mi\n1,080/km2\n36°00′35″N 115°02′09″W / 36.0097°N 115.0357°W / 36.0097; -115.0357 (Henderson)\n\n\n68\nGreensboro\n North Carolina\n287,027\n269,666\n7000643796399991100♠+6.44%\n128.3 sq mi\n332.3 km2\n2,237/sq mi\n864/km2\n36°05′42″N 79°49′37″W / 36.0951°N 79.8270°W / 36.0951; -79.8270 (Greensboro)\n\n\n69\nPlano\n Texas\n286,057\n259,841\n7001100892468855950♠+10.09%\n71.7 sq mi\n185.7 km2\n3,990/sq mi\n1,540/km2\n33°03′03″N 96°44′52″W / 33.0508°N 96.7479°W / 33.0508; -96.7479 (Plano)\n\n\n70\nNewark\n New Jersey\n281,764\n277,140\n7000166847080897740♠+1.67%\n24.1 sq mi\n62.4 km2\n11,691/sq mi\n4,514/km2\n40°43′27″N 74°10′21″W / 40.7242°N 74.1726°W / 40.7242; -74.1726 (Newark)\n\n\n71\nLincoln\n Nebraska\n280,364\n258,379\n7000850881844112720♠+8.51%\n92.1 sq mi\n238.5 km2\n3,044/sq mi\n1,175/km2\n40°48′38″N 96°40′49″W / 40.8105°N 96.6803°W / 40.8105; -96.6803 (Lincoln)\n\n\n72\nToledo\n Ohio\n278,508\n287,208\n2999697083646695080♠−3.03%\n80.7 sq mi\n209.0 km2\n3,451/sq mi\n1,332/km2\n41°39′51″N 83°34′55″W / 41.6641°N 83.5819°W / 41.6641; -83.5819 (Toledo)\n\n\n73\nOrlando\n Florida\n277,173\n238,300\n7001163126311372220♠+16.31%\n105.2 sq mi\n272.5 km2\n2,635/sq mi\n1,017/km2\n28°25′00″N 81°16′25″W / 28.4166°N 81.2736°W / 28.4166; -81.2736 (Orlando)\n\n\n74\nChula Vista\n California\n267,172\n243,916\n7000953442988569830♠+9.53%\n49.6 sq mi\n128.5 km2\n5,387/sq mi\n2,080/km2\n32°37′40″N 117°00′55″W / 32.6277°N 117.0152°W / 32.6277; -117.0152 (Chula Vista)\n\n\n75\nIrvine\n California\n266,122\n212,375\n7001253075927015890♠+25.31%\n65.6 sq mi\n169.9 km2\n4,057/sq mi\n1,566/km2\n33°40′42″N 117°46′17″W / 33.6784°N 117.7713°W / 33.6784; -117.7713 (Irvine)\n\n\n76\nFort Wayne\n Indiana\n264,488\n253,691\n7000425596493371860♠+4.26%\n110.6 sq mi\n286.5 km2\n2,391/sq mi\n923/km2\n41°05′18″N 85°08′38″W / 41.0882°N 85.1439°W / 41.0882; -85.1439 (Fort Wayne)\n\n\n77\nJersey City\n New Jersey\n264,152\n247,597\n7000668626841197590♠+6.69%\n14.8 sq mi\n38.3 km2\n17,848/sq mi\n6,891/km2\n40°42′41″N 74°03′53″W / 40.7114°N 74.0648°W / 40.7114; -74.0648 (Jersey City)\n\n\n78\nDurham\n North Carolina\n263,016\n228,330\n7001151911706740240♠+15.19%\n109.8 sq mi\n284.4 km2\n2,395/sq mi\n925/km2\n35°58′52″N 78°54′10″W / 35.9811°N 78.9029°W / 35.9811; -78.9029 (Durham)\n\n\n79\nSt. Petersburg\n Florida\n260,999\n244,769\n7000663074163803420♠+6.63%\n61.8 sq mi\n160.1 km2\n4,223/sq mi\n1,631/km2\n27°45′43″N 82°38′39″W / 27.7620°N 82.6441°W / 27.7620; -82.6441 (St. Petersburg)\n\n\n80\nLaredo\n Texas\n257,156\n236,091\n7000892240703796420♠+8.92%\n101.1 sq mi\n261.8 km2\n2,544/sq mi\n982/km2\n27°33′37″N 99°29′21″W / 27.5604°N 99.4892°W / 27.5604; -99.4892 (Laredo)\n\n\n81\nBuffalo\n New York\n256,902\n261,310\n2999831311469136269♠−1.69%\n40.4 sq mi\n104.6 km2\n6,359/sq mi\n2,455/km2\n42°53′33″N 78°51′35″W / 42.8925°N 78.8597°W / 42.8925; -78.8597 (Buffalo)\n\n\n82\nMadison\n Wisconsin\n252,551\n233,209\n7000829384800758120♠+8.29%\n77.0 sq mi\n199.4 km2\n3,280/sq mi\n1,270/km2\n43°05′16″N 89°25′48″W / 43.0878°N 89.4299°W / 43.0878; -89.4299 (Madison)\n\n\n83\nLubbock\n Texas\n252,506\n229,573\n7000998941513157030♠+9.99%\n124.6 sq mi\n322.7 km2\n2,027/sq mi\n783/km2\n33°33′56″N 101°53′12″W / 33.5656°N 101.8867°W / 33.5656; -101.8867 (Lubbock)\n\n\n84\nChandler\n Arizona\n247,477\n236,123\n7000480851081851410♠+4.81%\n64.9 sq mi\n168.1 km2\n3,813/sq mi\n1,472/km2\n33°16′58″N 111°51′18″W / 33.2829°N 111.8549°W / 33.2829; -111.8549 (Chandler)\n\n\n85\nScottsdale\n Arizona\n246,645\n217,385\n7001134599903397199♠+13.46%\n183.9 sq mi\n476.3 km2\n1,341/sq mi\n518/km2\n33°41′03″N 111°51′40″W / 33.6843°N 111.8611°W / 33.6843; -111.8611 (Scottsdale)\n\n\n86\nGlendale\n Arizona\n245,895\n226,721\n7000845709043273450♠+8.46%\n59.1 sq mi\n153.1 km2\n4,161/sq mi\n1,607/km2\n33°31′59″N 112°11′24″W / 33.5331°N 112.1899°W / 33.5331; -112.1899 (Glendale)\n\n\n87\nReno\n Nevada\n245,255\n225,221\n7000889526287513150♠+8.90%\n107.3 sq mi\n277.9 km2\n2,286/sq mi\n883/km2\n39°32′57″N 119°51′00″W / 39.5491°N 119.8499°W / 39.5491; -119.8499 (Reno)\n\n\n88\nNorfolk[16]\n Virginia\n245,115\n242,803\n6999952212287327580♠+0.95%\n53.3 sq mi\n138.0 km2\n4,599/sq mi\n1,776/km2\n36°55′23″N 76°14′41″W / 36.9230°N 76.2446°W / 36.9230; -76.2446 (Norfolk)\n\n\n89\nWinston–Salem\n North Carolina\n242,203\n229,617\n7000548130147158090♠+5.48%\n132.5 sq mi\n343.2 km2\n1,828/sq mi\n706/km2\n36°06′10″N 80°15′40″W / 36.1027°N 80.2610°W / 36.1027; -80.2610 (Winston-Salem)\n\n\n90\nNorth Las Vegas\n Nevada\n238,702\n216,961\n7001100206949636110♠+10.02%\n98.0 sq mi\n253.8 km2\n2,436/sq mi\n941/km2\n36°17′09″N 115°05′38″W / 36.2857°N 115.0939°W / 36.2857; -115.0939 (North Las Vegas)\n\n\n91\nIrving\n Texas\n238,289\n216,290\n7001101710666235150♠+10.17%\n67.0 sq mi\n173.5 km2\n3,557/sq mi\n1,373/km2\n32°51′28″N 96°58′12″W / 32.8577°N 96.9700°W / 32.8577; -96.9700 (Irving)\n\n\n92\nChesapeake[16]\n Virginia\n237,940\n222,209\n7000707937122258770♠+7.08%\n338.5 sq mi\n876.7 km2\n703/sq mi\n271/km2\n36°40′46″N 76°18′06″W / 36.6794°N 76.3018°W / 36.6794; -76.3018 (Chesapeake)\n\n\n93\nGilbert[20]\n Arizona\n237,133\n208,453\n7001137584971192550♠+13.76%\n68.0 sq mi\n176.1 km2\n3,487/sq mi\n1,346/km2\n33°18′37″N 111°44′35″W / 33.3103°N 111.7431°W / 33.3103; -111.7431 (Gilbert)\n\n\n94\nHialeah\n Florida\n236,387\n224,669\n7000521567283425840♠+5.22%\n21.5 sq mi\n55.7 km2\n10,995/sq mi\n4,245/km2\n25°52′12″N 80°18′10″W / 25.8699°N 80.3029°W / 25.8699; -80.3029 (Hialeah)\n\n\n95\nGarland\n Texas\n234,943\n226,876\n7000355568680689010♠+3.56%\n57.0 sq mi\n147.6 km2\n4,122/sq mi\n1,592/km2\n32°54′35″N 96°37′49″W / 32.9098°N 96.6303°W / 32.9098; -96.6303 (Garland)\n\n\n96\nFremont\n California\n233,136\n214,089\n7000889676723231930♠+8.90%\n77.5 sq mi\n200.7 km2\n3,008/sq mi\n1,161/km2\n37°29′40″N 121°56′28″W / 37.4945°N 121.9412°W / 37.4945; -121.9412 (Fremont)\n\n\n97\nBaton Rouge[21]\n Louisiana\n227,715\n229,493\n3000225248700396100♠−0.77%\n85.9 sq mi\n222.5 km2\n2,651/sq mi\n1,024/km2\n30°26′32″N 91°07′51″W / 30.4422°N 91.1309°W / 30.4422; -91.1309 (Baton Rouge)\n\n\n98\nRichmond[16]\n Virginia\n223,170\n204,214\n7000928241942276240♠+9.28%\n59.8 sq mi\n154.9 km2\n3,732/sq mi\n1,441/km2\n37°31′53″N 77°28′34″W / 37.5314°N 77.4760°W / 37.5314; -77.4760 (Richmond)\n\n\n99\nBoise[22]\n Idaho\n223,154\n205,671\n7000850046919594890♠+8.50%\n82.1 sq mi\n212.6 km2\n2,718/sq mi\n1,049/km2\n43°36′01″N 116°13′54″W / 43.6002°N 116.2317°W / 43.6002; -116.2317 (Boise)\n\n\n100\nSan Bernardino\n California\n216,239\n209,924\n7000300823155046590♠+3.01%\n61.5 sq mi\n159.3 km2\n3,516/sq mi\n1,358/km2\n34°08′30″N 117°17′37″W / 34.1416°N 117.2936°W / 34.1416; -117.2936 (San Bernardino)\n\n\n101\nSpokane\n Washington\n215,973\n208,916\n7000337791265388960♠+3.38%\n68.7 sq mi\n177.9 km2\n3,144/sq mi\n1,214/km2\n47°40′01″N 117°26′00″W / 47.6669°N 117.4333°W / 47.6669; -117.4333 (Spokane)\n\n\n102\nDes Moines\n Iowa\n215,472\n203,433\n7000591791892170890♠+5.92%\n88.9 sq mi\n230.2 km2\n2,424/sq mi\n936/km2\n41°34′21″N 93°36′37″W / 41.5726°N 93.6102°W / 41.5726; -93.6102 (Des Moines)\n\n\n103\nModesto\n California\n212,175\n201,165\n7000547311908135110♠+5.47%\n43.0 sq mi\n111.4 km2\n4,934/sq mi\n1,905/km2\n37°38′15″N 121°00′11″W / 37.6375°N 121.0030°W / 37.6375; -121.0030 (Modesto)\n\n\n104\nBirmingham\n Alabama\n212,157\n212,237\n3001623062896667360♠−0.04%\n146.1 sq mi\n378.4 km2\n1,452/sq mi\n561/km2\n33°31′39″N 86°47′56″W / 33.5274°N 86.7990°W / 33.5274; -86.7990 (Birmingham)\n\n\n105\nTacoma\n Washington\n211,277\n198,397\n7000649203364970240♠+6.49%\n49.7 sq mi\n128.7 km2\n4,251/sq mi\n1,641/km2\n47°15′08″N 122°27′35″W / 47.2522°N 122.4598°W / 47.2522; -122.4598 (Tacoma)\n\n\n106\nFontana\n California\n209,665\n196,069\n7000693429353951920♠+6.93%\n43.0 sq mi\n111.4 km2\n4,876/sq mi\n1,883/km2\n34°06′32″N 117°27′46″W / 34.1090°N 117.4629°W / 34.1090; -117.4629 (Fontana)\n\n\n107\nRochester\n New York\n208,880\n210,565\n3000199772041887300♠−0.80%\n35.8 sq mi\n92.7 km2\n5,835/sq mi\n2,253/km2\n43°10′12″N 77°37′01″W / 43.1699°N 77.6169°W / 43.1699; -77.6169 (Rochester)\n\n\n108\nOxnard\n California\n207,906\n197,899\n7000505661979090340♠+5.06%\n26.9 sq mi\n69.7 km2\n7,729/sq mi\n2,984/km2\n34°12′08″N 119°12′17″W / 34.2023°N 119.2046°W / 34.2023; -119.2046 (Oxnard)\n\n\n109\nMoreno Valley\n California\n205,499\n193,365\n7000627517906549790♠+6.28%\n51.3 sq mi\n132.9 km2\n4,006/sq mi\n1,547/km2\n33°55′24″N 117°12′21″W / 33.9233°N 117.2057°W / 33.9233; -117.2057 (Moreno Valley)\n\n\n110\nFayetteville\n North Carolina\n204,759\n200,564\n7000209160168325320♠+2.09%\n147.7 sq mi\n382.5 km2\n1,386/sq mi\n535/km2\n35°04′58″N 78°58′25″W / 35.0828°N 78.9735°W / 35.0828; -78.9735 (Fayetteville)\n\n\n111\nAurora\n Illinois\n201,110\n197,899\n7000162254483347570♠+1.62%\n44.9 sq mi\n116.3 km2\n4,479/sq mi\n1,729/km2\n41°45′49″N 88°17′24″W / 41.7635°N 88.2901°W / 41.7635; -88.2901 (Aurora)\n\n\n112\nGlendale\n California\n200,831\n191,719\n7000475278923841660♠+4.75%\n30.4 sq mi\n78.7 km2\n6,606/sq mi\n2,551/km2\n34°10′53″N 118°14′45″W / 34.1814°N 118.2458°W / 34.1814; -118.2458 (Glendale)\n\n\n113\nYonkers\n New York\n200,807\n195,976\n7000246509776707350♠+2.47%\n18.0 sq mi\n46.6 km2\n11,156/sq mi\n4,307/km2\n40°56′45″N 73°52′03″W / 40.9459°N 73.8674°W / 40.9459; -73.8674 (Yonkers)\n\n\n114\nHuntington Beach\n California\n200,652\n189,992\n7000561076255842350♠+5.61%\n26.9 sq mi\n69.7 km2\n7,459/sq mi\n2,880/km2\n33°41′26″N 118°00′33″W / 33.6906°N 118.0093°W / 33.6906; -118.0093 (Huntington Beach)\n\n\n115\nMontgomery\n Alabama\n200,022\n205,764\n2999720942438910600♠−2.79%\n159.8 sq mi\n413.9 km2\n1,252/sq mi\n483/km2\n32°20′50″N 86°15′58″W / 32.3472°N 86.2661°W / 32.3472; -86.2661 (Montgomery)\n\n\n116\nAmarillo\n Texas\n199,582\n190,695\n7000466032145572770♠+4.66%\n101.4 sq mi\n262.6 km2\n1,968/sq mi\n760/km2\n35°12′00″N 101°49′49″W / 35.1999°N 101.8302°W / 35.1999; -101.8302 (Amarillo)\n\n\n117\nLittle Rock\n Arkansas\n198,541\n193,524\n7000259244331452430♠+2.59%\n118.7 sq mi\n307.4 km2\n1,673/sq mi\n646/km2\n34°43′31″N 92°21′31″W / 34.7254°N 92.3586°W / 34.7254; -92.3586 (Little Rock)\n\n\n118\nAkron\n Ohio\n197,633\n199,110\n3000258198985485409♠−0.74%\n62.0 sq mi\n160.6 km2\n3,188/sq mi\n1,231/km2\n41°04′50″N 81°31′17″W / 41.0805°N 81.5214°W / 41.0805; -81.5214 (Akron)\n\n\n119\nColumbus[23]\n Georgia\n197,485\n189,885\n7000400242251889300♠+4.00%\n216.4 sq mi\n560.5 km2\n913/sq mi\n353/km2\n32°30′37″N 84°52′30″W / 32.5102°N 84.8749°W / 32.5102; -84.8749 (Columbus)\n\n\n120\nAugusta[24]\n Georgia\n197,081\n195,844\n6999631625171054510♠+0.63%\n302.5 sq mi\n783.5 km2\n652/sq mi\n252/km2\n33°21′56″N 82°04′24″W / 33.3655°N 82.0734°W / 33.3655; -82.0734 (Augusta)\n\n\n121\nGrand Rapids\n Michigan\n196,445\n188,040\n7000446979366092320♠+4.47%\n44.4 sq mi\n115.0 km2\n4,424/sq mi\n1,708/km2\n42°57′40″N 85°39′20″W / 42.9612°N 85.6556°W / 42.9612; -85.6556 (Grand Rapids)\n\n\n122\nShreveport\n Louisiana\n194,920\n199,311\n2999779691035617700♠−2.20%\n107.1 sq mi\n277.4 km2\n1,820/sq mi\n700/km2\n32°28′01″N 93°47′32″W / 32.4669°N 93.7922°W / 32.4669; -93.7922 (Shreveport)\n\n\n123\nSalt Lake City\n Utah\n193,744\n186,440\n7000391761424587000♠+3.92%\n111.2 sq mi\n288.0 km2\n1,742/sq mi\n673/km2\n40°46′37″N 111°55′52″W / 40.7769°N 111.9310°W / 40.7769; -111.9310 (Salt Lake City)\n\n\n124\nHuntsville\n Alabama\n193,079\n180,105\n7000720357569195750♠+7.20%\n213.4 sq mi\n552.7 km2\n905/sq mi\n349/km2\n34°41′56″N 86°40′23″W / 34.6990°N 86.6730°W / 34.6990; -86.6730 (Huntsville)\n\n\n125\nMobile\n Alabama\n192,904\n195,111\n2999886884901415090♠−1.13%\n139.4 sq mi\n361.0 km2\n1,384/sq mi\n534/km2\n30°40′06″N 88°06′01″W / 30.6684°N 88.1002°W / 30.6684; -88.1002 (Mobile)\n\n\n126\nTallahassee\n Florida\n190,894\n181,376\n7000524766231474950♠+5.25%\n100.4 sq mi\n260.0 km2\n1,901/sq mi\n734/km2\n30°27′18″N 84°15′12″W / 30.4551°N 84.2534°W / 30.4551; -84.2534 (Tallahassee)\n\n\n127\nGrand Prairie\n Texas\n190,682\n175,396\n7000871513603502930♠+8.72%\n72.3 sq mi\n187.3 km2\n2,637/sq mi\n1,018/km2\n32°41′13″N 97°01′16″W / 32.6869°N 97.0211°W / 32.6869; -97.0211 (Grand Prairie)\n\n\n128\nOverland Park\n Kansas\n188,966\n173,372\n7000899453198901780♠+8.99%\n75.1 sq mi\n194.5 km2\n2,516/sq mi\n971/km2\n38°53′20″N 94°41′26″W / 38.8890°N 94.6906°W / 38.8890; -94.6906 (Overland Park)\n\n\n129\nKnoxville\n Tennessee\n186,239\n178,874\n7000411742343772710♠+4.12%\n98.5 sq mi\n255.1 km2\n1,891/sq mi\n730/km2\n35°58′15″N 83°56′57″W / 35.9707°N 83.9493°W / 35.9707; -83.9493 (Knoxville)\n\n\n130\nPort St. Lucie\n Florida\n185,132\n164,603\n7001124718261514070♠+12.47%\n118.9 sq mi\n307.9 km2\n1,557/sq mi\n601/km2\n27°16′50″N 80°23′18″W / 27.2806°N 80.3883°W / 27.2806; -80.3883 (Port St. Lucie)\n\n\n131\nWorcester\n Massachusetts\n184,508\n181,045\n7000191278411444670♠+1.91%\n37.4 sq mi\n96.9 km2\n4,933/sq mi\n1,905/km2\n42°16′10″N 71°48′28″W / 42.2695°N 71.8078°W / 42.2695; -71.8078 (Worcester)\n\n\n132\nBrownsville\n Texas\n183,823\n175,023\n7000502791061746170♠+5.03%\n132.5 sq mi\n343.2 km2\n1,387/sq mi\n536/km2\n25°59′57″N 97°27′18″W / 25.9991°N 97.4550°W / 25.9991; -97.4550 (Brownsville)\n\n\n133\nTempe\n Arizona\n182,498\n161,719\n7001128488303786200♠+12.85%\n40.0 sq mi\n103.6 km2\n4,562/sq mi\n1,761/km2\n33°23′18″N 111°55′54″W / 33.3884°N 111.9318°W / 33.3884; -111.9318 (Tempe)\n\n\n134\nSanta Clarita\n California\n181,972\n176,320\n7000320553539019960♠+3.21%\n52.8 sq mi\n136.8 km2\n3,446/sq mi\n1,331/km2\n34°24′11″N 118°30′15″W / 34.4030°N 118.5042°W / 34.4030; -118.5042 (Santa Clarita)\n\n\n135\nNewport News[16]\n Virginia\n181,825\n180,719\n6999611999845063330♠+0.61%\n69.1 sq mi\n179.0 km2\n2,631/sq mi\n1,016/km2\n37°04′34″N 76°31′19″W / 37.0762°N 76.5220°W / 37.0762; -76.5220 (Newport News)\n\n\n136\nCape Coral\n Florida\n179,804\n154,305\n7001165250639966300♠+16.53%\n105.6 sq mi\n273.5 km2\n1,703/sq mi\n658/km2\n26°38′36″N 81°59′51″W / 26.6432°N 81.9974°W / 26.6432; -81.9974 (Cape Coral)\n\n\n137\nProvidence\n Rhode Island\n179,219\n178,042\n6999661079969894750♠+0.66%\n18.4 sq mi\n47.7 km2\n9,740/sq mi\n3,760/km2\n41°49′23″N 71°25′08″W / 41.8231°N 71.4188°W / 41.8231; -71.4188 (Providence)\n\n\n138\nFort Lauderdale\n Florida\n178,752\n165,521\n7000799354764652220♠+7.99%\n34.6 sq mi\n89.6 km2\n5,166/sq mi\n1,995/km2\n26°08′28″N 80°08′48″W / 26.1412°N 80.1467°W / 26.1412; -80.1467 (Fort Lauderdale)\n\n\n139\nChattanooga\n Tennessee\n177,571\n167,674\n7000590252513806550♠+5.90%\n143.1 sq mi\n370.6 km2\n1,241/sq mi\n479/km2\n35°03′58″N 85°14′54″W / 35.0660°N 85.2484°W / 35.0660; -85.2484 (Chattanooga)\n\n\n140\nRancho Cucamonga\n California\n176,534\n165,269\n7000681616032044730♠+6.82%\n40.0 sq mi\n103.6 km2\n4,413/sq mi\n1,704/km2\n34°07′24″N 117°33′51″W / 34.1233°N 117.5642°W / 34.1233; -117.5642 (Rancho Cucamonga)\n\n\n141\nOceanside\n California\n175,464\n167,086\n7000501418431227029♠+5.01%\n41.3 sq mi\n107.0 km2\n4,249/sq mi\n1,641/km2\n33°13′28″N 117°18′22″W / 33.2245°N 117.3062°W / 33.2245; -117.3062 (Oceanside)\n\n\n142\nSanta Rosa\n California\n175,155\n167,815\n7000437386407651280♠+4.37%\n41.3 sq mi\n107.0 km2\n4,241/sq mi\n1,637/km2\n38°26′48″N 122°42′22″W / 38.4468°N 122.7061°W / 38.4468; -122.7061 (Santa Rosa)\n\n\n143\nGarden Grove\n California\n174,858\n170,883\n7000232615298186480♠+2.33%\n18.0 sq mi\n46.6 km2\n9,714/sq mi\n3,751/km2\n33°46′44″N 117°57′38″W / 33.7788°N 117.9605°W / 33.7788; -117.9605 (Garden Grove)\n\n\n144\nVancouver\n Washington\n174,826\n161,791\n7000805669042159330♠+8.06%\n46.9 sq mi\n121.5 km2\n3,728/sq mi\n1,439/km2\n45°38′06″N 122°35′45″W / 45.6349°N 122.5957°W / 45.6349; -122.5957 (Vancouver)\n\n\n145\nSioux Falls\n South Dakota\n174,360\n153,888\n7001133031815346230♠+13.30%\n75.4 sq mi\n195.3 km2\n2,312/sq mi\n893/km2\n43°32′18″N 96°43′55″W / 43.5383°N 96.7320°W / 43.5383; -96.7320 (Sioux Falls)\n\n\n146\nOntario\n California\n173,212\n163,924\n7000566604036016690♠+5.67%\n49.9 sq mi\n129.2 km2\n3,471/sq mi\n1,340/km2\n34°02′22″N 117°36′15″W / 34.0394°N 117.6042°W / 34.0394; -117.6042 (Ontario)\n\n\n147\nMcKinney\n Texas\n172,298\n131,117\n7001314078265976190♠+31.41%\n63.0 sq mi\n163.2 km2\n2,735/sq mi\n1,056/km2\n33°11′55″N 96°40′05″W / 33.1985°N 96.6680°W / 33.1985; -96.6680 (McKinney)\n\n\n148\nElk Grove\n California\n169,743\n153,015\n7001109322615429860♠+10.93%\n42.2 sq mi\n109.3 km2\n4,022/sq mi\n1,553/km2\n38°24′53″N 121°23′06″W / 38.4146°N 121.3850°W / 38.4146; -121.3850 (Elk Grove)\n\n\n149\nJackson\n Mississippi\n169,148\n173,514\n2999748377652523720♠−2.52%\n111.0 sq mi\n287.5 km2\n1,524/sq mi\n588/km2\n32°18′57″N 90°12′46″W / 32.3158°N 90.2128°W / 32.3158; -90.2128 (Jackson)\n\n\n150\nPembroke Pines\n Florida\n168,587\n154,019\n7000945857329290540♠+9.46%\n33.0 sq mi\n85.5 km2\n5,109/sq mi\n1,973/km2\n26°01′16″N 80°20′25″W / 26.0210°N 80.3404°W / 26.0210; -80.3404 (Pembroke Pines)\n\n\n151\nSalem\n Oregon\n167,419\n154,637\n7000826580960572180♠+8.27%\n48.6 sq mi\n125.9 km2\n3,445/sq mi\n1,330/km2\n44°55′25″N 123°01′24″W / 44.9237°N 123.0232°W / 44.9237; -123.0232 (Salem)\n\n\n152\nSpringfield\n Missouri\n167,319\n159,498\n7000490350976187790♠+4.90%\n82.3 sq mi\n213.2 km2\n2,033/sq mi\n785/km2\n37°11′39″N 93°17′29″W / 37.1942°N 93.2913°W / 37.1942; -93.2913 (Springfield)\n\n\n153\nCorona\n California\n166,785\n152,374\n7000945765025529290♠+9.46%\n39.5 sq mi\n102.3 km2\n4,222/sq mi\n1,630/km2\n33°51′43″N 117°33′56″W / 33.8620°N 117.5655°W / 33.8620; -117.5655 (Corona)\n\n\n154\nEugene\n Oregon\n166,575\n156,185\n7000665236738483210♠+6.65%\n44.1 sq mi\n114.2 km2\n3,777/sq mi\n1,458/km2\n44°03′24″N 123°06′58″W / 44.0567°N 123.1162°W / 44.0567; -123.1162 (Eugene)\n\n\n155\nFort Collins\n Colorado\n164,207\n143,986\n7001140437264734070♠+14.04%\n55.8 sq mi\n144.5 km2\n2,943/sq mi\n1,136/km2\n40°32′54″N 105°03′53″W / 40.5482°N 105.0648°W / 40.5482; -105.0648 (Fort Collins)\n\n\n156\nPeoria\n Arizona\n164,173\n154,065\n7000656086716645570♠+6.56%\n175.7 sq mi\n455.1 km2\n934/sq mi\n361/km2\n33°47′10″N 112°18′29″W / 33.7862°N 112.3080°W / 33.7862; -112.3080 (Peoria)\n\n\n157\nFrisco\n Texas\n163,656\n116,989\n7001398900751352690♠+39.89%\n67.7 sq mi\n175.3 km2\n2,417/sq mi\n933/km2\n33°09′19″N 96°49′21″W / 33.1554°N 96.8226°W / 33.1554; -96.8226 (Frisco)\n\n\n158\nCary[25]\n North Carolina\n162,320\n135,234\n7001200289867932620♠+20.03%\n56.5 sq mi\n146.3 km2\n2,873/sq mi\n1,109/km2\n35°46′51″N 78°48′48″W / 35.7809°N 78.8133°W / 35.7809; -78.8133 (Cary)\n\n\n159\nLancaster\n California\n160,106\n156,633\n7000221728499103000♠+2.22%\n94.3 sq mi\n244.2 km2\n1,698/sq mi\n656/km2\n34°41′37″N 118°10′31″W / 34.6936°N 118.1753°W / 34.6936; -118.1753 (Lancaster)\n\n\n160\nHayward\n California\n158,937\n144,186\n7001102305355582370♠+10.23%\n45.5 sq mi\n117.8 km2\n3,493/sq mi\n1,349/km2\n37°37′43″N 122°06′09″W / 37.6287°N 122.1024°W / 37.6287; -122.1024 (Hayward)\n\n\n161\nPalmdale\n California\n157,356\n152,750\n7000301538461538460♠+3.02%\n106.0 sq mi\n274.5 km2\n1,484/sq mi\n573/km2\n34°35′28″N 118°06′19″W / 34.5910°N 118.1054°W / 34.5910; -118.1054 (Palmdale)\n\n\n162\nSalinas\n California\n157,218\n150,441\n7000450475601730910♠+4.50%\n23.6 sq mi\n61.1 km2\n6,662/sq mi\n2,572/km2\n36°41′25″N 121°38′01″W / 36.6902°N 121.6337°W / 36.6902; -121.6337 (Salinas)\n\n\n163\nAlexandria[16]\n Virginia\n155,810\n139,966\n7001113198919737650♠+11.32%\n15.0 sq mi\n38.8 km2\n10,387/sq mi\n4,010/km2\n38°49′12″N 77°05′03″W / 38.8201°N 77.0841°W / 38.8201; -77.0841 (Alexandria)\n\n\n164\nLakewood\n Colorado\n154,393\n142,980\n7000798223527766120♠+7.98%\n42.9 sq mi\n111.1 km2\n3,599/sq mi\n1,390/km2\n39°41′56″N 105°07′03″W / 39.6989°N 105.1176°W / 39.6989; -105.1176 (Lakewood)\n\n\n165\nSpringfield\n Massachusetts\n154,074\n153,060\n6999662485299882400♠+0.66%\n31.9 sq mi\n82.6 km2\n4,830/sq mi\n1,860/km2\n42°06′56″N 72°32′24″W / 42.1155°N 72.5400°W / 42.1155; -72.5400 (Springfield)\n\n\n166\nPasadena\n Texas\n153,351\n149,043\n7000289044101366720♠+2.89%\n43.5 sq mi\n112.7 km2\n3,525/sq mi\n1,361/km2\n29°39′31″N 95°09′02″W / 29.6586°N 95.1506°W / 29.6586; -95.1506 (Pasadena)\n\n\n167\nSunnyvale\n California\n152,771\n140,081\n7000905904441001990♠+9.06%\n22.0 sq mi\n57.0 km2\n6,944/sq mi\n2,681/km2\n37°23′09″N 122°01′35″W / 37.3858°N 122.0263°W / 37.3858; -122.0263 (Sunnyvale)\n\n\n168\nMacon[26]\n Georgia\n152,555\n91,351\n7001669987192258430♠+67.00%\n249.3 sq mi\n645.7 km2\n612/sq mi\n236/km2\n32°48′32″N 83°41′39″W / 32.8088°N 83.6942°W / 32.8088; -83.6942 (Macon)\n\n\n169\nPomona\n California\n152,494\n149,058\n7000230514296448360♠+2.31%\n23.0 sq mi\n59.6 km2\n6,630/sq mi\n2,560/km2\n34°03′31″N 117°45′40″W / 34.0585°N 117.7611°W / 34.0585; -117.7611 (Pomona)\n\n\n170\nHollywood\n Florida\n151,998\n140,768\n7000797766537849510♠+7.98%\n27.3 sq mi\n70.7 km2\n5,568/sq mi\n2,150/km2\n26°01′52″N 80°09′53″W / 26.0310°N 80.1646°W / 26.0310; -80.1646 (Hollywood)\n\n\n171\nKansas City[27]\n Kansas\n151,709\n145,786\n7000406280438450880♠+4.06%\n124.8 sq mi\n323.2 km2\n1,216/sq mi\n470/km2\n39°07′21″N 94°44′30″W / 39.1225°N 94.7418°W / 39.1225; -94.7418 (Kansas City)\n\n\n172\nEscondido\n California\n151,613\n143,911\n7000535191889431660♠+5.35%\n37.1 sq mi\n96.1 km2\n4,087/sq mi\n1,578/km2\n33°07′59″N 117°04′26″W / 33.1331°N 117.0740°W / 33.1331; -117.0740 (Escondido)\n\n\n173\nClarksville\n Tennessee\n150,287\n132,929\n7001130580986842600♠+13.06%\n98.3 sq mi\n254.6 km2\n1,529/sq mi\n590/km2\n36°33′59″N 87°20′43″W / 36.5664°N 87.3452°W / 36.5664; -87.3452 (Clarksville)\n\n\n174\nJoliet\n Illinois\n148,262\n147,433\n6999562289311076889♠+0.56%\n64.4 sq mi\n166.8 km2\n2,302/sq mi\n889/km2\n41°31′04″N 88°08′56″W / 41.5177°N 88.1488°W / 41.5177; -88.1488 (Joliet)\n\n\n175\nRockford\n Illinois\n147,651\n152,871\n2999658535628078580♠−3.41%\n63.5 sq mi\n164.5 km2\n2,325/sq mi\n898/km2\n42°15′32″N 89°03′53″W / 42.2588°N 89.0646°W / 42.2588; -89.0646 (Rockford)\n\n\n176\nTorrance\n California\n147,195\n145,438\n7000120807491852200♠+1.21%\n20.5 sq mi\n53.1 km2\n7,180/sq mi\n2,770/km2\n33°50′06″N 118°20′29″W / 33.8350°N 118.3414°W / 33.8350; -118.3414 (Torrance)\n\n\n177\nNaperville\n Illinois\n147,122\n141,853\n7000371440857789400♠+3.71%\n38.7 sq mi\n100.2 km2\n3,802/sq mi\n1,468/km2\n41°44′57″N 88°09′43″W / 41.7492°N 88.1620°W / 41.7492; -88.1620 (Naperville)\n\n\n178\nPaterson\n New Jersey\n147,000\n146,199\n6999547883364455299♠+0.55%\n8.4 sq mi\n21.8 km2\n17,500/sq mi\n6,800/km2\n40°54′53″N 74°09′46″W / 40.9148°N 74.1628°W / 40.9148; -74.1628 (Paterson)\n\n\n179\nSavannah\n Georgia\n146,763\n136,286\n7000768751008907740♠+7.69%\n103.6 sq mi\n268.3 km2\n1,417/sq mi\n547/km2\n32°00′09″N 81°09′13″W / 32.0025°N 81.1536°W / 32.0025; -81.1536 (Savannah)\n\n\n180\nBridgeport\n Connecticut\n145,936\n144,229\n7000118353451802340♠+1.18%\n16.1 sq mi\n41.7 km2\n9,064/sq mi\n3,500/km2\n41°11′15″N 73°11′45″W / 41.1874°N 73.1958°W / 41.1874; -73.1958 (Bridgeport)\n\n\n181\nMesquite\n Texas\n143,736\n139,824\n7000279780295228290♠+2.80%\n47.2 sq mi\n122.2 km2\n3,045/sq mi\n1,176/km2\n32°45′46″N 96°35′20″W / 32.7629°N 96.5888°W / 32.7629; -96.5888 (Mesquite)\n\n\n182\nKilleen\n Texas\n143,400\n127,921\n7001121004369884540♠+12.10%\n53.5 sq mi\n138.6 km2\n2,680/sq mi\n1,030/km2\n31°04′40″N 97°43′55″W / 31.0777°N 97.7320°W / 31.0777; -97.7320 (Killeen)\n\n\n183\nSyracuse\n New York\n143,378\n145,170\n2999876558517600049♠−1.23%\n25.0 sq mi\n64.7 km2\n5,735/sq mi\n2,214/km2\n43°02′28″N 76°08′37″W / 43.0410°N 76.1436°W / 43.0410; -76.1436 (Syracuse)\n\n\n184\nMcAllen\n Texas\n142,212\n129,877\n7000949744758502279♠+9.50%\n58.4 sq mi\n151.3 km2\n2,435/sq mi\n940/km2\n26°13′56″N 98°14′47″W / 26.2322°N 98.2464°W / 26.2322; -98.2464 (McAllen)\n\n\n185\nPasadena\n California\n142,059\n137,122\n7000360044340076720♠+3.60%\n23.0 sq mi\n59.6 km2\n6,176/sq mi\n2,385/km2\n34°09′38″N 118°08′23″W / 34.1606°N 118.1396°W / 34.1606; -118.1396 (Pasadena)\n\n\n186\nBellevue\n Washington\n141,400\n122,363\n7001155578075071710♠+15.56%\n33.5 sq mi\n86.8 km2\n4,221/sq mi\n1,630/km2\n47°35′52″N 122°09′23″W / 47.5979°N 122.1565°W / 47.5979; -122.1565 (Bellevue)\n\n\n187\nFullerton\n California\n140,721\n135,161\n7000411361265453790♠+4.11%\n22.4 sq mi\n58.0 km2\n6,282/sq mi\n2,425/km2\n33°53′09″N 117°55′41″W / 33.8857°N 117.9280°W / 33.8857; -117.9280 (Fullerton)\n\n\n188\nOrange\n California\n140,504\n136,416\n7000299671592775040♠+3.00%\n25.4 sq mi\n65.8 km2\n5,532/sq mi\n2,136/km2\n33°47′13″N 117°51′41″W / 33.7870°N 117.8613°W / 33.7870; -117.8613 (Orange)\n\n\n189\nDayton\n Ohio\n140,489\n141,527\n3000266571042981200♠−0.73%\n55.7 sq mi\n144.3 km2\n2,522/sq mi\n974/km2\n39°46′39″N 84°11′59″W / 39.7774°N 84.1996°W / 39.7774; -84.1996 (Dayton)\n\n\n190\nMiramar\n Florida\n138,449\n122,041\n7001134446620398060♠+13.44%\n29.4 sq mi\n76.1 km2\n4,709/sq mi\n1,818/km2\n25°58′37″N 80°20′09″W / 25.9770°N 80.3358°W / 25.9770; -80.3358 (Miramar)\n\n\n191\nThornton\n Colorado\n136,703\n118,772\n7001150969925571680♠+15.10%\n35.7 sq mi\n92.5 km2\n3,829/sq mi\n1,478/km2\n39°55′10″N 104°56′34″W / 39.9194°N 104.9428°W / 39.9194; -104.9428 (Thornton)\n\n\n192\nWest Valley City\n Utah\n136,574\n129,480\n7000547883843064560♠+5.48%\n35.5 sq mi\n91.9 km2\n3,847/sq mi\n1,485/km2\n40°41′19″N 112°00′42″W / 40.6885°N 112.0118°W / 40.6885; -112.0118 (West Valley City)\n\n\n193\nOlathe\n Kansas\n135,473\n125,872\n7000762758993263000♠+7.63%\n60.9 sq mi\n157.7 km2\n2,225/sq mi\n859/km2\n38°53′03″N 94°49′10″W / 38.8843°N 94.8195°W / 38.8843; -94.8195 (Olathe)\n\n\n194\nHampton[16]\n Virginia\n135,410\n137,436\n2999852585930906020♠−1.47%\n51.5 sq mi\n133.4 km2\n2,629/sq mi\n1,015/km2\n37°02′53″N 76°17′50″W / 37.0480°N 76.2971°W / 37.0480; -76.2971 (Hampton)\n\n\n195\nWarren\n Michigan\n135,125\n134,056\n6999797427940562150♠+0.80%\n34.4 sq mi\n89.1 km2\n3,928/sq mi\n1,517/km2\n42°29′34″N 83°01′30″W / 42.4929°N 83.0250°W / 42.4929; -83.0250 (Warren)\n\n\n196\nMidland\n Texas\n134,610\n111,147\n7001211098815082730♠+21.11%\n74.4 sq mi\n192.7 km2\n1,809/sq mi\n698/km2\n32°01′29″N 102°06′49″W / 32.0246°N 102.1135°W / 32.0246; -102.1135 (Midland)\n\n\n197\nWaco\n Texas\n134,432\n124,805\n7000771363326789790♠+7.71%\n89.0 sq mi\n230.5 km2\n1,510/sq mi\n580/km2\n31°33′36″N 97°11′10″W / 31.5601°N 97.1860°W / 31.5601; -97.1860 (Waco)\n\n\n198\nCharleston\n South Carolina\n134,385\n120,083\n7001119100955172670♠+11.91%\n109.0 sq mi\n282.3 km2\n1,233/sq mi\n476/km2\n32°49′04″N 79°57′32″W / 32.8179°N 79.9590°W / 32.8179; -79.9590 (Charleston)\n\n\n199\nColumbia\n South Carolina\n134,309\n129,272\n7000389643542298410♠+3.90%\n133.5 sq mi\n345.8 km2\n1,006/sq mi\n388/km2\n34°01′45″N 80°53′53″W / 34.0291°N 80.8980°W / 34.0291; -80.8980 (Columbia)\n\n\n200\nDenton\n Texas\n133,808\n113,383\n7001180141643809040♠+18.01%\n93.4 sq mi\n241.9 km2\n1,433/sq mi\n553/km2\n33°13′00″N 97°08′29″W / 33.2166°N 97.1414°W / 33.2166; -97.1414 (Denton)\n\n\n201\nCarrollton\n Texas\n133,351\n119,097\n7001119683955095430♠+11.97%\n36.3 sq mi\n94.0 km2\n3,674/sq mi\n1,419/km2\n32°59′18″N 96°53′59″W / 32.9884°N 96.8998°W / 32.9884; -96.8998 (Carrollton)\n\n\n202\nSurprise\n Arizona\n132,677\n117,517\n7001129002612387990♠+12.90%\n107.9 sq mi\n279.5 km2\n1,230/sq mi\n470/km2\n33°40′14″N 112°27′10″W / 33.6706°N 112.4527°W / 33.6706; -112.4527 (Surprise)\n\n\n203\nRoseville\n California\n132,671\n118,788\n7001116872074620330♠+11.69%\n43.0 sq mi\n111.4 km2\n3,085/sq mi\n1,191/km2\n38°46′08″N 121°19′08″W / 38.7690°N 121.3189°W / 38.7690; -121.3189 (Roseville)\n\n\n204\nSterling Heights\n Michigan\n132,427\n129,699\n7000210333155999660♠+2.10%\n36.5 sq mi\n94.5 km2\n3,628/sq mi\n1,401/km2\n42°34′52″N 83°01′49″W / 42.5812°N 83.0303°W / 42.5812; -83.0303 (Sterling Heights)\n\n\n205\nMurfreesboro\n Tennessee\n131,947\n108,755\n7001213249965518830♠+21.32%\n55.9 sq mi\n144.8 km2\n2,360/sq mi\n910/km2\n35°51′08″N 86°24′58″W / 35.8522°N 86.4160°W / 35.8522; -86.4160 (Murfreesboro)\n\n\n206\nGainesville\n Florida\n131,591\n124,354\n7000581967608601250♠+5.82%\n62.3 sq mi\n161.4 km2\n2,112/sq mi\n815/km2\n29°40′44″N 82°20′46″W / 29.6788°N 82.3461°W / 29.6788; -82.3461 (Gainesville)\n\n\n207\nCedar Rapids\n Iowa\n131,127\n126,326\n7000380048446083940♠+3.80%\n70.8 sq mi\n183.4 km2\n1,852/sq mi\n715/km2\n41°58′01″N 91°40′40″W / 41.9670°N 91.6778°W / 41.9670; -91.6778 (Cedar Rapids)\n\n\n208\nVisalia\n California\n131,074\n124,442\n7000532939039874000♠+5.33%\n37.5 sq mi\n97.1 km2\n3,495/sq mi\n1,349/km2\n36°19′38″N 119°19′44″W / 36.3273°N 119.3289°W / 36.3273; -119.3289 (Visalia)\n\n\n209\nCoral Springs\n Florida\n130,059\n121,096\n7000740156569994050♠+7.40%\n23.8 sq mi\n61.6 km2\n5,465/sq mi\n2,110/km2\n26°16′15″N 80°15′33″W / 26.2707°N 80.2593°W / 26.2707; -80.2593 (Coral Springs)\n\n\n210\nNew Haven\n Connecticut\n129,934\n129,779\n6999119433806702160♠+0.12%\n18.7 sq mi\n48.4 km2\n6,948/sq mi\n2,683/km2\n41°18′39″N 72°55′30″W / 41.3108°N 72.9250°W / 41.3108; -72.9250 (New Haven)\n\n\n211\nStamford\n Connecticut\n129,113\n122,643\n7000527547434423490♠+5.28%\n37.6 sq mi\n97.4 km2\n3,434/sq mi\n1,326/km2\n41°04′48″N 73°32′46″W / 41.0799°N 73.5460°W / 41.0799; -73.5460 (Stamford)\n\n\n212\nThousand Oaks\n California\n128,888\n126,683\n7000174056503240370♠+1.74%\n55.2 sq mi\n143.0 km2\n2,335/sq mi\n902/km2\n34°11′36″N 118°52′27″W / 34.1933°N 118.8742°W / 34.1933; -118.8742 (Thousand Oaks)\n\n\n213\nConcord\n California\n128,726\n122,067\n7000545520083232980♠+5.46%\n30.5 sq mi\n79.0 km2\n4,221/sq mi\n1,630/km2\n37°58′20″N 122°00′06″W / 37.9722°N 122.0016°W / 37.9722; -122.0016 (Concord)\n\n\n214\nElizabeth\n New Jersey\n128,640\n124,969\n7000293752850706980♠+2.94%\n12.3 sq mi\n31.9 km2\n10,459/sq mi\n4,038/km2\n40°39′59″N 74°11′37″W / 40.6664°N 74.1935°W / 40.6664; -74.1935 (Elizabeth)\n\n\n215\nLafayette[28]\n Louisiana\n127,626\n120,623\n7000580569211510240♠+5.81%\n53.8 sq mi\n139.3 km2\n2,372/sq mi\n916/km2\n30°12′27″N 92°01′43″W / 30.2074°N 92.0285°W / 30.2074; -92.0285 (Lafayette)\n\n\n216\nKent\n Washington\n127,514\n92,411\n7001379857376286370♠+37.99%\n33.7 sq mi\n87.3 km2\n3,784/sq mi\n1,461/km2\n47°23′17″N 122°12′46″W / 47.3880°N 122.2127°W / 47.3880; -122.2127 (Kent)\n\n\n217\nTopeka\n Kansas\n126,808\n127,473\n3000478320899327700♠−0.52%\n61.5 sq mi\n159.3 km2\n2,062/sq mi\n796/km2\n39°02′05″N 95°41′46″W / 39.0347°N 95.6962°W / 39.0347; -95.6962 (Topeka)\n\n\n218\nSimi Valley\n California\n126,327\n124,237\n7000168226856733500♠+1.68%\n41.5 sq mi\n107.5 km2\n3,044/sq mi\n1,175/km2\n34°16′01″N 118°44′55″W / 34.2669°N 118.7485°W / 34.2669; -118.7485 (Simi Valley)\n\n\n219\nSanta Clara\n California\n125,948\n116,468\n7000813957481883440♠+8.14%\n18.4 sq mi\n47.7 km2\n6,845/sq mi\n2,643/km2\n37°21′53″N 121°58′04″W / 37.3646°N 121.9679°W / 37.3646; -121.9679 (Santa Clara)\n\n\n220\nAthens[29]\n Georgia\n123,371\n115,452\n7000685912760281330♠+6.86%\n116.4 sq mi\n301.5 km2\n1,060/sq mi\n410/km2\n33°56′59″N 83°22′12″W / 33.9496°N 83.3701°W / 33.9496; -83.3701 (Athens)\n\n\n221\nHartford\n Connecticut\n123,243\n124,775\n2999877218994189540♠−1.23%\n17.4 sq mi\n45.1 km2\n7,083/sq mi\n2,735/km2\n41°45′57″N 72°40′54″W / 41.7659°N 72.6816°W / 41.7659; -72.6816 (Hartford)\n\n\n222\nVictorville\n California\n122,265\n115,903\n7000548907275911750♠+5.49%\n73.3 sq mi\n189.8 km2\n1,668/sq mi\n644/km2\n34°31′40″N 117°21′13″W / 34.5277°N 117.3536°W / 34.5277; -117.3536 (Victorville)\n\n\n223\nAbilene\n Texas\n122,225\n117,063\n7000440959141658770♠+4.41%\n106.7 sq mi\n276.4 km2\n1,146/sq mi\n442/km2\n32°27′16″N 99°44′17″W / 32.4545°N 99.7381°W / 32.4545; -99.7381 (Abilene)\n\n\n224\nNorman\n Oklahoma\n122,180\n110,925\n7001101464953797610♠+10.15%\n178.8 sq mi\n463.1 km2\n683/sq mi\n264/km2\n35°14′26″N 97°20′43″W / 35.2406°N 97.3453°W / 35.2406; -97.3453 (Norman)\n\n\n225\nVallejo\n California\n121,299\n115,942\n7000462041365510340♠+4.62%\n30.7 sq mi\n79.5 km2\n3,951/sq mi\n1,525/km2\n38°06′28″N 122°15′50″W / 38.1079°N 122.2640°W / 38.1079; -122.2640 (Vallejo)\n\n\n226\nBerkeley\n California\n121,240\n112,580\n7000769230769230770♠+7.69%\n10.5 sq mi\n27.2 km2\n11,547/sq mi\n4,458/km2\n37°52′01″N 122°17′57″W / 37.8670°N 122.2991°W / 37.8670; -122.2991 (Berkeley)\n\n\n227\nRound Rock\n Texas\n120,892\n99,887\n7001210287625016270♠+21.03%\n35.6 sq mi\n92.2 km2\n3,396/sq mi\n1,311/km2\n30°31′31″N 97°39′58″W / 30.5252°N 97.6660°W / 30.5252; -97.6660 (Round Rock)\n\n\n228\nAnn Arbor\n Michigan\n120,782\n113,934\n7000601049730545760♠+6.01%\n28.1 sq mi\n72.8 km2\n4,298/sq mi\n1,659/km2\n42°16′34″N 83°43′51″W / 42.2761°N 83.7309°W / 42.2761; -83.7309 (Ann Arbor)\n\n\n229\nFargo\n North Dakota\n120,762\n105,549\n7001144132109257310♠+14.41%\n49.3 sq mi\n127.7 km2\n2,450/sq mi\n950/km2\n46°51′55″N 96°49′44″W / 46.8652°N 96.8290°W / 46.8652; -96.8290 (Fargo)\n\n\n230\nColumbia\n Missouri\n120,612\n108,500\n7001111631336405530♠+11.16%\n65.0 sq mi\n168.3 km2\n1,856/sq mi\n717/km2\n38°56′50″N 92°19′35″W / 38.9473°N 92.3264°W / 38.9473; -92.3264 (Columbia)\n\n\n231\nAllentown\n Pennsylvania\n120,443\n118,032\n7000204266639555370♠+2.04%\n17.5 sq mi\n45.3 km2\n6,882/sq mi\n2,657/km2\n40°35′37″N 75°28′42″W / 40.5936°N 75.4784°W / 40.5936; -75.4784 (Allentown)\n\n\n232\nEvansville\n Indiana\n119,477\n117,429\n7000174403256435800♠+1.74%\n47.3 sq mi\n122.5 km2\n2,526/sq mi\n975/km2\n37°59′16″N 87°32′05″W / 37.9877°N 87.5347°W / 37.9877; -87.5347 (Evansville)\n\n\n233\nBeaumont\n Texas\n118,299\n118,296\n5000000000000000000♠0.00%\n82.1 sq mi\n212.6 km2\n1,441/sq mi\n556/km2\n30°05′06″N 94°08′43″W / 30.0849°N 94.1453°W / 30.0849; -94.1453 (Beaumont)\n\n\n234\nOdessa\n Texas\n117,871\n99,940\n7001179417650590350♠+17.94%\n45.2 sq mi\n117.1 km2\n2,608/sq mi\n1,007/km2\n31°53′02″N 102°20′28″W / 31.8838°N 102.3411°W / 31.8838; -102.3411 (Odessa)\n\n\n235\nWilmington\n North Carolina\n117,525\n106,476\n7001103769863631240♠+10.38%\n51.6 sq mi\n133.6 km2\n2,278/sq mi\n880/km2\n34°12′33″N 77°53′09″W / 34.2092°N 77.8858°W / 34.2092; -77.8858 (Wilmington)\n\n\n236\nArvada\n Colorado\n117,453\n106,433\n7001103539315813700♠+10.35%\n38.6 sq mi\n100.0 km2\n3,043/sq mi\n1,175/km2\n39°50′01″N 105°09′01″W / 39.8337°N 105.1503°W / 39.8337; -105.1503 (Arvada)\n\n\n237\nIndependence\n Missouri\n117,030\n116,830\n6999171188906958820♠+0.17%\n77.8 sq mi\n201.5 km2\n1,504/sq mi\n581/km2\n39°05′08″N 94°21′08″W / 39.0855°N 94.3521°W / 39.0855; -94.3521 (Independence)\n\n\n238\nProvo\n Utah\n116,868\n112,488\n7000389374866652440♠+3.89%\n41.7 sq mi\n108.0 km2\n2,803/sq mi\n1,082/km2\n40°14′43″N 111°38′41″W / 40.2453°N 111.6448°W / 40.2453; -111.6448 (Provo)\n\n\n239\nLansing\n Michigan\n116,020\n114,297\n7000150747613673150♠+1.51%\n39.1 sq mi\n101.3 km2\n2,967/sq mi\n1,146/km2\n42°42′51″N 84°33′33″W / 42.7143°N 84.5593°W / 42.7143; -84.5593 (Lansing)\n\n\n240\nEl Monte\n California\n115,807\n113,475\n7000205507821105970♠+2.06%\n9.6 sq mi\n24.9 km2\n12,063/sq mi\n4,658/km2\n34°04′29″N 118°01′45″W / 34.0746°N 118.0291°W / 34.0746; -118.0291 (El Monte)\n\n\n241\nSpringfield\n Illinois\n115,715\n116,250\n3000539784946236550♠−0.46%\n60.1 sq mi\n155.7 km2\n1,925/sq mi\n743/km2\n39°47′28″N 89°38′41″W / 39.7911°N 89.6446°W / 39.7911; -89.6446 (Springfield)\n\n\n242\nFairfield\n California\n114,756\n105,321\n7000895832739909420♠+8.96%\n40.9 sq mi\n105.9 km2\n2,806/sq mi\n1,083/km2\n38°15′33″N 122°01′56″W / 38.2593°N 122.0321°W / 38.2593; -122.0321 (Fairfield)\n\n\n243\nClearwater\n Florida\n114,361\n107,685\n7000619956354181180♠+6.20%\n25.9 sq mi\n67.1 km2\n4,415/sq mi\n1,705/km2\n27°58′44″N 82°46′00″W / 27.9789°N 82.7666°W / 27.9789; -82.7666 (Clearwater)\n\n\n244\nPeoria\n Illinois\n114,265\n115,007\n3000354821880407280♠−0.65%\n48.2 sq mi\n124.8 km2\n2,371/sq mi\n915/km2\n40°45′05″N 89°37′03″W / 40.7515°N 89.6174°W / 40.7515; -89.6174 (Peoria)\n\n\n245\nRochester\n Minnesota\n114,011\n106,769\n7000678286768631340♠+6.78%\n54.6 sq mi\n141.4 km2\n2,088/sq mi\n806/km2\n44°00′55″N 92°28′38″W / 44.0154°N 92.4772°W / 44.0154; -92.4772 (Rochester)\n\n\n246\nCarlsbad\n California\n113,952\n105,328\n7000818775634209330♠+8.19%\n37.7 sq mi\n97.6 km2\n3,023/sq mi\n1,167/km2\n33°07′26″N 117°16′58″W / 33.1239°N 117.2828°W / 33.1239; -117.2828 (Carlsbad)\n\n\n247\nWestminster\n Colorado\n113,875\n106,114\n7000731383229357110♠+7.31%\n31.7 sq mi\n82.1 km2\n3,592/sq mi\n1,387/km2\n39°52′56″N 105°03′52″W / 39.8822°N 105.0644°W / 39.8822; -105.0644 (Westminster)\n\n\n248\nWest Jordan\n Utah\n113,699\n103,712\n7000962955106448630♠+9.63%\n32.3 sq mi\n83.7 km2\n3,520/sq mi\n1,360/km2\n40°36′09″N 112°00′03″W / 40.6024°N 112.0008°W / 40.6024; -112.0008 (West Jordan)\n\n\n249\nPearland\n Texas\n113,570\n91,252\n7001244575461359750♠+24.46%\n46.3 sq mi\n119.9 km2\n2,453/sq mi\n947/km2\n29°33′21″N 95°19′23″W / 29.5558°N 95.3231°W / 29.5558; -95.3231 (Pearland)\n\n\n250\nRichardson\n Texas\n113,347\n99,223\n7001142346028642550♠+14.23%\n28.6 sq mi\n74.1 km2\n3,963/sq mi\n1,530/km2\n32°58′20″N 96°42′29″W / 32.9723°N 96.7081°W / 32.9723; -96.7081 (Richardson)\n\n\n251\nDowney\n California\n113,267\n111,772\n7000133754428658340♠+1.34%\n12.4 sq mi\n32.1 km2\n9,134/sq mi\n3,527/km2\n33°56′18″N 118°07′51″W / 33.9382°N 118.1309°W / 33.9382; -118.1309 (Downey)\n\n\n252\nMiami Gardens\n Florida\n113,058\n107,167\n7000549702800302330♠+5.50%\n18.2 sq mi\n47.1 km2\n6,212/sq mi\n2,398/km2\n25°56′56″N 80°14′37″W / 25.9489°N 80.2436°W / 25.9489; -80.2436 (Miami Gardens)\n\n\n253\nTemecula\n California\n113,054\n100,097\n7001129444438894270♠+12.94%\n37.3 sq mi\n96.6 km2\n3,031/sq mi\n1,170/km2\n33°29′35″N 117°07′54″W / 33.4931°N 117.1317°W / 33.4931; -117.1317 (Temecula)\n\n\n254\nCosta Mesa\n California\n112,822\n109,960\n7000260276464168789♠+2.60%\n15.7 sq mi\n40.7 km2\n7,186/sq mi\n2,775/km2\n33°39′57″N 117°54′44″W / 33.6659°N 117.9123°W / 33.6659; -117.9123 (Costa Mesa)\n\n\n255\nCollege Station\n Texas\n112,141\n93,857\n7001194806993617950♠+19.48%\n51.0 sq mi\n132.1 km2\n2,199/sq mi\n849/km2\n30°35′07″N 96°17′47″W / 30.5852°N 96.2964°W / 30.5852; -96.2964 (College Station)\n\n\n256\nElgin\n Illinois\n112,123\n108,188\n7000363718711871930♠+3.64%\n37.4 sq mi\n96.9 km2\n2,998/sq mi\n1,158/km2\n42°02′23″N 88°19′18″W / 42.0396°N 88.3217°W / 42.0396; -88.3217 (Elgin)\n\n\n257\nMurrieta\n California\n111,674\n103,466\n7000793304080567530♠+7.93%\n33.6 sq mi\n87.0 km2\n3,324/sq mi\n1,283/km2\n33°34′20″N 117°11′25″W / 33.5721°N 117.1904°W / 33.5721; -117.1904 (Murrieta)\n\n\n258\nGresham\n Oregon\n111,523\n105,594\n7000561490236187659♠+5.61%\n23.3 sq mi\n60.3 km2\n4,786/sq mi\n1,848/km2\n45°30′08″N 122°26′30″W / 45.5023°N 122.4416°W / 45.5023; -122.4416 (Gresham)\n\n\n259\nHigh Point\n North Carolina\n111,223\n104,371\n7000656504201358610♠+6.57%\n55.2 sq mi\n143.0 km2\n2,015/sq mi\n778/km2\n35°59′24″N 79°59′26″W / 35.9900°N 79.9905°W / 35.9900; -79.9905 (High Point)\n\n\n260\nAntioch\n California\n110,898\n102,372\n7000832844918532410♠+8.33%\n29.4 sq mi\n76.1 km2\n3,772/sq mi\n1,456/km2\n37°58′45″N 121°47′46″W / 37.9791°N 121.7962°W / 37.9791; -121.7962 (Antioch)\n\n\n261\nInglewood\n California\n110,654\n109,673\n6999894477218640870♠+0.89%\n9.1 sq mi\n23.6 km2\n12,160/sq mi\n4,700/km2\n33°57′22″N 118°20′39″W / 33.9561°N 118.3443°W / 33.9561; -118.3443 (Inglewood)\n\n\n262\nCambridge\n Massachusetts\n110,651\n105,162\n7000521956600292880♠+5.22%\n6.4 sq mi\n16.6 km2\n17,289/sq mi\n6,675/km2\n42°22′34″N 71°07′07″W / 42.3760°N 71.1187°W / 42.3760; -71.1187 (Cambridge)\n\n\n263\nLowell\n Massachusetts\n110,558\n106,519\n7000379181178944600♠+3.79%\n13.6 sq mi\n35.2 km2\n8,129/sq mi\n3,139/km2\n42°38′20″N 71°19′16″W / 42.6390°N 71.3211°W / 42.6390; -71.3211 (Lowell)\n\n\n264\nManchester\n New Hampshire\n110,506\n109,565\n6999858850910418460♠+0.86%\n33.1 sq mi\n85.7 km2\n3,339/sq mi\n1,289/km2\n42°59′06″N 71°26′39″W / 42.9849°N 71.4441°W / 42.9849; -71.4441 (Manchester)\n\n\n265\nBillings\n Montana\n110,323\n104,170\n7000590669098588850♠+5.91%\n43.7 sq mi\n113.2 km2\n2,525/sq mi\n975/km2\n45°47′19″N 108°33′00″W / 45.7885°N 108.5499°W / 45.7885; -108.5499 (Billings)\n\n\n266\nPueblo\n Colorado\n110,291\n106,595\n7000346732961208310♠+3.47%\n53.6 sq mi\n138.8 km2\n2,058/sq mi\n795/km2\n38°16′12″N 104°36′44″W / 38.2699°N 104.6123°W / 38.2699; -104.6123 (Pueblo)\n\n\n267\nPalm Bay\n Florida\n110,104\n103,190\n7000670026165326100♠+6.70%\n65.7 sq mi\n170.2 km2\n1,676/sq mi\n647/km2\n27°59′08″N 80°39′45″W / 27.9856°N 80.6626°W / 27.9856; -80.6626 (Palm Bay)\n\n\n268\nCentennial\n Colorado\n109,932\n100,377\n7000951911294420040♠+9.52%\n29.5 sq mi\n76.4 km2\n3,727/sq mi\n1,439/km2\n39°35′26″N 104°52′09″W / 39.5906°N 104.8691°W / 39.5906; -104.8691 (Centennial)\n\n\n269\nRichmond\n California\n109,813\n103,701\n7000589386794727150♠+5.89%\n30.1 sq mi\n78.0 km2\n3,648/sq mi\n1,409/km2\n37°57′08″N 122°21′38″W / 37.9523°N 122.3606°W / 37.9523; -122.3606 (Richmond)\n\n\n270\nVentura[30]\n California\n109,592\n106,433\n7000296806441611150♠+2.97%\n21.8 sq mi\n56.5 km2\n5,027/sq mi\n1,941/km2\n34°16′04″N 119°15′15″W / 34.2678°N 119.2542°W / 34.2678; -119.2542 (Ventura)\n\n\n271\nPompano Beach\n Florida\n109,393\n99,845\n7000956282237468080♠+9.56%\n24.0 sq mi\n62.2 km2\n4,558/sq mi\n1,760/km2\n26°14′30″N 80°08′02″W / 26.2416°N 80.1339°W / 26.2416; -80.1339 (Pompano Beach)\n\n\n272\nNorth Charleston\n South Carolina\n109,298\n97,471\n7001121338654574180♠+12.13%\n73.7 sq mi\n190.9 km2\n1,483/sq mi\n573/km2\n32°55′04″N 80°03′54″W / 32.9178°N 80.0650°W / 32.9178; -80.0650 (North Charleston)\n\n\n273\nEverett\n Washington\n109,043\n103,019\n7000584746503072250♠+5.85%\n33.3 sq mi\n86.2 km2\n3,275/sq mi\n1,264/km2\n47°57′24″N 122°11′29″W / 47.9566°N 122.1914°W / 47.9566; -122.1914 (Everett)\n\n\n274\nWaterbury\n Connecticut\n108,272\n110,366\n2999810267654893720♠−1.90%\n28.5 sq mi\n73.8 km2\n3,799/sq mi\n1,467/km2\n41°33′31″N 73°02′12″W / 41.5585°N 73.0367°W / 41.5585; -73.0367 (Waterbury)\n\n\n275\nWest Palm Beach\n Florida\n108,161\n99,919\n7000824868143195990♠+8.25%\n55.1 sq mi\n142.7 km2\n1,963/sq mi\n758/km2\n26°44′47″N 80°07′30″W / 26.7464°N 80.1251°W / 26.7464; -80.1251 (West Palm Beach)\n\n\n276\nBoulder\n Colorado\n108,090\n97,385\n7001109924526364430♠+10.99%\n24.8 sq mi\n64.2 km2\n4,358/sq mi\n1,683/km2\n40°01′37″N 105°15′07″W / 40.0270°N 105.2519°W / 40.0270; -105.2519 (Boulder)\n\n\n277\nWest Covina\n California\n107,847\n106,098\n7000164847593734090♠+1.65%\n16.0 sq mi\n41.4 km2\n6,740/sq mi\n2,600/km2\n34°03′21″N 117°54′36″W / 34.0559°N 117.9099°W / 34.0559; -117.9099 (West Covina)\n\n\n278\nBroken Arrow\n Oklahoma\n107,403\n98,850\n7000865250379362670♠+8.65%\n61.7 sq mi\n159.8 km2\n1,741/sq mi\n672/km2\n36°02′11″N 95°46′52″W / 36.0365°N 95.7810°W / 36.0365; -95.7810 (Broken Arrow)\n\n\n279\nClovis\n California\n106,583\n95,631\n7001114523533163930♠+11.45%\n24.2 sq mi\n62.7 km2\n4,404/sq mi\n1,700/km2\n36°49′42″N 119°41′06″W / 36.8282°N 119.6849°W / 36.8282; -119.6849 (Clovis)\n\n\n280\nDaly City\n California\n106,472\n101,123\n7000528959781652050♠+5.29%\n7.6 sq mi\n19.7 km2\n14,009/sq mi\n5,409/km2\n37°42′03″N 122°27′54″W / 37.7009°N 122.4650°W / 37.7009; -122.4650 (Daly City)\n\n\n281\nLakeland\n Florida\n106,420\n97,422\n7000923610683418530♠+9.24%\n65.9 sq mi\n170.7 km2\n1,615/sq mi\n624/km2\n28°03′20″N 81°57′18″W / 28.0555°N 81.9549°W / 28.0555; -81.9549 (Lakeland)\n\n\n282\nSanta Maria\n California\n106,290\n99,553\n7000676724960573760♠+6.77%\n22.8 sq mi\n59.1 km2\n4,662/sq mi\n1,800/km2\n34°56′00″N 120°26′38″W / 34.9332°N 120.4438°W / 34.9332; -120.4438 (Santa Maria)\n\n\n283\nNorwalk\n California\n106,178\n105,549\n6999595931747340090♠+0.60%\n9.7 sq mi\n25.1 km2\n10,946/sq mi\n4,226/km2\n33°54′27″N 118°05′01″W / 33.9076°N 118.0835°W / 33.9076; -118.0835 (Norwalk)\n\n\n284\nSandy Springs\n Georgia\n105,703\n93,853\n7001126261280939340♠+12.63%\n37.7 sq mi\n97.6 km2\n2,804/sq mi\n1,083/km2\n33°55′53″N 84°22′07″W / 33.9315°N 84.3687°W / 33.9315; -84.3687 (Sandy Springs)\n\n\n285\nHillsboro\n Oregon\n105,164\n91,611\n7001147940749473320♠+14.79%\n25.0 sq mi\n64.7 km2\n4,207/sq mi\n1,624/km2\n45°31′41″N 122°56′09″W / 45.5280°N 122.9357°W / 45.5280; -122.9357 (Hillsboro)\n\n\n286\nGreen Bay\n Wisconsin\n105,139\n104,057\n7000103981471693400♠+1.04%\n45.4 sq mi\n117.6 km2\n2,316/sq mi\n894/km2\n44°31′15″N 87°59′03″W / 44.5207°N 87.9842°W / 44.5207; -87.9842 (Green Bay)\n\n\n287\nTyler\n Texas\n104,798\n96,900\n7000815067079463369♠+8.15%\n56.6 sq mi\n146.6 km2\n1,852/sq mi\n715/km2\n32°19′02″N 95°18′21″W / 32.3173°N 95.3059°W / 32.3173; -95.3059 (Tyler)\n\n\n288\nWichita Falls\n Texas\n104,724\n104,553\n6999163553413101480♠+0.16%\n72.2 sq mi\n187.0 km2\n1,450/sq mi\n560/km2\n33°54′24″N 98°31′33″W / 33.9067°N 98.5259°W / 33.9067; -98.5259 (Wichita Falls)\n\n\n289\nLewisville\n Texas\n104,659\n95,290\n7000983209151012700♠+9.83%\n36.7 sq mi\n95.1 km2\n2,852/sq mi\n1,101/km2\n33°02′48″N 96°58′54″W / 33.0466°N 96.9818°W / 33.0466; -96.9818 (Lewisville)\n\n\n290\nBurbank\n California\n104,447\n103,340\n7000107122121153470♠+1.07%\n17.4 sq mi\n45.1 km2\n6,003/sq mi\n2,318/km2\n34°11′24″N 118°19′35″W / 34.1901°N 118.3264°W / 34.1901; -118.3264 (Burbank)\n\n\n291\nGreeley\n Colorado\n103,990\n92,889\n7001119508230253310♠+11.95%\n47.8 sq mi\n123.8 km2\n2,176/sq mi\n840/km2\n40°24′55″N 104°46′11″W / 40.4153°N 104.7697°W / 40.4153; -104.7697 (Greeley)\n\n\n292\nSan Mateo\n California\n103,959\n97,207\n7000694600183114380♠+6.95%\n12.1 sq mi\n31.3 km2\n8,592/sq mi\n3,317/km2\n37°33′37″N 122°18′38″W / 37.5603°N 122.3106°W / 37.5603; -122.3106 (San Mateo)\n\n\n293\nEl Cajon\n California\n103,768\n99,478\n7000431251130903319♠+4.31%\n14.5 sq mi\n37.6 km2\n7,156/sq mi\n2,763/km2\n32°48′06″N 116°57′37″W / 32.8017°N 116.9604°W / 32.8017; -116.9604 (El Cajon)\n\n\n294\nJurupa Valley\n California\n103,541\n0\n0000000000000000000♠NA[31]\n42.9 sq mi\n111.1 km2\n2,414/sq mi\n932/km2\n34°00′09″N 117°28′03″W / 34.0026°N 117.4676°W / 34.0026; -117.4676 (Jurupa Valley)\n\n\n295\nRialto\n California\n103,314\n99,171\n7000417763257403879♠+4.18%\n22.3 sq mi\n57.8 km2\n4,633/sq mi\n1,789/km2\n34°06′42″N 117°23′18″W / 34.1118°N 117.3883°W / 34.1118; -117.3883 (Rialto)\n\n\n296\nDavenport\n Iowa\n102,612\n99,685\n7000293624918493250♠+2.94%\n62.9 sq mi\n162.9 km2\n1,631/sq mi\n630/km2\n41°33′15″N 90°36′14″W / 41.5541°N 90.6040°W / 41.5541; -90.6040 (Davenport)\n\n\n297\nLeague City\n Texas\n102,010\n83,560\n7001220799425562470♠+22.08%\n51.2 sq mi\n132.6 km2\n1,992/sq mi\n769/km2\n29°29′24″N 95°06′33″W / 29.4901°N 95.1091°W / 29.4901; -95.1091 (League City)\n\n\n298\nEdison[32]\n New Jersey\n101,996\n99,967\n7000202966979103100♠+2.03%\n30.1 sq mi\n78.0 km2\n3,389/sq mi\n1,309/km2\n40°30′14″N 74°20′58″W / 40.5040°N 74.3494°W / 40.5040; -74.3494 (Edison)\n\n\n299\nDavie[33]\n Florida\n101,871\n91,992\n7001107389773023740♠+10.74%\n34.9 sq mi\n90.4 km2\n2,919/sq mi\n1,127/km2\n26°04′45″N 80°17′06″W / 26.0791°N 80.2850°W / 26.0791; -80.2850 (Davie)\n\n\n300\nLas Cruces\n New Mexico\n101,759\n97,618\n7000424204552439100♠+4.24%\n76.9 sq mi\n199.2 km2\n1,323/sq mi\n511/km2\n32°19′35″N 106°47′23″W / 32.3264°N 106.7897°W / 32.3264; -106.7897 (Las Cruces)\n\n\n301\nSouth Bend\n Indiana\n101,735\n101,168\n6999560453898465929♠+0.56%\n41.4 sq mi\n107.2 km2\n2,457/sq mi\n949/km2\n41°40′37″N 86°16′08″W / 41.6769°N 86.2690°W / 41.6769; -86.2690 (South Bend)\n\n\n302\nVista\n California\n101,659\n93,834\n7000833919474817230♠+8.34%\n18.7 sq mi\n48.4 km2\n5,436/sq mi\n2,099/km2\n33°11′22″N 117°14′19″W / 33.1895°N 117.2386°W / 33.1895; -117.2386 (Vista)\n\n\n303\nWoodbridge[32]\n New Jersey\n101,389\n99,585\n7000181151779886530♠+1.81%\n23.3 sq mi\n60.3 km2\n4,351/sq mi\n1,680/km2\n40°33′39″N 74°17′34″W / 40.5607°N 74.2927°W / 40.5607; -74.2927 (Woodbridge)\n\n\n304\nRenton\n Washington\n100,953\n90,927\n7001110264277937250♠+11.03%\n23.4 sq mi\n60.6 km2\n4,314/sq mi\n1,666/km2\n47°28′34″N 122°11′31″W / 47.4761°N 122.1920°W / 47.4761; -122.1920 (Renton)\n\n\n305\nLakewood[32]\n New Jersey\n100,758\n92,843\n7000852514459894660♠+8.53%\n24.7 sq mi\n64.0 km2\n4,079/sq mi\n1,575/km2\n40°04′38″N 74°12′01″W / 40.0771°N 74.2004°W / 40.0771; -74.2004 (Lakewood)\n\n\n306\nSan Angelo\n Texas\n100,702\n93,200\n7000804935622317600♠+8.05%\n59.9 sq mi\n155.1 km2\n1,681/sq mi\n649/km2\n31°26′28″N 100°27′02″W / 31.4411°N 100.4505°W / 31.4411; -100.4505 (San Angelo)\n\n\n307\nClinton[34]\n Michigan\n100,392\n96,796\n7000371502954667550♠+3.72%\n28.1 sq mi\n72.8 km2\n3,573/sq mi\n1,380/km2\n42°35′25″N 82°55′01″W / 42.5903°N 82.9170°W / 42.5903; -82.9170 (Clinton)\n\n"
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5586961779531694174 | Advocate General | Advocate General - wikipedia Advocate General This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An advocate general is a senior officer of the law . In some common law and hybrid jurisdictions the officer performs the function of a legal advisor to the government , analogous to attorneys general in other common law and hybrid jurisdictions . By contrast , in the European Union and some continental European jurisdictions , the officer is a neutral legal advisor to the courts . Contents ( hide ) 1 India 2 Pakistan 3 UK 3.1 England and Wales 3.2 Scotland 3.3 Northern Ireland 4 Other European jurisdictions 4.1 European Union 4.2 Benelux Court of Justice 5 See also 6 References India ( edit ) List of Advocates General In India , an advocate general is a legal advisor to a state government . The post is created by the Constitution of India and corresponds to that of Attorney General of India at the federal or central or union government level . The Governor of each state shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed judges of highcourt . Appointed to article - 165 Pakistan ( edit ) In Pakistan an advocate general of the Province of the Punjab is a constitutional post and is an authority duly appointed under Article 140 of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan . A person who is qualified to be appointed as a Judge of the High Court is appointed as the Advocate General for the province . He is the principal law officer of the Province . The Advocate General and his office defends and protects the interest of the provincial government and gives invaluable legal guidance to the provincial government in formulation of its policy and execution of its decision. Advocate - General of the Punjab is also Ex Officio Chairman of Punjab Bar Council . The office of the Advocate General is directly connected with the High Court of the province . Pre-independence ( 1947 ) the High Court of judicature for the premises of Punjab and Delhi was established at Lahore and was called the High Court of Judicature at Lahore . After independence of Pakistan , the High Court at Lahore ceased to have jurisdiction over Delhi and the then East Punjab . On 14 August 1947 the High Court ( Lahore ) Order , 1947 , preserved the continuance of the High Court at Lahore with all rights , powers and privileges as hitherto enjoyed and possessed by it before the appointed day . The Governor - General of the Dominion of Pakistan became the substitute of the Crown in matters of appointment etc. of Judges of the Lahore High Court . UK ( edit ) See also : King 's Advocate England and Wales ( edit ) The concept of `` advocate general '' fits less comfortably into a common law system than a civil law system ; and England , the archetypal common law jurisdiction , has no such officer , nor is there any equivalent person to address and advise any court . However , England does have an Attorney General , who serves one of the Law Officers of the Crown and whose duty is to advise the Crown and Cabinet on the law . His deputy is the Solicitor General , who serves the same function . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Advocate General for Scotland Historically , the United Kingdom Government was advised on matters of Scots Law by the Lord Advocate but following the Scotland Act 1998 and the establishment of the Scottish Parliament the Lord Advocate became a member of the Scottish Executive . It was necessary to create a post to advise the British Government in Westminster . Thus , the new post of Advocate General for Scotland was created . The Advocate General 's role differs from that formerly held by the Lord Advocate in that they are only charged with advising the UK Government on matters pertaining to Scots law , the Lord Advocate having retained his responsibility as the chief public prosecutor in Scotland and head of the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service on his transfer to the Scottish Executive . Northern Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Advocate General for Northern Ireland The position of Advocate General for Northern Ireland was created following the devolution of policing and justice powers to the Northern Ireland Assembly on 12 April 2010 . The Attorney General for Northern Ireland reports to the Northern Ireland Executive , and , accordingly , the Advocate General advises the UK Government on matters of Northern Ireland law . The post is held by the Attorney General for England and Wales by virtue of office . Other European jurisdictions ( edit ) The position of Advocate General is well established in the French , Dutch , and some other continental European legal systems , where higher courts are assisted by these legal officers . They are not advocates representing clients in courts . They are not judges either , although they are full members of the courts . They mainly offer legal advice to judges on the cases being tried . They may also have a prosecution role , depending on countries and on the nature of cases ( criminal or civil ) . The position of Advocate General ( avocat général ) already existed in the French legal system before the French Revolution , when they were found in the then higher courts ( parlements , cours des aides , etc . ) and proposed legal solutions to the judges in cases involving the State , the Church , the general public , communities , or minors . Since the French Revolution , they are found in the Supreme Court , the Court of Audit , the Courts of Appeal , and the Assize Courts . They have more of a prosecution role than before the French Revolution , especially in the Assize Courts , in which people accused of felonies are tried . European Union ( edit ) The Court of Justice of the European Union ( CJEU ) has one judge from each Member State , assisted by eleven Advocates General whose role is to consider the written and oral submissions to the Court in every case that raises a new point of law , and deliver an impartial opinion to the Court on the legal solution . Although Advocates General are full members of the court , they do not take part in the court 's deliberations , and the Advocate General 's opinion is not binding on the Court . Although the Court reaches the same solution as the Advocate General more often than not , it can not usually be stated that the Advocate General 's opinion has been ' followed ' in any given case , because the Court may have reached the same conclusion via different legal reasoning . The role of Advocate General is created by Article 19 ( 2 ) of the Treaty on European Union and Articles 253 and 254 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . Benelux Court of Justice ( edit ) When the Benelux Court of Justice answers requests for a preliminary ruling , it also first considers the advice of an Advocate General . The court has three , one from each participating country ( Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg ) and taken from the procureurs - general of the country . See also ( edit ) Advocate - General of Western Australia List of members of the European Court of Justice Judge Advocate General References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Attorney General 's Office : Statement on Northern Ireland devolution , 12 April 2010 Archived July 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advocate_General&oldid=844646168 '' Categories : Legal professions Government occupations Advocates General for Indian states Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands Português Suomi Svenska اردو 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 06 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the advocate general of a state in india is appointed by | [
"In India, an advocate general is a legal advisor to a state government. The post is created by the Constitution of India and corresponds to that of Attorney General of India at the federal or central or union government level.\nThe Governor of each state shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed judges of highcourt.\nAppointed to article -165\n"
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-5398913346687929588 | School of Rock (TV series) | School of Rock ( TV series ) - wikipedia School of Rock ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the movie , see School of Rock . For the stage adaptation , see School of Rock ( musical ) . School of Rock Genre Musical - comedy Based on School of Rock by Mike White Developed by Jim Armogida & Steve Armogida Starring Breanna Yde Ricardo Hurtado Jade Pettyjohn Lance Lim Aidan Miner Tony Cavalero Jama Williamson Theme music composer Gabriel Mann Jeannie Lurie Linus of Hollywood Opening theme `` Are You Ready to Rock ? '' Composer ( s ) Gabriel Mann Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 45 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jim Armogida & Steve Armogida Jay Kogen Scott Rudin Eli Bush Richard Linklater Producer ( s ) Harry Hannigan Chris Phillips Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Armogida Brothers Productions Nickelodeon Productions Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) -- present External links Website School of Rock is an American musical - comedy television series developed by Jim Armogida and Steve Armogida that premiered on Nickelodeon on March 12 , 2016 . The series is based on the 2003 film of the same name and stars Breanna Yde , Ricardo Hurtado , Jade Pettyjohn , Lance Lim , Aidan Miner , Tony Cavalero , and Jama Williamson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Production 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot Set in Austin , Texas , the series follows a group of rule - abiding students who learn to take risks and reach new heights thanks to substitute teacher Dewey Finn , a down - on - his - luck musician who uses the language of rock and roll to inspire his class to form a secret band . Throughout the school year , these middle - school classmates find themselves navigating relationships , discovering their unknown talents and learning lessons on loyalty and friendships . Episodes Main article : List of School of Rock episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) June 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 18 ) 13 September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) January 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) 20 July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) TBA Characters Main Tomika ( Breanna Yde ) is a 12 - year - old schoolgirl who is best friends with classmate Summer . She plays the electric bass and is also the lead singer in the band . Freddy ( Ricardo Hurtado ) is a 12 - year - old schoolboy who is considered the most handsome guy in his class and plays the drums in the band . His best friends are classmates Zack and Lawrence . Unbeknownst to him , Summer has a huge crush on him . At the end of the second season , he begins to have feelings for her . Summer ( Jade Pettyjohn ) is a 12 - year - old schoolgirl who is best friends with Tomika and plays the tambourine in the band and also is the manager . She has a crush on Freddy . Zack ( Lance Lim ) is a 12 - year - old schoolboy who is best friends with Lawrence and Freddy . He plays the electric guitar . Lawrence ( Aidan Miner ) is a 12 - year - old schoolboy who is best friends with Zack and Freddy and is considered the smartest kid in his class . He plays the electronic keyboard . Mr. Finn ( Tony Cavalero ) is the new substitute teacher and an ex-rock musician who teaches the kids how to play and work together as a band . In the second season , he is promoted to a regular teacher . Principal Mullins ( Jama Williamson ) is the principal of the school . In the first season , she is a recurring character , but is promoted to a main character in the second season . Recurring Clark ( Ivan Mallon ) Kale ( Brec Bassinger , seasons 2 -- 3 ) Asher ( Will Kindrachuk , seasons 2 -- 3 ) Production In August 2014 , Nickelodeon announced a TV series adaptation of School of Rock , and the cast was revealed in March 2015 . On April 5 , 2016 , Nickelodeon announced that School of Rock had been renewed for a 13 - episode second season , and actress Breanna Yde announced on her Twitter account that production of season two began April 24 , 2016 . In April 2016 , Jama Williamson was promoted to the regular cast for the series ' second season . The second season premiered on Nickelodeon on September 17 , 2016 . Nickelodeon renewed the series for a 20 - episode third season on December 2 , 2016 . The third season premiered on July 8 , 2017 . On November 15 , 2017 , Nickelodeon announced that the third season will be the last . Tony Cavalero reported on social media that the April 8 , 2018 airing was the series finale . Ratings Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 12 March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) 2.38 June 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 18 ) 1.39 1.49 13 September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) 1.34 January 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) 1.18 1.35 19 July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) 1.03 TBA TBD 0.78 Awards and nominations Year Award Result Ref . 2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Nominated 2017 28th Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Nominated 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Nominated References Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` School of Rock Renewed for Season 3 by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laura Prudom ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon Orders School of Rock Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Nickelodeon Reveals Cast for School of Rock Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` School of Rock Renewed for Season 2 by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breanna Yde ( @ breannayde ) ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Being back on set is great ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' School Of Rock ' : Jama Williamson Upped To Regular On Nickelodeon Music Comedy Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` School of Rock Renewed for Season 3 by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn and School of Rock Canceled by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tony Cavalero ( @ TonyCavalero ) ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` I love # RockAndRoll # TONIGHT ! We will all be watching together . The series finale of ... www.instagram.com/p/BhUTOI5hzPE/ '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Tony Cavalero ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` I love # RockAndRoll # TONIGHT ! We will all be watching together . The series finale of @ nickelodeon 's # SchoolOfRock ! ❤ ️ YOU ALL ! @ breannayde @ lancedaelim @ theaidanminer @ jadepettyjohn_official @ ricardo # SundayFunday '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Television Academy . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . Variety . January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Television Academy . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . 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Nickelodeon Rewind Nick : The Smart Place to Play Nickelodeon Saturday programming block Nick Studio 10 School of Rock Adaptations 2015 musical 2016 TV series episodes Music Movie soundtrack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_of_Rock_(TV_series)&oldid=835646027 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2010s Nickelodeon shows 2016 American television series debuts American children 's comedy television series American teen sitcoms American musical television series Television programs based on films Television series by Paramount Television Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Kurdî Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский سنڌي Tiếng Việt 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 22 : 53 . About Wikipedia | who plays summer in school of rock nickelodeon | [
"Summer (Jade Pettyjohn) is a 12-year-old schoolgirl who is best friends with Tomika and plays the tambourine in the band and also is the manager. She has a crush on Freddy."
] | [
"Jade Pettyjohn"
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-5558981575032578844 | Spatial analysis | Spatial analysis - wikipedia Spatial analysis Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Geospatial analysis be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2016 . Map by Dr. John Snow of London , showing clusters of cholera cases in the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak . This was one of the first uses of map - based spatial analysis . Spatial analysis or spatial statistics includes any of the formal techniques which study entities using their topological , geometric , or geographic properties . Spatial analysis includes a variety of techniques , many still in their early development , using different analytic approaches and applied in fields as diverse as astronomy , with its studies of the placement of galaxies in the cosmos , to chip fabrication engineering , with its use of `` place and route '' algorithms to build complex wiring structures . In a more restricted sense , spatial analysis is the technique applied to structures at the human scale , most notably in the analysis of geographic data . Complex issues arise in spatial analysis , many of which are neither clearly defined nor completely resolved , but form the basis for current research . The most fundamental of these is the problem of defining the spatial location of the entities being studied . Classification of the techniques of spatial analysis is difficult because of the large number of different fields of research involved , the different fundamental approaches which can be chosen , and the many forms the data can take . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of spatial analysis 2 Fundamental issues in spatial analysis 2.1 Spatial characterization 2.2 Spatial dependency or auto - correlation 2.3 Scaling 2.4 Sampling 2.5 Common errors in spatial analysis 2.5. 1 Length 2.5. 2 Locational fallacy 2.5. 3 Atomic fallacy 2.5. 4 Ecological fallacy 2.6 Solutions to the fundamental issues 2.6. 1 Geographic space 3 Types of spatial analysis 3.1 Spatial data analysis 3.2 Spatial autocorrelation 3.3 Spatial stratified heterogeneity 3.4 Spatial interpolation 3.5 Spatial regression 3.6 Spatial interaction 3.7 Simulation and modeling 3.8 Multiple - point geostatistics ( MPS ) 4 Geographic information science and spatial analysis 4.1 Content 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History of spatial analysis ( edit ) Spatial analysis can perhaps be considered to have arisen with early attempts at cartography and surveying but many fields have contributed to its rise in modern form . Biology contributed through botanical studies of global plant distributions and local plant locations , ethological studies of animal movement , landscape ecological studies of vegetation blocks , ecological studies of spatial population dynamics , and the study of biogeography . Epidemiology contributed with early work on disease mapping , notably John Snow 's work of mapping an outbreak of cholera , with research on mapping the spread of disease and with location studies for health care delivery . Statistics has contributed greatly through work in spatial statistics . Economics has contributed notably through spatial econometrics . Geographic information system is currently a major contributor due to the importance of geographic software in the modern analytic toolbox . Remote sensing has contributed extensively in morphometric and clustering analysis . Computer science has contributed extensively through the study of algorithms , notably in computational geometry . Mathematics continues to provide the fundamental tools for analysis and to reveal the complexity of the spatial realm , for example , with recent work on fractals and scale invariance . Scientific modelling provides a useful framework for new approaches . Fundamental issues in spatial analysis ( edit ) Spatial analysis confronts many fundamental issues in the definition of its objects of study , in the construction of the analytic operations to be used , in the use of computers for analysis , in the limitations and particularities of the analyses which are known , and in the presentation of analytic results . Many of these issues are active subjects of modern research . Common errors often arise in spatial analysis , some due to the mathematics of space , some due to the particular ways data are presented spatially , some due to the tools which are available . Census data , because it protects individual privacy by aggregating data into local units , raises a number of statistical issues . The fractal nature of coastline makes precise measurements of its length difficult if not impossible . A computer software fitting straight lines to the curve of a coastline , can easily calculate the lengths of the lines which it defines . However these straight lines may have no inherent meaning in the real world , as was shown for the coastline of Britain . These problems represent a challenge in spatial analysis because of the power of maps as media of presentation . When results are presented as maps , the presentation combines spatial data which are generally accurate with analytic results which may be inaccurate , leading to an impression that analytic results are more accurate than the data would indicate . Spatial characterization ( edit ) Spread of bubonic plague in medieval Europe . The colors indicate the spatial distribution of plague outbreaks over time . The definition of the spatial presence of an entity constrains the possible analysis which can be applied to that entity and influences the final conclusions that can be reached . While this property is fundamentally true of all analysis , it is particularly important in spatial analysis because the tools to define and study entities favor specific characterizations of the entities being studied . Statistical techniques favor the spatial definition of objects as points because there are very few statistical techniques which operate directly on line , area , or volume elements . Computer tools favor the spatial definition of objects as homogeneous and separate elements because of the limited number of database elements and computational structures available , and the ease with which these primitive structures can be created . Spatial dependency or auto - correlation ( edit ) See also : Spatial association Spatial dependency is the co-variation of properties within geographic space : characteristics at proximal locations appear to be correlated , either positively or negatively . Spatial dependency leads to the spatial autocorrelation problem in statistics since , like temporal autocorrelation , this violates standard statistical techniques that assume independence among observations . For example , regression analyses that do not compensate for spatial dependency can have unstable parameter estimates and yield unreliable significance tests . Spatial regression models ( see below ) capture these relationships and do not suffer from these weaknesses . It is also appropriate to view spatial dependency as a source of information rather than something to be corrected . Locational effects also manifest as spatial heterogeneity , or the apparent variation in a process with respect to location in geographic space . Unless a space is uniform and boundless , every location will have some degree of uniqueness relative to the other locations . This affects the spatial dependency relations and therefore the spatial process . Spatial heterogeneity means that overall parameters estimated for the entire system may not adequately describe the process at any given location . Scaling ( edit ) Spatial measurement scale is a persistent issue in spatial analysis ; more detail is available at the modifiable areal unit problem ( MAUP ) topic entry . Landscape ecologists developed a series of scale invariant metrics for aspects of ecology that are fractal in nature . In more general terms , no scale independent method of analysis is widely agreed upon for spatial statistics . Sampling ( edit ) Spatial sampling involves determining a limited number of locations in geographic space for faithfully measuring phenomena that are subject to dependency and heterogeneity . Dependency suggests that since one location can predict the value of another location , we do not need observations in both places . But heterogeneity suggests that this relation can change across space , and therefore we can not trust an observed degree of dependency beyond a region that may be small . Basic spatial sampling schemes include random , clustered and systematic . These basic schemes can be applied at multiple levels in a designated spatial hierarchy ( e.g. , urban area , city , neighborhood ) . It is also possible to exploit ancillary data , for example , using property values as a guide in a spatial sampling scheme to measure educational attainment and income . Spatial models such as autocorrelation statistics , regression and interpolation ( see below ) can also dictate sample design . Common errors in spatial analysis ( edit ) The fundamental issues in spatial analysis lead to numerous problems in analysis including bias , distortion and outright errors in the conclusions reached . These issues are often interlinked but various attempts have been made to separate out particular issues from each other . Length ( edit ) In a paper by Benoit Mandelbrot on the coastline of Britain it was shown that it is inherently nonsensical to discuss certain spatial concepts despite an inherent presumption of the validity of the concept . Lengths in ecology depend directly on the scale at which they are measured and experienced . So while surveyors commonly measure the length of a river , this length only has meaning in the context of the relevance of the measuring technique to the question under study . Britain measured using a long yardstick Britain measured using a medium yardstick Britain measured using a short yardstick Locational fallacy ( edit ) The locational fallacy refers to error due to the particular spatial characterization chosen for the elements of study , in particular choice of placement for the spatial presence of the element . Spatial characterizations may be simplistic or even wrong . Studies of humans often reduce the spatial existence of humans to a single point , for instance their home address . This can easily lead to poor analysis , for example , when considering disease transmission which can happen at work or at school and therefore far from the home . The spatial characterization may implicitly limit the subject of study . For example , the spatial analysis of crime data has recently become popular but these studies can only describe the particular kinds of crime which can be described spatially . This leads to many maps of assault but not to any maps of embezzlement with political consequences in the conceptualization of crime and the design of policies to address the issue . Atomic fallacy ( edit ) This describes errors due to treating elements as separate ' atoms ' outside of their spatial context . The fallacy is about transferring individual conclusions to spatial units . Ecological fallacy ( edit ) The ecological fallacy describes errors due to performing analyses on aggregate data when trying to reach conclusions on the individual units . Errors occur in part from spatial aggregation . For example , a pixel represents the average surface temperatures within an area . Ecological fallacy would be to assume that all points within the area have the same temperature . This topic is closely related to the modifiable areal unit problem . Solutions to the fundamental issues ( edit ) Geographic space ( edit ) Manhattan distance versus Euclidean distance : The red , blue , and yellow lines have the same length ( 12 ) in both Euclidean and taxicab geometry . In Euclidean geometry , the green line has length 6 × √ 2 ≈ 8.48 , and is the unique shortest path . In taxicab geometry , the green line 's length is still 12 , making it no shorter than any other path shown . A mathematical space exists whenever we have a set of observations and quantitative measures of their attributes . For example , we can represent individuals ' incomes or years of education within a coordinate system where the location of each individual can be specified with respect to both dimensions . The distance between individuals within this space is a quantitative measure of their differences with respect to income and education . However , in spatial analysis , we are concerned with specific types of mathematical spaces , namely , geographic space . In geographic space , the observations correspond to locations in a spatial measurement framework that capture their proximity in the real world . The locations in a spatial measurement framework often represent locations on the surface of the Earth , but this is not strictly necessary . A spatial measurement framework can also capture proximity with respect to , say , interstellar space or within a biological entity such as a liver . The fundamental tenet is Tobler 's First Law of Geography : if the interrelation between entities increases with proximity in the real world , then representation in geographic space and assessment using spatial analysis techniques are appropriate . The Euclidean distance between locations often represents their proximity , although this is only one possibility . There are an infinite number of distances in addition to Euclidean that can support quantitative analysis . For example , `` Manhattan '' ( or `` Taxicab '' ) distances where movement is restricted to paths parallel to the axes can be more meaningful than Euclidean distances in urban settings . In addition to distances , other geographic relationships such as connectivity ( e.g. , the existence or degree of shared borders ) and direction can also influence the relationships among entities . It is also possible to compute minimal cost paths across a cost surface ; for example , this can represent proximity among locations when travel must occur across rugged terrain . Types of spatial analysis ( edit ) Spatial data comes in many varieties and it is not easy to arrive at a system of classification that is simultaneously exclusive , exhaustive , imaginative , and satisfying . -- G. Upton & B. Fingelton Spatial data analysis ( edit ) Urban and Regional Studies deal with large tables of spatial data obtained from censuses and surveys . It is necessary to simplify the huge amount of detailed information in order to extract the main trends . Multivariable analysis ( or Factor analysis , FA ) allows a change of variables , transforming the many variables of the census , usually correlated between themselves , into fewer independent `` Factors '' or `` Principal Components '' which are , actually , the eigenvectors of the data correlation matrix weighted by the inverse of their eigenvalues . This change of variables has two main advantages : Since information is concentrated on the first new factors , it is possible to keep only a few of them while losing only a small amount of information ; mapping them produces fewer and more significant maps The factors , actually the eigenvectors , are orthogonal by construction , i.e. not correlated . In most cases , the dominant factor ( with the largest eigenvalue ) is the Social Component , separating rich and poor in the city . Since factors are not - correlated , other smaller processes than social status , which would have remained hidden otherwise , appear on the second , third , ... factors . Factor analysis depends on measuring distances between observations : the choice of a significant metric is crucial . The Euclidean metric ( Principal Component Analysis ) , the Chi - Square distance ( Correspondence Analysis ) or the Generalized Mahalanobis distance ( Discriminant Analysis ) are among the more widely used . More complicated models , using communalities or rotations have been proposed . Using multivariate methods in spatial analysis began really in the 1950s ( although some examples go back to the beginning of the century ) and culminated in the 1970s , with the increasing power and accessibility of computers . Already in 1948 , in a seminal publication , two sociologists , Bell and Shevky , had shown that most city populations in the USA and in the world could be represented with three independent factors : 1 - the `` socio - economic status '' opposing rich and poor districts and distributed in sectors running along highways from the city center , 2 - the `` life cycle '' , i.e. the age structure of households , distributed in concentric circles , and 3 - `` race and ethnicity '' , identifying patches of migrants located within the city . In 1961 , in a groundbreaking study , British geographers used FA to classify British towns . Brian J Berry , at the University of Chicago , and his students made a wide use of the method , applying it to most important cities in the world and exhibiting common social structures . The use of Factor Analysis in Geography , made so easy by modern computers , has been very wide but not always very wise . Since the vectors extracted are determined by the data matrix , it is not possible to compare factors obtained from different censuses . A solution consists in fusing together several census matrices in a unique table which , then , may be analyzed . This , however , assumes that the definition of the variables has not changed over time and produces very large tables , difficult to manage . A better solution , proposed by psychometricians , groups the data in a `` cubic matrix '' , with three entries ( for instance , locations , variables , time periods ) . A Three - Way Factor Analysis produces then three groups of factors related by a small cubic `` core matrix '' . This method , which exhibits data evolution over time , has not been widely used in geography . In Los Angeles , however , it has exhibited the role , traditionally ignored , of Downtown as an organizing center for the whole city during several decades . Spatial autocorrelation ( edit ) Spatial autocorrelation statistics measure and analyze the degree of dependency among observations in a geographic space . Classic spatial autocorrelation statistics include Moran 's I ( \ displaystyle I ) , Geary 's C ( \ displaystyle C ) , Getis 's G ( \ displaystyle G ) and the standard deviational ellipse . These statistics require measuring a spatial weights matrix that reflects the intensity of the geographic relationship between observations in a neighborhood , e.g. , the distances between neighbors , the lengths of shared border , or whether they fall into a specified directional class such as `` west '' . Classic spatial autocorrelation statistics compare the spatial weights to the covariance relationship at pairs of locations . Spatial autocorrelation that is more positive than expected from random indicate the clustering of similar values across geographic space , while significant negative spatial autocorrelation indicates that neighboring values are more dissimilar than expected by chance , suggesting a spatial pattern similar to a chess board . Spatial autocorrelation statistics such as Moran 's I ( \ displaystyle I ) and Geary 's C ( \ displaystyle C ) are global in the sense that they estimate the overall degree of spatial autocorrelation for a dataset . The possibility of spatial heterogeneity suggests that the estimated degree of autocorrelation may vary significantly across geographic space . Local spatial autocorrelation statistics provide estimates disaggregated to the level of the spatial analysis units , allowing assessment of the dependency relationships across space . G ( \ displaystyle G ) statistics compare neighborhoods to a global average and identify local regions of strong autocorrelation . Local versions of the I ( \ displaystyle I ) and C ( \ displaystyle C ) statistics are also available . Spatial stratified heterogeneity ( edit ) Spatial stratified heterogeneity , referring to the within - strata variance less than the between strata - variance , is ubiquitous in ecological phenomena , such as ecological zones and many ecological variables . Spatial stratified heterogeneity reflects the essence of nature , implies potential distinct mechanisms by strata , suggests possible determinants of the observed process , allows the representativeness of observations of the earth , and enforces the applicability of statistical inferences . Spatial stratified heterogeneity of an attribute can be measured by geographical detector q - statistic : q = 1 − 1 N σ 2 ∑ h = 1 L N h σ h 2 ( \ displaystyle q = 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( h = 1 ) ^ ( L ) N_ ( h ) \ sigma _ ( h ) ^ ( 2 ) ) where a population is partitioned into h = 1 , ... , L strata ; N stands for the size of the population , σ stands for variance of the attribute . The value of q is within ( 0 , 1 ) , 0 indicates no spatial stratified heterogeneity , 1 indicates perfect spatial stratified heterogeneity. The value of q indicates the percent of the variance of an attribute explained by the stratification. The q follows a noncentral F probability density function . A hand map with different spatial patterns . Note : p is the probability of q - statistic ; * denotes statistical significant at level 0.05 , * * for 0.001 , * * * for smaller than 10 ; ( D ) subscripts 1 , 2 , 3 of q and p denotes the strata Z1 + Z2 with Z3 , Z1 with Z2 + Z3 , and Z1 and Z2 and Z3 individually , respectively ; ( E ) subscripts 1 and 2 of q and p denotes the strata Z1 + Z2 with Z3 + Z4 , and Z1 + Z3 with Z2 + Z4 , respectively . Spatial interpolation ( edit ) Spatial interpolation methods estimate the variables at unobserved locations in geographic space based on the values at observed locations . Basic methods include inverse distance weighting : this attenuates the variable with decreasing proximity from the observed location . Kriging is a more sophisticated method that interpolates across space according to a spatial lag relationship that has both systematic and random components . This can accommodate a wide range of spatial relationships for the hidden values between observed locations . Kriging provides optimal estimates given the hypothesized lag relationship , and error estimates can be mapped to determine if spatial patterns exist . Spatial regression ( edit ) See also : Local regression and Regression - Kriging Spatial regression methods capture spatial dependency in regression analysis , avoiding statistical problems such as unstable parameters and unreliable significance tests , as well as providing information on spatial relationships among the variables involved . Depending on the specific technique , spatial dependency can enter the regression model as relationships between the independent variables and the dependent , between the dependent variables and a spatial lag of itself , or in the error terms . Geographically weighted regression ( GWR ) is a local version of spatial regression that generates parameters disaggregated by the spatial units of analysis . This allows assessment of the spatial heterogeneity in the estimated relationships between the independent and dependent variables . The use of Bayesian hierarchical modeling in conjunction with Markov Chain Monte Carlo ( MCMC ) methods have recently shown to be effective in modeling complex relationships using Poisson - Gamma - CAR , Poisson - lognormal - SAR , or Overdispersed logit models . Spatial stochastic processes , such as Gaussian processes are also increasingly being deployed in spatial regression analysis . Model - based versions of GWR , known as spatially varying coefficient models have been applied to conduct Bayesian inference . Spatial stochastic process can become computationally effective and scalable Gaussian process models , such as Gaussian Predictive Processes and Nearest Neighbor Gaussian Processes ( NNGP ) . Spatial interaction ( edit ) Spatial interaction or `` gravity models '' estimate the flow of people , material or information between locations in geographic space . Factors can include origin propulsive variables such as the number of commuters in residential areas , destination attractiveness variables such as the amount of office space in employment areas , and proximity relationships between the locations measured in terms such as driving distance or travel time . In addition , the topological , or connective , relationships between areas must be identified , particularly considering the often conflicting relationship between distance and topology ; for example , two spatially close neighborhoods may not display any significant interaction if they are separated by a highway . After specifying the functional forms of these relationships , the analyst can estimate model parameters using observed flow data and standard estimation techniques such as ordinary least squares or maximum likelihood . Competing destinations versions of spatial interaction models include the proximity among the destinations ( or origins ) in addition to the origin - destination proximity ; this captures the effects of destination ( origin ) clustering on flows . Computational methods such as artificial neural networks can also estimate spatial interaction relationships among locations and can handle noisy and qualitative data . Simulation and modeling ( edit ) Spatial interaction models are aggregate and top - down : they specify an overall governing relationship for flow between locations . This characteristic is also shared by urban models such as those based on mathematical programming , flows among economic sectors , or bid - rent theory . An alternative modeling perspective is to represent the system at the highest possible level of disaggregation and study the bottom - up emergence of complex patterns and relationships from behavior and interactions at the individual level . Complex adaptive systems theory as applied to spatial analysis suggests that simple interactions among proximal entities can lead to intricate , persistent and functional spatial entities at aggregate levels . Two fundamentally spatial simulation methods are cellular automata and agent - based modeling . Cellular automata modeling imposes a fixed spatial framework such as grid cells and specifies rules that dictate the state of a cell based on the states of its neighboring cells . As time progresses , spatial patterns emerge as cells change states based on their neighbors ; this alters the conditions for future time periods . For example , cells can represent locations in an urban area and their states can be different types of land use . Patterns that can emerge from the simple interactions of local land uses include office districts and urban sprawl . Agent - based modeling uses software entities ( agents ) that have purposeful behavior ( goals ) and can react , interact and modify their environment while seeking their objectives . Unlike the cells in cellular automata , simulysts can allow agents to be mobile with respect to space . For example , one could model traffic flow and dynamics using agents representing individual vehicles that try to minimize travel time between specified origins and destinations . While pursuing minimal travel times , the agents must avoid collisions with other vehicles also seeking to minimize their travel times . Cellular automata and agent - based modeling are complementary modeling strategies . They can be integrated into a common geographic automata system where some agents are fixed while others are mobile . Multiple - point geostatistics ( MPS ) ( edit ) Spatial analysis of a conceptual geological model is the main purpose of any MPS algorithm . The method analyzes the spatial statistics of the geological model , called the training image , and generates realizations of the phenomena that honor those input multiple - point statistics . A recent MPS algorithm used to accomplish this task is the pattern - based method by Honarkhah . In this method , a distance - based approach is employed to analyze the patterns in the training image . This allows the reproduction of the multiple - point statistics , and the complex geometrical features of the training image . Each output of the MPS algorithm is a realization that represents a random field . Together , several realizations may be used to quantify spatial uncertainty . One of the recent methods is presented by Tahmasebi et al. uses a cross-correlation function to improve the spatial pattern reproduction . They call their MPS simulation method as the CCSIM algorithm . This method is able to quantify the spatial connectivity , variability and uncertainty . Furthermore , the method is not sensitive to any type of data and is able to simulate both categorical and continuous scenarios . CCSIM algorithm is able to be used for any stationary , non-stationary and multivariate systems and it can provide high quality visual appeal model. , Geographic information science and spatial analysis ( edit ) Further information : Geographic information systems § Spatial analysis Geographic information systems ( GIS ) and the underlying geographic information science that advances these technologies have a strong influence on spatial analysis . The increasing ability to capture and handle geographic data means that spatial analysis is occurring within increasingly data - rich environments . Geographic data capture systems include remotely sensed imagery , environmental monitoring systems such as intelligent transportation systems , and location - aware technologies such as mobile devices that can report location in near - real time . GIS provide platforms for managing these data , computing spatial relationships such as distance , connectivity and directional relationships between spatial units , and visualizing both the raw data and spatial analytic results within a cartographic context . This flow map of Napoleon 's ill - fated march on Moscow is an early and celebrated example of geovisualization . It shows the army 's direction as it traveled , the places the troops passed through , the size of the army as troops died from hunger and wounds , and the freezing temperatures they experienced . Content ( edit ) Spatial location : Transfer positioning information of space objects with the help of space coordinate system . Projection transformation theory is the foundation of spatial object representation . Spatial distribution : the similar spatial object groups positioning information , including distribution , trends , contrast etc ... Spatial form : the geometric shape of the spatial objects Spatial space : the space objects ' approaching degree Spatial relationship : relationship between spatial objects , including topological , orientation , similarity , etc ... Geovisualization ( GVis ) combines scientific visualization with digital cartography to support the exploration and analysis of geographic data and information , including the results of spatial analysis or simulation . GVis leverages the human orientation towards visual information processing in the exploration , analysis and communication of geographic data and information . In contrast with traditional cartography , GVis is typically three - or four - dimensional ( the latter including time ) and user - interactive . Geographic knowledge discovery ( GKD ) is the human - centered process of applying efficient computational tools for exploring massive spatial databases . GKD includes geographic data mining , but also encompasses related activities such as data selection , data cleaning and pre-processing , and interpretation of results . GVis can also serve a central role in the GKD process . GKD is based on the premise that massive databases contain interesting ( valid , novel , useful and understandable ) patterns that standard analytical techniques can not find . GKD can serve as a hypothesis - generating process for spatial analysis , producing tentative patterns and relationships that should be confirmed using spatial analytical techniques . Spatial decision support systems ( SDSS ) take existing spatial data and use a variety of mathematical models to make projections into the future . This allows urban and regional planners to test intervention decisions prior to implementation . See also ( edit ) General topics Cartography Complete spatial randomness GeoComputation Geospatial predictive modeling Dimensionally Extended nine - Intersection Model ( DE-9IM ) Geographic information science Mathematical statistics Modifiable areal unit problem Spatial autocorrelation Spatial relation List of spatial analysis software Specific applications Geographic information systems Geodemographic segmentation Visibility analysis Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis Suitability analysis Extrapolation domain analysis Geoinformatics Boundary problem ( in spatial analysis ) Spatial epidemiology Spatial econometrics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mark Monmonier How to Lie with Maps University of Chicago Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ Knegt , De ; Coughenour , M.B. ; Skidmore , A.K. ; Heitkönig , I.M.A. ; Knox , N.M. ; Slotow , R. ; Prins , H.H.T. ( 2010 ) . `` Spatial autocorrelation and the scaling of species -- environment relationships '' . Ecology. 91 : 2455 -- 2465 . doi : 10.1890 / 09 - 1359.1 . Jump up ^ Halley , J.M. ; Hartley , S. ; Kallimanis , A.S. ; Kunin , W.E. ; Lennon , J.J. ; Sgardelis , S.P. ( 2004 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Uses and abuses of fractal methodology in ecology '' . Ecology Letters. 7 ( 3 ) : 254 -- 271 . ISSN 1461 - 0248 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1461 - 0248.2004. 00568. x . Jump up ^ Ocaña - Riola , R ( 2010 ) . `` Common errors in disease mapping '' . Geospatial Health . 4 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 154 . PMID 20503184 . doi : 10.4081 / gh. 2010.196 . Jump up ^ A. , , Quattrochi , Dale . Integrating scale in remote sensing and GIS . ISBN 9781482218268 . OCLC 973767077 . Jump up ^ Graham J. Upton & Bernard Fingelton : Spatial Data Analysis by Example Volume 1 : Point Pattern and Quantitative Data John Wiley & Sons , New York . 1985 . Jump up ^ Harman HH ( 1960 ) Modern Factor Analysis , University of Chicago Press Jump up ^ Rummel RJ ( 1970 ) Applied Factor Analysis . Evanston , ILL : Northwestern University Press . Jump up ^ Bell W & E Shevky ( 1955 ) Social Area Analysis , Stanford University Press Jump up ^ Moser CA & W Scott ( 1961 ) British Towns ; A Statistical Study of their Social and Economic Differences , Oliver & Boyd , London . Jump up ^ Berry BJ & F Horton ( 1971 ) Geographic Perspectives on Urban Systems , John Wiley , N-Y . Jump up ^ Berry BJ & KB Smith eds ( 1972 ) City Classification Handbook : Methods and Applications , John Wiley , N-Y . Jump up ^ Ciceri M-F ( 1974 ) Méthodes d'analyse multivariée dans la géographie anglo - saxonne , Université de Paris - 1 ; free download on http://www-ohp.univ-paris1.fr Jump up ^ Tucker LR ( 1964 ) `` The extension of Factor Analysis to three - dimensional matrices '' , in Frederiksen N & H Gulliksen eds , Contributions to Mathematical Psychology , Holt , Rinehart and Winston , NY . Jump up ^ R. Coppi & S. Bolasco , eds. ( 1989 ) , Multiway data analysis , Elsevier , Amsterdam . Jump up ^ Cant , R.G. ( 1971 ) . `` Changes in the location of manufacturing in New Zealand 1957 - 1968 : An application of three - mode factor analysis . '' . New Zealand Geographer. 27 : 38 -- 55 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 7939.1971. tb00636. x . Jump up ^ Marchand B ( 1986 ) The Emergence of Los Angeles , 1940 - 1970 , Pion Ltd , London Jump up ^ Wang , JF ; Zhang , TL ; Fu , BJ ( 2016 ) . `` A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity '' . Ecological Indicators. 67 : 250 -- 256 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ecolind. 2016.02. 052 . Jump up ^ Fotheringham , A.S. ; Charlton , M.E. ; Brunsdon , C. ( 1998 ) . `` Geographically weighted regression : a natural evolution of the expansion method for spatial data analysis '' . Environment and Planning A. 30 ( 11 ) : 1905 -- 1927 . doi : 10.1068 / a301905 . ^ Jump up to : Banerjee , Sudipto ; Carlin , Bradley P. ; Gelfand , Alan E. ( 2014 ) , Hierarchical Modeling and Analysis for Spatial Data , Second Edition , Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability ( 2nd ed . ) , Chapman and Hall / CRC , ISBN 9781439819173 Jump up ^ Banerjee , Sudipto ; Gelfand , Alan E. ; Finley , Andrew O. ; Sang , Huiyan ( 2008 ) . `` Gaussian predictive process models for large spatial datasets '' . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B. 70 ( 4 ) : 825 -- 848 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9868.2008. 00663. x . Jump up ^ Datta , Abhirup ; Banerjee , Sudipto ; Finley , Andrew O. ; Gelfand , Alan E. ( 2016 ) . `` Hierarchical Nearest Neighbor Gaussian Process Models for Large Geostatistical Datasets '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association . doi : 10.1080 / 01621459.2015. 1044091 . Jump up ^ Honarkhah , M ; Caers , J ( 2010 ) . `` Stochastic Simulation of Patterns Using Distance - Based Pattern Modeling '' . Mathematical Geosciences. 42 : 487 -- 517 . doi : 10.1007 / s11004 - 010 - 9276 - 7 . Jump up ^ Tahmasebi , P. ; Hezarkhani , A. ; Sahimi , M. ( 2012 ) . `` Multiple - point geostatistical modeling based on the cross-correlation functions '' . Computational Geosciences. 16 ( 3 ) : 779 -- 79742 . doi : 10.1007 / s10596 - 012 - 9287 - 1 . Jump up ^ Tahmasebi , P. ; Sahimi , M. ( 2015 ) . `` Reconstruction of nonstationary disordered materials and media : Watershed transform and cross-correlation function '' . Physical Review E. 91 ( 3 ) . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevE. 91.032401 . Jump up ^ Tahmasebi , P. ; Sahimi , M. ( 2015 ) . `` Geostatistical Simulation and Reconstruction of Porous Media by a Cross-Correlation Function and Integration of Hard and Soft Data '' . Transport in Porous Media . 107 ( 3 ) : 871 -- 905 . doi : 10.1007 / s11242 - 015 - 0471 - 3 . Jump up ^ González , Ainhoa ; Donnelly , Alison ; Jones , Mike ; Chrysoulakis , Nektarios ; Lopes , Myriam ( 2012 ) . `` A decision - support system for sustainable urban metabolism in Europe '' . Environmental Impact Assessment Review . 38 : 109 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eiar. 2012.06. 007 . Further reading ( edit ) This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Abler , R. , J. Adams , and P. Gould ( 1971 ) Spatial Organization -- The Geographer 's View of the World , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Anselin , L. ( 1995 ) `` Local indicators of spatial association -- LISA '' . Geographical Analysis , 27 , 93 -- 115 . Banerjee , Sudipto ; Carlin , Bradley P. ; Gelfand , Alan E. ( 2014 ) , Hierarchical Modeling and Analysis for Spatial Data , Second Edition , Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability ( 2nd ed . ) , Chapman and Hall / CRC , ISBN 9781439819173 Benenson , I. and P.M. Torrens. ( 2004 ) . Geosimulation : Automata - Based Modeling of Urban Phenomena . Wiley . Fotheringham , A.S. , C. Brunsdon and M. Charlton ( 2000 ) Quantitative Geography : Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis , Sage . Fotheringham , A.S. and M.E. O'Kelly ( 1989 ) Spatial Interaction Models : Formulations and Applications , Kluwer Academic Fotheringham , A.S. ; Rogerson , P.A. ( 1993 ) . `` GIS and spatial analytical problems '' . International Journal of Geographical Information Systems . 7 : 3 -- 19 . doi : 10.1080 / 02693799308901936 . Goodchild , M.F. ( 1987 ) . `` A spatial analytical perspective on geographical information systems '' . International Journal of Geographical Information Systems . 1 : 327 -- 44 . doi : 10.1080 / 02693798708927820 . MacEachren , A.M. and D.R.F. Taylor ( eds . ) ( 1994 ) Visualization in Modern Cartography , Pergamon . Levine , N. ( 2010 ) . CrimeStat : A Spatial Statistics Program for the Analysis of Crime Incident Locations . Version 3.3 . Ned Levine & Associates , Houston , TX and the National Institute of Justice , Washington , DC . Ch. 1 - 17 + 2 update chapters ( 1 ) Miller , H.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Tobler 's First Law and spatial analysis '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 94 : 284 -- 289 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.2004. 09402005. x . Miller , H.J. and J. Han ( eds . ) ( 2001 ) Geographic Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery , Taylor and Francis . O'Sullivan , D. and D. Unwin ( 2002 ) Geographic Information Analysis , Wiley . Parker , D.C. ; Manson , S.M. ; Janssen , M.A. ; Hoffmann , M.J. ; Deadman , P. ( 2003 ) . `` Multi-agent systems for the simulation of land - use and land - cover change : A review '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 93 : 314 -- 337 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 8306.9302004 . White , R. ; Engelen , G. ( 1997 ) . `` Cellular automata as the basis of integrated dynamic regional modelling '' . Environment and Planning B : Planning and Design . 24 : 235 -- 246 . doi : 10.1068 / b240235 . Scheldeman , X. & van Zonneveld , M. ( 2010 ) . Training Manual on Spatial Analysis of Plant Diversity and Distribution . Bioversity International . Fisher MM , Leung Y ( 2001 ) Geocomputational Modelling : techniques and applications . Springer Verlag , Berlin Fotheringham , S ; Clarke , G ; Abrahart , B ( 1997 ) . `` Geocomputation and GIS '' . Transactions in GIS. 2 : 199 -- 200 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9671.1997. tb00010. x . Openshaw S and Abrahart RJ ( 2000 ) GeoComputation . CRC Press Diappi L ( 2004 ) Evolving Cities : Geocomputation in Territorial Planning . Ashgate , England Longley PA , Brooks SM , McDonnell R , Macmillan B ( 1998 ) , Geocomputation , a primer . John Wiley and Sons , Chichester Ehlen , J ; Caldwell , DR ; Harding , S ( 2002 ) . `` GeoComputation : what is it ? '' . Comput Environ and Urban Syst. 26 : 257 -- 265 . doi : 10.1016 / s0198 - 9715 ( 01 ) 00047 - 3 . Gahegan , M ( 1999 ) . `` What is Geocomputation ? '' . Transaction in GIS. 3 : 203 -- 206 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9671.00017 . Murgante B. , Borruso G. , Lapucci A. ( 2009 ) `` Geocomputation and Urban Planning '' Studies in Computational Intelligence , Vol. 176 . Springer - Verlag , Berlin . Fischer M. , Leung Y. ( 2010 ) `` GeoComputational Modelling : Techniques and Applications '' Advances in Spatial Science . Springer - Verlag , Berlin . Murgante B. , Borruso G. , Lapucci A. ( 2011 ) `` Geocomputation , Sustainability and Environmental Planning '' Studies in Computational Intelligence , Vol. 348 . Springer - Verlag , Berlin . Tahmasebi , P. ; Hezarkhani , A. ; Sahimi , M. ( 2012 ) . `` Multiple - point geostatistical modeling based on the cross-correlation functions '' . Computational Geosciences. 16 ( 3 ) : 779 -- 79742 . doi : 10.1007 / s10596 - 012 - 9287 - 1 . Tóth , G. , Kincses , Á. , Nagy , Z. , ( 2014 ) European Spatial Structure LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing , ISBN 978 - 3 - 659 - 64559 - 4 , doi : 10.13140 / 2.1. 1560.2247 External links ( edit ) ICA Commission on Geospatial Analysis and Modeling An educational resource about spatial statistics and geostatistics A comprehensive guide to principles , techniques & software tools Social and Spatial Inequalities National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis ( NCGIA ) International Cartographic Association ( ICA ) , the world body for mapping and GIScience professionals ( hide ) Visualization of technical information Fields Biological data visualization Chemical imaging Crime mapping Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Information visualization Mathematical visualization Medical imaging Molecular graphics Product visualization Scientific visualization Software visualization Technical drawing User interface design Visual culture Volume visualization Image types Chart Diagram Engineering drawing Graph of a function Ideogram Map Photograph Pictogram Plot Schematic Statistical graphics Table Technical drawings Technical illustration User interface People Jacques Bertin Stuart Card Thomas A. DeFanti Michael Friendly George Furnas Pat Hanrahan Nigel Holmes Christopher R. Johnson Alan MacEachren Jock D. Mackinlay Michael Maltz Bruce H. McCormick Miriah Meyer Charles Joseph Minard Rudolf Modley Gaspard Monge Tamara Munzner Otto Neurath Florence Nightingale Hanspeter Pfister Clifford A. Pickover William Playfair Karl Wilhelm Pohlke Adolphe Quetelet George G. Robertson Arthur H. Robinson Lawrence J. Rosenblum Ben Shneiderman Edward Tufte Fernanda Viégas Howard Wainer Martin Wattenberg Bang Wong Related topics Cartography Chartjunk Computer graphics in computer science Graph drawing Graphic design Graphic organizer Imaging science Information graphics Information science Mental visualisation Misleading graph Neuroimaging Patent drawing Scientific modelling Spatial analysis Visual analytics Visual perception Volume cartography Volume rendering Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spatial_analysis&oldid=803944039 '' Categories : Geography Geostatistics Statistical data types Spatial data analysis Cartography Geographic data and information Mathematical and quantitative methods ( economics ) Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from July 2016 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Wikipedia spam cleanup from June 2014 Wikipedia further reading cleanup Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Magyar 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 17 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the spatial analysis tradition in geography | [
"Spatial analysis or spatial statistics includes any of the formal techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties. Spatial analysis includes a variety of techniques, many still in their early development, using different analytic approaches and applied in fields as diverse as astronomy, with its studies of the placement of galaxies in the cosmos, to chip fabrication engineering, with its use of \"place and route\" algorithms to build complex wiring structures. In a more restricted sense, spatial analysis is the technique applied to structures at the human scale, most notably in the analysis of geographic data."
] | [
"structures at the human scale"
] |
3977037511300630244 | Jason Lee (actor) | Jason Lee ( actor ) - wikipedia Jason Lee ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Jason Scott Lee or Jason Lee Scott . Jason Lee Lee at the Away and Back premiere , January 2015 Jason Michael Lee ( 1970 - 04 - 25 ) April 25 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Santa Ana , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , producer , professional skateboarder Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) Carmen Llywelyn ( m . 1995 ; div. 2001 ) Ceren Alkaç ( m . 2008 ) Partner ( s ) Beth Riesgraf ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Children Parent ( s ) Greg Lee Carol Lee Jason Michael Lee ( born April 25 , 1970 ) is an American actor , producer and skateboarder . He is best known for his roles as Earl Hickey in the television comedy series My Name Is Earl , David Seville in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film franchise and the voice of Syndrome in The Incredibles . He is also known for his roles in Kevin Smith films such as Mallrats , Chasing Amy , Dogma , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Jersey Girl , Clerks II and Cop Out . A skateboard enthusiast , Lee is the co-founder and co-owner of Stereo Skateboards , a company that manufactures skateboard decks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Skateboarding 2.2 Acting 2.3 Photography 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Lee was born in Santa Ana , California on April 25 , 1970 . His father , Greg was a car dealership manager and his mother , Carol was a homemaker. Lee was raised in Huntington Beach and attended Ocean View High School . Career ( edit ) Skateboarding ( edit ) Before he became an actor , Lee was known as a professional skateboarder in the late 1980s and early 1990s . In 1992 , he co-founded Stereo Sound Agency , known as Stereo Skateboards , with fellow skater Chris `` Dune '' Pastras . In 2003 , after the company had been defunct for a few years , the pair successfully revived the company . As of October 2013 , Lee and Pastras remain on the professional `` Classics '' team roster . Lee was featured in the skateboarding promotional video , Video Days , filmed for the skateboarding company `` Blind Skateboards '' . In 2004 , Lee 's skateboarding was featured in Way Out East ! , a film produced by Stereo Skateboards . In August 2012 , Lee was also featured in a brief video on the skateboard website The Berrics entitled `` Jason Lee decided to come to the park . '' In August 2012 , Lee participated in the 9th annual Stand - Up for Skateparks Event , at which he was co-chair with Tony Hawk . The event is held annually by the Tony Hawk Charitable Foundation and seeks to `` help create free , quality public skateparks for youth in low - income communities . '' In October that same year , a video was released by the Keep A Breast Foundation , featuring various skateboarding identities , including Lee , together with Pastras . The video , contributing to the Foundation 's aim to prevent and raise awareness of breast cancer , promotes the `` I Love Boobies '' bracelet . It also features Clint Peterson ( Stereo ) and Giovanni Reda ( WESC ) , who are both teammates of Lee . Lee later worked with Tony Hawk when he lent his voice and likeness to Tony Hawk 's Project 8 to become a playable character . Lee then voiced Coach Frank , a character created during the development of Stereo , in Skate 3 . Professional skateboarder and owner of the Girl and Lakai Limited Footwear skateboard brands Mike Carroll has cited Lee as one of his skating influences . Acting ( edit ) After taking some minor acting roles in 1992 -- 1994 ( including the music video for the Sonic Youth single `` 100 % '' , a small part in Mi Vida Loca , and a bit part as a dance instructor on Chance and Things ) , Lee left professional skateboarding for a full - time acting career . His first major movie role was in Kevin Smith 's Mallrats , which became a cult hit . This started a friendship that subsequently led to appearances in many of Smith 's films , including Chasing Amy , Dogma , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Clerks II , and Cop Out . Lee won an Independent Spirit Award for his role in Chasing Amy as Banky Edwards . Lee at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 25 , 2006 Lee graduated to leading man roles in Heartbreakers , Stealing Harvard , and A Guy Thing . He has had supporting roles in Vanilla Sky , Almost Famous , Dreamcatcher , Big Trouble , The Ballad of Jack and Rose , and Mumford , as well as a minor role in Enemy of the State . Lee also voiced Syndrome in The Incredibles and Jack - Jack Attack . He reprised the role as a `` robot copy '' of Syndrome in Disney Presents Pixar 's The Incredibles in a Magic Kingdom Adventure. Lee is also the voice of Underdog in Underdog and portrays Dave Seville in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film franchise . In 2005 , Lee was offered the lead role in My Name Is Earl . According to interviews on the first - season DVD , he passed on the series twice before finally agreeing to read for the pilot . In the series , he stars as Earl Hickey. Lee received two Golden Globe nominations for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy in 2006 and 2007 , as well as a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series in 2006 . After four seasons of My Name is Earl NBC cancelled the series . On June 22 , 2010 , Memphis Beat premiered . In the series , Lee starred with Alfre Woodard and portrayed Dwight Hendricks . In October 2011 , it was announced the series was not renewed for a third season . He also guest - starred in 2010 and 2013 episodes of Raising Hope , created by My Name is Earl creator and producer Greg Garcia . As of December 2011 , Lee appeared in Up All Night , but after its second season , it was officially cancelled on May 9 , 2013 . In June 2013 , a fourth installment of the Alvin and the Chipmunks franchise was then announced by the 20th Century Fox studio and a release date of December 18 , 2015 ; it was titled The Road Chip . Lee 's latest projects are with Amazon Studios and The Hallmark Channel . With Amazon Studios , Lee is seen in the pilot of Cocked , where he plays the character of Grady Paxson , one of three men who run a gun manufacturing company . The show premiered on January 15 , 2015 and also stars Brian Dennehy , Diora Baird , Dreama Walker , and Sam Trammell . On January 25 , 2015 , The Hallmark Channel premiered Away & Back , a Hallmark Hall of Fame film starring Lee along with Maggie Elizabeth Jones and Minka Kelly . Photography ( edit ) Lee began shooting photos regularly in the early 2000s , and became interested in instant photography . He recently released a photo book through Refueled Magazine . It consists of `` 184 pages of Polaroid & Fuji Instant Film photographs from 2006 - 2016 . '' Printed in a limited edition run of 500 copies , the book sold out before shipping began . Lee on the roof of the Beverly Laurel Hotel on June 28 , 2005 Personal life ( edit ) Lee married actress and photographer Carmen Llywelyn in 1995 ; they divorced in 2001 . Llywelyn later cited Lee 's commitment to Scientology as the principal cause for their separation . Llywelyn wrote that their relationship collapsed when she revealed to her talent manager and fellow Scientologist , Gay Ribisi ( mother of actor Giovanni Ribisi ) , that she had read A Piece of Blue Sky , an anti-Scientology book . Two days after her conversation with Ribisi , Llywelyn received a one - paragraph `` disconnection letter '' from Lee and was labeled a Suppressive Person . Later , Llywelyn made a claim against Scientology , calling it a `` sinister cult '' 13 years after leaving it . According to her detailed experiences , she never had freedom to make a decision and she had to think about her identity after she left Scientology . Following his divorce from Llywelyn , Lee became engaged to actress Beth Riesgraf . Together , they have a son , Pilot Inspektor. Lee states their son 's name was inspired by `` He 's Simple , He 's Dumb , He 's the Pilot '' by rock band Grandaddy . Lee met fashion model and actress Ceren Alkaç at a concert while on vacation in Britain . Alkaç was born in İzmir , and emigrated with her family from Turkey to Australia soon afterward . Following their initial meeting , the pair stayed in touch via email and texts , with Alkaç subsequently moving to the United States and starting a relationship with Lee . The couple married in California in July 2008 ; a month later , Alkac gave birth to a daughter named Casper . The couple had their second child , a son named Sonny , in 2012 . In 2017 , the couple welcomed their third child , a daughter named Alberta ' Birdy ' Lee . Their separation was rumored in December 2015 , again allegedly due to Lee 's strong attachment to Scientology . This was later proven to be false . As of 2016 , Lee no longer practices Scientology . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 Video Days Mi Vida Loca Teenage Drug Customer Chance and Things Dance Instructor on the Television 1995 Mallrats Brodie Bruce Drawing Flies Donner 1997 Chasing Amy Banky Edwards Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male A Better Place Dennis Pepper 1998 Kissing a Fool Jay Murphy American Cuisine Loren Collins Enemy of the State Daniel Zavitz 1999 Dogma Azrael Mumford Skip Skipperton 2000 Almost Famous Jeff Bebe Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor -- Drama / Romance Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Heartbreakers Jack Withrowe Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back Brodie Bruce / Banky Edwards Vanilla Sky Brian Shelby 2002 Big Trouble Puggy Stoked : The Rise and Fall of Gator Documentary Stealing Harvard John Plummer 2003 A Guy Thing Paul Dreamcatcher Beaver I Love Your Work Larry Hortense Oh , What a Lovely Tea Party Documentary Jersey Girl PR Exec # 1 The Incredibles Buddy Pine / Syndrome Voice 2005 Jack - Jack Attack Buddy Pine / Syndrome Voice - Short film included in The Incredibles DVD release The Ballad of Jack and Rose Gray Drop Dead Sexy Frank 2006 Clerks II Lance Dowds Rising Son : The Legend of Christian Hosoi Documentary Monster House Bones Voice 2007 Underdog Shoeshine / Underdog Voice The Man Who Souled the World Documentary Alvin and the Chipmunks David `` Dave '' Seville 2008 Celebrity Family Feud Earl Hickey 2009 Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel David `` Dave '' Seville Cop Out Roy 2011 Noah 's Ark : The New Beginning Japheth Voice The Other Side Mortimer Flybait Voice Columbus Circle Charlie Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked David `` Dave '' Seville 2014 Behaving Badly Father Krumins Tell Ray 2015 Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip David `` Dave '' Seville Nominated -- Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor 2017 Growing Up Smith Butch Brunner 2018 The Incredibles 2 Buddy Pine / Syndrome Voice TBA Diamond Billy Curtis Also producer and writer Television ( edit ) Year TItle Role Notes 1997 Weapons of Mass Distraction Phillip Messenger Television film 2005 -- 2009 My Name Is Earl Earl Hickey Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor -- Comedy ( 2006 ) 2006 American Dad ! Officer Bays ( voice ) Episode : `` Rough Trade '' 2010 -- 2011 Memphis Beat Dwight Hendricks 20 episodes 2011 Up All Night Kevin 7 episodes 2010 -- 2013 Raising Hope Smokey Floyd 3 episodes 2013 Men at Work Donnie Episode : `` Tyler the Pioneer '' 2015 Cocked Grady Paxson 1 episode 2015 Away and Back Jack Peterson Television film 2015 -- present We Bare Bears Charlie ( voice ) 12 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role The Incredibles Buddy Pine / Syndrome 2006 Tony Hawk 's Project 8 Himself 2007 Alvin and the Chipmunks David `` Dave '' Seville Skate 3 Coach Frank 2013 Disney Infinity Buddy Pine / Syndrome 2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Buddy Pine / Syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Biography '' . biography.com . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Biography '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Biography '' . www.notablebiographies.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee . '' Newsmakers ( 2006 ) Biography in Context , Gale , Detroit Jump up ^ Mike Lewis ( 14 September 2010 ) . `` ANTICS LICENSES STEREO SKATEBOARDS & HI - FI WHEELS '' . Transworld Business . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blog '' . Stereo skateboards . Stereo Sound Agency . 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Team Stereo '' . Stereo Sound Agency . Antics International . October 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ skatexedge31 ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Blind Skateboards -- Video Days full video classic '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ skately ( 2012 ) . `` Stereo Skateboards -- Way Out East ! ( 2004 ) '' . skately . Skately LLC . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Zynkero ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Jason Lee -- Way Out East ! '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Vlady Poshyvanyuk ; The Berrics ( 18 August 2012 ) . `` The Berrics -- Jason Lee decide to come to the park '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Alina O ( 22 August 2012 ) . `` JASON LEE TEAMS UP WITH TONY HAWK '' . Transworld Business . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Stand Up For Skateparks . Tony Hawk Foundation . 2013 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ keepabreastvideo ( 3 October 2012 ) . `` This Is My Pink Ribbon -- Why Do You Wear Your Keep A Breast i love boobies ! bracelet ? '' . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Christhundertrck ( 13 June 2010 ) . `` Jason Lee - Awesome Stunt - Tony Hawk 's Project 8 '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Sharkey ( 17 March 2010 ) . `` Skate 3 Coming May 11 '' . Gamespy . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ maydaydist ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` Coach Frank visit stereo headquarter '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Blair Alley ; Skin Phillips ( 4 September 2012 ) . `` 30TH ANNIVERSARY INTERVIEWS : MIKE CARROLL PART 1 '' ( Video upload ) . Transworld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Blair Alley ; Skin Phillips ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` 30TH ANNIVERSARY INTERVIEWS : MIKE CARROLL PART 2 '' ( Video upload ) . Transworld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paatsch , Leigh ( March 21 , 2002 ) . `` Reel Deal '' . Herald Sun . Melbourne , Australia . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( October 20 , 1995 ) . `` Overcrowded Mallrats '' . Washington Post . p . N44 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Jeff ( July 11 , 2001 ) . `` Hot Heartbreakers Only Mildly Amusing '' . Messenger . Adelaide , Australia . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Gary ( September 13 , 2002 ) . `` Getting into Harvard lawless school -- Ivy League requires some stolen green in likeable comedy '' . The Dallas Morning News . p. 1J . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( March 21 , 2003 ) . `` Bleedful Things -- ' Dreamcatcher ' a Jumble of Classic Stephen King Gore '' . The Boston Globe . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes . `` Jason Lee Biography '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Koltnow , Barry ( January 3 , 2008 ) . `` Chasing chipmunks '' . The Courier Mail . Brisbane , Australia . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Trust Me , I 'm Funnier With the Moustache '' . The New York Times . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Nepales , Ruben V. ( December 16 , 2005 ) . `` Brokeback Mountain tops Golden Globe nominations '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Ballot '' . San Francisco Chronicle . January 14 , 2007 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Longino , Bob ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` SAG nominees have Oscar feel , diversified look '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . p . E14 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , Alessandra ( June 21 , 2010 ) . `` Take Your Time , Crime Will Wait '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` ' Raising Hope ' creator Greg Garcia is not talking white trash '' . USA Today.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( 18 October 2010 ) . `` Jason Lee to Guest Star on Raising Hope '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Raising Hope ' Reunites ' My Name Is Earl ' Cast For Tribute Episode '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sara McGinnis ( 14 December 2011 ) . `` ALVIN AND THE CHIPMUNKS : CHIPWRECKED '' . She Knows . SheKnows , LLC . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Germain Lussier ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Fox Dates ' Frankenstein , ' ' Alvin and the Chipmunks 3 ′ and Animated Films Through 2018 '' . SlashFilm . / FILM . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Cocked ( HD ) : Amazon Video '' . Amazon Studios . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media Release '' . Hallmark Hall of Fame Presents. 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Matt . `` Jason Lee 's Photography of a Dust - Covered America '' . Format Magazine . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HOME '' . www.refueledmagazine.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dawn Olsen ( 15 May 2010 ) . `` Obsession With Scientology Ruined Actor Jason Lee 's Marriage '' . technorati.com . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carmen Llywelyn , ex-wife of My Name Is Earl star Jason Lee , says Scientology makes getting a divorce ' difficult ' '' . dailymail.co.uk. 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Llywelyn , Carmen ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Why I Left Scientology '' . Gawker . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Scientologist Carmen Llywelyn blasts ' cult ' and her treatment after divorce with Jason Lee '' . independent.co.uk. 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : My Name Is Earl Star Jason Lee Has Baby Girl '' . usmagazine.com. 22 August 2008 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ayce Dikmen ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` İzmirli kıza aşık olursa '' . Hurriyet . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ayçe Dıkmen ( 26 May 2013 ) . `` İzmirli Kiza Aşik Olursa '' . Hürriyet . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Baby Name Mystery Solved ! Pilot Inspektor 's Sister Is ... '' . namecandy.com. 14 November 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Julie Jodan ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Jason Lee & His Wife Get Married -- Again ! '' . People . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarah Michaud ; Julie Jordan ( 26 June 2012 ) . `` Jason Lee Welcomes Son Sonny '' . people.com . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Ceren Alkaç Feb 5 , 2017 at 4 : 28pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Jason Lee and wife Ceren Alkac getting a divorce due to conflicts relating to the Scientology church '' . Hubmesh . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://tonyortega.org/2016/09/17/with-jason-lee-out-what-does-it-mean-for-scientologys-tightest-celebrity-clique/ Jump up ^ Sara Button ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` Checking In With Jason Lee '' . The Dentonite . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bueno , Antoinette ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Jason Lee Reveals He Left the Church of Scientology '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Thill , Scott ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Cartoon Network Will Launch ' We Bare Bears ' Series in July '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jason Lee ( actor ) . Jason Lee on IMDb ( hide ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Lou Diamond Phillips ( 1988 ) Max Perlich ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) David Strathairn ( 1991 ) Steve Buscemi ( 1992 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1993 ) Chazz Palminteri ( 1994 ) Benicio del Toro ( 1995 ) Benicio del Toro ( 1996 ) Jason Lee ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) Steve Zahn ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2001 ) Dennis Quaid ( 2002 ) Djimon Hounsou ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Matt Dillon ( 2005 ) Alan Arkin ( 2006 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2007 ) James Franco ( 2008 ) Woody Harrelson ( 2009 ) John Hawkes ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Idris Elba ( 2015 ) Ben Foster ( 2016 ) VIAF : 61745184 LCCN : n2008010753 ISNI : 0000 0001 2135 9045 GND : 1013307577 SUDOC : 079558453 BNF : cb140240243 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 7fb3e852 - c1d3 - 4533 - 9140 - 86c7a25c76be BNE : XX1296461 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Lee_(actor)&oldid=804905668 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people Television producers from California American skateboarders American male voice actors American male film actors American male television actors American male video game actors Former Scientologists Male actors from Orange County , California Sportspeople from Orange County , California Male actors from Santa Ana , California Independent Spirit Award winners 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hCards All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played dave in alvin and the chipmunks | [
"Jason Michael Lee (born April 25, 1970) is an American actor, producer and skateboarder. He is best known for his roles as Earl Hickey in the television comedy series My Name Is Earl, David Seville in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film franchise and the voice of Syndrome in The Incredibles. He is also known for his roles in Kevin Smith films such as Mallrats, Chasing Amy, Dogma, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Jersey Girl, Clerks II and Cop Out. A skateboard enthusiast, Lee is the co-founder and co-owner of Stereo Skateboards, a company that manufactures skateboard decks."
] | [
"Jason Michael Lee"
] |
-7762358559232952901 | Daughters of the American Revolution | Daughters of the American Revolution - wikipedia Daughters of the American Revolution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the women 's organization . For the Grant Wood painting , see Daughters of Revolution . Daughters of the American Revolution National Society Daughters of the American Revolution DAR Constitution Hall , Washington , DC Abbreviation DAR / NSDAR Motto God , Home , and Country Founded October 11 , 1890 ; 127 years ago ( 1890 - 10 - 11 ) Incorporated 1896 by an Act of Congress Type Non-profit Focus Historic preservation , education , patriotism Headquarters Washington , D.C. , United States Website www.dar.org The Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) is a lineage - based membership service organization for women who are directly descended from a person involved in the United States ' efforts towards independence . A non-profit group , they work to promote historic preservation , education , and patriotism . The organization 's membership is limited to direct lineal descendants of soldiers or others of the Revolutionary period who aided the cause of independence ; applicants must have reached 18 years of age and are reviewed at the chapter level for admission . It currently has approximately 185,000 members in the United States and in several other countries . Its motto is `` God , Home , and Country . '' Since the late 20th century , following the civil rights movement and changes in historic scholarship , the organization has expanded its membership , recognizing minority contributions and expanding the definition of those whose work is considered to have aided the Revolution , and recognizing more ways in which women and other people served . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Historic programs 3 Segregation and exclusion of African - Americans 3.1 Marian Anderson controversy 3.2 First African - American member of DAR 3.3 Ferguson controversy 3.4 Focus on racial diversity 4 Accomplishments 5 Contemporary DAR 5.1 Eligibility 5.2 Education outreach 5.3 Civic work 5.4 Exhibits and library at DAR Headquarters 5.5 Literacy promotion 5.6 American history essay contest 5.7 Scholarships 6 Notable members 6.1 Living members 6.2 Past members 7 Honors 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Founding ( edit ) The Founders of the Daughters of the American Revolution sculpture honors the four founders of the DAR . In 1889 the centennial of President George Washington 's inauguration was celebrated , and Americans looked for additional ways to recognize their past . Out of the renewed interest in United States history , numerous patriotic and preservation societies were founded . On July 13 , 1890 , after the Sons of the American Revolution refused to allow women to join their group , Mary Smith Lockwood published the story of patriot Hannah White Arnett in the Washington Post , asking , `` Where will the Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution place Hannah Arnett ? '' On July 21 of that year , William O. McDowell , a great - grandson of Hannah White Arnett , published an article in the Washington Post offering to help form a society to be known as the Daughters of the American Revolution . The first meeting of the society was held August 9 , 1890 . The first DAR chapter was organized on October 11 , 1890 , at the Strathmore Arms , the home of Mary Smith Lockwood , one of the DAR 's four co-founders . Other founders were Eugenia Washington , a great - grandniece of George Washington , Ellen Hardin Walworth , and Mary Desha . They had also held organizational meetings in August 1890 . Other attendees in October were Sons of the American Revolution members Registrar General Dr. George Brown Goode , Secretary General A. Howard Clark , William O. McDowell ( SAR member # 1 ) , Wilson L. Gill ( secretary at the inaugural meeting ) , and 18 other people . The First Lady , Caroline Lavina Scott Harrison , wife of President Benjamin Harrison , lent her prestige to the founding of DAR , and served as its first President General . Having initiated a renovation of the White House , she was interested in historic preservation . She helped establish the goals of DAR , which was incorporated by congressional charter in 1896 . In this same period , such organizations as the Colonial Dames of America , the Mary Washington Memorial Society , Preservation of the Virginia Antiquities , United Daughters of the Confederacy , and Sons of Confederate Veterans were also founded . This was in addition to numerous fraternal and civic organizations flourishing in this period . Historic programs ( edit ) The DAR chapters raised funds to initiate a number of historic preservation and patriotic endeavors . They began a practice of installing markers at the graves of Revolutionary War veterans to indicate their service , and adding small flags at their gravesites on Memorial Day . Other activities included commissioning and installing monuments to battles and other sites related to the War . The DAR recognized women patriots ' contributions as well as those of soldiers . For instance , they installed a monument at the site of a spring where Polly Hawkins Craig and other women got water to use against flaming arrows , in the defense of Bryan Station ( present - day Lexington , Kentucky ) . In addition to installing markers and monuments , DAR chapters have purchased , preserved and operated historic houses and other sites associated with the war . See `` DAR Historic Sites and Database '' for a map and database of DAR sites . Segregation and exclusion of African - Americans ( edit ) In 1932 the DAR adopted a rule excluding African - American musicians from performing at DAR Constitution Hall in response to complaints by some members against `` mixed seating , '' as both blacks and whites were attracted to concerts of black artists . Washington , D.C. , had segregated facilities under laws established by a Congress that supported segregation , which administered the city at the time . In 1945 , African - American jazz singer Hazel Scott ( then the wife of New York Democratic Congressman Adam Clayton Powell , Jr . ) was excluded from performing at Constitution Hall . In October 1945 , the DAR invited First Lady Bess Truman to a tea at the hall , which she accepted . Congressman Powell protested and asked Truman not to attend the tea . She chose to go , but said publicly that she opposed discrimination ( as did her husband ) . The White House received letters asking Bess Truman to resign from the DAR in protest of their policy ; she declined to do so . Other letters supported her having attended the tea . The DAR did not officially reverse its `` white performers only '' policy until 1952 . Marian Anderson controversy ( edit ) During the period of segregation and exclusion , in 1936 Sol Hurok , the manager of noted singer Marian Anderson , an African - American contralto , tried to book her at the DAR Constitution Hall . Owing to the `` white performers only '' policy , the DAR refused the booking . In 1939 , Hurok , along with the NAACP and Howard University , petitioned the DAR to make an exception to their policy for Anderson , which the organization declined . Hurok tried to find a local high school for a performance , but the only suitable venue was an auditorium at a white high school ( the public schools were segregated ) . The school board refused to allow Anderson to perform there . The First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt invited Anderson to the White House to perform especially for her and President Roosevelt . During this time , Anderson came under considerable pressure from the NAACP to refuse to perform for segregated audiences . Eleanor Roosevelt resigned from her membership of the DAR in protest of their treatment of Anderson . Roosevelt and the Marian Anderson Committee arranged for the singer to give her concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial , with the Mall of Washington as her auditorium . Symbolically , the concert took place on Easter Sunday , April 9 , 1939 . The DAR later apologized to Anderson and welcomed her to Constitution Hall on a number of occasions . In 1942 she starred at a benefit concert for war relief during World War II . In 1964 , the year of passage of the Civil Rights Act , Anderson chose Constitution Hall as the place to launch her farewell American tour . In 1992 , at the opening night ceremonies of the DAR annual convention , the DAR awarded Marian Anderson the Centennial Medallion , which honors women who gave outstanding service to the nation . Due to health reasons , Anderson was unable to attend ; the medallion and certificate were delivered to her at her home . On January 27 , 2005 , the DAR co-hosted the first `` day of issue '' dedication ceremony with the U.S. Postal Service , at which the Marian Anderson commemorative stamp was introduced and Anderson 's family was honored . First African - American member of DAR ( edit ) In October 1977 , Karen Batchelor Farmer ( now Karen Batchelor ) of Detroit , Michigan , was admitted as the first known African - American member of the DAR . Batchelor started her genealogical research in 1976 as a young mother who wanted to commemorate the American bicentennial year in a way that had special meaning for her family . Within 26 months , she had traced her family history back to the American Revolution . Batchelor traced part of her ancestry to a patriot , William Hood , an Irish - born soldier who served in the colonial militia in Pennsylvania during the Revolution in the defense of Fort Freeland . With the help of the late James Dent Walker , head of Genealogical Services at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. , Batchelor was contacted by the Ezra Parker Chapter in Royal Oak , Michigan , who invited her to join their chapter . In December 1977 , Batchelor 's admission as the first known African - American member of DAR sparked international interest after it was featured in a story on page one of the New York Times . She was invited to appear on Good Morning America , where she was interviewed by John Lindsay , former mayor of New York and regular guest host . Batchelor co-founded the Fred Hart Williams Genealogical Society in 1979 , an organization in Detroit for African - American family research . She continues to research her own family history and inspire others to do the same . Ferguson controversy ( edit ) In March 1984 , Lena Lorraine Santos Ferguson , a retired school secretary , was denied membership in a Washington , D.C. chapter of the DAR because she was black , according to a report by the Washington Post . Her two white sponsors , Margaret M. Johnston and Elizabeth E. Thompson , were dismayed at their chapter response . Ferguson met the lineage requirements and could trace her ancestry to Jonah Gay , a white man who fought in Maine . When asked for comment , Sarah M. King , the President General of the DAR , told the Washington Post that the DAR 's chapters have autonomy in determining members . She made impolitic comments about the chapter 's decision . After King 's comments were reported , outrage erupted and the D.C. City Council threatened to revoke the DAR 's real estate tax exemption . King quickly corrected her error , saying that Ferguson should have been admitted , and that her application had been handled `` inappropriately . '' Representing Ferguson pro bono , lawyers from the Washington law firm of Hogan & Hartson began working with King to develop positive ways for the DAR to ensure that blacks would not be discriminated against in future application for membership . The DAR changed its bylaws to bar discrimination `` on the basis of race or creed . '' In addition , King announced a resolution to recognize `` the heroic contributions of black patriots in the American Revolution '' . Ferguson was admitted to the DAR chapter . `` I wanted to honor my mother and father as well as my black and white heritage , '' Ferguson said after being admitted . `` And I want to encourage other black women to embrace their own rich history , because we 're all Americans . '' She became chairwoman and founder of the D.C. DAR Scholarship Committee . Ferguson died in March 2004 at the age of 75 . Focus on racial diversity ( edit ) Since the mid-1980s , the DAR has supported a project to identify the names of African Americans , Native Americans , and individuals of mixed race who were patriots of the American Revolution , expanding their recognition beyond soldiers . In 2008 , DAR published Forgotten Patriots : African American and American Indian Patriots in the Revolutionary War . This is available for free online , as is a supplement published in 2012 . In 2007 , the DAR posthumously honored Mary Hemings Bell , a former slave of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello , as a `` Patriot of the Revolution . '' During the war , Hemings and other household slaves had been taken by Jefferson to the state capital Richmond to work for him after he was elected governor of Virginia . When the British invaded the city , they took Hemings and the other slaves at the governor 's house as prisoners ; Hemings and the other slaves were later released . ( The American government officials had already escaped to Monticello and Charlottesville . ) After the war , Hemings gained informal freedom when her common - law husband , Thomas Bell , a white merchant from Charlottesville , purchased her and their two mixed - race children from Jefferson . She was forced to leave her two older children , Joseph Fossett and Betsy Hemmings ( as she spelled it ) , enslaved at Monticello . After Bell 's death , Mary and their two children inherited his estate . She kept in touch with her large extended family , still enslaved at Monticello , and aided her children there . When Jefferson 's slaves were sold after his death in 1826 to settle his debts , she purchased family members to help keep families intact . Since Hemings Bell has been honored as a Patriot , all of her female descendants qualify for membership in the DAR . In June 2012 , Wilhelmena Rhodes Kelly and Dr. Olivia Cousins became charter members of a chapter with numerous African - American members , in Queens , New York ; five of the 13 charter members are African American . Kelly , who organized the diverse chapter , was installed as the Charter Regent and Dr. Cousins as a chapter officer . Two of Dr. Cousins ' sisters , Collette Cousins , who lives in Durham , North Carolina , and Michelle Wherry , who lives in Lewis Center , Ohio , pledged to travel to Queens for the monthly chapter meetings . Accomplishments ( edit ) The DAR Museum was founded in 1890 as a repository for family treasures . Today , the museum contains over 30,000 historical relics that form a collective memory of the decorative and fine arts in America from 1700 - 1850 . The DAR Library was founded in 1896 as a collection of genealogical and historical publications for the use of staff genealogists verifying application papers for the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution . Shortly after 1900 the growing collection was opened to the public and has remained so ever since . The U.S. Army appointed DAR member , Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee , as Acting Assistant Surgeon , U.S. Army , in charge of nurses . She organized the DAR Hospital Corps , Army Nurse Corps , and served as NSDAR 's first Librarian General . The DAR Hospital Corps certified 1,081 nurses for service during the Spanish -- American War . DAR later funded pensions for many of these nurses who did not qualify for government pensions . During the Spanish -- American War , DAR purchased a ship 's tender for the USS Missouri to be used as a hospital launch for transporting the wounded from shore to ship . To help with the war effort during World War I , DAR loaned its National Headquarters land to the United States . The federal government used the land to erect a temporary war office building that provided office space for 600 people . After World War I , DAR funded the reconstruction of the water system in the village of Tilloloy , France , and donated more than $130,000 for the support of 3,600 French war orphans . DAR provided materials for sewing , wood , and leatherwork to the immigrants detained for processing on Ellis Island . This helped to alleviate the depression and anxiety of these men and women who were strangers in a new land . In 1921 , DAR compiled and published the `` DAR Manual for Citizenship . '' DAR distributed this guide to American immigrants at Ellis Island and other ports of entry . To date , more than 10 million manuals have been distributed . From November 1921 until February 1922 , world leaders met in DAR Memorial Continental Hall for the Conference on Limitation of Armaments , a groundbreaking meeting for peace . The Americana Collection , founded in the early 1940s , brought together rare manuscripts and imprints previously scattered among the holdings of the DAR Museum and DAR Library . Today , the collection flourishes from more than 60 years of actively seeking out and acquiring artifacts that reflect a unique image of our nation . DAR raised thousands of dollars to assist in the re-forestation project of the U.S. Forest Service during the 1940s . During World War II , DAR provided 197,000 soldiers with care packages and sponsored all 89 crews of Landing Craft Infantry ships . During World War II , the use of the DAR buildings was given to the American Red Cross . A children 's day nursery was set up in the basement of Constitution Hall for enlisted men 's wives who had to go to work . The tradition of celebrating the Constitution was started many years ago by the Daughters of the American Revolution . In 1955 , the DAR petitioned Congress to set aside September 17 -- 23 annually to be dedicated for the observance of Constitution Week . The resolution was later adopted by the U.S. Congress and signed into Public Law # 915 on August 2 , 1956 , by President Dwight D. Eisenhower . Contemporary DAR ( edit ) There are nearly 180,000 current members of the DAR in approximately 3,000 chapters across the United States and in several other countries . More than 940,000 women have joined the organization since its founding 125 years ago . The organization describes itself as , `` one of the most inclusive genealogical societies '' in the United States , noting on its website that , `` any woman 18 years or older -- regardless of race , religion , or ethnic background -- who can prove lineal descent from a patriot of the American Revolution , is eligible for membership '' . Eligibility ( edit ) Membership in the DAR today is open to all women , regardless of race or religion , who can prove lineal bloodline descent from an ancestor who aided in achieving United States independence . The National Society DAR is the final arbiter of the acceptability of the documentation of all applications for membership . Qualifying participation in achieving independence includes the following : Signatories of the United States Declaration of Independence ; Military veterans of the American Revolutionary War , including State navies and militias , local militias , privateers , and French or Spanish soldiers and sailors who fought in the American theater of war ; Civil servants of provisional or State governments , Continental Congress and State conventions and assemblies ; Signers of Oath of Allegiance or Oath of Fidelity and Support ; Participants in the Boston Tea Party ; Prisoners of war , refugees , and defenders of fortresses and frontiers ; doctors and nurses who aided Revolutionary casualties ; ministers ; petitioners ; and Others who gave material or patriotic support to the Revolutionary cause . The DAR published a book , available online ( 2 ) , an extensive resource with the names of thousands of minority patriots , to enable family and historical research . Its online Genealogical Research System ( GRS ) ( 3 ) provides access to an extensive database , and it is digitizing family Bibles to collect more information for research . The organization has chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in the District of Columbia . DAR chapters have been founded in Australia , Austria , the Bahamas , Bermuda , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , Mexico , Spain , and the United Kingdom . Education outreach ( edit ) The DAR contributes more than $1 million annually to support six schools that provide for a variety of special student needs . Supported schools : Kate Duncan Smith DAR School , Grant , Alabama Tamassee DAR School , Tamassee , South Carolina Crossnore School , Crossnore , North Carolina Hillside School , Marlborough , Massachusetts Hindman Settlement School , Hindman , Kentucky Berry College , Mount Berry , Georgia In addition , the DAR provides $70,000 to $100,000 in scholarships and funds to American Indian youth at Chemawa Indian School , Salem , Oregon ; Bacone College , Muskogee , Oklahoma ; and the Indian Youth of America Summer Camp Program . Civic work ( edit ) DAR members participate in a variety of veteran and citizenship - oriented projects , including : Providing more than 200,000 hours of volunteer time annually to veterans in U.S. Veterans Administration hospitals and non-VA facilities Offering support to America 's service personnel in current conflicts abroad through care packages , phone cards and other needed items Sponsoring special programs promoting the Constitution during its official celebration week of September 17 -- 23 Participating in naturalization ceremonies Exhibits and Library at DAR headquarters ( edit ) The DAR maintains an extensive genealogical library at its headquarters in Washington , DC and provides guides for individuals doing family research . Its bookstore presents the latest scholarship on United States and women 's history . Temporary exhibits in the galleries have featured women 's arts and crafts , including items from the DAR 's valuable quilt and embroidery collections . Exhibit curators provide a social and historical context for girls ' and women 's arts in such exhibits , for instance , explaining practices of mourning reflected in certain kinds of embroidery samplers , as well as ideals expressed about the new republic . Permanent exhibits include American furniture , silver and furnishings . Literacy Promotion ( edit ) In 1989 , the DAR established the NSDAR Literacy Promotion Committee , which coordinates the efforts of DAR volunteers to promote child and adult literacy . Volunteers teach English , tutor reading , prepare students for GED examinations , raise funds for literacy programs , and participate in many other ways . American history essay contest ( edit ) Each year , the DAR conducts a national American history essay contest among students in grades 5 through 8 . A different topic is selected each year . Essays are judged `` for historical accuracy , adherence to topic , organization of materials , interest , originality , spelling , grammar , punctuation , and neatness . '' The contest is conducted locally by the DAR chapters . Chapter winners compete against each other by region and nationally ; national winners receive a monetary award . Scholarships ( edit ) The DAR awards $150,000 per year in scholarships to high school graduates , and music , law , nursing , and medical school students . Only two of the 20 scholarships offered are restricted to DAR members or their descendants . Notable members ( edit ) Living members ( edit ) Dr. Betsy Boze , American academic , Chief Executive Officer and Dean , Kent State University Stark Laura Bush , former First Lady of the United States Rosalynn Carter , former First Lady of the United States , politician , political and social activist Bo Derek , actress , former model , and conservative political activist Elizabeth Dole , former U.S. Senator from North Carolina , former transportation secretary , labor secretary , American Red Cross president , Federal Trade Commissioner , presidential candidate , and presidential advisor Tammy Duckworth , American Army veteran , former U.S. Representative , and as of 2017 , U.S. Senator from Illinois . Duckworth is depicted along with Molly Pitcher in a statue sponsored by the DAR Illinois chapter and dedicated to women veterans on the grounds of the Brehm Memorial Library in Mt . Vernon , Illinois Candace Whittemore Lovely , painter Stephanie Moulton Sarkis , writer and psychotherapist Margaret Rhea Seddon , NASA astronaut Past members ( edit ) Daughters of the American Revolution monument to the Battle of Fort Washington , erected in 1910 . The approach deck of the George Washington Bridge , New York City was built above it . Jane Addams , Activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Susan B. Anthony , American suffragist Lillie Stella Acer Ballagh , national chairman of Colonial Relics Clara Barton , American Red Cross founder Leah Belle Kepner Boyce , State Recording and Secretary of the California Daughters of the American Revolution Olivia Dudley Bucknam , Hollywood chapter Vinnie B. Clark , established and developed the Geography Department at the San Diego State Teachers College Inez Mabel Crawford , first registrar of the General Edward Hand Chapter Estelle Skidmore Doremus , supporter of the New York Philharmonic Saidie Orr Dunbar , Executive Secretary of the Oregon Tuberculosis Association Caroline B. Eager , American philanthropist who worked mainly with the Igorot people of the Philippine Islands Mary Baker Eddy , founder of Christian Science church Isabel H. Ellis , Rubidoux Chapter Infanta Eulalia of Spain , Spanish princess and author Inglis Fletcher , American writer Abigail Keasey Frankel , prominent club and civic worker of Portland . She was the first President of the Oregon Federation of Business and Professional Women Dale Pickett Gay , Wyoming clubwoman and one of the best known women of her time in the oil business Lillian Gish , actress Fannie Smith Goble , held several high offices in Daughters of the American Revolution organization Isophene Goodin Bailhache , National Vice-Chairman of Historic Spots , State Officer , Chapter Regent Harriet A. Haas , attorney and member of Piedmont Board of Education Sallie Foster Harshbarger , from 1920 to 1922 , State Regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution Caroline Harrison , former First Lady of the United States Grace Hopper , Rear Admiral , USNR Nancy A. Leatherwood , National chairman of Historical and Literary Reciprocity Committee of the Daughters of the American Revolution Colonel Westray Battle Long , Director of the Women 's Army Corps Edith Bolte MacCracken , State Regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution Virginia Donaghe McClurg , member Moina Michael , educator and originator of Memorial Day Poppies Anita Newcomb McGee , founder of the Army Nurse Corps Sara E. Morse , held positions in several organizations Grandma Moses , folk artist Jacqueline Noel , leader in promoting the colonial history of the United States Fannie Brown Patrick , musician and leader in civic and social affairs Alice Paul , American suffragist Edith Allen Phelps , twice president of the Oklahoma Library Association , the first professional in the Library Science field in the Oklahoma City system Sarah Childress Polk , First Lady of the United States Ada E. Purpus , member Janet Reno , former Attorney General of the United States Ginger Rogers , actress and dancer Eleanor Roosevelt , First Lady of the United States . She resigned her membership in protest of racism . Fannie Forbis Russel , one of the pioneer women of the state of Montana Phyllis Schlafly , conservative political activist and writer M. Elizabeth Shellabarger , Registered Nurse , army nurse overseas during World War I and director of American Red Cross Nursing Service in Albania and Montenegro Jessamine Shumate , noted artist and cartographer Margaret Chase Smith , US Congressman & US Senator Vera Blanche Thomas , president of the Arizona State Nurses ' Association from 1927 to 1928 Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney , sculptor , art patron and collector , and founder in 1931 of the Whitney Museum of American Art Honors ( edit ) A memorial to the Daughters of the American Revolution 's four founders , at Constitution Hall in Washington , D.C. , was dedicated on April 17 , 1929 . It was sculpted by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney , a DAR member . See also ( edit ) American Revolutionary War portal Gender studies portal Genealogy portal Society portal Children of the American Revolution Colonial Dames of America The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America Sons of the American Revolution Sons of the Revolution Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War The United Empire Loyalists Association of Canada United Daughters of the Confederacy United States Daughters of 1812 American Patriotic Societies Directory list by US War Period ( s ) ( AVSOPS.com ) The National Society of Daughters of Founders and Patriots of America References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : preserving historical properties and artifacts and promoting patriotism within their communities . `` Become a Member '' Check url = value ( help ) . Daughters of the American Revolution . Jump up ^ 2017 Continental Congress membership report Jump up ^ Daughters of the American Revolution . ( 2013 ) . In Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved from ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Maslin Nir , Sarah ( 3 July 2012 ) . `` For Daughters of the American Revolution , a New Chapter '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Plys , Kate ( 4 July 1991 ) . `` I Had Luncheon With the DAR '' . Sun - Times Media . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum . '' Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum - Marian Anderson . N.p. , n.d. Web . 23 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution 1991 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exhibit : Eleanor Roosevelt Letter '' . NARA. 1939 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` D.A.R. Refuses Auditorium to Hazel Scott ; Constitution Hall for ' White Artists Only ' '' , New York Times , 12 October 1945 , accessed 5 August 2012 Jump up ^ Sale , Sara L. Bess Wallace Truman : Harry 's White House `` Boss '' , University Press of Kansas , 2010 . ISBN 9780700617418 Jump up ^ Kennedy Center , `` Biography of Marian Anderson '' Archived January 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : `` Marian Anderson at the MET : The 50th Anniversary , Early Career '' . The Metropolitan Opera Guild , Inc. 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` WGBH American Experience . Eleanor Roosevelt PBS '' . American Experience . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` D.A.R. NOW INVITES MARIAN ANDERSON ; Singer , Barred From Capital Hall in 1939 , Is Asked to Give First of War Aid Concerts '' . New York Times . 1942 - 09 - 30 . pp. Obits . pp. 25 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Marian Anderson at the MET : The 50th Anniversary , Late Life '' . The Metropolitan Opera Guild , Inc. 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary Singer Marian Anderson Returns to Constitution Hall On U.S. Postage Stamp '' ( Press release ) . United States Postal Service . 2005 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Farmer '' , American Libraries 39 ( February 1978 ) , p. 70 ; Negro Almanac , pp. 73 , 1431 ; Who 's Who among Africans , 14th ed. , p. 405 . Jump up ^ Northumberland County in the American Revolution , 1976 , pp. 156 , 171 . Jump up ^ Stevens , William K. ( 1977 - 12 - 28 ) . `` A Detroit Black Woman 's Roots Lead to a Welcome in the D.A.R. ; Black Woman 's Roots Lead to a Welcome in D.A.R '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Kessler , Ronald ( 1984 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Sponsors Claim Race Is Stumbling Block '' . Washington Post . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forgotten Patriots '' . Daughters of the American Revolution . Jump up ^ Annette Gordon - Reed , The Hemingses of Monticello : An American Family , New York : W.W. Norton & Co. , pp. 410 , 484 Jump up ^ American Spirit Magazine , Daughters of the American Revolution , January -- February 2009 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Maslin Nir , Sarah ( 2012 - 07 - 03 ) . `` For Daughters of the American Revolution , a New Chapter '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` NSDAR Web page '' . Jump up ^ http://www.dar.org/ ^ Jump up to : `` DAR History '' . Daughters of the American Revolution . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DAR Supported Schools '' . DAR . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Work of the Society : DAR Schools '' . DAR . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Literacy Promotion '' . DAR . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` American History Essay '' . DAR . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scholarships '' . DAR . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Meet Our Deans ^ Jump up to : `` Dazzling Daughters , 1890 -- 2004 '' . Americana Collection exhibit . DAR . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://ildar.org/chapters/walterburdick/Gallery.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Binheim , Max ; Elvin , Charles A ( 1928 ) . Women of the West ; a series of biographical sketches of living eminent women in the eleven western states of the United States of America . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Hunter , Ann Arnold , A Century of Service : The Story of the DAR , p. 63 Jump up ^ `` Rossiter : Poppy lady 's legacy lives on '' . Jump up ^ `` The Four Founders '' . Daughters of the American Revolution . Jump up ^ `` Founders Memorial '' . Daughters of the American Revolution . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daughters of the American Revolution , Founders statue at Constitution Hall in Washington , D.C. by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney located in James M. Goode 's Foggy Bottom area '' . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . This article incorporates public domain material from the National Archives and Records Administration website https://www.archives.gov/ . Further reading ( edit ) Independent accounts Anderson , Peggy . The Daughters ( 1972 ) Bailey , Diana L. American Treasure : The Enduring Spirit of the DAR , Walsworth Publishing Company ( 2007 ) Julie Des Jardins , Women and the Historical Enterprise in America : Gender , Race , and the Politics of Memory , 1880 - 1945 , University of North Carolina Press ( 2003 ) Strayer , Martha . The D.A.R. : An Informal History , Washington , DC . Public Affairs Press ( 1958 ) ( critically reviewed by Gilbert Steiner as covering personalities but not politics , Review , The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , v. 320 , `` Highway Safety and Traffic Control '' ( Nov. 1958 ) , pp. 148 -- 49 . ) DAR - related Hunter , Ann Arnold . A Century of Service : The Story of the DAR . Washington , DC : National Society Daughters of the American Revolution ( 1991 ) . Simkovich , Patricia Joy . Indomitable Spirit : The Life of Ellen Hardin Walworth , Washington , DC : National Society Daughters of the American Revolution ( 2001 ) . ( The life story of Ellen Hardin Walworth , one of the NSDAR founders . ) 125 Years of Devotion to America , Washington , DC : National Society Daughters of the American Revolution . DAR publication that includes reflections , prayers and ceremonial excerpts to capture material about the DAR and its members ' service . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daughters of the American Revolution . National Society Daughters of the American Revolution , Official website `` DAR Historic Sites and Database '' , includes national map Forgotten Patriots : African American and American Indian Patriots in the Revolutionary War , DAR , extensive information about minority patriots Daughters of the American Revolution at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Daughters of the American Revolution ( David Reese Chapter ) Collection ( MUM00098 ) , University of Mississippi `` Daughters of the American Revolution Library '' , FamilySearch Research Wiki , for genealogists `` Daughters of the American Revolution '' , image by Grant Wood `` A Guide to the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution , Massanutton Chapter Records , 1885 - 2005 '' James Madison University 's Massanutten Chapter , National Society of Daughters of the American Revolution Collection , 1885 - 2005 Works by Daughters of the American Revolution . Nebraska chapter at Project Gutenberg Works by Daughters of the American Revolution . Pittsburgh chapter at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Daughters of the American Revolution at Internet Archive Second Oldest D.A.R. Chapter historical marker in Atlanta , Georgia Women 's clubs in the United States Nationwide American Association of University Women Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching Daughters of the American Revolution General Federation of Women 's Clubs League of Women Voters National Association of Colored Women National Council of Jewish Women Women 's Christian Temperance Union Women 's Joint Congressional Committee Women 's Trade Union League Young Women 's Christian Association Alabama Alabama 's Colored Women 's Club Alaska General Federation of Women 's Clubs of Alaska California Berkeley City Club Beverly Hills Women 's Club Ebell of Los Angeles Francisca Club La Jolla Woman 's Club Los Angeles Nurses ' Club San Pedro Woman 's Club Wilfandel Georgia Atlanta Neighborhood Union Illinois Chicago Woman 's Club Three Arts Club of Chicago Indiana Indiana State Federation of Colored Women 's Clubs Vincennes Fortnightly Club Iowa Iowa Federation of Colored Women 's Clubs Kentucky Kentucky Federation of Women 's Clubs Massachusetts Chilton Club The College Club of Boston Colored Female Religious and Moral Society New England Woman 's Press Association New England Women 's Club Minnesota Saint Paul Women 's City Club Mississippi Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women 's Clubs Nevada 20th Century Club ( Reno , Nevada ) New York Brooklyn Women 's Club Colony Club Cosmopolitan Club ( New York ) Empire State Federation of Women 's Clubs Equal Suffrage League ( Brooklyn ) Sorosis Women 's City Club of New York North Carolina Charlotte Woman 's Club Pennsylvania Cosmopolitan Club of Philadelphia The Plastic Club South Carolina South Carolina Federation of Colored Women 's Clubs Tennessee The Nineteenth Century Club Ossoli Circle Texas Dallas Equal Suffrage Association Houston Heights Woman 's Club Lyceum Club ( Dallas ) Texas Association of Women 's Clubs Texas Equal Rights Association Texas Equal Suffrage Association Woman 's Club of El Paso Woman 's Club of San Antonio Virginia Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association VIAF : 142354692 LCCN : n79006441 ISNI : 0000 0001 1013 8263 GND : 130001 - 5 BNF : cb15713805x ( data ) CiNii : DA10701533 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution&oldid=807587236 '' Categories : American Revolution veterans and lineage organizations Charities based in Washington , D.C. Daughters of the American Revolution History of women in the United States Magazine publishing companies of the United States Nonpartisan organizations in the United States Organizations established in 1890 Patriotic and national organizations chartered by the United States Congress Women 's organizations based in the United States 1890 establishments in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Archives and Records Administration Articles with DMOZ links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 22 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the daughters of the american revolution founded | [
"The first DAR chapter was organized on October 11, 1890, at the Strathmore Arms, the home of Mary Smith Lockwood, one of the DAR's four co-founders. Other founders were Eugenia Washington, a great-grandniece of George Washington, Ellen Hardin Walworth, and Mary Desha. They had also held organizational meetings in August 1890.[8] Other attendees in October were Sons of the American Revolution members Registrar General Dr. George Brown Goode, Secretary General A. Howard Clark, William O. McDowell (SAR member #1), Wilson L. Gill (secretary at the inaugural meeting), and 18 other people."
] | [
"October 11, 1890"
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-8219311797643155643 | Joey Tribbiani | Joey Tribbiani - wikipedia Joey Tribbiani hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Joey Tribbiani Friends / Joey character First appearance `` The Pilot '' ( Friends ) Last appearance `` Joey and the Wedding '' ( Joey ) Created by David Crane Marta Kauffman Kevin S. Bright Portrayed by Matt LeBlanc Information Full name Joseph Francis Tribbiani , Jr . Aliases Ken Adams Gender Male Occupation Actor ( season 1 - 10 ) Cologne sampler ( season 1 - 2 ) Entry - level processor ( season 2 ) Christmas tree salesman ( season 3 ) Museum tour guide at New York Museum of Prehistoric History ( season 4 ) Waiter at Alessandro 's ( season 4 ) Waiter at Central Perk ( season 6 ) Minister ( season 8 - 10 ) Family Gloria Tribbiani ( mother ) Joseph Tribbiani Sr. ( father ) Gina Tribbiani ( sister ) Dina Tribbiani ( sister ) Mary Angela Tribbiani ( sister ) Mary Therese Tribbiani ( sister ) Veronica Tribbiani ( sister ) Cookie Tribbiani ( sister ) Tina Tribbiani ( sister ) Significant other ( s ) Alexis Garrett ( Joey ) Relatives Michael Tribbiani ( nephew ) Nonna ( grandmother ) Nonnie ( grandmother ) Religion Catholic Nationality American Joseph Francis `` Joey '' Tribbiani , Jr. is a fictional character from the NBC sitcoms Friends and its spin - off Joey , and is portrayed by Matt LeBlanc . He is an Italian - American struggling actor who used to live in New York City with his roommate and best friend , Chandler Bing , and used to hang out in a tight - knit group of his best friends - Chandler Bing , Ross Geller , Monica Geller - Bing , Rachel Green and Phoebe Buffay . He lived with a few other roommates when Chandler Bing moved out to move in with Monica Geller - Bing . Joey finally moved to LA to focus on his career after his best friends moved on with their own lives . Joey was presumably born in 1967 or 1968 as he talks about being 13 in 1981 . He comes from an Italian American family of eight children . His father Joseph Tribbiani , Sr. ( Robert Costanzo ) , is a pipefitter and his mother 's name is Gloria ( Brenda Vaccaro ) . Joey has seven sisters : Mary Therese ( Mimi Lieber ) aka Mary Teresa ( Christina Ricci ) , Mary Angela ( Holly Gagnier ) , Dina ( Marla Sokoloff ) , Gina ( Drea de Matteo ) , Tina ( Lisa Maris ) , Veronica ( Dena Miceli ) , and Cookie ( Alex Meneses ) . Joey is from Queens , New York and is Catholic . As a child , he was extremely accident prone . Joey is portrayed as promiscuous , and dim - witted , but good - natured , as well as very loyal , caring , and protective of his friends . He 's a food - loving womanizer who has had more luck with dates than any of the other group members . In contrast to his `` ladies man '' personality , he has also a marked childish side . He enjoys playing video games and foosball . He loves sandwiches and pizza . He is a big fan of Baywatch . As a struggling actor , he is constantly looking for work . He was ordained as a minister in `` The One with the Truth About London '' , and officiated at both Monica and Chandler and Phoebe and Mike 's weddings . He does not like sharing food and has difficulty with simple mathematics . In sports , Joey likes the Los Angeles Dodgers and the New York Yankees in baseball , Los Angeles Clippers and New York Knicks in basketball , New York Giants and New York Jets in football , and the Detroit Red Wings and New York Rangers in ice hockey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 2 Joey 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Appearances ( edit ) Joey is a member of the Screen Actors Guild , having refused to follow in his father 's footsteps and become a pipe fitter . He started his acting profession doing stage work , introduced in the show 's pilot episode by Monica and Chandler having seen Joey in a production of Pinocchio . Sometime prior to the start of the series , Joey also had appeared in a porn film , as a fully clothed extra . Joey also mentioned appearing in a play with trolls before getting the leading role of Sigmund Freud in the musical play Freud ! where he was first spotted by his talent agent Estelle Leonard . She immediately got him a film role in the same episode as Al Pacino 's `` butt double '' -- a speechless role he later lost due to taking the part too seriously . Monica and Chandler also once discussed having seen Joey in a version of Macbeth , in which he was unable to pronounce most of the words . Joey becomes an `` actor - slash - model '' when he appears on print ads for the NYC Free Clinic , as a man named `` Mario '' who has a Venereal disease . He also did an infomercial for a device that lets you pour milk out of milk cartons ; he played `` Kevin '' , a man who had extreme difficulty opening the cartons without the use of the device . ( `` Kevin '' also inadvertently choked on a cookie during the show . ) . This haunted him again when he appeared in the play ' The King ' , where he was made fun of due to choking on a cookie . In Season Two , Joey continued his stage work , appearing as `` The King '' in a poorly reviewed ( and never - named ) play . Published reviews of his performance claimed he was `` disturbingly unskilled '' and that he achieved `` brilliant new levels of sucking '' in a `` mediocre play '' with `` mindless , adolescent direction '' . Only days after these reviews came out , Joey gets his big break when he lands his first major role as Dr. Drake Ramoray on the soap opera Days of Our Lives . He had initially gone in to read for a one - shot role as a cab driver ; it is implied that he got the recurring role of Ramoray by sleeping with the casting director . While still playing Ramoray , he also appears in a bit role as a dead man in the film Outbreak 2 : The Virus Takes Manhattan , starring Jean - Claude Van Damme . Several episodes later , Joey costs himself the Days of our Lives gig when during an interview with Soap Opera Digest , he radically overstates and claims he writes most of his own lines . This angers the show 's writers , who out of spite , `` kill off '' his character by having Dr. Ramoray fall down an elevator shaft . Joey takes this very hard and admits that his role on Days was the best thing that ever happened to him . He goes back to stage acting in Season Three appearing in a play called Boxing Day opposite love interest Kate Miller . The play seems to start out as a conventional drama but ends with Joey 's character `` Victor '' is taken from his apartment by aliens . In Season Four , he lands a small one - scene movie role as a cop , playing his scene opposite Charlton Heston . Joey had some bad luck in terms of his acting career . In Season Five , he is cast in the independent film Shutter Speed , but it is shut down before filming began in Las Vegas . He is also fired from a Burger King commercial . He filmed a role in a Law & Order episode that was cut from the completed episode -- Joey was only `` seen '' as a corpse in a body bag . In seasons 6 and 7 , he lands a starring role as Detective ' Mac ' Machiavelli in a very short - lived , and very bad cop show called Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E , which Chandler described as `` one of the worst things ever ... and not just on TV . '' Joey had high hopes for the series , however Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E was canceled halfway through its first season . In Season 7 , Joey auditions for the role of Dr. Striker Ramoray , a new character on `` Days of Our Lives '' and Drake Ramoray 's brother but he does n't get that role . Eventually , Joey 's luck turns when he gets back his role as Dr. Drake Ramoray and even nominated for an award for Best Returning Character , first as a character in coma , then revived through a brain transplant with another character Jessica Lockhart , ( played by Susan Sarandon ) . In Season 7 he later replaces Susan Sarandon as Dr. Drake Jessica Ramoray . Later in the spin - off Joey , it turns out he loses his Role as Dr. Drake Ramoray and has to again hunt for a new job . Later in season 7 , Joey landed a supporting role as `` Tony '' , a soldier , in a major film opposite an Oscar - nominated actor named Richard Crosby ( Gary Oldman ) . The film was a World War I period film entitled Over There . Joey is also briefly employed at Central Perk as a waiter . Facing a dry spell in his career as an actor , Joey is persuaded by Gunther , the manager , to take a job serving coffee . At first Joey tries to hide his new job from his friends , but they eventually figure it out . He does not like the work but , true to his nature , soon finds a way to use his position to meet and ingratiate himself to attractive women by giving them free food , a practice to which Gunther quickly puts a stop . Joey does n't take his job very seriously and spends a lot of his working hours sitting and talking to his friends . Eventually he is fired for closing the coffeehouse in the middle of the day to go to an audition while Gunther was running a personal errand . Rachel later persuaded Gunther to give Joey back his job , but once Joey found more steady acting jobs he eventually just stopped showing up . His absence was barely noticed . In a later episode , Joey realizes he forgot to tell Gunther he quit , to which Gunther replied that he would have eventually fired him anyway . Joey is also briefly a sperm donor for a medical experiment ; at the end , the hospital would pay any donor $700 . This was later mentioned when Monica goes to a sperm bank . Joey finds to his dismay that his sperm is not very popular . Some of Joey 's other jobs have included selling Christmas trees , dressing as Santa Claus and as a Christmas elf , working as a tour guide at the Museum of Natural History where Ross worked , offering perfume samples to customers at a department store , and as a Roman warrior at Caesar 's Palace in Las Vegas . He also worked at the restaurant `` Alessandro 's '' where Monica was head chef , nicknaming himself `` Dragon '' while on the job . Monica hired him just so she could fire him to intimidate the other employees who paid Monica no respect , but he made a lot of tips and backed out of the deal , only to realize how important his getting fired was to Monica . He then set himself up to be fired the next day . He spends one episode working with Chandler as an entry - level data processor . He treats the job like another acting role , in which he is `` Joseph the Processing Guy '' and creates a complex back - story for the character . Chandler begins to dislike the Joseph character when he starts showing up Chandler at work . Joey eventually leaves after Chandler pretends to sleep with Joey 's `` pretend wife '' . Prior to Monica and Chandler 's wedding , when the two admitted that they were having trouble finding someone to perform the ceremony , Joey volunteered for the role , subsequently getting himself ordained over the Internet to entitle him to perform the marriage . He has apparently retained this role until Season Ten , when he performed the ceremony for Phoebe and Mike 's wedding , claiming that priests are allowed to ride the subway for free ( Although he states that the Bible must be read very carefully to identify the passage that permits this ) . Joey is characterized as a simple - minded but good - natured womanizer who loves food . He particularly loves meatball sub sandwiches . When asked if he would give up sex or food he had trouble deciding and kept blurting out sex or food , eventually yelling `` I want girls on bread ! '' . In `` The One with the Ride Along '' , he appears to be saving Ross from a putative gunshot , when it was actually his meatball sandwich that he was trying to save ; it just happened to be next to Ross . He also loves the `` Joey Special '' -- two pizzas . His greed when it comes to food is also shown in the episode `` The One With the Birth Mother '' where he refuses to call Sarah the next day . When Phoebe asks why , Joey explains how Sarah broke his golden commandment on their date - not to share food . Phoebe 's shocked to say the least , but Rachel admits to her how this is who Joey is . Nonetheless , Phoebe makes Joey go out with Sarah again , making him order extra fries should the need arise . Joey does so , but Sarah really wants to dig in his seafood platter , making him drop his plate to the floor in the process . This makes him explain how `` Joey does n't share food '' , which she seems to understand . However , things change course when Joey wants to nibble at her chocolate torte . As he would n't share his food with her , she reciprocates and warns him not to touch any of her desserts while she wanders off to take a call . When she arrives , her dessert is pretty much gone ; Joey , with chocolate torte all over his face , is at peace with himself , and admits that he 's `` not even sorry ! '' . He is something of an idiot savant in general , but capable of good ideas when the situation arises ; this is alluded to in the episode `` The One Where Ross Dates a Student '' , when Chandler , referring to Joey , says `` A hot girl 's at stake and suddenly he 's Rain Man '' when Joey suggested Ross work out who among his students called him the ' hottie of the paleontology department ' by comparing the handwriting of the note to the handwriting in the class essays . In another example , Joey made up an anecdote referred to as the `` Europe story '' or the `` magic story '' ; apparently , anyone who hears it will immediately want to have sex with the teller . This is proven to be effective when Rachel successfully uses the story on Ross . Being a glutton when it comes to food , Joey is shown throughout the series to have the uncanny ability to eat enormous quantities of food . As he prides the Tribbiani family for their eating prowess ( `` We might not be ( ... ) world leaders , but damn it , we can eat ! '' ) , he takes on Monica 's challenge to eat a whole roast turkey virtually all by himself . In season 8 , episode 9 , Monica is unwilling to cook a whole roast turkey for Thanksgiving dinner as Rachel is pregnant , Chandler refuses to eat Thanksgiving food due to childhood traumas , Phoebe is a vegetarian , and dinner guest Will ( played by Brad Pitt ) is on a diet . Joey 's love for Thanksgiving traditions , however , convinces Monica to roast the turkey only under the condition that Joey can eat the entire 19 - pound bird in one sitting . When Monica sees him struggle , she says she is only kidding , but Joey perseveres and with a little help of Phoebe 's maternity pants , he eventually not only consumes the entire turkey , but has room for dessert afterwards . A similar eating stunt happens in season 9 , episode 5 , when Joey is left alone at the dinner table in a restaurant after Phoebe 's failed birthday dinner , and he is forced to eat six meals by himself . He finishes them , only to tuck into the birthday cake afterwards . Joey is extremely promiscuous , often relying on his catchphrase pickup line `` How you doin ' ? '' . He regularly sleeps with attractive women , but can never seem to get into a committed relationship - judging from a conversation he had with Chandler at the latter 's bachelor party he seems to regard marriage as depressing and restrictive . He sleeps with many of the interns and extras on shows on which he works . He has apparently been sexually active for a very long time ; he undid a 16 - year - old girl 's bra when he was nine , slept with his teacher in the seventh grade , and had a `` wild spring break '' when he was 13 . In the episode `` The One With Joey 's Interview '' , he slept with the interviewer ( played by Sasha Alexander ) so what he said about having a life and not watching soaps was n't published in Soap Opera Digest . Despite his promiscuous nature towards many women throughout the series , he is highly protective and old - fashioned when it comes to the relationships of his own sisters . While he does not seem to have a problem with his own lifestyle , he repeatedly makes sure his sisters do n't go down the same path . When he finds out in season 3 , episode 11 that Chandler drunkenly made out with his sister Mary Angela , he attempts to force the two into a relationship . Later , in season 8 , episode 10 , Joey initially attempts to force his younger sister Dina into marriage with her hapless boyfriend upon hearing she 's pregnant , but they play into his emotional nature by saying they want to raise the baby independently . They hug it out while Joey says the baby will `` of course have its uncle Joey '' . While he is not very bright , Joey is a caring and kindhearted person . He let Rachel live with him when she was fighting with Ross , financially supported Monica and Chandler , and helped Phoebe find work when she was unemployed . He was willing to marry Phoebe and Rachel on the separate occasions he found out that each was pregnant . Joey is also the most physically powerful of the group , being able to easily push Ross over a couch with only one hand , and offering to go to the coffee house to intimidate two bullies into leaving Ross and Chandler alone . He is a Stephen King fan , having read The Shining several times , as well as being a fan of the film adaptation of one of King 's novels , Cujo . He also becomes a fan of the classic novel , Little Women after Rachel asks him to read it to see if it was better than The Shining . Joey briefly mentions to the gang that Al Pacino is his idol . Joey has the poster for the 1983 Al Pacino film Scarface in his bedroom and the same poster is seen in his house in Joey . Joey , Ross and Chandler are huge fans of Die Hard . He moved apartment ( s ) four times in the series . The first time , he moved to his own lavish apartment away from Chandler ( with whom the psychotic Eddie moved in ) after he got the role as Dr. Drake Ramoray on Days of Our Lives , though he moved back soon afterward due to his loss of the role . The other times were when he and Chandler moved into what is usually Monica 's apartment , after winning it from her in a game in `` The One with the Embryos '' . They were later forced back to their own apartment by the girls . Although Joey dated several women in the series , very few of these relationships were ever particularly serious , his romantic partners rarely appearing for more than one episode . However , despite his great interest in women , Joey has made it clear more than once that his friends were more important to him ; when his latest relationship , Janine , stated that she strongly disliked Monica and Chandler , Joey soon broke it off with her despite the fact that he had been trying to win her over for the previous four episodes , telling Janine that Monica and Chandler were like his family and he could n't be with Janine if she did n't like them . Joey was originally shunned by Chandler when he came in for a roommate interview , and Joey thought Chandler was gay . However , Mr. Heckles , another building resident , lied to Chandler 's originally selected roommate , causing Chandler to have to go with his second choice roommate Joey ( In `` The One with the Flashback '' set in 1993 , Joey moved in 3 years before although in `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' it shows that the gang knew Joey was Chandler 's roommate in 1992 and he would have been his roommate for quite some time ) . Joey 's first couple of days involved a brief , mutual attraction to Monica . This subsided and Chandler and Joey quickly became best friends as Joey 's carefree lifestyle grew on Chandler . Later in the series , they bought a chick and a duck together , whom Chandler had named Yasmine and Dick , respectively . A long - running gag depicted Joey and Chandler occasionally fighting with each other like an old married couple . Joey moved out temporarily when he found success playing Dr. Drake Ramoray on a soap opera , but soon moved back in after his character was dropped down an elevator shaft . At the end of the series , Chandler and Monica made it clear to Joey that their new house outside the city would have a room for him . While Joey is best friends with Chandler , Ross is a close second ( although Ross has been referred to as his best friend several times ) . At a time when Joey and Chandler had problems , when Chandler had kissed Joey 's girlfriend , Joey stopped acting as Chandler 's best friend and replaced him with Ross , although this only lasted until Chandler spent Thanksgiving in a box in order to show his remorse and apologize to him . Joey and Chandler have remained best friends ever since . Furthermore , Joey and Ross share a moment in an episode after watching Die Hard all night . They fall asleep on Ross ' couch , which is evidently enjoyed by Joey , as he tries to coerce Ross into more nap sessions with him . Also , earlier in the series , after much persuading by Joey , Ross gives in and kisses him to help him practice kissing men . In response , Joey replies that the audition was already over , he had n't gotten the part , but the kiss was very well received . The major development of their relationship outside the realm of normal male interaction was when Joey fell in love with Rachel , Ross 's ex-girlfriend and the object of Ross 's affections since ninth grade . When Joey goes on to tell Ross about it , he ca n't say it in his face and instead says that he loves his `` friend 's '' ex-girlfriend . When asked if that `` friend '' ( Ross ) is a good guy , Joey honestly answers `` Yeah ... He 's the best '' . Initially it causes a major rift , with Joey being apologetic , but when Ross sees Joey truly in love with Rachel he gives him the go ahead . Ross basically says that he 's not okay with it but he wants to be , and the two 's friendship deepens due to Joey 's refusal to date Rachel unless Ross okays the deal . However , Joey and Rachel do not date long and later Joey encourages Ross to pursue Rachel in the season finale . Joey and Monica are close friends often joking around with each other . Joey allowed Monica to hire and fire him to prove to her employees that she was not a pushover . When he discovered that Monica and Chandler had developed a romantic relationship , he agreed to keep it secret until the two were ready to reveal it to the rest of their group . In an episode where he sees how close Chandler and Monica are , he dreams of himself and Monica in the same way . This later causes him to act weird around Monica . Finally he reveals this to Chandler and Monica , its that he wants a relationship like that , but Monica finds it nice thinking Joey thought of them two together . He also called Chandler moments after suspecting Monica of having an affair with a mystery male he had heard in her apartment . When Monica and Chandler needed their Engagement Picture taken , Chandler could not smile . In the newspaper announcement , it showed the photo was of Monica and Joey . Joey always enjoyed a close relationship with Monica , Rachel , and Phoebe ; LeBlanc once speculated that Joey saw the girls as sisters more than potential romantic interests . However , the tension between Monica and Joey is at times fairly obvious and it is made clear that the two have a very close , almost intimate , relationship , though it is never consummated on the show . According to DVD commentary of the pilot episode , Joey and Monica were initially meant to be the principal love connection of the show but was overshadowed by the Ross - Rachel relationship . In Episode 1.07 `` The One with the Blackout '' , Phoebe blurted to Joey that Monica has a crush on him when he was moving in with Chandler . This idea was revisited in Season 7 when it is revealed that Monica initially meant to hit on Joey in London , and not Chandler . She states that it was because she was looking for something meaningless , never expecting to have found Chandler and fall in love with him . The concept of what their marriage would have been like was then envisioned by Phoebe and it consisted of Monica cooking all the time for a very fat Joey . Phoebe is Joey 's female best friend . They appear to understand each other . They are the only members of the group who lack a college education . Joey is Phoebe 's best male friend ; they have dinner together once a month to talk about the rest of the group and Joey like to be called ' Big daddy ' by phoebe . Both characters show a softness for each other , even when joking or when they are upset with the others . In `` The One with the Race Car Bed '' , it is implied that Phoebe can hear Joey 's thoughts . In `` The One With the Ride Along '' , she explains that `` when the revolution comes , I will have to destroy you all ... not you , Joey '' . In the episode `` The One in Vegas '' , after Joey has said that no one will live in his hand shaped mansion , he adds `` Except you Pheebs ... You can live in the thumb . '' When she was a surrogate mother for her brother 's triplets and suddenly craved meat , Joey offered to eat no meat until the babies were born , to compensate for her consumption and , in a way , preserve her vegetarianism ( no extra animals would have to be killed ) . In The One With All the Cheesecakes , it is shown that the two tried to meet once a month for dinner in order to discuss the other Friends . When Phoebe was upset because she 'd turned thirty - one without having had the perfect kiss , Joey kissed her so that she could cross that off her list ( also adding that he was one - sixteenth Portuguese when she mentioned that she had n't met any Portuguese people ) . Joey did not have romantic feelings for Phoebe . Joey dates briefly Phoebe 's twin sister Ursula , which upsets Phoebe ; he breaks it off to preserve his friendship with Phoebe , however . When Monica finds out that Joey `` sees a friend in a different way '' , she assumes it to be Phoebe . Phoebe , overwhelmed by the news , approaches Joey , only to find that it is Rachel . Phoebe also has Joey locked in as a backup for her marriage . When the Friends believe that the group may have to split up , Phoebe and Rachel conspire to form a separate group by themselves , but Phoebe insists that Joey be invited to their new group as well . Phoebe 's loyalty is proved again when she states that she could live in Las Vegas , since it has everything she needs , `` Including Joey ! '' . He , in turn , invites her to live with him in the mansion he expected to own when he becomes rich from having a hand twin . When Joey learned from a customer at Central Perk that Phoebe was apparently a porn star , he refused to watch the movies even when the other four decided to do so . However , he shows a new interest in them when he learned that the film actually stars Ursula . When Joey believes Phoebe to be pregnant , he proposes , claiming the world is too scary for a single mother . This proposal is apparently made entirely without romantic intentions . Phoebe says yes and accepts his ring , but Monica tells Joey that it is Rachel who is pregnant , so Joey proposes to Rachel and must retrieve the ring from a reluctant Phoebe . Phoebe also sets up Joey with many of her friends . On a double date , Joey sets her up with a stranger , Mike ( Paul Rudd ) , whom she eventually marries . In one episode , after persuasion from Rachel , he reads Little Women and she reads The Shining . She finds out that whenever he gets scared whilst reading he puts the book in the freezer . At the end of the episode , Joey is afraid that one of the characters is going to die and Rachel says ' Do you want to put it in the freezer ? ' Their close friendship continues and when a fire destroys Rachel and Phoebe 's apartment , Rachel moves in with Joey and stays there , even after her apartment has been repaired . Halfway through season 8 , Joey and Rachel go out on a date , so that Rachel can have one night of fun before it becomes too obvious that she 's pregnant . They have a great time , and afterwards , Joey starts developing feelings for Rachel unbeknown to her . He does not act on his feelings because he is too loyal to Ross and feels like it would betray him to have a possible relationship with Rachel . However , upon discovering that Joey 's not just having a crush on Rachel , but is in fact in love with her , Ross encourages his friend to talk to her . Joey tells Rachel about his feelings , but she does not return them , and things are awkward between them for a while . In late season 9 , Rachel starts developing feelings for Joey , but fears he does not feel the same way anymore and has already moved on , especially when he starts dating Charlie . When the gang goes to Barbados for a convention from Ross ' work , Joey finds out about Rachel 's feelings , and even though he first says nothing can happen , he changes his mind when he sees Charlie and Ross kiss , and he goes back to Rachel 's room to be with her . They continue their relationship for several episodes and gain Ross ' approval after he realizes it 's been six years since his relationship with Rachel ended , and he should move on from that . When Rachel and Joey prepare for their first night together , however , they realize they 're too close as friends to make their relationship work , with Rachel instinctively slapping Joey away when he tries to touch her as she suddenly finds herself unable to get past the fact that it 's Joey touching her . After Chandler mentions how natural it was for him and Monica to make the transition from friends to lovers , Joey and Rachel realize they are n't on the same path and go back to being friends . At the end , when Chandler and Monica announce that they are moving into a house , Joey presents them with a housewarming gift of a chick and a duck , who are named Chick Jr. and Duck Jr . The pets remain in Joey 's apartment but were presumably given away to a shelter when Joey moved to LA . Soon after Chandler and Monica moved out , Joey moved to LA to focus on his acting career . That was the last time the 6 best friends hung out together . Joey ( edit ) After the 2003 / 2004 final season of Friends , Joey Tribbiani became the main character of Joey , a spin - off TV series , where he moved to L.A. to polish his acting career . His sister Gina Tribbiani and her son Michael ( Paulo Costanzo ) were two other central characters of the show . Joey turned down a role in a sitcom called Nurses to star in a different series pilot . His pilot did not get picked up , while Nurses became a huge hit . However , his acting career has had some better moments . In Joey , it is revealed that Joey 's character of Dr. Drake Ramoray died again on Days of our Lives where he is stabbed by a nurse ( `` Joey and the Wrong Name '' ) . He won a Daytime Soap Award for `` Best Death Scene '' . In later Joey episodes , Joey landed a starring role on the prime time soap Deep Powder . When he got fired from that job , he almost immediately bounced back by snagging a leading role in the big - budget action picture Captured . The series ' penultimate episode sees Joey in an established and committed relationship with Alex Garrett , his next - door neighbor . See also ( edit ) List of Friends characters References ( edit ) Friends portal Jump up ^ Matt Leblanc Fan Site Jump up ^ `` The One with Joey 's Fridge '' . Friends . Season 6 . Episode 19 . March 23 , 2000 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : http://www.mtv.com/news/2743243/joey-tribbianis-sisters-friends/ Jump up ^ `` The One With the Dozen Lasagnas '' . fangj.github.io . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Boob Job '' . Friends . Season 9 . Episode 16 . February 20 , 2003 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One Where Joey Loses His Insurance '' . Friends . Season 6 . Episode 4 . October 14 , 1999 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Boobies '' . Friends . Season 1 . Episode 13 . January 19 , 1995 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with Phoebe 's Husband '' . Friends . Season 2 . Episode 4 . October 12 , 1995 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` The One with the Butt '' . Friends . Season 1 . Episode 6 . October 27 , 1994 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One Where Underdog Gets Away '' . Friends . Season 1 . Episode 9 . November 17 , 1994 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` The One with Russ '' . Friends . Season 2 . Episode 10 . January 4 , 1996 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' . Friends . Season 2 . Episode 18 . March 21 , 1996 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Screamer '' . Friends . Season 3 . Episode 22 . April 24 , 1997 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with Joey 's Dirty Day '' . Friends . Season 4 . Episode 14 . February 5 , 1998 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with Joey 's Big Break '' . Friends . Season 5 . Episode 22 . May 11 , 1998 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` The One with Rachel 's Assistant '' . Friends . Season 7 . Episode 4 . October 26 , 2000 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with Joey 's New Brain '' . Friends . Season 7 . Episode 15 . February 15 , 2001 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with Ross and Monica 's Wedding '' . Friends . Season 7 . Episode 24 . May 17 , 2001 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Joke '' . Friends . Season 6 . Episode 12 . January 4 , 1996 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Jam '' . Friends . Season 3 . Episode 3 . October 5 , 1996 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Monkey '' . Friends . Season 1 . Episode 10 . December 15 , 1994 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Chicken Pox '' . Friends . Season 2 . Episode 23 . May 9 , 1996 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Videotape '' . Friends . Season 8 . Episode 4 . October 18 , 2001 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The one Where Monica and Richard Are Just Friends '' . Friends . Season 3 . Episode 13 . January 30 , 1997 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Nap Partners '' . Friends . Season 7 . Episode 6 . November 9 , 2000 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with Two Parts '' . Friends . Season 1 . Episode 17 . February 23 , 1995 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One Where Chandler Ca n't Cry '' . Friends . Season 6 . Episode 14 . February 10 , 2000 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Red Sweater '' . Friends . Season 8 . Episode 2 . October 4 , 2001 . NBC . External links ( edit ) hide Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy '' ( 3.01 ) `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Hello Friends Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joey_Tribbiani&oldid=849792884 '' Categories : Fictional actors Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional American people of Portuguese descent Fictional American people Fictional tour guides Fictional waiting staff Fictional salespeople Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters introduced in 1994 Friends characters Fictional characters who became a protagonist in a spin - off Male characters in television Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 11 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does phoebe marry at the end of friends | [
"Prior to Monica and Chandler's wedding, when the two admitted that they were having trouble finding someone to perform the ceremony, Joey volunteered for the role, subsequently getting himself ordained over the Internet to entitle him to perform the marriage. He has apparently retained this role until Season Ten, when he performed the ceremony for Phoebe and Mike's wedding, claiming that priests are allowed to ride the subway for free (Although he states that the Bible must be read very carefully to identify the passage that permits this).\n"
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"Mike"
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802583532718747505 | Katie Leclerc | Katie Leclerc - wikipedia Katie Leclerc Katie Leclerc Katie Leclerc at O Holy Night in June 2011 . Katie Lynn Leclerc ( 1986 - 11 - 06 ) November 6 , 1986 ( age 31 ) San Antonio , Texas , United States Nationality American Other names Kate Occupation Actress , Producer Years active 2005 -- present Known for Switched at Birth Spouse ( s ) Brian Habecost ( m . 2014 ; div. 2017 ) Website www.katieleclerc.com Katie Lynn Leclerc ( born November 6 , 1986 ) is an American actress . She has appeared on several television series , including Veronica Mars , Fashion House and The Big Bang Theory . In 2011 , she was cast in the television show Switched at Birth , starring as Daphne Vasquez . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Personal Life ( edit ) Katie Leclerc with Ryan Lane at a Dogs for the Deaf benefit in April 2013 Katie Leclerc was born in San Antonio , Texas , and grew up in Lakewood , Colorado . She is of French - Canadian descent . She is the youngest of three siblings . She started learning American Sign Language at 17 , before she found out she had Ménière 's disease , which leads to hearing loss . Her older sister also teaches ASL . Both her father and older sister have Ménière 's disease as well . She married longtime boyfriend Brian Habecost , a real estate salesman , on September 6 , 2014 . In July 2017 , Leclerc filed for divorce from her husband . Career ( edit ) Katie Leclerc discovered her passion for acting in seventh grade when she got the lead role in a production of Annie . She then moved to San Diego , to pursue theatre at Valley Center High School . She took part in commercials for Pepsi , Cingular , Comcast , and GE . In 2006 , she was in the Rascal Flatts video `` What Hurts the Most '' as a student in the classroom . She started her television career when she guest - starred on Veronica Mars . Since then , she has acted in many other television shows . Her first main acting role was in the show Switched at Birth , where she plays Daphne Vasquez , a Deaf teenager who was given to the wrong family after birth . `` My agent submitted me for a nationwide casting call for the roles of Emmett and Daphne . I ended up getting a call back , and that 's when I was asked to try a `` Deaf accent . '' It 's something we discussed in depth . We wanted to make sure my portrayal was respectful and done correctly . At the same time , we felt that using a Deaf accent would be a really strong choice for the character . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Gravy Train Lydia Faye Short film 2009 Flying By Ally 2009 The Inner Circle Claire 2012 Seven Lanterns Rachel Hawthorne Short film 2015 The Ones Katie Post-production 2015 Mesmerized Kate Hawthorne Post-production 2015 Holiday Breakup Kelly 2016 Stars Are Already Dead Ireland Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Veronica Mars Crystal Episode : `` Silence of the Lamb '' 2006 Fashion House Sara Recurring role ( 4 episodes ) 2007 Naked Trucker and T - Bones Show , The The Naked Trucker and T - Bones Show Tokersville Queen Episode : `` Salute to America '' 2007 Saints & Sinners Bride Episode : `` Dance , Dance Revolution '' 2008 Riches , The The Riches Teen Girl Episode : `` Friday Night Lights '' 2008 Ex List , The The Ex List Mila Episode : `` Protect and Serve '' Hard Times of RJ Berger , The The Hard Times of RJ Berger Deaf Girl Episode : `` Lily Pad '' 2011 , 2017 Big Bang Theory , The The Big Bang Theory Emily Episodes : `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' , `` The Emotion Detection Automation '' 2011 -- 2017 Switched at Birth Daphne Vasquez Lead role 2012 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Christine Episode : `` Play Dead '' 2013 My Synthesized Life Amanda Episodes : `` Amanda '' , `` A Disturbance in the Force '' 2013 The Confession Katie Lapp Television film 2014 Community Carol Episode : `` Analysis of Cork - Based Networking '' 2015 Cloudy With a Chance of Love Debbie Metcalfe Television film 2015 The Reckoning Katie Lapp / Katherine Mayfield Television film 2017 Confess Auburn Reed Web series 2017 Psycho In - Law Tina Television Film Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref 2011 Teen Choice Awards for Choice Breakout Star Switched at Birth Nominated 2013 TwoCents TV Award for Drama Queens Switched at Birth Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Katie Leclerc on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Katie Leclerc - Welcome ( 2011 ) '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Special Interview with ABC Family `` Switched At Birth '' Katie Leclerc `` . San Diego Entertainer magazine . July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NY Post : Deaf actress Katie Leclerc unites hearing and deaf worlds on family drama , `` Switched at Birth '' ( 2011 ) `` . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Switched at Birth 's Katie Leclerc Is Engaged '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Katie Leclerc files for divorce from husband '' . TV3 ( Ireland ) . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Special Interview with ABC Family `` Switched At Birth '' Katie Leclerc `` . San Diego Entertainer magazine . July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter@katieleclerc `` how old were you ... '' `` . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ability Magazine : Katie Leclerc Interview with Chet Cooper '' ( 2011 ) `` . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Lively Wins Choice TV Drama Actress The Teen Choice Awards ! Here Are More Winners ! '' . Hollywood Life . August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 TwoCents TV Awards -- Drama Categories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Katie Leclerc . Katie Leclerc on IMDb ISNI : 0000 0003 5996 9521 LCCN : no2011191526 VIAF : 221075021 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katie_Leclerc&oldid=827137109 '' Categories : American deaf actresses American film actresses American television actresses American people of French - Canadian descent 1986 births Living people Actresses from Colorado Actresses from San Antonio People from Lakewood , Colorado People from Valley Center , California 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Malti Nederlands Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 00 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | girl who plays daphne in switched at birth | [
"Katie Lynn Leclerc (born November 6, 1986)[1] is an American actress. She has appeared on several television series, including Veronica Mars, Fashion House and The Big Bang Theory. In 2011, she was cast in the television show Switched at Birth, starring as Daphne Vasquez."
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"Katie Lynn Leclerc"
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-6811592185806788140 | Peaky Blinders (TV series) | Peaky Blinders ( TV series ) - wikipedia Peaky Blinders ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Peaky Blinders Genre Historical fiction , Crime , Drama Created by Steven Knight Written by Steven Knight Directed by Otto Bathurst ( series 1 ) Tom Harper ( series 1 ) Colm McCarthy ( series 2 ) Tim Mielants ( series 3 ) David Caffrey ( series 4 ) Starring Cillian Murphy Helen McCrory Paul Anderson Sam Neill Annabelle Wallis Sophie Rundle Joe Cole Tom Hardy Adrien Brody Aidan Gillen Charlotte Riley Finn Cole Natasha O'Keeffe Aimee - Ffion Edwards Kate Phillips Noah Taylor Paddy Considine Alexander Siddig Iddo Goldberg Gaite Jansen Charlie Murphy Jack Rowan Theme music composer Nick Cave Opening theme `` Red Right Hand '' by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds Composer ( s ) Mearl Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 24 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Caryn Mandabach Greg Brenman Steven Knight Cillian Murphy Jamie Glazebrook Frith Tiplady Producer ( s ) Katie Swinden Location ( s ) City of Bradford , Bradford , Keighley , Leeds , Bolton , Manchester , Liverpool , Birmingham . Cinematography George Steel Running time 55 -- 59 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Studios Caryn Mandabach Productions Tiger Aspect Productions Screen Yorkshire Distributor BBC Release Original network BBC Two Picture format 16 : 9 1080i Audio format Stereo 5.1 Surround Sound Original release 12 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 12 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website Peaky Blinders is a British television crime drama set in 1920s Birmingham , England in the aftermath of World War I . The series , which was created by Steven Knight and produced by Caryn Mandabach Productions , Screen Yorkshire and Tiger Aspect Productions , follows the exploits of the Shelby crime family . It was the first production to benefit from investment through Screen Yorkshire 's Yorkshire Content Fund , ensuring the bulk of the production was filmed in Yorkshire . Cillian Murphy plays Tommy Shelby , the gang 's leader , and Sam Neill as Chester Campbell is a commissioned detective who is tasked with suppressing the gang . The series creators have reused the name of Peaky Blinders , a 19th century urban youth gang who were active in the city until the 1890s and were believed to sew razor blades into their caps . The first series aired on BBC Two on 13 September 2013 and ran for six episodes . The second series premiered on 2 October 2014 . The third series premiered on 5 May 2016 . On 26 May 2016 , the BBC announced they had ordered a fourth and fifth series of the show . The fourth series premiered on 15 November 2017 ; after the series finale broadcast on 20 December 2017 , it was announced that the fifth series will be broadcast in 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.3 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Series 1 ( 2013 ) 3.3 Series 2 ( 2014 ) 3.4 Series 3 ( 2016 ) 3.5 Series 4 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Series 1 4.2 Series 2 4.3 Series 3 4.4 Series 4 and 5 5 Reception 6 Accolades 7 Broadcast and release 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) Peaky Blinders is a gangster family epic set in Birmingham , England in 1919 , several months after the end of the First World War in November 1918 . The story centres on the Peaky Blinders gang and their ambitious and highly cunning boss Tommy Shelby ( played by Cillian Murphy ) . The gang comes to the attention of Chief Inspector Major Chester Campbell ( played by Sam Neill ) , a detective in the Royal Irish Constabulary sent over by Winston Churchill from Belfast , where he had been sent to `` clean up '' the city of the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) , communists , gangs and common criminals . Winston Churchill ( played by Andy Nyman in series 1 and Richard McCabe in series 2 ) charged him with suppressing disorder and uprising in Birmingham and recovering a stolen cache of arms meant to be shipped to Libya . The series concludes on December 3 , 1919 - `` Black Star Day '' , the event where the Peaky Blinders plan to take over Billy Kimber 's betting pitches at the Worcester Races . The second series sees the Shelby family expand their criminal organisation in the `` South and North ( of London ) while maintaining a stronghold in their Birmingham heartland . '' It begins in 1921 and ends with a climax at Epsom racecourse on May 31 , 1922 - Derby Day . Series three starts and ends in 1924 as it follows Tommy and his family enter an even more dangerous world as they once again expand , this time , internationally . Internet - based film and TV news company Screen Rant said : `` The season revolves around the notion of social classes and empires , and how they rise and fall with a startling sort of predictability . As the show suggests , over time , empires become too big , too corrupt , and too complicated to sustain themselves and eventually , they collapse . ... ( T ) he season expresses its fears of expansion by teaching Tommy a powerful lesson about the other sharks skulking around in criminal waters -- especially when those criminals are the ones involved in governmental plots with massive geopolitical implications . Essentially , Peaky Blinders embarked on a fish out of water story by moving outside its own comfort zone and taking the risk of expanding too much and too quickly . There are times when that risk appears to have paid off ( . ) '' Series three also features : Paddy Considine as Father John Hughes ; Alexander Siddig as Ruben Oliver , a painter whom Polly enlists to paint her portrait ; Gaite Jansen as Russian Grand Duchess Tatiana Petrovna ; and Kate Phillips as Linda Shelby , wife of Arthur . Series four begins on Christmas Eve , 1925 and ends following the general strike of May 1926 . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Cillian Murphy as Thomas ' Tommy ' Shelby OBE DCM MM MP : The overall leader of the Peaky Blinders , and brother of Arthur , John , Ada , and Finn Shelby . Tommy served in World War I with the rank of Sergeant Major and was decorated for bravery . His experiences in World War I left him disillusioned and beset with ongoing nightmares . Helen McCrory as Polly ( Elizabeth ) Gray , née Shelby : The aunt of Tommy and his siblings , and treasurer of the Peaky Blinders . She led the organisation when Tommy , Arthur , and John were fighting in World War I. Polly 's two children , Anna and Michael , were taken away from her as infants . In series 2 , Polly reunites with her son but learns her daughter had died . Paul Anderson as Arthur Shelby , Jr. : The oldest Shelby sibling and the bulldog of the family . Arthur owns The Garrison . He also suffers from severe shell - shock or PTSD from his experiences in the war , and suffers from violent outbursts , constant mood swings , and attempts at suicide . Arthur is one of the leaders of the Peaky Blinders . Sam Neill as Chester Campbell ( series 1 -- 2 ) : An Ulster Protestant Irish Major drafted from Belfast to locate and recover a missing consignment of Lewis guns accidentally stolen by the Peaky Blinders. Campbell was illustrious for his work in ridding Belfast of its gang elements . Campbell also had developed a vendetta against the Peaky Blinders , in particular , Tommy Shelby , and vowed to destroy Tommy and the Peaky Blinders . Annabelle Wallis as Grace Shelby née Burgess ( series 1 -- 3 ) : A former undercover agent and Ulster Protestant Irish woman working with Chester Campbell . She was undercover as a barmaid at The Garrison . Joe Cole as John Shelby ( series 1 -- 4 ) : The third - youngest Shelby . He is a World War I veteran and is one of the Peaky Blinders ' leaders . Sophie Rundle as Ada Thorne , née Shelby : The Shelby brothers ' only sister . Ada is the only sibling not involved with the Peaky Blinders . She had a son with Freddie Thorne , whom she named Karl ( named after Karl Marx ) . Supporting ( edit ) Tom Hardy as Alfie Solomons ( series 2 -- 4 ) : The leader of a Jewish gang , in Camden Town . He is violent and unpredictable , but intelligent . Solomons runs a distillery disguised as a bakery . Adrien Brody as Luca Changretta ( series 4 ) : A New York mafioso with a vendetta against the Shelby Family . Aidan Gillen as Aberama Gold ( series 4 ) : A new and dangerous ally of the Shelby Family and lover to Polly Gray . Charlotte Riley as May Carleton ( series 2 , 4 ) : A wealthy widow who owns racehorses . Paddy Considine as Father John Hughes ( series 3 ) : A priest working with Section D ( The Economic League ) in the British government . Noah Taylor as Derby Sabini ( series 2 ) : The leader of an Italian gang in Camden Town . Charlie Creed - Miles as Billy Kimber ( series 1 ) ; a local kingpin who runs the local races . Finn Cole as Michael Gray ( series 2 -- present ) : Polly Gray 's biological son . Aimee - Ffion Edwards as Esme Shelby , née Lee ( series 1 -- 4 ) : John Shelby 's wife . Esme married John as part of a deal between the Peaky Blinders and the Lees ( a Gypsy family ) to form a partnership . Kate Phillips as Linda Shelby ( series 3 -- present ) : Wife of Arthur Shelby . Charlie Murphy as Jessie Eden ( series 4 ) : An enigmatic union convenor and lover to Tommy Shelby . Natasha O'Keeffe as Lizzie Stark : A former prostitute who works for Tommy as his secretary . Gaite Jansen as Princess Tatiana Petrovna ( series 3 ) ; Russian princess . Iddo Goldberg as Freddie Thorne ( series 1 ) : a known communist who fought in the Great War as a sergeant alongside Tommy . Ada Shelby 's husband . Alexander Siddig as Ruben Oliver ( series 3 ) ; a portrait artist in romantic relationship with Polly Gray Jack Rowan as Bonnie Gold ( series 4 ) ; Aberama Gold 's boxing champion son Recurring ( edit ) Harry Kirton as Finn Shelby ( series 2 -- present ) ; the fourth Shelby sibling . Ned Dennehy as Charlie Strong : Owner of a boatyard and an uncle figure to Tommy . Packy Lee as Johnny Dogs : A Gypsy friend of Tommy Shelby . Ian Peck as Curly : Assistant to Charlie Strong . Benjamin Zephaniah as Jeremiah Jesus : A preacher and friend of the Peaky Blinders . Jordan Bolger as Isaiah Jesus ( series 2 -- present ) : Jeremiah 's son and a member of the Peaky Blinders Tommy Flanagan as Arthur Shelby , Sr. ( series 1 ) : the father of Tommy and his siblings and Polly 's brother . Alfie Evans - Meese as Finn Shelby ( series 1 ) : the fifth and youngest Shelby sibling . Samuel Edward - Cook as Danny `` Whizz - Bang '' Owen ( series 1 ) : a former comrade of Tommy who fought in the Great War . Andy Nyman as Winston Churchill ( series 1 ) David Dawson as Roberts ( series 1 ) : Billy Kimber 's lawyer . Tony Pitts as Sergeant / Inspector Moss ; : a policeman on the Peaky Blinders ' pay roll . Kevin Metcalfe as Scudboat ( series 1 ) Neil Bell as Harry Fenton ( series 1 ) Lobo Chan as Mr Zhang ( series 1 ) : a Chinese businessman Tom Vaughan - Lawlor as Malacki Byrne ( series 1 ) Keith Dunphy as Maguire ( series 1 ) Kunjue Li as Chinn ( series 1 ) Richard McCabe as Winston Churchill ( series 2 ) Adam El Hagar as Ollie ( series 2 ) : Alfie Solomons ' s right hand Sam Hazeldine as George Sewell ( series 2 ) : Derby Sabini 's right hand Paul Bullion as Billy Kitchen ( series 2 ) Rory Keenan as Donal Henry ( series 2 ) Simone Kirby as Irene O'Donnell ( series 2 ) Wanda Opalinska as Rosemary Johnson ( series 2 , 4 ) : Michael Gray 's foster mother Erin Shanagher as Mrs. Ross ( series 2 , 4 ) Daniel Fearn as King Maine ( series 2 , 4 ) James Richard Marshall as Henry Russell ( series 2 ) James Eeles as Digbeth Kid ( series 2 ) Josh O'Connor as James ( series 2 ) Dorian Lough as Mario ( series 2 ) Adam Lawrence as young lover ( series 2 ) Jan Bijvoet as Grand Duke Leon Petrovna ( series 3 ) : Grand Duchess Izabella 's husband Dina Korzun as Grand Duchess Izabella ( series 3 ) : Princess Tatiana Petrovna 's aunt Stephanie Hyam as Charlotte Murray ( series 3 ) : Michael Gray 's girlfriend Kenneth Colley as Vicente Changretta ( series 3 ) : Luca Changretta 's father Bríd Brennan as Audrey Changretta ( series 3 -- 4 ) : Luca Changretta 's mother Frances Tomelty as Bethany Boswell ( series 3 ) : a wise old Gypsy Richard Brake as Anton Kaledin ( series 3 ) Alex Macqueen as Patrick Jarvis MP ( series 3 ) Wendy Nottingham as Mary ( series 3 ) : a housekeeper Luca Matteo Zizzari as Matteo ( series 4 ) : one of Luca Changretta 's henchmen Jake J. Meniani as Frederico ( series 4 ) : one of Luca Changretta 's henchmen Dino Kelly as Goliath ( series 4 ) : a giant boxer and Alfie Solomons 's nephew . Kingsley Ben - Adir as Colonel Ben Younger ( series 4 ) Graeme Hawley as Niall Devlin ( series 4 ) : factory boss . Pauline Turner as Frances ( series 4 ) ; a housekeeper Donald Sumpter as Arthur Bigge , 1st Baron Stamfordham ; ( series 4 ) : King 's Private Secretary Jolyon Coy as Edward Roberts ( series 4 ) Jamie Kenna as Billy Mills ( series 4 ) Joseph Long as Chef ( series 4 ) Andreas Muñoz as Antonio ( series 4 ) Jenson Clarke as Charles Shelby ( series 4 ) : son of Tommy Shelby and Grace Burgess Ethan Picard - Edwards as Billy Shelby ( series 4 ) : son of Arthur Shelby , Jr. and Linda Shelby Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Average UK viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 6 12 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 12 ) 17 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 2.38 6 2 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 6 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 2.18 6 5 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 9 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) 2.38 6 15 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 20 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) 4.05 Series 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Episode Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) Episode 1 Otto Bathurst Steven Knight 12 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 12 ) 3.05 Following the Great War in 1919 , the Peaky Blinders , led by Thomas `` Tommy '' Shelby , appropriates a consignment of guns from the local arms factory . Winston Churchill sends Inspector Campbell to Birmingham to retrieve the guns . Campbell reviews Tommy 's record , which notes that he was a decorated former sergeant major . Aunt Polly urges Tommy to return the guns , but he feels that he can use them to his advantage . His brother Arthur does not agree with Tommy about fixing horse races , believing it will cause trouble with Billy Kimber , who runs the races . Inspector Campbell and his men capture Arthur and beat him while inquiring about the gun robbery . Campbell propositions Arthur and the gang to work with him to find the guns . Tommy 's sister Ada is involved with Freddie Thorne , a communist . Barmaid Grace starts working at the bar . Unbeknownst to the Peaky Blinders , she has been placed in Birmingham by Inspector Campbell to help find the guns . Danny has another PTSD episode and kills an Italian business owner . To avoid a war with the Italians , Tommy agrees to kill Danny , with the Italians watching from across the canal . However , Danny 's death is faked and he goes to London on a special assignment . Episode 2 Otto Bathurst Steven Knight 19 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 19 ) 2.45 Tommy , Arthur and John meet up with the Lees to look at a horse for the next race . The Lees insult the Peaky Blinders , a fight breaks out and later Tommy receives a bullet with his name on it . Campbell 's special force launches a surprise crackdown , targeting socialists and looking for the guns . Freddie and Ada manage to escape , but Freddie has to leave town . Campbell confronts Polly and attacks all the Shelby establishments . In retaliation , Tommy arranges for a reporter to write about a protest burning of the King 's picture , which prompts Churchill to pressure Campbell . Tommy meets with Campbell , and gives him an ultimatum : if the Peaky Blinders are left alone , he will return the guns ; if the Inspector interferes with his plans , Tommy will send the guns to the IRA and ruin Campbell 's work in Belfast. Campbell agrees but later instructs Grace to get close to Tommy and find the location of the guns . Polly realizes Ada is pregnant and tells Tommy , who threatens to kill Freddie . However , he later tells Freddie to take Ada away ; Freddie instead proposes to Ada and decides to stay in town . Billy Kimber and his men confront the Shelbies , but Tommy convinces them to join forces in fighting the Lees , their common enemy . Episode 3 Otto Bathurst Steven Knight 26 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 2.20 Ada and Freddie marry , and Aunt Polly gives them money to leave the country . Despite Thomas ' best efforts to keep the guns a secret , it seems that people keep finding out about them , including two IRA members . Grace overhears them trying to blackmail Thomas and follows one of them , but he attacks her . Grace manages to fight her attacker off by shooting him in self defense . Thomas warns Kimber that Lee 's people will once again rob Kimber 's bookies at the races . Thomas brings Grace as his date to Cheltenham races in an attempt to distract Kimber as well as convince him that he should hire the Blinders as his security . Kimber agrees if he can have some time alone with Grace , Thomas agrees . At the last minute , Thomas has a change of heart and claims that Grace is actually a prostitute with ' the clap ' ( gonorrhea ) . Freddie decides Thomas is not going to scare him off and returns . Episode 4 Tom Harper Steven Knight , Stephen Russell 3 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 2.31 Thomas has made the business legitimate by obtaining a betting licence . Although he does n't quite trust her , and is suspicious of her , Thomas hires Grace as his secretary . John calls the family together to tell them he has decided his four children need a mother , and he has decided he wants to marry Lizzie , a local prostitute . Thomas disapproves because he does n't think Lizzie has given up her former profession . The Lees rob the Shelbys ' gambling den as revenge for the peaky blinders having protected Billy Kimber 's bookies at the races . Thomas decides to call a truce with the Lee family so that he can have an ally against Billy Kimber and marries John to Lees ' daughter Esme to consummate the agreement . Ada comes to the wedding , but goes into labour soon after . Freddy tries to come to see the new baby , but gets arrested when he shows up . 5 5 Episode 5 Tom Harper Steven Knight , Toby Finlay 10 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) 2.03 Believing Thomas betrayed Freddy , Ada does not want to see or speak to her family . Although Arthur Sr. ( Tommy Flanagan ) deserted the family a decade ago , he comes back into town . Thomas wants nothing to do with him , but Arthur Jr. believes he has changed and wants to do anything to help him , including financing the opening of hotels in America . However , Arthur Sr. takes off with the money Arthur Jr. gave him . When Arthur Jr. finally tracks his father down , Arthur Sr. admits he never had any plans and felt that the Shelby family owed him . An IRA member starts inquiring about the man Grace killed . Grace and Thomas kill the other IRA members . Now in love with Thomas , Grace tells Inspector Campbell , if she gives him the location of the guns , he has to leave Thomas and his family alone . She suspects the guns are buried in a false grave after discovering that Danny Whizz - Bang is not really dead , but in London on business for the Shelby family . Grace gives up the location to Inspector Campbell , and resigns service to the crown . As she has resigned , and the guns found , with the exception of one , Inspector Campbell proposes marriage , which Grace rejects . 6 6 Episode 6 Tom Harper Steven Knight 17 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 2.24 The Peaky Blinders , led by Danny Whizz - Bang spring Freddy from jail . Winston Churchill believes Grace should receive some commendation for her part in finding the missing guns . Inspector Campbell finds out Grace has been with Tommy . Polly meets with Grace , and tells her she knows her secret . Polly says that while Tommy may forgive Grace , Polly never will . Tommy gathers the Peaky Blinders and the Lees to take on Kimber 's men at the tracks , but Kimber catches the Shelbies off guard and outnumbered by confronting them at home . Freddy brings out the missing gun , but Ada jumps in the middle of the shoot out trying to bring peace . Kimber fires off at the Peaky Blinders , injuring Tommy and killing Danny Whizz - Bang . Tommy in turn shoots Kimber dead . Tommy meets Grace and she tells him she loves him and will go to London for a few days ; she has an idea how they can be together . Tommy flips a coin to decide if he will go with Grace . As this happens , Campbell confronts Grace at the railway station and points his pistol at her . As the scene fades , there is a gunshot . Series 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Episode Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 7 Episode 1 Colm McCarthy Steven Knight 2 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 2.31 Grace shoots Campbell , leaving him lying in his own blood . Two years later , the Garrison is blown up while the family is attending Freddy Thorne 's funeral . Tommy tries to get Ada to come back home as he is planning an expansion to London . Tommy goes to the Black Lion to confront those who he thinks blew up the Garrison . Instead he 's taken to meet with the IRA and asked to murder someone - which he does . Tommy is informed that Campbell , now a major , is returning to Birmingham . The Shelby family has a meeting regarding the expansion of the bookie business but Polly and John 's wife Esme have reservations . Nonetheless , Tommy , Arthur and John decide to get familiar with the London scene , and cause a rumpus at Darby Sabini 's club . Polly visits a medium for information on her children that were taken from her . Esme finds out , but Polly swears her to secrecy . Tommy hires Lizzie as his secretary . In retaliation for tearing - up Sabini 's club , Sabini has his thugs kidnap and attempt to rape Ada , as well as beat Tommy to within an inch of his life . Major Campbell then intervenes before Sabini and his men can finish him off . Campbell has agreed with Winston Churchill , that Tommy will be useful to them . 8 Episode 2 Colm McCarthy Steven Knight 9 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 2.18 Major Campbell visits Tommy in the hospital and threatens him with the knowledge that he knows about the murder Tommy committed for the IRA , and has clearly had Tommy under surveillance for some time . Tommy discharges himself from hospital early , and takes a barge down to London . Tommy meets with vicious gang - leader Alfie Solomons in Camden Town . Tommy has a hard time convincing Alfie that he should align with the Peaky Blinders against Sabini . Tommy tracks down Ada , and buys her a house as a means of laundering money . He also buys Polly a house . Esme has told Tommy about Polly trying to track down her children . Tommy tells Polly her daughter is dead , but he has managed to track down her son . Unfortunately , due to the law , Polly is unable to track down her son until he is 18 years of age . Arthur 's flashbacks from the war are getting worse , and during one , he kills a boy during sparring . He starts using cocaine to self - medicate . Following the reopening of the Garrison , Polly 's son , Michael shows up on her doorstep . 9 Episode 3 Colm McCarthy Steven Knight 16 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) 2.20 The Shelby brothers hire the Digbeth Kid , a neighborhood boy who loves cowboy movies , to get stood up for gambling to help the local cops meet their arrest quota . While in jail , Sabini 's thugs murder the Digbeth Kid to get back at the Peaky Blinders for their intrusion on his turf . Polly and Michael try to get to know each other . Tommy and John meet with Billy , of the Black Country Boys , who fought with them in the war . Tommy tells Billy to round up his men for them to go to work in Camden Town for Alfie Solomons . Michael requests that Tommy gives him a job . Arthur is threatened by the mother of the boy he killed . Tommy tells Major Campbell that the officers played a joke on him and have boarded him in a house that is owned by a not - so - former Madam . The Shelby boys and Michael go to an auction to purchase a horse , and meet horse trainer May Carleton . 10 Episode 4 Colm McCarthy Steven Knight 23 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) 2.06 Tommy meets with his Irish handlers , only to find out they are backed by Major Campbell and the Crown . They order another hit , but Tommy turns them down . Arthur and boys attack one of Sabini 's clubs . Tommy hires May Carleton to train his horse . Tommy wants to export whisky to America and Canada - currently under prohibition . Arthur 's cocaine habit is starting to get out of control . Tommy tells him to straighten up or he 's going to replace him with John . Tommy goes to visit Ada and finds out she has a lodger named James ( Josh O'Connor ) . James is an artist , but Ada explains to Tommy , James is not interested in women . Tommy tells Ada he has set up a trust fund for John 's children and her son , Karl . Alfie Solomons and Darby Sabini meet and patch up their differences . Michael and his new friend Isaiah , Jeremiah Jesus ' son , try to drink in a bar , but get into a fight because they do n't want a black man drinking there . Michael and Isaiah return to the Garrison , but when John and Arthur find out that the Shelby name was disrespected , they burn the bar . Tommy calls Grace in London but immediately hangs up without saying anything when a man answers . 11 5 Episode 5 Colm McCarthy Steven Knight 30 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 2.10 A bloody sacrificial goat of an episode , as Jewish gangster Alfie Solomons hosts a Passover seder and invites jovially unaware Arthur and some of his men ; who are soon equally slaughtered and has Arthur sent to prison . Major Campbell further unfurls his vast tentacles of power , and has Michael arrested too for good measure . Meanwhile Sabini and the now gruesomely scarred Mario take back control of the Eden Club . Tommy finds his fledgling empire crumbling before him , as his power - base in London is obliterated . Tommy struggles to save his family and regain the upper hand , as the tentative Black Country / Brum alliance is in tatters after the untimely death of Billy Kitchen . Tommy further complicates his love life , by escorting the returning Grace to a passionate date , though still stringing May along , who had earlier expressed her feelings for him . Having slept with Tommy , Grace admits being in London with her husband to procure fertility treatment . Campbell extracts a devastating sacrifice from Polly in exchange for her son 's freedom . One which Michael is unlikely to understand or appreciate once discovered . Tommy attempts to end his romantic relationship with May , though he still wants her to continue training his horse . 12 6 Episode 6 Colm McCarthy Steven Knight 6 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 2.24 Tommy decides to settle all his affairs in case he meets an untimely death . He also meets with Alfie Solomons regarding business contracts . Alfie gets Arthur out of prison . Derby Day has arrived . Polly tries to pay off Michael to get him to leave . Tommy collects the Peaky Blinders and gives them their mission at the races . Without firing a shot , they are to collect and burn the licences of Derby Sabini 's bookies and steal the bets . Tommy runs into Grace who informs him she 's pregnant . Tommy tells her after the race , they will talk . Tommy completes his mission for Major Campbell , but at Lizzie 's expense . Major Campbell 's men from Northern Ireland , members of the Ulster Volunteers , kidnap Tommy and take him to an empty field while Aunt Polly meets with Major Campbell and shoots him . Michael decides he wants in on the family business . Series 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Episode Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 13 Episode 1 Tim Mielants Steven Knight 5 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 2.95 The series picks up two years later , in 1924 , with Thomas Shelby 's wedding to Grace Burgess . The Shelby family and their kin have been invited , as well as Grace 's family . Composed of cavalrymen , Irish members of the British Army , Grace 's family dismays the Shelby family , due to the cavalry 's late arrival on the battlefield during the war . The Peaky Blinders have a meeting in the kitchen , where Thomas , in a state of stress , orders the men to be on their best behaviour . Meanwhile , a refugee from Russia , named Anton Kaledin , makes contact with the Peaky Blinders , offering the code `` Constantine '' as confirmation for the money - exchange meeting with the young Duchess Tatiana Petrovna ( Gaite Jansen ) . Thomas informs her that Kaledin provided the wrong code name , meaning the man must be killed . Arthur confides in Thomas , not wanting to do the job they must carry out , but Thomas tells him they have no choice , or else Tommy will hang . In the end , Arthur kills the impostor . 14 Episode 2 Tim Mielants Steven Knight 12 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 2.43 Thomas goes to the Lanchester Factory to inspect armoured vehicles , which are part of a business deal between him and Father John Hughes . After their meeting , Thomas visits the Ritz Hotel to meet with Mr. Romanov , who pays him , with a sapphire , for murdering Kaledin . Arthur and John Shelby meet with Vicente Changretta , who demands an explanation for the burning down of his son 's restaurant . John ignores his questions , threatens him , and after Vincent publicly vows to murder him , John beats and cuts Angel Changretta . During a family meeting with the Shelbys , Thomas sides with John , to the surprise of Arthur and Polly . At the Shelby Parlour , Thomas is taken into a prison cell by London coppers and is greeted by Father Hughes . Hughes tells Thomas he will kill Charlie if Tommy visits his sister Ada again , due to her communist connections and that he has easy access to his family . Thomas heads home and finds a card under his son 's pillow , which reads : `` Charles Shelby - R.I.P. '' . During a conversation with Grace about the Shelby Charity Foundation dinner , Thomas gives her the sapphire , which she wears at the event . Father Hughes and Patrick Jarvis meet with Thomas , informing him that the Russians want to inspect the vehicles . Later , Tatiana tells Thomas the sapphire Grace is wearing was cursed by a gypsy . Thomas attempts to get Grace to take off the necklace , telling her he can not have anything bad happen to her . A man enters with a gun and shouts `` For Angel ! '' , shooting Grace in the upper chest . Arthur , John and Finn brutally beat the man to death as the event turns to chaos with Thomas shouting for an ambulance . 15 Episode 3 Tim Mielants Steven Knight 19 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 2.20 Following Grace 's funeral , Thomas calls a meeting with Aunt Polly and Michael , and gives them a list of things to do for their `` legitimate '' business . Afterwards , Arthur and John are ushered in . Thomas tells them to retrieve Vicente Changretta alive and shoot Changretta 's wife , but the two are reluctant to murder her . During a family meeting , the Shelbys realise that Thomas has gone , having left a note behind that he 'll be back in a few days . Elsewhere , Thomas is heading to Wales with the sapphire necklace . There , he confers with a gypsy , whom he asks whether the sapphire is cursed . Leaving the necklace with the woman , he 's able to return home with some sense of normality . In the meantime , Arthur and John have procured Changretta , who Thomas threatens to torture , but Arthur shoots in the head as an act of mercy . Back at the mansion , following her help in finding the Soviet informant in the Economic League , Thomas invites Ada to head the family 's future office in America . Armed with the name of the informant , Thomas interrupts a meal hosted by the Grand Duchess Izabella Petrovna and secretly alerts her of the information he has acquired . Princess Tatiana sees Thomas to his car , and he tells her that Hughes is the one betraying them to the Soviets and offers to kill him , free of charge . 16 Episode 4 Tim Mielants Steven Knight 26 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) 2.19 Easter 1924 . The Shelbys receive news that their father has died and Tommy announces the plan to his brothers : they will have been hired to provide the Russians with weapons for a rebellion stolen from a train and will , in turn , be paid in jewels but , believing they will betray him , Tommy plans to break into their vault . Linda tells Arthur she is pregnant and wants him out of the family business , which he agrees to do after the job with the Russians is over . His vagueness irritates Linda who demands a bigger cut for Arthur so they can move to America together and convinces Polly , Esme and Lizzie agree to strike , forcing Tommy to reveal the plan of the assassination to Polly . After drinking during a portrait painting session with Oliver , she goes to the Church , inadvertently revealing the plan to Father Hughes during confession and , knowing he is the target , Hughes foils the Peaky Blinders ' attempt on his life . Hughes humiliates Tommy , making him apologise for wrongly accusing him in front of Tatiana and her family . He then has Tommy seriously injured , discovers the actual intent of the robbery and realizes his family will lose . 17 5 Episode 5 Tim Mielants Steven Knight 2 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) 2.24 Three months later , Tommy has recovered and the planned massive heist involving the Russians is drawing near . Tommy enlists the Peaky Blinders ' old antagonist Alfie Solomons to appraise the Russian 's jewels , ruining their plan to give Tommy fakes . The Peaky Blinders begin to tunnel underneath their mansion . Tommy makes a deal with the Soviets to ensure the guns on the train will be useless , negating the need to blow up the train and sabotaging the plan to plant evidence at the scene of the explosion incriminating the USSR thus causing an international incident which would lead to Britain cutting off diplomatic relations with Russia . Ada officially joins the Shelby company when she is offered a place in their new Boston office . After previously revealing that he was abused by Hughes , Michael reveals that he too , wishes to kill the priest but Polly tells Tommy that she will bring the business to its knees should her son be the murderer . 18 6 Episode 6 Tim Mielants Steven Knight 9 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) 2.27 Thomas 's son , Charlie , is kidnapped . Father Hughes reveals to Thomas that he knows about his subterfuge , including the tunnel into the Russian vault and sabotaging the train bombing plot . He demands the jewels as payment and for Thomas himself blow up the train - which must kill six people , in exchange for the safe return of his son . Thomas agrees unconditionally . After some investigation he discovers that Alfie Solomons divulged the plans to Father Hughes . During a confrontation Michael kills Alfie 's associate , but Thomas can not bring himself to kill Alfie . Thomas figures out where Charlie is being held and sends Michael to retrieve him and kill Father Hughes . At the same time Arthur and John set off to carry out the train bombing in case Michael ca n't rescue Charlie in time . Even though Michael is successful , word does n't reach the Shelbys in time , and the train is blown up . Meanwhile , Thomas frantically completes the tunnel and blasts into the Russian 's vault , stealing several jewels and a valuable Fabergé egg . With his son safe , he meets with Grand Duchess Tatiana , who has been in on the jewel heist the whole time , and plans on taking her share to Vienna . Thomas returns home to distribute the remaining loot to his accomplices , but at the end of the meeting announces the police are at the residence to arrest everyone . The rest of the Peaky Blinders and Shelby family are taken away in handcuffs . Series 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 19 `` The Noose '' David Caffrey Steven Knight 15 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 4.12 As Arthur , John , Michael and Polly prepare to hang for their crimes , Tommy 's reprieve comes just in time to save their lives . Following their release , the Shelby family is scattered and estranged from one another . On Christmas of 1925 , Ada returns from Boston and visits each of them : John and Esme continue their relationship of sex and arguments , Arthur remains stifled by Linda 's watchful eye , Michael has begun using cocaine to stay on top of the business and Polly has fallen into a alcohol - fuelled mania , taking prescribed tablets to quell her visions of spirits . Tommy meets with Michael advises him to dispose of Polly 's medication and help her through her mental illness without them . Each of the Shelbys receive a letter from Luca Changretta , a member of the Sicilian mafia , marking them for death in retribution for the murder of Angel and Vincente . Tommy and Ada attempt to convince the others to meet on Boxing Day , believing that they will be easier to pick off if they remain separated . However , when Tommy discovers and kills a mafia agent among his staff , he realises the assassination attempts are due to take place on Christmas Day and tries to get word to the rest of the family . After taking Polly and Ada to the meeting , Michael goes to collect John and Esme who Tommy could not get in contact with . A cart pulls up and John and Michael are riddled by a hail of bullets . 20 `` Heathens '' David Caffrey Steven Knight 22 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 3.86 Michael survives his injuries but John is killed . In the wake of his death , Tommy and the rest of the Shelby family agree to put their differences aside while they deal with the mafia threat . Tommy suggests contacting Aberama Gold , a killer - for - hire , something Polly is strongly against . Disobeying her orders , Tommy uses John 's funeral to draw Gold out so that they can make a tentative deal . Enraged , Polly attempts to get Michael to flee with her to Australia but he refuses until she helps the family through their current predicament , something she reluctantly agrees to . Linda discovers that Ada is under investigation by the government because of her marriage to a communist but does n't pass the message on . Gold agrees to fight for the Shelbys if they take on his son , Bonnie . After seeing him knock out a man much larger than him , Tommy and Arthur officially induct him into the Peaky Blinders . Jessie rallys Tommy 's workforce and convinces the entire factory to strike . Changretta visits Tommy and lays several bullets on the table , stating that each is for a member of the Shelby family . He plans to keep Tommy alive until the rest are dead but insists that their vendetta be an honourable one , with Tommy agreeing not to involve the police or the death of children or civilians . 21 `` Blackbird '' David Caffrey Steven Knight 29 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 3.96 The Italians launch another attack on the Peaky Blinders . Tommy realises that the Shelbys need to evolve if they are to survive , but some of the family are reluctant to part with tradition . As the strike takes hold at the Lanchester factory , Tommy pays a personal visit to Jessie Eden , but he is outmanoeuvred when she reveals something she knows about his past . Changretta plots to continue the vendetta in the most devastating way possible . As well as identifying an enemy of the Shelby family who could help him , Luca makes direct contact with someone at the heart of the Peaky Blinders organisation . 22 `` Dangerous '' David Caffrey Steven Knight 6 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 3.87 The Peaky Blinders are lured by the Italians into a cat - and - mouse chase on the streets of Birmingham , where it becomes clear that Tommy has met his match . Trapped in Small Heath , Tommy tries to console himself with a visit from an old flame but it soon becomes clear that he ca n't always get what he wants . As his factory lies idle , Tommy confronts the possibility that the Communists might win and he will be deemed a traitor to his class . Meanwhile , Changretta prepares to spring another trap . 23 5 `` The Duel '' David Caffrey Steven Knight 13 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) 4.06 Thomas Shelby has figured out Polly and Michael have betrayed him but goes to the meeting Polly has set for him and finds himself engaged in bloody battle with Luca Changretta and his gang . Thomas has prepared for the battle ahead of time and manages to single - handedly kill three of Luca 's gang members before coming face to face with Luca , however the police arrive and break up the fight . The family gather to find out what happened , Tommy explains what happened , it appears he had been in on it with Polly , he does not tell the family of Michael 's betrayal . Lizzie Stark has even greater news to break . Polly Shelby shares a rather magical woodland scene with Aberama Gold . Meanwhile , an army colonel has questions for Ada Shelby about her past as a communist , and Jessie Eden confirms just how far she is prepared to go in pursuit of her cause . And sensing an opportunity to capitalise on his situation , Luca Changretta makes his way to London to present a plan to Alfie Solomons . 24 6 `` The Company '' David Caffrey Steven Knight 20 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) 4.44 As the stage is set for the boxing match between Bonnie Gold and Goliath , Tommy gets a visit from Alfie . The Shelby girls meet to discuss Lizzie 's pregnancy . Tommy watches the match ringside with Arthur who is worried about Goliath 's seconds . When one of the men leaves the arena , Arthur follows in pursuit and is mortally wounded . At Arthur 's funeral , the widow Changretta approaches with a white flag . Later at the family home , she reveals the vendetta will be over if Tommy signs over all his assets to Luca Changretta . Luca and his men meet with the remaining Shelbys in Tommy 's basement distillery to sign the documents . Tommy reveals to Luca that he has sent Michael to America to let the mafiosos know that Luca died in the vendetta . Realizing he has been outmaneuvered , Luca attacks Tommy , and a fight ensues . As Tommy is getting the upper hand , Arthur enters the distillery and shoots Luca . It is revealed that Tommy had Arthur fake his death to lure Luca into the trap . The Shelby 's celebrate the end of the vendetta at Tommy 's countryside estate , and it is announced that Tommy will be retiring from the business . Tommy confronts Alfie for his betrayal , who reveals he did so knowing Tommy would track him down and kill him , and that he has cancer . Tommy then kills Alfie and proceeds to take his holiday . However , as the boredom from fishing and golf sets in , Tommy 's post-traumatic stress comes back , and he returns to Small Heath . Tommy returns to Shelby Company , Ltd. , and contacts Jessie to let her know he wants to help her and thus acquires the name of her Communist party contacts . He takes this information to the Crown to secure an endorsement for his campaign for Member of Parliament , an election which Tommy wins . Production ( edit ) Candidates for roles as teenage male extras queueing in Birmingham Series 1 ( edit ) Peaky Blinders was created by Steven Knight , directed by Otto Bathurst , and produced by Katie Swinden . The writers are listed as Steven Knight , David Leland , Stephen Russell and Toby Finlay . The series was filmed in Birmingham , Bradford , Dudley , Leeds , Liverpool and Port Sunlight . Railway sequences were filmed between Keighley and Damems , using carriages from the Ingrow Museum of Rail Travel ( owned by Vintage Carriages Trust ) and carriages owned by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Trust . Many of the scenes for the show were shot at the Black Country Living Museum . Sam Neill enlisted the help of Northern Irish actors James Nesbitt and Liam Neeson to help him perfect a Northern Irish accent for the role of C.I. Campbell . In the end , he had to tone down the accent since the series is being marketed in the United States . Controversially the production did not hire linguists to assist in the show , leading to the gypsies frequently speaking broken Romanian ( as opposed to Romani ) until series three . Series 2 ( edit ) A second series was commissioned shortly after the broadcast of the first and aired in the autumn of 2014 . On 11 January 2014 , auditions were held in Digbeth area of Birmingham ( near where parts of the series are set ) for white and mixed race teenage male extras , resulting in lengthy queues . Series 3 ( edit ) Shortly after the final episode of the second series , the show announced via its official Twitter account that it had been renewed for a third series . On 5 October 2015 , the official Peaky Blinders Twitter account announced that filming had begun for series 3 . Filming wrapped on 22 January 2016 , after 78 days of shooting . Series 4 and 5 ( edit ) During the initial broadcast of series 3 , BBC Two renewed Peaky Blinders for series 4 and 5 . Both 4 and 5 will follow suit for six episodes each . Filming for series 4 started in March 2017 and premiered on 15 November 2017 . Creator and writer Steven Knight will return to write every episode of series 4 and 5 . Cillian Murphy has also confirmed his return for both series ; the rest of the main cast are expected to return as well , and it was announced that Charlotte Riley is returning as May Carleton . Adrien Brody and Aidan Gillen have been cast as new characters . On October 13 , 2017 , it was confirmed that the show will not include The Weinstein Company or its logo in its credits from the fourth season onward , even though the company was formerly involved in the US distribution of the series . Reception ( edit ) Reception for Peaky Blinders has been largely positive , with notable praise for its writing , acting , visual style , and stylish cinematography . David Renshaw of The Guardian summarised the series as a `` riveting , fast - paced tale of post-first world war Birmingham gangsters '' , praising Murphy as the `` ever - so - cool Tommy Shelby '' and the rest of the cast for their `` powerful performances . '' Sarah Compton of The Telegraph gave the series a 4 / 5 rating , praising the show for its originality and `` taking all of our expectations and confounding them . '' Alex Fletcher from Digital Spy believes that `` Peaky Blinders has started as sharp as a dart , '' while Den of Geek called the series `` the most intelligent , stylish and engrossing BBC drama in ages . '' Cult TV Times critic Hugh David said the show `` warrants the billing '' by `` managing to tick several ratings boxes -- period drama , gangster epic , film star leads -- yet go against the grain of those in the most interesting of ways . '' The show has been particularly celebrated for its stylish cinematography and charismatic performances , as well as for casting an eye over a part of Britain and British history rarely explored on television . Historians have been divided over whether bringing characters and events from other decades into a 1920s story undermines claims to historical accuracy , or whether working - class life in the period is nevertheless depicted in a truthful and resonant way . Reviews for the second series have remained positive , with Ellen E. Jones of The Independent commenting that `` Peaky Blinders can now boast several more big - name actors to supplement the sterling work of Cillian Murphy , Helen McCrory and Sam Neill '' , referring to second series additions Tom Hardy and Noah Taylor . Several critics have also favourably compared the show to US drama Boardwalk Empire , which shares the same themes and historical context . Show writer Steven Knight stated in an early interview : `` Do you know -- and I 'm not just saying this -- but I 've never watched them . I 've never seen The Wire , I 've never seen Boardwalk Empire , I 've never seen any of them . '' When asked if he deliberately avoided watching these dramas , he responded : `` It 's sort of deliberate in that I do n't really want to be looking at other people 's work because it does affect what you do inevitably . '' On 2 March 2016 , Steven Knight told the Crime Scene Quarterly , `` I 've had unsolicited communication from Michael Mann , the film director , from Dennis Lehane , Snoop Dogg -- he 's such a fan . And the late David Bowie was a huge fan -- more of that to come '' ( strongly hinting Bowie 's involvement on Series 3 ) . It was later confirmed that David Bowie 's music will be featured , and Leonard Cohen has also written a new song for series 3 . Accolades ( edit ) Series Award Nominee ( s ) Result BAFTA Television Craft Awards Best Director : Fiction Otto Bathurst Won Best Original Television Music Martin Phipps Nominated Best Photography and Lighting : Fiction George Steel Won Best Production Design Grant Montgomery Nominated Best Sound : Fiction Stuart Hilliker , Brian Milliken , Matthew Skelding , Lee Walpole Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Bluebolt ( VFX ) , Rushes ( Colourist ) Nominated Biarritz International Festival of Audovisual Programming Best Actor in a TV Series or Serial Cillian Murphy Won Best Actress in a TV Series or Serial Helen McCrory Won Best Music in a TV Series or Serial Martin Phipps Won Crime Thriller Awards UK Best Supporting Actress Helen McCrory Nominated RTS Programme Awards Best Drama Series `` production team '' Won RTS Craft & Design Awards Best Costume Design : Drama Stephanie Collie Won Best Make - Up Design : Drama Loz Schiavo Nominated Best Production Design : Drama Grant Montgomery Nominated Judges ' Award `` production team '' Won Televisual Bulldog Awards Best Drama One - Off or Serial `` production team '' 2nd Place BAFTA Television Awards Best Drama Series `` production team '' Nominated BAFTA Television Craft Awards Best Make - Up and Hair Loz Schiavo Nominated Best Photography and Lighting : Fiction Simon Dennis Nominated Best Production Design Grant Montgomery Nominated IFTA Film and Television Awards Best Leading Actor in a Drama Series Cillian Murphy Nominated Best Costume Design Lorna Marie Mugan Won Best Director : Drama Series Colm McCarthy Nominated RTS Programme Awards Best Drama Series `` production team '' Nominated RTS Craft & Design Awards Best Photography : Drama Simon Dennis Nominated Writers ' Guild of Great Britain Awards Best TV Drama - Long Form Steven Knight Nominated National Television Awards Best Period Drama Series `` Production team '' Nominated Best Drama Performance Cillian Murphy Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards Best Leading Actor in a Drama Series Cillian Murphy Won BAFTA Television Awards Best Drama Series production team Pending BAFTA Television Craft Awards Best Costume Design Alison McCosh Nominated Best Editing : Fiction Dan Roberts ( Episode 5 ) Nominated Best Make Up & Hair Design Loz Schiavo Nominated Best Sound : Fiction Forbes Noonan , Ben Norrington , Jim Goddard , Grant Bridgeman Nominated Best Writer : Drama Stephen Knight Nominated Broadcast and release ( edit ) On 24 September 2014 , it was announced that Netflix had acquired exclusive US distribution rights from the Weinstein Company and Endemol . The entirety of series 1 became available for streaming on 30 September 2014 ; series 2 launched in November 2014 . Series 3 was made available 31 May 2016 . Due to licensing restrictions , however , most of the show 's original soundtrack is not available on the Netflix - distributed version of the series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Peaky Blinders - Screen Yorkshire '' . Screen Yorkshire . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Michael ( 12 September 2013 ) . `` Birmingham 's real Peaky Blinders '' . BBC News . West Midlands . Jump up ^ `` The TRUTH behind Peaky Blinders : They did n't have razor blades in their caps - but Birmingham 's real gangsters were just as brutal '' . Birmingham Mail . 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` BBC 's Peaky Blinders to return for two more seasons '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Eames , Rom ( 15 December 2016 ) . `` Peaky Blinders season 4 and 5 cast , release date - everything you need to now '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/ThePeakyBlinder/status/943601259461906433 Jump up ^ Stubbs , David ( 6 September 2013 ) . `` Peaky Blinders , Britain 's answer to Boardwalk Empire ( Creator Steven Knight and star Cillian Murphy discuss the BBC 's epic new gangster drama ) '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Whooley , Declan . `` Is Nidge really joining the IRA ? '' . JOE.ie . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` These horribly sharp dressers star in sinister six - part BBC series '' . Daily Mail ( UK ) . U.S. Showbiz . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Ken ( 4 January 2013 ) . `` Nidge jumps the fence and joins IRA -- but do n't worry ' Love / Hate ' fans , it 's for the BBC '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( 17 February 2014 ) . `` Actor will appear opposite his ' Dark Knight Rises ' co-star Cillian Murphy '' . Hitfix . Jump up ^ Hadlow , Janice -- Controller , BBC Two ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Media Cenre -- BBC Two announces second series of critically acclaimed drama Peaky Blinders '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Epsom Derby 1922 '' . 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peaky Blinders Season 3 Finale Review : Double - Crossing the Devil You Know '' . 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` BARB Top 30s '' . Jump up ^ `` Media Centre -- BBC Two announces drama series Peaky Blinders '' . BBC . 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Ben , Controller , BBC Drama Commissioning ( 21 September 2012 ) . `` Media Centre -- New BBC Two drama , Peaky Blinders , commences shooting '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Peaky Blinders '' . Vintagecarriagestrust.org. 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Trust '' . Lyrtrust.org.uk . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Peaky Blinders - Black Country Living Museum '' . www.bclm.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Sam Neill plays Belfast detective in BBC gangster drama '' . BBC.co.uk. 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hadlow , Janice -- Controller , BBC Two ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Media Centre -- BBC Two announces second series of critically acclaimed drama Peaky Blinders '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Gary ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` TV company looking for new Peaky Blinders '' . Birmingham Mail . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Stacey , Alison ( 11 January 2014 ) . `` Video : Hundreds queue for Peaky Blinders auditions in Birmingham '' . Birmingham Mail . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Deardon , Lizzie ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` Peaky Blinders to return for a third series , BBC announces '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` And they 're rolling ! ! Break a leg everyone ! @ theotherJoeCole @ MousseTash @ FinnCole @ rundlesophie @ HarryKirton @ Aimeeffion @ caramaka '' . Twitter . 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` By order of the # PeakyBlinders ... that 's a wrap ! Photo from @ RobertViglasky '' . Twitter . 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Today 's the day # 78of78 @ ThePeakyBlinder '' . Twitter . 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` ' Peaky Blinders ' Renewed For 4th & 5th Seasons Amid Host Of BBC Drama Orders '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` ' Peaky Blinders ' Season 4 Sets UK Premiere Date On BBC Two '' . Deadline . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Peaky Blinders ' Scrubbing The Weinstein Company From Credits '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Renshaw , David ( 22 May 2014 ) . `` Peaky Blinders -- box set review '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Compton , Sarah ( 12 September 2013 ) . `` Peaky Blinders , BBC Two , review '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` ' Peaky Blinders ' review '' . Digital Spy. 12 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Peaky Blinders episode 1 review '' . Den of Geek . 12 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Peaky Blinders ( U.K. Blu - ray ) '' . Cult TV Times . 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Watson , Keith ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` TV review : Peaky Blinders was a fantastic political thriller '' . Metro News . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Gosling , George Campbell ( 12 April 2016 ) . `` On Peaky Blinders '' . Musings . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ellen E ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` Peaky Blinders , series 2 , episode 1 -- TV review : Second series boasts a host of big new names '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Stubbs , David ( 6 September 2013 ) . `` Peaky Blinders , Britain 's answer to Boardwalk Empire '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Peaky Blinders '' . The Independent . 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Knight on Peaky Blinders , series 2 , Birmingham , Cillian Murphy , working class drama , Nick Cave & more ... '' . Den of Geek . 11 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Laws , Roz ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` Did David Bowie record music for Peaky Blinders before he died ? '' . Birmingham Mail . Jump up ^ Bradley , Dave . `` Crime Scene magazine : Peaky Blinders , Trapped & Ripper Street '' . gamesradar . Jump up ^ Laws , Roz ( 5 May 2016 ) . `` Cillian Murphy : ' I gave David Bowie my Peaky Blinders cap ' '' . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Netflix Procures ' Peaky Blinders ' Brit Drama in Exclusive Pact With Weinstein Co. , Endemol '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Grey , Tobias ( 30 May 2016 ) . `` ' Peaky Blinders ' Season 3 : The British Gangland Saga is Back on Netflix '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Bartleet , Larry ( 10 May 2016 ) . `` 10 Perfect Choices On The Peaky Blinders Soundtrack '' . NME . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Peaky Blinders ( TV series ) Peaky Blinders on IMDb Peaky Blinders at BBC Programmes Peaky Blinders at Netflix `` Peaky Blinders : episode by episode '' . The Guardian TV & Radio Blog . The Guardian . Peaky Blinders : a graphic tribute at Arte Peaky Blinders Tour from Brit Movie Tours Peaky Locations Tours : Tour of Peaky Blinders ' Filming Locations in Liverpool and the North - West ( hide ) Works by Steven Knight Films written and directed Hummingbird Locke Serenity Films written only Dirty Pretty Things Amazing Grace Eastern Promises Closed Circuit The Hundred - Foot Journey Seventh Son Pawn Sacrifice Burnt Allied Woman Walks Ahead November Criminals The Girl in the Spider 's Web TV series created Peaky Blinders Taboo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peaky_Blinders_(TV_series)&oldid=837774611 '' Categories : 2010s British drama television series 2013 British television programme debuts BBC television dramas British crime drama television series Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill English - language television programs Gangs in fiction Serial drama television series Television series by Endemol Television series by Tiger Aspect Productions Television series set in the 1910s Television series set in the 1920s Television shows set in Birmingham , West Midlands Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2013 Use dmy dates from June 2016 BBC programme ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 23 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how is polly related to tommy shelby in peaky blinders | [
"Helen McCrory as Polly (Elizabeth) Gray, née Shelby: The aunt of Tommy and his siblings, and treasurer of the Peaky Blinders. She led the organisation when Tommy, Arthur, and John were fighting in World War I. Polly's two children, Anna and Michael, were taken away from her as infants. In series 2, Polly reunites with her son but learns her daughter had died."
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"The aunt of Tommy"
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2637443842894052463 | Hold What You've Got | Hold What You 've Got - Wikipedia Hold What You 've Got Jump to : navigation , search `` Hold What You 've Got '' Single by Joe Tex from the album Hold On To What You 've Got Released 1964 ( 1964 ) Genre Rhythm and blues Length 3 : 04 Songwriter ( s ) Joe Tex `` Hold What You 've Got '' is a 1964 single by Joe Tex . The single was his second chart release and first to reach the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Hold What You 've Got '' went to number one on the Cash Box R&B chart and reached number five in 1965 , on the pop chart . The song is noted for the two spoken recitations , between the refrains of the song , telling , first the men , and then the women to keep on supporting their loved ones and not take them for granted . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 574 . This 1960s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hold_What_You%27ve_Got&oldid=766913233 '' Categories : 1964 singles Joe Tex songs 1964 songs 1960s R&B song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 February 2017 , at 21 : 44 . About Wikipedia | who sang hold on to what you got | [
"\"Hold What You've Got\" is a 1964 single by Joe Tex. The single was his second chart release and first to reach the Billboard Hot 100. \"Hold What You've Got\" went to number one on the Cash Box R&B chart and reached number five in 1965, on the pop chart.[1] The song is noted for the two spoken recitations, between the refrains of the song, telling, first the men, and then the women to keep on supporting their loved ones and not take them for granted."
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"Joe Tex"
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6133499621237672766 | Robin in other media | Robin in other media - wikipedia Robin in other media Jump to : navigation , search Adaptations of Robin in other media Created by Bob Kane Jerry Robinson Bill Finger Original source Comics published by DC Comics First appearance Detective Comics # 38 ( April 1940 ) Films and television Film ( s ) Batman ( 1943 ) Batman and Robin ( 1949 ) Batman ( 1966 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero ( 1998 ) Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker ( 2000 ) Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman ( 2003 ) Justice League : The New Frontier ( 2008 ) Batman : Under the Red Hood ( 2010 ) The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 ) Son of Batman ( 2014 ) Batman vs. Robin ( 2015 ) Batman : Bad Blood ( 2016 ) Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( 2016 ) Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) Teen Titans : The Judas Contract ( 2017 ) Batman vs. Two - Face ( 2017 ) Television show ( s ) Batman ( 1966 ) The Batman / Superman Hour ( 1968 ) Batman : The Animated Series ( 1992 - 1998 ) Superman : The Animated Series ( 1996 - 2000 ) Static Shock ( 2000 - 2004 ) Teen Titans ( 2003 - 2006 ) The Batman ( 2004 - 2008 ) Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2008 - 2011 ) Young Justice ( 2010 - 2013 ) Teen Titans Go ( 2013 - ) Audio presentations Radio show ( s ) The Adventures of Superman ( 1945 ) In addition to comic books , the superhero Robin also appears in other media , such as films , television and radio . Dick Grayson , Jason Todd , Tim Drake and Damian Wayne are generally the versions of Robin chosen to be portrayed . For decades , Robin rarely appeared without Batman . The only exceptions have been animated stories featuring Robin as a member of the Teen Titans . Furthermore , from the 1940s to 1980s , Dick Grayson was generally portrayed as being a teenager or adult . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television 1.1 Live - action 1.2 Animation 1.2. 1 Super Friends 1.2. 2 DC animated universe 1.2. 3 Teen Titans 1.2. 4 The Batman 1.2. 5 Krypto the Superdog 1.2. 6 Batman : The Brave and the Bold 1.2. 7 Young Justice 1.2. 8 New Teen Titans 1.2. 9 Teen Titans Go ! 2 Film 2.1 Serials 2.1. 1 Batman 2.1. 2 Batman and Robin 2.2 Full - length feature films 2.2. 1 Burton - Schumacher series 2.2. 1.1 Early concepts 2.2. 1.2 Batman Forever 2.2. 1.3 Batman & Robin 2.2. 1.4 Cancelled Robin spin - off 2.2. 2 Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy 2.2. 2.1 The Dark Knight Rises 2.2. 3 DC Extended Universe 2.2. 3.1 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice 2.2. 3.2 Suicide Squad 2.2. 3.3 Nightwing 2.3 Animation 2.3. 1 Justice League : The New Frontier 2.3. 2 Batman : Under the Red Hood 2.3. 3 Batman : The Dark Knight Returns 2.3. 4 JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time 2.3. 5 DC Animated Movie Universe 2.3. 5.1 Son of Batman 2.3. 5.2 Batman vs. Robin 2.3. 5.3 Batman : Bad Blood 2.3. 5.4 Justice League vs. Teen Titans 2.3. 6 Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders 2.3. 7 The Lego Batman Movie 3 Video games 3.1 Lego Batman 3.2 Batman : Arkham 3.3 Injustice 3.4 Other games 4 Toys 5 Radio 5.1 The Batman Mystery Club 5.2 Adventures of Superman 6 Poetry 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Television ( edit ) Live - action ( edit ) In the 1960s Batman television series and its 1966 movie offshoot , Robin ( Dick Grayson ) was played by Burt Ward . Animation ( edit ) Super Friends ( edit ) Main article : Super Friends In DC Comics related cartoon series , produced by Filmation and Hanna - Barbera throughout the 1970s and 1980s , such as the Super Friends , Robin ( Dick Grayson ) was voiced by Casey Kasem or Burt Ward . Both the live - action and animated versions wore the standard Robin costume , much like the film serial versions of the 1940s . He is not paired with Batman in the Cartoon Network programs Justice League and Justice League Unlimited due to the Bat - Embargo which limited the use of Batman - related characters from any media source outside of the new Batman Begins movie franchise and The Batman animated series . DC animated Universe ( edit ) Main article : DC animated universe Dick Grayson as Robin in Batman : The Animated Series . Tim Drake as Robin in The New Batman Adventures . The Dick Grayson version of Robin made his first appearance during the first season of Batman : The Animated Series ( 1992 -- 1995 ) , voiced by Loren Lester . He only made occasional appearances due to Bruce Timm 's insistence that Batman worked best as a solo hero as already proven in the first two Burton films . The second season was known as The Adventures of Batman and Robin , as per orders of the Warner Bros. executives who wished for more frequent appearances of Robin to be made throughout the season . The Tim Drake version of Robin appears as the second incarnation in The New Batman Adventures ( 1997 -- 1998 ) . This continuity does not include Jason Todd by name , but the cartoons describe Drake as a combination of all three Robins . Versions of the Carrie Kelley ( Anndi McAfee ) and 1950s ( Brianne Siddall ) Robins , both in the original costume , also make short appearances on the show in a dream sequence from the episode `` Legends of the Dark Knight '' . Tim Drake was voiced by Mathew Valencia in The New Batman Adventures , and by Eli Marienthal and Shane Sweet on Static Shock . Teen Titans ( edit ) Main article : Teen Titans ( animated series ) Robin as seen in Teen Titans . The Cartoon Network series Teen Titans ( an adaptation of the New Teen Titans comic book series ) with one similarity is that the character Robin is the Teen Titan 's leader . Robin joins Beast Boy , Cyborg , Raven and Starfire when Jump City is threatened by aliens in `` Go ! '' . Robin is generally respected by the others as the team 's best leader , but on the inside he is driven by an unhealthy obsession to win , which sometimes alienates him from his teammates ( `` Divide And Conquer '' , `` Masks '' , `` Winner Take All '' , `` The Quest '' ) . The identity of the series iteration of Robin ( voiced by Scott Menville ) is n't directly obvious , as the style of this version 's costume is still closely modeled on Tim Drake 's first costume , however , the colors are those of Dick Grayson and Jason Todd . Also , Robin has never been directly referred to by full name which was intentional , according to both Sam Register and Glen Murakami . The time - travel themed episode `` How Long Is Forever ? '' showed a future where Robin has taken on the role of Nightwing ( a role taken up by Dick Grayson ) . The episode `` Fractured '' shows an alternate universe version of Robin with exactly the same DNA shows up named Nosyarg Kcid ( Dick Grayson spelled backwards ) . In many instances , Robin 's relationship to Batman is heavily referenced . In `` Go '' , just before Robin attacks a thief , bats fly at him . After a while the thief says , `` Are n't you supposed to be with ... '' only to be interrupted by Robin who says , `` Just moved here . I work alone now '' , and throughout the episode , he says he does n't want to be in a team again so soon . In `` Haunted '' , Raven uses her powers to enter Robin 's mind ; one of the images she sees is Robin 's shadow in a cave area swearing an oath to someone , and part of a circus ring with two figures falling ( taken from Dick Grayson 's origin ) . When Robin rejects Slade in `` Apprentice : Part 2 '' as a father figure he mentions `` I already have a father '' , and then the screen shows a shot of a dark sky with bats flying through it , also referring to Batman . In that same episode , a battle ensues on top of a building that says `` WAYNE ENTERPRISES '' . In `` The Quest '' , Robin says that he was trained by the best and this is believed to be a reference to the Batman . Robin also has shown to have romantic feelings for Starfire since they first met ( just like Dick Grayson ) . There have been romantic moments shared between the two in the series , but neither Robin nor Starfire admit their feelings for each other until the movie Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo . During the film , Robin and Starfire come very close to admitting their feelings and having their first romantic kiss , but sadly Robin proves to be too focused on the mission ( and also being interrupted by Beast Boy and the others ) before insisting that , as heroes , they can never be anything more . However , after the film 's climax battle , Robin and Starfire finally admit their feelings for each other and share their first true romantic kiss with Cyborg commenting , `` Well , it 's about time ! '' . In the end , they are both seen holding hands and finally become a romantic couple . The tie - in comic , Teen Titans Go ! appears to confirm that this version of Robin is indeed Dick Grayson , as issue # 47 focuses on Robin struggling through the anniversary of the death of his parents ( which are shown to be the Flying Graysons , as in the episode `` Haunted '' ) with the other Titans trying to help him cope . Batman makes a cameo overseeing Titans Tower from the city , and after seeing Robin and Starfire kiss , claims that Robin is `` in better hands '' . Jason Todd is also mentioned by Beast Boy to be a potential candidate for Red X in the episode `` X '' . The Batman ( edit ) Main article : The Batman ( TV series ) Robin in The Batman . The Dick Grayson version of Robin appeared in The Batman , voiced by Evan Sabara . In this version , Dick Grayson is an energetic , gifted acrobat and one of the main attractions of Hayley 's Circus , along with his parents , as part of the amazing Flying Grayson 's act . His life was changed forever when Tony Zucco and his brothers tried to threaten Grayson 's father into taking a `` protection '' policy . When the Graysons refused , an altercation resulted in the police and Batman being called . The Zuccos were easily defeated for the moment one of Tony 's brothers was even captured . An angered Zucco altered the rigs on the Flying Graysons trapeze act , causing Dick 's parents to fall to their deaths right in front of their son during a performance . With no surviving family members , Dick was taken in by Bruce Wayne as Bruce saw shades of himself in Dick after his own parents ' murder . After Dick discovered that Wayne was Batman , the two worked together to capture Zucco . Dick chose the codename `` Robin '' because that is what his mother had called him . Grayson sports a costume elements of Tim Drake 's two Robin costumes , although an early promotional photo showed a suit with a bit more originality . His costume and equipment are also influenced heavily by his Teen Titans counterpart , however , their personalities differ massively ; whereas the Teen Titans incarnation is a serious , focused and occasionally obsessive leader , this version is far less serious and genuinely enjoys his work as a vigilante , constantly spouting one - liners and generally acting in the mould of a typical teenager and his Golden Age comic counterpart . Some tension arose when Robin and Batgirl ( Barbara Gordon ) met . Batgirl , having been active as a vigilante and wan na - be partner of the Batman some time before Robin appeared , was quite jealous of Batman 's new ' official partner ' . This was changed when Batman took the liberty of revealing their identities to Batgirl and fully accepted into the fold . Afterward , Robin and Batgirl developed a more friendly , almost sibling - like working relationship . Robin even likes calling Batgirl `` Babs '' when they are n't in costumes , though she is not fond of the nickname . As depicted in a possible future during the episode `` Artifacts '' , Dick Grayson gives up the `` Robin '' name and costume to become Nightwing . Barbara and Batman still persist in calling him by his original codename . Batman did this more out of habit , and Barbara did it as a flirting sort of way to annoy Dick . Interestingly , the Police department who discover the Batcave in the beginning of the episode call Robin as ' Red Robin ' , a reference to Kingdom Come , and they theorize that Bruce Wayne was Red Robin ( with his father as Batman and his mother as Batwoman ) . Krypto the Superdog ( edit ) Main article : Krypto the Superdog In the Krypto the Superdog episode , `` Bathound and the Robin '' , a literal robin called `` Robbie '' is saved by Ace the Bathound and wants to be Ace 's sidekick , much to the dismay of Ace . Robbie 's costume resembled the classic outfit of Dick Grayson . Batman : the Brave and the Bold ( edit ) Main article : Batman : The Brave and the Bold Dick Grayson and Damian Wayne as Batman and Robin , respectively , in Batman : The Brave and the Bold . Dick Grayson was featured in Batman : The Brave and the Bold in the episode `` The Color of Revenge ! '' He is depicted as the protector of Blüdhaven - the city where he fights crime in the comics as Nightwing - but he is seen in the episode still as Robin . The rift between him and Batman has already taken place , and he is seen to still be angry at Batman for still treating him as a sidekick rather than a superhero in his own right . It is only after cooperating with Batman to defeat Crazy Quilt that Robin earns Batman 's respect . After Crazy Quilt is defeated , Robin joins Batman when Killer Moth hijacks the Gotham Bank Money Train , but he rides in the side cart of Batman 's motorcycle ( something he stated he never wanted to do again ) . Robin was voiced by Crawford Wilson , and the teaser episode has several references to the 1960s Batman television series . Subsequently , he is seen in `` Sidekicks Assemble ! '' where he leads fellow sidekicks Speedy and Aqualad in a battle against Ra 's al Ghul . At the end of the episode , he decides to step out of the shadow of his mentor and take the costume and identity of Nightwing . He is seen as Robin once again in the teaser for `` Emperor Joker ! '' , which shows a flashback to an earlier battle between the Dynamic Duo and Firefly . In `` The Criss Cross Conspiracy ! '' , Nightwing returns and a flashback shows him as Robin . Dick eventually becomes the new Batman in the alternate future story , `` The Knights of Tomorrow ! '' , with Damian Wayne acting as the new Robin . The episode ends with Damian succeeding Dick as the new Batman after the former retires , and Damian 's unnamed son ( voiced by Sebastian Bader ) becomes the new Robin . Damian Wayne is voiced by both Patrick Cavanaugh ( as a child ) and by Diedrich Bader ( as an adult ) . Later , in the opening for `` Triumvirate of Terror '' Robin was seen in the team of the Justice League International playing baseball against the Legion of Doom . Young Justice ( edit ) Robin ( Dick Grayson ) is one of the main cast members in the animated adaptation of Young Justice . The character is voiced by actor Jesse McCartney . Along with Aqualad , Kid Flash and Superboy , Robin is one of the founding members of Young Justice . However , when not on team missions , he still lives and performs his duties in Gotham City . As the most experienced member of the team , he assumed that he would automatically be the leader , but this would prove to not be the case . When in combat with Batman , their relationship is so defined that they do not need to communicate and Robin therefore assumed he could disappear and that others would immediately know what to do . Robin nominates Aqualad who accepts , saying that Robin will one day take over as he was born to lead the team . Throughout missions , Robin is shown to be the hacker of the group , making use of the computer interface on his wrist . As the youngest member of the team , he is still a bit immature and can often be heard laughing in combat as to either toy with or intimidate his opponents . He also questions the meaning of words , such as wondering why something is overwhelming , and not just `` whelming '' . In season 2 , set 5 years later , Dick Grayson as Nightwing leads the team and has been replaced as Robin by Tim Drake . In Episode 8 of season 2 in the Justice League pantheon for fallen heroes we see a hologrammed computerized image of what appears to portray a second Robin with features similar to Jason Todd . New Teen Titans ( edit ) The Teen Titans iteration of Robin returns in the New Teen Titans shorts , with Scott Menville reprising his role . One of the shorts included an appearance by the DC One Million version of Robin . Teen Titans Go ! ( edit ) The Teen Titans iteration of Robin returns in Teen Titans Go ! with Scott Menville reprising his role . In the show , Robin is portrayed as the self - appointed , hard - as - nails , hubristic , slightly power mad leader of the Teen Titans but fairly more light - hearted , and has a huge crush on Starfire but is too nervous to admit this , though he is also seen as being very arrogant , often depicting himself as the so - called `` best superhero '' , believing that he is better than his friends and heroes should always put themselves in the spotlight and take all the glory . He is also a `` sleep - Fighter '' , and is insecure about his lack of superpowers , which has , on multiple occasions , led to one of the other Titans committing mutiny and replacing Robin as leader . In some episodes , he is shown to fall into fits of madness easily , completely ignoring his team to follow through on his own view of how to carry something out . Such examples included continued to dig an escape tunnel despite being rescued , forcing his teammates to rely on seven numbered options and scant resources during an educational 1800 's - style road trip without even the slightest bit of concern for their well - being ( which ultimately leads to their deaths , which he reacts to with a lot of callousness ) , and thinking that nature is so dangerous he needs to be on edge and eat whatever he can find . An episode also showed that he had a backup Robin squad which features Carrie Kelly , a darker Tim Drake , and the upbeat 60s version all voiced by Scott . Film ( edit ) Serials ( edit ) Batman ( edit ) In director Lambert Hillyer 's 1943 film serial Batman , Robin was played by Douglas Croft . Croft was the only actor to portray Robin at the actual age of fourteen / fifteen ; subsequent live - action actors have either been in their early to late 20 's . Batman and Robin ( edit ) Robin was played by 26 - year - old Johnny Duncan in Columbia Pictures ' Batman and Robin ( 1949 ) , directed by Spencer Gordon Bennet . Full - length feature films ( edit ) Burton - Schumacher series ( edit ) Early concepts ( edit ) Chris O'Donnell reprising his role of Robin in Batman & Robin . Robin did not appear in the Tim Burton movies Batman ( 1989 ) and Batman Returns ( 1992 ) . This was an unusual move as the two 1940s serials as well as the 1966 movie and attendant TV show had presented the ' Dynamic Duo ' as an inseparable pair , with the general public unaware that the comic - book incarnation of Batman often worked alone . The special edition version of the Batman ( 1989 ) DVD features an animated storyboard sequence of when Robins parents are killed by the Joker . Jason Hillhouse provides the voice of Dick Grayson , while Kevin Conroy and Mark Hamill reprise their respective roles ( from the DC animated universe ) as Batman and the Joker in the storyboard sequence . Burton planned to cast Northern Irish actor Ricky Addison Reed as Robin , but later felt it was unimportant to the story and cut Robin out altogether . In an earlier script of Batman Returns , he was portrayed as a technologically savvy street kid who would help Batman following his narrow escape when The Penguin tried to kill him . He would later play a crucial role in Batman 's final confrontation with The Penguin . In that script , he was simply called Robin , has no known real name , and was to be played by Marlon Wayans . Batman Forever ( edit ) Main article : Batman Forever Wayans was considered for the role of Robin in Batman Forever , but the change in directors from Burton to Joel Schumacher would also mean a change in the choice of actor for the role of Robin . Chris O'Donnell played the character of Dick Grayson in the film , alongside Val Kilmer in the role of Batman . Dick Grayson 's parents and older brother were murdered by Two - Face during a hostage situation at the annual Gotham Circus after the family helps get rid of a bomb rigged to explode . Bruce Wayne takes him in as his ward out of guilt for being unable to save Dick 's family . Dick soon finds out that Bruce is Batman and becomes a costumed hero in his late teens . His costume closely resembles the Robin uniform worn by Tim Drake . However , Grayson 's classic costume appears as Robin 's circus uniform , sans the `` R '' symbol and face mask . Batman & Robin ( edit ) Main article : Batman & Robin ( film ) O'Donnell reprised the role in the 1997 film Batman & Robin , this time opposite George Clooney as Batman . Tension between Batman and Robin is present in the film due to Robin growing tired of playing second fiddle to Batman and desiring to break free from Batman 's shadow , particularly after Robin 's recklessness leads to him getting frozen by Mr. Freeze . These feelings are later amplified when Poison Ivy exposes Robin to her pheromone dust and causes him to fall in love with her , sowing seeds of doubt regarding Batman 's faith in his ward . In the film 's climax , Robin eventually sees through Ivy 's schemes and makes amends with Batman , and throughout the film , it is hinted that he harbours romantic feelings towards Alfred 's niece , Barbara Wilson , who later becomes Batgirl . Cancelled Robin spin - off ( edit ) Chris O'Donnell revealed to Access Hollywood that a Robin spin - off was planned but got scrapped after Batman & Robin . Christopher Nolan 's the Dark Knight trilogy ( edit ) In a June 2005 interview , Christopher Nolan , the director of Batman Begins and The Dark Knight , said that as long as he was directing the franchise , Robin would not be appearing . Since Christian Bale was portraying Batman as a young man at the time of `` Year One '' , Dick Grayson was still a child at that point . Bale has also given the same opinion regarding Robin , even though his favorite Batman story , Batman : Dark Victory , focuses on Robin 's origin . The Dark Knight Rises ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Knight Rises In the film The Dark Knight Rises , Batman finds an ally in a young policeman who goes by the name of John Blake ( portrayed by Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) , an original character created exclusively for the film . Blake is an orphan whose mother was killed in a car crash and whose father was murdered in a gambling related dispute when Blake was still a child . He was raised in St. Swithin 's , an orphanage sponsored by the Wayne Foundation . He also develops a great admiration towards Batman . During his time there , he learned to hide his anger over his parents ' death . When Bruce Wayne visited the orphanage , Blake noticed similar qualities between himself and Bruce , and single - handedly deduced that Bruce is Batman . When he was old enough , he became a police officer , and eventually befriends Batman 's ally Commissioner James Gordon . After the discovery of Bane , Blake confronts Bruce and attempts to convince him to return as Batman . When Bane publicly declares himself , Blake takes Gordon into hiding and arrests Selina Kyle to question her about Bruce 's disappearance . He also shows his repulsion towards Gordon and Batman covering up the crimes of Harvey Dent . Blake joins Gordon and the other cops in a revolt against Bane 's rule , but is caught and nearly executed . He 's rescued by Batman , who tells him to evacuate the city . This attempt fails when external officers blow up the only bridge leading away from Gotham out of fear , since Bane had threatened earlier to have the bomb detonated ( by a random citizen , later revealed to be Talia al Ghul , masquerading as Miranda Tate ) if anyone tried to leave Gotham . After Batman apparently sacrifices himself to save the city , Blake quits the GCPD , disgusted that the mainland police were willing to let Gotham perish . He attends Bruce 's funeral with Gordon , Alfred Pennyworth and Lucius Fox . He later attends the reading of Bruce 's will , and is pleasantly surprised to discover that Wayne Manor will become a home for the city 's at - risk orphans , named in honor of Thomas and Martha Wayne . When he gives the name `` Blake , John '' to a clerk holding a package that Bruce had left him , he is told there is nothing there for him . He hands over an ID and suggests they try his legal name , which is revealed to be Robin . The clerk gives him GPS coordinates and spelunking gear , before she tells him that he should use the name `` Robin '' more often . At the end of the film , Blake follows the coordinates , and finds the Batcave . Gordon - Levitt has stated that the ending of The Dark Knight Rises is not a set up for a spin - off film and is the true conclusion of Christopher Nolan 's Batman series . DC Extended Universe ( edit ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( edit ) Main article : Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Jason Todd / Robin is confirmed to exist and currently deceased in the DC Extended Universe , with his suit covered in Joker graffiti making its first appearance in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Director Zack Snyder later confirmed Robin was killed ten years before the movie by a younger Joker , and the scene illustrated the sacrifices Bruce Wayne endured to be the vigilante and his willingness to face his past mistakes . Suicide Squad ( edit ) Main article : Suicide Squad ( film ) In Suicide Squad , it is revealed Harley Quinn was an accomplice to Robin 's murder , something that was n't present in the `` A Death in the Family '' ( 1988 ) storyline as Quinn was not yet created . Director David Ayer later clarified that the Joker was indeed the person who killed Robin . Nightwing ( edit ) In 2017 , a Nightwing film was confirmed to be in development . Dick Grayson / Nightwing is confirmed to exist in the DCEU . Animation ( edit ) Justice League : the new Frontier ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : The New Frontier Robin ( apparently Dick Grayson ) was featured in the DC DTV movie Justice League : New Frontier , where he was adopted , as a teenager ( not a child , as in most interpretations ) , during the events of the movie . Batman did so because he realized that he was frightening those he was trying to protect . The circumstances of his adoption are not explained . He was voiced by Shane Haboucha . Batman : Under the Red Hood ( edit ) Main article : Batman : Under the Red Hood In the DC Universe Animated Original Movie Batman : Under the Red Hood , an adaptation of the bestselling Batman storyline `` Under the Hood '' from Batman # 635 - 650 and Batman Annual # 25 , Neil Patrick Harris voices Dick Grayson / Nightwing while Jensen Ackles portrays Jason Todd / Red Hood . Vincent Martella and his younger brother Alexander Martella each provide the voice of the young Jason Todd in different ages as Robin in a flashback in the beginning of the film . Batman : the Dark Knight returns ( edit ) Carrie Kelly appears as Robin in the two - part animated film Batman : The Dark Knight Returns , voiced by Ariel Winter . Being a fan of Batman , Carrie took the mantle of Robin herself when the Mutant crime organization had been wreaking havoc on Gotham . Batman comes to see her as a suitable Robin , training her and using her to gather intel . She helps him with leading the former Mutant 's group Sons of Batman into learning his less violent ways , when Gotham needed martial law enforced . When Batman is called out to a duel with Superman after refusing to go back into retirement , Carrie helps Bruce fake his death . She , along with Oliver Queen ( Green Arrow ) and Bruce train the Sons of Batman group to begin taking on his job . JLA Adventures : Trapped in time ( edit ) Main article : JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Jack DeSena voices Robin in the Target Corporation 's exclusive 2014 direct - to - video animated feature JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time . DC animated movie Universe ( edit ) In 2013 , Justice League : War was released , the first of a series of films that shared the same continuity , known as the DC Animated Movie Universe . Damian Wayne and Dick Grayson appear in several of these films , Damian / Robin being voiced by Stuart Allan while Sean Maher voices Dick / Nightwing . Son of Batman ( edit ) Son of Batman , an adaptation of Grant Morrison ' Batman storyline `` Batman and Son '' , was the first time Damian Wayne had appeared in a DC - related film . Batman vs. Robin ( edit ) In Batman vs. Robin , Damian comes into contact with the Court of Owls , being tempted to leave Batman and join him . Throughout the film , Batman and Robin fight over Damian 's rawness and his lack of discipline , leading to Damian almost joining the court before Talon ( voiced by Jeremy Sisto ) , an assassin for the Court , is ordered to kill him when the leader discovers his secret identity . After Talon massacres the entire court , he and Robin clash in the Batcave before Talon commits suicide . Afterwards , Damian leaves for a monastery in the Himalayas . Batman : Bad Blood ( edit ) Damian returns in Batman : Bad Blood , teaming up with Dick Grayson to investigate his father 's disappearance . The Heretic ( voiced by Travis Willingham ) , makes his first film appearance , as an artificially - aged clone of Damian like in the comics . Heretic attempts to absorb Damian 's mind into his so he will know what it feels like to be loved , but Talia al Ghul executes him for his treachery and punishment , much to Damian 's horror . Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( edit ) In Justice League vs. Teen Titans , Batman decides to have Robin join the Teen Titans to teach him about teamwork and has Nightwing drop him off at Titans Tower . Damian ends up warming up to the team after being initially hostile towards them , forming a particular friendship with Raven . Batman : return of the Caped Crusaders ( edit ) Ward reprised his role as Dick Grayson / Robin in the animated movie Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders . The Lego Batman movie ( edit ) Main article : The Lego Batman Movie Michael Cera voices Dick Grayson in The Lego Movie spin - off The Lego Batman Movie . This version was adopted by Batman as a teenager and his Robin outfit is actually a modified Reggae outfit for Batman with the pants taken off . He has large , green glasses similar to the Carrie Kelley version . During the climax , he briefly dons a Batman armor labeled `` Nightwing '' when attempting to save Barbara and Alfred . Video games ( edit ) Lego Batman ( edit ) Main article : Lego Batman Robin ( Tim Drake ) is a playable character in Lego Batman : The Videogame , Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes , and Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham . Charlie Schlatter voices Robin in the second and third titles . The Robin from the Lego Batman series appears in Lego Dimensions , voiced by Scott Menville . He is kidnapped early in the game 's narrative , forcing Batman to find and rescue him . The game also features the Lego Batman Movie version of Robin as a playable character , with bonus story chapters adapting his role in the events of the film ; using this Robin in the Teen Titans Go ! world transforms him into the version of the character from that series , reprised by Scott Menville . Batman : Arkham ( edit ) Main article : Batman : Arkham In Batman : Arkham City , the Tim Drake version of Robin , voiced by Troy Baker , appears briefly during the story and is fully playable during the Harley Quinn 's Revenge DLC . Both Robin and Dick Grayson as Nightwing are playable in the game 's challenge maps . Dick Grayson appears as Robin in Batman : Arkham Origins ' multiplayer mode , voiced by Josh Keaton , with the ability to unlock Tim Drake 's costume from Arkham City . In Batman : Arkham Knight , Tim Drake returns as Robin ( voiced by Matthew Mercer ) and Dick Grayson returns as Nightwing ( voiced by Scott Porter ) , while Jason Todd ( voiced by Troy Baker ) makes his debut as a new persona called the Arkham Knight , eventually transitioning into Red Hood . Injustice ( edit ) Dick Grayson as Nightwing appears in Injustice : Gods Among Us , voiced by Troy Baker . Damian Wayne , voiced by Neal McDonough , appears as a villainous version of Nightwing in the same game . Damian in his Robin and Nightwing personas later appeared as a playable character in the game 's sequel , Injustice 2 , voiced by Scott Porter . Jason Todd as the Red Hood , voiced by Cameron Bowen , appears as a playable character in the game via downloadable content . Other games ( edit ) The Teen Titans animated series version of Robin is a playable character in both the Game Boy Advance game and the console game adaptations ; Scott Menville reprises his role from the TV series . Robin also appears as a playable character in video game adaptations of The Adventures of Batman and Robin and the films Batman Forever and Batman & Robin . Toys ( edit ) Lego produced a Lego Batman line of licensed sets in 2006 , and a second Lego Super Heroes line in 2012 . The 7783 - The Batcave : The Penguin and Mr. Freeze 's Invasion set features Robin in the classic costume with a mini speedboat , as well as the 2012 version 6860 - The Batcave which features Robin in a red and black costume . 7785 - Arkham Asylum includes Nightwing and his motorcycle as well . Set 6857 - The Dynamic Duo Funhouse Escape also features the newer red and black Robin figure . It is unclear whether this Robin is reflective of the Dick Grayson Robin , because of the costume 's color scheme , or the Tim Drake Robin , since Nightwing is also featured in the Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes videogame , although it has been stated on Lego.com that it is the Tim Drake incarnation . Lego has also announced a new Robin minifigure ( also Tim Drake ) , released in the 2013 Superhero sets which has the appearance of Robin from Batman : Arkham City . In 2014 , the Damian Wayne incarnation was released in a new set . Radio ( edit ) The Batman Mystery Club ( edit ) Batman 's radio series with Robin , The Batman Mystery Club , in which Batman told ghost stories , never aired . One episode was made : `` The Monster of Dumphrey 's Hall '' . Adventures of Superman ( edit ) During radio broadcasts of The Adventures of Superman radio drama Batman and Robin were paired with Superman over the years from September 15 , 1945 to 1949 . The pairing was pure novelty . The Batman and Robin appearances provided time off for Bud Collyer , the voice of Superman on radio . These episodes called for Superman to be occupied elsewhere and the crime fighting would be handled by Batman and Robin . On that series the voice of Robin was played by Ronald Liss . Poetry ( edit ) The British poet Simon Armitage wrote the poem Kid about Robin . The poem portrays Robin having been dismissed by Batman and found a new lifestyle . See also ( edit ) List of exclamations by Robin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` San Diego ComiCon 2005 '' . Titanstower.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Teen Titans Go ! # 47 Jump up ^ `` Dc Universe : The Source '' Blog Archive '' Breaking News From Cartoon Network , Warner Bros. Animation And Dc Entertainment `` . Dcu.blog.dccomics.com. April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Comic - Con 2010 : Young Justice '' . UGO.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan . `` Marlon Wayans '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nathan Rabin ( February 25 , 1998 ) . `` Wayans World '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chris O'Donnell On Why His ' Robin ' Spin - Off Never Happened '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nolan on Robin in Batman Sequels '' . SuperheroHype.com . June 23 , 2005 . Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UGO 's World of Batman - Christian Bale Interview - Batman Begins '' . Batman.Ugo.Com . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Knight Rises ' : What 's The Future Of John Blake ? -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . July 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://comicbook.com/2016/03/31/batman-v-supermans-zack-snyder-explains-how-and-when-robin-died/ Jump up ^ `` So it turns out The Joker actually DID kill Robin before Suicide Squad '' . Ben Lee . August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slead , Evan ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Adam West , Burt Ward , Julie Newmar return for animated Batman movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Cera to Voice Robin in ' Lego Batman ' ( Exclusive ) publisher = The Hollywood Reporter '' . Jump up ^ Greg Miller ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Batman : Arkham City - Everyone Probably Gets Robin - PlayStation 3 News at IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Massongill , Justin ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Arkham Origins Multiplayer Takes Crimefighting Online '' . PlayStation Blog . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salud , April ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Critical Role : Episode 9 - Yug'Voril Uncovered '' . Geeks & Sundry . Jump up ^ http://www.polygon.com/2017/1/17/14296554/injustice-2-story-trailer-batman-robin Jump up ^ `` GCSE Bitesize : Subject matter '' . BBC . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Robin 's description on the animated series Batman On Film 's `` Robin '' biography Batman franchise media Live - action television Batman episodes Legends of the Superheroes OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Return to the Batcave : The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham episodes season 3 characters Live - action serials and films Batman ( 1943 ) Batman and Robin Batman ( 1966 ) 1989 -- 97 film series Batman ( 1989 ) Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League Animated television Featuring Batman The Adventures of Batman The Batman / Superman Hour The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour The New Adventures of Batman Batman : The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures episodes Batman Beyond episodes The Batman episodes Batman : The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman episodes With other heroes Super Friends episodes Justice League episodes Justice League Unlimited episodes Young Justice episodes Justice League Action episodes Animated films Featuring Batman Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Under the Red Hood Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Batman vs. Robin Bad Blood The Killing Joke Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two - Face With Justice League Justice League : The New Frontier Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem Justice League vs. Teen Titans Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants With Justice League Dark Justice League Dark Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Novels Dead White Fear Itself Inferno The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Enemies in other media Joker Bane Catwoman Other characters in other media Robin Barbara Gordon Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne ( unproduced series ) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Bat phone Bat - Manga ! : The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children 's books Batman music Robin Creators Bill Finger Jerry Robinson Bob Kane Robins Dick Grayson Jason Todd Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Damian Wayne Related Identities Nightwing Red Robin Red Hood Squire Supporting Characters Alfred Pennyworth Batgirl Batman Barbara Gordon Bette Kane Jack Drake Leslie Thompkins Nocturna Tamara Fox Spoiler Warlock 's Daughter Enemies Anarky Blockbuster Brutale Clock King Cluemaster Double Dare Electrocutioner The Joker Joker 's Daughter King Snake Lady Vic Lynx Nite - Wing The Penguin Shrike Tarantula Tony Zucco Torque Two - Face In other media Batman and Robin ( Serial ) Robin 's Reckoning Batman & Robin Son of Batman Batman vs. Robin Publications Robin : Year One Robin War All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder Batman and Robin We Are ... 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Other Batman ' 66 Batman XXX : A Porn Parody Bat Pussy Batusi Super Friends Television series Super Friends ( 1973 ) The All - New Super Friends Hour ( 1977 ) Challenge of the Super Friends ( 1978 ) The World 's Greatest Super Friends ( 1979 ) Super Friends ( 1980 ) Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ( 1984 ) The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians ( 1985 ) Heroes Apache Chief Aquaman The Atom Batman Black Vulcan Cyborg El Dorado Firestorm The Flash Gleek Green Lantern Hawkgirl Hawkman Rima The Jungle Girl Robin Samurai Superman Wendy and Marvin Wonder Dog Wonder Twins Wonder Woman Villains Legion of Doom Bizarro Black Manta Brainiac Captain Cold Cheetah Giganta Gorilla Grodd Lex Luthor The Riddler The Scarecrow Sinestro Solomon Grundy Toyman General Darkseid DeSaad Kalibak Mirror Master Mister Mxyzptlk Paradrones Time Trapper Merchandise Super Powers Collection Super Powers Minicomics Miscellania The Superman / Batman Adventures The Hall of Justice List of Super Friends episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_in_other_media&oldid=802636336 '' Categories : Batman in other media Super Friends characters Batman lists Radio sidekicks Television sidekicks Film sidekicks Teen Titans in other media Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2013 Comics infobox without image IOM index pop All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 13 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does robin appear in the batman the animated series | [
"The Dick Grayson version of Robin made his first appearance during the first season of Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), voiced by Loren Lester. He only made occasional appearances due to Bruce Timm's insistence that Batman worked best as a solo hero as already proven in the first two Burton films. The second season was known as The Adventures of Batman and Robin, as per orders of the Warner Bros. executives who wished for more frequent appearances of Robin to be made throughout the season."
] | [
"the first season of Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995)"
] |
-6916486051531813762 | Look What You've Done to Me | Look What You 've Done to Me - Wikipedia Look What You 've Done to Me Jump to : navigation , search `` Look What You 've Done to Me '' Single by Boz Scaggs from the album Urban Cowboy : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack B - side `` Simone '' Released August 1980 Genre Soft rock Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Boz Scaggs , David Foster Boz Scaggs singles chronology `` Jojo '' ( 1980 ) `` Look What You 've Done to Me '' ( 1980 ) `` Miss Sun '' ( 1980 ) `` Jojo '' ( 1980 ) `` Look What You 've Done to Me '' ( 1980 ) `` Miss Sun '' ( 1980 ) `` Look What You 've Done to Me '' is a 1980 song recorded by Boz Scaggs , composed by Scaggs and David Foster for the movie Urban Cowboy . It reached # 14 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in November , # 13 on the Cash Box Top 100 , and went to # 3 on the Adult Contemporary chart . The song reached # 30 in Canada . The song , reflecting on a broken romance ( as depicted in Urban Cowboy ) , features the Eagles on background vocals and instrumentation by Don Felder on guitar and members of Toto and David Foster on keyboards . Two versions of the song were released . The most widely available version of the song ( as released on Scaggs greatest hits compilations ) places more emphasis on the Eagles ' background vocals , plus additional background vocal stylings by Scaggs towards the end of the song . The version as heard in the Urban Cowboy film ( as well as its soundtrack ) replaces the Eagles ' vocals with a female chorus . According to comments made by both Scaggs and Foster on the television special ( and subsequent DVD ) Hit Man : David Foster and Friends , the song was written and recorded in one night after the studio called asking the duo to write a song for the scene , informing them the scene was to be filmed the following day , and the track needed to be on a courier plane the following morning . David Foster provided a bit more of the backstory on The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills , Season 3 , Episode 3 , titled `` Do n't Sing For Your Supper '' , as his wife Yolanda is a cast member . Foster said that Scaggs was n't happy with any of the music he played that evening until the night was almost over . When Foster played the intro chords that became the trademark beginning of the song , Scaggs said , `` That 's it '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly singles charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Personnel 3 References 4 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 30 Canadian Adult Contemporary 41 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 14 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks U.S. Cash Box Top 100 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 102 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 83 Personnel ( edit ) Original version musicians Jeff Porcaro † - drums David Foster - keyboards David Paich - Synthesizer Mike Porcaro † - bass Steve Lukather - guitar Don Felder - guitar Glenn Frey † - background vocals Don Henley - background vocals Timothy B. Schmit - background vocals References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 216 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 Year End '' . Bullfrogspond.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics This 1980s rock song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Look_What_You%27ve_Done_to_Me&oldid=804155199 '' Categories : 1980 singles Boz Scaggs songs Songs written by David Foster Songs written by Boz Scaggs Songs written for films 1980 songs 1980s rock song stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 03 : 25 . About Wikipedia | who wrote look what you've done to me | [
"\n\n\"Look What You've Done to Me\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Boz Scaggs\n\n\nfrom the album Urban Cowboy: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\n\n\nB-side\n\"Simone\"\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 1980\n\n\nGenre\nSoft rock\n\n\nLabel\nColumbia\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nBoz Scaggs, David Foster\n\n\nBoz Scaggs singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Jojo\"\n(1980)\n\"Look What You've Done to Me\"\n(1980)\n\"Miss Sun\"\n(1980)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Jojo\"\n(1980)\n\"Look What You've Done to Me\"\n(1980)\n\"Miss Sun\"\n(1980)\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"Look What You've Done to Me\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Boz Scaggs\n\n\nfrom the album Urban Cowboy: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\n\n\nB-side\n\"Simone\"\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 1980\n\n\nGenre\nSoft rock\n\n\nLabel\nColumbia\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nBoz Scaggs, David Foster\n\n\nBoz Scaggs singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Jojo\"\n(1980)\n\"Look What You've Done to Me\"\n(1980)\n\"Miss Sun\"\n(1980)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Jojo\"\n(1980)\n\"Look What You've Done to Me\"\n(1980)\n\"Miss Sun\"\n(1980)\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Boz Scaggs",
"David Foster"
] |
-3252400387238000594 | New York Yankees | New York Yankees - wikipedia New York Yankees Jump to : navigation , search For other historical teams known as the New York Yankees , see New York Yankees ( disambiguation ) . `` Yankees '' redirects here . For other uses , see Yankee ( disambiguation ) . `` Bronx Bombers '' redirects here . For the Broadway play , see Bronx Bombers ( play ) . New York Yankees 2017 New York Yankees season Established in 1901 Based in New York City since 1903 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1901 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 15 16 20 23 32 37 42 42 44 46 49 51 Colors Midnight navy blue , gray , white Name New York Yankees ( 1913 -- present ) New York Highlanders ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Other nicknames The Bronx Bombers , The Yanks , The Pinstripers , The Bronx Zoo , The Evil Empire , Murderer 's Row Ballpark Yankee Stadium ( II ) ( 2009 -- present ) Yankee Stadium ( I ) ( 1923 -- 1973 , 1976 -- 2008 ) Shea Stadium ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Polo Grounds ( IV ) ( 1913 -- 1922 ) a.k.a. Brush Stadium ( 1913 -- 1919 ) Hilltop Park ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Oriole Park ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 AL Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 East Division titles ( 18 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 Wild card berths ( 6 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 2017 Front office Owner ( s ) Yankee Global Enterprises ( Hal and Hank Steinbrenner , co-chairmen ) Manager Vacant General Manager Brian Cashman President of Baseball Operations Randy Levine The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . The Yankees compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the New York Mets of the National League . In the 1901 season , the club began play in the AL as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise ( which had ceased operations ) and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and former catcher Joe Girardi is the team 's manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name after the previous facility was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ; in 2011 , the Yankees had the second - highest attendance . One of the most successful sports clubs in the world , the Yankees have won 18 division titles , 40 AL pennants , and 27 World Series championships , all of which are MLB records . The Yankees have won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues . Forty - four Yankees players and eleven Yankees managers have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame , including Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Yogi Berra , and Whitey Ford . In pursuit of winning championships , the franchise has used a large payroll to attract talent , particularly during the Steinbrenner era . According to Forbes , the Yankees are the second highest valued sports franchise in the United States and the second in the world , with an estimated value of approximately $3.7 billion . The Yankees have garnered enormous popularity and a dedicated fanbase , as well as widespread enmity from fans of other MLB teams . The team 's rivalry with the Boston Red Sox is one of the most well - known rivalries in U.S. sports . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins in Baltimore ( 1901 -- 1902 ) 1.2 Move to New York : the Highlanders years ( 1903 -- 1912 ) 1.3 New owners , a new home , and a new name : Years at the Polo Grounds ( 1913 -- 1922 ) 1.4 Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and Murderer 's Row ( 1923 -- 1935 ) 1.5 Joltin ' Joe DiMaggio ( 1936 -- 1951 ) 1.6 Stengel 's squad in the 1950s ( 1951 -- 1959 ) 1.7 The M&M Boys : Mantle and Maris ( 1960 -- 1964 ) 1.8 New ownership and a steep decline ( 1965 -- 1972 ) 1.9 Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo ( 1973 -- 1981 ) 1.10 Struggles : The Mattingly years ( 1982 -- 1995 ) 1.11 New dynasty ( 1996 -- 2007 ) 1.12 Back on top : Championship run followed by struggles ( 2008 -- 2016 ) 1.13 New Era : Baby Bombers ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Distinctions 3 World Series championships 4 Team nicknames 5 Logo , uniform , and dress code 6 Popularity 6.1 Fan support 6.2 The Bleacher Creatures 6.3 Global expansion and business model 6.4 Criticism 7 Fight and theme songs 8 Radio and television 8.1 Past announcers 9 Roster 9.1 Current roster 9.2 Retired numbers 9.3 Hall of Famers 10 Rivalries 10.1 Boston Red Sox 10.2 Subway Series 11 Minor league affiliations 12 Front office 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Bibliography 15 External links History Main article : History of the New York Yankees Origins in Baltimore ( 1901 -- 1902 ) At the end of 1900 , Ban Johnson , president of the American League -- a minor league previously known as the Western League ( 1894 -- 1899 ) -- reorganized the league . He added teams in three East Coast cities , forming the American League ( AL ) as a major league in an attempt to challenge the National League ( NL ) for supremacy . Plans to add another a team in New York City were blocked by the NL 's New York Giants , who had enough political power in New York City to prevent the AL from establishing a team . Instead , a team was placed in Baltimore , Maryland , a city which the NL abandoned when it contracted from 12 to 8 teams in 1900 . Nicknamed the Orioles , the team began playing in 1901 and was managed and partly owned by John McGraw . During the 1902 season , McGraw feuded with Johnson and secretly jumped to the Giants . In the middle of the season , the Giants , aided and abetted by McGraw , gained controlling interest of the Orioles and began raiding it for players , until the AL stepped in and took control of the team . In January 1903 , a `` peace conference '' was held between the two leagues to settle disputes and try to coexist . At the conference , Johnson requested that an AL team be put in New York , to play alongside the NL 's Giants . It was put to a vote , and 15 of the 16 major league owners agreed on it , with only John T. Brush of the Giants opposing . The Orioles ' new owners , Frank J. Farrell and William S. Devery , found a ballpark location not blocked by the Giants , and Baltimore 's team moved to New York . Move to New York : the Highlanders years ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Hilltop Park , home of the Highlanders The team 's new ballpark , Hilltop Park ( formally known as `` American League Park '' ) , was constructed in one of Upper Manhattan 's highest points -- between 165th and 168th Streets -- just a few blocks away from the much larger Polo Grounds . The team came to be known as the New York Highlanders . The name was inspired by a combination of the team 's elevated location in Upper Manhattan , and to the noted Scottish military unit The Gordon Highlanders , which coincided with the team 's president Joseph Gordon whose family was of Scots Irish heritage . Newspapers initially called the team `` Gordon 's Highlanders '' ( e.g. New York World , April 15 , 1903 ) , which soon became just `` Highlanders '' . As was common with all members of the American League , the team was often called the New York Americans . They were also dubbed the `` Invaders '' for a short time in 1903 . New York Press Sports Editor Jim Price coined the unofficial nickname Yankees ( or `` Yanks '' ) for the club as early as 1904 , because it was easier to fit in headlines and because `` Yankee '' was and is a commonly - used synonym for `` American '' . A prophetic letter to the editor of the New York Sun , May 7 , 1903 , p. 8 , had raised this question : `` Name for the American New Yorks . If the new baseball team is to have a name that is in keeping with the ' Giants , ' does it not seem reasonable that if they are the ' New York Americans ' they might be called the ' Yankees ' or ' Yanks ' ? '' The most success the Highlanders achieved was finishing second in 1904 , 1906 and 1910 , 1904 being the closest they came to winning the AL pennant . That year , they lost the deciding game on the last day of the season to the Boston Americans , who later became the Boston Red Sox . This had much historical significance , as the Highlanders ' role in the pennant race caused the Giants to announce that they would not play in the World Series against the AL pennant winner . The World Series was not skipped again for another 90 years , when a strike truncated the entire 1994 season . It was the last time Boston would beat New York in a pennant - deciding game for a full century ( 2004 ) . In 1904 , pitcher Jack Chesbro set the single - season wins record at 41 , which still stands . Under current playing practices , this is most likely an unbreakable record , when you consider that the last thirty game winner was Denny McLain ( 31 ) in 1968 . New owners , a New home , and a New name : years at the Polo Grounds ( 1913 -- 1922 ) The Polo Grounds , home of the Yankees from 1913 to 1922 The original Polo Grounds burned down in 1911 and the Highlanders allowed the Giants to play in Hilltop Park during reconstruction . Relations between the two teams warmed , and the Highlanders would move into the newly rebuilt Polo Grounds in 1913 . Now playing on the Harlem River , a far cry from their high - altitude home , the name `` Highlanders '' no longer applied , and fell into disuse among the press . The media had already widely adopted the `` Yankees '' nickname coined by the New York Press , and in 1913 the team became officially known as the New York Yankees . By the middle of the decade , Yankees owners Farrell and Devery had become estranged and both were in dire need of money . At the start of 1915 , they sold the team to Colonel Jacob Ruppert and Captain Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston for $1.25 million . Ruppert inherited a brewery fortune , providing the Yankees with an owner who possessed deep pockets and a willingness to dig into them to produce a winning team . This would lead the team to more success and prestige than Ruppert could ever have envisioned . It is interesting to note that all the games of the 1921 and 1922 World Series were played in the Polo Grounds , when the Yankees squared off against their intracity rival Giants . Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and murderer 's row ( 1923 -- 1935 ) With his hitting prowess , Babe Ruth ushered in an offensive - oriented era of baseball and helped lead the Yankees to four World Series titles . In the years around 1920 , the Yankees , the Red Sox , and the Chicago White Sox had a détente . The trades between the three ballclubs antagonized Ban Johnson and garnered the teams the nickname `` The Insurrectos '' . This détente paid off well for the Yankees as they increased their payroll . Most new players who would later contribute to the team 's success came from the Red Sox , whose owner , Harry Frazee , was trading them for large sums of money to finance his theatrical productions . Pitcher - turned - outfielder Babe Ruth was the most talented of all the acquisitions from Boston , and the outcome of the trade would haunt the Red Sox for the next 86 years , a span in which the team did not win a single World Series championship . The Red Sox often found themselves eliminated from the playoff hunt as a result of the Yankees ' success . This phenomenon eventually became known as the Curse of the Bambino as the failure of the Red Sox and the success of the Yankees seemed almost supernatural , and seemed to stem from that one trade . However , it would not be until 1990 when Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe wrote a book with the same title that the curse was publicized . Ruth 's multitude of home runs proved so popular that the Yankees began drawing more people than their National League counterpart , the Giants . In 1921 -- the year after acquiring Babe Ruth -- the Yankees played in their first World Series . They competed against the Giants , and all eight games of the series were played in the Polo Grounds . After the 1922 season , the Yankees were told to move out of the Polo Grounds . Giants manager John McGraw was said to have commented that the Yankees should `` move to some out - of - the - way place , like Queens '' , but they instead broke ground for a new ballpark in the Bronx , right across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds . In 1922 , the Yankees returned to the World Series again , and were dealt a second defeat at the hands of the Giants . Important newcomers in this period were manager Miller Huggins and general manager Ed Barrow . The hiring of Huggins by Ruppert in 1918 would cause a rift between the owners that eventually led to Ruppert buying Huston out in 1923 . Lou Gehrig was the first Yankees player to have his number retired , in 1939 . In 1923 , the Yankees moved to their new home , Yankee Stadium . It was the first triple - deck venue in baseball and seated an astounding 58,000 people . In the first game at Yankee Stadium , Babe Ruth hit a home run , which was fitting as his home runs and drawing power paid for the stadium , giving it its nickname of `` The House That Ruth Built '' . At the end of the season , the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series for the third straight year , and triumphed in the brand new ballpark for their first championship . Prior to that point , the Giants had been the city 's icon and dominant team . From 1923 onward , the Yankees would assume that role , and many years later the Giants would leave Coogan 's Bluff for San Francisco . In the 1927 season , the Yankees featured a lineup that became known as `` Murderers ' Row '' , and some consider this team to be the best in the history of baseball ( though similar claims have been made for other Yankee squads , notably those of 1939 , 1961 and 1998 ) . The Yankees won a then - AL record 110 games with only 44 losses , and swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series . Ruth 's home run total of 60 in 1927 set a single - season home run record that would stand until it was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 . Meanwhile , first baseman Lou Gehrig had his first big season , batting . 373 with 47 home runs and 175 RBIs , beating Ruth 's single - season RBI mark ( 171 in 1921 ) . The Yankees would win the World Series again in 1928 . In 1931 , Joe McCarthy was hired as manager and brought the Yankees back to the top of the AL . They swept the Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series , and brought the team 's streak of consecutive World Series game wins to 12 . This series was made famous by Babe Ruth 's `` Called Shot '' in game three of the series at Wrigley Field , a fitting `` swan song '' to his illustrious World Series career . In 1935 , Ruth would leave the Yankees to join the NL 's Boston Braves , and he made his last major league baseball appearance on May 30 of that year . Joltin ' Joe DiMaggio ( 1936 -- 1951 ) In 1941 , Joe DiMaggio set an MLB record with a 56 - game hitting streak that stands to this day and will probably never be broken . With Ruth retired , Gehrig finally had a chance to take center stage , but it was only one year before a new star appeared , Joe DiMaggio . The team would win an unprecedented four straight World Series titles from 1936 to 1939 . For most of 1939 , however , they had to do it without Gehrig , who took himself out of the lineup and retired due to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) , now nicknamed `` Lou Gehrig 's Disease '' in his memory . The Yankees declared July 4 , 1939 to be `` Lou Gehrig Day '' , on which they retired his number 4 ( the first retired number in baseball ) . Gehrig made a famous speech in which he declared himself to be `` the luckiest man on the face of the earth . '' He died two years later . The 1941 baseball season was often described as the last year of the `` Golden Era '' before World War II and other realities intervened . It was a thrilling year as America watched two major events unfold : Ted Williams of the Red Sox hitting for the elusive . 400 batting average and Joe DiMaggio getting hits in consecutive ballgames . By the end of his hitting streak , DiMaggio hit in 56 consecutive games , the current major league record and one often deemed unbreakable . Two months after the Yankees beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1941 World Series -- the first of seven October meetings between the two crosstown rivals before the Dodgers ultimately moved to California -- the United States was attacked at Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan , and many of their best players , including DiMaggio , were drafted into the military to fight in World War II . The Yankees still managed to pull out a win against the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1943 World Series . In 1945 construction magnate Del Webb and partners Dan Topping and Larry MacPhail purchased the team from the Ruppert estate for $2.8 million ; MacPhail was bought out in 1947 . After a few slumping seasons , McCarthy was fired early in 1946 . A few interim managers later , Bucky Harris took the job , righting the ship and taking the Yankees to a hard fought series victory against the Dodgers . Despite finishing only three games behind the Cleveland Indians in the 1948 pennant race , Harris was relieved of his duties and replaced by Casey Stengel , who had a reputation of being a clown and managing bad teams . His tenure as Yankee field manager , however , was marked with success . The `` underdog '' Yankees came from behind to catch and surprise a powerful Red Sox team on the last two days of the 1949 season , a face off that fueled the beginning of the modern Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry . By this time , however , DiMaggio 's career was winding down , and the `` Yankee Clipper '' retired after the 1951 season . This year marked the arrival of the `` Oklahoma Kid '' , Mickey Mantle , who was one of several new stars that would fill the gap . Stengel 's squad in the 1950s ( 1951 -- 1959 ) Opening Day of the 1951 baseball season at Griffith Stadium . President Harry Truman throws out the first ball as Casey Stengel looks on . Bettering the clubs managed by Joe McCarthy , the Yankees won the World Series five consecutive times from 1949 -- 1953 under Stengel , which continues to be the major league record . Led by players like center fielder Mickey Mantle , pitcher Whitey Ford , and catcher Yogi Berra , Stengel 's teams won ten pennants and seven World Series titles in his twelve seasons as the Yankees manager . Stengel was a master at publicity for the team and for himself , even landing a cover story in Time magazine in 1955 . The 1950 title was the only one of those five championships not to be won against either the New York Giants or Brooklyn Dodgers ; it was won in four straight games against the Whiz Kids of the Philadelphia Phillies . In 1954 , the Yankees won over 100 games , but the Indians took the pennant with an AL record 111 wins ; 1954 was famously referred to as The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant . In 1955 , the Dodgers finally beat the Yankees in the World Series , after five previous Series losses to them , but the Yankees came back strong the next year . On October 8 , 1956 , in Game Five of the 1956 World Series against the Dodgers , pitcher Don Larsen threw the only perfect game in World Series history , which remains the only perfect game in postseason play and was the only no - hitter of any kind to be pitched in postseason play until Roy Halladay pitched a no - hitter on October 6 , 2010 . The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves . Following the Series , the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for California , the former leaving for San Francisco and the latter moving to Los Angeles , leaving the Yankees as New York 's only baseball team . In the 1958 World Series , the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves , and became the second team to win the Series after being down three - games - to - one . For the decade , the Yankees won six World Series championships ( ' 50 , 51 , ' 52 , ' 53 , ' 56 , ' 58 ) and eight American League pennants ( those six plus ' 55 and ' 57 ) . Led by Mantle , Ford , Berra , Elston Howard ( the Yankees ' first African - American player ) , and the newly acquired Roger Maris , the Yankees entered the 1960s seeking to replicate their success of the 1950s . The M&M Boys : Mantle and Maris ( 1960 -- 1964 ) Mickey Mantle was one of the franchise 's most celebrated hitters , highlighted by his 1956 Triple Crown . Arnold Johnson , owner of the Kansas City Athletics , was a longtime business associate of then - Yankees co-owners Del Webb and Dan Topping . Because of this `` special relationship '' with the Yankees , he traded young players to them in exchange for cash and aging veterans . Invariably , these trades ended up being heavily tilted in the Yankees ' favor , leading to accusations that the Athletics were little more than a Yankee farm team at the major league level . Kansas City had been home to the Yankees ' top farm team for almost 20 years before the Athletics moved there from Philadelphia in 1954 . In 1960 , Charles O. Finley purchased the Athletics and put an end to the trades . But the Yankees had already strengthened their supply of future prospects , which included a young outfielder named Roger Maris . In 1960 , Maris led the league in slugging percentage , RBIs , and extra base hits . He finished second in home runs ( one behind Mantle ) and total bases , and won a Gold Glove , which garnered enough votes for the American League MVP award . The year 1961 would prove to be one of the most memorable in Yankee history . Throughout the summer , Mantle and Maris hit home runs at a fast pace , and became known as the `` M&M Boys '' . Ultimately , a severe hip infection forced Mantle to leave the lineup and drop out of the race . Maris continued though , and on October 1 ( the last day of the regular season ) , he hit home run number 61 , surpassing Babe Ruth 's single season home run record of 60 . However , MLB Commissioner Ford Frick ( who , as it was discovered later , had ghostwritten for Babe Ruth during his career ) decreed that since Maris had played in a 162 - game season , and Ruth ( in 1927 ) had played in a 154 - game season , two separate records would be kept . It would be 30 years before the dual record would be done away with , and Maris would hold the record alone until Mark McGwire broke it in 1998 . Maris still holds the American League record . The Yankees won the pennant with a 109 -- 53 record and went on to defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the 1961 World Series . The team finished the year with a then - record 240 home runs . After the 1957 departures of the Dodgers and Giants for the West Coast , New York City was a one - team town for the first time since professional play began . In 1962 , the sports scene in New York changed when the National League expanded to include a new expansion team , the New York Mets , who played at the Giants ' former home , the Polo Grounds , for two seasons while Shea Stadium was under construction in nearby Flushing , Queens . The Mets lost a record 120 games while the Yankees would win the 1962 World Series , their tenth in the past sixteen years , defeating the San Francisco Giants in seven games . It would be the Yankees ' last championship until 1977 . The Yankees reached the 1963 World Series , but were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers and their ace pitcher Sandy Koufax . After the season , Yogi Berra , who had just retired from playing , took over managerial duties . The aging Yankees returned the next year for a fifth straight World Series , but were beaten in seven games by the St. Louis Cardinals . It would be the Yankees ' last World Series appearance until 1976 , when they were swept by the Big Red Machine . New ownership and a steep decline ( 1965 -- 1972 ) After the 1964 season , CBS purchased 80 % of the Yankees from Topping and Webb for $11.2 million . With the new ownership , the team began to decline . In fact , the Yankees finished in the second division in 1965 -- their first losing record in 40 years , and only their second in 47 years . In 1966 , the Yankees finished last in the AL for the first time since 1912 . It also marked their first consecutive losing seasons since 1917 and 1918 . They finished next - to - last in 1967 . While their fortunes improved somewhat in the late 1960s and early 1970s , they only finished higher than fourth once during CBS ' ownership , in 1970 . Topping and Webb had owned the Yankees for 20 years , missing the World Series only five times and going 10 -- 5 in the ones they did get to . By contrast , the CBS - owned teams never went to the World Series . Various reasons have been given for the decline , but the single biggest one was the Yankees ' inability to replace their aging superstars with promising young talent , as they had consistently done in the previous five decades . As early as the 1961 - 62 offseason , longtime fans noticed that the pipeline of talent had started to dry up . This was worsened by the introduction of the major league amateur draft that year , which meant that the Yankees could no longer sign any player they wanted . While the Yankees usually drafted fairly early during this period due to their lackluster records , Thurman Munson was the only pick who lived up to his billing . At the start of this period , all - time `` Voice of the Yankees '' Mel Allen , the team 's top announcer since 1939 , was fired after the 1964 season , supposedly due to cost - cutting measures by longtime broadcast sponsor Ballantine Beer . During baseball 's centennial season in 1969 , the greatest players at each position for every team were named during a voting . The all - time Yankees were : Bill Dickey ( catcher ) , Whitey Ford ( left - handed pitcher ) , Red Ruffing ( right - handed pitcher ) , Johnny Murphy ( relief pitcher ) , Lou Gehrig ( first base ) , Tony Lazzeri ( second base ) , Phil Rizzuto ( shortstop ) , Red Rolfe ( third base ) , Joe DiMaggio ( center field , also named baseball 's `` Greatest Living Player '' ) , Babe Ruth ( right field ) , Mickey Mantle ( left field ) , and Casey Stengel ( manager ) . Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo ( 1973 -- 1981 ) A group of investors , led by Cleveland - based shipbuilder George Steinbrenner ( 1930 -- 2010 ) , purchased the club from CBS on January 3 , 1973 for $8.7 million . Mike Burke stayed on as president until he quit in April . Within a year , Steinbrenner bought out most of his other partners and became the team 's principal owner , although Burke continued to hold a minority share into the 1980s . One of Steinbrenner 's major goals was to renovate the Stadium . It had greatly deteriorated by the late 1960s , and the surrounding neighborhood had gone south as well . CBS initially suggested renovations , but the team would have needed to play elsewhere , and the Mets refused to open their home , Shea Stadium , to the Yankees . A new stadium in the Meadowlands , across the Hudson River in New Jersey , was suggested ( and was eventually built , as Giants Stadium , specifically for football ) . Finally , in mid-1972 , Mayor John Lindsay stepped in . The city bought the stadium and began an extensive two - year renovation period . Since the city owned Shea , the Mets had to allow the Yankees to play two seasons there . The renovations modernized the look of the stadium , significantly altered the dimensions , and reconfigured some of the seating . During 1974 and 1975 , Yankee Stadium was renovated into its final shape and structure , as shown here in 2002 , seven years before demolition . After the 1974 season , Steinbrenner made a move that started the modern era of free agency , signing star pitcher Catfish Hunter away from Oakland . Midway through the 1975 season , Steinbrenner made another move , hiring former second baseman Billy Martin as manager . With Martin at the helm , the Yankees reached the 1976 World Series , but were swept by the Cincinnati Reds and their famed `` Big Red Machine . '' After the 1976 campaign , Steinbrenner added star Oakland outfielder Reggie Jackson -- who had spent 1976 with the Baltimore Orioles -- to his roster . During spring training of 1977 , Jackson alienated his teammates with controversial remarks about the Yankees captain , catcher Thurman Munson . He had bad blood with manager Billy Martin , who had managed the Detroit Tigers when Jackson 's Athletics defeated them in the 1972 playoffs . Jackson , Martin , and Steinbrenner repeatedly feuded with each other throughout Jackson 's 5 - year contract . Martin would be hired and fired by Steinbrenner five times over the next 13 years . This conflict , combined with the extremely rowdy Yankees fans of the late 1970s and the bad conditions of the Bronx , led to the Yankee organization and stadium being referred to as the `` Bronx Zoo . '' Despite the turmoil , Jackson starred in the 1977 World Series , when he hit three home runs in the same game , and overall , four home runs on four consecutive pitches from four different pitchers . Jackson 's great performance in the postseason earned him the Series MVP Award , and the nickname `` Mr. October . '' Throughout the late 1970s , the race for the pennant was often a close competition between the Yankees and the Red Sox . In the 1950s and early 1960s , the Yankees had been dominant while the Red Sox were largely a non-factor . However , in the late 1960s and early 1970s , the Yankees were mired in second place and the Red Sox led the league . In the late 1970s the two teams were contending simultaneously and locked in a close fight . On July 14 , 1978 , the Yankees were 14 ⁄ games behind the Red Sox . In late July , Martin suspended Reggie Jackson for `` defiance '' after he bunted while Martin had the `` swing '' signal on . Upon Jackson 's return , Martin made a famous statement against both Jackson and owner Steinbrenner : `` They deserve each other . One 's a born liar ; the other 's convicted . '' Martin was forced to resign the next day and was replaced by Bob Lemon . This came while the team was winning five games in a row and Boston was losing five in a row . The Yankees continued to win games , making up ground and by the time they met Boston for a pivotal four - game series at Fenway Park in early September , they were only four games behind the Red Sox . The Yankees swept the Red Sox in what became known as the `` Boston Massacre '' , winning the games 15 -- 3 , 13 -- 2 , 7 -- 0 , and 7 -- 4 . The third game was a shutout pitched by `` Louisiana Lightning '' Ron Guidry , who would lead the majors with nine shutouts , a 25 -- 3 record , and a 1.74 ERA . Guidry finished with 248 strikeouts , but Nolan Ryan 's 260 strikeouts with the California Angels deprived Guidry of the pitching Triple Crown . On the last day of the season , the two clubs finished in a tie for first place in the AL East , and a one - game playoff ( the 163rd game of the regular season ) was held at Fenway Park . With Guidry pitching against former Yankee Mike Torrez , the Red Sox took an early 2 -- 0 lead . In the seventh inning , light - hitting Yankee shortstop Bucky Dent drove a three - run home run over the `` Green Monster '' ( Fenway Park 's famed left field wall ) , putting the Yankees up 3 -- 2 . Reggie Jackson 's solo home run in the following inning sealed the eventual 5 -- 4 win that gave the Yankees their one hundredth win of the season and their third straight AL East title and Guidry earned his 25th win of the season . After beating the Kansas City Royals for the third consecutive year in the ALCS , the Yankees faced the Dodgers again in the World Series . They lost the first two games in LA , but won all three games at Yankee Stadium and won Game 6 in Los Angeles , winning their 22nd World Championship . Changes occurred during the 1979 season . Former Cy Young Award - winning closer Sparky Lyle was traded to the Texas Rangers for several players , including Dave Righetti . Tommy John was acquired from the Dodgers and Luis Tiant from the hated Red Sox to bolster the pitching staff . During the season , Bob Lemon was replaced by Billy Martin . The mask and catcher 's mitt of Thurman Munson , the team captain who was killed in a plane crash in 1979 The 1970s ended on a tragic note for the Yankees . On August 2 , 1979 , Thurman Munson died after crashing his private plane while practicing `` Touch and Go '' landings . Four days later , the entire team flew out to Canton , Ohio for the funeral , despite having a game later that day against the Orioles . Martin adamantly stated that the funeral was more important , and that he did not care if they made it back in time . Bobby Murcer , a close friend of Munson 's , was chosen to give the eulogy at his funeral . In a nationally televised and emotional game , Murcer used Munson 's bat ( which he gave to his fallen friend 's wife after the game ) , and drove in all five of the team 's runs in a dramatic 5 -- 4 walk - off victory . Before the game , Munson 's locker sat empty except for his catching gear , a sad reminder for his teammates . His locker , labeled with his number 15 , has remained empty in the Yankee clubhouse as a memorial . When the Yankees moved across the street , Munson 's locker was torn out and installed in the new Stadium 's museum . The number 15 has been retired by the team . The 1980 season brought more changes to the Yankees . Billy Martin was fired once again and Dick Howser took his place . Chris Chambliss was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for catcher Rick Cerone . Thanks to Howser 's no - nonsense attitude , Reggie Jackson hit . 300 for the only time in his career with 41 homers , and finished 2nd in the MVP voting to Kansas City 's George Brett . The Yankees won 103 games and the AL East by three games over the 100 - win Baltimore Orioles , but were swept by the Royals in the 1980 ALCS . After the season ended , the Yankees signed Dave Winfield to a 10 - year contract . The Yankees fired Howser and replaced him with Gene Michael . Under Michael , the Yankees led the AL East before a strike hit in June 1981 . In the second half of the season , the Yankees struggled under Bob Lemon , who replaced Michael . Thanks to the split - season playoff format , the Yankees faced the second - half winner Milwaukee Brewers in the special 1981 American League Division Series . After narrowly defeating Milwaukee in five games , they breezed through Billy Martin and the Oakland Athletics in a three - game ALCS . In the World Series , the Yankees got off to a hot start by winning the first two games against the Los Angeles Dodgers . But the Dodgers fought back and stunned the Yankees by winning the next four games to clinch their first World Series title since 1965 . Struggles : the Mattingly years ( 1982 -- 1995 ) Don Mattingly headlined a Yankees franchise that struggled in the 1980s . Following the team 's loss to the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series , the Yankees began their longest absence from the playoffs since 1921 . Following the example set by the St. Louis Cardinals and the Big Red Machine that had defeated his team in the 1976 World Series , George Steinbrenner announced his plan to transform the Yankees from the Bronx Bombers into the `` Bronx Burners '' , increasing the Yankees ' ability to win games based on speed and defense instead of `` waiting around for a 3 run home run '' . As a first step towards this end , the Yankees signed Dave Collins from the Cincinnati Reds during the 1981 off season . Collins was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays after the 1982 season in a deal that also included future All - Stars Fred McGriff and Mike Morgan . In return the Yankees got Dale Murray and Tom Dodd . The Yankees of the 1980s were led by All - Star first baseman Don Mattingly . In spite of accumulating the most total wins of any major league team , they failed to win a World Series ( the first such Yankees team since the 1910s ) and had only 1 playoff appearance . Although they consistently had a powerful offense -- Mattingly at various times was teammate to Dave Winfield ( whom Mattingly battled for the AL batting title throughout most of the 1984 season ) , Rickey Henderson , Don Baylor , Ken Griffey , Sr. , Mike Pagliarulo , Steve Sax , and Jesse Barfield , and the Yankees led the majors in runs scored for the decade -- the Yankees teams of the 1980s lacked sufficient starting pitching to win a championship . After posting a 22 -- 6 record in 1985 , arm problems caught up with Ron Guidry , and his performance declined over the next three years . Of the remaining mainstays of the Yankees ' rotation , only Dave Righetti stood out , pitching a no - hitter on July 4 , 1983 , but he was moved to the bullpen the next year where he helped to define the closer role . Despite the Yankees ' lack of pitching success during the 1980s , they had three of the premier pitchers of the early 1990s on their roster during these years in Al Leiter , Doug Drabek and José Rijo . All were mismanaged and dealt away before they could reach their full potential , with only Rijo returning much value -- he was traded to the Oakland A 's in the deal that brought Henderson to New York . The team came close to winning the AL East in 1985 and 1986 , finishing second to the Toronto Blue Jays and Boston Red Sox ( who lost in the World Series that year to the Yankees ' cross-town rivals , the New York Mets ) respectively , but fell to fourth place in 1987 and fifth in 1988 , despite having mid-season leads in the AL East standings both years . Despite their lack of championships and playoff appearances the Yankees posted the highest winning percentage of all MLB teams during the 1980s . By the end of the decade , the Yankees ' offense was on the decline . Henderson and Pagliarulo had departed by the middle of 1989 , while back problems hampered both Winfield ( who missed the entire ' 89 season ) and Mattingly ( who missed almost the entire second half of 1990 ) . Winfield 's tenure with the team ended when he was dealt to the Angels . From 1989 to 1992 , the team had a losing record , spending significant money on free - agents and draft picks who did not live up to expectations . In 1990 , the Yankees had the worst record in the American League , and their fourth last - place finish in franchise history . On July 1 , 1990 , pitcher Andy Hawkins became the first Yankee ever to lose despite throwing a no - hitter . Third baseman Mike Blowers committed an error , followed by two walks and an error by the left fielder Jim Leyritz with the bases loaded , scoring all three runners and the batter . The 4 -- 0 loss to the Chicago White Sox was the largest margin of any no - hitter loss in the 20th century . Ironically , the Yankees ( and Hawkins ) were no - hit for six innings in a rain - shortened game against the White Sox 11 days later . During the 1990 season , Yankee fans started to chant `` 1918 ! '' to taunt the Red Sox , reminding them of the last time they won a World Series one weekend the Red Sox were there in 1990 . Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward , demeaning chants of `` 1918 ! '' echoed through the stadium . Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying `` CURSE OF THE BAMBINO '' , pictures of Babe Ruth , and wearing `` 1918 ! '' T - shirts each time they were at the stadium . The poor showings in the 1980s and 1990s would soon change . Steinbrenner hired Howard Spira to uncover damaging information on Winfield and was subsequently suspended from day - to - day team operations by Commissioner Fay Vincent when the plot was revealed . This turn of events allowed management to implement a coherent acquisition / development program without owner interference . General Manager Gene Michael , along with manager Buck Showalter , shifted the club 's emphasis from high - priced acquisitions to developing talent through the farm system . This new philosophy developed key players such as outfielder Bernie Williams , shortstop Derek Jeter , catcher Jorge Posada , and pitchers Andy Pettitte and Mariano Rivera . The first significant success came in 1994 , when the Yankees had the best record in the AL , but the strike ended the season and Mattingly 's best chance for a World Series title and is remembered among the 10 worst moments in New York City sports history . Because the Yankees were last in a postseason in a season cut short by a strike , the news media constantly reminded the Yankees about the parallels between the two Yankee teams ( 1981 and 1994 ) , which included both Yankee teams having division leads taken away by strike . Throughout October , the media continued to speculate about what might have been if there had not been a strike , making references to the days games in the post-season would have been played . A year later , the team qualified for the playoffs in the new wild card slot in the strike shortened 1995 season . In the memorable 1995 American League Division Series against the Seattle Mariners , the Yankees won the first two games at home and dropped the next three in Seattle . Mattingly , suffering greatly from his back injury , retired after the 1995 season . He had the unfortunate distinction of beginning and ending his career on years bookended by Yankee World Series appearances ( 1981 and 1996 ) . New dynasty ( 1996 -- 2007 ) The Yankees ' success in the late 1990s and early 2000s was built from a core of productive players , including Jorge Posada , Mariano Rivera , and Derek Jeter . Joe Torre had a mediocre run as a manager in the National League , and the choice was initially derided ( `` Clueless Joe '' was a headline in the New York Daily News ) . However , his calm demeanor proved to be a good fit , and his tenure was the longest under George Steinbrenner 's ownership . 1996 saw the rise of three Yankees who would form the core of the team for years to come : rookie shortstop Derek Jeter , second - year starting pitcher Andy Pettitte , and second - year pitcher Mariano Rivera , who served as setup man in 1996 before becoming closer in 1997 . Aided by these young players , the Yankees won their first AL East title in 15 years in 1996 . They defeated the Texas Rangers in the ALDS , and in the ALCS beat the Baltimore Orioles in five games , which included a notable fan interference by young Jeffrey Maier that was called as a home run for the Yankees . In the World Series the team rebounded from an 0 -- 2 series deficit and defeated the defending champion Atlanta Braves , ending an 18 - year championship drought . Jeter was named Rookie of the Year . In 1997 , the Yankees lost the 1997 ALDS to the Cleveland Indians in five games . GM Bob Watson stepped down and was replaced by assistant GM Brian Cashman . The 1998 Yankees are widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest teams in baseball history , compiling a then - AL record 114 regular season wins against just 48 losses and then sweeping the San Diego Padres in the 1998 World Series . Their 125 combined regular and postseason wins is an MLB single - season record . On May 17 , 1998 , David Wells pitched a perfect game against the Minnesota Twins at Yankee Stadium . On July 18 , 1999 , which was `` Yogi Berra Day '' at the stadium , David Cone pitched a perfect game against the Montreal Expos . The ALCS was the Yankees ' first meeting with the Red Sox in a post-season series . The Yankees would go on to win the 1999 World Series giving the 1998 -- 1999 Yankees a 22 -- 3 record ( including four series sweeps ) in six consecutive post-season series . In 2000 , the Yankees faced the New York Mets in the first Subway Series World Series since 1956 . The Yankees won the series in 5 games , but a loss in Game 3 snapped their streak of World Series wins at 14 , surpassing the club 's previous record of 12 ( in 1927 , 1928 , and 1932 ) . The Yankees are the last major league team to repeat as World Series champions and after the 2000 season they joined the Yankee teams of 1936 -- 1939 and 1949 -- 1953 , as well as the 1972 -- 1974 Oakland Athletics as the only teams to win at least three consecutive World Series . The Yankees dynasty of the 1990s was also part the Braves -- Mets rivalry . As noted above , three of their four World Series wins happened against either team ( Braves in 1996 and 1999 , Mets in 2000 ) . Joe Torre added further fuel to the dynasty being part of the rivalry , having played for and managed both teams and he becoming manager of the Yankees and the events of the 1996 season were seen as factors in that rivalry intensifying . In aftermath of the September 11 attacks , that year , Yankees defeated the Oakland A 's in the ALDS , and the Seattle Mariners in the ALCS . By winning the pennant for a fourth straight year , the 1998 -- 2001 Yankees joined the 1921 -- 1924 New York Giants , and the Yankee teams of ' 36 -- ' 39 , ' 49 -- ' 53 , ' 55 -- ' 58 and ' 60 -- ' 64 as the only teams to win at least four straight pennants . The Yankees won 11 consecutive postseason series in this 4 - year period . In the World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks , the Yankees lost the series when closer Mariano Rivera uncharacteristically blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 ; it was the second time in five years that a team lost the World Series after taking a lead into the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 ( following the Cleveland Indians in 1997 ) and the first time since 1991 that the home team won all seven games of a World Series . The Yankees were also the first American League team to lose a World Series in which the home team won all seven games . Also , despite a very poor series overall , batting under . 200 , Derek Jeter got the nickname , `` Mr. November '' , echoing comparisons Reggie Jackson 's `` Mr. October '' , for his walk - off home run in Game 4 , though it began October 31 , as the game ended in the first minutes of November 1 . In addition , the Yankees ' home field in the aftermath of the attacks served as hosts of a memorial service titled `` Prayer for America . '' A vastly revamped Yankees team finished the 2002 season with an AL best record of 103 -- 58 . The season was highlighted by Alfonso Soriano becoming the first second baseman ever to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season . In the ALDS the Yankees lost to the eventual champion Anaheim Angels in four games . In 2003 , the Yankees again had the best league record ( 101 -- 61 ) , highlighted by Roger Clemens ' 300th win and 4000th strikeout . In the ALCS , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in a dramatic seven game series , which featured a bench - clearing incident in Game 3 and a series - ending walk - off home run by Aaron Boone in the bottom of the 11th inning of Game 7 . In the World Series the Yankees lost in 6 games to the Florida Marlins , losing a World Series at home for the first time since 1981 . Yankees ' third baseman Alex Rodriguez , 2007 In 2004 , the Yankees acquired Alex Rodriguez , who moved to third base from his usual shortstop position to accommodate Derek Jeter . In the ALCS , the Yankees met the Boston Red Sox again , and became the first team in professional baseball history , and only the third team in North American pro sports history , to lose a best - of - seven series after taking a 3 -- 0 series lead . Main article : 2005 New York Yankees season In 2005 Alex Rodriguez won the American League MVP award , becoming the first Yankee to win the award since Don Mattingly in 1985 . The Yankees again won the AL East by virtue of a tiebreaker but lost the ALDS in five games to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . The 2006 season was highlighted by a 5 - game series sweep of the Red Sox at Fenway Park ( sometimes referred to as the `` Second Boston Massacre '' ) , outscoring the Red Sox 49 -- 26 . Main article : 2006 New York Yankees season Despite winning the AL East for the ninth consecutive year , the Yankees lost again in the ALDS , this time to the Detroit Tigers . After the ALDS was over , tragedy struck when pitcher Cory Lidle died when his plane crashed into a highrise apartment building in Manhattan . Along with Thurman Munson , Lidle was the second active Yankee to be killed in a private plane crash . Main article : 2007 New York Yankees season On June 18 , 2007 the Yankees broke new ground by signing the first two professional baseball players from the People 's Republic of China to the MLB , and became the first team in MLB history to sign an advertising deal with a Chinese company . The Yankees ' streak of nine straight AL East division titles ended in 2007 , but they still reached the playoffs with the AL Wild Card . For the third year in a row , the team lost in the first round of the playoffs , as the Cleveland Indians defeated the Yankees in the 2007 ALDS . After the series , Joe Torre declined a reduced - length and compensation contract offer from the Yankees and returned to the National League as manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers . Back on top : championship run followed by struggles ( 2008 -- 2016 ) Former Yankees catcher Joe Girardi became manager in 2008 . After Torre 's departure the Yankees signed former catcher Joe Girardi to a three - year contract to manage the club . The 2008 season was the last season played at Yankee Stadium . To celebrate the final year and history of Yankee Stadium , the 2008 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was played there on July 15 , 2008 . The final regular - season game at Yankee Stadium was played on September 21 , 2008 . After the game , Jeter addressed the crowd , thanking them for their support over the years , and urging them to `` take the memories of this field , add them to the new memories that will come at the new Yankee Stadium and continue to pass them on from generation to generation . '' Despite multiple midseason roster moves , the team was hampered by injuries and missed the playoffs for the first time in 14 seasons . The new Yankee Stadium opened in 2009 and was christened with a World Series victory . Main articles : 2009 New York Yankees season and 2009 World Series During the off - season , the Yankees retooled their roster with several star free agent acquisitions , including CC Sabathia , Mark Teixeira , and A.J. Burnett . At the beginning of the 2009 season , the Yankees opened the new Yankee Stadium , located just a block north on River Avenue from their former home . The Yankees set a major league record by playing error - free ball for 18 consecutive games from May 14 to June 1 , 2009 . The Yankees finished first in the AL East . In the ALDS they defeated the Twins in a sweep before moving on to the ALCS where the Yankees defeated Angels in six games . They defeated the defending champions , the Philadelphia Phillies , in Game 6 of the World Series 7 -- 3 , to take the series 4 -- 2 , their 27th World Series title . Main article : 2010 New York Yankees season The 2010 season featured the rivalry between the Yankees and Red Sox being revived to start and end the season . The Yankees and the Red Sox started and finished the season against each other at Fenway Park . This was the first time since 1950 this had happened . In June , Joe Torre 's Dodgers played games against the Yankees for the first time since he became manager of the Dodgers , with the Yankees taking two out of three games in the series . During the 2010 All - Star break , Pennsylvania announcer Bob Sheppard and principal owner George Steinbrenner died . Eight days later , another longtime Yankee icon , former player and manager Ralph Houk , died . The Yankees won the American League Wild Card . They swept the Minnesota Twins in the 2010 American League Division Series , but lost to the Texas Rangers in the 2010 American League Championship Series 4 games to 2 . In a 22 -- 9 win over the Athletics at home on August 25 , 2011 , the Yankees became the first team in Major League history to hit three grand slams in a single game . They were hit by Robinson Canó , Russell Martin , and Curtis Granderson . The Yankees won the AL East title for the second time in three seasons , finishing with 97 wins and took home field throughout the AL postseason . However , they were defeated by the Tigers in five games in the 2011 American League Division Series . In 2012 , the Yankees again finished the season with the AL 's best record at 95 -- 67 . They faced the Orioles in the 2012 American League Division Series . In Game 3 , Raúl Ibañez became the oldest player to hit two home runs in a game , the oldest to hit a walk - off homer , the first substitute position player in a postseason game to hit two home runs , and the first to hit two home runs in the 9th inning or later in a postseason game , in the Yankees ' 3 -- 2 win . The Yankees would defeat the Orioles in five games . But in the 2012 American League Championship Series , the Yankees lost to the Tigers again , this time in a four - game sweep , which was compounded with a struggling offense and a season - ending injury to Derek Jeter . The 2013 season was riddled with injuries . Mark Teixeira strained his elbow during the WBC and played only 15 games in the season , Alex Rodriguez played only 44 games after a hip surgery , Derek Jeter played only 17 games due to his ankle injury from the 2012 ALCS and Curtis Granderson played only 61 games due to forearm and knuckle injuries . On April 12 , 2013 , the Yankees made their second triple play ever in a home game playing the Baltimore Orioles . It was scored as 4 -- 6 -- 5 -- 6 -- 5 -- 3 -- 4 , the first triple play of its kind in baseball history . On September 25 , 2013 , the Yankees lost to the Tampa Bay Rays , which for the second time in the wild card era , eliminated them from any playoffs . They ended the season 85 - 77 , finishing in 3rd place in the AL East . During the 2013 -- 14 offseason , the Yankees went on a large free agent spending spree , signing players such as Brian McCann , Jacoby Ellsbury , Masahiro Tanaka , and Carlos Beltrán . Despite that , the Yankees missed the playoffs for the second straight season , the first time in the post-1994 strike era , finishing 2nd in the AL East with an 84 - 78 record . Rodriguez missed the entire season due to a 162 - game suspension for his participation in the Biogenesis baseball scandal . One notable moment happened on September 25 , 2014 , when Derek Jeter -- playing his final home game -- hit a walk - off single off pitcher Evan Meek to defeat the Baltimore Orioles in front of 48,613 fans who came to see the captain for the last time . Reliever Dellin Betances finished 3rd in voting for AL Rookie of the Year , while starting pitcher Masahiro Tanaka finished 5th . The 2015 season saw the Yankees make the playoffs for the first time since 2012 . In his return from suspension , Rodriguez hit 33 home runs , his most since 2008 , and tied Hank Aaron 's record of fifteen 30 - homer seasons . Teixeira hit 31 home runs before a hit - by - pitch ended his season in August . Rookie first baseman Greg Bird had an impressive showing in Teixeira 's place , hitting 11 home runs in 46 games , while rookie starting pitcher Luis Severino went 5 - 3 with a 2.89 ERA in 62.1 innings after getting called up in August . Closer Andrew Miller won the AL Reliever of the Year Award . The Yankees led the AL East for most of the year before being felled by a surging Toronto Blue Jays team , ending the season 87 - 75 and in 2nd place . They were soundly defeated by the Houston Astros , 3 -- 0 in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game , shutout for six innings by opposing starter Dallas Keuchel , earning boos from the frustrated home crowd of Yankees fans . In the offseason , the Yankees traded for Cincinnati Reds ' closer Aroldis Chapman after a domestic violence allegation lowered his value . Chapman would later be suspended 30 games . The Yankees started the 2016 season on a rough note , starting 9 - 17 . The resurgent 2015 experienced by Rodriguez and Teixeira did not carry over , as they batted . 200 and . 204 for the season , respectively . Bird was ruled out for the season after undergoing shoulder surgery . Starting pitcher Michael Pineda struggled , going 6 - 12 with a 4.82 ERA , the 7th - highest in baseball . At the trade deadline , the Yankees stood at an uninspiring 52 - 52 , persuading ownership to trade away their most valuable assets and be sellers at the deadline . New era : Baby Bombers ( 2016 -- present ) On July 25 , 2016 , the Yankees traded Chapman to the Chicago Cubs for a package centered around top shortstop prospect Gleyber Torres and Miller to the Cleveland Indians for prospects outfielder Clint Frazier and pitcher Justus Sheffield . In early August , both Teixeira and Rodriguez revealed their plans to retire by the season 's end . Rodriguez played his final game on August 12. . In his fourth - to - last game , Teixeira hit a walk - off grand slam against the Boston Red Sox , his 409th and last career home run . The Yankees called up Tyler Austin and outfielder Aaron Judge in August . They made their debuts on August 13 , hitting back - to - back home runs in their first career at - bats . Catcher Gary Sánchez hit 20 home runs in only 53 games , finishing 2nd in AL Rookie of the Year voting and setting the record at the time as the fastest to reach 20 career home runs . Sanchez , Judge and Austin , as well as the Yankees ' prosperous farm system in general , became nicknamed the `` Baby Bombers '' . During the 2016 - 17 offseason , the Yankees signed Chapman back after just trading him to the Cubs to a five - year , $86 million contract , the most expensive for a relief pitcher in history . In 2017 , the Yankees finished the season with their first 90 or more win season since 2012 , finishing the season with a 91 - 71 overall record . They finished 2nd in the AL East behind the Red Sox , but captured the first AL Wild Card spot . Judge and Sánchez combined for 85 home runs . Sanchez finished with 33 , the most by a Yankees catcher in a single season . Judge led the American League with 52 home runs , and broke the record for most home runs in a single season by a rookie which was previously held by Mark McGwire with 49 home runs in 1987 . The Yankees starting pitching was led by ace Luis Severino , who rebounded from his last season to lead the Yankees ' pitching staff . On July 1 , Clint Frazier made his MLB debut where he went 2 for 4 with a home run . The Yankees sent five players to the 2017 All star game including Dellin Betances , Starlin Castro , Sánchez , Severino , and Judge . Judge won the 2017 Home Run Derby , making the Yankees the team with the most players to win a Home Run Derby in history . After the All Star break , the Yankees acquired Todd Frazier , David Robertson , Tommy Kahnle , and Sonny Gray . In the 2017 AL Wild Card Game at Yankee Stadium the Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins 8 -- 4 to move on the ALDS . In the ALDS , the Yankees lost the first two games to the Cleveland Indians before winning the final three games . They played the Houston Astros in the 2017 American League Championship Series and lost the series in seven games . Distinctions World Series rings See also : List of New York Yankees seasons and New York Yankees award winners and league leaders The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series in 40 appearances ( which , since the first World Series in 1903 , currently amounts to an average appearance every 2.7 seasons and a championship every 4.0 seasons ) ; the St. Louis Cardinals are second with 11 World Series victories . The Yankees ' number of World Series losses , 13 , leads Major League Baseball . The St. Louis Cardinals , Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers and New York / San Francisco Giants are second in total World Series appearances with eighteen apiece . Of their 18 World Series appearances , the Dodgers have faced the Yankees eleven times , going 3 -- 8 , while the Giants have faced the Yankees seven times , going 2 -- 5 . Among North American major sports , the Yankees ' success is approached only by the 24 Stanley Cup championships of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League . The Yankees have played in the World Series against every National League pennant winner except the Houston Astros and the Colorado Rockies . Through 2014 , the Yankees have an all - time regular season winning percentage of . 567 ( a 10,031 -- 7,648 record ) , the best of any team in baseball . World Series championships The Yankees have won 27 World Series Championships . Their most recent one came in 2009 , under manager Joe Girardi , when they defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . Season Manager Opponent Series score Record 1923 Miller Huggins New York Giants 4 -- 2 98 -- 54 1927 Miller Huggins Pittsburgh Pirates 4 -- 0 110 -- 44 1928 Miller Huggins St. Louis Cardinals 4 -- 0 101 -- 53 1932 Joe McCarthy Chicago Cubs 4 -- 0 107 -- 47 1936 Joe McCarthy New York Giants 4 -- 2 102 -- 51 1937 Joe McCarthy New York Giants 4 -- 1 102 -- 52 1938 Joe McCarthy Chicago Cubs 4 -- 0 99 -- 53 1939 Joe McCarthy Cincinnati Reds 4 -- 0 106 -- 45 1941 Joe McCarthy Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 1 101 -- 53 1943 Joe McCarthy St. Louis Cardinals 4 -- 1 98 -- 56 1947 Bucky Harris Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 97 -- 57 1949 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 1 97 -- 57 1950 Casey Stengel Philadelphia Phillies 4 -- 0 98 -- 56 1951 Casey Stengel New York Giants 4 -- 2 98 -- 56 1952 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 95 -- 59 1953 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 2 99 -- 51 1956 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 97 -- 57 1958 Casey Stengel Milwaukee Braves 4 -- 3 92 -- 62 1961 Ralph Houk Cincinnati Reds 4 -- 1 109 -- 53 1962 Ralph Houk San Francisco Giants 4 -- 3 96 -- 66 1977 Billy Martin Los Angeles Dodgers 4 -- 2 100 -- 62 1978 Bob Lemon Los Angeles Dodgers 4 -- 2 100 -- 63 Joe Torre Atlanta Braves 4 -- 2 92 -- 70 1998 Joe Torre San Diego Padres 4 -- 0 114 -- 48 1999 Joe Torre Atlanta Braves 4 -- 0 98 -- 64 2000 Joe Torre New York Mets 4 -- 1 87 -- 74 2009 Joe Girardi Philadelphia Phillies 4 -- 2 103 -- 59 Total World Series championships : 27 Team nicknames The `` Yankees '' name is often shortened to `` the Yanks . '' Their most prominently used nickname is `` the Bronx Bombers '' or simply `` the Bombers '' , a reference to their home and their prolific hitting . A less used nickname is `` the Pinstripes '' , in reference to the iconic feature on their home uniforms . Critics often refer to the team and the organization as `` the Evil Empire '' , a term applied to the Yankees by Boston Red Sox president Larry Lucchino in a 2002 interview with the New York Times . A term from the team 's tumultuous late 70s , `` the Bronx Zoo '' , is sometimes used by detractors , as well as the `` Damn Yankees '' , after the musical of the same name . Ironically , even many Yankees supporters refer to their team as the `` Evil Empire '' as a badge of honor and in fact enjoy having their team play `` the villain '' . Logo , uniform , and dress code Main article : Logos and uniforms of the New York Yankees Popularity Fan support `` Freddy Sez '' holding one of his signs near the bleachers entrance before a game between the Yankees and the Texas Rangers With their recurring success since the 1920s , the Yankees have since been one of the most popular teams in the world , with their fan base coming from much further than the New York metropolitan area . The Yankees typically bring an upsurge in attendance at all or most of their various road - trip venues , drawing crowds of their own fans , as well as home - town fans whose interest is heightened when the Yankees come to town . The first 1 million - fan season was in 1920 , when 1,289,422 fans attended Yankee games at the Polo Grounds . The first 2 million - fan season was in 1946 , when 2,265,512 fans attended the games at Yankee Stadium . The Yankees have beaten the league average for home attendance 83 out of the last 87 years ( only during 1990 , 1991 , 1992 and 1994 did they not accomplish this ) . In the past seven years , the Yankees have drawn over three million fans each year , with an American League record - setting 4,090,696 in 2005 , becoming only the third franchise in sports history to draw over four million in regular season attendance in their own ballpark . The Yankees were the league leaders in `` road attendance '' each year from 2001 through 2006 . One famous fan was Freddy Schuman , popularly known as `` Freddy Sez . '' For over 50 years , he came to the Yankees ' home games with a baseball cap , a Yankees ' jersey ( which on the back bears his own name ) , and a cake pan with a shamrock painted on it , which was connected to a sign inscribed with words of encouragement for the home team . Schuman died on October 17 , 2010 at the age of 85 . To avoid unwanted publicity , Yankees members use aliases when registering for hotels . The Village Voice published a list of aliases used by Yankees members , and the contents were republished on The Smoking Gun . The Bleacher Creatures A shirt worn by a number of Bleacher Creatures Main article : Bleacher Creatures The `` Bleacher Creatures '' are a notorious group of season ticket holders who occupied Section 39 in the right field bleachers at the old Yankee Stadium , and occupy Section 203 in the new one . They are known for their strict allegiance to the Yankees , and are often merciless to opposing fans who sit in the section and cheer for the road team . They enjoy taunting the opposing team 's right fielder with a series of chanting and slandering . The `` creatures '' got their nickname from New York Daily News columnist Filip `` Flip '' Bondy , who spent the 2004 season sitting in the section for research on his book about the group , Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium , published in 2005 . Global expansion and business model The Yankees baseball club is formally owned by Yankee Global Enterprises which owns the team 's regional YES sports network . While the club has claimed it is operating under annual losses in excess of $47 million this figure is attributed only to the ballclub 's finances and not to finances attributed to YES or Yankees Global Enterprises . The Yankees have become well known for a winning reputation on a global level . In 2007 , they reached an agreement with the Chinese Baseball Association to allow coaches , scouts and trainers to work in China to promote baseball and judge talent . They are trying to do the same with the Yomiuri Giants and the Hanshin Tigers in Japan . The Yankees and Yomiuri Giants currently have a close relationship and share ideas and strategies . The Yomiuri Shimbun daily newspaper has an ad on the left - field wall at Yankee Stadium , and other Japanese ads appear on the scrolling backstop advertising board . The Yankees are hoping that close ties with countries such as China and Japan will give them personal , in depth judgments of baseball talent . In 2008 , the Yankees announced a joint venture with the Dallas Cowboys that would form the basis for a partnership in running food and beverage , and other catering services to both teams ' stadiums . In 2013 , Forbes magazine ranked New York Yankees as the fourth most valuable sports team in the world , behind Real Madrid of La Liga , Manchester United of the Premier League and Barcelona of La Liga , a value of $2.3 billion . In 2017 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $3.7 billion , up 9 % from 2016 , with the average MLB team worth $1.54 billion . Criticism With the long - term success of the franchise and a large Yankee fanbase , many fans of other teams have come to dislike the Yankees . The organization is sometimes referred to by detractors as `` the Bronx Zoo '' ( echoing the title of Sparky Lyle 's book ) or `` the Evil Empire . '' When the Yankees are on the road , it is common for the home fans to chant `` Yankees Suck '' , and T - shirts , bumper stickers and other items have been sold with this phrase . Much of the animosity toward the team may derive from its high payroll ( which was around $200 million at the start of the 2008 season , the highest of any American sports team ) , and the free agent superstars the team attracts in the offseason . Chicago Tribune columnist Mike Royko noted , `` Hating the Yankees is as American as pizza pie , unwed mothers , and cheating on your income tax . '' Fight and Theme songs The grounds crew at Yankee Stadium dancing to `` Y.M.C.A. '' The official fight song for the Yankees is `` Here Come the Yankees '' , written in 1967 by Bob Bundin and Lou Stallman . While it is not used as often , it is still heard frequently in instrumental form , most prominently in radio broadcasts . Another song strongly linked to the team is `` New York , New York '' , which is played in the stadium after home games . The Frank Sinatra cover version is traditionally played after victories , and the Liza Minnelli original version after losses . When the Yankees take the field before the start of every game , 2 Unlimited 's `` Get Ready For This '' is played , with the fans usually clapping along . When the Yankees score a run at home , a short snippet of 2 Unlimited 's `` Workaholic '' containing the bell chime of Westminster Quarters is played . A wide selection of songs are played regularly at the stadium , many of them live on the Stadium 's Hammond organ . `` God Bless America '' has been played during the 7th inning stretch since September 11 . The version typically played is an abbreviated version of Kate Smith 's rendition . However , during many important games ( including most play - off games ) and on noteworthy days , it is sung live a Capella and includes a longer introduction . During the 5th inning , the grounds crew , while performing their duties , dance to `` Y.M.C.A. '' . `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' , once played during the 7th inning stretch , is now played in the 8th inning . On the DiamondVision screen , a man in farmer 's garb is shown dancing in the stadium 's control room , with the words `` Cotton - Eyed Joey '' at the bottom . The organist will sometimes play the `` Zorba the Greek Theme '' , accompanied by clapping from the audience , to excite the crowd and encourage a rally . Radio and television Main article : List of New York Yankees broadcasters The Yankees Entertainment and Sports ( YES ) Network launched in 2002 , and serves as the primary home of the New York Yankees . Michael Kay is the play - by - play announcer with Ken Singleton , David Cone , Al Leiter , John Flaherty , and Paul O'Neill work as commentators as part of a three - man , or occasionally two - man , booth . Bob Lorenz hosts the pre-game show and the post-game show with Jack Curry , and Meredith Marakovits and Nancy Newman are the on site reporters . Some games are telecast on WPIX and formerly on WWOR - TV ; those broadcasts are produced by YES . Radio broadcasts are on the Yankees Radio Network , the flagship station being WFAN 660 AM , with John Sterling as the play - by - play announcer and Suzyn Waldman providing the commentary , with Spanish - language broadcasts on WADO 1280 AM . The history of Yankee radio broadcasters is : WJZ 770 ( 1939 -- ' 40 ) , WOR 710 ( 1942 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1944 -- ' 57 ) , WMGM 1050 ( 1958 -- ' 60 ) , WCBS 880 ( 1961 -- ' 66 ) , WHN 1050 ( 1967 -- ' 70 ) , WMCA 570 ( 1971 -- ' 77 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1978 -- ' 80 ) , WABC 770 ( 1981 -- 2001 ) , WCBS 880 ( 2002 -- 2013 ) , WFAN 660 AM and WFAN - FM 101.9 ( 2014 -- present ) . Past announcers Mel Allen was the team 's lead announcer from 1948 to 1964 . Red Barber called Yankees games for thirteen seasons ( 1954 -- 1966 ) . Frank Messer , Phil Rizzuto and Bill White teamed together in the 1970s and 1980s . Rizzuto , with 40 years in the broadcast booth , is the longest serving broadcaster in the history of the club . Messer and White each worked nearly two decades for the Yankees , with White notably moving on to become president of the National League in 1989 . Bobby Murcer also called games for over twenty years , and continued with the YES Network until shortly before his death from brain cancer . Roster Further information : List of New York Yankees coaches , List of New York Yankees managers , New York Yankees award winners and league leaders , and New York Yankees team captains Current roster New York Yankees 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers 68 Dellin Betances 85 Luis Cessa 54 Aroldis Chapman 50 Giovanny Gallegos 64 Domingo Germán 55 Sonny Gray 57 Chad Green 61 Ben Heller -- Ronald Herrera 65 Jonathan Holder 48 Tommy Kahnle 66 Bryan Mitchell 47 Jordan Montgomery 30 David Robertson -- Nick Rumbelow 40 Luis Severino 45 Chasen Shreve 41 Caleb Smith 19 Masahiro Tanaka 43 Adam Warren Catchers -- Kyle Higashioka 27 Austin Romine 24 Gary Sánchez Infielders 67 Miguel Andújar 26 Tyler Austin 33 Greg Bird 14 Starlin Castro -- Garrett Cooper 18 Didi Gregorius 12 Chase Headley 74 Ronald Torreyes 39 Tyler Wade Outfielders -- Jake Cave 22 Jacoby Ellsbury 77 Clint Frazier 11 Brett Gardner 31 Aaron Hicks 99 Aaron Judge Manager -- Vacant Coaches -- Jason Brown ( bullpen catcher ) 62 Alan Cockrell ( hitting ) -- Vacant ( third base / infield ) 60 Mike Harkey ( bullpen ) 56 Tony Peña ( first base / catching ) 58 Larry Rothschild ( pitching ) 63 Marcus Thames ( asst . hitting ) 59 Rob Thomson ( bench ) 38 active , 0 inactive , 0 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated November 6 , 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Retired numbers See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Yankees have retired 21 numbers for 23 individuals , the most in Major League Baseball . Billy Martin 2B , M Retired August 10 , 1986 Derek Jeter SS Retired May 14 , 2017 Babe Ruth RF Retired June 13 , 1948 Lou Gehrig 1B Retired July 4 , 1939 Joe DiMaggio CF Retired April 18 , 1952 Joe Torre Retired August 23 , 2014 Mickey Mantle CF , Coach Retired June 8 , 1969 Bill Dickey C , M , Coach Retired July 22 , 1972 Yogi Berra C , M , Coach Retired July 22 , 1972 Roger Maris RF Retired July 21 , 1984 Phil Rizzuto SS Retired August 4 , 1985 Thurman Munson Retired August 3 , 1979 Whitey Ford SP , Coach Retired August 3 , 1974 Jorge Posada Retired August 22 , 2015 Don Mattingly 1B , Coach Retired August 31 , 1997 Elston Howard C , Coach Retired July 21 , 1984 Casey Stengel Retired August 8 , 1970 Mariano Rivera RP Retired September 22 , 2013 Reggie Jackson RF Retired August 14 , 1993 Andy Pettitte SP Retired August 23 , 2015 Ron Guidry SP , Coach Retired August 23 , 2003 Bernie Williams CF Retired May 24 , 2015 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 The retired numbers were displayed behind the old Yankee Stadium 's left field fence and in front of the opposing team 's bullpen , forming a little alley that connects Monument Park to the left field stands . When the franchise moved across the street to the new stadium , the numbers were incorporated into Monument Park that sits place in center field between both bullpens . The 20 numbers are placed on the wall in chronological order , beginning with Lou Gehrig 's number 4 . This was retired soon after Gehrig left baseball on July 4 , 1939 , the same day he gave his famous farewell speech . His was the first number retired in Major League Baseball history . Beneath the numbers are plaques with the names of the players and a descriptive paragraph . The first four in the row of retired numbers at the old Yankee Stadium The number 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson on April 15 , 1997 , the 50th anniversary of his breaking the color barrier . The day was declared Jackie Robinson Day , and would later be observed by all of baseball , with select players from every team wearing the number 42 . Players who wore No. 42 at the time were allowed to continue to wear it until they left the team with which they played on April 15 , 1997 ; Mariano Rivera was the last active player covered under that grandfather clause . While other teams placed the number 42 with the rest of their retired numbers , the Yankees did not do so at first . Ten years later , on April 17 , 2007 , the Yankees honored Robinson by mounting the logo of Jackie Robinson Day with a corresponding plaque alongside the rest of the retired numbers . Because the Yankees were finishing a roadtrip in Oakland on Jackie Robinson Day , the ceremony took place two days later . When the Yankees moved to the second Yankee Stadium , they replaced the Jackie Robinson Day logo with a number 42 that resembled the other retired numbers . Later on they replaced the number 42 so that it resembled the Dodger 's style , and on September 22 , 2013 a plaque was dedicated to Robinson in Monument Park . Also , the number 42 dedicated to Robinson was removed entirely and replaced with one for Mariano Rivera . In 1972 , the number 8 was retired for two players on the same day , in honor of catcher Bill Dickey and his protege , catcher Yogi Berra . Berra inherited Dickey 's number in 1948 after Dickey ended his playing career and became a coach . Billy Martin is the only Yankee to have his number retired as a player / manager combination . He wore number 1 as a player in the 1950s and as a manager in the 1970s and 1980s . The numbers 37 and 6 , retired for Casey Stengel and Joe Torre respectively , are the only numbers retired by the Yankees for someone who served solely as manager of the team . Stengel managed the Yankees to ten pennants and seven world championships between 1949 and 1960 , including a record five consecutive world championships from 1949 through 1953 . Joe Torre managed the Yankees from 1996 to 2007 , winning six pennants and four World Series championships . On May 14 , 2017 , the Yankees retired number 2 in honor of Derek Jeter . This leaves 0 , which the Yankees have never issued in their history , as the only single - digit number available for future Yankees . Hall of Famers New York Yankees Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Baltimore Orioles Roger Bresnahan Joe Kelley Joe McGinnity John McGraw Wilbert Robinson New York Highlanders Jack Chesbro * Clark Griffith Willie Keeler Branch Rickey New York Yankees Frank Baker Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Wade Boggs Frank Chance Earle Combs Stan Coveleski Bobby Cox Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Leo Durocher Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Joe Gordon Goose Gossage Burleigh Grimes Bucky Harris Rickey Henderson Waite Hoyt Miller Huggins Catfish Hunter * * Reggie Jackson Randy Johnson Tony Lazzeri Bob Lemon Larry MacPhail Lee MacPhail Mickey Mantle Joe McCarthy Johnny Mize Phil Niekro Herb Pennock Gaylord Perry Tim Raines Phil Rizzuto Iván Rodríguez Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Joe Sewell Enos Slaughter Casey Stengel Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Paul Waner George Weiss Dave Winfield Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Yankees or Highlanders cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . * * Catfish Hunter could not decide between the Yankees and Athletics , and so opted to wear no insignia on his cap upon his induction . Larry MacPhail served as co-owner , president and general manager of the Yankees. Lee MacPhail served as director of player personnel and general manager of the Yankees . Both were inducted as Executives by the Veterans Committee . Neither were affiliated with a primary team or depicted on their plaques with caps Jacob Ruppert was inducted as an Executive / Pioneer for his contributions to baseball as owner of the Yankees . Ed Barrow and George Weiss were inducted as Executives for their work as general managers of the Yankees . They are depicted on their plaques without caps . New York Yankees Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Mel Allen Red Barber Buck Canel Jerry Coleman * Joe Garagiola Curt Gowdy Russ Hodges Tony Kubek * Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Yankees . * Played as a Yankee Rivalries Boston Red Sox Main article : Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry The Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry is one of the oldest , most famous and fiercest rivalries in professional sports . For over 100 years , the Boston Red Sox and the Yankees have been intense rivals . The rivalry is often termed `` the best '' and `` greatest rivalry in all of sports . '' Games between the two teams are often broadcast on national television , schedule permitting . The rivalry is sometimes so polarizing that it is often a heated subject , like religion or politics , in the Northeastern United States . Since the inception of the wild card team and an added Division Series , the American League East rivals have squared off in the American League Championship Series three times , with the Yankees winning twice in 1999 and 2003 and the Sox winning in 2004 . In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular - season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The teams also finished tied for first in 1978 , when the Yankees won a high - profile one - game playoff for the division title . The 1978 division race is memorable for the Red Sox having held a 14 - game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . Similarly , the 2004 ALCS is notable for the Yankees leading 3 games to 0 and ultimately losing a best of seven series . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in baseball history that a team has come back from a 0 -- 3 deficit to win a postseason series . Subway Series Main articles : Subway Series , Mets -- Yankees rivalry , Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry , and Giants -- Yankees rivalry The Subway Series is a series of games played between teams based in New York City . The term 's historic usage has been in reference to World Series games played between New York teams . The Yankees have appeared in all Subway Series games as they have been the only American League team in the city , and have compiled an 11 -- 3 record in the fourteen championship Subway Series . Since 1997 , the term Subway Series has also been applied to interleague play during the regular season between the Yankees and National League New York Mets . Minor league affiliations Main article : List of New York Yankees minor league affiliates The Yankees are affiliated with the following minor league teams : Level Team League Location AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders International League Moosic , Pennsylvania AA Trenton Thunder Eastern League Trenton , New Jersey Advanced A Tampa Yankees Florida State League Tampa , Florida Charleston RiverDogs South Atlantic League Charleston , South Carolina Short Season A Staten Island Yankees New York -- Penn League Staten Island , New York Rookie Pulaski Yankees Appalachian League Pulaski , Virginia GCL Yankees West Gulf Coast League Tampa , Florida GCL Yankees East Gulf Coast League Tampa , Florida DSL Yankees 1 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic DSL Yankees 2 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic Front office Main article : List of New York Yankees owners and executives The Yankees front office , as of 2013 , included Hal Steinbrenner ( Managing General Partner / Co-Chairperson ) , Randy Levine ( President ) , Lonn A. Trost ( Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel ) , and Brian Cashman ( Senior Vice President , General Manager ) . See also Baseball portal New York City portal List of World Series champions List of New York Yankees managers References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees Timeline 1903 -- 1925 '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Yankee Stadium '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History : 1999 '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Travis , Clay ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` Yankee Revenue To Immediately Double In New Stadium '' . Deadspin . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Hall of Fame Register '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` The Cowboys And Yankees Top The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams Of 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Yankees ( 1903 -- present ) '' . Sports E-cyclopedia . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Gordon - Society for American Baseball Research '' . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Stadium '' . New York City Department of Parks & Recreation . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNeil , William F. ( 2006 ) . The Evolution of Pitching in Major League Baseball , McFarland , chapter 3 : The Professional Game : 1876 to 1892 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 42468 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Find Franchise Trade History between Boston Red Sox & New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Owners Of Yanks To Enjoin Johnson ; Colonels Ruppert and Huston Will Carry Fight for Carl Mays Into Court . Refuse To Attend Meeting Big Baseball Battle Precipitated by Ban 's Belated Action Against Former Boston Pitcher . Will Enjoin President . Statement of Owners . Parting of the Ways '' . The New York Times . 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Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds vs. Philadelphia Phillies -- Recap '' . ESPN . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Jeff ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Valuing Trades Between the Kansas City A 's and New York Yankees '' . Royals Review . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Friend , Harold . `` The New York Yankees Traded Roger Maris for Him ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic - Maris battled Mantle , media and Babe 's legacy '' . www.espn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Maris breaks home - run record - Oct 01 , 1961 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees Timeline 1951 -- 1975 '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Curt ( 2005 ) . Voices of Summer . New York City : Carroll & Graf . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1446 - 8 . Jump up ^ Puma , Mike ( 2007 ) . `` ' The Boss ' made Yankees a dictatorship '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyle , Sparky ; Golenbock , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Bronx Zoo : The Astonishing Inside Story of the 1978 World Champion New York Yankees . Illinois : Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 715 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall of Famers -- Reggie Jackson '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Jackson Was a Liar and George Steinbrenner Was Convicted , Said Mr. Martin '' . Jump up ^ `` Annapolis Capitol Mon , July 24 , 1978 '' . Jump up ^ Coffey , Wayne ( August 1 , 2009 ) . `` 25 years later , Thurman Munson 's last words remain a symbol of his life '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Forgotten Era : The ' 80s '' . `` There is an element of follow the leader that happened in the 1980s '' , Thorn said . `` The Yankees remade their roster in the 1980s to utilize speed and defense . And it did n't work with that short porch . '' Other teams out - slugged the Yankees in their home ball park , which was part of the reason the Yankees did n't win a pennant after 1981 when their late - 1970s dynasty began to break up . Jump up ^ `` Switch - hitting OF Dave Collins ' time with New York Yankees short but sweet '' . Jump up ^ `` Steinbrenner 's Speed '' . Jump up ^ `` Fans voicing displeasure with Yankees ' ownership '' . The Globe and Mail . Associated Press . August 31 , 1989 . p . A18 . Steinbrenner said ... `` You have to look at the record . We did n't win a World Series this decade , but we had the best record of the 1980s of any team in the major leagues . '' ... This is the first Yankee team since 1910 -- 1919 to go an entire decade without winning a World Series title . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( September 25 , 1990 ) . `` Pennant Chases in East Still Flying High , West All but Flagged '' . The Washington Post . p . E3 . Yankees fans had taunted the Red Sox all weekend with chants of ' 1918 , 1918 ! ' -- the last time Boston won the World Series -- and the Red Sox are not allowed by long - suffering New Englanders to forget the pain they have wrought with years of excruciating near misses . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 26 Jump up ^ McShane , Larry ( September 16 , 1994 ) . `` Yankees Fans Left with Broken Hearts '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Eckstein , Bob ( September 16 , 1997 ) . `` New York 's top ten worst moments in sports '' . The Village Voice. 42 ( 37 ) : 142 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( August 7 , 1994 ) . `` Flashback to ' 81 : Another Lead , Another Strike '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Kawakami , Tim ( August 10 , 1994 ) . `` ' 81 , ' 94 Yankees Both Winners but Worlds Apart in Personality '' . The Los Angeles Times . p . C2 . Those who followed the 1981 New York Yankees ... ca n't help but notice potential similarities with this year 's first - place Yankee club . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jack ( April 25 , 1995 ) . `` Finishing What They Started '' . The Hartford Courant . p . G2 . In the lengthy and uncertain off - season , an unfair annointing was bestowed on the Yankees . To emphasize the sense of loss with no World Series , many columnists kept referring to the dates in October when the Yankees might have played a Series game . Jump up ^ `` Joe Torre Managerial Record '' . BaseballReference.com. 2009 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Torre 's timeline with Yankees '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The subway series : the Yankees , the Mets and a season to remember . St. Louis , Mo. : The Sporting News . 2000 . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 659 - 7 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` In Final Twist , New York Falls in Ninth '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ben ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` Diamondbacks 3 , Yankees 2 '' . Associated Press . The other two all - home victory Series were both won by Minnesota , 1987 and 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees finish off five - game sweep '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( June 18 , 2007 ) . `` Yankees sign two Chinese prospects '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kamaras , Jacob ( June 25 , 2007 ) . `` Yankees Sign Sponsorship Agreement With China 's Yili Group '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees name Joe Girardi the 32nd manager in franchise history ; Signed to a three - year contract through the 2010 season '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 All - Star Game '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Yankees Schedule '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No additional final sendoff for Stadium '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Teixeira slide sparks Yanks in 12 -- 3 win over Texas '' . ABCNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Back on Top , Yankees Add a 27th Title '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Right off the bat , Sox face Yanks in 2010 '' . redsox.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Yanks open , close 2010 vs. Red Sox '' . yankees.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` MLB announces master 2010 schedule '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Dodgers draw Yanks , Red Sox in 2010 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees turn key triple play vs. O 's '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees eliminated with Indians ' victory '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A-Rod's suspension reduced to 162 games '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Clutch ! Jeter scripts walk - off in home finale '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Awards Voting Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` A-Rod joins Hank Aaron as only players with 15 30 - home run seasons '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Melancon , Andrew Miller are top relievers '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Fans Boo Brett Gardner '' . The New York Times - The New York Times . 2015 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aroldis Chapman suspended 30 games '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs acquire Aroldis Chapman from Yankees '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Indians Acquire Andrew Miller '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Rodriguez announces retirement , will play final game Friday '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees first baseman Mark Teixeira announces retirement '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Teixeira '' Game Logs '' 2016 '' Batting FanGraphs Baseball `` . www.fangraphs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Austin , Judge hit back - to - back HRs in 1st at - bats '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Gary Sanchez 's 20th home run helps set an MLB record '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees depending on Baby Bombers in 2017 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Tayler , Jon . `` Yankees gamble by splurging for Aroldis Chapman '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge breaks Mark McGwire 's rookie home run record '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Clint Frazier homers in first MLB game '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Home Run Derby : Aaron Judge becomes fourth New York Yankees player to win '' . masslive.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Borzi , Pat ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Yankees Acquire Todd Frazier and David Robertson in Trade With White Sox '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Yankees shocked the Indians with their power and bullpen '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://nypost.com/2017/10/21/yankees-come-up-empty-in-game-7-as-season-ends-in-a-whimper/ Jump up ^ Nathan , Alec . `` Didi Gregorius Leads Yankees to Game 5 Win vs. Indians ; Will Face Astros in ALCS '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Season - By - Season World Series Results '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Teams and Baseball Team Encyclopedias '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lucchino fires shot at Yanks after losing out on pitcher '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pumerantz , Zack . `` The 50 Most Popular Teams in Sports '' . The Bleacher Report . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees reach four million in tickets sales for second consecutive season '' . MLB.com . July 2 , 2006 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Attendance Report -- 2006 '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Batting Third , Charlie Wattsizname '' . The Smoking Gun . October 5 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( 2005 ) . Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium . New York : Sports Publishing . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees and Chinese Baseball Association reach landmark agreement '' . MLB . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees team with Yomiuri Giants '' . MLB . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid Tops The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gerard , Jim ( 2005 ) . Yankees Suck ! : The Unofficial Guide for Those Who Hate , Despise , Loathe , and Detest Those Bums from the Bronx . Penguin Group : Roadside Amusements . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 12677 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Salary Database '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankee Quotations '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grant , Sarah ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) . `` How ' Y.M.C.A. ' Became Baseball 's Never - Ending Jam '' . Village Voice . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Ink Multi-Year Broadcast Deal With WFAN AM & FM '' . Newyork.cbslocal.com . September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Uniform Numbers in the American League '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees retire Jackie Robinson 's number '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/video/v1214974983/yankees-will-retire-jeters-no-2-in-2017 Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Zero single - digit numbers in the Bronx ? Actually , there 's still one left '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Bodley , Hal ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Sport 's ultimate rivalry ; Yanks - Red Sox epic battles go way back '' . USA Today . p. 3C . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` Here they go again ... ; Red Sox vs. Yankees : Bitter enemies clash with Series on line '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tony ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Cubs , Cardinals Must Emulate Yankees , Red Sox to Rekindle Rivalry '' . NESN . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The New York Times ; The Boston Globe ( 2004 ) . The rivals : the Boston Red Sox vs. the New York Yankees : an inside history ( 1st ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 33616 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jorge L. ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees vs. Red Sox : Long - running drama '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Richinick , Michele ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Sox - Yankees rivalry led to attack , police say '' . The Boston Globe . p . B2 . ^ Jump up to : DiGiovanna , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` They Love to Hate Each Other ; Red Sox and Yankees carry bitter rivalry into championship series that starts tonight '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` A World Series ticket ; Sox complete comeback , oust Yankees for AL title '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 177 -- 179 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Back From Dead , Red Sox Bury Yanks and Go to Series '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Rieber , Anthony ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bruins ' fall brings back memories of 2004 '' . Newsday . p. 68 . The 2004 Yankees ... are the only baseball team in history to lead a postseason series 3 -- 0 and not win it . Jump up ^ `` Minor League Affiliates '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees Front Office '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Bibliography Surdam , David G. ( Dec 2008 ) . `` The New York Yankees Cope with the Great Depression '' . Enterprise and Society . 9 ( 4 ) : 816 -- 40 . doi : 10.1093 / es / khn081 . Johnson , Richard A. ; Stout , Glenn ; Johnson , Dick ( 2002 ) . Yankees Century : 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08527 - 0 . Frommer , Harvey ; Frommer , Frederic J. ( 2004 ) . Red Sox vs. Yankees : The Great Rivalry . Sports Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 767 - 8 . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 2005 ) . Reversing the Curse . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 51748 - 0 . New York Yankees : 40 - Man Roster New York Yankees : Manager and Coaches External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Yankees . 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'' Robert Merrill John Sterling Ronan Tynan `` Here Come the Yankees '' `` New York , New York '' `` God Bless America '' The Pride of the Yankees The Babe Ruth Story Damn Yankees musical film The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant Safe at Home ! 61 * The Bronx is Burning Ladies and Gentlemen , the Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Zoo The Scout Bronx Bombers The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Everyone 's Hero Four Days in October Henry & Me Gene Monahan Dandy Freddy Sez George Costanza Paul Olden Yankee Stadium Legacy Yankees HOPE Week Yankeeography Yankees Classics Lore Curse of the Bambino Johnny Sylvester Murderers ' Row Babe Ruth 's called shot Ed Lucas M&M Boys Harmonica Incident 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Pine Tar Incident Jeffrey Maier The Yankee Years Core Four Perfect games Don Larsen David Wells David Cone Rivalries Boston Red Sox Subway Series New York Mets Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants Monument Park honorees Mel Allen Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Goose Gossage Ron Guidry Elston Howard Miller Huggins Reggie Jackson Derek Jeter Mickey Mantle Roger Maris Billy Martin Tino Martinez Don Mattingly Joe McCarthy Thurman Munson Paul O'Neill Andy Pettitte Jorge Posada Willie Randolph Allie Reynolds Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Bob Sheppard George Steinbrenner Casey Stengel Mel Stottlemyre Joe Torre Bernie Williams Key personnel Owners : Yankee Global Enterprises Hal Steinbrenner Hank Steinbrenner General Manager : Brian Cashman Manager : Vacant Championships ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 American League Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 Division titles ( 18 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 2017 Wild Card titles ( 6 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 2017 Minors AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders AA Trenton Thunder A Adv . Tampa Yankees Charleston RiverDogs Short A Staten Island Yankees Rookie Adv . Pulaski Yankees Rookie GCL Yankees East GCL Yankees West DSL Yankees Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Book : New York Yankees Links to related articles Principal owners of the New York Yankees Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Sydney Frank ( 1901 -- 1902 ) John Mahon ( 1902 ) Andrew Freedman ( 1902 ) Ban Johnson ( 1902 ) New York Highlanders ( 1903 -- 1913 ) William Devery and Frank Farrell ( 1903 -- 1913 ) New York Yankees ( 1913 -- present ) William Devery and Frank Farrell ( 1913 -- 1915 ) Jake Ruppert Jr. and Tillinghast Huston ( 1915 -- 1922 ) Jake Ruppert Jr. ( 1922 -- 1939 ) The Estate of Jake Ruppert Jr. ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Larry MacPhail , Dan Topping and Del Webb ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Dan Topping and Del Webb ( 1947 -- 1964 ) CBS ( 1964 -- 1973 ) George Steinbrenner ( 1973 -- 2008 ) Hal and Hank Steinbrenner ( 2008 -- present ) New York Yankees general managers Ed Barrow ( 1920 -- 1945 ) Larry MacPhail ( 1945 -- 1947 ) George Weiss ( 1947 -- 1960 ) Roy Hamey ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Ralph Houk ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Dan Topping Jr. ( 1966 ) Lee MacPhail ( 1966 -- 1973 ) Gabe Paul ( 1973 -- 1977 ) Cedric Tallis ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Gene Michael ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Bill Bergesch ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Murray Cook ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Clyde King ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Woody Woodward ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Lou Piniella ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Quinn ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Pete Peterson ( 1990 ) Gene Michael ( 1991 -- 1995 ) Bob Watson ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Brian Cashman ( 1998 -- present ) New York Yankees managers John McGraw ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Wilbert Robinson ( 1902 ) Clark Griffith ( 1903 -- 1908 ) Kid Elberfeld ( 1908 ) George Stallings ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Hal Chase ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Harry Wolverton ( 1912 ) Frank Chance ( 1913 -- 1914 ) Roger Peckinpaugh ( 1914 ) Bill Donovan ( 1915 -- 1917 ) Miller Huggins ( 1918 -- 1929 ) Art Fletcher ( 1929 ) Bob Shawkey ( 1930 ) Joe McCarthy ( 1931 -- 1946 ) Bill Dickey ( 1946 ) Johnny Neun ( 1946 ) Bucky Harris ( 1947 -- 1948 ) Casey Stengel ( 1949 -- 1960 ) Ralph Houk ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Yogi Berra ( 1964 ) Johnny Keane ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Ralph Houk ( 1966 -- 1973 ) Bill Virdon ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Billy Martin ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Dick Howser ( 1978 ) Bob Lemon ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Billy Martin ( 1979 ) Dick Howser ( 1980 ) Gene Michael ( 1981 ) Bob Lemon ( 1981 -- 1982 ) Gene Michael ( 1982 ) Clyde King ( 1982 ) Billy Martin ( 1983 ) Yogi Berra ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Billy Martin ( 1985 ) Lou Piniella ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Billy Martin ( 1988 ) Lou Piniella ( 1988 ) Dallas Green ( 1989 ) Bucky Dent ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Stump Merrill ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Buck Showalter ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Joe Torre ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Joe Girardi ( 2008 -- 2017 ) New York Yankees retired numbers 1 Billy Martin 2 Derek Jeter 3 Babe Ruth 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Joe Torre 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Bill Dickey & Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris 10 Phil Rizzuto 15 Thurman Munson 16 Whitey Ford 20 Jorge Posada 23 Don Mattingly 32 Elston Howard 37 Casey Stengel 42 Mariano Rivera 44 Reggie Jackson 46 Andy Pettitte 49 Ron Guidry 51 Bernie Williams Championship Navigation Boxes New York Yankees 1923 World Series champions Benny Bengough Joe Bush Joe Dugan Mike Gazella Hinkey Haines Harvey Hendrick Fred Hofmann Waite Hoyt Ernie Johnson Sam Jones Carl Mays Mike McNally Bob Meusel Herb Pennock George Pipgras Wally Pipp Babe Ruth Wally Schang Everett Scott Bob Shawkey Elmer Smith Aaron Ward Whitey Witt Manager Miller Huggins Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1927 World Series champions Benny Bengough Pat Collins Earle Combs Joe Dugan Cedric Durst Mike Gazella Lou Gehrig Joe Giard Johnny Grabowski Waite Hoyt Mark Koenig Tony Lazzeri Bob Meusel Wilcy Moore Ray Morehart Ben Paschal Herb Pennock George Pipgras Dutch Ruether Babe Ruth Bob Shawkey Urban Shocker Myles Thomas Julie Wera Manager Miller Huggins Coaches Art Fletcher Charley O'Leary Regular season Murderers ' Row New York Yankees 1928 World Series champions Benny Bengough George Burns Archie Campbell Pat Collins Earle Combs Bill Dickey Joe Dugan Leo Durocher Cedric Durst Mike Gazella Lou Gehrig Johnny Grabowski Fred Heimach Waite Hoyt Hank Johnson Mark Koenig Tony Lazzeri Wilcy Moore Bob Meusel Ben Paschal Herb Pennock George Pipgras Gene Robertson Babe Ruth Al Shealy Myles Thomas Tom Zachary Manager Miller Huggins Coaches Art Fletcher Charley O'Leary Regular season New York Yankees 1932 World Series champions 1 Earle Combs 2 Lyn Lary 3 Babe Ruth 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Frankie Crosetti 6 Ben Chapman 7 Jack Saltzgaver 8 Bill Dickey 9 Art Jorgens 10 George Pipgras 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Herb Pennock 14 Ed Wells 15 Red Ruffing 16 Wilcy Moore 17 Danny MacFayden 18 Johnny Allen 19 Jumbo Brown 20 Charlie Devens 20 Johnny Murphy 21 Joe Sewell 22 Doc Farrell 23 Tony Lazzeri 24 Sammy Byrd 26 Joe Glenn 27 Myril Hoag 28 Ivy Andrews 32 Eddie Phillips Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Jimmy Burke 31 Cy Perkins Regular season Babe Ruth 's called shot New York Yankees 1936 World Series champions 1 Roy Johnson 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig ( AL MVP ) 5 Frankie Crosetti 6 Tony Lazzeri 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Joe DiMaggio 10 Don Heffner 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Jack Saltzgaver 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 17 Jumbo Brown 18 Art Jorgens 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Johnny Broaca 21 Pat Malone 22 Bob Seeds 25 Kemp Wicker 26 Joe Glenn Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1937 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Tony Lazzeri 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Myril Hoag 11 Lefty Gomez 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 19 Johnny Murphy 24 Ivy Andrews 25 Kemp Wicker Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1938 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Joe Gordon 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Myril Hoag 11 Lefty Gomez 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 17 Tommy Henrich 19 Johnny Murphy Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season New York Yankees 1939 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Joe Gordon 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Babe Dahlgren 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Oral Hildebrand 32 Steve Sundra Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season New York Yankees 1941 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Joe Gordon 7 Tommy Henrich 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 10 Phil Rizzuto 12 Buddy Rosar 14 Jerry Priddy 15 Red Ruffing 17 Charley Stanceu 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Tiny Bonham 21 Spud Chandler 22 Marius Russo 24 Marv Breuer 26 Ken Silvestri 27 Frenchy Bordagaray 28 Atley Donald 34 Johnny Sturm Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 31 Art Fletcher 32 Earle Combs 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1943 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Snuffy Stirnweiss 3 Bud Metheny 5 Nick Etten 6 Joe Gordon 7 Billy Johnson 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 10 Roy Weatherly 15 Hank Borowy 16 Tuck Stainback 18 Johnny Lindell 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Tiny Bonham 21 Spud Chandler ( AL MVP ) 22 Marius Russo Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 31 Art Fletcher 32 Earle Combs 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season New York Yankees 1947 World Series champions 1 Snuffy Stirnweiss 3 Allie Clark 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Bobby Brown 8 Aaron Robinson 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Joe Page 14 Lonny Frey 15 Tommy Henrich 16 Bill Bevens 20 Spec Shea 21 Spud Chandler 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 27 Johnny Lindell 29 Sherm Lollar 34 Bobo Newsom 35 Yogi Berra 36 Jack Phillips 38 Karl Drews 42 Charley Wensloff 43 Vic Raschi 50 Ralph Houk 51 George McQuinn Manager 37 Bucky Harris Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 7 Chuck Dressen 31 Red Corriden 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1949 World Series champions 1 Snuffy Stirnweiss 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Bobby Brown 7 Cliff Mapes 8 Yogi Berra 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Joe Page 14 Gene Woodling 15 Tommy Henrich 17 Vic Raschi 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 25 Hank Bauer 27 Johnny Lindell 28 Tommy Byrne 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Gus Niarhos 42 Jerry Coleman Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1950 World Series champions 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Bobby Brown 7 Cliff Mapes 8 Yogi Berra 10 Phil Rizzuto ( AL MVP ) 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 19 Whitey Ford 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 25 Hank Bauer 26 Tom Ferrick 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Johnny Hopp 40 Jackie Jensen 41 Joe Collins 42 Jerry Coleman 52 Tom Morgan Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season New York Yankees 1951 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 5 Joe DiMaggio 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra ( AL MVP ) 9 Bobby Brown 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald ( AL ROY ) 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 25 Hank Bauer 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 35 Joe Ostrowski 36 Johnny Mize 38 Johnny Hopp 40 Bobby Hogue 41 Joe Collins 42 Jerry Coleman 52 Tom Morgan Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 15 Tommy Henrich 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1952 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 18 Ray Scarborough 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Tom Gorman 25 Irv Noren 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 32 Ralph Houk 36 Johnny Mize 40 Ewell Blackwell 41 Joe Collins Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1953 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald 14 Gene Woodling 15 Joe Collins 16 Whitey Ford 17 Vic Raschi 18 Jim McDonald 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Tom Gorman 25 Irv Noren 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Art Schallock 45 Don Bollweg Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 32 Ralph Houk 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1956 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 6 Andy Carey 7 Mickey Mantle ( AL MVP ) 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 12 Gil McDougald 14 Bill Skowron 15 Joe Collins 16 Whitey Ford 17 Enos Slaughter 18 Don Larsen ( World Series MVP ) 19 Bob Turley 22 Mickey McDermott 23 Tommy Byrne 28 Tom Morgan 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Rip Coleman 32 Elston Howard 36 Norm Siebern 39 George Wilson 41 Bob Cerv 42 Jerry Coleman 47 Tom Sturdivant 53 Johnny Kucks 55 Bob Grim Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1958 World Series champions 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Andy Carey 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Tony Kubek 11 Jerry Lumpe 12 Gil McDougald 14 Bill Skowron 16 Whitey Ford 17 Enos Slaughter 18 Don Larsen 19 Bob Turley ( CYA and World Series MVP ) 20 Marv Throneberry 23 Murry Dickson 24 Duke Maas 25 Norm Siebern 26 Ryne Duren 28 Art Ditmar 30 Bobby Shantz 32 Elston Howard 53 Johnny Kucks 55 Zach Monroe Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Charlie Keller 35 Ralph Houk Regular season New York Yankees 1961 World Series champions 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Clete Boyer 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris ( AL MVP ) 10 Tony Kubek 11 Héctor López 12 Billy Gardner 14 Bill Skowron 15 Jack Reed 16 Whitey Ford ( CYA and World Series MVP ) 22 Bill Stafford 23 Ralph Terry 28 Bud Daley 32 Elston Howard 38 Johnny Blanchard 39 Jim Coates 47 Luis Arroyo Manager 35 Ralph Houk Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 29 Earl Torgeson 31 Johnny Sain 36 Wally Moses 44 Jim Hegan Regular season New York Yankees 1962 World Series champions 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Clete Boyer 7 Mickey Mantle ( AL MVP ) 8 Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris 10 Tony Kubek 11 Héctor López 14 Bill Skowron 15 Tom Tresh ( AL ROY ) 16 Whitey Ford 22 Bill Stafford 23 Ralph Terry ( World Series MVP ) 26 Dale Long 28 Bud Daley 30 Marshall Bridges 32 Elston Howard 38 Johnny Blanchard 39 Jim Coates 56 Jim Bouton Manager 35 Ralph Houk Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 44 Jim Hegan 36 Wally Moses 55 Spud Murray 31 Johnny Sain Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1977 World Series champions 2 Paul Blair 6 Roy White 9 Graig Nettles 10 Chris Chambliss 11 Fred Stanley 14 Lou Piniella 15 Thurman Munson 17 Mickey Rivers 19 Dick Tidrow 20 Bucky Dent 24 Mike Torrez 25 George Zeber 28 Sparky Lyle 29 Catfish Hunter 30 Willie Randolph 31 Ed Figueroa 35 Don Gullett 40 Fran Healy 41 Cliff Johnson 44 Reggie Jackson ( World Series MVP ) 49 Ron Guidry 50 Ken Clay Manager 1 Billy Martin Coaches 8 Yogi Berra 21 Cloyd Boyer 32 Elston Howard 33 Bobby Cox 34 Dick Howser 42 Art Fowler Regular season American League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1978 World Series champions 2 Paul Blair 6 Roy White 9 Graig Nettles 10 Chris Chambliss 11 Fred Stanley 12 Jim Spencer 14 Lou Piniella 15 Thurman Munson 17 Mickey Rivers 19 Dick Tidrow 20 Bucky Dent ( World Series MVP ) 24 Gary Thomasson 25 Brian Doyle 27 Jay Johnstone 28 Sparky Lyle 29 Catfish Hunter 30 Willie Randolph 31 Ed Figueroa 36 Paul Lindblad 41 Cliff Johnson 43 Ken Clay 44 Reggie Jackson 45 Jim Beattie 46 Mike Heath 49 Ron Guidry 54 Goose Gossage Manager 21 Bob Lemon Coaches 8 Yogi Berra 42 Art Fowler 32 Elston Howard 34 Dick Howser 33 Gene Michael Regular season American League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1996 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Dwight Gooden 12 Wade Boggs 13 Jim Leyritz 17 Kenny Rogers 18 Mariano Duncan 19 Luis Sojo 20 Mike Aldrete 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Jimmy Key 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Andy Fox 27 Graeme Lloyd 28 Rubén Rivera 31 Tim Raines 33 Charlie Hayes 35 John Wetteland ( World Series MVP ) 36 David Cone 39 Darryl Strawberry 41 Brian Boehringer 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Cecil Fielder 46 Andy Pettitte 51 Bernie Williams ( ALCS MVP ) 52 David Weathers 57 Ramiro Mendoza Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Bench Coach 48 Don Zimmer Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Bullpen Catcher Rudy Árias Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series New York Yankees 1998 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Chuck Knoblauch 14 Hideki Irabu 18 Scott Brosius ( World Series MVP ) 19 Luis Sojo 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Homer Bush 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Graeme Lloyd 28 Chad Curtis 29 Mike Stanton 31 Tim Raines 33 David Wells ( ALCS MVP ) 36 David Cone 38 Ricky Ledée 39 Darryl Strawberry 40 Darren Holmes 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Chili Davis 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 50 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Assistant Coach 57 Gary Tuck Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series New York Yankees 1999 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Chuck Knoblauch 13 Jim Leyritz 14 Hideki Irabu 17 Ricky Ledée 18 Scott Brosius 19 Luis Sojo 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Roger Clemens 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Orlando Hernández ( ALCS MVP ) 27 Allen Watson 28 Chad Curtis 29 Mike Stanton 35 Clay Bellinger 36 David Cone 38 Jason Grimsley 39 Darryl Strawberry 42 Mariano Rivera ( World Series MVP ) 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Chili Davis 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 50 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Assistant Coach 57 Gary Tuck Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series New York Yankees 2000 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter ( World Series MVP ) 11 Chuck Knoblauch 12 Denny Neagle 13 José Vizcaíno 14 Luis Sojo 17 Dwight Gooden 18 Scott Brosius 19 Luis Polonia 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Roger Clemens 24 Tino Martinez 25 Chris Turner 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Allen Watson 28 David Justice ( ALCS MVP ) 29 Mike Stanton 31 Glenallen Hill 33 Jose Canseco 35 Clay Bellinger 36 David Cone 38 Jason Grimsley 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza 58 Randy Choate Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 52 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 Lee Mazzilli Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Mets -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 2009 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Brett Gardner 13 Alex Rodriguez 14 Eric Hinske 17 Jerry Hairston Jr . 18 Johnny Damon 19 Ramiro Peña 20 Jorge Posada 24 Robinson Canó 25 Mark Teixeira 26 José Molina 29 Francisco Cervelli 30 David Robertson 33 Nick Swisher 34 A.J. Burnett 41 Chad Gaudin 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Dámaso Marte 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Freddy Guzmán 48 Phil Coke 52 CC Sabathia 53 Melky Cabrera 55 Hideki Matsui ( World Series MVP ) 62 Joba Chamberlain 65 Phil Hughes 91 Alfredo Aceves 99 Brian Bruney Manager 27 Joe Girardi Bench coach 56 Tony Peña First base coach 50 Mick Kelleher Third base coach 59 Rob Thomson Hitting coach 54 Kevin Long Pitching coach 58 Dave Eiland Bullpen coach 57 Mike Harkey Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former and relocated teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball Sport teams based in the New York metropolitan area Australian rules football USAFL New York Magpies Baseball MLB New York Mets New York Yankees NYPL Brooklyn Cyclones Hudson Valley Renegades Staten Island Yankees ALPB Bridgeport Bluefish Long Island Ducks Somerset Patriots CanAm New Jersey Jackals Rockland Boulders Sussex County Miners Basketball NBA Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks WNBA New York Liberty G League Long Island Nets Westchester Knicks ABA Jersey Express Entertainment Teams Harlem Wizards Football NFL New York Giants New York Jets WFA New York Sharks Hockey NHL New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers AHL Bridgeport Sound Tigers NWHL Metropolitan Riveters Lacrosse MLL New York Lizards Rugby league USARL Brooklyn Kings New York Knights White Plains Wombats Rugby union USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Soccer MLS New York City FC New York Red Bulls NASL New York Cosmos USL New York Red Bulls II NWSL Sky Blue FC PDL F.A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time new york yankees won the world series | [
"\n\nNew York Yankees\n\n\n 2017 New York Yankees season\n\n\nEstablished in 1901\n\n\nBased in New York City since 1903\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam logo\nCap insignia\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league affiliations\n\n\n\n\n\nAmerican League (1901–present)\n\nEast Division (1969–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRetired numbers\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n8\n9\n10\n15\n16\n20\n23\n32\n37\n42\n42\n44\n46\n49\n51\n\n\n\n\n\nColors\n\n\n\n\n\nMidnight navy blue, gray, white\n\n \n\n\n\nName\n\n\n\n\n\nNew York Yankees (1913–present)\nNew York Highlanders (1903–1912)\nBaltimore Orioles (1901–1902)\n\n\n\n\n\nOther nicknames\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Bronx Bombers, The Yanks, The Pinstripers, The Bronx Zoo, The Evil Empire, Murderer's Row\n\n\n\n\n\nBallpark\n\n\n\n\n\nYankee Stadium (II) (2009–present)\nYankee Stadium (I) (1923–1973, 1976–2008)\nShea Stadium (1974–1975)\nPolo Grounds (IV) (1913–1922)\n\na.k.a. Brush Stadium (1913–1919)\n\n\nHilltop Park (1903–1912)\nOriole Park (1901–1902)\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league titles\n\n\nWorld Series titles (27)\n\n\n\n1923\n1927\n1928\n1932\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1941\n1943\n1947\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1956\n1958\n1961\n1962\n1977\n1978\n1996\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2009\n\n\n\n\n\nAL Pennants (40)\n\n\n\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1932\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1941\n1942\n1943\n1947\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1981\n1996\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2003\n2009\n\n\n\n\n\nEast Division titles (18)\n\n\n\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1980\n1981\n1996\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2009\n2011\n2012\n\n\n\n\n\nWild card berths (6)\n\n\n\n1995\n1997\n2007\n2010\n2015\n2017\n\n\n\n\n\nFront office\n\n\nOwner(s)\nYankee Global Enterprises\n(Hal and Hank Steinbrenner, co-chairmen)\n\n\nManager\nVacant\n\n\nGeneral Manager\nBrian Cashman\n\n\nPresident of Baseball Operations\nRandy Levine\n\n"
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"2009"
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5950516865195356402 | Haley Joel Osment | Haley Joel Osment - wikipedia Haley Joel Osment Jump to : navigation , search Haley Joel Osment Osment at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival ( 1988 - 04 - 10 ) April 10 , 1988 ( age 29 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S Residence New York City Alma mater Tisch School of the Arts Occupation Actor Years active 1992 -- present Relatives Emily Osment ( sister ) Haley Joel Osment ( born April 10 , 1988 ) is an American actor . After a series of roles in television and film during the 1990s , including a small part in Forrest Gump playing the title character 's son ( also named Forrest Gump ) , Osment rose to fame for his performance as a young unwilling medium in M. Night Shyamalan 's thriller film The Sixth Sense , which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He subsequently appeared in leading roles in several high - profile Hollywood films , including Steven Spielberg 's A.I. Artificial Intelligence and Mimi Leder 's Pay It Forward . He made his Broadway debut in 2008 in a short - lived revival of David Mamet 's play American Buffalo , starring John Leguizamo and Cedric the Entertainer . Osment is also known for his voice - roles of Sora and Vanitas in the Kingdom Hearts video games , as well as his more recent roles in comedies such as Sex Ed and The Spoils of Babylon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Osment was born in Los Angeles , California , the son of Theresa ( née Seifert ) , a teacher , and Michael Eugene Osment , a theater and film actor , both natives of Birmingham , Alabama . Osment was raised Roman Catholic . He has one sibling , actress Emily Osment , who is almost four years younger . Osment 's parents have described his childhood as a `` good old - fashioned Southern upbringing '' . His father said that when Osment was learning to speak , he deliberately avoided using baby talk when communicating with his son . Osment was a student at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Cañada , California . As a child , he wrestled and played basketball , football , and golf . Career ( edit ) Osment 's acting career began at the age of four , when his mother took him to a new IKEA store and they encountered a talent scout looking for new actors . Osment put his name down and got called back for an audition . Asked to describe the biggest thing he had ever seen , Osment described an IMAX theater screen and won the part in a Pizza Hut TV commercial , advertising their `` Big Foot '' pizza . The commercial launched his career , and later that year he starred in the ABC TV sitcom Thunder Alley , his first role in series television . His first feature film role was as Forrest Gump 's son , also named Forrest Gump , in the 1994 film of the same name . He also had a small part in another 1994 film , Mixed Nuts . Throughout the rest of the 1990s , Osment played regular or recurring roles in various TV series ; including The Jeff Foxworthy Show and the final season of Murphy Brown , where he replaced Dyllan Christopher as Murphy 's son , Avery . Osment in 2001 In addition , he made numerous guest appearances on shows , including The Larry Sanders Show , Walker , Texas Ranger , Touched by an Angel , Chicago Hope , The Pretender , and Ally McBeal . He appeared in the 1996 film Bogus , alongside Whoopi Goldberg and Gérard Depardieu and the 1998 made - for - TV movie The Lake , as well as I 'll Remember April ( 1999 ) , with future The Sixth Sense co-star Trevor Morgan . Osment first achieved stardom in 1999 , when he appeared in The Sixth Sense , co-starring Bruce Willis . For his portrayal of Cole Sear , a psychic child , Osment won the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor . He was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , becoming the second - youngest performer ever to receive an Academy nomination for a supporting role , but lost the final Oscar vote to Michael Caine ( with whom he would later work , appearing together in Secondhand Lions ) . One of Osment 's lines in The Sixth Sense , `` I see dead people , '' became a popular catchphrase and is often repeated or parodied on television programs and in other media . The phrase is # 44 on the American Film Institute 's list of 100 Movie Quotes . He made three minor ( voice - only ) guest appearances on the animated TV series Family Guy in 2000 and 2001 . The 2000 Academy Awards ceremony honored another future co-star , Kevin Spacey , who , along with Helen Hunt , appeared in Osment 's next film , Pay It Forward ( 2000 ) . The following year , he appeared in Steven Spielberg 's A.I. Artificial Intelligence , cementing his stature as one of the leading young actors in Hollywood . This role earned him his second Saturn Award for Best Younger Actor , and another critical acclaim . In reviewing the movie , critic Roger Ebert claimed that : `` Osment , who is onscreen in almost every scene , is one of the best actors now working '' . In 2001 , Osment starred in the Polish film , Edges of the Lord , as Romek . The movie was never released theatrically in the United States . Between 2002 and 2003 , Osment lent his voice to films such as The Country Bears , The Hunchback of Notre Dame II and The Jungle Book 2 , all from Walt Disney Pictures . He returned to live action with the 2003 film , Secondhand Lions . Osment lent his voice to the video game series Kingdom Hearts , providing the voice of Sora , the series ' main character , and also Vanitas , a villain resembling Sora . Osment also voiced the character of Takeshi Jin in the English version of the Immortal Grand Prix anime television series . He appeared in Home of the Giants , playing a high school journalist opposite Ryan Merriman and Danielle Panabaker . He subsequently worked on Montana Amazon as both an actor and executive producer . The film starred Olympia Dukakis and debuted at the Orlando and Big Apple Film Festivals in November 2010 , winning Best Feature Film at the latter . Osment made his Broadway debut at the Belasco Theatre in November 2008 playing the role of `` Bobby '' , a young heroin addict , in a revival of David Mamet 's American Buffalo ; co-starring with John Leguizamo and Cedric the Entertainer . The show opened to mixed reviews , and a provisional statement was made on November 20 , 2008 , that it would close after the first week . In 2010 , Osment signed for a leading role in the comedy film Sex Ed from MPCA , to play a college graduate who wants to teach geometry , but ends up as a sex education teacher while inexperienced himself . In January 2011 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Osment had joined the cast of Sassy Pants , a comedy about a homeschooler with an over-bearing mother . Variety reported on June 27 , 2011 that Osment would star in Wake the Dead , a modern - day retelling of the Frankenstein story , with production to begin the last quarter of 2011 . As of mid-2014 , no published status was available . In 2013 , he appeared in a series of episodes of Amazon 's Alpha House . He also co-starred in the Will Ferrell and Adam McKay - produced comedy melodrama miniseries The Spoils of Babylon and The Spoils Before Dying for IFC . Kevin Smith has further added to Osment 's career resurgence with roles in the first two films of his True North Trilogy , first as Teddy Craft in Tusk and next as a fictionalized version of Canadian journalist Adrien Arcand in Yoga Hosers . Osment most recently held a recurring role in season 4 of HBO 's Silicon Valley as VR expert and tech financier Keenan Feldspar . Personal life ( edit ) Osment is an avid golfer who began playing at the age of 7 . He played for the U.S. team in the All Star Cup 2005 , under team leader Mark O'Meara , and has participated in the Annual Michael Douglas & Friends Celebrity Golf Tournament . Osment was involved in a single - driver automobile accident on July 20 , 2006 ; he struck a brick mailbox and overturned his car while driving near his home . He suffered injuries including a broken rib , fractured shoulder blade , cuts , and abrasions . Osment pleaded no contest to one count each of misdemeanor driving under the influence of alcohol and misdemeanor drug possession on October 19 , 2006 . He was sentenced to three years probation , 60 hours in an alcohol rehabilitation and education program , a fine of $1500 , and a minimum requirement of 26 Alcoholics Anonymous meetings over a six - month period . Osment plays the guitar and piano . He currently lives in New York City and graduated from New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts in 2011 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 Forrest Gump Forrest Gump , Jr . Young Artist Award for Best Performance by an Actor Under Ten in a Motion Picture 1994 Mixed Nuts Little Boy 1995 For Better or Worse Danny Bogus Albert Franklin Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Actor Age Ten or Under 1997 Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Chip ( voice ) Direct - to - video 1999 The Sixth Sense Cole Sear Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actor -- Newcomer ( Internet Only ) Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Young Performer Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Youth in Film Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Most Promising Actor MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Teen Choice Award for Film -- Choice Breakout Performance Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actor YoungStar Award for Best Young Actor / Performance in a Motion Picture Drama Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Most Promising Actor Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best On - Screen Duo ( Shared with Bruce Willis ) Nominated -- Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Debut Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role 1999 I 'll Remember April Peewee Clayton 2000 Pay It Forward Trevor McKinney Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor -- Drama / Romance Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actor 2000 Spot the Dog Spot the Dog ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2001 A.I. Artificial Intelligence David Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated -- Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Young Performer Nominated -- Empire Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Youth Performance Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actor 2001 Edges of the Lord Romek 2002 The Hunchback of Notre Dame II Zephyr ( voice ) Direct - to - video Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Voice - Over Role 2002 The Country Bears Beary Barrington ( voice ) 2003 Secondhand Lions Walter Caldwell Critics Choice Award -- Best Young Actor in Drama Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actor Nominated -- Tony Award -- Best Rising Star 2003 The Jungle Book 2 Mowgli ( voice ) Nominated -- World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Song Written for a Film ( Shared with Paul Grabowsky , Lorraine Feather , Mae Whitman , and Connor Funk ) Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Voice - Over Role -- Young Actor 2007 Home of the Giants Robert `` Gar '' Gartland Montana Amazon Womple Dunderhead Also executive producer 2012 Sassy Pants Chip Hardy 2013 I 'll Follow You Down Erol Released as Continuum outside North America 2014 Tusk Teddy Craft 2014 Sex Ed Ed Cole 2015 Wrestling Is n't Wrestling Theater Audience Member Short film 2015 The World Made Straight Shank 2015 Entourage Travis McCredle 2016 Me Him Her Haley 2016 Yoga Hosers Adrien Arcand 2016 Holding Patterns Ben 2017 Izzy Gets the F * ck Across Town Walt Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 The Larry Sanders Show Little Boy Episode : `` The Fourteenth Floor '' 1994 Lies of the Heart : The Story of Laurie Kellogg Kyle Television film 1994 -- 1995 Thunder Alley Harry Turner 27 episodes 1995 -- 1997 The Jeff Foxworthy Show Matt Foxworthy 35 episodes 1997 Walker , Texas Ranger Lucas Simms 2 episodes 1997 Last Stand at Saber River Davis Cable Television film 1997 -- 1998 Murphy Brown Avery Brown # 2 6 episodes 1998 Chicago Hope Nathan Cacaci Episode : `` Memento Mori '' 1998 Touched by an Angel John Henry Episode : `` Flights of Angels '' 1998 The Pretender Davey Simpkins 2 episodes 1998 The Lake Dylan Hydecker Television film 1998 Ransom of Red Chief Andy Dorset Television film 1998 Cab to Canada Bobby Television film 1999 Ally McBeal Eric Stall Episode : `` Angels and Blimps '' 1999 Hey Arnold ! Curly Gammelthorpe Voice role ; `` Deconstructing Arnold '' 2000 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Myka Voice role ; `` Lone Wolf '' 2000 -- 2001 Family Guy Various characters Voice role ; 3 episodes 2005 Immortal Grand Prix Takeshi Jin Voice role ( English version ) ; 26 episodes 2013 -- 2014 Alpha House Shelby Mellman 12 episodes 2014 The Spoils of Babylon Winston Morehouse 3 episodes 2015 The Spoils Before Dying Alistair St. Barnaby - Bixby - Jones 5 episodes 2015 -- 2016 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Slow Joey 10 episodes 2015 Drunk History Kid Blink Episode : `` Journalism '' 2016 The Eric Andre Show Guest Episode : `` Dennis Rodman ; Haley Joel Osment '' 2017 Teachers Damien 2 episodes 2017 Oasis Sy Amazon pilot episode 2017 Silicon Valley Keenan Feldspar 3 episodes 2017 Future Man Dr. Stu Camillo Upcoming series Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role 2002 Kingdom Hearts Sora ( voice ) Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories Sora ( archived footage ) 2005 Kingdom Hearts II Sora ( voice ) 2007 Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories Sora ( voice ) 2009 Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days Sora ( voice ) ( archive sound ) Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Vanitas / Sora ( voices ) Kingdom Hearts Re : coded Sora ( voice ) 2012 Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance Sora / Vanitas ( voices ) 2013 Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix Sora ( voice ) ( archived footage ) 2014 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix Sora / Vanitas ( voices ) ( archived and new footage ) 2017 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Sora / Vanitas ( voices ) ( archived and new footage ) 2018 Kingdom Hearts III Sora ( voice ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Revival of Mamet 's American Buffalo Finds a Broadway Home '' . Playbill . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Haley Joel Osment profile at FilmReference.com '' . filmreference.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Mireya ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` When Childhood Is a Tough Role '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Duke , Paul F. ( April 25 , 2000 ) . `` Osment , Dafoe honing ' Edges ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Copelan , Libby ( July 2 , 2001 ) . `` Acting Older Than His Age '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 -- via kidactors.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Sixth Sense ' Star Charged With DUI '' . Zap2it.com . Tribune Media Services . August 18 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Haley and the ego problem '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . November 4 , 1999 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( September 2 , 1999 ) . `` Young actor receives rave reviews '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' Something Special ' About Haley Joel Osment '' . St. Petersburg Times . June 30 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Walker told me I have aids '' . YouTube . April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert . `` A.I. Artificial Intelligence '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Daniel Loria ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' Montana Amazon ' Wins Big at the Big Apple Film Festival '' . indieWIRE . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Playbill , August 26 , 2008 Jump up ^ ' American Buffalo ' Goes the Way of the Buffalo , New York Times , 2008 - 11 - 20 Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Sixth Sense ' actor to star in MPCA comedy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kate Ward ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Haley Joel Osment to star in coming - of - age comedy . But can the child star come of age himself ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Osment energizes Frankenstein project '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Star Cup 2005 '' . SkyOne.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` StarPulse '' . Police Suspect Alcohol Was a Factor in Haley Joel Osment 's Crash . July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` DeseretNews.com '' . Osment pleads no contest to misdemeanor charges . Retrieved October 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ No Contest for Haley Joel from E ! News Jump up ^ `` Haley Joel Osment Interview '' . UGO Networks . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Mireya ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` When Childhood Is a Tough Role '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Ward , Kate ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Haley Joel Osment to star in coming - of - age comedy . But can the child star come of age himself ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Osment ( ... ) has joined the cast of Sassy Pants , a comedy about a homeschooler ( ... ) with an overbearing mother Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Haley Joel Osment Set For ' I 'll Follow You Down ' '' . Deadline New York . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Haley Joel Osment Sees Tusk People '' . Dread Central . October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Four Eccentric Senators as Capitol Hill Roomies '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon Sets 2017 Pilot Season Lineup With Projects From Amy Sherman - Palladino , ' Game of Thrones ' Actors '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . The pilot also stars ... Haley Joel Osment as Sy Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Silicon Valley : Haley Joel Osment to guest in multiple episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nakhnikian , Elise ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Silicon Valley Recap : Season 4 , Episode 6 , ' Customer Service ' '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . VR superstar Keenan Feldspar ( Haley Joel Osment ) Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Haley Joel Osment Embarks On ' Strange New Things ' At Amazon '' . deadline.com . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Osment most recently recurred on Hulu 's Future Man External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haley Joel Osment . Official website Haley Joel Osment on IMDb Haley Joel Osment at AllMovie Awards for Haley Joel Osment Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer Jonathan Lipnicki ( 1996 ) Jurnee Smollett ( 1997 ) Ian Michael Smith ( 1998 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell ( 2000 ) Dakota Fanning ( 2001 ) Kieran Culkin ( 2002 ) Keisha Castle - Hughes ( 2003 ) Freddie Highmore / Emmy Rossum ( 2004 ) Freddie Highmore / Dakota Fanning ( 2005 ) Paul Dano / Abigail Breslin ( 2006 ) Ahmad Khan Mahmidzada / Nikki Blonsky ( 2007 ) Dev Patel ( 2008 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2009 ) Hailee Steinfeld ( 2010 ) Thomas Horn ( 2011 ) Quvenzhané Wallis ( 2012 ) Adèle Exarchopoulos ( 2013 ) Ellar Coltrane ( 2014 ) Jacob Tremblay ( 2015 ) Lucas Hedges ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Noah Hathaway ( 1984 ) Barret Oliver ( 1985 ) Carrie Henn ( 1986 ) Kirk Cameron ( 1987 ) Fred Savage ( 1988 ) Adan Jodorowsky ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Furlong ( 1991 ) Scott Weinger ( 1992 ) Elijah Wood ( 1993 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 1994 ) Christina Ricci ( 1995 ) Lucas Black ( 1996 ) Jena Malone ( 1997 ) Tobey Maguire ( 1998 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 1999 ) Devon Sawa ( 2000 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 2001 ) Tyler Hoechlin ( 2002 ) Jeremy Sumpter ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum ( 2004 ) Dakota Fanning ( 2005 ) Ivana Baquero ( 2006 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2007 ) Jaden Smith ( 2008 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2009 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2010 ) Joel Courtney ( 2011 ) Suraj Sharma ( 2012 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2013 ) Mackenzie Foy ( 2014 ) Ty Simpkins ( 2015 ) Tom Holland ( 2016 ) MTV Movie Award for Next Generation Best Breakthrough Performance Edward Furlong ( 1992 ) Marisa Tomei ( 1993 ) Alicia Silverstone ( 1994 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 1995 ) George Clooney ( 1996 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 1997 ) Heather Graham ( 1998 ) James Van Der Beek & Katie Holmes ( 1999 ) Haley Joel Osment & Julia Stiles ( 2000 ) Sean Patrick Thomas & Erika Christensen ( 2001 ) Orlando Bloom & Mandy Moore ( 2002 ) Eminem & Jennifer Garner ( 2003 ) Shawn Ashmore & Lindsay Lohan ( 2004 ) Jon Heder & Rachel McAdams ( 2005 ) Isla Fisher ( 2006 ) Jaden Smith ( 2007 ) Zac Efron ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson & Ashley Tisdale ( 2009 ) Shailene Woodley ( 2012 ) Rebel Wilson ( 2013 ) Will Poulter ( 2014 ) Dylan O'Brien ( 2015 ) Daisy Ridley ( 2016 ) Best Breakout Star Anna Kendrick ( 2010 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2011 ) Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film 1979 -- 1990 Dennis Christopher ( 1979 ) Justin Henry ( 1980 ) Ricky Schroder ( 1981 ) Henry Thomas ( 1982 ) C. Thomas Howell ( 1983 ) Anthony Michael Hall ( 1984 ) Sean Astin ( 1985 ) Peter Billingsley ( 1986 ) River Phoenix ( 1987 ) Fred Savage ( 1987 ) Patrick Dempsey ( 1987 ) Corey Feldman ( 1987 ) Christian Bale ( 1988 ) Corey Feldman ( 1988 ) Corey Haim ( 1988 ) Lukas Haas ( 1988 ) Sean Astin ( 1989 ) Macaulay Culkin ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2010 Ethan Embry ( 1991 ) Elijah Wood ( 1993 ) Edward Furlong ( 1994 ) Jason James Richter ( 1994 ) Mason Gamble ( 1994 ) Brad Renfro ( 1995 ) Wil Horneff ( 1996 ) Lucas Black ( 1997 ) Blake Heron ( 1998 ) Kevin Zegers ( 1998 ) Miko Hughes ( 1999 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 2000 ) Rob Brown ( 2001 ) Anton Yelchin ( 2002 ) Tyler Hoechlin ( 2003 ) Jeremy Sumpter ( 2004 ) Jamie Bell ( 2005 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2006 ) Logan Lerman ( 2007 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2008 ) Nate Hartley ( 2009 ) Max Records ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Jaden Smith ( 2011 ) Dakota Goyo ( 2012 ) Tom Holland ( 2013 ) Miles Elliot ( 2014 ) Reese Hartwig ( 2015 ) Michael Grant ( 2016 ) Julian Feder ( 2017 ) VIAF : 85562619 LCCN : no00068091 ISNI : 0000 0001 1450 6115 GND : 142297372 SUDOC : 072293403 BNF : cb140714800 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 1cbeee82 - 76e6 - 4c3a - b0f6 - 727031b066c0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haley_Joel_Osment&oldid=804021436 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors American Roman Catholics Male actors from Los Angeles Tisch School of the Arts alumni Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Arpetan বাংলা Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 05 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the little boy in 6th sense | [
"Haley Joel Osment (born April 10, 1988) is an American actor. After a series of roles in television and film during the 1990s, including a small part in Forrest Gump playing the title character's son (also named Forrest Gump), Osment rose to fame for his performance as a young unwilling medium in M. Night Shyamalan's thriller film The Sixth Sense, which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He subsequently appeared in leading roles in several high-profile Hollywood films, including Steven Spielberg's A.I. Artificial Intelligence and Mimi Leder's Pay It Forward."
] | [
"Haley Joel Osment"
] |
-2263383352323735787 | Camp Randall Stadium | Camp Randall stadium - wikipedia Camp Randall stadium Camp Randall Stadium Camp Randall Stadium on gameday Location 1440 Monroe Street University of Wisconsin Madison , Wisconsin Coordinates 43 ° 4 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 24 ′ 46 '' W / 43.07000 ° N 89.41278 ° W / 43.07000 ; - 89.41278 Coordinates : 43 ° 4 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 24 ′ 46 '' W / 43.07000 ° N 89.41278 ° W / 43.07000 ; - 89.41278 Owner University of Wisconsin -- Madison Operator University of Wisconsin -- Madison Capacity 80,321 ( 2005 -- present ) 82,123 ( 2004 ) 76,634 ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 76,129 ( 1998 -- 2000 ) 77,745 ( 1991 -- 1997 ) 76,293 ( 1987 -- 1990 ) 77,280 ( 1966 -- 1986 ) 63,435 ( 1958 -- 1965 ) 52,788 ( 1955 -- 1957 ) 52,819 ( 1953 -- 1954 ) 51,000 ( 1951 -- 1952 ) 45,000 ( 1940 -- 1950 ) 36,000 ( 1937 -- 1939 ) 32,700 ( 1932 -- 1936 ) 38,293 ( 1926 -- 1931 ) 29,783 ( 1925 ) 20,000 ( 1921 -- 1924 ) 11,900 ( 1917 -- 1920 ) Surface FieldTurf ( 2003 -- present ) AstroTurf ( 1968 -- 2002 ) Natural grass ( 1917 -- 1967 ) Construction Broke ground 1917 Opened November 3 , 1917 101 years ago Renovated Expanded 1921 , 1924 , 1940 , 1951 , 1958 , 1966 , 2004 Construction cost $15,000 ( $287 thousand in 2017 dollars ) Architect Arthur Peabody Bernes - Schobler Associates , Inc. ( 2005 renovation ) Tenants Wisconsin Badgers ( NCAA ) ( 1917 -- present ) Camp Randall Stadium is an outdoor stadium in Madison , Wisconsin , located on the University of Wisconsin -- Madison campus . It has been the home of Wisconsin Badgers football since 1895 , with a fully functioning stadium since 1917 . The oldest and fifth largest stadium in the Big Ten Conference , Camp Randall is the 41st largest stadium in the world , with a seating capacity of 80,321 . Contents 1 History 2 `` The Camp Randall Crush '' 3 Off - the - field traditions 3.1 The Fifth Quarter 3.2 `` Jump Around '' tradition 4 Other uses 4.1 NFL 4.2 Hockey 4.3 Entertainment 5 The Camp Randall Complex 6 Longest home winning streaks 7 Largest crowds 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) The stadium lies on the grounds of Camp Randall , a former Union Army training camp during the Civil War . The camp was named after then Governor Alexander Randall , who later became Postmaster General of the United States . Randall Field in 1904 , prior to stadium construction After an outcry from veterans over plans to turn the site into building lots , the state bought it in 1893 and presented it to the university . Soon afterward , it was pressed into service as an athletic ground . It was originally used by the track and field team before the football and baseball teams moved there in 1895 . However , the wooden bleachers were very difficult to maintain , and a portion of them were actually condemned as unsafe in 1914 . The university then asked for $40,000 to build a concrete - and - steel stadium , but only got half of the original request . However , after three sections of bleachers collapsed during a 1915 game , the state readily granted the additional money . The new stadium opened for the first time on October 6 , 1917 . It consisted of 7,500 concrete seats -- roughly corresponding to the lower portion of the current stadium 's east grandstand -- and 3,000 wooden seats from the old field . After the wooden seats burned down in 1922 , more permanent seats were added in stages until it consisted of a horseshoe opening to the south , with a running track around the field . The stadium was renovated at various points to raise the size of the horseshoe by nearly doubling the number of rows around the stadium in stages , placing south stands in front of the Wisconsin Field House ( built in 1930 ) , the removal of the track and addition of nearly 11,000 seats in 1958 , the addition of the upper deck in 1966 , and finally the 2005 addition of boxes along the eastern rim of the stadium . Originally natural grass , the field was one of the first in the United States to convert to artificial turf in 1968 . Superturf was installed in 1980 , and a new AstroTurf field was installed in 1990 , and replaced in 1998 . A new type of artificial grass , infilled FieldTurf , was installed for the 2003 season , replaced after the spring term in time for the 2012 season . The stadium also houses athletic offices of the university . In 2002 , a large - scale reconstruction project commenced , which added luxury boxes , a five - story office building , and separate football program offices . In addition , concessions , restrooms and other infrastructure items were upgraded , the walkway around the field was removed , and new scoreboards were installed . The construction was completed prior to the start of the 2004 season . The football team continued to play at the stadium throughout the construction . Also during this period of reconstruction at the stadium , changes were made to the visiting team locker room . Known as one of the best visiting team locker rooms in the Big Ten Conference , it was initially painted a bright pink , a color thought to affect the play of the visiting team ( similar to Iowa 's pale pink visiting locker room ) . The UW Athletic Dept . decided that the color may irritate the opposing team and had the room painted a pale shade of blue called `` prison blue '' , named for the shade of paint used in Wisconsin Department of Corrections facility cells , which is intended to have a `` calming effect . '' Since this change , the Badgers have had a 43 -- 4 home record . Camp Randall scoreboard at Movie Night 2013 The numbers of Wisconsin 's two Heisman Trophy winners , Alan Ameche and Ron Dayne , are displayed on the upper deck façade . Both of their numbers ( 35 and 33 , respectively ) are retired ; The retired numbers of Elroy Hirsch ( 40 ) , Dave Schreiner ( 80 ) , Allan Schafer ( 83 ) , and Pat Richter ( 88 ) were added during the 2006 football season . At Barry Alvarez 's final game as head coach in 2005 , plans were announced to place a statue of him in the Stadium 's Kellner Plaza . The bronze statue was unveiled in 2006 on October 13 . On November 17 , it was joined by a similar statue of former UW athlete and athletic director Pat Richter . Announced in the fall of 2010 and completed in January 2014 , the Student Athlete Performance Center , an expansion of Camp Randall to the north , included a new scoreboard , academic and strength training facilities , multimedia instructional space , lower - level football team access tunnel , and renovated locker rooms , shower rooms and equipment space . Although the new scoreboard is listed as being 50 feet by 170 feet , the large Daktronics screen size is 4,271 square feet ( per @ BadgerFootball ) , with two smaller screens flanking either side . In 2018 , a plan was announced to build premium seating in the south end zone ( replacing existing bleacher seating ) , replace the artificial turf , upgrade utilities , and improve the press box . `` The Camp Randall Crush '' ( edit ) November 2006 See also : 1993 Wisconsin Badgers football team On October 30 , 1993 , Wisconsin defeated the Michigan Wolverines , 13 -- 10 , for the first time since 1981 . As the final gun sounded , students began to charge the field to celebrate , but were blocked by the guardrails surrounding the field . The crowd in the back , not aware of what was going on at the front , continued to move forward , aided by gravity . Those in front were crushed against the rails and then trampled when the rails finally gave way and the throng spilled onto the field . There were no fatalities , but 73 students were injured , six of them critically . Several Badgers football players assisted with removing the injured from the tangle ; some of them were medical students and administered CPR to many victims who were not breathing . Per Mar Security ( stadium security ) and the University of Wisconsin were later found liable for this situation . As a result , design changes were made in the stadium that increased the size and strength of the fences . Stadium personnel also received training to help them better handle a field rush . A field rush after a defeat of no . 1 Ohio State on October 16 , 2010 , showed that the measures taken after 1993 worked , as only one minor injury took place . Off - the - field traditions ( edit ) Badger football events at Camp Randall Stadium include numerous traditions . Some of these include : The Fifth Quarter ( edit ) In 1969 , the Badgers had lost 24 straight games , and Michael Leckrone took over the Wisconsin Marching Band . Working with athletic director Elroy Hirsch , Leckrone and the band created a fan event called `` The Fifth Quarter '' , that took place at the end of the game . Songs typically played during the Fifth Quarter include `` On Wisconsin '' , `` You 've Said It All '' ( also known as the `` Bud '' song , referring to its beginning as a jingle in a Budweiser beer commercial ) , `` Space Badgers '' ( A variation on the opening to Also sprach Zarathustra ) , `` Dance Little Bird '' ( The Chicken Dance ) , `` Beer Barrel Polka '' , `` Tequila '' , and `` Hey Baby . '' Many spectators remain in the stands for twenty minutes after the game to enjoy the performance . Many of the songs are associated with specific choreography in which the band , cheerleaders and the audience all participate . At the end of the Fifth Quarter , the band lines up to play `` Varsity '' as the spectators sing . The band then exits the field via the north entrance to perform more and sing `` It 's Hard to Be Humble '' , after which the band marches to the Mosse Humanities Building , where it is dismissed . The Fifth Quarter was officially named in 1978 , and its traditions have been passed down since then . Badger fans fill the stadium during a 2005 football game with Michigan `` Jump Around '' tradition ( edit ) Another tradition at UW football games is the `` Jump Around '' , where fans dance to the House of Pain song of the same name . This takes place between the third and fourth quarters . The tradition began on Saturday , October 10 , 1998 , at the Badgers ' Homecoming game against the Purdue Boilermakers . After no offensive points were scored in the third quarter , the Badgers ' marketing agent in charge of sound piped the song through the loudspeakers . It stirred up fans and players and has become a tradition of the last decade . However , on September 6 , 2003 , ( the Badgers ' first home game of the season ) , with construction of the skyboxes surrounding the stadium , UW officials decided to cancel the `` Jump Around '' tradition that had been a staple for five years . Stadium security and the local police department had been informed of this decision , but no notification had been given to the fans . As the fourth quarter began and students realized there had been no `` Jump Around '' , they became upset . Some jumped around without the requisite music . Then an entire section sat down in protest , a majority directed their middle finger at the sound booth , and a chant of `` Fuck the sound guy '' began . Sitting down was particularly significant as the student section generally stands on the bleachers while the team is playing . Chanting and booing continued through the majority of the fourth quarter . With 6 : 29 to go in the game , Lee Evans scored on a 99 - yard play and led the Badgers to a victory , thrilling the crowd . When news surfaced on Monday , September 8 , 2003 , that this event was not a technical or human malfunction , but rather a decision by campus officials , the students launched a protest . Petitions circulated and students pushed back against administration . Structural engineers confirmed that the stadium would suffer no structural damage caused by the vibrations created by jumping . Two days later , Chancellor John D. Wiley announced that the `` Jump Around '' tradition would resume . Other uses ( edit ) The stadium is also used by the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association for its state football championships . Nfl ( edit ) The Green Bay Packers have played 12 exhibition games at Camp Randall , which , up until 2013 , had a larger seating capacity than the Packers ' home stadium , Lambeau Field . The series began in 1986 , shortly after the Chicago Bears began to use nearby University of Wisconsin - Platteville as a training camp site . The most recent pre-season Packers game at Camp Randall was played in 1999 . Hockey ( edit ) Men 's ice hockey match The University of Wisconsin men 's and women 's ice hockey teams each played an outdoor hockey game at Camp Randall Stadium on February 6 , 2010 , as part of the Culver 's Camp Randall Hockey Classic . The Wisconsin women defeated Bemidji State 6 -- 1 , while the Badger men beat Michigan 3 -- 2 . Entertainment ( edit ) Drum Corps International used the stadium as the site for its world championships in 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1992 , 1999 , 2002 , and 2006 . Camp Randall has also hosted a number of major concerts . Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Notes May 20 , 1988 Pink Floyd -- A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour 45,132 / 55,000 $902,640 June 9 , 1992 Genesis -- We Ca n't Dance Tour -- -- September 13 , 1992 U2 Big Audio Dynamite II Public Enemy Zoo TV Tour 62,280 / 62,280 $1,868,400 July 3 , 1994 Pink Floyd -- The Division Bell Tour 60,960 / 60,960 $1,942,780 August 26 , 1994 The Rolling Stones Bryan Adams Blind Melon Lenny Kravitz Voodoo Lounge Tour 51,201 / 51,201 $2,420,485 June 25 , 1997 U2 Fun Lovin ' Criminals PopMart Tour 34,002 / 40,000 $1,701,045 October 6 , 1997 The Rolling Stones Blues Traveler Bridges to Babylon Tour 27,087 / 35,000 $1,460,425 The Camp Randall complex ( edit ) The Camp Randall athletic complex includes three additional facilities : the Field House , home to the UW basketball teams until January 1998 , and now the wrestling and women 's volleyball teams ; the Dave McClain Athletic Facility , an indoor football practice facility named for the late Badgers football coach , Dave McClain , which also houses locker rooms for football , men 's and women 's track , and softball , and strength and conditioning , sports medicine , and academic services ; and the Camp Randall Memorial Sports Center ( `` The Shell '' ) , which contains a 200 - meter indoor track that surrounds facilities for intramural sports . The indoor track is used by the UW track teams during their indoor seasons . The Shell also houses a practice ice sheet . Longest home winning streaks ( edit ) Rank Started Snapped Streak 1st October 31 , 2009 October 27 , 2012 21 2nd September 9 , 2006 October 4 , 2008 16 3rd October 29 , 2016 September 15 , 2018 12 4th September 4 , 2004 November 12 , 2005 11 5th September 6 , 2014 October 3 , 2015 10 6th November 18 , 1961 October 26 , 1963 9 7th September 12 , 1998 September 25 , 1999 8 T - 8th October 25 , 2008 October 17 , 2009 7 T - 8th November 2 , 1996 November 15 , 1997 7 10th November 8 , 1958 November 14 , 1959 6 Note : Streaks do not include ties . Largest crowds ( edit ) The following are the ten largest crowds in stadium history : 1 . 83,184 November 12 , 2005 vs Iowa 2 . 83,069 November 6 , 2004 vs # 24 Minnesota 3 . 83,022 September 24 , 2005 vs # 13 Michigan 4 . 82,828 October 22 , 2005 vs Purdue 5 . 82,630 September 22 , 2007 vs Iowa 6 . 82,468 October 23 , 2004 vs Northwestern 7 . 82,352 November 10 , 2007 vs # 13 Michigan 8 . 82,330 October 1 , 2005 vs Indiana 9 . 82,306 October 2 , 2004 vs Illinois 10 . 82,179 September 25 , 2004 vs Penn State Gallery ( edit ) See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levitan , Stuart D. Madison : 1856 -- 1931 . Madison , Wisconsin : The University of Wisconsin Press . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 21674 - 8 . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Facilities '' . The Division of Intercollegiate Athletics at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Merk , Frederick ( July 30 , 1916 ) . `` State 's lesson in Civil War '' . Milwaukee Journal . Wisconsin Historical Society . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Don ( May 31 , 1982 ) . `` A northern resting place for the Confederacy 's dead '' . Milwaukee Journal . p. 1 , part 1 . Jump up ^ `` UW Considering Artificial Grass at Camp Randall '' . Milwaukee Journal . UPI. April 30 , 1967 . p. 3 , sports . Jump up ^ `` Camp Randall Will Get Turf '' . Milwaukee Journal . Associated Press . July 13 , 1968 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Synthetic Grass at UW Passes 1st Test '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . September 10 , 1968 . p. 1 , part 2 . Jump up ^ `` Camp Randall Makeover Puttin ' on the Glitz '' . Milwaukee Journal . July 24 , 1990 . p . C2 . Jump up ^ Jone , Richard P. ( March 9 , 1990 ) . `` New Turf for Camp Randall Backed '' . Milwaukee Journal . p. 7B . Jump up ^ Sandin , Jo ( October 23 , 1998 ) . `` UW Delivers a Piece of Gridiron Action '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . p. 2B . Jump up ^ Guiher , Joshua ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Wisconsin Turf Finished at Camp Randall Stadium '' . Collegiate Stadiums . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baggot , Andy ( August 17 , 2006 ) . `` Count Again , UW It Retired 4 Numbers But Will Display 5 '' . Wisconsin State Journal . Madison . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richter 's Jersey Number to be Retired '' . The Division of Intercollegiate Athletics at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison . November 3 , 2006 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daktonics Screen Size '' . June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Milewski , Todd D. ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's where the Wisconsin Badgers are looking at facility renovations '' . Wisconsin State Journal . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jones , Richard P. ( November 1 , 1993 ) . `` Police chief wo n't say if officers hit students '' . Milwaukee Journal . p . A6 . Jump up ^ `` State inspectors check out Camp Randall '' . Ludington Daily News . Michigan . Associated Press . November 4 , 1993 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Carleton , Gwen ( January 7 , 1999 ) . `` Justices Hear ' Stampede ' Case '' . The Capital Times . Madison . p. 3A . Jump up ^ `` Thirty - Five Arrested , More Than 100 Ejected From Ohio State Game But No Serious Injuries '' . Wisconsin State Journal . October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Ryan ; Zettel , Jen ( October 17 , 2010 ) . `` Students Rush Field , Memories of 1993 Crush Fizzle '' . The Badger Herald . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greater Bucky Open -- Camp Randall Stadium , Accessed June 3 , 2008 . Archived July 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brown , Jen ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Wisconsin Football : More Than a Game '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Orris , Michelle ( September 8 , 2003 ) . `` Kiss ' Jump Around ' Goodbye '' . The Badger Herald . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jump Around ' Tradition Returns to Student Section '' . University of Wisconsin - Madison . September 10 , 2003 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Mattern , Carolyn J. Soldiers When They Go : The Story of Camp Randall , 1861 -- 1865 . Madison : State Historical Society of Wisconsin , 1968 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camp Randall Stadium . Camp Randall Stadium in The Buildings of the University of Wisconsin Camp Randall Timeline Camp Randall on UWBadgers.com Camp Randall on Ballparks.com The Fieldhouse on UWBadgers.com McClain Facility on UWBadgers.com `` The Shell '' on UWBadgers.com University of Wisconsin -- Madison Athletic Department Collection Aerial View of Camp Randall Stadium hide Events and tenants Preceded by wooden stadium on present site Host of the Wisconsin Badgers 1917 -- present Succeeded by Preceded by Grant Field Cotton Bowl Citrus Bowl Ralph Wilson Stadium Gillette Stadium Host of the Drum Corps International World Championships 1985 -- 1987 1992 1999 2002 2006 Succeeded by Arrowhead Stadium Veterans Memorial Stadium Byrd Stadium Citrus Bowl Rose Bowl Wisconsin Badgers football Venues Randall Field ( 1895 -- 1916 ) Camp Randall Stadium ( 1917 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Iowa ( Heartland Trophy ) Minnesota ( Slab of Bacon , 1930 -- 1943 ; Paul Bunyan 's Axe , 1948 -- present ) Nebraska ( Freedom Trophy ) Culture & lore Bucky Badger `` On , Wisconsin ! '' Marching band `` Jump Around '' Tall Grass Game People Head coaches Players in the NFL Draft Statistical leaders Seasons 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1992 2017 2018 University of Wisconsin -- Madison Located in : Madison , Wisconsin Colleges and schools Agricultural and Life Sciences Business Education Engineering Human Ecology International Studies Journalism and Mass Communication Law Letters and Science Library and Information Studies Medicine and Public Health Music Nursing Pharmacy Public Affairs Social Work Veterinary Medicine Campus Abraham 's Woods Agriculture Hall Allen Centennial Gardens Arboretum Bascom Hill Chazen Museum of Art Dairy Barn DeLuca Biochemistry Building Geology Museum Lake Mendota Lakeshore Nature Preserve Lathrop Hall Law Building Memorial Union North Hall Pine Bluff Observatory Space Science and Engineering Center Red Gym Science Hall State Street Stock Pavilion Synchrotron Radiation Center Union South Washburn Observatory Weinert Center Wisconsin Union Theater Athletics Baseball Basketball ( M W ) Crew Football Ice hockey ( Men Women ) Men 's soccer Softball Volleyball Camp Randall Field House Kohl Center LaBahn Arena University Ridge Golf Course Bucky Badger Grateful Red Paul Bunyan 's Axe Heartland Trophy History Camp Randall Experimental College Past Chancellors Sifting and winnowing Single - grain experiment Slab of Bacon Sterling Hall bombing Teaching Assistants Association WHA Wisconsin Idea Wisconsin Idea Theatre Wisconsin school Wisconsin School ( diplomatic history ) Media and publications The Badger Herald The Daily Cardinal Scandinavian Studies Tandem Press UW Press The Wisconsin Engineer Wisconsin Law Review WSUM People Barry Alvarez Rebecca Blank Paul Chryst Mark Johnson Bobbie Kelsey Michael Leckrone Pro Arte Quartet Bo Ryan Helen C. 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Davis Pioneer Stadium ( UW -- Platteville ) Ramer Field ( UW -- River Falls ) Titan Stadium ( UW -- Oshkosh ) Veterans Memorial Stadium ( UW -- La Crosse ) Drum Corps International World Championship host venues Warhawk Stadium ( 1972 -- 73 ) Schoellkopf Field ( 1974 ) Franklin Field ( 1975 -- 76 ) Mile High Stadium ( 1977 -- 78 ) Legion Field ( 1979 -- 80 ) Olympic Stadium ( Montreal ) ( 1981 -- 82 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 1983 ) Grant Field ( 1984 ) Camp Randall Stadium ( 1985 -- 87 , 1992 , 1999 , 2002 , 2006 ) Arrowhead Stadium ( 1988 -- 1989 ) New Era Field ( 1990 , 1995 , 2001 ) Cotton Bowl Stadium ( 1991 ) Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium ( 1993 ) Foxboro Stadium ( 1994 ) Camping World Stadium ( 1996 -- 98 , 2003 ) Byrd Stadium ( 2000 ) Invesco Field at Mile High ( 2004 ) Gillette Stadium ( 2005 ) Rose Bowl Stadium ( 2007 ) Memorial Stadium , Bloomington ( 2008 ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( 2009 -- 28 ) WorldCat Identities VIAF : 137546124 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camp_Randall_Stadium&oldid=864422731 '' Categories : DCI World Championship host venues College football venues American football venues in Wisconsin Ice hockey venues in Wisconsin Wisconsin Badgers football Buildings and structures in Madison , Wisconsin University of Wisconsin -- Madison Tourist attractions in Madison , Wisconsin Sports venues completed in 1917 1917 establishments in Wisconsin Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 03 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did jump around start at uw madison | [
"Another tradition at UW football games is the \"Jump Around\", where fans dance to the House of Pain song of the same name. This takes place between the third and fourth quarters. The tradition began on Saturday, October 10, 1998, at the Badgers' Homecoming game against the Purdue Boilermakers.[22] After no offensive points were scored in the third quarter, the Badgers' marketing agent in charge of sound piped the song through the loudspeakers.[23] It stirred up fans and players and has become a tradition of the last decade.\n"
] | [
"Saturday, October 10, 1998"
] |
5448644826389745705 | Eureka effect | Eureka effect - wikipedia Eureka effect A 16th century woodcut of Archimedes ' eureka moment The eureka effect ( also known as the Aha ! moment or eureka moment ) refers to the common human experience of suddenly understanding a previously incomprehensible problem or concept . Some research describes the Aha ! effect ( also known as insight or epiphany ) as a memory advantage , but conflicting results exist as to where exactly it occurs in the brain , and it is difficult to predict under what circumstances one can predict an Aha ! moment . Insight is a psychological term that attempts to describe the process in problem solving when a previously unsolvable puzzle becomes suddenly clear and obvious . Often this transition from not understanding to spontaneous comprehension is accompanied by an exclamation of joy or satisfaction , an Aha ! moment . A person utilizing insight to solve a problem is able to give accurate , discrete , all - or - nothing type responses , whereas individuals not using the insight process are more likely to produce partial , incomplete responses . A recent theoretical account of the Aha ! moment started with four defining attributes of this experience . First , the Aha ! moment appears suddenly ; second , the solution to a problem can be processed smoothly , or fluently ; third , the Aha ! moment elicits positive affect ; fourth , a person experiencing the Aha ! moment is convinced that a solution is true . These four attributes are not separate but can be combined because the experience of processing fluency , especially when it occurs surprisingly ( for example , because it is sudden ) , elicits both positive affect and judged truth . Insight can be conceptualized as a two phase process . The first phase of an Aha ! experience requires the problem solver to come upon an impasse , where they become stuck and even though they may seemingly have explored all the possibilities , are still unable to retrieve or generate a solution . The second phase occurs suddenly and unexpectedly . After a break in mental fixation or re-evaluating the problem , the answer is retrieved . Some research suggest that insight problems are difficult to solve because of our mental fixation on the inappropriate aspects of the problem content . In order to solve insight problems , one must `` think outside the box '' . It is this elaborate rehearsal that may cause people to have better memory for Aha ! moments . Insight is believed to occur with a break in mental fixation , allowing the solution to appear transparent and obvious . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and etymology 2 Research 2.1 Initial research 2.2 How people solve insight problems 2.3 Memory 2.4 Cerebral lateralization 2.5 Sleep 2.6 Other theories 2.7 General procedure for conducting ERP and EEG studies 2.8 Evidence in EEG studies 2.9 Evidence in ERP studies 2.10 Evidence in fMRI studies 3 Insight problems and problems with insight 3.1 Insight problems 3.1. 1 The Nine Dot Problem 3.1. 2 Verbal riddles 3.1. 3 Matchstick arithmetic 3.1. 4 Anagrams 3.1. 5 Rebus puzzles 3.1. 6 Remote Associates Test ( RAT ) 3.1. 7 The Eight Coin Problem 3.1. 8 Problems with insight 4 The Aha ! effect and scientific discovery 5 In popular psychology 5.1 Oprah Winfrey 6 See also 7 Notes History and etymology ( edit ) The effect is named from a story about the ancient Greek polymath Archimedes . In the story , Archimedes was asked ( c. 250 BC ) by the local king to determine whether a crown was pure gold . During a subsequent trip to a public bath , Archimedes noted that water was displaced when his body sank into the bath , and particularly that the volume of water displaced equaled the volume of his body immersed in the water . Having discovered how to measure the volume of an irregular object , and conceiving of a method to solve the king 's problem , Archimedes allegedly leaped out and ran home naked , shouting `` eureka '' ( I have found it ) . This story is now thought to be fictional , because it was first mentioned by the Roman writer Vitruvius nearly 200 years after the date of the alleged event , and because the method described by Vitruvius would not have worked . However , Archimedes certainly did important , original work in hydrostatics , notably in his On Floating Bodies . Research ( edit ) Initial research ( edit ) The Eureka effect was first described by Pamela Auble , Jeffrey Franks and Salvatore Soraci in 1979 . The subject would be presented with an initially confusing sentence such as `` The haystack was important because the cloth ripped '' . After a certain period of time of non-comprehension by the reader , the cue word ( parachute ) would be presented , the reader could comprehend the sentence , and this resulted in better recall on memory tests . Subjects spend a considerable amount of time attempting to solve the problem , and initially it was hypothesized that elaboration towards comprehension may play a role in increased recall . There was no evidence that elaboration had any effect for recall . It was found that both `` easy '' and `` hard '' sentences that resulted in an Aha ! effect had significantly better recall rates than sentences that subjects were able to comprehend immediately . In fact equal recall rates were obtained for both `` easy '' and `` hard '' sentences which were initially noncomprehensible . It seems to be this noncomprehension to comprehension which results in better recall . The essence of the aha feeling underling insight problem solving was systemically empirically investigated by Shen and his colleagues . How people solve insight problems ( edit ) Currently there are two theories for how people arrive at the solution for insight problems . The first is the progress monitoring theory . The person will analyze the distance from their current state to the goal state . Once a person realizes that they can not solve the problem while on their current path , they will seek alternative solutions . In insight problems this usually occurs late in the puzzle . The second way that people attempt to solve these puzzles is the representational change theory . The problem solver initially has a low probability for success because they use inappropriate knowledge as they set unnecessary constraints on the problem . Once the person relaxes his or her constraints , they can bring previously unavailable knowledge into working memory to solve the problem . The person also utilizes chunk decomposition , where he or she will separate meaningful chunks into their component pieces . Both constraint relaxation and chunk decomposition allow for a change in representation , that is , a change in the distribution of activation across working memory , at which point they may exclaim , `` Aha ! '' Currently both theories have support , with the progress monitoring theory being more suited to multiple step problems , and the representational change theory more suited to single step problems . The Eureka effect on memory occurs only when there is an initial confusion . When subjects were presented with a clue word before the confusing sentence was presented , there was no effect on recall . If the clue was provided after the sentence was presented , an increase in recall occurred . Memory ( edit ) It had been determined that recall is greater for items that were generated by the subject versus if the subject was presented with the stimuli . There seems to be a memory advantage for instances where people are able to produce an answer themselves , recall was higher when Aha ! reactions occurred . They tested sentences that were initially hard to understand , but when presented with a cued word , the comprehension became more apparent . Other evidence was found indicating that effort in processing visual stimuli was recalled more frequently than the stimuli that were simply presented . This study was done using connect - the - dots or verbal instruction to produce either a nonsense or real image . It is believed that effort made to comprehend something when encoding induces activation of alternative cues that later participate in recall . Cerebral lateralization ( edit ) See also : Lateralization of brain function Functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalogram studies have found that problem solving requiring insight involves increased activity in the right cerebral hemisphere as compared with problem solving not requiring insight . In particular , increased activity was found in the right hemisphere anterior superior temporal gyrus . Sleep ( edit ) Some unconscious processing may take place while a person is asleep , and there are several cases of scientific discoveries coming to people in their dreams . Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz said that the ring structure of benzene came to him in a dream where a snake was eating its own tail . Studies have shown increased performance at insight problems if the subjects slept during a break between receiving the problem and solving it . Sleep may function to restructure problems , and allow new insights to be reached . Henri Poincaré stated that he valued sleep as a time for `` unconscious thought '' that helped him break through problems . Other theories ( edit ) Professor Stellan Ohlsson believes that at the beginning of the problem - solving process , some salient features of the problem are incorporated into a mental representation of the problem . In the first step of solving the problem , it is considered in the light of previous experience . Eventually , an impasse is reached , where all approaches to the problem have failed , and the person becomes frustrated . Ohlsson believes that this impasse drives unconscious processes which change the mental representation of a problem , and cause novel solutions to occur . General Procedure for Conducting ERP and EEG studies ( edit ) When studying insight , or the Aha ! effect , ERP or EEG general methods are used . Initially a baseline measurement is taken , which generally asks the subject to simply remember an answer to a question . Following this , subjects are asked to focus on the screen while a logogriph is shown , and then they are given time with a blank screen to get the answer , once they do they are required to press a key . After which the answer appears on the screen . The subjects are then asked to press one key to indicate that they thought of the correct answer and another to indicate if they got the answer wrong , finally , not to press a key at all if they were unsure or did not know the answer . Evidence in EEG studies ( edit ) Resting - state neural activity has a standing influence on cognitive strategies used when solving problems , particularly in the case of deriving solutions by methodical search or by sudden insight . The two cognitive strategies used involve both search and analysis of current state of a problem , to the goal state of that problem , while insight problems are a sudden awareness of the solution to a problem . Subjects studied were first recorded on the base - line resting state of thinking . After being tested using the method described in the General Procedure for Conducting ERP and EEG Studies , the ratio of insight versus non-insight solution were made to determine whether an individual is classified as a high insight ( HI ) or a low insight ( LI ) individual . Discriminating between HI and LI individuals were important as both groups use different cognitive strategies to solve anagram problems used in this study . Right hemisphere activation is believed to be involved in Aha ! effects , so it comes as no surprise that HI individuals would show greater activation in the right hemisphere than the left hemisphere when compared to the LI individuals . Evidence was found to support this idea , there was greater activation in HI subjects at the right dorsal - frontal ( low - alpha band ) , right inferior - frontal ( beta and gamma bands ) and the right parietal ( gamma band ) areas . As for LI subjects , left inferior - frontal and left anterior - temporal areas were active ( low - alpha band ) . There were also differences in attention between individuals of HI and LI . It has been suggested that individuals who are highly creative exhibit diffuse attention , thus allowing them a greater range of environmental stimuli . It was found that individuals who displayed HI would have less resting state occipital alpha - band activity , meaning there would be less inhibition of the visual system . Individuals that were less creative were found to focus their attention , thus causing them to sample less of their environment . Although , LI individuals were shown to have more occipital beta activity , consistent with heightened focused attention . Evidence in ERP studies ( edit ) These results are more reflective of models , rather than empirical evidence , as source localization is hard to determine precisely . Due to the nature of these studies that use Chinese logographs , there is a difficulty in an exact translation ; a language barrier certainly exists . There are some difficulties that exist in brain imaging when it comes to insight , thus making it hard to discuss neural mechanisms . Issues include : that insight occurs when an unwarranted mental fixation is broken and when novel task related associations are formed on top of old cognitive skills . One theory discussed found that `` Aha '' answers produced more negative ERP results , N380 in the ACC , than the `` No - Aha '' answers , 250 -- 500 ms , after an answer was produced . The authors suspected that this N380 in the ACC , which plays the role of a warning sign of breaking the mental set , was a reflection of the Aha ! effect . Another study was done showed that an Aha ! effect was elicited at N320 which has a strong activation in the central - posterior region . These previous studies reflective the premise of the study , that the Aha ! effect occurs in the anterior cingulate cortex , while this study finds results indicating the posterior cingulate cortex is responsible . It was found that there was a N350 in the posterior cingulate cortex for successful guessing of logographs , not in the anterior cingulate cortex . The posterior cingulate cortex seems to play a more non-executive function in monitoring and inhibiting the mind set and cognitive function . Another significant finding of this study done by Qiu and Zhang ( 2008 ) , was a late positive component ( LPC ) in successful guessing of the logograph and then recognition of the answer at 600 and 700 ms , post-stimulus , in the parahippocampal gyrus ( BA34 ) . The data suggests that the parahippocampus is involved in searching of a correct answer by manipulating it in working memory , and integrating relationships between the base of the target logograph . The parahippocampal gyrus may reflect the formation of novel associations while solving insight problem . Another ERP study is fairly similar to the Qiu and Zhang , 2008 study , however , this study claims to have anterior cingulate cortex activation at N380 , which may be responsible for the mediation of breaking the mental set . Other areas of interest were prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) , the posterior parietal cortex , and the medial temporal lobe . If subjects failed to solve the riddle , and then were shown the correct answer , they displayed the feeling of insight , which reflected the electroencephalogram recordings . Overall , it is quite apparent that there are many aspects that can explain the Aha ! effect . No particular area has been determined but from the information gathered , it seems that insight occurs in many parts of the brain , within a given time period . Evidence in fMRI studies ( edit ) A study with the goal of recording the activity that occurs in the brain during an Aha ! moment using fMRIs was conducted in 2003 by Jing Luo and Kazuhisa Niki . Participants in this study were presented with a series of Japanese riddles , and asked to rate their impressions toward each question using the following scale : ( 1 ) I can understand this question very well and know the answer ; ( 2 ) I can understand this question very well and feel it is interesting , but I do not know the answer ; or ( 3 ) I can not understand this question and do not know the answer . This scale allowed the researchers to only look at participants who would experience an Aha ! moment upon viewing the answer to the riddle . In previous studies on insight , researchers have found that participants reported feelings of insight when they viewed the answer to an unsolved riddle or problem . Luo and Niki had the goal of recording these feelings of insight in their participants using fMRIs . This method allowed the researchers to directly observe the activity that was occurring in the participant 's brains during an Aha ! moment . An example of a Japanese riddle used in the study : The thing that can move heavy logs , but can not move a small nail → A river . Participants were given 3 minutes to respond to each riddle , before the answer to the riddle was revealed . If the participant experienced an Aha ! moment upon viewing the correct answer , any brain activity would be recorded on the fMRI . The fMRI results for this study showed that when participants were given the answer to an unsolved riddle , the activity in their right hippocampus increased significantly during these Aha ! moments . This increased activity in the right hippocampus may be attributed to the formation of new associations between old nodes . These new associations will in turn strengthen memory for the riddles and their solutions . Although various studies using EEGs , ERPs , and fMRI 's report activation in a variety of areas in the brain during Aha ! moments , it is interesting to note that this activity occurs predominantly in the right hemisphere . More details on the neural basis of insight see a recent review named `` New advances in the neural correlates of insight : A decade in review of the insightful brain '' Insight problems and problems with insight ( edit ) Insight problems ( edit ) The Nine Dot problem ( edit ) The Nine Dot Problem with solution . Most individuals fail to draw lines beyond the dots that compose the square , and are unable to solve this puzzle . The Nine Dot Problem is a classic spatial problem used by psychologists to study insight . The problem consists of a 3 × 3 square created by 9 black dots . The task is to connect all 9 dots using exactly 4 straight lines , without retracing or removing one 's pen from the paper . Kershaw & Ohlsson report that in a laboratory setting with a time limit of 2 or 3 minutes , the expected solution rate is 0 % . The difficulty with the Nine Dot Problem is that it requires respondents to look beyond the conventional figure - ground relationships that create subtle , illusory spatial constraints and ( literally ) `` think outside of the box '' . Breaking the spatial constraints shows a shift in attention in working memory and utilizing new knowledge factors to solve the puzzle . Verbal riddles ( edit ) Verbal riddles are becoming popular problems in insight research . Example : `` A man was washing windows on a high - rise building when he fell from the 40 - foot ladder to the concrete path below . Amazingly , he was unhurt . Why ? ( Answer ) He slipped from the bottom rung ! '' Matchstick arithmetic ( edit ) Matchstick arithmetic , which was developed and used by G. Knoblich , involves matchsticks that are arranged to show a simple but incorrect math equation in Roman numerals . The task is to correct the equation by moving only one matchstick . Two examples of Matchstick Arithmetic Problems . Anagrams ( edit ) Anagrams involve manipulating the order of a given set of letters in order to create one or many words . The original set of letters may be a word itself , or simply a jumble . Example : Santa can be transformed to spell Satan . Rebus puzzles ( edit ) Rebus puzzles , also called `` wordies '' , involve verbal and visual cues that force the respondent to restructure and `` read between the lines '' ( almost literally ) to solve the puzzle . Some examples : Puzzle : you just me ( Answer : just between you and me ) Puzzle : PUNISHMENT ( Answer : capital punishment ) Puzzle : iii OOOOO ( Answer : circles under the eyes ) Remote Associates test ( RAT ) ( edit ) Main article : Remote Associates Test The Remote Associates Test ( known as the RAT ) was developed by Martha Mednick in 1962 to test creativity . However , it has recently been utilized in insight research . The test consists of presenting participants with a set of words , such as lick , mine , and shaker . The task is to identify the word that connects these three seemingly unrelated ones . In this example , the answer is salt . The link between words is associative , and does not follow rules of logic , concept formation or problem solving , and thus requires the respondent to work outside of these common heuristical constraints . Performance on the RAT is known to correlate with performance on other standard insight problems . The eight coin problem ( edit ) In this problem a set of 8 coins is arranged on a table in a certain configuration , and the subject is told to move 2 coins so that all coins touch exactly three others . The difficulty in this problem comes from thinking of the problem in a purely 2 - dimensional way , when a 3 - dimensional approach is the only way to solve the problem . Problems with insight ( edit ) Insight research is problematic because of the ambiguity and lack of agreement among psychologists of its definition . This could largely be explained by the phenomenological nature of insight , and the difficulty in catalyzing its occurrence , as well as the ways in which it is experimentally `` triggered '' . The pool of insight problems currently employed by psychologists is small and tepid , and due to its heterogeneity and often high difficulty level , is not conducive of validity or reliability . One of the biggest issues surrounding insight problems is that for most participants , they 're simply too difficult . For many problems , this difficulty revolves around the requisite restructuring or re-conceptualization of the problem or possible solutions , for example , drawing lines beyond the square composed of dots in the Nine - Dot Problem . Furthermore , there are issues related to the taxonomy of insight problems . Puzzles and problems that are utilized in experiments to elicit insight may be classified in two ways . `` Pure '' insight problems are those that necessitate the use of insight , whereas `` hybrid '' insight problems are those that can be solved by other methods , such as the trial and error . As Weisberg ( 1996 ) points out , the existence of hybrid problems in insight research poses a significant threat to any evidence gleaned from studies that employ them . While the phenomenological experience of insight can help to differentiate insight - solving from non-insight solving ( by asking the respondent to describe how they solved the problem , for example ) , the risk that non-insight solving has been mistaken for insight solving still exists . Likewise , issues surrounding the validity of insight evidence is also threatened by the characteristically small sample sizes . Experimenters may recruit an initially adequate sample size , but because of the level of difficulty inherent to insight problems , only a small fraction of any sample will successfully solve the puzzle or task given to them ; placing serious limits on usable data . In the case of studies using hybrid problems , the final sample is at even greater risk of being very small by way of having to exclude whatever percentage of respondents solved their given puzzle without utilizing insight . The Aha ! Effect and scientific discovery ( edit ) There are several examples of scientific discoveries being made after a sudden flash of insight . One of the key insights in developing his special theory of relativity came to Albert Einstein while talking to his friend Michele Besso : I started the conversation with him in the following way : `` Recently I have been working on a difficult problem . Today I come here to battle against that problem with you . '' We discussed every aspect of this problem . Then suddenly I understood where the key to this problem lay . Next day I came back to him again and said to him , without even saying hello , `` Thank you . I 've completely solved the problem . '' However , Einstein has said that the whole idea of special relativity did not come to him as a sudden , single eureka moment , and that he was `` led to it by steps arising from the individual laws derived from experience '' . Similarly , Carl Friedrich Gauss said after a eureka moment : `` I have the result , only I do not yet know how to get to it . '' Sir Alec Jeffreys had a eureka moment in his lab in Leicester after looking at the X-ray film image of a DNA experiment at 9 : 05 am on Monday 10 September 1984 , which unexpectedly showed both similarities and differences between the DNA of different members of his technician 's family . Within about half an hour , he realized the scope of DNA profiling , which uses variations in the genetic code to identify individuals . The method has become important in forensic science to assist detective work , and in resolving paternity and immigration disputes . It can also be applied to non-human species , such as in wildlife population genetics studies . Before his methods were commercialised in 1987 , Jeffreys ' laboratory was the only centre carrying out DNA fingerprinting in the world . In popular Psychology ( edit ) Oprah Winfrey ( edit ) Popular culture has its own views of the Aha ! effect . Although both are defined as that moment of insight that changes one 's state of mind , its applications greatly differ . Where scientists have focused on understanding the mechanisms of insights as well as how and where Aha ! moments occur in the brain , Oprah Winfrey has taken this phenomenon and turned it into a popular and well - recognized state of mind . By focusing on the emotional and life changing occurrences an individual experiences , Oprah views the Aha ! effect as a sudden moment of realization , where an individual recognizes that they need to make a change or move forward in life . Oprah includes Aha ! Moments in her monthly magazine , O : The Oprah Magazine , and commonly made references to these moments of insight on her now concluded television show , Oprah . See also ( edit ) Apprehension ( understanding ) Rubber duck debugging Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Auble , P. ; Franks , J. ; Soraci , S. ( 1979 ) . `` Effort toward comprehension : Elaboration or aha ! ? '' . Memory & Cognition . 7 : 426 -- 434 . doi : 10.3758 / bf03198259 . ^ Jump up to : Kounios , Fleck ; Green , Payne ; Stevenson , Bowden ; Jung - Beeman ( 2008 ) . `` The Origins of Insight in Resting - State Brain Activity '' . Neuropsychologia. 46 : 281 -- 291 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2007.07. 013 . Jump up ^ Topolinski , S. ; Reber , R. ( 2010 ) . `` Gaining insight into the `` Aha '' - experience `` . Current Directions in Psychological Science . 19 : 402 -- 405 . doi : 10.1177 / 0963721410388803 . Jump up ^ Wray , H. ( 2011 ) . `` Aha ! The 23 - Across Phenomenon '' . APS Observer. 24 : 1 . ^ Jump up to : Qui & Zhang ( 2008 ) `` Aha ! Effects in a Guessing Chinese Logograph Task : An Event - Related Potential Study . Chinese Science Bulletin . 53 ( 3 ) , 384 -- 391 . ^ Jump up to : Mai , Luo ; Wu ; Lo , Y. ( 2004 ) . `` '' Aha ! '' Effects in a Guessing Riddle Task : An Event - Related Potential Study `` . Human Brain Mapping. 22 : 261 -- 270 . doi : 10.1002 / hbm. 20030 . Jump up ^ Fact or Fiction ? : Archimedes Coined the Term `` Eureka ! '' in the Bath , Scientific American Jump up ^ Shen , W. ; Yuan , Y. ; Liu , C. ; Luo , J. ( 2015 ) . `` In search of the ' Aha ! ' experience : Elucidating the emotionality of insight problem - solving '' . British Journal of Psychology . 107 : 281 -- 298 . doi : 10.1111 / bjop. 12142 . Jump up ^ MacGregor , J. ; Ormerod , T. ; Chronicle , E. ( 2001 ) . `` Information processing and insight : A process model of performance on the nine - dot and related problems '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition . 27 : 176 -- 201 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.27. 1.176 . Jump up ^ Knoblich , G. ; Ohlsson , S. ; Raney , G.E. ( 2001 ) . `` An eye movement study of insight problem solving '' . Memory & Cognition . 29 : 1000 -- 1009 . doi : 10.3758 / bf03195762 . Jump up ^ Jones , G ( 2003 ) . `` Testing two cognitive theories of insight '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition . 29 ( 5 ) : 1017 -- 1027 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.29. 5.1017 . Jump up ^ Wills , T.W. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` The Aha Effect in Groups and Other Dynamic Learning Contexts '' . The Journal of General Psychology . 133 ( 3 ) : 221 -- 236 . doi : 10.3200 / genp. 133.3. 221 - 236 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Peynircioglu , F ( 1989 ) . `` The generation effect with pictures and nonsense figures '' . Acta Psychologica. 70 : 153 -- 160 . doi : 10.1016 / 0001 - 6918 ( 89 ) 90018 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wills , T. ; Soraci , S. ; Chechile , R. ; Taylor , H. ( 2000 ) . `` '' Aha '' effects in the generation of pictures `` . Memory & Cognition . 28 : 939 -- 948 . doi : 10.3758 / bf03209341 . Jump up ^ Jung - Beeman , Mark ; Bowden , Edward M. ; Haberman , Jason ; Frymiare , Jennifer L. ; Arambel - Li , Stella ; Greenblatt , Richard ; Rebe , Paul J. ; Kounios , John ( 2004 ) , `` Neural Activity When People Solve Verbal Problems with Insight '' , PLoS Biology , 2 ( 4 ) , p. e97 , doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0020097 , PMC 387268 , PMID 15094802 ^ Jump up to : Scientific American Mind , October / November 2006 Jump up ^ Wagner , U. et al. ( 2004 ) Sleep Inspires Insight , Nature 427 , pp. 352 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Bowden , E.M. ; Jung - Beeman , M. ; Fleck , J. ; Kounios , J. ( 2005 ) . `` New approaches to demystifying insight '' . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 9 : 322 -- 328 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tics. 2005.05. 012 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , R.S. ; Forster , J. ( 2005 ) . `` Effects of motivational cues on perceptual asymmetry : Implications for creativity and analytical problem solving '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 88 : 263 -- 275 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.88. 2.263 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Q. ; Qiu , J. ; Cao , G. ( 2004 ) . `` A review and hypothesis about the cognitive mechanism of insight '' . Psychology Science . 27 : 1435 -- 1437 . ^ Jump up to : Luo , Jing ; Niki , Kazuhisa ( 2003 ) . `` Function of Hippocampus in `` Insight '' of Problem Solving `` . Hippocampus. 13 : 316 -- 323 . doi : 10.1002 / hipo. 10069 . Jump up ^ Shen , WangBing ; Luo , Jing ; Liu , Chang ; Yuan , Yuan ( 2013 ) . `` New advances in the neural correlates of insight : A decade in review of the insightful brain '' . Chinese Science Bulletin . 58 ( 13 ) : 1497 -- 1511 . doi : 10.1007 / s11434 - 012 - 5565 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kershaw , T. ; Ohlsson , S. ( 2004 ) . `` Multiple Causes of Difficulty in Insight : The Case of Nine - Dot Problem '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition . 30 : 3 -- 13 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.30. 1.3 . Jump up ^ Knoblich , G. ; Ohlsson , S. ; Haider , H. ; Rhenius , D. ( 1999 ) . `` Constraint , Relaxation and Chunk Decomposition in Insight Problem Solving '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory and Cognition . 25 : 1534 -- 1555 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.25. 6.1534 . Jump up ^ Mednick , M ( 1963 ) . `` Research Creativity in Psychology Graduate Students '' . Journal of Consulting Psychology . 27 : 265 -- 266 . doi : 10.1037 / h0042429 . Jump up ^ Ollinger , M. ; Jones , G. ; Knoblich , G. ( 2008 ) . `` Investigating the Effect of Mental Set on Insight Problem Solving '' . Experimental Psychology . 55 : 269 -- 282 . doi : 10.1027 / 1618 - 3169.55. 4.269 . Jump up ^ Ormerod , T. ; Chronicle , E. ; Macgregor , J. ( 2002 ) . `` Dynamics and Constraints in Insight Problem Solving '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory and Cognition . 23 : 791 -- 799 . Jump up ^ MacGregor , J. ; Cunningham , B. ( 2008 ) . `` Rebus puzzles as insight problems '' . Behavior Research Methods. 40 : 263 -- 268 . doi : 10.3758 / brm. 40.1. 263 . Jump up ^ Chronicle , E. ; MacGregor , J. ; Ormerod , T. ( 2004 ) . `` What Makes an Insight Problem ? The roles of heuristics , goal conception , and solution recoding in knowledge learning - problems '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory and Cognition . 30 : 14 -- 27 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.30. 1.14 . Jump up ^ Einstein , Albert ( August 1982 ) , `` How I created the theory of relativity '' ( PDF ) , Physics Today , pp. 45 -- 47 , retrieved 2013 - 05 - 15 ^ Jump up to : Moszkowski , Alexander ( 1972 ) . Conversations with Einstein . London : Sidgwick & Jackson . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 283 - 97924 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dunnington , Guy Waldo ; Gray , Jeremy ; Dohse , Fritz - Egbert ( 2004 ) . Carl Friedrich Gauss : Titan of Science . The Mathematical Association of America . p. 418 . ISBN 0 - 88385 - 547 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Desert Island Discs with Alec Jeffreys '' . Desert Island Discs. 2007 - 12 - 09 . BBC . Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Newton , Giles ( 2004 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Discovering DNA fingerprinting : Sir Alec Jeffreys describes its development '' . Wellcome Trust . Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.oprah.com/packages/aha-moments.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eureka_effect&oldid=816355065 '' Categories : Epistemology Sources of knowledge Creativity Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch 한국어 עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 20 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is it called when you have an aha moment | [
"The eureka effect (also known as the Aha! moment or eureka moment) refers to the common human experience of suddenly understanding a previously incomprehensible problem or concept. Some research describes the Aha! effect (also known as insight or epiphany) as a memory advantage,[1] but conflicting results exist as to where exactly it occurs in the brain, and it is difficult to predict under what circumstances one can predict an Aha! moment."
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"eureka moment"
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-7786491554504708220 | Samsung | Samsung - Wikipedia Samsung This article is about the conglomerate . For the publicly traded consumer electronics subsidiary , see Samsung Electronics . Not to be confused with Samsun , Samson , Sanson , Sampson , or Sanxing . South Korean multinational conglomerate Samsung Samsung Town in the Gangnam Station area in Seoul Industry Conglomerate Founded 1 March 1938 ; 80 years ago ( 1938 - 03 - 01 ) in Daegu , Japanese Korea Founder Lee Byung - chul Headquarters 40th floor Samsung Electronics Building , 11 , Seocho - daero 74 - gil , Seocho District , Seoul , South Korea Area served Worldwide Key people Lee Kun - hee ( Chairman ) Lee Jae - yong ( Vice Chairman ) Products Apparel , automotive , chemicals , consumer electronics , electronic components , medical equipment , semiconductors , solid state drives , DRAM , ships , telecommunications equipment , home appliances Services Advertising , construction , entertainment , financial services , hospitality , information and communications technology , medical and health care services , retail , shipbuilding Revenue US $ 305 billion ( 2014 ) Net income US $22.1 billion ( 2014 ) Total assets US $529.5 billion ( 2014 ) Total equity US $231.2 billion ( 2014 ) Number of employees 489,000 ( 2014 ) Divisions Samsung Electronics Samsung C&T Corporation Samsung Heavy Industries Samsung SDS Samsung Life Insurance Renault Samsung Motors Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance Cheil Worldwide Korean name Hangul 삼성 Hanja 三星 Revised Romanization Samseong McCune -- Reischauer Samsŏng Website samsung.com Economy of South Korea History Five - Year Plans Saemaul Undong Heavy - Chemical Industry Drive Miracle on the Han River 1997 financial crisis Business culture Chaebol Trade policy Industries Currency Communications Tourism Transportation Real estate Financial services Energy Regional Regions by GDP per capita Related topics Science and technology Cities Samsung ( Hangul : 삼성 ; Hanja : 三星 ; Korean pronunciation : ( samsʌŋ ) ) is a South Korean multinational conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Town , Seoul . It comprises numerous affiliated businesses , most of them united under the Samsung brand , and is the largest South Korean chaebol ( business conglomerate ) . Samsung was founded by Lee Byung - chul in 1938 as a trading company . Over the next three decades , the group diversified into areas including food processing , textiles , insurance , securities and retail . Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 1960s and the construction and shipbuilding industries in the mid-1970s ; these areas would drive its subsequent growth . Following Lee 's death in 1987 , Samsung was separated into four business groups -- Samsung Group , Shinsegae Group , CJ Group and Hansol Group . Since 1990 , Samsung has increasingly globalised its activities and electronics ; in particular , its mobile phones and semiconductors have become its most important source of income . As of 2017 , Samsung has the 6th highest global brand value . Notable Samsung industrial affiliates include Samsung Electronics ( the world 's largest information technology company , consumer electronics maker and chipmaker measured by 2017 revenues ) , Samsung Heavy Industries ( the world 's 2nd largest shipbuilder measured by 2010 revenues ) , and Samsung Engineering and Samsung C&T ( respectively the world 's 13th and 36th largest construction companies ) . Other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance ( the world 's 14th largest life insurance company ) , Samsung Everland ( operator of Everland Resort , the oldest theme park in South Korea ) and Cheil Worldwide ( the world 's 15th largest advertising agency measured by 2012 revenues ) . Samsung has a powerful influence on South Korea 's economic development , politics , media and culture and has been a major driving force behind the `` Miracle on the Han River '' . Its affiliate companies produce around a fifth of South Korea 's total exports . Samsung 's revenue was equal to 17 % of South Korea 's $1,082 billion GDP . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 1938 to 1970 2.2 1970 to 1990 2.3 1990 to 2000 2.4 2000 to 2015 2.5 2016 to present 3 Acquisitions and attempted acquisitions 4 Sold parts 4.1 Samsung Techwin 4.2 Samsung Thales 4.3 Samsung General Chemicals 4.4 Samsung Total 5 Operations 5.1 Affiliates 5.1. 1 Samsung Electronics 5.1. 2 Samsung Engineering 5.1. 3 Samsung Everland 5.1. 4 Samsung Fine Chemicals 5.1. 5 Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance 5.1. 6 Samsung Heavy Industries 5.1. 7 Samsung Life Insurance 5.1. 8 Samsung Machine Tools 5.1. 9 Samsung Medical Center 5.1. 10 Samsung SDI 5.1. 11 Samsung Securities 5.1. 12 Samtron 5.1. 13 Shilla Hotels and Resorts 5.1. 14 S - 1 Corporation 5.2 Joint ventures 5.2. 1 Defunct 5.3 Partially owned companies 5.3. 1 Atlântico Sul 5.3. 2 DGB Financial Group 5.3. 3 Corning Inc . 5.3. 4 Doosan Engine 5.3. 5 Korea Aerospace Industries 5.3. 6 MEMC KOREA 5.3. 7 Pantech 5.3. 8 Rambus Incorporated 5.3. 9 Renault Samsung Motors 5.3. 10 Seagate Technology 5.3. 11 Sharp Corporation 5.3. 12 SungJin Geotec 5.3. 13 Taylor Energy 5.3. 14 Wacom 6 Major clients 7 Logo and font 7.1 Audio logo 7.2 Font 8 Samsung Medical Center 9 Sponsorships 10 Controversies 10.1 Financial scandals 10.2 Antitrust concerns 10.3 Viral marketing 10.4 Labor abuses 10.5 Price fixing 10.6 2018 Samsung fat - finger error 11 References 12 External links Etymology According to Samsung 's founder , the meaning of the Korean hanja word Samsung ( 三 星 ) is `` tri-star '' or `` three stars '' . The word `` three '' represents something `` big , numerous and powerful '' . History 1938 to 1970 Lee Byung - chul , founder of Samsung In 1938 , Lee Byung - chul ( 1910 -- 1987 ) of a large landowning family in the Uiryeong county moved to nearby Daegu city and founded Samsung Sanghoe ( 삼성 상회 , 三星 商會 ) . Samsung started out as a small trading company with forty employees located in Su - dong ( now Ingyo - dong ) . It dealt in dried - fish , locally - grown groceries and noodles . The company prospered and Lee moved its head office to Seoul in 1947 . When the Korean War broke out , he was forced to leave Seoul . He started a sugar refinery in Busan named Cheil Jedang . In 1954 , Lee founded Cheil Mojik and built the plant in Chimsan - dong , Daegu . It was the largest woollen mill ever in the country . Samsung diversified into many different areas . Lee sought to establish Samsung as leader in a wide range of industries . Samsung moved into lines of business such as insurance , securities and retail . In 1947 , Cho Hong - jai , the Hyosung group 's founder , jointly invested in a new company called Samsung Mulsan Gongsa , or the Samsung Trading Corporation , with the Samsung 's founder Lee Byung - chull . The trading firm grew to become the present - day Samsung C&T Corporation . After a few years , Cho and Lee separated due to differences in management style . Cho wanted a 30 equity share . Samsung Group was separated into Samsung Group and Hyosung Group , Hankook Tire and other businesses . In the late 1960s , Samsung Group entered the electronics industry . It formed several electronics - related divisions , such as Samsung Electronics Devices , Samsung Electro - Mechanics , Samsung Corning and Samsung Semiconductor & Telecommunications , and made the facility in Suwon . Its first product was a black - and - white television set . 1970 to 1990 The SPC - 1000 , introduced in 1982 , was Samsung 's first personal computer ( Korean market only ) and used an audio cassette tape to load and save data -- the floppy drive was optional In 1980 , Samsung acquired the Gumi - based Hanguk Jeonja Tongsin and entered telecommunications hardware . Its early products were switchboards . The facility was developed into the telephone and fax manufacturing systems and became the center of Samsung 's mobile phone manufacturing . They have produced over 800 million mobile phones to date . The company grouped them together under Samsung Electronics in the 1980s . After Lee , the founder 's death in 1987 , Samsung Group was separated into four business groups -- Samsung Group , Shinsegae Group , CJ Group and the Hansol Group . Shinsegae ( discount store , department store ) was originally part of Samsung Group , separated in the 1990s from the Samsung Group along with CJ Group ( Food / Chemicals / Entertainment / logistics ) , and the Hansol Group ( Paper / Telecom ) . Today these separated groups are independent and they are not part of or connected to the Samsung Group . One Hansol Group representative said , `` Only people ignorant of the laws governing the business world could believe something so absurd '' , adding , `` When Hansol separated from the Samsung Group in 1991 , it severed all payment guarantees and share - holding ties with Samsung affiliates . '' One Hansol Group source asserted , `` Hansol , Shinsegae , and CJ have been under independent management since their respective separations from the Samsung Group '' . One Shinsegae department store executive director said , `` Shinsegae has no payment guarantees associated with the Samsung Group '' . In 1980s , Samsung Electronics began to invest heavily in research and development , investments that were pivotal in pushing the company to the forefront of the global electronics industry . In 1982 , it built a television assembly plant in Portugal ; in 1984 , a plant in New York ; in 1985 , a plant in Tokyo ; in 1987 , a facility in England ; and another facility in Austin , Texas , in 1996 . As of 2012 , Samsung has invested more than US $ 13,000,000,000 in the Austin facility , which operates under the name Samsung Austin Semiconductor . This makes the Austin location the largest foreign investment in Texas and one of the largest single foreign investments in the United States . 1990 to 2000 Samsung started to rise as an international corporation in the 1990s . Samsung 's construction branch was awarded contracts to build one of the two Petronas Towers in Malaysia , Taipei 101 in Taiwan and the Burj Khalifa in United Arab Emirates . In 1993 , Lee Kun - hee sold off ten of Samsung Group 's subsidiaries , downsized the company , and merged other operations to concentrate on three industries : electronics , engineering and chemicals . In 1996 , the Samsung Group reacquired the Sungkyunkwan University foundation . Samsung became the world 's largest producer of memory chips in 1992 and is the world 's second - largest chipmaker after Intel ( see Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Market Share Ranking Year by Year ) . In 1995 , it created its first liquid - crystal display screen . Ten years later , Samsung grew to be the world 's largest manufacturer of liquid - crystal display panels . Sony , which had not invested in large - size TFT - LCDs , contacted Samsung to cooperate , and , in 2006 , S - LCD was established as a joint venture between Samsung and Sony in order to provide a stable supply of LCD panels for both manufacturers . S - LCD was owned by Samsung ( 50 % plus one share ) and Sony ( 50 % minus one share ) and operates its factories and facilities in Tangjung , South Korea . As of 26 December 2011 , it was announced that Samsung had acquired the stake of Sony in this joint venture . Compared to other major Korean companies , Samsung survived the 1997 Asian financial crisis relatively unharmed . However , Samsung Motor was sold to Renault at a significant loss . As of 2010 , Renault Samsung is 80.1 percent owned by Renault and 19.9 percent owned by Samsung . Additionally , Samsung manufactured a range of aircraft from the 1980s to 1990s . The company was founded in 1999 as Korea Aerospace Industries ( KAI ) , the result of merger between then three domestic major aerospace divisions of Samsung Aerospace , Daewoo Heavy Industries and Hyundai Space and Aircraft Company . However , Samsung still manufactures aircraft engines and gas turbines . 2000 to 2015 This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : most of the section belongs to Samsung Electronics article Please help improve this section if you can . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2000 , Samsung opened a computer programming laboratory in Warsaw , Poland . Its work began with set - top - box technology before moving into digital TV and smartphones . The smartphone platform was developed with partners , officially launched with the original Samsung Solstice line of devices and other derivatives in 2008 , and was later developed into Samsung Galaxy line of devices including Notes & Edge and other products . As of 2011 , the Warsaw base is Samsung 's most important R&D center in Europe , forecast to be recruiting 400 new - hires per year by the end of 2013 . The prominent Samsung sign in Times Square , New York City In 2010 , Samsung announced a ten - year growth strategy centered around five businesses . One of these businesses was to be focused on biopharmaceuticals , to which has committed ₩ 2,100,000,000,000 . In December 2011 , Samsung Electronics sold its hard disk drive business to Seagate . In first quarter of 2012 , Samsung Electronics became the world 's largest mobile phone maker by unit sales , overtaking Nokia , which had been the market leader since 1998 . In the edition of the Austin American - Statesman issued on 21 August 2012 , Samsung confirmed plans to spend 3 to 4 billion dollars converting half of its Austin chip manufacturing plant to a more profitable chip . The conversion should start in early 2013 with production on line by the end of 2013 . On 14 March 2013 , Samsung unveiled the Galaxy S4 . On 24 August 2012 , nine American jurors ruled that Samsung had to pay Apple $1.05 billion in damages for violating six of its patents on smartphone technology . The award was still less than the $2.5 billion requested by Apple . The decision also ruled that Apple did not violate five Samsung patents cited in the case . Samsung decried the decision saying that the move could harm innovation in the sector . It also followed a South Korean ruling stating that both companies were guilty of infringing on each other 's intellectual property . In first trading after the ruling , Samsung shares on the Kospi index fell 7.7 % , the largest fall since 24 October 2008 , to 1,177,000 Korean won . Apple then sought to ban the sales of eight Samsung phones ( Galaxy S 4G , Galaxy S2 AT&T , Galaxy S2 Skyrocket , Galaxy S2 T - Mobile , Galaxy S2 Epic 4G , Galaxy S Showcase , Droid Charge and Galaxy Prevail ) in the United States which has been denied by the court . On 4 September 2012 , Samsung announced that it plans to examine all of its Chinese suppliers for possible violations of labor policies . The company said it will carry out audits of 250 Chinese companies that are its exclusive suppliers to see if children under the age of 16 are being used in their factories . In 2013 , a New Zealand news outlet reported a number of Samsung washing machines spontaneously catching on fire . The corporation is expected to spend $14 billion on advertising and marketing in 2013 , with publicity appearing in TV and cinema ads , on billboards and at sports and arts events . In November 2013 , the corporation was valued at $227 billion . In May 2014 , Samsung announced it would be shutting down its streaming service on 1 July 2014 , also meaning the end of the Samsung Music Hub app that typically comes installed on its Android phones . On 3 September 2014 , Samsung announced Gear VR , a virtual reality device in collaboration with Oculus VR and developed for the Galaxy Note 4 . In October 2014 , Samsung announced a $14.7 billion investment to build a chip plant in South Korea . Construction will begin next year with production beginning in 2017 . The company has not yet decided the type of chips to be produced . In October 2014 , Samsung also announced it would invest 633 billion South Korean won ( $560 million USD ) in the construction of a new 700,000 square metre production complex in Vietnam . Samsung plans to launch a new set of services beginning early 2015 . The goal of this new suite of business offerings , dubbed Samsung 360 Services , is to become a help desk of sorts for businesses IT departments . The customizable services range from technical support to security solutions for having a Samsung employee embedded in a client 's business as an on - site support manager or technology consultant . On 2 December 2014 , Samsung announced it will sell Fiber Optics to U.S. speciality glass manufacturer Corning Inc . Samsung Electronics Inc. is expanding in Silicon Valley with a $300 million facility in San Jose , California . The 10 - story complex will include 1.1 million square feet of floor space , a clean room for semiconductors and a `` fitness center in the sky '' . The facility will be split between semiconductor research and development and other sales and marketing functions . It will serve as the North America headquarters for semiconductor operations . In 2015 , Samsung has been granted more U.S. patents than any other company - including IBM , Google , Sony , Microsoft and Apple . The company received 7,679 utility patents through 11 December . 2016 to present This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : most of the section belongs to articles about specific companies Please help improve this section if you can . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In January 2016 , Samsung announced it will be working with Microsoft to develop IoT devices based on Windows 10 , where the companies will work together to develop products that will run on the platform , as well as integrate with other companies developing hardware and services on Microsoft 's OS . Samsung released a fitness smartwatch called the Gear Fit 2 and a brand of wireless earbuds called Gear Icon X . On 2 August 2016 , Samsung unveiled the Galaxy Note7 smartphone , which went on sale on 19 August 2016 . However , in early September 2016 , Samsung suspended sales of the phone and announced an informal recall . This occurred after some units of the phones had batteries with a defect that caused them to produce excessive heat , leading to fires and explosions . Samsung replaced the recalled units of the phones with a new version ; however , it was later discovered that the new version of the Galaxy Note 7 also had the battery defect . Samsung recalled all Galaxy Note7 smartphones worldwide on 10 October 2016 , and permanently ended production of the phone the following day . On 31 August 2016 , Samsung announced the Gear S3 smartwatch , which was released on 18 November 2016 . On 29 March 2017 , Samsung unveiled its new Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ flagship smartphones . On 29 August 2017 , Samsung announced its Samsung Galaxy Note8 flagship smartphone . These phones were also complemented by a number of low - end and mid-range phones , as well as the Samsung Galaxy S8 Active smartphone , in 2017 . Acquisitions and attempted acquisitions hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section is missing information about the acquisition of Harman International Industries . Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( November 2016 ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : most of the section belongs to articles about specific companies Please help improve this section if you can . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Samsung has made the following acquisitions and attempted acquisitions : Rollei -- Swiss watch battle Samsung Techwin acquired German camera - maker Rollei in 1995 . Samsung ( Rollei ) used its optic expertise on the crystals of a new line of 100 % Swiss - made watches , designed by a team of watchmakers at Nouvelle Piquerez S.A. in Bassequort , Switzerland . Rolex 's decision to fight Rollei on every front stemmed from the close resemblance between the two names and fears that its sales would suffer as a consequence . In the face of such a threat , the Geneva firm decided to confront . This was also a demonstration of the Swiss watch industry 's determination to defend itself when an established brand is threatened . Rolex sees this front - line battle as vital for the entire Swiss watch industry . Rolex has succeeded in keeping Rollei out of the German market . On 11 March 1995 , the Cologne District court prohibited the advertising and sale of Rollei watches on German territory . In 1999 , Rollei management bought out the company . Fokker -- Dutch aircraft maker Samsung lost a chance to revive its failed bid to take over Dutch aircraft maker Fokker when other airplane makers rejected its offer to form a consortium . The three proposed partners -- Hyundai , Hanjin and Daewoo -- notified the South Korean government that they would not join Samsung Aerospace Industries . AST Research Samsung bought AST ( 1994 ) in a failed attempt to break into the North American computer market . Samsung was forced to close the California - based computer maker following mass resignations of research staff and a string of losses . FUBU -- clothing and apparel In 1992 , American fashion entrepreneur Daymond John started the company with a hat collection that was made in the basement of his house in the Queens area of New York City . To fund the company , John had to mortgage his house for $100,000 . With his friends J. Alexander Martin , Carl Brown and Keith Perrin , half of his house was turned into the first factory of FUBU , while the other half remained as the living quarters . Along with the expansion of FUBU , Samsung invested in FUBU in 1995 . Lehman Brothers Holdings ' Asian operations Samsung Securities was one of a handful of brokerages looking into Lehman Brothers Holdings . But Nomura Holdings has reportedly waved the biggest check to win its bid for Lehman Brothers Holdings ' Asian operations , beating out Samsung Securities , Standard Chartered and Barclays . Ironically , after few months Samsung Securities Co. , Ltd. and City of London - based NM Rothschild & Sons ( more commonly known simply as Rothschild ) have agreed to form a strategic alliance in investment banking business . Two parties will jointly work on cross border mergers and acquisition deals . MEDISON Co. , Ltd. -- ultrasound monitors In December 2010 , Samsung Electronics bought MEDISON Co. , a South Korean medical - equipment company , the first step in a long - discussed plan to diversify from consumer electronics . Grandis Inc. -- memory developer In July 2011 , Samsung announced that it had acquired spin - transfer torque random access memory ( MRAM ) vendor Grandis Inc . Grandis will become a part of Samsung 's R&D operations and will focus on development of next generation random - access memory . Samsung and Sony joint venture -- liquid crystal displays On 26 December 2011 the board of Samsung Electronics approved a plan to buy Sony 's entire stake in their 2004 joint liquid crystal display ( LCD ) venture for 1.08 trillion won ( $938.97 million ) . mSpot , Inc -- music service On 9 May 2012 , mSpot announced that it had been acquired by Samsung Electronics with the intention of a cloud based music service . The succeeding service was Samsung Music Hub . NVELO , Inc. -- cache software developer In December 2012 , Samsung announced that it had acquired the privately held storage software vendor NVELO , Inc. , based in Santa Clara , California . NVELO will become part of Samsung 's R&D operations , and will focus on software for intelligently managing and optimizing next - generation Samsung SSD storage subsystems for consumer and enterprise computing platforms . NeuroLogica -- portable CT scanner In January 2013 , Samsung announced that it has acquired medical imaging company NeuroLogica , part of the multinational conglomerate 's plans to build a leading medical technology business . Terms of the deal were not disclosed . SmartThings -- home automation On 14 August 2014 , Samsung acquired SmartThings , a fast - growing home automation startup . The company is n't releasing the acquisition price , but TechCrunch reported a $200 million pricetag when first caught word of the deal in July 2014 . Quietside -- U.S. air conditioner firm On 19 August 2014 , Samsung said it had acquired U.S. air conditioner distributor Quietside LLC as part of its push to strengthen its `` smart home '' business . A Samsung Electronics spokesman said the South Korean company acquired 100 percent of Quietside , but declined to elaborate on the price or other details . Proximal Data -- data virtualization 3 November 2014 , Samsung announced it had acquired Proximal Data , Inc. , a San Diego , California - based pioneer of server - side caching software with I / O intelligence that work within virtualized systems . LoopPay -- U.S. mobile payments firm On 18 February 2015 , Samsung acquired U.S. - based mobile payments firm `` LoopPay '' - This allows Samsung in smartphone transactions . YESCO Electronics -- U.S. - based manufacturer of light emitting diode displays On 5 March 2015 , Samsung acquired small U.S. - based manufacturer of light emitting diode displays , YESCO Electronics , which focuses on making digital billboards and message signs . Viv -- intelligent personal assistant On 5 October 2016 , Samsung announced it had acquired Viv , a company working on artificial intelligence . Rich Communications Services -- text messaging standard On 15 November 2016 , Samsung Canada announced it has acquired Rich Communications Services , a company working on a new technology for text messaging . Sold parts Samsung Techwin Samsung Techwin was listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 012450 ) , with its principal activities being the development and manufacture of surveillance , aeronautics , optoelectronics , automations and weapons technology . It was announced to be sold to Hanwha Group in December 2014 and the take - over completed in June 2015 . Samsung Thales Samsung Thales Co. , Ltd. ( until 2001 known as Samsung Thomson - CSF Co. , Ltd . ) was a joint venture between Samsung Techwin and the France - based aerospace and defence company Thales . It was established in 1978 and is based in Seoul . Samsung 's involvement was passed on to Hanwha Group as part of the Techwin transaction . Samsung General Chemicals This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) Samsung total Samsung Total was a 50 : 50 joint venture between Samsung and the France - based oil group Total S.A. ( more specifically Samsung General Chemicals and Total Petrochemicals ) . Samsung 's role was passed on to Hanwha Group when the latter acquired Samsung General Chemicals . Operations hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Samsung Library at Sungkyunkwan University Natural Sciences Campus in Suwon , South Korea Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance HQ Samsung comprises around 80 companies . It is highly diversified , with activities in areas including construction , consumer electronics , financial services , shipbuilding and medical services . In FY 2009 , Samsung reported consolidated revenues of 220 trillion KRW ( $172.5 billion ) . In FY 2010 , Samsung reported consolidated revenues of 280 trillion KRW ( $258 billion ) , and profits of 30 trillion KRW ( $27.6 billion ) ( based upon a KRW - USD exchange rate of 1,084.5 KRW per USD , the spot rate as of 19 August 2011 ) . These amounts do not include the revenues from all of Samsung 's subsidiaries based outside South Korea . Affiliates As of April 2011 , the Samsung Group comprised 59 unlisted companies and 19 listed companies , all of which had their primary listing on the Korea Exchange . Ace Digitech is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 036550 ) . Cheil Industries is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 001300 ) . Cheil Worldwide is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 030000 ) . Credu is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 067280 ) . Imarket Korea is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 122900 ) . Samsung Card is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 029780 ) . Samsung SDS is a multinational IT Service company headquartered in Seoul . It was founded in March 1985 . Its principal activity is the providing IT system ( ERP , IT Infrastructure , IT Consulting , IT Outsourcing , Data Center ) . Samsung SDS is the Korea 's largest IT service company . It achieved total revenues of 6,105.9 billion won ( US $5.71 billion ) in 2012 . Samsung C&T Corporation is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( 000830 ) . Samsung Electro - Mechanics , established in 1973 as a manufacturer of key electronic components , is headquartered in Suwon , Gyeonggi - do , South Korea . It is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 009150 ) . Samsung Electronics Samsung 's Silicon Valley headquarters in the North San Jose Innovation District . Main article : Samsung Electronics Samsung Electronics is a multinational electronics and information technology company headquartered in Suwon and the flagship company of the Samsung Group . Its products include air conditioners , computers , digital televisions , liquid crystal displays ( including thin film transistors ( TFTs ) and active - matrix organic light - emitting diodes ( AMOLEDs ) ) , mobile phones , monitors , printers , refrigerators , semiconductors and telecommunications networking equipment . It is the world 's largest mobile phone maker by unit sales in the first quarter of 2012 , with a global market share of 25.4 % . It is also the world 's second - largest semiconductor maker by 2011 revenues ( after Intel ) . Samsung Electronics is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 005930 ) . Samsung Engineering Main article : Samsung Engineering Samsung Engineering is a multinational construction company headquartered in Seoul . It was founded in January 1969 . Its principal activity is the construction of oil refining plants ; upstream oil and gas facilities ; petrochemical plants and gas plants ; steel making plants ; power plants ; water treatment facilities ; and other infrastructure . It achieved total revenues of 9,298.2 billion won ( US $8.06 billion ) in 2011 . Samsung Engineering is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 02803450 ) . Samsung Everland Samsung Everland covers the three main sectors of Environment & Asset , Food Culture and Resort . Samsung Fine Chemicals Samsung Fine Chemicals is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 004000 ) . Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance Main article : Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance is a multinational general insurance company headquartered in Seoul . It was founded in January 1952 as Korea Anbo Fire and Marine Insurance and was renamed Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance in December 1993 . Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance offers services including accident insurance , automobile insurance , casualty insurance , fire insurance , liability insurance , marine insurance , personal pensions and loans . As of March 2011 it had operations in 10 countries and 6.5 million customers . Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance had a total premium income of $11.7 billion in 2011 and total assets of $28.81 billion on 31 March 2011 . It is the largest provider of general insurance in South Korea . Samsung Fire has been listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange since 1975 ( number 000810 ) . Samsung Heavy Industries Main article : Samsung Heavy Industries Samsung Heavy Industries is a shipbuilding and engineering company headquartered in Seoul . It was founded in August 1974 . Its principal products are bulk carriers , container vessels , crude oil tankers , cruisers , passenger ferries , material handling equipment steel and bridge structures . It achieved total revenues of 13,358.6 billion won in 2011 and is the world 's second - largest shipbuilder by revenues ( after Hyundai Heavy Industries ) . Samsung Heavy Industries is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 010140 ) . Samsung Life Insurance Main article : Samsung Life Insurance Samsung Life Insurance Co. , Ltd. is a multinational life insurance company headquartered in Seoul . It was founded in March 1957 as Dongbang Life Insurance and became an affiliate of the Samsung Group in July 1963 . Samsung Life 's principal activity is the provision of individual life insurance and annuity products and services . As of December 2011 it had operations in seven countries , 8.08 million customers and 5,975 employees . Samsung Life had total sales of 22,717 billion won in 2011 and total assets of 161,072 billion won at 31 December 2011 . It is the largest provider of life insurance in South Korea . Samsung Life Insurance is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 032830 ) Samsung Machine Tools Samsung Machine Tools of America is a national distributor of machines in the United States . Samsung GM Machine Tools is the head office of China , It is an SMEC Legal incorporated company . Samsung medical Center The Samsung Medical Center was founded on 9 November 1994 , under the philosophy of `` contributing to improving the nation 's health through the best medical service , advanced medical research and development of outstanding medical personnel '' . The Samsung Medical Center consists of a hospital and a cancer center . The hospital is located in an intelligent building with floor space of more than 200,000 square meters and 20 floors above ground and 5 floors underground , housing 40 departments , 10 specialist centers , 120 special clinics and 1,306 beds . The 655 - bed Cancer Center has 11 floors above ground and 8 floors underground , with floor space of over 100,000 square meters . SMC is a tertiary hospital manned by approximately 7,400 staff including over 1,200 doctors and 2,300 nurses . Since its foundation , the Samsung Medical Center has successfully incorporated and developed an advanced model with the motto of becoming a `` patient - centered hospital '' , a new concept in Korea . Samsung SDI Samsung SDI is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 006400 ) . On 5 December 2012 , the European Union 's antitrust regulator fined Samsung SDI and several other major companies for fixing prices of TV cathode - ray tubes in two cartels lasting nearly a decade . SSDI also builds lithium - ion batteries for electric vehicles such as the BMW i3 , and acquired Magna Steyr 's battery plant near Graz in 2015 . SSDI began using the `` 21700 '' cell format in August 2015 . Samsung plans to convert its factory in Göd , Hungary to supply 50,000 cars per year . Samsung Securities Samsung Securities is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 016360 ) . Samtron Samtron was a subsidiary of Samsung until 1999 when it became independent . After that , it continued to make computer monitors and plasma displays until 2003 , Samtron became Samsung when Samtron was a brand . In 2003 the website redirected to Samsung . Shilla hotels and Resorts Hotel Shilla ( also known as `` The Shilla '' ) opened in March 1979 , following the intention of the late Lee Byung - chull , the founder of the Samsung Group . Hosting numerous state visits and international events , it has played the role of locomotive for the service industry in Korea with pride and responsibility as `` the face representing the Samsung Group '' and `` the hotel representing Korea '' . Hotel Shilla maintains elegance and a tradition of winning guests ' hearts with the aim of becoming `` the best hospitality company '' . By joining LHW , it is on par with the most luxurious hotels in the world . Meanwhile , it has added modernistic design elements on top of the roof called tradition , thus going through changes to make itself a premium lifestyle space . In addition , with its know - how as a service company in the background , it started a duty - free shop business , and has built its image as the best global distribution company . Also , it is expanding its business into commissioned management of fitness facilities with five - star hotels in Korea and abroad as well as into the restaurant business . Hotel Shilla promises to be a globally prestigious hospitality company that offers the best value for money by making creative innovations and continuously taking on challenges . This section contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shilla Hotels and Resorts is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 008770 ) . S - 1 Corporation S - 1 was founded as Korea 's first specialized security business in 1997 and has maintained its position at the top of industry with the consistent willingness to take on challenges . S1 Corporation is listed on the Korea Exchange stock - exchange ( number 012750 ) . Samsung Taepyeong - ro HQ in Jung District , Seoul Samsung Engineering India Office - New Delhi , India Samsung Japan 's regional HQ at Roppongi , Minato , Tokyo , Japan The Samsung Hub , formerly 3 Church Street , is a skyscraper located in the Downtown Core of Singapore . Joint ventures This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) State - run Korea Agro-Fisheries Trade Corp. set up the venture , aT Grain Co. , in Chicago , with three other South Korean companies , Korea Agro-Fisheries owns 55 percent of aT Grain , while Samsung C&T Corp , Hanjin Transportation Co. and STX Corporation each hold 15 percent . Brooks Automation Asia Co. , Ltd. is a joint venture between Brooks Automation ( 70 % ) and Samsung ( 30 % ) which was established in 1999 . The venture locally manufactures and configure vacuum wafer handling platforms and 300mm Front - Opening Unified Pod ( FOUP ) load port modules , and designs , manufactures and configures atmospheric loading systems for flat panel display s . Company POSS -- SLPC s.r.o. was founded in 2007 as a subsidiary of Samsung C & T Corporation , Samsung C & T Deutschland and the company POSCO . Samsung Air China Life Insurance is a 50 : 50 joint venture between Samsung Life Insurance and China National Aviation Holding . It was established in Beijing in July 2005 . Samsung Biologics will be jointly owned . Samsung Electronics Co. and Samsung Everland Inc. will each own a 40 percent stake in the venture , with Samsung C&T Corp. and Durham , North Carolina - based Quintiles each holding 10 percent . It will contract - make medicines made from living cells , and Samsung Group plans to expand into producing copies of biologics including Rituxan , the leukemia and lymphoma treatment sold by Roche Holding AG and Biogen Idec Inc . Samsung Bioepis is a joint venture between Samsung Biologics ( 85 % ) and the U.S. - based Biogen Idec ( 15 % ) . In 2014 , Biogen Idec agreed to commercialize future anti-TNF biosimilar products in Europe through Samsung Bioepis . Samsung BP Chemicals , based in Ulsan , is a 49 : 51 joint venture between Samsung and the UK - based BP , which was established in 1989 to produce and supply high - value - added chemical products . Its products are used in rechargeable batteries and liquid crystal displays . Samsung Corning Precision Glass is a joint venture between Samsung and Corning , which was established in 1973 to manufacture and market cathode ray tube glass for black and white televisions . The company 's first LCD glass substrate manufacturing facility opened in Gumi , South Korea , in 1996 . Samsung Sumitomo LED Materials is a Korea - based joint venture between Samsung LED Co. , Ltd. , an LED maker based in Suwon , Korea - based and the Japan - based Sumitomo Chemical . The JV will carry out research and development , manufacturing and sales of sapphire substrates for LEDs . SB LiMotive is a 50 : 50 joint company of Robert Bosch GmbH ( commonly known as Bosch ) and Samsung SDI founded in June 2008 . The joint venture develops and manufactures lithium - ion batteries for use in hybrid - , plug - in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles . SD Flex Co. , Ltd. was founded on October 2004 as a joint venture corporation by Samsung and DuPont , one of the world 's largest chemical companies . Sermatech Korea owns 51 % of its stock , while Samsung owns the remaining 49 % . The U.S. firm Sermatech International , for a business specializing in aircraft construction processes such as special welding and brazing . Siam Samsung Life Insurance : Samsung Life Insurance holds a 37 % stake while the Saha Group also has a 37.5 % stake in the joint venture , with the remaining 25 % owned by Thanachart Bank . Siltronic Samsung Wafer Pte. Ltd , the joint venture by Samsung and wholly owned Wacker Chemie subsidiary Siltronic , was officially opened in Singapore in June 2008 . SMP Ltd. is a joint venture between Samsung Fine Chemicals and MEMC . MEMC Electronic Materials Inc. and an affiliate of Korean conglomerate Samsung are forming a joint venture to build a polysilicon plant . Steco is the joint venture established between Samsung Electronics and Japan 's Toray Industries in 1995 . Stemco is a joint venture established between Samsung Electro - Mechanics and Toray Industries in 1995 . Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corporation ( TSST ) is joint venture between Samsung Electronics and Toshiba of Japan which specialises in optical disc drive manufacturing . TSST was formed in 2004 , and Toshiba owns 51 % of its stock , while Samsung owns the remaining 49 % . Defunct In 1998 , Samsung created a U.S. joint venture with Compaq -- called Alpha Processor Inc . ( API ) -- to help it enter the high - end processor market . The venture was also aimed at expanding Samsung 's non-memory chip business by fabricating Alpha processors . At the time , Samsung and Compaq invested $500 million in Alpha Processor . GE Samsung Lighting was a joint venture between Samsung and the GE Lighting subsidiary of General Electric . The venture was established in 1998 and was broken up in 2009 . Global Steel Exchange was a joint venture formed in 2000 between Samsung , the U.S. - based Cargill , the Switzerland - based Duferco Group , and the Luxembourg - based Tradearbed ( now part of the ArcelorMittal ) , to handle their online buying and selling of steel . S - LCD Corporation was a joint venture between Samsung Electronics ( 50 % plus one share ) and the Japan - based Sony Corporation ( 50 % minus one share ) which was established in April 2004 . On 26 December 2011 , Samsung Electronics announced that it would acquire all of Sony 's shares in the venture . Partially owned companies This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : subsections far too short , need to be merged Please help improve this section if you can . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Atlântico Sul Samsung Heavy Industries owns 10 % of the Brazilian shipbuilder Atlântico Sul , whose Atlântico Sul Shipyard is the largest shipyard in South America . The Joao Candido , Brazil 's largest ship , was built by Atlântico Sul with technology licensed by Samsung Heavy Industries . The companies have a technical assistance agreement through which industrial design , vessel engineering and other know - how is being transferred to Atlântico Sul . DGB Financial Group Samsung Life Insurance currently holds a 7.4 % stake in the South Korean banking company DGB Financial Group , making it the largest shareholder . Corning Inc . Samsung acquired 7.4 % of Gorilla Glass maker Corning , signing a long - term supply deal . Doosan Engine Samsung Heavy Industries currently holds a 14.1 % stake in Doosan Engine , making it the second - largest shareholder . Korea Aerospace Industries Samsung Techwin currently holds a 10 % stake in Korea Aerospace Industries ( KAI ) . Other major shareholders include the state - owned Korea Finance Corporation ( 26.75 % ) , Hyundai Motor ( 10 % ) and Doosan ( 10 % ) . MEMC Korea MEMC 's joint venture with Samsung Electronics Company , Ltd . In 1990 , MEMC entered into a joint venture agreement to construct a silicon plant in Korea . Pantech Samsung buys 10 % stake in rival phone maker Pantech . Rambus Incorporated Samsung currently owns 4.19 % of Rambus Incorporated . Renault Samsung Motors Samsung currently owns 19.9 % of the automobile manufacturer Renault Samsung Motors . Seagate technology Samsung currently owns 9.6 % of Seagate Technology , making it the second - largest shareholder . Under a shareholder agreement , Samsung has the right to nominate an executive to Seagate 's Board of Directors . Sharp Corporation Samsung owns 3 % of Sharp Corporation , a rival company . Sungjin Geotec Samsung Engineering holds a 10 % stake in Sungjin Geotec , an offshore oil drilling company that is a subsidiary of POSCO . Taylor Energy Taylor Energy is an independent American oil company that drills in the Gulf of Mexico based in New Orleans , Louisiana . Samsung Oil & Gas USA Corp. , subsidiaries of Samsung , currently owns 20 % of Taylor Energy . Wacom Samsung owns 5 % of Wacom . Major clients This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : random list Please help improve this section if you can . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The world 's largest oil and gas project , Sakhalin II - Lunskoye platform under construction . The topside facilities of the LUN - A ( Lunskoye ) and PA - B ( Piltun Astokhskoye ) platforms are being built at the Samsung Heavy Industry shipyard in South Korea . Major clients of Samsung include : Royal Dutch Shell Samsung Heavy Industries will be the sole provider of liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) storage facilities worth up to US $50 billion to Royal Dutch Shell for the next 15 years . Shell unveiled plans to build the world 's first floating liquefied natural gas ( FLNG ) platform . In October 2012 at Samsung Heavy Industries ' shipyard on Geoje Island in South Korea work started on a `` ship '' that , when finished and fully loaded , will weigh 600,000 tonnes , the world 's biggest `` ship '' . That is six times larger than the largest U.S. aircraft carrier . United Arab Emirates government A consortium of South Korean firms , including Samsung , Korea Electric Power Corporation and Hyundai , won a deal worth $40 billion to build nuclear power plants in the United Arab Emirates . Ontario government The government of the Canadian province of Ontario signed off one of the world 's largest renewable energy projects , signing a deal worth $6.6 billion for an additional 2,500 MW of new wind and solar energy . Under the agreement , a consortium led by Samsung and the Korea Electric Power Corporation will manage the development of 2,000 MW - worth of new wind farms and 500 MW of solar capacity , while also building a manufacturing supply chain in the province . Logo and font The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Samsung Byeolpyo noodles logo , used from late 1938 until replaced in 1958 Samsung Group logo , used 1960s Samsung 's current logo , in use since 1993 The basic color in the logo is blue , which Samsung has employed for years , supposedly symbolizing stability , reliability and corporate social responsibility . Audio logo Samsung has an audio logo , which consists of the notes E ♭ , A ♭ , D ♭ , E ♭ ; after the initial E ♭ tone it is up a perfect fourth to A ♭ , down a perfect fifth to D ♭ , then up a major second to return to the initial E ♭ tone . The audio logo was produced by Musikvergnuegen and written by Walter Werzowa . Font In July 2016 , Samsung unveiled its SamsungOne font , a typeface that hopes to give a consistent and universal visual identity to the wide range of Samsung products . SamsungOne was designed to be used across Samsung 's diverse device portfolio , with a focus on legibility for everything from smaller devices like smartphones to larger connected TVs or refrigerators , as well as Samsung marketing and advertisements . The font family supports 400 different languages through over 25,000 characters . Samsung medical Center Samsung donates around US $100 million per annum to the Samsung Medical Center , a non-profit healthcare provider founded by the group in 1994 . Samsung Medical Center incorporates Samsung Seoul Hospital , Kangbook Samsung Hospital , Samsung Changwon Hospital , Samsung Cancer Center and Samsung Life Sciences Research Center . The Samsung Cancer Center , located in Seoul , is the largest cancer center in Asia . Samsung Medical Center and pharmaceutical multinational Pfizer have agreed to collaborate on research to identify the genomic mechanisms responsible for clinical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma . Sponsorships A Samsung display in Salt Lake City during the 2002 Winter Olympics Further information on Samsung 's sports sponsorships : Samsung Sports Samsung Electronics spent an estimated $14 billion ( U.S. ) on advertising and marketing in 2013 . At 5.4 % of annual revenue , this is a larger proportion than any of the world 's top - 20 companies by sales ( Apple spent 0.6 % and General Motors spent 3.5 % ) . Samsung became the world 's biggest advertiser in 2012 , spending $4.3 billion , compared to Apple 's $1 billion . Samsung 's global brand value of $39.6 billion is less than half that of Apple . Controversies See also : Samsung Electronics § Controversies , and Samsung Electronics § Viral marketing This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : most of the section belongs to articles about specific companies Please help improve this section if you can . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Financial scandals In 2007 , former Samsung chief lawyer Kim Yong Chul claimed that he was involved in bribing and fabricating evidence on behalf of the group 's chairman Lee Kun - hee and the company . Kim said that Samsung lawyers trained executives to serve as scapegoats in a `` fabricated scenario '' to protect Lee , even though those executives were not involved . Kim also told the media that he was `` sidelined '' by Samsung after he refused to pay a $3.3 million bribe to the U.S. Federal District Court judge presiding over a case where two of their executives were found guilty on charges related to memory chip price fixing . Kim revealed that the company had raised a large amount of secret funds through bank accounts illegally opened under the names of up to 1,000 Samsung executives -- under his own name , four accounts were opened to manage 5 billion won . Antitrust concerns `` You can even say the Samsung chairman is more powerful than the President of South Korea . ( South ) Korean people have come to think of Samsung as invincible and above the law '' , said Woo Suk - hoon , host of a popular economics podcast in a Washington Post article headlined `` In South Korea , the Republic of Samsung '' , published on 9 December 2012 . Critics claimed that Samsung knocked out smaller businesses , limiting choices for South Korean consumers , and sometimes colluded with fellow giants to fix prices while bullying those who investigate . Lee Jung - hee , a South Korean presidential candidate , said in a debate , `` Samsung has the government in its hands . Samsung manages the legal world , the press , the academics and bureaucracy '' . Viral marketing The Fair Trade Commission of Taiwan is investigating Samsung and its local Taiwanese advertising agency for false advertising . The case was commenced after the Commission received complaints stating that the agency hired students to attack competitors of Samsung Electronics in online forums . Samsung Taiwan made an announcement on its Facebook page in which it stated that it had not interfered with any evaluation report and had stopped online marketing campaigns that constituted posting or responding to content in online forums . Labor abuses Samsung was the subject of several complaints about child labor in its supply chain from 2012 to 2015 . In July 2014 , Samsung cut its contract with Shinyang Electronics after it received a complaint about the company violating child labor laws . Samsung says that its investigation turned up evidence of Shinyang using underage workers and that it severed relations immediately per its `` zero tolerance '' policy for child labor violations . One of Samsung 's Chinese supplier factories , HEG , was criticized for using underage workers by China Labor Watch ( CLW ) in July 2014 . HEG denied the charges and has sued China Labor Watch . CLW issued a statement in August 2014 claiming that HEG employed over ten children under the age of 16 at a factory in Huizhou , Guangdong . The group said the youngest child identified was 14 years old . Samsung said that it conducted an onsite investigation of the production line that included one - on - one interviews but found no evidence of child labor being used . CLW responded that HEG had already dismissed the workers described in its statement before Samsung 's investigators arrived . CLW also claimed that HEG violated overtime rules for adult workers . CLW said a female college student was only paid her standard wage despite working four hours of overtime per day even though Chinese law requires ovetime pay at 1.5 to 2.0 times standard wages . Price fixing On 19 October 2011 , Samsung companies was fined € 145,727,000 for being part of a price cartel of ten companies for DRAMs which lasted from 1 July 1998 to 15 June 2002 . The companies received , like most of the other members of the cartel , a 10 - % reduction for acknowledging the facts to investigators . Samsung had to pay 90 % of their share of the settlement , but Micron avoided payment as a result of having initially revealed the case to investigators . In Canada , during 1999 , some D RAM micro chip manufacturers conspired to price fix , among the accused included Samsung . The price fix was investigated in 2002 . A recession started to occur that year , and the price fix ended ; however , in 2014 , the Canadian government reopened the case and investigated silently . Sufficient evidence was found and presented to Samsung and two other manufacturers during a class action lawsuit hearing . The companies agreed upon a $120 million agreement , with $40 million as a fine , and $80 Million to be paid back to Canadians who purchased a computer , printer , MP3 player , gaming console or camera from April 1999 to June 2002 . 2018 Samsung fat - finger error Main article : 2018 Samsung fat - finger error On 8 April 2018 in the 2018 Samsung fat - finger error the company mistakenly issued a huge sum of money to employees in a stock ownership plan . The error disrupted the Korean finance market . References ^ Jump up to : `` 삼성 계열사 전자 - 삼성 그룹 홈페이지 '' . Archived from the original on 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Kitchen Appliance showcase - Samsung '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung Financial Highlights '' . Samsung Group . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Electronics Rises to No. 6 in Interbrand 's Best Global Brands 2017 '' . news.samsung.com . Jump up ^ `` Samsung topples Intel to become the world 's largest chipmaker -- TechCrunch '' . techcrunch.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Apple Denied Motion for Permanent Injunction '' . Scribd.com . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung to audit 250 of its suppliers in China amid allegations of child labor violations '' . CBS News . 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worried customers clog phones '' . 3 News NZ. 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Miyoung Kim ( 27 November 2013 ) . `` Samsung 's marketing splurge does n't always bring bang - for - buck '' . Reuters . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Music closing July 1 '' . Digital Journal . 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ dcseifert . `` Samsung 's Gear VR is a portable Oculus Rift for the Galaxy Note 4 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Min - Jeong ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Samsung to Invest $14.7 Billion in New Chip Plant in South Korea '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Ramstad , Evan ( 14 December 2010 ) . `` Samsung Electronics Buys Ultrasound - Monitor Maker Medison - WSJ.com '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Dylan McGrath , EE Times . `` Samsung buys MRAM developer Grandis . '' 2 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Preimesberger , eWeek . `` Samsung Acquires New - Gen Memory Maker Grandis . '' 2 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung to buy Sony half of LCD venture '' . 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Samsung Electronics Acquires Mspot Mspot . Mspotcorporate.com ( 9 May 2012 ) . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Samsung Electronics Acquires NVELO . Samsung.com ( 14 December 2012 ) . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Archived 23 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Samsung Buys Medical Imaging Company NeuroLogica . TechCrunch ( 28 January 2013 ) . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Samsung Acquires SmartThings , A Fast - Growing Home Automation Startup . Forbes ( 14 August 2014 ) . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Samsung buys U.S. air conditioner firm Quietside in ' smart home ' push Archived 6 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Foxbusiness ( 19 August 2014 ) . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Electronics Acquires Proximal Data '' ( Press release ) . Samsung . 3 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Stein , Scott ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` Samsung 's LoopPay : What it is , and why you should care '' . CNET News . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ By Min - Jeong Lee , The Wall Street Journal . `` Samsung 's Latest Acquisition : Utah - Based Yesco Electronics . '' 5 March 2015 . 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Panzarino , Matthew ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Samsung acquires Viv , a next - gen AI assistant built by the creators of Apple 's Siri '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Tibken , Shara ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Samsung 's new acquisition will make your texts more interesting '' . CNET News . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung refocuses on its core business as it sells security arm Samsung Techwin to Hanwha Group '' . ^ Jump up to : `` ( LEAD ) Hanwha wraps up takeover of four Samsung arms '' . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Samsung Thales Co. , Ltd '' . bloomberg.com . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miyoung Kim ( 17 January 2012 ) . `` Samsung Group plans record $41 billion investment in 2012 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 삼성 8 년전 타임 캡슐 열어 보니 ... 지난해 매출 정확히 맞춰 '' . news.naver.com. 13 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 한국 경제 大计 기업 이 이끈다 지난해 주요 그룹 매출 보니 '' . Hankook Ilbo. 30 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim Kyung - rok ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` Chaebol asset holdings swell under Lee administration '' . hani.co.kr . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung 's Cheil Industries submits plans for roughly $1.4 billion IPO '' ( Press release ) . Reuters. 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Electro - Mechanics Co -- Profile '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on 5 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Barkham , Patrick ( 9 August 2012 ) . `` Samsung : Olympic smartphone firm aims for big global wins '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Samsung Electronics Co Ltd '' . Reuters . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung overtakes Nokia in mobile phone shipments '' . BBC News . 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Worldwide Ranking of the Top 20 Suppliers of Semiconductors in 2011 '' . IHS Isuppli . Archived from the original on 27 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Engineering Co Ltd ( 028050. KS ) '' . REUTERS . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Financial Statements '' ( PDF ) . Samsung Engineering . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance Co Ltd '' . Reuters . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Profile '' . Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2010 '' . Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Company Profile for Samsung Heavy Industries Co Ltd '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Separate Statements of Income Years Ended December 31 , 2011 and 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Samsung Heavy Industries . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` From bad to worse '' . The Korea Times . 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Samsung Life Insurance . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Company Profile for Samsung Life Insurance Co Ltd '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ The Samsung mission Archived 26 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Philips , LG Electronics , 4 others fined 1.47 billion Euros for EU cartel '' . The Economic Times . 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.samsungsdi.com/sdi-news/379.html?pageIndex=1&idx=379&searchCondition=0&searchKeyword= Jump up ^ `` Samsung SDI Unveils E-bike Battery Capable of 100km on Single Charge '' . Be Korea - savvy . 26 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung SDI to Build Electric Vehicle Battery Plant for European Market '' . TheStreet. 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Starts Grain Venture in Chicago to Secure Supply '' . bloomberg.com . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brooks Automation and Samsung Electronics Announce a Joint Venture '' . Investors - Brooks Automation , Inc . Brooks Automation , Inc . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` POSCO and Subsidiaries '' ( PDF ) . London Stock Exchange . London Stock Exchange plc. 31 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hu Yuanyuan ( 7 July 2005 ) . `` Insurance joint venture off to flying start '' . 英语 频道 - 搜狐 网站 . Beijing Sohu New Media Information Technology Co. Ltd . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Yang , Jun ( 25 February 2011 ) . `` Samsung Group , Quintiles Plan $266 Million Venture to Make Biologic Drugs '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biogen Idec ( NASDAQ : BIIB ) and Samsung JV '' . livetradingnews.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biogen Idec and Samsung Bioepis Ink Biosimilar Deal '' . Gen. Eng . Biotechnol . News . 34 ( 2 ) . 15 January 2014 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung to sell chemicals and defence operations for $1.7 bn '' . Kable. 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung BP Chemicals '' . BP . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Samsung BP Chemicals Co. , Ltd '' . Bloomberg Business . Bloomberg . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung and Sumitomo Chemical to make sapphire substrates for LEDs '' . ledsmagazine.com . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` company / introduce '' . sdflex.com . Archived from the original on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Aerospace , Sermatech Launch Korean JV '' . english.chosun.com . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Siam Samsung Life ready to reawaken '' . bangkokpost.com . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Siltronic - Samsung Joint Venture '' . wacker.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Completion Ceremony for EDS Production '' . toray.com . Archived from the original on 30 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toray / Samsung JV boosts FPD circuit substrate capacity '' . electroiq.com . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alpha 's demise thwarts Samsung 's processor dreams , analysts say '' . www.eetimes.com . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LED EXPO&OLED EXPO 2011 An Interview with GE Lighting '' . us. GFSSGYG aving.net . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steel firms in B2B venture '' . money.cnn.com. 10 May 2000 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shipyards in Brazil -- Rev. D , June 2010 '' ( PDF ) . INTSOK . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Milestone launch at Brazil 's Atlântico Sul '' . MarineLog . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Company Analysis '' ( PDF ) . rdata.youfirst.co.kr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 April 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Don ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Samsung eyes 7.4 percent stake in Gorilla Glass maker Corning '' . CNET News . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doosan Engine ends 33.2 pct higher on stock market debut '' . yonhapnews.co.kr . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Korea Aerospace sale could prove need for clearer M&A guidelines '' . privateequitykorea.com . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MEMC Korea Company '' . memc.com . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung to buy 10 percent stake in rival Pantech '' . zdnet.com . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rambus , Inc . RMBS '' . morningstar.ca . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seagate to Buy Samsung 's Hard - Disk Unit for $1.38 Billion , Build Alliance '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung buys stake in struggling Sharp '' . money.cnn.com . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Posco Heavy Industries ' may be in the works '' ( PDF ) . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Energy Sells Gulf of Mexico Assets to Two South Korean Companies '' . reuters.com. 1 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung buys five percent stake in stylus - maker Wacom '' . engadget.com . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Russian offshore project `` Sakhalin II '' is relying on Arma - Chek R `` . armacell.com . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Heavy Industries '' . www.forbes.com. 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 13 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Heavy Signs Deal with Shell to Build LNG Facilities '' . www.hellenicshippingnews.com. 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 13 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Major construction begins on the Prelude FLNG project '' . 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The gas platform that will be the world 's biggest ' ship ' '' . bbc.co.uk. 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seoul wins 40 - billion - dollar UAE nuclear power deal '' . www.france24.com. 28 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Companies Anchor Ontario 's Green Economy -- January 21 , 2010 '' . www.premier.gov.on.ca. 21 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 13 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Samsung 1993 . Corporatebrandmatrix.com ( 19 May 2007 ) . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 한국 10 대 그룹 이름 과 로고 의 의미 '' . The Korea Daily . JMnet USA . 7 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker '' . Audio Branding Academy . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Logo Video '' . Samsung - Youtube . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Chaim Gartenberg , The Verge . `` Samsung developed its own font called SamsungOne . '' 25 July 2016 . 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 기업 의 사회 공헌 삼성 그룹 , 함께 가는 ` 창조 경영 ` ... 봉사 도 1 등 '' . www.dt.co.kr . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Rob ( 26 October 2009 ) . `` AECOM Technology buys Ellerbe Becket '' . kansascity.bizjournals.com . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim , Miyoung ( 27 November 2013 ) . `` Samsung 's marketing splurge does n't always bring bang - for - buck '' . Reuters . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Choe Sang - Hun ( 6 November 2007 ) . `` Corruption scandal snowballs at South Korea 's Samsung Group '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Chico Harlan ( 9 December 2012 ) . `` In South Korea , the Republic of Samsung '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ AFP ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` Taiwan probes Samsung ' dirty tricks ' vs HTC ' '' . Google News . Archived from the original on 28 July 2013 . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ CNA ( 9 April 2013 ) . `` Samsung postpones Galaxy 4S debut in Taiwan '' . Want China Times . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reisinger , Don ( 28 August 2014 ) . `` Samsung supplier factory found to use child labor , watchdog says '' . CNET . United States . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Another Samsung supplier factory exploiting child labor '' . Jump up ^ `` Cover - up involving underage workers at Samsung supplier alleged by labor group '' . Jump up ^ `` Antitrust : Commission fines DRAM producers € 331 million for price cartel ; reaches first settlement in a cartel case '' . European Commission . European Commission . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian DRAM Class Action '' . themoneyismine.com . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samsung . Official website Samsung Group ( in Korean ) Samsung Group ( in Chinese ) Samsung Subsidiaries Electronics Samsung Electronics Harman Samsung Electro - Mechanics Samsung SDI Samsung SDS Samsung Display Samsung Corning Advanced Glass Heavy Industries Samsung C&T Engineering & Construction Group Samsung Heavy Industries Samsung Engineering Financial Services Samsung Life Insurance Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance Samsung Card Samsung Securities Samsung Asset Management Samsung Venture Investment Others Samsung C&T Trading & Investment Group Samsung C&T Fashion Group Bean Pole Samsung C&T Resort Group Everland Everland Resort Caribbean Bay Hotel Shilla Cheil Worldwide S - 1 Samsung Medical Center Samsung Economic Research Institute Samsung Biologics Samsung Bioepis Samsung Welstory Affiliated Organisations Samsung Human Resources Development Center Samsung Foundation Samsung Foundation of Culture Samsung Welfare Foundation Samsung Life Public Welfare Foundation Ho - Am Foundation Ho - Am Art Museum Ho - Am Art Hall Ho - Am Prize Leeum , Samsung Museum of Art PLATEAU Samsung Childcare Center Samsung Child Education and Culture Center Samsung Dream Class Samsung Scholarship Samsung Corporate Citizenship Mydog & Samsung Samsung Institute of Safety & Environment Samsung Press Foundation Samsung Science & Technology Foundation Samsung Electronics Science & Technology Center Samsung Legal Aid Services Samsung Transportation Museum Sports Samsung Sports Suwon Samsung Bluewings Samsung Lions Seoul Samsung Thunders Yongin Samsung Life Blueminx Daejeon Samsung Fire Bluefangs Samsung Galaxy Samsung Training Center People Lee Byung - chul Lee Kun - hee Lee Jae - yong Lee Boo - jin Lee Seo - hyun Lee Yoon - hyung Other Samsung Hub Samsung Town Samsung Global Scholarship Program Sungkyunkwan University CJ Shinsegae Hansol Saehan JoongAng Ilbo TBC Commons 2016 South Korean political scandal Related people Choi Tae - min family Choi Tae - min Choi Sun - deuk Choi Soon - sil Chung Yoon - hoi Jang Si - ho Chung Yoo - ra Jo Sun - je Other people Park Geun - hye Kim Jong Ko Young - tae Jay Y. Lee Kim Ki - chun Ahn Bong - geun Ahn Jong - bum Woo Byung - woo Lee Gyeong - je Lee Seung - chul Lee Jae - man Jung Ho - sung Cha Eun - taek Related organizations Mir Foundation K - Sports Foundation The Blue K Korean Salvation Mission NEST Foundation Samsung The Federation of Korean Industries Korea Winter Sports Talent Center Armstrong Reactions 2016 -- 17 South Korean protests Impeachment of Park Geun - hye Related topics South Korean presidential election , 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsung&oldid=854135716 '' Categories : Samsung 1938 establishments in Korea Chaebol Companies based in Seoul Conglomerate companies established in 1938 Conglomerate companies of South Korea Electronics companies established in 1938 Electronics companies of South Korea Holding companies of South Korea Lens manufacturers Manufacturing companies established in 1938 Manufacturing companies of South Korea Mobile phone manufacturers Multinational companies headquartered in South Korea Retail companies established in 1938 Retail companies of South Korea Technology companies established in 1938 Technology companies of South Korea Hidden categories : Articles with Korean - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with short description Use British English from April 2015 Use dmy dates from February 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Korean - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing cleanup from January 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from January 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2017 Articles to be expanded from November 2016 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from July 2017 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from July 2015 All articles with a promotional tone Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2011 Articles with a promotional tone from January 2018 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 Articles needing cleanup from April 2017 Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2017 NPOV disputes from April 2017 All NPOV disputes Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Chinese - language external links Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Bislama Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Rumantsch Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली 89 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 05 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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"Samsung\n\nSamsung Town in the Gangnam Station area in SeoulIndustry\nConglomerateFounded\n1 March 1938; 80 years ago (1938-03-01) in Daegu, Japanese KoreaFounder\nLee Byung-chulHeadquarters\n40th floor Samsung Electronics Building, 11, Seocho-daero 74-gil, Seocho District, Seoul, South Korea[1]Area served\nWorldwideKey people\nLee Kun-hee(Chairman)Lee Jae-yong(Vice Chairman)Products\nApparel, automotive, chemicals, consumer electronics, electronic components, medical equipment, semiconductors, solid state drives, DRAM, ships, telecommunications equipment, home appliances[2]Services\nAdvertising, construction, entertainment, financial services, hospitality, information and communications technology, medical and health care services, retail, shipbuildingRevenue\n US$305 billion (2014)[3]Net income\n US$22.1 billion (2014)[3]Total assets\n US$529.5 billion (2014)[3]Total equity\n US$231.2 billion (2014)[3]Number of employees\n489,000 (2014)[3]Divisions\nSamsung ElectronicsSamsung C&T CorporationSamsung Heavy IndustriesSamsung SDSSamsung Life InsuranceRenault Samsung MotorsSamsung Fire & Marine InsuranceCheil Worldwide\nKorean nameHangul\n삼성Hanja\n三星Revised Romanization\nSamseongMcCune–Reischauer\nSamsŏng\nWebsite\nsamsung.com"
] | [
"Korea"
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9085899276096564286 | Lorenzo James Henrie | Lorenzo James Henrie - wikipedia Lorenzo James Henrie Jump to : navigation , search Lorenzo James Henrie Henrie at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con ( 1993 - 06 - 29 ) June 29 , 1993 ( age 24 ) Phoenix , Arizona , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 2004 -- present Spouse ( s ) Kyara Pintos ( m . 2015 ) Children Relatives David Henrie ( brother ) Lorenzo James Henrie ( born June 29 , 1993 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his role as Chris Manawa on the AMC television series Fear the Walking Dead ( 2015 -- present ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Henrie was born in Phoenix , Arizona , the son of Linda ( née Finocchiaro ) , a talent manager , and James Wilson Henrie , a producer formerly in real estate . His older brother is actor David Henrie . His maternal grandparents were Italian . Career ( edit ) In 2015 , Henrie appeared in the comedy film Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 . He also played one of the lead roles as Christopher Manawa in the AMC 's series Fear the Walking Dead . Personal life ( edit ) Henrie married Kyara Pintos on November 7 , 2015 . They have a son together named Joseph Henrie , who was born in October 2016 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Arizona Summer Jerry 2009 Star Trek Vulcan Bully Almost Kings Ted Wheeler 2014 Riding 79 Migue 2015 Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 Lorenzo 2015 Warrior Road Joseph Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Malcolm in the Middle Normal Boy 1 episode 7th Heaven Jeffrey Turner 6 episodes LAX Cody 1 episode 2005 Ghost Whisperer Rat 1 episode 2005 Wanted Eric Pretatorio 1 episode 2006 Cold Case Young Mike Valens 2 episodes 2007 CSI : Miami Justin Montavo 1 episode NCIS : Los Angeles Evan Maragos 1 episode 2014 An American Education Carlos 1 episode 2015 -- 16 Fear the Walking Dead Christopher `` Chris '' Manawa 16 episodes 2016 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Gabe Reyes 3 episodes 2018 Kevin Can Wait Anthony 1 episode Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 25th Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Younger Arizona Summer Nominated 2017 43rd Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Fear the Walking Dead Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Weatherford sixth - grader stars in Hollywood role '' . Weatherford Democrat . Jump up ^ @ David_Henrie ( 2010 - 05 - 21 ) . `` @ IanJSLover as in my nonno Salvatore Finocchiaro and my godson sal : ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` David Henrie Italian Stallion '' . oceanup.com . Jump up ^ Henrie , David . `` About Me '' . Archived from the original ( official website ) on 2011 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Dalton ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead : Robert Kirkman reveals new details and casting '' . ew.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Episode 2 : Expect A Lot More Action , According To Lorenzo James Henrie '' . inquisitr.com . August 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lorenzo James Henrie on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_James_Henrie&oldid=831400622 '' Categories : Living people 1993 births People from Phoenix , Arizona Male actors from Phoenix , Arizona American male film actors American male television actors 21st - century American male actors American male child actors American people of Italian descent Male actors of Italian descent Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Norsk Polski Português Русский 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 12 : 10 . About Wikipedia | who plays chris on fear the walking dead | [
"Lorenzo James Henrie (born June 29, 1993) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Chris Manawa on the AMC television series Fear the Walking Dead (2015–present)."
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"Lorenzo James Henrie"
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7154942883867675427 | Countries of the United Kingdom | Countries of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Countries of the United Kingdom Countries of the United Kingdom England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Category Administrative division Location United Kingdom Found in Legal jurisdictions Number Possible status NUTS 1 region ( 3 ) European constituency ( 3 ) Legal jurisdiction ( 2 ) Additional status Home Nations Government Devolved legislature ( 3 ) None ( 1 ) The United Kingdom ( UK ) comprises four countries : England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales . Within the United Kingdom , a unitary sovereign state , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales have gained a degree of autonomy through the process of devolution . The UK Parliament and British Government deal with all reserved matters for Northern Ireland and Scotland and all non-transferred matters for Wales , but not in general matters that have been devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly , Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales . Additionally , devolution in Northern Ireland is conditional on co-operation between the Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland ( see North / South Ministerial Council ) and the British Government consults with the Government of Ireland to reach agreement on some non-devolved matters for Northern Ireland ( see British -- Irish Intergovernmental Conference ) . England , comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom , remains fully the responsibility of the UK Parliament centralised in London . England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) list of countries . However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK , compiled by British Standards and the UK 's Office for National Statistics , uses `` country '' to describe England , Scotland and Wales . Northern Ireland , in contrast , is described as a `` province '' in the same lists . Each has separate national governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions , including the Commonwealth Games . Northern Ireland also forms joint All - Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports , including rugby union . The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are dependencies of the Crown and are not part of the UK . Similarly , the British overseas territories , remnants of the British Empire , are not part of the UK . Historically , from 1801 , following the Acts of Union , until 1921 the whole island of Ireland was a country within the UK . Ireland was split into two separate jurisdictions in 1921 : Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland . Southern Ireland left the United Kingdom under the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 . Contents 1 Key facts 1.1 Statistics 2 Terminology 2.1 Acts of Parliament 2.1. 1 Current legal terminology 2.2 Other official usage 2.2. 1 Current 3 Identity and nationality 4 Competitions 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources Key facts ( edit ) Name Flag Capital Legislature Legal systems Jurisdiction England London none English law England and Wales Northern Ireland none Belfast Northern Ireland Assembly Northern Ireland law , Irish land law Northern Ireland Scotland Edinburgh Scottish Parliament Scots law Scotland Wales Cardiff National Assembly for Wales English law , Welsh law England and Wales United Kingdom London UK Parliament UK administrative law United Kingdom The UK parliament makes all English legislation . The former flag of Northern Ireland , the Ulster Banner , is still used in some sport - related contexts . Statistics ( edit ) Name Population ( 2015 ) Population ( % ) Area ( km2 ) Area ( % ) Pop . density ( per km2 ; 2011 ) GVA * ( £ ; 2015 ) GVA * ( % ; 2015 ) GVA per capita * ( £ ; 2015 ) England 54,786,300 84 % 130,279 54 % 406.55 1,433 billion 86 % 26,159 Northern Ireland 1,851,600 3 % 13,562 6 % 130.81 34 billion 2 % 18,584 Scotland 5,373,000 8 % 77,933 32 % 67.22 127 billion 8 % 23,685 Wales 3,099,100 5 % 20,735 9 % 147.43 56 billion 3 % 18,002 United Kingdom 65,110,000 100 % 242,509 100 % 259.16 1,666 billion 100 % 25,351 * Figures for GVA do not include oil and gas revenues generated beyond the UK 's territorial waters , in the country 's continental shelf region . Terminology ( edit ) Further information : Terminology of the British Isles Various terms have been used to describe England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales . Acts of Parliament ( edit ) Constitutional documents and events ( present & historical ) relevant to the status of the United Kingdom and legislative unions of its constituent countries Treaty of Union 1706 Acts of Union 1707 Wales and Berwick Act 1746 Irish Constitution 1782 Acts of Union 1800 Parliament Act 1911 Government of Ireland Act 1920 Anglo - Irish Treaty 1921 Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 Statute of Westminster 1931 United Nations Act 1946 Parliament Act 1949 EC Treaty of Accession 1972 NI ( Temporary Provisions ) Act 1972 European Communities Act 1972 Local Government Act 1972 Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1973 NI Border Poll 1973 NI Constitution Act 1973 Referendum Act EC Membership Referendum Scotland Act 1978 Wales Act 1978 Scottish Devolution Referendum 1979 Welsh Devolution Referendum 1979 Local Government ( Wales ) Act 1994 Local Government etc . ( Scotland ) Act 1994 Referendums ( Scotland & Wales ) Act 1997 Scottish Devolution Referendum 1997 Welsh Devolution Referendum 1997 Good Friday Agreement 1998 Northern Ireland Act 1998 Government of Wales Act 1998 Human Rights Act 1998 Scotland Act 1998 Government of Wales Act 2006 Northern Ireland Act 2009 Welsh Devolution Referendum 2011 European Union Act 2011 Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 Scotland Act 2012 Edinburgh Agreement 2012 Scottish Independence Referendum 2014 Wales Act 2014 European Union Referendum Act 2015 EU Membership Referendum 2016 Scotland Act 2016 Wales Act 2017 EU ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 Invocation of Article 50 2017 European Union ( Withdrawal ) Act 2018 The Laws in Wales Acts 1535 -- 1542 annexed the legal system of Wales to England to create the single entity commonly known for centuries simply as England , but later officially renamed England and Wales . Wales was described ( in varying combinations ) as the `` country '' , `` principality '' , and `` dominion '' of Wales . Outside Wales , England was not given a specific name or term . The Laws in Wales Acts have subsequently been repealed . The Acts of Union 1707 refer to both England and Scotland as a `` part '' of a united kingdom of Great Britain The Acts of Union 1800 use `` part '' in the same way to refer to England and Scotland . However , they use the word `` country '' to describe Great Britain and Ireland respectively , when describing trade between them The Government of Ireland Act 1920 described Great Britain , Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland as `` countries '' in provisions relating to taxation . The Northern Ireland Act 1998 , which repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920 , does not use any term to describe Northern Ireland . Current legal terminology ( edit ) The Interpretation Act 1978 provides statutory definitions of the terms `` England '' , `` Wales '' and the `` United Kingdom '' , but neither that Act nor any other current statute defines `` Scotland '' or `` Northern Ireland '' . Use of the first three terms in other legislation is interpreted following the definitions in the 1978 Act . The definitions in the 1978 Act are listed below : `` England '' means , `` subject to any alteration of boundaries under Part IV of the Local Government Act 1972 , the area consisting of the counties established by section 1 of that Act , Greater London and the Isles of Scilly . '' This definition applies from 1 April 1974 . `` United Kingdom '' means `` Great Britain and Northern Ireland . '' This definition applies from 12 April 1927 . `` Wales '' means the combined area of 13 historic counties , including Monmouthshire , re-formulated into 8 new counties under section 20 of the Local Government Act 1972 , as originally enacted , but subject to any alteration made under section 73 of that Act ( consequential alteration of boundary following alteration of watercourse ) . In 1996 these 8 new counties were redistributed into the current 22 unitary authorities . In the Scotland Act 1998 there is no delineation of Scotland , with the definition in section 126 simply providing that Scotland includes `` so much of the internal waters and territorial sea of the United Kingdom as are adjacent to Scotland '' . The Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 refers to England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland as `` parts '' of the United Kingdom in the following clause : `` Each constituency shall be wholly in one of the four parts of the United Kingdom ( England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland ) . '' Other official usage ( edit ) The Royal Fine Art Commission 's 1847 report on decorating the Palace of Westminster referred to `` the nationality of the component parts of the United Kingdom '' being represented by their four respective patron saints . Current ( edit ) `` Regions '' : For purposes of NUTS 1 collection of statistical data in a format that is compatible with similar data that is collected elsewhere in the European Union , the United Kingdom has been divided into twelve regions of approximately equal size . Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are regions in their own right while England has been divided into nine regions . The official term rest of the UK ( RUK or rUK ) is used in Scotland , for example in export statistics and in legislating for student funding . This term is also used in the context of potential Scottish independence to mean the UK without Scotland . The alternative term Home Nations is sometimes used in sporting contexts and may include all of the island of Ireland . Identity and nationality ( edit ) Further information : Demography of the United Kingdom According to the British Social Attitudes Survey , there are broadly two interpretations of British identity , with ethnic and civic dimensions : The first group , which we term the ethnic dimension , contained the items about birthplace , ancestry , living in Britain , and sharing British customs and traditions . The second , or civic group , contained the items about feeling British , respecting laws and institutions , speaking English , and having British citizenship . Of the two perspectives of British identity , the civic definition has become the dominant idea and in this capacity , Britishness is sometimes considered an institutional or overarching state identity . This has been used to explain why first - , second - and third - generation immigrants are more likely to describe themselves as British , rather than English , Northern Irish , Scottish or Welsh , because it is an `` institutional , inclusive '' identity , that can be acquired through naturalisation and British nationality law ; the vast majority of people in the United Kingdom who are from an ethnic minority feel British . However , this attitude is more common in England than in Scotland or Wales ; `` white English people perceived themselves as English first and as British second , and most people from ethnic minority backgrounds perceived themselves as British , but none identified as English , a label they associated exclusively with white people '' . Contrariwise , in Scotland and Wales `` there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain . '' Studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish / Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis . The Commission for Racial Equality found that with respect to notions of nationality in Britain , `` the most basic , objective and uncontroversial conception of the British people is one that includes the English , the Scots and the Welsh '' . However , `` English participants tended to think of themselves as indistinguishably English or British , while both Scottish and Welsh participants identified themselves much more readily as Scottish or Welsh than as British '' . Some people opted `` to combine both identities '' as `` they felt Scottish or Welsh , but held a British passport and were therefore British '' , whereas others saw themselves as exclusively Scottish or exclusively Welsh and `` felt quite divorced from the British , whom they saw as the English '' . Commentators have described this latter phenomenon as `` nationalism '' , a rejection of British identity because some Scots and Welsh interpret it as `` cultural imperialism imposed '' upon the United Kingdom by `` English ruling elites '' , or else a response to a historical misappropriation of equating the word `` English '' with `` British '' , which has `` brought about a desire among Scots , Welsh and Irish to learn more about their heritage and distinguish themselves from the broader British identity '' . The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK , and can rise and fall over time . The state - funded Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey , part of a joint project between the University of Ulster and Queen 's University Belfast , has addressed the issue of identity in since it started polling in 1998 . It reported that 37 % of people identified as British , whilst 29 % identified as Irish and 24 % identified as Northern Irish . 3 % opted to identify themselves as Ulster , whereas 7 % stated ' other ' . Of the two main religious groups , 68 % of Protestants identified as British as did 6 % of Catholics ; 60 % of Catholics identified as Irish as did 3 % of Protestants . 21 % of Protestants and 26 % of Catholics identified as Northern Irish . For Northern Ireland , however , the results of the Life & Times Survey are not the whole story . The poll asks for a single preference , whereas many people easily identify as any combination of British and Irish , or British , Northern Irish and Irish , or Irish and Northern Irish . The 2014 Life & Times Survey addressed this to an extent by choosing two of the options from the identity question : British and Irish . It found that , while 28 % of respondents stated they felt `` British not Irish '' and 26 % felt `` Irish not British '' , 39 % of respondents felt some combination of both identities . Six percent chose ' other description ' . The identity question is confounded further by identity with politics and religion , and particularly by a stance on the constitutional status of Northern Ireland . Again in 2014 , the Life & Times Survey asked what respondents felt should be the `` long term future for Northern Ireland '' . 66 % of respondents felt the future should be as a part of the UK , with or without devolved government . 17 % felt that Northern Ireland should unify with the Republic of Ireland . 50 % of specifically Roman Catholics considered that the long - term future should be as part of the UK , with 32 % opting for separation . 87 % of respondents identifying as any Protestant denomination opted for remaining part of the UK , with only 4 % opting for separation . Of those respondents who declared no religion , 62 % opted for remaining part of the UK , with 9 % opting for separation . Following devolution and the significant broadening of autonomous governance throughout the UK in the late 1990s , debate has taken place across the United Kingdom on the relative value of full independence , an option that was rejected by the Scottish people in the Scottish independence referendum , 2014 . Cornwall is administered as a county of England , but the Cornish people are a recognised national minority , included under the terms of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in 2014 . Competitions ( edit ) See also : Home Nations Each of England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales has separate national governing bodies for sports and competes separately in many international sporting competitions . Each country of the United Kingdom has a national football team , and competes as a separate national team in the various disciplines in the Commonwealth Games . At the Olympic Games , the United Kingdom is represented by the Great Britain and Northern Ireland team , although athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to join the Republic of Ireland 's Olympic team . In addition to Northern Ireland having its own national governing bodies for some sports such as Association football and Netball , for others , such as rugby union and cricket , Northern Ireland participates with the Republic of Ireland in a joint All - Ireland team . England and Wales field a joint cricket team . The United Kingdom participates in the Eurovision Song Contest as a single entity , though there have been calls for separate and Scottish and Welsh entrants . In 2018 , Wales participated alone in the spin - off `` Choir of the Year '' , placing second . See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal British Overseas Territories English independence Heptarchy History of the formation of the United Kingdom List of First Ministers Scottish independence Welsh independence References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Countries of the UK '' . statistics.gov.uk . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Devolution Glossary '' . Cabinet Office . Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 . `` United Kingdom : Term used most frequently for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , the modern sovereign state comprising England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . '' Jump up ^ 2011 Census -- Population . According to the 2011 census , the population of England was 53,012,456 , and the population of the United Kingdom was 63,181,775 , therefore England comprises 84 % of the UK population . ^ Jump up to : Region and Country Profiles , Key Statistics and Profiles , October 2013 , ONS . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . According to the ONS , England has an area of 130,279 km2 , and the UK has an area of 242,509 km2 , therefore England comprises 54 % of the area of the UK . ^ Jump up to : `` ISO Newsletter ii - 3 - 2011 - 12 - 13 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sport Northern Ireland Performance Governing Bodies of Sport '' . Sportni.net. 2009 - 12 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Population estimates - Office for National Statistics '' . www.ons.gov.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Office for National Statistics . `` Regional gross value added ( income approach ) , UK : 1997 to 2015 , December 2015 '' . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laws in Wales Act 1535 , Clause I Jump up ^ Laws in Wales Act 1542 Jump up ^ Laws in Wales Act 1535 ( repealed 21.12. 1993 ) Archived January 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Laws in Wales Act 1542 ( repealed ) '' . www.statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ e.g. `` ... to be raised in that Part of the united Kingdom now called England '' , `` ... that Part of the united Kingdom now called Scotland , shall be charged by the same Act ... '' Article IX Jump up ^ e.g. `` That , from the first Day of January one thousand eight hundred and one , all Prohibitions and Bounties on the Export of Articles , the Growth , Produce , or Manufacture of either Country , to the other , shall cease and determine ; and that the said Articles shall thenceforth be exported from one Country to the other , without Duty or Bounty on such Export '' ; Union with Ireland Act 1800 , Article Sixth . Jump up ^ `` About Parliament > Art in Parliament > Online Exhibitions > The Palace of Westminster > National Patron Saints > St David and Wales '' . Official website . UK Parliament . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regulation ( EC ) No 1059 / 2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union of 26 May 2003 on the establishment of a common classification of territorial units for statistics ( NUTS ) '' . The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` RUK exports '' . Scottish Government . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Response to Scottish Government proposals for RUK fees '' ( PDF ) . Edinburgh University Students ' Association . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Park 2005 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Langlands , Rebecca ( 1999 ) . `` Britishness or Englishness ? The Historical Problem of National Identity in Britain '' . Nations and Nationalism. 5 : 53 -- 69 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1354 - 5078.1999. 00053. x . Jump up ^ Bradley , Ian C. ( 2007 ) . Believing in Britain : The Spiritual Identity of ' Britishness ' . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 326 - 1 . Jump up ^ Frith , Maxine ( 2004 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Ethnic minorities feel strong sense of identity with Britain , report reveals '' . The Independent . London : independent.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Commission for Racial Equality 2005 , p. 35 ^ Jump up to : Commission for Racial Equality 2005 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Ward 2004 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Krishan ( 2003 ) . `` The Making of English National Identity '' ( PDF ) . assets . cambridge.org . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The English : Europe 's lost tribe '' . BBC News . news.bbc.co.uk. 1999 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Devolution , Public Attitudes and National Identity '' ( PDF ) . www . devolution.ac.uk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 12 - 01 . `` The rise of the Little Englanders '' . London : The Guardian , John Carvel , social affairs editor . 28 November 2000 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey home page '' . University of Ulster and Queen 's University Belfast . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 2014 , national identity module '' . University of Ulster and Queen 's University Belfast . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 2014 , Political Attitudes module '' . University of Ulster and Queen 's University Belfast . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Devolution and Britishness '' . Devolution and Constitutional Change . UK 's Economic and Social Research Council . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland Rejects Independence in Record - Breaking Referendum - NBC News '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cornish people formally declared a national minority along with Scots , Welsh and Irish '' . The Independent . 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cornish granted minority status within the UK '' . Gov.uk. 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sport England '' . Sport England website . Sport England . 2013 . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sport Northern Ireland '' . Sport Northern Ireland website . Sport Northern Ireland . 2013 . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sportscotland '' . Sportscotland website . Sportscotland. 2013 . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sport Wales '' . Sport Wales website . Sport Wales . 2013 . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : World and Its Peoples , Terrytown ( NY ) : Marshall Cavendish Corporation , 2010 , p. 111 , In most sports , except soccer , Northern Ireland participates with the Republic of Ireland in a combined All - Ireland team . Jump up ^ `` Irish and GB in Olympic Row '' . BBC Sport. 27 January 2004 . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Sources ( edit ) Gallagher , Michael ( 2006 ) . The United Kingdom Today . London : Franklin Watts . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7496 - 6488 - 6 . Park , Alison ( 2005 ) , British Social Attitudes : The 21st Report , SAGE , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 4278 - 8 Commission for Racial Equality ( November 2005 ) , Citizenship and Belonging : What is Britishness ? ( PDF ) , Commission for Racial Equality , ISBN 1 - 85442 - 573 - 0 Ward , Paul ( 2004 ) , Britishness Since 1870 , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 49472 - 1 Countries , territories and dependencies of the United Kingdom Constituent countries England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Overseas territories Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Crown dependencies Bailiwick of Guernsey Guernsey Alderney Sark Isle of Man Jersey Former colonies List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom Sovereign Base Areas . Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the Antarctic Treaty . Devolution in the United Kingdom Devolved areas National level Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Regional level ( in England ) Combined authorities Directly elected mayoralties Greater London Authority Referendums English mayoral referendums London , 1998 2012 North East England Northern Ireland 1998 Scotland 1979 1997 Wales 1979 1997 2011 Heads of devolved governments Metro mayors Directly elected mayors London ( Mayor ) Northern Ireland ( FM and dFM ) Scotland ( FM ) Wales ( FM ) Devolved legislatures Northern Ireland Assembly National Assembly for Wales Scottish Parliament Devolved administrations Northern Ireland Executive Scottish Government Welsh Government Organisations and laws of the legislatures and governments of the UK and the devolved areas Commissions ( UK Parliament ) Kilbrandon Commission Holtham Commission Silk Commission McKay Commission Commissions ( devolved legislatures ) National Assembly for Wales Richard Commission Holtham Commission Scottish Parliament Calman Commission Smith Commission Referendum & Devolution acts Greater London Authority ( Referendum ) Act 1998 Greater London Authority Acts 1999 2007 Northern Ireland Acts 1998 2006 Referendums ( Scotland & Wales ) Act 1997 Wales Acts 1998 2006 2014 2017 Scotland Acts 1998 2012 2016 Select committees Northern Ireland Affairs Scottish Affairs Welsh Affairs Grand committees Legislative Grand Committee Northern Ireland Scottish Welsh Departments and Territorial Offices ( MOJ ) Cabinet Office - Devolution Secretariat Ministry of Justice - Devolution Directorate - General Office of the Advocate General for Scotland Northern Ireland Office Scotland Office Wales Office Elections London Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Related articles Current Agreements / Treaties Anglo - Irish Treaty Good Friday Agreement Budget Barnett formula Block grant Constitution of the United Kingdom Reserved and excepted matters West Lothian question Proposals Cornwall Cornish Assembly Cornish Constitutional Convention Mebyon Kernow Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament Devolved English parliament Campaign for an English Parliament Northern England Campaign for the North Yorkshire Party Other parts of Southern England Wessex Regionalist Party Scotland Full fiscal autonomy Historical Administrations of England English Regional Assemblies , 1998 - 2010 Administrations of London London County Council Greater London Council Administrations of Northern Ireland 1922 -- 72 Legislatures of Northern Ireland 1922 -- 72 1973 -- 74 1982 -- 86 Northern Ireland - related legislation of the UK Parliament Ireland , 1886 Ireland , 1893 Ireland , 1914 Ireland , 1920 Irish Free State , 1922 Northern Ireland , 1974 Irish Home Rule movement Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Scotland Act 1978 Scottish Office Sunningdale Agreement Wales Act 1978 Welsh Office 1 . Rejected referendums are italicised . The others were fully or partially approved . 2 . There is no law - making body for any regionally devolved area . 3 . Administrations of regionally devolved areas are omitted . Category United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Agriculture Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Fishing English Scottish Hunting Materials Flora Forestry Mining Politics Constitution Courts Devolution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislation Monarchy monarchs Nationality Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Political parties Government Cabinet list Civil service Departments Prime Minister list Military Royal Navy Army Royal Air Force Weapons of mass destruction Economy Banks Bank of England Budget Economic geography Manufacturing Pound ( currency ) Stock Exchanges ( London Exchange ) Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport British Rail Society Affordability of housing Crime Demography Drug policy Education Ethnic groups Health Immigration Innovation Languages Poverty Prostitution Public holidays Social care Social structure Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural icons Identity Literature Media Music Religion Sport Symbols Theatre Countries of the United Kingdom England History social timeline Geography Politics Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Northern Ireland History Geography Politics Assembly Executive First Minister and deputy Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Scotland History timeline Geography Politics Parliament Government First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Wales History Geography Welsh Government Politics Assembly First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Outline Index Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=853694237 '' Categories : Geography of the United Kingdom Government of the United Kingdom United Kingdom by country Terminology of the British Isles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Čeština Cymraeg Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 11 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are all the countries in the united kingdom | [
"\n\n\nName\n\nFlag\n\nCapital\n\nLegislature\n\nLegal systems\n\nJurisdiction\n\n\nEngland\n\n\n\nLondon\n\nnone†\n\nEnglish law\n\nEngland and Wales\n\n\nNorthern Ireland\n\nnone‡\n\nBelfast\n\nNorthern Ireland Assembly\n\nNorthern Ireland law, Irish land law\n\nNorthern Ireland\n\n\nScotland\n\n\n\nEdinburgh\n\nScottish Parliament\n\nScots law\n\nScotland\n\n\nWales\n\n\n\nCardiff\n\nNational Assembly for Wales\n\nEnglish law, Welsh law\n\nEngland and Wales\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\n\nLondon\n\nUK Parliament\n\nUK administrative law\n\nUnited Kingdom\n",
"\n\n\nName\n\nFlag\n\nCapital\n\nLegislature\n\nLegal systems\n\nJurisdiction\n\n\nEngland\n\n\n\nLondon\n\nnone†\n\nEnglish law\n\nEngland and Wales\n\n\nNorthern Ireland\n\nnone‡\n\nBelfast\n\nNorthern Ireland Assembly\n\nNorthern Ireland law, Irish land law\n\nNorthern Ireland\n\n\nScotland\n\n\n\nEdinburgh\n\nScottish Parliament\n\nScots law\n\nScotland\n\n\nWales\n\n\n\nCardiff\n\nNational Assembly for Wales\n\nEnglish law, Welsh law\n\nEngland and Wales\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\n\nLondon\n\nUK Parliament\n\nUK administrative law\n\nUnited Kingdom\n",
"\n\n\nName\n\nFlag\n\nCapital\n\nLegislature\n\nLegal systems\n\nJurisdiction\n\n\nEngland\n\n\n\nLondon\n\nnone†\n\nEnglish law\n\nEngland and Wales\n\n\nNorthern Ireland\n\nnone‡\n\nBelfast\n\nNorthern Ireland Assembly\n\nNorthern Ireland law, Irish land law\n\nNorthern Ireland\n\n\nScotland\n\n\n\nEdinburgh\n\nScottish Parliament\n\nScots law\n\nScotland\n\n\nWales\n\n\n\nCardiff\n\nNational Assembly for Wales\n\nEnglish law, Welsh law\n\nEngland and Wales\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\n\nLondon\n\nUK Parliament\n\nUK administrative law\n\nUnited Kingdom\n",
"\n\n\nName\n\nFlag\n\nCapital\n\nLegislature\n\nLegal systems\n\nJurisdiction\n\n\nEngland\n\n\n\nLondon\n\nnone†\n\nEnglish law\n\nEngland and Wales\n\n\nNorthern Ireland\n\nnone‡\n\nBelfast\n\nNorthern Ireland Assembly\n\nNorthern Ireland law, Irish land law\n\nNorthern Ireland\n\n\nScotland\n\n\n\nEdinburgh\n\nScottish Parliament\n\nScots law\n\nScotland\n\n\nWales\n\n\n\nCardiff\n\nNational Assembly for Wales\n\nEnglish law, Welsh law\n\nEngland and Wales\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\n\nLondon\n\nUK Parliament\n\nUK administrative law\n\nUnited Kingdom\n"
] | [
"England",
"Northern Ireland",
"Scotland",
"Wales"
] |
8070705113312511398 | Vidhan Parishad | Vidhan Parishad - wikipedia Vidhan Parishad For the lower house , see Vidhan Sabha . India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Article 169 of the Constitution of India provides for the establishment of a Vidhan Parishad . The Vidhan Parishad or Legislative Council is the upper house in those states of India that have a bicameral legislature . As of 2017 , seven ( 7 ) ( out of twenty - nine ) states have a Legislative Council . They are elected by local bodies , legislative assembly , governor , graduates , teacher , etc . Odisha , too , is planning to make a legislative council . And members are known as MLC . Contents 1 Membership 2 List of Vidhan Parishads 3 Proposed Vidhan Parishads 4 Abolition and revival 5 See also 6 References Membership ( edit ) Each Member of the Legislative Council ( MLC ) serves for a six - year term , with terms staggered so that the terms of one third of a council 's membership expire every two years . This arrangement parallels that for the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament of India . MLCs must be citizens of India , at least 30 years old , mentally sound , not an insolvent , and on the voters ' list of the state for which he or she is contesting an election . He or she may not be a Member of Parliament at the same time . The size of the Vidhan Parishad can not be more than one third of the membership of the Vidhan Sabha . However , its size can not be less than 40 members ( except in Jammu and Kashmir , where there are 36 by an Act of Parliament . ) MLCs are chosen in the following manner : One third are elected by members of local bodies such as municipalities , gram sabhas / gram panchayats , panchayat samitis and Zila Parishads . One third are elected by members of Legislative Assemblies of the State from among the persons who are not members of the Assembly . One sixth are nominated by the governor from persons having knowledge or practical experience in fields such as literature , science , arts , the co-operative movement and social service . One twelfth are elected by persons who are graduates of three years ' standing residing in that state . One twelfth are elected by persons engaged for at least three years in teaching in educational institutions within the state not lower than secondary schools , including colleges and universities . List of Vidhan Parishads ( edit ) Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council Bihar Legislative Council Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council Karnataka Legislative Council Maharashtra Legislative Council Telangana Legislative Council Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council Proposed Vidhan Parishads ( edit ) In 2010 the Parliament passed an Act to re-establish a Legislative Council for an eighth state , Tamil Nadu Legislative Council , but implementation of the Act has been put on hold pending legal action ; the state government has also expressed its opposition to the council 's revival . Union Cabinet of India has cleared the State of Assam to form a Legislative Council on 28 November 2013 Odisha state is preparing to set up a legislative council after conducting a study in Karnataka and Maharashtra . Abolition and revival ( edit ) The existence of a Legislative Council has proven politically controversial . A number of states that have had their Council abolished have subsequently requested its re-establishment ; conversely , proposals for the re-establishment of the Council for a state have also met with opposition . Proposals for abolition or re-establishment of a state 's Legislative Council require confirmation by the Parliament of India . In April 2007 , the State of Andhra Pradesh re-established its Legislative Council . The State 's main opposition party , the Telugu Desam Party , had stated that it would abolish the council again if it came to power in the state . After the victory of the Akali Dal - BJP in Punjab , newly elected Chief Ministers Parkash Singh Badal stated that he would re-constitute the state 's Vidhan Parishad but was not established See also ( edit ) Legislative assembly Legislative council References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.gktoday.in/blog/legislative-council-in-india/ Jump up ^ The Times of India , 22 February 2011 `` SC stays TN council elections '' Jump up ^ The Times of India , 25 May 2011 `` Fate of TN legislative council sealed by Jayalithaa '' Legislatures of India British Raj Council of India Imperial Legislative Council Council of State Central Legislative Assembly Chamber of Princes Constituent Assembly of India Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Vidhan Parishad Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana Uttar Pradesh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidhan_Parishad&oldid=852777154 '' Categories : State legislatures of India State upper houses in India Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी தமிழ் తెలుగు Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 08 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | minimum age limit for membership of vidhan parishad | [
"MLCs must be citizens of India, at least 30 years old, mentally sound, not an insolvent, and on the voters' list of the state for which he or she is contesting an election. He or she may not be a Member of Parliament at the same time.\n"
] | [
"30 years old"
] |
-2292527004948491378 | Kiss and Say Goodbye | KISS and Say Goodbye - wikipedia KISS and Say Goodbye This article is about The Manhattans song . For the song of the same title by Kate & Anna McGarrigle , see Kate & Anna McGarrigle ( album ) . `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' Single by The Manhattans from the album The Manhattans B - side `` Wonderful World of Love '' Released March 1976 Format 7 '' single Recorded ( at Sigma Sound Studios ) Genre Soul R&B Length 4 : 28 ( Album full version ) 3 : 29 ( Single edited version ) Label Columbia Records Songwriter ( s ) Winfred Lovett Producer ( s ) Bobby Martin Manhattans The Manhattans singles chronology `` Hurt '' ( 1975 ) `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' ( 1976 ) `` I Kinda Miss You '' ( 1976 ) `` Hurt '' ( 1975 ) `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' ( 1976 ) `` I Kinda Miss You '' ( 1976 ) Music video `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' by The Manhattans ( Official Music Video ) on YouTube `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' is a 1976 hit song worldwide , by popular American R&B vocal group The Manhattans . It was written by group member Winfred Lovett , the bass singer and songwriter of the group , interpreter of the famous spoken voice on the song intro . The song was recorded for the album The Manhattans , released in 1976 by Columbia Records , and was released as a single in March of the same year . `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' became a worldwide success , appearing in the musical charts of countless countries , reaching excellent positions . The song was ranked number 1 in US , Belgium , Netherlands , New Zealand , and in Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) . With the exception of Adult Contemporary Chart , `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' was ranked number 1 in US on all Pop Singles Charts and on all R&B Singles Charts . The song was one of the biggest hits of 1976 and the 1970s . Contents 1 Background and recording 2 Track listing 3 B - side 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 End - of - decade charts 4.4 Certifications and sales 5 Personnel 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background and recording ( edit ) The song was written by Manhattans bass singer Winfred `` Blue '' Lovett , who also provided the spoken introduction heard in the full - length version of the original recording . The lyrics and melody came to him late one night . As he later recalled , `` Everything was there . I got up about three o'clock in the morning and jotted down the things I wanted to say . I just put the words together on my tape recorder and little piano . I 've always thought that when you write slow songs , they have to have meaning . In this case , it 's the love triangle situation we 've all been through . I figured anyone who 's been in love could relate to it . And it seemed to touch home for a lot of folks . '' Lovett originally considered the song a country tune more appropriate to be sung by Glen Campbell or Charley Pride . He decided to do it with his group . The Manhattans lead singer Gerald Alston is featured in the song starting to sing after Lovett 's spoken introduction . The original demo of the song was recorded with The Manhattans backing band , `` Little Harlem . '' After hearing a tape of the recording , producer / arranger Bobby Martin decided to re-record the song with MFSB at Sigma Sound Studios in Philadelphia . Recorded in early 1975 , Columbia Records officials withheld releasing the song until 14 months later . Winfred `` Blue '' Lovett had his concerns over when the record came out as well as the record itself . `` I was critical , a perfectionist in the studio , and there are still parts of it that make my skin crawl . For example , in one place , the background vocals go off pitch . Somehow , though , that did n't seem to bother anyone else . '' Track listing ( edit ) Side Song Length Interpreters Writer / composer Producers Original album Release Year A-side `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' 3 : 29 The Manhattans Winfred Lovett Bobby Martin , The Manhattans The Manhattans 1976 B - side `` Wonderful World of Love '' 2 : 47 The Manhattans Robert S. Riley Sr . Bobby Martin , The Manhattans The Manhattans 1976 The full length of `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' on the album The Manhattans is 4 : 28 . The length of 3 : 29 on the 7 '' single is an edited version of the song . B - side ( edit ) The B - side of the 7 '' single contains the song `` Wonderful World of Love '' , which was also recorded by The Manhattans for the album The Manhattans . It was written by Robert S. Riley Sr. , songwriter and producer / promotion man of the group , who wrote several songs ( lyrics ) for them . The song was produced by Bobby Martin and The Manhattans . Chart performance ( edit ) Released as a single , the song became a worldwide hit for the group , ranked number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks , and also on the Billboard R&B chart for one week . The single reaching number 4 on the UK , ( where received Silver certification ) , and number 7 on the Canada , ( where received Gold certification ) . On the U.S. , the song was the 400th # 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also became just the second single to earn Platinum certification status , after the RIAA established the designation in 1976 . ( Johnnie Taylor 's `` Disco Lady '' had been the first a few months earlier . ) Billboard ranked the song as the No. 6 Pop Singles for 1976 and No. 3 Soul Singles for 1976 . Besides being the first and only No. 1 pop hit for The Manhattans , `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' marked 11 years since the group made their first appearance on the Billboard in 1965 , with the song `` I Wanna Be ( Your Everything ) '' ( No. 68 on the Hot 100 ) . `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' ended the decade at No. 83 on the Billboard Top 100 Songs of the 1970s . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 26 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 7 Europe ( Europarade ) France ( IFOP ) 30 Germany ( Offizielle Deutsche Charts ) 10 Ireland ( Irish Charts ) 7 Netherlands ( Dutch Single Tip ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 11 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 12 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Swiss Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 US R&B Chart ( Billboard ) US Top 100 R&B ( Cash Box ) US The R&B Singles ( Record World ) US The Hot 100 ( Billboard ) US The Singles Chart ( Record World ) US Top 100 Singles ( Cash Box ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 33 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop ) 21 Brazil ( Top Hits ) 34 Canada Top 200 Singles ( RPM ) 88 Germany ( GfK Entertainment ) 40 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( MegaCharts ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music ) 7 UK Best - Selling ( Music Week ) 25 UK Top 100 ( UK Music Charts ) 33 US 100 R&B Singles ( Cash Box ) US 100 Singles ( Cash Box ) US Pop Singles ( Billboard ) 6 US Soul Singles ( Billboard ) US Top R&B Singles Group ( RW ) US Top Singles Group ( RW ) End - of - decade charts ( edit ) End of decade ( 1970 -- 1979 ) Position Billboard 100 Songs of the 1970s 83 Greatest Soul Songs of the 1970s 57 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Country ( 1976 ) Certification Sales Canada ( CRIA ) Gold 75.000 * United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250.000 * United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 Total available sales : 1.325. 000 * * Sales figures based on certification alone . Personnel ( edit ) Written by -- Winfred Lovett Arranged by -- Bobby Martin Spoken voice on intro -- Winfred Lovett Lead Vocal -- Gerald Alston Music played ( uncredited ) -- MFSB Background Vocals ( uncredited ) -- The Manhattans , Barbara Ingram , Evette Benton , Carla Benson Credits Producer -- Bobby Martin and The Manhattans Recorded by -- Kenny Present Mastered by -- Stuart J. Romaine ( SJR ) Engineer -- Kenny Present Companies Manufactured by -- Columbia Records Phonographic Copyright ℗ -- CBS Inc . Copyright -- CBS Inc . Recorded at -- Sigma Sound Studios , Philadelphia , PA Pressed by -- Columbia Records Pressing Plant , Terre Haute Mastered at -- Frankford / Wayne Mastering Labs Notes ℗ 1975 , 1976 CBS Inc . 1976 , CBS Inc . Taken from the Columbia Records LP The Manhattans , PC 33820 See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1976 List of number - one R&B singles of 1976 ( U.S. ) List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1976 List of Radio & Records number - one singles of the 1970s List of European number - one hits of 1976 List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1976 List of number - one singles in 1976 ( New Zealand ) List of Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1976 List of number - one singles and best - selling singles of 1976 ( U.K. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 45cat . `` The Manhattans -- Kiss And Say Goodbye / Wonderful World of Love 7 '' ( 1976 ) `` . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Discogs . `` The Manhattans -- The Manhattans ( 1976 ) '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard . `` THE MANHATTANS -- The Hot 100 Songs '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE MANHATTANS -- KISS AND SAY GOODBYE '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE MANHATTANS -- KISS AND SAY GOODBYE '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE MANHATTANS -- KISS AND SAY GOODBYE ( SONG ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rate Your Music . `` Europarade : Number One Singles '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard . `` THE MANHATTANS -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Kiss and Say Goodbye '' -- The Manhattans `` . Superseventies.com . July 24 , 1976 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Discogs . `` Robert Stantley Riley Sr '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Billboard ( July 24 , 1976 ) . `` The Hot 100 '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Billboard ( July 31 , 1976 ) . `` The Hot 100 '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Billboard ( May 22 , 1976 ) . `` Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : The Official UK Charts Company . `` MANHATTANS -- Chart History ( UK Charts Songs ) '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : BPI . `` Manhattans -- Kiss And Say Goodbye '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Library and Archives Canada . `` RPM Top Singles '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : MUSIC CANADA . `` Gold / Platinum -- The Manhattans '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : RIAA . `` THE MANHATTANS -- KISS & SAY GOODBYE '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : AmericanRadioHistory ( December 25 , 1976 ) . `` Billboard : December 25 , 1976 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Top 100 Songs of the 1970 's '' . Billboard on YouTube . April 16 , 2015 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` AUSTRALIA 'S ( DAVID KENT ) WEEKLY SINGLE CHARTS FROM 1976 '' . hitsofalldecades.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THE MANHATTANS -- KISS AND SAY GOODBYE '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada . `` RPM Adult Contemporary '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Détail par Artiste '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select `` MANHATTANS '' from the artist drop - down menu . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THE MANHATTANS -- KISS AND SAY GOODBYE '' . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Title : KISS AND SAY GOODBYE -- Artist : THE MANHATTANS '' . irishcharts.ie . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DUTCH SINGLE TIP -- 10 / 07 / 1976 '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Manhattans -- Top 40 - hits '' . Top 40 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THE MANHATTANS -- KISS AND SAY GOODBYE ( SONG ) '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( M ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THE MANHATTANS -- KISS AND SAY GOODBYE ( SONG ) '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THE MANHATTAN -- KISS AND SAY GOODBYE '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Billboard . `` THE MANHATTANS -- Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Magazine . `` CASH BOX Top 100 R&B '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ AmericanRadioHistory . `` Record World The R&B Singles '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ AmericanRadioHistory . `` Record World The Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Magazine . `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AUSTRALIAN TOP 20 BOOK 'S ( DAVID KENT ) TOP SINGLES FOR 1976 '' . hitsofalldecades.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JAHRESHITPARADE 1976 '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1976 '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mofolândia - > Músicas e Cantores - > As músicas mais tocadas. - > 1976 '' . Mofolândia . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada ( January 8 , 1977 ) . `` RPM Top 200 Singles of 1976 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts Deutschland -- Hits 1976 ( Top 100 Auswertung ) '' . chartsurfer.de . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1976 '' . Top 40 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN -- SINGLE 1976 '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` END OF YEAR CHARTS 1976 '' . The Official New Zealand Music Chart . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles of 1976 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 25 . December 25 , 1976 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Nigel , ed. ( 1977 ) . `` Top 100 Singles 1976 '' . BPI Year Book 1977 ( 2nd ed . ) . London , England : The British Phonographic Industry Ltd . pp. 216 -- 18 . ISBN 0 - 906154 - 00 - 6 . Jump up ^ UK Music Charts . `` Top 100 1976 '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : AmericanRadioHistory ( December 25 , 1976 ) . `` Cash Box : December 25 , 1976 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : AmericanRadioHistory . `` Record World : December 25 , 1976 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Top 100 Songs of the 1970 's '' . Billboard on YouTube . April 16 , 2015 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Soul Songs of the 70s '' . SoulTracks . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Discogs . `` Kiss And Say Goodbye : The Best Of The Manhattans '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Discogs . `` Kiss And Say Goodbye / Wonderful World of Love ( 1976 ) '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' by The Manhattans ( Official Music Video ) on YouTube `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' song review . Allmusic.com . The Manhattans Studio albums There 's No Me Without You That 's How Much I Love You The Manhattans It Feels So Good There 's No Good in Goodbye Love Talk After Midnight Black Tie Forever by Your Side Singles `` Hurt '' `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' `` The Way We Were '' / `` Memories '' ( medley ) `` Shining Star '' `` Crazy '' `` Forever by Your Side '' `` You Send Me '' Related articles Gerald Alston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiss_and_Say_Goodbye&oldid=847142928 '' Categories : 1976 songs 1976 singles The Manhattans songs 1970s ballads Number - one singles in the United States European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Belgium Number - one singles in the Netherlands Number - one singles in New Zealand Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Soul ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from May 2018 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 06 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song kiss and say goodbye | [
"\"Kiss and Say Goodbye\" is a 1976 hit song worldwide, by popular American R&B vocal group The Manhattans. It was written by group member Winfred Lovett,[1] the bass singer and songwriter of the group, interpreter of the famous spoken voice on the song intro. The song was recorded for the album The Manhattans, released in 1976 by Columbia Records,[2] and was released as a single in March of the same year.[1] \"Kiss and Say Goodbye\" became a worldwide success, appearing in the musical charts of countless countries, reaching excellent positions. The song was ranked number 1 in US,[3] Belgium,[4] Netherlands,[5] New Zealand,[6] and in Europe (European Hot 100 Singles).[7] With the exception of Adult Contemporary Chart,[8] \"Kiss and Say Goodbye\" was ranked number 1 in US on all Pop Singles Charts and on all R&B Singles Charts. The song was one of the biggest hits of 1976 and the 1970s.\n"
] | [
"popular American R&B vocal group The Manhattans"
] |
8443914132237954380 | Hannah (biblical figure) | Hannah ( biblical figure ) - wikipedia Hannah ( biblical figure ) This article is about Hannah in the Book of Samuel . For the figure in Luke , see Anna the Prophetess . For the Virgin Mary 's mother , see Saint Anne . For the Jewish martyr in Maccabees , see Woman with seven sons . Hannah Hannah presenting her son Samuel to the priest Eli , ca . 1665 Prophetess Venerated in Judaism Christianity Islam Major shrine Tomb of Samuel , Israel Feast December 9 ( Eastern Orthodox Church & Roman Catholic Church ) Attributes Often depicted as a infertile woman asking God for a child . Patronage Childless wives , infertile woman Major works Song of Hannah Hannah ( / ˈhænə / ; Hebrew : חַנָּה Ḥannāh ) is one of the wives of Elkanah mentioned in the First Book of Samuel . According to the Hebrew Bible she was the mother of Samuel . Contents 1 Biblical narrative 2 In contemporary biblical criticism 2.1 Samuel or Saul 3 Vows 4 In art 5 See also 6 References Biblical narrative ( edit ) The narrative about Hannah can be found in 1 Samuel 1 : 2 - 2 : 21 . Outside of the first two chapters of 1 Samuel , she is never mentioned in the Bible . Elkanah had two wives ; the name of the one was Hannah , and the name of the other Peninnah : and Peninnah had children , but Hannah had no children . In the biblical narrative , Hannah is one of two wives of Elkanah . The other , Peninnah , had given birth to Elkanah 's children , but Hannah remained childless . Nevertheless , Elkanah preferred Hannah . According to Jewish writer Lillian Klein ( Ph. D. in English literature from University of California , Irvine Campus , M.S.B.A. from Boston University ) the use of this chiasmus underscores the standing of the women : Hannah is the primary wife , yet Peninnah has succeeded in bearing children . Hannah 's status as primary wife and her barrenness recall Sarah and Rebecca in Genesis 17 and Genesis 25 respectively . Klein suggests that Elkanah took Peninnah as a second wife because of Hannah 's barrenness . Every year , Elkanah would offer a sacrifice at the Shiloh sanctuary , and give Penninah and her children a portion but he gave Hannah a double portion `` because he loved her , and the LORD had closed her womb '' ( 1 Samuel 1 : 5 , NIV ) . One day Hannah went up to the temple , and prayed with great weeping ( I Samuel 1 : 10 ) , while Eli the High Priest was sitting on a chair near the doorpost . In her prayer , she asked God for a son and in return she vowed to give the son back to God for the service of God . She promised he would remain a Nazarite all the days of his life . According to Lillian Klein , the value of women is demonstrably enhanced by their child - bearing capacities . The narrative takes her pain and places it in her personal failure and then draws it out in a communal context . The desperation of Hannah 's vow indicates that merely bearing a male child would establish her in the community . Eli thought she was drunk and questioned her . When she explained herself , he blessed her and sent her home . Hannah conceived and bore a son , and named him Samuel , literally Heard by God , `` since she had asked the Lord for him '' ( 1 Samuel 1 : 20 NAB ) . The role of women giving names in premonarchic Israel suggests an authoritative social role , at least within the family . She raised him until he was weaned and brought him to the temple along with a sacrifice . Hannah is also considered to be a prophetess : in her song of thanksgiving ( 1 Samuel 2 : 1 - 10 ) she is inspired `` to discern in her own individual experience the universal laws of the divine economy , and to recognise its significance for the whole course of the Kingdom of God '' . This song may be compared to the Magnificat , Mary 's song of thanksgiving in the New Testament ( Luke 1 : 46 - 55 ) , but biblical commentator A.F. Kirkpatrick notes that `` the Magnificat should be carefully compared with Hannah 's song , of which it is an echo rather than an imitation . The resemblance lies in thought and tone more than in actual language , and supplies a most delicate and valuable testimony to the appropriateness of this hymn to Hannah 's circumstances '' . Eli announced another blessing on Hannah , and she conceived 3 more sons and 2 daughters , making six in total . In contemporary biblical criticism ( edit ) Hannah 's conflict with her rival , her barrenness , and her longing for a son are stereotypical motifs . According to Michelle Osherow , Hannah represents the character of the earnest petitioner and grateful celebrant of divine glory . Hannah was an important figure for early English Protestantism , which emphasized the importance of private prayer . The Jerusalem Talmud took Hannah as an exemplar of prayer . The story of Hannah is the Haftarah reading for Rosh Hashanah . Samuel or Saul ( edit ) The Hebrew form of the name `` Saul '' is shaul , and the story of Samuel 's birth contains repeated uses the related verbal root sh - ' - l in various forms , including in the verse in which Hannah explains her son 's name ( 1 : 20 ) . In verse 28 , the form shaul ( `` lent '' ) itself is found , identical to the Hebrew name of Saul . As a result , it has been suggested by critical commentators the story was originally about the birth of Saul , but that the name `` Samuel '' was substituted for Saul at a later date . Vows ( edit ) Numbers 30 : 11 - 13 allows a husband to nullify a vow made by his wife , if he registers his objection when he learns of it . However , if he says nothing , the vow is allowed as valid . The next time Elkanah goes to Shiloh , Hannah remains home to care for her child , but tells him that she will present the boy to the Lord when he is weaned . Elkanah responds , `` Do what you think best . '' By the time `` the child was weaned '' - there is some debate as to what age Samuel was dedicated to the Temple . It is unlikely that it meant weaned from the breast , and more likely when Hannah felt he was weaned from her as a mother - somewhere between the age of 6 -- 12 years . Hannah serves the soundness of her promise by bringing a viable child to serve in the sanctuary , already educated in the ways of the Lord . The quality of one 's sacrifice reflected the quality of one 's faith . In Leviticus , provisions were made for redeeming vows or pledges in money that would go to the support of the priests and the sanctuary . So Hannah could have chosen that option to fulfill her vow , if on calm reflection , once she had her son , she felt unable to part with him . In art ( edit ) Samuel Dedicated by Hannah at the Temple by Frank W.W. Topham William Wailes created a stained - glass window depicting Hannah , Samuel and Eli for the Church of St. Mary the Virgin in Ambleside , Great Britain . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hannah . Saints portal Tel Arad Midrash Samuel Song of Hannah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . Longman Pronunciation Dictionary . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 324 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 05383 - 8 . Entry `` Hannah '' Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 1 : 2 Jump up ^ https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/author/klein-lillian ^ Jump up to : Klein , Lillian , `` Hannah : Bible '' , Jewish Women 's Archive , 20 March 2009 Jump up ^ Footnote , New King James Version at 1 Samuel 1 : 20 Jump up ^ Llung , I. , Silence or Suppression , ( Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis ) , Uppsala Women 's Studies , Women in Religion , no . 2 , Stockholm : Almqvist and Wiksell , 1989 Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , A.F. , Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Samuel 2 , accessed 17 April 2017 Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , A.F. , Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Samuel 2 , accessed 17 April 2017 Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 2 : 21 : the word `` more '' is added in the Good News Translation and the New International Reader 's Version Jump up ^ Osherow , Michelle . Biblical Women 's Voices in Early Modern England , Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. , 2009 ISBN 9780754666745 Jump up ^ my Jewish Learning , Rosh Hashanah Haftarah : 1 Samuel 1 : 1 - 2 : 10 , accessed 17 April 2017 Jump up ^ On the etymological references to Saul in 1 Samuel 1 , see Brettler , Marc . `` The Composition of 1 Samuel 1 - 2 . '' Journal of Biblical Literature , vol. 116 , no . 4 , 1997 , p. 602 . `` This half - verse ( 1 : 28a ) , which is so rich in the root ( shaal ) , can only with great imaginative effort be made into an etymology of Samuel rather than Saul . '' Jump up ^ Mathew Black , Peake 's Commentary on the Bible . Routledge , 2001 ( 1920 ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26355 - 7 , p. 319 Jump up ^ For bibliographical information about scholarly arguments for 1 Samuel 1 originally being about Samuel , see Brettler , Marc . `` The Composition of 1 Samuel 1 - 2 . '' Journal of Biblical Literature , vol. 116 , no . 4 , 1997 , p. 602 . Jump up ^ The Torah , A Women 's Commentary , URJ Press and Women of Reform Judaism , 2008 . p 773 - 774 Jump up ^ `` A Mother in Israel '' , Jean and Alexander Heard Library , Vanderbilt University Prophets in the Hebrew Bible Pre-Patriarchal Abel Kenan Enoch Noah ( in rabbinic literature ) Patriarchs / Matriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Levi Joseph Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Israelite prophets in the Torah Moses ( in rabbinic literature ) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas Mentioned in the Former Prophets Joshua Deborah Gideon Eli Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah Major Isaiah ( in rabbinic literature ) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel ( in rabbinic literature ) Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah ( in rabbinic literature ) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Noahide Beor Balaam Job ( in rabbinic literature ) Other Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther ( in rabbinic literature ) Oded Azariah Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted . GND : 119067803 VIAF : 25404650 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannah_(biblical_figure)&oldid=855635473 '' Categories : Prophets of the Hebrew Bible Biblical figures in rabbinic literature Christian female saints from the Old Testament Books of Samuel Women in the Hebrew Bible Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Українська اردو 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 19 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do i find hannah in the bible | [
"The narrative about Hannah can be found in 1 Samuel 1:2-2:21. Outside of the first two chapters of 1 Samuel, she is never mentioned in the Bible.\n"
] | [
"1 Samuel 1:2-2:21"
] |
-7483509753614994248 | Apple TV | Apple TV - Wikipedia Apple TV Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Macintosh TV . See also : tvOS Apple TV Apple TV 4K Manufacturer Apple Inc . Foxconn ( under contract ) Pegatron ( under contract ) Type Set - top box microconsole Release date 1st : January 9 , 2007 ; 10 years ago ( 2007 - 01 - 09 ) 2nd : September 1 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 - 09 - 01 ) 3rd : March 7 , 2012 ; 5 years ago ( 2012 - 03 - 07 ) 3rd Rev A : January 28 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) 4th : October 30 , 2015 ; 22 months ago ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) 5th ( 4K ) : September 22 , 2017 ; 2 days ' time ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) Introductory price US $ 299.00 ( 1st generation ) US $99.00 ( 2nd and 3rd generation ) US $149.00 ( 32 GB 4th generation ) / US $179.00 ( 32 GB 5th generation ) / US $199.00 ( 64 GB 4th and 5th generation ) Operating system 1st : Apple TV software 3.0. 2 Based on Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger Released February 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 2nd : Apple TV software 6.2. 1 Based on iOS 7.1. 2 Released June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 3rd and 3rd Rev A : Apple TV software 7.2. 2 Based on iOS 8.4. 2 Released December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) 4th , 5th : tvOS 11 Based on iOS 11 Released 2017 ( 2017 ) CPU 1st : Intel Pentium M 2nd : Apple A4 3rd and 3rd Rev A : Apple A5 4th : Apple A8 at 1.5 GHz 5th ( 4K ) : Apple A10X Fusion Memory 1st and 2nd : 256 MB 3rd and 3rd Rev A : 512 MB 4th : 2 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM Storage 1st : 40 or 160 GB 2nd , 3rd , and 3rd Rev A : 8 GB ( Not user - accessible , caching only ) 4th , 5th ( 4K ) : 32 or 64 GB NAND Flash Input Apple Magic Keyboard Apple Wireless Keyboard ( most bluetooth keyboards ) Apple Remote Apple Siri Remote ( 4th generation and later ) Bluetooth wireless gaming controllers iPhone iPod Touch iPad ( via Remote ) Connectivity Bluetooth Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) 10 / 100 Ethernet , Gigabit Ethernet ( 5th generation ) Micro-USB ( 3rd generation ) USB Type - C ( 4th generation ) HDMI Optical audio ( prior to 4th generation ) Online services As of October 27 , 2016 8,000 total apps , including 2,000 games and 1,600 video apps . Dimensions 1st : 28 mm ( 1.1 in ) ( h ) 197 mm ( 7.8 in ) ( w ) 197 mm ( 7.8 in ) ( d ) 2nd , 3rd , and 3rd Rev A : 23 mm ( 0.91 in ) ( h ) 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) ( w ) 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) ( d ) 4th , 5th ( 4K ) : 33 mm ( 1.3 in ) ( h ) 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) ( w ) 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) ( d ) Weight 1st : 2.4 lb ( 1.1 kg ) 2nd , 3rd , and 3rd Rev A : 0.6 lb ( 0.27 kg ) 4th , 5th ( 4K ) : 0.9 lb ( 0.41 kg ) Website https://www.apple.com/tv/ Apple TV is a digital media player and microconsole developed and sold by Apple Inc . It is a small network appliance and entertainment device that can receive digital data from a number of sources and stream it to a capable television . Apple TV is an HDMI - compliant source device . To use it for viewing , it has to be connected to an enhanced - definition or high - definition widescreen television via an HDMI cable . The device has no integrated controls and can only be controlled externally , either by an Apple Remote control device ( with which it is shipped ) using its infrared / bluetooth capability , by the Apple TV Remote app ( downloadable from App Store ) on iOS devices , such as the iPhone , iPod Touch , iPad , and Apple Watch , using its Wi - Fi capability , or by some third - party infrared remotes . Its Wi - Fi capability is also used to receive digital content from various iOS apps using AirPlay or directly from the iTunes Store , which is then streamed to the TV . It also plays digital content from the iTunes Store , Netflix , Hulu , Now TV ( UK only ) , SlingTV , PlayStation Vue , Amazon Prime Video , DirectTV , YouTube and Vevo along with HBO Now , Showtime Anytime , Starz and the TV Everywhere portals of several cable and broadcast networks , and the video subscription portals of three of the four major North American sports leagues : MLB.tv , NBA League Pass and NHL.tv . It plays content from any macOS or Windows computer running iTunes . Apple began to promote the Live Tune - In feature that allows the viewer to ask Siri to tune to live streams of CBS , ESPN , and Disney XD among many others that support Live Tune - In . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1st generation 1.2 2nd and 3rd generation 1.3 4th and 5th generation 2 Features 2.1 App Store 3 Accessibility 4 Restrictions 4.1 Local sources 4.1. 1 Supported formats 4.2 Connectivity 4.3 AirPlay 4.4 Remote control 4.5 Siri 4.6 Software 4.6. 1 1st generation 4.6. 2 2nd and 3rd generation 4.6. 3 4th and 5th generation 5 Technical specifications 6 Limitations 6.1 Functionality 7 Sales 7.1 1st generation 7.2 2nd generation 7.3 3rd generation 7.4 4th generation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) 1st generation ( edit ) Apple TV was unveiled as a work in progress called `` iTV '' on September 12 , 2006 using a modified Front Row interface using the Apple Remote . Apple started taking pre-orders for Apple TV on January 9 , 2007 . The name `` iTV '' was originally going to be used to keep it in line with the rest of their `` i '' - based products ( iMac , iPod , etc . ) , but was not used because the British terrestrial broadcast network ITV holds the rights to the name in the UK and threatened to take legal action against Apple . Apple TV started shipping on March 21 , 2007 with a 40 GB hard disk . Apple released a 160 GB HDD model on May 31 , 2007 ; and ceased selling the 40 GB HDD version on September 14 , 2009 . On January 15 , 2008 , a major and free software upgrade was announced ; this turned the Apple TV into a stand - alone device that no longer required a computer running iTunes on Mac OS X or Windows to stream or sync content to it , and making most of the Apple TV 's hard disk redundant . The update allowed the device to rent and purchase content directly from iTunes Store , as well as download podcasts and stream photos from MobileMe ( which was called . Mac at the time ) and Flickr . On July 10 , 2008 , Apple released the iTunes Remote app on the App Store , and the Apple TV 2.1 software update that added recognition for the iPhone and iPod Touch as remote control devices intended as a software alternative to the Apple Remote . Later updates to the Apple TV , iTunes and Remote software added support for the iPad , and introduced support for new features as they were added to iTunes . On September 9 , 2015 , Apple officially classified the first generation Apple TV as being obsolete / vintage which means that owners of first generation Apple TV will no longer be able to get service for their old devices after this date . 2nd and 3rd generation ( edit ) The second generation Apple TV was unveiled on September 1 , 2010 , and was the first to run on a variant of iOS . The device was now housed in a very small all - black case , one - quarter the size of the original . The new model did away with an internal hard drive and had 8 GB internal flash storage , enough local storage for buffering purposes ; all media was now streamed , instead of synced . The new device could also stream rented content from iTunes and video from computers or iOS devices via AirPlay . All content is drawn from online or locally connected sources . In July 2011 , Apple discontinued the Front Row interface for Mac users . In the March 7 , 2012 presentation that mainly dealt with the third generation iPad , Apple CEO Tim Cook announced a third version of the Apple TV . The third generation Apple TV is externally identical to the second generation model and includes a single - core A5 processor . It also supports 1080p content from iTunes and Netflix . On January 28 , 2013 , Apple released a third generation `` Rev A '' which included component changes . On March 9 , 2015 , Apple reduced the price of the third generation ( Rev A ) Apple TV to $69 . On October 4 , 2016 , 9to5Mac reported that Apple had phased out the Apple TV 3 , with Apple Store employees instructed to pull all units and demo units from store shelves . Shortly afterwards , Apple took down the purchase page for the Apple TV 3 from its website , with the link redirecting to the purchase page for the Apple TV 4 . 4th and 5th generation ( edit ) On September 9 , 2015 , Apple announced the fourth generation Apple TV , to ship in October 2015 . It is the first major update to the platform since the release of the second generation Apple TV on September 1 , 2010 . Tim Cook took the stage and said `` The future of TV is apps '' . He also stated that the Apple TV needed a modern OS . While following the form factor of the previous 2nd and 3rd generation models , it is slightly taller in size . Featuring a new touch remote allowing swipe - to - select functionality instead of the old remote 's arrow button , with integrated Siri support with a built in microphone and an accelerometer ( IMU ) . The Siri button on the remote allows several functions , including searching across providers for content , accessing additional metadata , and video / audio controls . The 4th generation also uses a new operating system , tvOS , with an associated app store , allowing download of third - party apps for video , audio , games , and other content -- initially from a limited range of providers on release , with others able to release further apps using new APIs allowing them to do so . A requirement of these apps and games is that they all must include interfacing with the new touchpad - enabled Siri remote . Craig Federighi said that tvOS is 95 % based on iOS 9 with the interface and APIs being tweaked to support the big screen . Upon launch , there were several unexpected issues which included incompatibility with Apple 's Remote app for iOS and watchOS , which were fixed by Apple in December 2015 . As Amazon 's Fire TV competes directly with the Apple TV , Amazon declined to develop an Amazon Video application for the Apple TV until late 2017 . Amazon declined to sell the 4th generation Apple TV , and removed all 3rd generation SKUs in late October . NBCUniversal released a trio of applications to the tvOS App Store on May 27 , 2016 , enabling those with a satellite , cable or fiber television to log in to watch live and on - demand content via the Syfy , E ! , Telemundo and Bravo applications with their Apple TV . The NBCUniversal applications give access to full seasons of the networks ' most popular series , with current and past episodes of all series . NBCUniversal previously made NBC , USA , NBC Sports , and CNBC applications available for download and with the addition of the four new channels , it brings seven of NBCUniversal 's networks to Apple TV users . On September 13 , 2016 , Apple released the tvOS 10 software update for the Apple TV , bringing an all new remote app , single - sign on , dark mode , HomeKit support , and many more features to the 4th generation Apple TV . On September 12 , 2017 , Apple announced the fifth generation Apple TV , named Apple TV 4K , which supports 2160p output , HDR10 , Dolby Vision , and includes a faster Apple A10X Fusion processor . Externally it is similar to the fourth generation model , with the only differences being the addition of vents on the base , the removal of the USB - C port , and the addition of a white outline around the menu button on the included Siri remote . Following the announcement of the new models , the 64GB version of the fourth generation Apple TV was discontinued . Features ( edit ) Apple TV allows consumers to use an HDTV to stream video , music , and podcasts as well as downloading apps and games from the tvOS App Store . The first , second , and third generations offered limited content which Apple had provisioned to work with Apple TV . These have now been discontinued in favor of the fourth generation Apple TV , with an OS based on iOS called tvOS which lets developers create their own apps with their own interface that run on Apple TV . These include multimedia , music apps , and games . Features of Apple TV Include : Video Streaming The primary function of Apple TV is streaming video through the internet . Users of Apple TV can rent or buy movies and TV shows from the iTunes Store , or stream video from a variety of services found in the tvOS App Store such as Netflix , Hulu , YouTube , Vimeo , HBO Now , Showtime , Sling TV , and DirecTV Now . Amazon Video will be available on all Apple TVs except the first generation in late 2017 . Users can stream live and on - demand content from apps that support login through a cable provider by way of one universal app called TV . TV unifies all content into one central application that allows the user to watch whatever they want from any source while providing recommendations . These include ABC , NBC , CBS , NBA , NFL , NHL , WatchESPN , History Channel , Food Network , CNN , Fox News , HGTV , Disney , National Geographic , and many others . The upcoming single - sign on feature in tvOS 10.1 will allow users to log in to all of these apps at once , bypassing the need to authenticate each individually . Music and Podcasts Streaming Users can access their music and podcasts libraries that they purchased in iTunes through iCloud through the Music and Podcasts apps , respectively . In addition , users can also subscribe to music streaming services such as Apple Music , Pandora , Qello , and Vevo and access content that way . Photos The built in Photos app syncs user photos from iCloud Photo Library and displays them on TV . In addition , users can download third - party apps like Adobe Lightroom to view , edit and share them . Apps and Games With the fourth generation Apple TV and later , users can download apps and games from the tvOS App Store . This app store is similar to the one found on the Apple iPhone and iPad . As of October 21 , 2016 , there are more than 530 Apple TV - compatible apps in the tvOS App Store . Apps can now be ported from iOS easily by developers since tvOS and iOS share a common codebase and kernel . Examples include the Papa John 's Pizza app which allows for users to order pizza right from Apple TV and Zillow which allows users to search for homes right on their TV . Games use the Accelerometer and Gyroscope along with the touchpad found on the Siri Remote for control . External Bluetooth Game controllers : ( such as the SteelSeries Nimbus , or the HORIPAD ULTIMATE Wireless Gaming Controller ) can also be paired . Examples include Asphalt 8 , a driving game which can be played using the Siri Remote . Casting and Mirroring With AirPlay , users can stream or mirror content from your iOS device or Mac wirelessly . AirPlay can be accessed by swiping up from the bottom of the screen in Control Center on iOS or in the Menu Bar on a Mac . There are several different functions to AirPlay . These include : Casting which allows users to wirelessly send video or audio from their iPhone , iPad , or Mac to the Apple TV Mirroring which allows users to wirelessly mirror their Mac screen or AirPlay device which to the TV , using it as a second monitor . Peer - to - Peer AirPlay which uses Bluetooth to connect if the Apple TV and the iOS Device / Mac are not on the same Wi - Fi network . Siri Siri is a voice assistant on tvOS that allows a user to check the weather , stocks , sports scores , as well as searching for content across a multitude of different applications . Voice dictation can also be used in text fields , including usernames and passwords . Universal search is available for a wide number of apps in the United States , but the feature is limited to iTunes and Netflix in Canada , France , Germany , and the United Kingdom . In Australia , universal search supports movies and TV shows in iTunes , Netflix , and Stan . Apple has been rapidly expanding the feature to encompass additional channels worldwide . HomeKIt The fourth generation Apple TV and later can also be used as a home hub to control all of the HomeKit devices , such as locks , thermostats , or garage doors , in one 's home . A user can use Siri on Apple TV to control the devices or keep it plugged in and on the same Wi - Fi network at all times so that they can remotely control their HomeKit devices from their iPhone while away from home . General HDMI CEC to control other devices in a user 's home theater setup . App Switcher which enables users to switch apps Aerial Screensaver which allows the TV to display a flyover view of a city when Apple TV is inactive . Screensavers can also be invoked from the home screen by pressing menu on the Siri Remote once . App Store ( edit ) With the fourth generation Apple TV and tvOS , Apple announced an App Store which will allow any developer to make apps using the APIs available specifically tailored towards the TV . Also , since tvOS is based on iOS , any developer can port over apps from iOS and with a few modifications , as Apple stated on stage , and can make them available for all tvOS users with the App Store . The App Store will not be available to previous Apple TVs and will be a feature of the fourth generation Apple TV onward . Accessibility ( edit ) tvOS and watchOS are based on iOS , and inherited many of the accessibility features of iOS and macOS and are compatible with Apple 's entire product line including the Apple Watch as a remote controller for the Apple TV . tvOS includes the Apple technologies of VoiceOver , Zoom , and Siri to help the blind and those with low vision . VoiceOver , Apple 's screen reader is available for more than 30 languages and enables visually impaired users to know what is on the visual display and input responses to on - screen prompts . VoiceOver gestures uses gestures that Apple users are already familiar with in other Apple Products ( flicks , taps , and the rotor ) making the Apple TV familiar to the disabled in a way akin to how Apple designs their products to have a fit and finish consistency across product lines be it familiarity with OS X on a Macintosh , watchOS on an Apple Watch , or the iOS operating system on iPhones , iPads or iPods . Like other Apple products such as the iPhone with a three click sequence on the home button to activate accessibility features , with Apple TV 's tvOS , the disabled user can activate VoiceOver without any installation process . One needs only to triple - click the Menu button on the Siri Remote and the Apple TV will guide the user through the complete initial setup , a task that is non-trivial to the visually impaired in most comparable products on the market . Another accessibility feature is to Increase contrast on the screen which acts by reducing the transparency of background elements on Movie and TV Show pages , menu tabs , and other parts of the operating system . The visually impaired can also turn on a high - contrast cursor to better delineate the focused content . The user can also opt to turn on Reduce Motion which in some screen actions , such as moving between app icons on the Home screen and launching apps are visually simpler which is of benefit to reduce strain on the eyes . tvOS enables users to watch movies with audio descriptions of what is being shown on the screen . Movies with audio descriptions are displayed with the AD ( Audio Description ) icon in the iTunes Store for tvOS and in iTunes on a Macintosh or Windows PC . Pairing a Bluetooth keyboard with the tvOS on the Apple TV enables another accessibility feature that also is an incorporation of VoiceOver . When typing , VoiceOver mirrors with an audio voice , each character pressed on the keyboard and repeated again when it is entered . The Apple TV is designed to work with the Apple Wireless Keyboard or the Apple Magic Keyboard . It will work with almost any brand of bluetooth keyboard . Apple TV with and without tvOS supports closed captioning , so the deaf or hard of hearing can experience TV episodes and feature - length movies . Compatible episodes and movies are denoted with a CC ( closed captioning ) or SDH ( Descriptive Audio ) icon in the iTunes Store either on the Apple TV or in iTunes itself . The viewer can customize the captions in episodes or movies with styles and fonts that are more conducive to their hearing and / or visual impairment . The Touch surface on the Siri Remote is customizable . Tracking when setting to Fast adjusts the thumb movements made to amplify the distance in relation to how far the thumb has moved on the glass touchpad . Conversely when tracking is set to slow , larger movements of the thumb on the touchpad will tune down the distance that is traversed on the screen . This can be of great help to those struggling with Parkinson 's or other movement disorders to be able to use the Apple TV in a way that fits their disability . Apple 's Remote app on iOS devices allows control of the Apple TV from an iPhone , iPad or iPod Touch . The iOS remote app increases the accessibility of the Apple TV by enabling Switch Control . Switch Control is a unique Apple technology that enables navigation sequentially through onscreen items and perform specific actions such as selecting , tapping , dragging , typing using third party Bluetooth - enabled switch hardware made for those with handicaps . Restrictions ( edit ) Similar to Google 's redesign of YouTube , Apple has restricted access to most viewed charts on movies and podcasts . They are replaced by `` Top Movies '' , `` Top Podcasts '' and `` Editor 's Picks '' . User may be under the impression that a `` Top '' media is equivalent of most popular or most watched . Parental controls allow consumers to limit access to Internet media service content via `` Restrictions '' settings ; individual services can be turned off ( e.g. , to reduce clutter ) , icons can be rearranged via the tap - and - hold technique à la iOS . Internet media is split into four categories : `` Internet Photos '' , `` YouTube '' , `` Podcasts '' , and `` Purchase and Rental '' . Each of the categories is configured by a parental control of `` Show '' , `` Hide '' or `` Ask '' to prompt for a 4 - digit PIN . In addition , movies , TV shows , music and podcasts can be restricted by rating . Local sources ( edit ) Apple TV can sync or stream photos , music and videos from a computer running iTunes . A user can connect a computer on a local network to maintain a central home media library of digitized CD , DVD or HD content , provide direct connectivity to photo organization software such as iPhoto , limit home video access to a local network only , play Internet radio , or preload content on Apple TV to be used later as a non-networked video player . For users who wish to connect the Apple TV to a computer , synchronization and streaming modes are supported . Apple TV in synchronization mode works in a way similar to the iPod . It is paired with an iTunes library on a single computer and can synchronize with that library , copying all or selected content to its own storage . Apple TV need not remain connected to the network after syncing . Photos can be synced from iPhoto , Aperture , or from a folder on a Mac , or Adobe Photoshop Album , Photoshop Elements , or from a hard disk folder in Windows . Apple TV can also function as a peer - to - peer digital media player , streaming content from iTunes libraries and playing the content over the network . 1st generation Apple TVs can stream content from up to five computers or iTunes libraries . Also , five Apple TVs can be linked to the same iTunes library . The 2nd generation Apple TV onwards allows users to stream content from more than one iTunes library : these additional iTunes libraries can be on the same or on different computers . This is possible when Apple TV and every iTunes library from which you want to stream content meet all of the following conditions : ( 1 ) the Apple TV and the iTunes library you are streaming from are both on the same local network , ( 2 ) each uses the iTunes `` Home Sharing '' feature , and ( 3 ) each are using the same `` Home Sharing '' Apple ID . Supported formats ( edit ) Apple TV natively supports the following audio , video , and picture formats ( although with the 4th generation , apps may use alternative built - in software in order to play other codecs and formats , e.g. Plex / VLC Media Player ) : Video HEVC up to 2160p at 60 frames per second ( 5th generation ) HEVC up to 1080p at 30 frames per second ( 4th generation ) Main / Main 10 profile , hardware decoding on 5th generation , software decoding on 4th generation running tvOS 11 and later . H. 264 up to 720p at 30 frames per second ( 2nd generation ) H. 264 up to 1080p at 30 frames per second ( 1st and 3rd generation ) H. 264 up to 1080p at 60 frames per second ( 4th generation ) H. 264 up to 2160p at 60 frames per second ( 5th generation ) High or Main Profile level 4.0 or lower , or High or Main Profile level 4.2 or lower ( 4th Generation ) , Baseline profile level 3.0 or lower with AAC - LC audio up to 160 kbits / s per channel , 48 kHz , stereo audio in . m4v , . mp4 , and . mov file formats . MPEG - 4 up to 720 × 432 ( 432p ) or 640 × 480 pixels at 30 fps MPEG - 4 video up to 2.5 Mbit / s , 640 × 480 pixels , 30 frames per second , Simple Profile with AAC - LC audio up to 160 kbit / s , 48 kHz , stereo audio in . m4v , . mp4 , and . mov file formats . Motion JPEG up to 720p at 30 fps Motion JPEG ( M - JPEG ) up to 35 Mbit / s , 1280 × 720 pixels , 30 fps , audio in ulaw , PCM stereo audio in . avi file format . Picture JPEG GIF TIFF Audio HE - AAC ( V1 ) AAC ( 16 -- 320 kbit / s ) FairPlay protected AAC MP3 ( 16 -- 320 kbit / s , or optionally VBR ) Audible ( formats 2 , 3 , and 4 ) Apple Lossless AIFF WAV Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound pass - through ( aka AC - 3 ) Dolby Digital Plus 7.1 surround sound pass - through TV compatibility Compatible with high - definition TVs with HDMI and capable of 1080p or 720p at 60 / 50 Hz . Requires HDCP when playing copy - protected content . A sustained 8 Mbit / s or faster Internet connection is recommended for viewing 1080p HD movies and TV shows , 6 Mbit / s or faster for viewing 720p content , and 2.5 Mbit / s or faster for SD content . Attempts to sync unsupported content to Apple TV will draw an error message from iTunes . The 1st and 2nd generation Apple TV video output can be set to either 1080i or 1080p ; however , this resolution is limited to the user interface and the viewing of photographs -- all other content is simply upscaled to those resolutions . Those models can not play 1080i or 1080p video content ( e.g. , HD camera video ) . The 3rd and 4th generation Apple TV support 1080p video content . Apple offers H. 264 1080p movies and video podcasts on iTunes . In comparison , Blu - ray Disc films are 1080p H. 264 or VC - 1 video encoded at rates of up to 40 Mbit / s . Apple TV 's audio chip supports 7.1 surround sound , and some high definition rentals from iTunes are offered with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound . There is an Apple TV export option in QuickTime which allows content in some formats that the device does not support to be easily re-encoded . Applications that use QuickTime to export media can use this ; e.g. , iMovie 's Share menu , iTunes ' advanced menu , and some third - party content conversion tools . Connectivity ( edit ) Back of 1st generation Apple TV Back of 2nd & 3rd generation Apple TV Apple TV streams video through an HDMI cable ( Type A ) connected to the TV 's HDMI port . Audio is supported through the optical or HDMI ports . The device also has a Micro-USB port , which is reserved for service and diagnostics . The device connects through Ethernet or Wi - Fi to the computer for digital content from the Internet and local networks . Apple TV does not come with audio , video or other cables , which must be acquired additionally as required . On the previous Apple TV , media files could be transferred directly onto the device by syncing with another computer . Once content was stored on the device 's hard drive , Internet connectivity was no longer needed to view content . This is not the case with the current model , which does not have a hard drive for storing media . The 1st generation Apple TV had component video and RCA connector audio ports , both removed in the 2nd generation . The device does not have RCA / composite video or F / RF connectors . Starting with the 4th generation Apple TV , Apple removed the optical audio port . Apple also enhanced the HDMI port by adding support for HDMI 1.4 . The Micro-USB port was removed in favor of the reversible USB Type - C port . AirPlay ( edit ) Main article : AirPlay AirPlay allows iOS devices or an AirPort - enabled computer with the iTunes music player to send a stream of music to multiple ( three to six , in typical conditions ) stereos connected to an AirPort Express ( the audio - only antecedent of Apple TV ) or Apple TV . The AirPort Express ' streaming media capabilities use Apple 's Remote Audio Output Protocol ( RAOP ) , a proprietary variant of RTSP / RTP . Using WDS - bridging , the AirPort Express can allow AirPlay functionality ( as well as Internet access , file and print sharing , etc . ) across a larger distance in a mixed environment of wired and up to 10 wireless clients . Speakers attached to an AirPort Express or Apple TV can be selected from within the `` Remote '' iPhone / iPod Touch program , allowing full AirPlay compatibility ( see `` Remote control '' section below ) . A compatible Mac running OS X Mountain Lion or later can wirelessly mirror its screen to an Apple TV through AirPlay Mirroring while one running OS X Mavericks or later can also extend its display with AirPlay Display . Remote control ( edit ) Apple TV can be controlled by many infrared remote controls or paired with the included Apple Remote to prevent interference from other remotes . Either kind of remote can control playback volume , but for music only . The Apple Wireless Keyboard is supported on the 2nd generation Apple TV and later using the built - in Bluetooth . The consumer has the ability to control media playback , navigate menus and input text and other information . Third - party keyboards that use the Apple layout may also be compatible . On July 10 , 2008 , Apple released Remote , a free iOS application that allows the iPhone , iPod Touch , and iPad to control the iTunes library on the Apple TV via Wi - Fi . The recently released Apple Watch also has a remote app to control Apple TV . The Remote App was updated on September 13 , 2016 , to take advantage of all the features of the Apple TV 4 . This includes Siri , Touchpad , and Home Buttons , along with a now playing screen . On September 9 , 2015 , Apple announced the new Siri Remote for the 4th generation Apple TV ( although in some territories , Apple have kept the name Apple TV Remote , due to Siri functionality not being enabled on it in that territory ) . It is a completely redesigned remote that features dual microphones for Siri support and a glass touch surface for navigation around the interface by swiping or tapping and scrubbing to fast forward or rewind . Also , it has a menu and home button , a Siri button to invoke Siri , a Play / Pause button , and a Volume Up / Down button to control the volume on the TV . The Siri Remote will communicate with the Apple TV via Bluetooth rather than infrared , and thus does n't require a line - of - sight with the device . This new remote is only supported by the 4th generation Apple TV and later and will not work with earlier generations . Siri ( edit ) Beginning with the 4th generation Apple TV , the remote includes two microphones and a button to toggle on Siri . Siri on the Apple TV has all of the functions of Siri on iOS 9 ; it can also respond to requests specifically for the TV . For instance , the viewer can ask Siri to search for a TV show or movie and it will search across multiple different sources to tell the user where the content is available to watch . It can also do things such as Play / Pause , Rewind / Fast Forward , skip back 15 seconds and temporarily turn on captioning when asked `` what did he say ? '' or `` what did she say ? '' , open a specific app , and more . Software ( edit ) The user interface used in the third generation Apple TV series featured a rounded rectangle tile interface . 1st generation ( edit ) The original Apple TV ran a modified build of Mac OS X v10. 4 Tiger Apple TV Software 1.0 : Apple TV software 1.0 presented the user with an interface similar to that of Front Row . Like Front Row on the Mac , it presents the user with seven options for consuming content . Movies , TV Shows , Music , Podcasts , Photos , Settings , and Sources . Apple TV Software 2.0 : In February 2008 , Apple released a major and free upgrade to the Apple TV , labelled `` Take Two '' ( 2.0 ) . This update did away with Front Row and introduced a new interface in which content was organized into six categories , all of which appeared in a large square box on the screen upon startup ( movies , TV shows , music , YouTube , podcasts , and photos ) and presented in the initial menu , along with a `` Settings '' option for configuration , including software updates . Apple TV Software 3.0 : In October 2009 , Apple released a minor upgrade for the Apple TV called `` Apple TV Software 3.0 '' . This update replaced the interface in version 2.0 with a new interface which presented seven horizontal columns across the top of the screen for the different categories of content ( Movies , TV Shows , Music , Podcasts , Photos , Internet , and Settings ) . This update also added features such as content filtering , iTunes Extras , new fonts , and a new Internet radio app . The maximum resolution increased in both the 40 GB and 160 GB version to include 1080P . 2nd and 3rd generation ( edit ) The 2nd and 3rd generation Apple TVs run a version of iOS , rather than the modified Mac OS X of the original model . The interface on Apple TV OS 4 is similar to that of previous versions , with only minor changes and feature additions throughout . In March 2012 , Apple released a major new software update , with the Apple TV 3 , labeled as Apple TV OS 5 ( iOS 5.1 ) , which shipped with the new 3rd generation Apple TV . This update completely revised the look of the home screen to make it resemble the icon grid seen on iOS . Instead of 7 columns , content and third - party channels are shown in a tiled grid format , which can be rearranged . Throughout the years , for Apple TV OS 5 - 6 , Apple released minor revisions , content additions , and feature updates . The Apple TV OS 7.0 features a flat look similar to iOS 7 and OS X Yosemite and adds features such as Peer - To - Peer AirPlay . Version 8.0 was skipped . The final OS update for the third - generation Apple TV is Apple TV software 7.2. 2 ( iOS 8.4. 2 ) since it does not support tvOS 9.0 or later . 4th and 5th generation ( edit ) See also : tvOS The Apple Siri Remote is included with the fourth generation Apple TV and later , as well as being sold by itself . The fourth generation Apple TV and later run an operating system called tvOS which does not support the earlier generations of Apple TV . It features an app store , allowing third - party app developers to release their own apps on the platform . Also , this new software features support for Siri voice control . Craig Federighi mentioned that tvOS is based 95 % on iOS 9 and the rest being adaptions to optimize it for the TV . The tvOS software development kit ( SDK ) for developing tvOS apps is included in Xcode 7.1 and later . A new development feature , App Thinning , is used in the Apple TV , running on tvOS , due to the memory restrictions of the device ( 32GB and 64GB ) and the dual - use of the NAND Flash Memory to precache movies from Apple 's content servers as well as storage for downloaded applications from the tvOS App Store . Apple 's aim is to limit the size of application downloads and steering users towards downloading individual segments of apps in order to better manage storage space . Developers have reacted with criticism towards the download size limits , arguing that it leads to situations where game data is purged and has to be re-downloaded . Technical Specifications ( edit ) Legend Obsolete Discontinued Current Models 1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation 3rd generation Rev. A 4th generation 4K ( 5th generation ) Release date ( s ) January 9 , 2007 September 1 , 2010 March 7 , 2012 January 28 , 2013 October 30 , 2015 September 22 , 2017 Discontinued September 1 , 2010 March 7 , 2012 March 10 , 2013 September 8 , 2016 64GB : September 12 , 2017 32GB : In production In production Model Number - Model ID - Order Number A1218 - AppleTV1 , 1 - MA711LL / A A1378 - AppleTV2 , 1 - MC572LL / A A1427 - AppleTV3 , 1 - MD199BZ / A A1469 - AppleTV3 , 2 - MD199LL / A A1625 - AppleTV5 , 3 - MGY52LL / A Processor 1 GHz Intel `` Crofton '' Pentium M Apple A4 ( ARM Cortex - A8 ) Apple A5 ( Single core ARM Cortex - A9 , dual core with one core locked ) Apple A5 ( ARM Cortex - A9 ) Single core ( Redesign from A5 dual core ) . Apple A8 ( dual - core ) Apple A10X Fusion ( quad - core ) Graphics Nvidia GeForce Go 7300 with 64 MB of VRAM Apple A4 ( PowerVR SGX535 ) Apple A5 ( PowerVR SGX543MP2 ) Apple A8 ( PowerVR Series 6XT GX6450 ) Apple A10X Fusion Memory 256 MB of 400 MHz DDR2 SDRAM 256 MB LPDDR2 512 MB LPDDR2 2 GB LPDDR3 Storage 40 or 160 GB hard disk 8 GB NAND Flash for cache 32 or 64 GB NAND Flash Connectivity USB 2.0 ( officially for diagnostic use only , though hackers have managed to allow connectivity of hard disks , mice , and keyboards ) , infrared receiver , HDMI , component video , optical audio Bluetooth , Micro-USB ( reserved for service and diags . ) , HDMI , infrared receiver , optical audio Bluetooth 4.0 , USB Type - C ( for service and developer use ) , HDMI 1.4 , infrared receiver , Lightning ( for Siri remote charging only ) Bluetooth 5.0 , HDMI 2.0 a , infrared receiver , Lightning ( for Siri remote charging only ) Networking Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g and draft - n ) Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ) Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) 10 / 100 Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Output 1080p ( undefined , following the Version 3.0 software update ) . 720p 60 / 50 Hz ( NTSC / PAL ) , 576p 50 Hz ( PAL ) , 480p 60 Hz ( NTSC ) ( 480i 60 Hz is unofficially supported ) over HDMI ( HDCP capable ) or Component Video 720p / 576p / 480p over HDMI only ( HDCP capable ) 1080p / 720p / 576p / 480p over HDMI only ( HDCP capable ) 2160p / 1080p / 720p / 576p / 480p with HDR10 and Dolby Vision over HDMI only ( HDCP capable ) Audio Optical audio ( 48 kHz maximum sample rate ) , HDMI , RCA analog stereo audio Optical audio ( 48 kHz fixed sample rate ) , HDMI HDMI - CEC Supports output up to 5.1 channels Supports output up to 7.1 channels Power Built - in universal 48 W power supply Built - in universal 6 W power supply Built - in universal 11 W power supply Dimensions 1.1 in ( 28 mm ) ( h ) 7.8 in ( 200 mm ) ( w ) 7.8 in ( 200 mm ) ( d ) 0.9 in ( 23 mm ) ( h ) 3.9 in ( 99 mm ) ( w ) 3.9 in ( 99 mm ) ( d ) 1.4 in ( 35 mm ) ( h ) 3.9 in ( 98 mm ) ( w ) 3.9 in ( 98 mm ) ( d ) Weight 2.4 lb ( 1.1 kg ) 0.6 lb ( 0.27 kg ) 0.9 lb ( 0.41 kg ) Initial operating system Apple TV Software 1.0 ( Modified build of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger ) Apple TV Software 4.0 ( based on iOS 4.1 ) Apple TV Software 5.0 ( based on iOS 5.1 ) Apple TV Software 5.2 ( based on iOS 6.1 ) tvOS 9.0 ( based on iOS 9 ) tvOS 11.0 ( based on iOS 11 ) Current operating system Apple TV Software 3.0. 2 ( Modified build of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger ) Apple TV Software 6.2. 1 ( based on iOS 7.1. 2 ) Apple TV Software 7.2. 2 ( based on iOS 8.4. 2 ) tvOS 11.0 Limitations ( edit ) Functionality ( edit ) Apple TV does not contain a TV tuner , nor a personal video recorder . Both capabilities can be applied to the connected home computer through various third - party products , such as allowing PVR software to connect to iTunes and enable scheduled HDTV recordings to play automatically via Apple TV for playback . The Front Row interface lacks some iTunes functionality , including rating items , checking the account balance , adding funds to the account , synchronizing from more than one computer , full Internet radio support , and games . The Movies search box only searches the iTunes Store , not local hard drives and networks . Movies rented on Apple TV must be watched on Apple TV , unlike iTunes rentals , which can be transferred to any video - enabled iPod , iPhone or Apple TV . Movies purchased on Apple TV can be moved to a video - enabled iPod or iPhone via iTunes . Apple TV prior to 4th generation does not support the HDMI Consumer Electronics Control ( HDMI CEC ) protocol . On the Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) , digital output audio is up - sampled to 48 kHz , including lossless CD rips at 44.1 kHz . Although this is a higher frequency and the difference is not audible in most cases , it means the audio is not ' bit perfect ' which is often a goal for digital transmission of data . Sales ( edit ) 1st generation ( edit ) Within the first week of presales in January 2007 , Apple TV was the top pre-selling item at the Apple Store . Orders exceeded 100,000 units by the end of January and Apple began ramping - up to sell over a million units before the 2007 holiday season . Analysts began calling it a `` DVD killer '' that could enable multiple services . Analysts also predicted that Apple could sell up to 1.5 million units in the first year . Besides the Apple Store , Best Buy was one of the first retailers to carry the device ; Target and Costco followed shortly thereafter . Two months into sales , Forrester Research predicted that Apple would only sell a million Apple TV units , because consumers prefer advertisement - supported content over paid content . Forrester predicted that cable companies would be the clear winners over content providers such as the iTunes Store . Shortly after , Apple released YouTube functionality and Jobs stated that Apple TV was a `` DVD player for the Internet '' . Some market analysts predicted that YouTube on Apple TV `` provides a glimpse of this product 's potential and its future evolution '' , but overall , analysts had mixed reactions regarding the future of Apple TV . Some negative reactions followed after Jobs referred to the device as a `` hobby '' , implying it was less significant than the Macintosh , iPod , and iPhone . In the fourth quarter of 2008 , sales were triple that of the fourth quarter of 2007 . In Apple 's first - quarter 2009 financial results conference call , acting chief executive Tim Cook stated that Apple TV sales increased three times over the same quarter a year ago . Cook mentioned that the movie rental business was working well for Apple , Apple would continue investment in movie rentals and Apple TV , but Apple TV is still considered a hobby for the company . Due to the growth of digital TV and consumers turning to Internet media services , an analyst predicted sales of 6.6 million Apple TVs by the end of 2009 . 2nd generation ( edit ) The second generation sold 250,000 units in the first two weeks it was available . On December 21 , 2010 , Apple announced that they had sold 1 million units . In the second fiscal quarter of 2011 , it had topped 2 million in total sales , with 820,000 sold in that quarter alone . On January 24 , 2012 , Apple announced they had sold 1.4 million units in the first fiscal quarter of 2012 , and 2.8 million units in all of fiscal year 2011 . ( 4.2 million units through January 1 , 2012 ) . 3rd generation ( edit ) Tim Cook revealed at the All Things Digital conference in May 2012 that Apple had sold 2.7 million of the 3rd generation model in 2012 . In the Q4 FY2012 earnings call , Engadget reported comments from Tim Cook that Apple had shipped 1.3 million Apple TV units in the 4th Quarter ( presumed to be 3rd generation ) . MacObserver reported statements by Tim Cook in the Q1 FY2013 earnings call that Apple sold over 2 million Apple TV units in the December Quarter ( presumed to be 3rd generation ) . These reports lead to a cumulative volume of the 3rd generation device of 6 million units , as of January 1 , 2013 . On February 28 , 2014 at Apple 's shareholders meeting Apple CEO Tim Cook revealed that in 2013 Apple TV brought in 1 billion dollars of revenue for Apple A market survey published by Parks Associates in December 2014 found that Apple TV has lost consumer traction to Google Chromecast , garnering only a 17 % market share . Tim Cook revealed at the Apple Watch conference on March 9 , 2015 that Apple had sold a total of 25 million Apple TVs to date . 4th generation ( edit ) In the January 27 , 2016 Apple earnings call , CEO Tim Cook stated that the Apple TV had record sales . However , no specific sales figures were mentioned ; Apple TV is included in an `` Other products '' category , which also includes the Apple Watch , iPods , and Beats headphones , and which is not broken down by individual products . See also ( edit ) Apple Inc. portal Book : Apple Inc . Apple Bandai Pippin , a multimedia set - top entertainment networking device designed by Apple and sold during the mid-1990s . 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Engadget . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bohon , Cory ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` Apple TV 2.1 update goes live , adds MobileMe support '' . The Unofficial Apple Weblog . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Control Apple TV '' . Help.apple.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple TV - Tech Specs - Apple ( HK ) '' . Apple . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What operating system do the Apple TV models use ? Do they run Mac OS X ? Do they run iOS ? '' . EveryMac. April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gallery : Apple TV Take 2 software update '' . MacNN . February 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How to update Apple TV software '' . Apple . September 2 , 2008 . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Apple unveils 64GB Apple TV for $199 , 32GB model for $149 '' . Ars Technica . San Francisco , California : Condé Nast . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` tvOS for Developers '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple TV is a radical rethinking of your relationship with the hardware and games you own '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV ( 3rd Generation , Early 2012 ) Specs '' . EveryMac.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What 's inside an Apple TV : Tear - down reveals ( almost ) all '' . AppleInsider . March 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2007 . Retrieved August 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pentium M - based Intel chip at heart of Apple TV '' . AppleInsider . January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Shimpi , Anand Lal ( March 22 , 2007 ) . `` Apple TV '' . AnandTech . Retrieved March 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New Apple TV Offers 8 GB of Internal Storage , 256 MB RAM '' . MacRumors . September 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ATV3 Teardown '' . XBMC Forums . Jump up ^ `` New Apple TV has 2 GB RAM , included 802.11 ac WiFi is faster than its Ethernet port '' . September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` App Programming Guide for tvOS '' . Apple . September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple TV 2nd Generation Teardown '' . iFixIt . September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Jacqui ( January 9 , 2007 ) . `` ARS at Macworld : Questions about the Apple TV '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Apple TV ( 1st generation ) -- Technical Specifications '' . Apple . September 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple TV 4th Generation Teardown '' . iFixit . Jump up ^ `` New Apple TV ( Model A1469 ) Discovered In FCC Filings , Likely To Arrive With Updated A5X ( SoC ) Processor '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` tvOS SDK Release Notes for tvOS 9.0 Beta '' . Apple Inc . Jump up ^ `` App Programming Guide for tvOS : The New Apple TV '' . Apple Inc . The new Apple TV uses the latest iOS frameworks and frameworks that are unique to tvOS . Jump up ^ `` Software updates for Apple TV ( 3rd generation ) '' . Apple Inc . Jump up ^ Sadun , Erica ( April 18 , 2007 ) . `` Elgato releases EyeTV 2.4 update '' . The Unofficial Apple Weblog . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chartier , David ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Apple TV : What you ca n't do '' . The Unofficial Apple Weblog . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dilger , Daniel Eran ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` How Apple TV can score at the big 3.0 '' . RoughlyDrafted Magazine . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Berka , Justin ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` Apple TV might have games , eventually '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved July 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Jeremy ( January 30 , 2008 ) . `` What to Expect From Apple TV 2.0 : Photos and Details '' . iLounge . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How to rent a movie from the iTunes Store on Apple TV '' . Apple . December 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Store movie rental usage rights in the United States '' . Apple . December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Block , Ryan ( January 16 , 2008 ) . `` iTunes and Apple TV rentals and purchases : what you can ( and ca n't ) do '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All about the numbers ... '' . AVHub.com.au . February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ AppleInsider Staff ( January 17 , 2007 ) . `` Apple TV tops best seller list at Apple Store '' . AppleInsider . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ staff ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` Apple TV Blowing Away Expectations '' . Apple Recon . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Scott ( February 20 , 2007 ) . `` Apple TV : DVD Killer ? '' . redherring.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Christ , Steve ( March 22 , 2007 ) . `` Apple 's Next Evolution '' . Wealth Daily . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ogg , Erica ( March 21 , 2007 ) . `` Best Buy finagles Apple TV exclusive '' . CNET . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Jacqui ( April 30 , 2007 ) . `` Apple TV shows up at Target and ... Costco ? '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Plesser , Andy ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` Apple TV Sales Will Stall at 1 Million '' . AlwaysOn . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Crum , Rex ( May 31 , 2007 ) . `` Apple boosts analysts ' hopes for Apple TV '' . MarketWatch . CBS . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Block , Ryan ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` Steve Jobs live from D 2007 '' . Engadget . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , Prince ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Apple TV sales up threefold , will see continued investment '' . `` RoughlyDrafted Magazine '' . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2009 . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Is Apple planning a DVR and web - enabled TV set ? '' . TechRadar.com . March 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2009 . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Apple Stock Watch . `` Apple TV Sales Hit 250,000 in Q4 '' . MacObserver . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ AppleInsider : Total shipments of new Apple TV top 2 million , 820K sold last quarter -- report . April 19 , 2011 . Apple TV Second Generation holds 32 Percent of Internet Connected TV Markets Jump up ^ `` Apple Q1 2012 : le trimestre de tous les records '' . Maximejohnson.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's CEO Discusses Q1 2012 Results - Earnings Call Transcript '' . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple TV has Sold 2.7 Million Units This Year , Says Tim Cook '' . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Q4 2012 earnings : $36 billion in revenue , $8.2 billion net profit '' . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Earnings Report Q1 - 2013 on January 23rd , 2013 '' . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple CEO promises new products , says Apple TV no longer a ' hobby ' '' . Reuters UK . Jump up ^ `` Apple TV fades away in streaming video player market '' . Rapid TV News . December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Live blog : The Apple Watch '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Juli Clover ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Watch and Apple TV See Record Quarterly Sales '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Apple TV Hacks Quotations related to Apple TV at Wikiquote Media related to Apple TV at Wikimedia Commons Apple TV -- official site Apple TV Support -- official product support Links to related articles Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Fred D. Anderson Gil Amelio Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jonathan Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Angela Ahrendts Phil Schiller Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Dan Riccio Johny Srouji Bruce Sewell Lisa Jackson Former Steve Jobs Fred D. Anderson John Browett Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Nancy R. Heinen Ron Johnson Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Bertrand Serlet Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Gil Amelio Ellen Hancock David Nagel Guerrino De Luca Services Apple ID Apple Maps Apple Music Apple Pay Developer iAd TestFlight Game Center iCloud MobileMe iWork News Newsstand Stores Apple Store App Store iBookstore iTunes Store Mac App Store Support AppleCare Apple Specialist Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Products Hardware Macintosh Intel transition iPod Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone iPad Mini Air Pro Apple TV Apple Watch Apple SIM Apple Mobile Processors Software Classic Mac OS macOS History Server Software iOS Version history tvOS watchOS Core Foundation Developer Tools Final Cut Pro Logic Pro QuickTime CarPlay Companies Subsidiaries Beats Electronics Beats Music Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc . Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Inc . Beats Electronics Beats Music Cue Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity Lala NeXT Nothing Real Metaio P.A. 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Baja Broadband US Cable Bresnan Communications Bright House Networks Cablevision Champion Broadband Cobridge Communications Community Home Entertainment Graceba Total Communications Insight Communications Jones Intercable King Videocable Knology Marcus Cable NPG Cable Paragon Cable Rapid Communications TelePrompTer / Group W Cable Time Warner Cable UA - Columbia Cablevision Windjammer Communications -- Still in operation , but no longer offers cable or Internet as part of its services Defunct satellite AlphaStar GlobeCast World TV PrimeStar United States Satellite Broadcasting Voom HD Networks Defunct IPTV Sky Angel Virtual Digital Cable Defunct terrestrial Aereo USDTV MovieBeam See also Radio spectrum pollution Additional resources on North American television North America List of local television stations in North America DTV transition North American TV mini-template Canada Canadian networks List of Canadian television networks List of Canadian television channels List of Canadian specialty channels Local Canadian TV stations List of United States stations available in Canada 2001 Vancouver TV realignment 2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment Mexico Mexican networks Local Mexican TV stations United States American networks List of American cable and satellite networks List of American over-the - air networks Local American TV stations ( W ) Local American TV stations ( K ) Spanish - language TV networks 1994 United States broadcast TV realignment 2006 United States broadcast TV realignment List of Canadian television stations available in the United States Insular Areas TV Africa , Asia , and Oceania Americas Europe Apple hardware Apple II Family Discontinued Apple I Apple II series Apple III Apple Lisa Mac Desktop Current iMac Mac Pro Mac Mini Discontinued Compact Macintosh Macintosh II series Macintosh SE Macintosh SE / 30 Macintosh Classic Macintosh LC Macintosh LC II Macintosh Quadra Macintosh Performa Macintosh Centris Power Mac eMac Laptop Current MacBook ( Retina ) MacBook Air MacBook Pro Discontinued Macintosh Portable PowerBook iBook MacBook ( pre-2015 ) Server Discontinued Apple Workgroup Server Apple Network Server Xserve Mac Mini Server Mac Pro Server Devices Current Apple TV Apple Watch Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 HomePod iPad ( 2017 ) iPad Mini 4 iPad Pro iPhone 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X iPod Touch Discontinued Interactive Television Box Apple Watch ( 1st ) iPad 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Air Air 2 iPad Mini 1st iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus iPod Classic iPod Hi - Fi iPod Mini iPod Nano iPod Shuffle Newton Apple Pippin PowerCD Apple QuickTake Accessories Current AirPort AirPort Express Router AirPort Extreme Router AirPort Time Capsule Magic Mouse 2 Magic Trackpad 2 Apple Pencil AirPods Smart Keyboard Remote Siri Remote External SuperDrive Magic Keyboard AirPower Discontinued Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio Drives iSight Modems Printers Scanners Mighty Mouse Magic Mouse Magic Trackpad Apple Wireless Keyboard Apple Mobile Processors 64 - bit Apple A7 Apple A8 Apple A8X Apple A9 Apple A9X Apple A10 Apple A10X Apple A11 32 - bit Apple A4 Apple A5 Apple A5X Apple A6 Apple A6X Apple S1 Apple S2 Comparison of Macintosh models List of discontinued products Product timeline Video game consoles ( Eighth generation ) Types Home video game console list Handheld game console list Microconsole list Dedicated console list Generations First ( 1972 -- 80 ) Second ( 1976 -- 92 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- 17 ) Eighth ( 2012 -- ) Eighth generation Home PlayStation 4 Wii U Xbox One Handheld Nintendo 3DS family Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL PlayStation Vita Micro Amazon Fire TV Apple TV GameStick MOJO Nexus Player OnLive Ouya SHIELD Android TV ← Seventh generation Emulator Game List Manufacturer Timeline Home video game consoles Atari Atari 2600 Atari 5200 Atari 7800 Atari XEGS Atari Jaguar Bandai Super Vision 8000 Arcadia RX - 78 Playdia Apple Bandai Pippin Casio PV - 1000 Casio Loopy Commodore Commodore 64 Games System Commodore CDTV Amiga CD32 Mattel Intellivision HyperScan Microsoft Xbox Xbox 360 Xbox One NEC TurboGrafx - 16 PC - FX Nintendo NES SNES N64 GameCube Wii Wii U Switch Philips Magnavox Odyssey Odyssey2 Videopac + G7400 Philips CD - i Sega SG - 1000 Master System Sega Genesis Sega Saturn Dreamcast SNK Neo Geo Neo Geo CD Sony PlayStation PlayStation 2 PSX PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 VTech VTech CreatiVision Socrates V. Smile V. Flash Others 1970s APF - MP1000 Bally Astrocade Fairchild Channel F RCA Studio II Interton VC 4000 / 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System 1980s Action Max Arcadia 2001 ColecoVision Epoch Cassette Vision Super Cassette Vision RDI Halcyon Vectrex 1990s 3DO Interactive Multiplayer Amstrad GX4000 CPS Changer FM Towns Marty LaserActive Super A'Can 2000s DISCover EVO Smart Console Game Wave Nuon XaviXPORT Zeebo List Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop / all - in - ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel - based Mac Mini Professional tower / desktop Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook Retina MacBook Air Professional notebooks PowerBook G3 G4 MacBook Pro Consumer electronics Apple TV Apple Watch 1st 2nd 3rd Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air Air 2 2017 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod + HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Accessories AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule iPod Click Wheel iPod Hi - Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Trackpad Magic Magic 2 Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Pencil AirPods Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive USB Modem Xserve RAID AirPower Apple hardware before 1998 Television portal Apple Inc. portal Video games portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_TV&oldid=801436960 '' Categories : Apple Inc. hardware Smart TV Digital media players ITunes Television technology Computer - related introductions in 2007 Products introduced in 2007 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Use American English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using deprecated image syntax Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 17 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the apple tv 2 come out | [
"\nApple TV\n\n\n\n\n\nApple TV 4K\n\n\n\nManufacturer\nApple Inc.\nFoxconn (under contract)\nPegatron (under contract)\n\n\nType\nSet-top box microconsole\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n1st: January 9, 2007; 10 years ago (2007-01-09)\n2nd: September 1, 2010; 7 years ago (2010-09-01)\n3rd: March 7, 2012; 5 years ago (2012-03-07)\n3rd Rev A: January 28, 2013; 4 years ago (2013-01-28)\n4th: October 30, 2015; 22 months ago (2015-10-30)\n5th (4K): September 22, 2017; 2 days' time (2017-09-22)\n\n\n\n\n\nIntroductory price\n\n\n\nUS$299.00 (1st generation)[1]\nUS$99.00 (2nd and 3rd generation)\nUS$149.00 (32 GB 4th generation) / US$179.00 (32 GB 5th generation) / US$199.00 (64 GB 4th and 5th generation)[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nOperating system\n1st: Apple TV software 3.0.2\nBased on Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger\nReleased February 10, 2010 (2010-02-10)\n2nd: Apple TV software 6.2.1\nBased on iOS 7.1.2\nReleased June 30, 2014 (2014-06-30)\n3rd and 3rd Rev A: Apple TV software 7.2.2\nBased on iOS 8.4.2\nReleased December 12, 2016 (2016-12-12)\n4th, 5th: tvOS 11\nBased on iOS 11\nReleased 2017 (2017)\n\n\nCPU\n\n\n\n1st: Intel Pentium M\n2nd: Apple A4\n3rd and 3rd Rev A: Apple A5\n4th: Apple A8 at 1.5 GHz\n5th (4K): Apple A10X Fusion\n\n\n\n\n\nMemory\n\n\n\n1st and 2nd: 256 MB\n3rd and 3rd Rev A: 512 MB\n4th: 2 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM\n\n\n\n\n\nStorage\n\n\n\n1st: 40 or 160 GB\n2nd, 3rd, and 3rd Rev A: 8 GB (Not user-accessible, caching only)\n4th, 5th (4K): 32 or 64 GB NAND Flash\n\n\n\n\n\nInput\n\n\n\nApple Magic Keyboard\nApple Wireless Keyboard (most bluetooth keyboards)\nApple Remote\nApple Siri Remote (4th generation and later)\nBluetooth wireless gaming controllers\niPhone\niPod Touch\niPad (via Remote)\n\n\n\n\n\nConnectivity\n\n\n\nBluetooth\nWi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n/ac)\n10/100 Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet (5th generation)\nMicro-USB (3rd generation)\nUSB Type-C (4th generation)\nHDMI\nOptical audio (prior to 4th generation)\n\n\n\n\n\nOnline services\n\nAs of October 27, 2016 8,000 total apps, including 2,000 games and 1,600 video apps.[3]\n\n\n\nDimensions\n\n\n\n1st:\n28 mm (1.1 in) (h)\n197 mm (7.8 in) (w)\n197 mm (7.8 in) (d)\n2nd, 3rd, and 3rd Rev A:\n23 mm (0.91 in) (h)\n98 mm (3.9 in) (w)\n98 mm (3.9 in) (d)\n4th, 5th (4K):\n33 mm (1.3 in) (h)\n98 mm (3.9 in) (w)\n98 mm (3.9 in) (d)\n\n\n\n\n\nWeight\n1st: 2.4 lb (1.1 kg)\n2nd, 3rd, and 3rd Rev A: 0.6 lb (0.27 kg)\n4th, 5th (4K): 0.9 lb (0.41 kg)\n\n\nWebsite\nhttps://www.apple.com/tv/\n\n"
] | [
"September 1, 2010"
] |
-4335688820708653661 | The Big Fat Quiz of the Year | The Big Fat Quiz of the year - wikipedia The Big Fat Quiz of the year Jump to : navigation , search The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Presented by Jimmy Carr Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 26 ( as of 26 December 2017 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Anthony Cavenney ( 2004 ) Jane Goldman ( 2004 -- 06 ) Emily Dean ( 2005 -- 06 ) Location ( s ) BBC Television Centre ( 2004 -- 12 , 2017 - ) Elstree Studios ( 2013 ) The London Studios ( 2014 -- 16 ) Running time 90 -- 130 minutes Production company ( s ) Hotsauce TV Release Original network Channel 4 Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 28 December 2004 -- present External links Website The Big Fat Quiz of the Year is an annual British television programme broadcast in the last or first week of the year on Channel 4 . Essentially , the show is a comedy panel game in the style of a pub quiz . Three teams , of two celebrities each , are asked questions relating to the events of the year just gone by , which they write answers to on an electronic board in front of them . At the end of each round , they then display their answers , scoring a point for each correct one . The first edition was broadcast in December 2004 . There has been another at the end of each year , as well as a special edition in November 2007 for Channel 4 's 25th anniversary celebrations and three themed special editions in September 2012 , to celebrate Channel 4 's three decades . A second set of `` decades '' editions screened in September 2013 as well as a 10th anniversary special in January 2015 and a Big Fat Quiz of Everything in January 2016 , followed by a series of three episodes in August 2016 . Repeats can usually be found days later on Channel 4 's sister - channel E4 and / or 4seven . Stand - up comedian Jimmy Carr has been the host and quizmaster of each edition to date . Channel 4 has made full episodes of The Big Fat Quiz of the Year available to view on All 4 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode guide 1.2 2005 1.3 2006 1.4 The Big Fat Anniversary Quiz 1.5 2007 1.6 2008 1.7 2009 1.8 2010 1.9 2011 1.10 2012 1.11 2013 1.12 2014 1.13 The Big Fat Anniversary Quiz ( 2015 ) 1.14 2015 1.15 2016 1.16 2017 1.17 The Big Fat Quiz of Everything 1.17. 1 The Big Fat Quiz of Everything Specials 1.17. 1.1 2016 Special 1.17. 1.2 2017 Special 1.17. 1.3 2018 Special 1.17. 2 The Big Fat Quiz of Everything Series 1.17. 2.1 Episode 1 1.17. 2.2 Episode 2 1.17. 2.3 Episode 3 1.18 The Big Fat Quizzes of the Decades 1.18. 1 The Big Fat Quiz of the ' 80s 1.18. 2 The Big Fat Quiz of the ' 90s 1.18. 3 The Big Fat Quiz of the ' 00s 1.19 2013 Decades Specials 1.19. 1 The Big Fat Quiz of the ' 80s ( 2013 ) 1.19. 2 The Big Fat Quiz of the ' 90s ( 2013 ) 2 Appearances 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Episode Guide ( edit ) No . Original airdate Edition Ratings ( millions ) 28 December 2004 2.14 26 December 2005 2005 2.52 27 December 2006 2006 3.07 2 November 2007 Anniversary ( 1st ) 1.98 5 30 December 2007 2007 3.59 6 28 December 2008 2008 3.53 7 1 January 2010 2009 4.24 8 3 January 2011 3.85 9 27 December 2011 2011 4.35 10 16 September 2012 80s ( 1st ) 2.27 11 23 September 2012 90s ( 1st ) 2.14 12 30 September 2012 00s 2.04 13 30 December 2012 2012 4.11 14 22 September 2013 80s ( 2nd ) 1.88 15 29 September 2013 90s ( 2nd ) 1.84 16 26 December 2013 2013 3.70 17 26 December 2014 2014 3.49 18 2 January 2015 Anniversary ( 2nd ) 3.19 19 26 December 2015 2015 3.72 20 5 January 2016 Everything ( 1st ) 2.47 21 15 August 2016 Everything ( 2nd ) 1.40 22 22 August 2016 Everything ( 3rd ) 1.44 23 28 August 2016 Everything ( 4th ) 1.46 24 26 December 2016 2016 3.09 25 6 January 2017 Everything ( 5th ) 2.08 26 26 December 2017 2017 3.64 27 12 January 2018 Everything ( 6th ) 1.94 For the first Big Fat Quiz , broadcast on 28 December 2004 , the three teams of celebrities were : Cut to the Funk : Simon Pegg and Liza Tarbuck ( 41 points ) BJ and The Bear : David Walliams and Rob Brydon ( 43 points ) The Winners : June Sarpong and Jonathan Ross ( winners with 49 points ) Louis Walsh , Nadia Almada and Dame Kelly Holmes all made live appearances to read out the answers for the months of April , June and August respectively . Recorded questions from Bono , Derren Brown and The Bear from Bo ' Selecta ! were shown too along with films of Richard and Judy discussing events . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School in Neasden acted out news stories that happened throughout the year , such as Ricky Gervais winning two Golden Globe Awards for The Office and the Momart fire . 2005 ( edit ) In 2005 , Big Fat Quiz of the Year was shown on Boxing Day . The teams were : The A-List : Sharon Osbourne and Jonathan Ross ( winners with 39 points ) The Double Ds : Denise van Outen and David Mitchell ( 33 points ) Ca n't Cook , Do n't Need to ' Cos I 'm Sat Next to Gordon Ramsay : Gordon Ramsay and Rob Brydon ( 30 points ) Guest questioners in the studio included Jordan & Peter Andre and David Tennant . There were also recorded questions by several celebrities including Richard and Judy , Charlotte Church , Cameron Diaz , Toni Collette , Derren Brown and Kevin Pietersen . The mystery guests were Walter Wolfgang and a woman genuinely named Sue Doku . This year 's quiz saw the debut of Jon Snow giving fake news stories based on song lyrics , with `` I Predict A Riot '' and `` Crazy Chick '' . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the birth of David and Victoria Beckham 's third child and Jacques Chirac insulting British food on the eve of the G8 Summit . 2006 ( edit ) In 2006 the show was broadcast on 27 December . The three teams were : Raven Spawn / Rod 's Progeny / The Goth Detectives : Russell Brand and Noel Fielding ( winners with 39 points ) Rob & Dave : Rob Brydon and David Walliams ( 37 points ) The Conventionally Attractive Team : Jonathan Ross and Cat Deeley ( 38 points ) Guest questioners in the studio included Boy George , Myleene Klass & Matt Willis and Guy Goma ( famous for incorrectly appearing as a guest on BBC News 24 ) . Pre-recorded questions were asked by Lily Allen , Carol Vorderman , Courtney Love , Girls Aloud , and Sacha Baron Cohen ( in his Borat guise ) . Channel 4 News reporter Jon Snow returned to give fake news reports about songs of the year , reporting on `` Patience '' and `` America '' . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out The Da Vinci Code plagiarism claim and parents rebelling against Jamie Oliver 's school dinners campaign . Ian McKellen gave dramatised readings from the autobiographies of Jade Goody and Kerry Katona . Russell Brand and Noel Fielding spent much of the show giving deliberately wrong - and surreal - answers , leaving them trailing far behind the other two teams . This was until towards the end when Jimmy Carr bowed to the pressure of the studio audience , and gave them 22 points for answering one question correctly , which was the amount needed to bring them back into contention at the time and ensuring that they subsequently won the quiz . This led Walliams and Brydon , who came last as a result , to exaggerate their chagrin at the turn of events that had seen Brand and Fielding emerge on top . During a discussion about the Bob Skeleton event at that year 's Winter Olympics , the suggestion arose that a character with that name could be the star of Brand and Fielding 's next show together . The pair subsequently became known as the Goth Detectives ( opposed to their original name , which arose from a joke Jimmy Carr made about their supposed parentage ) , which was suggested for the show 's title . Though it began as a joke , the pair eventually performed a Goth Detectives themed show for the Teenage Cancer Trust event at the Royal Albert Hall on 28 March 2007 . The Big Fat anniversary Quiz ( edit ) A special edition of the show , celebrating Channel 4 's 25th anniversary , was broadcast on 2 November 2007 . The three teams were : The CarrDees / CarrJack : Alan Carr and Jack Dee ( winners with 34 points ) A&D : Carol Vorderman and Frank Skinner ( 30 points ) The Speccy Nerdy Fucknuts / `` Team Three '' : Richard Ayoade and David Mitchell ( 26 points ) This show aired on 2 November 2007 . Carr and Dee emerged victorious at the climax , and so had to take part in a special challenge which replicated the finale of The Crystal Maze . The pair had to collect silver and gold pieces of paper being blown around in a glass dome . Vic Reeves and Joanna Fisher , who was a member of 1980s Channel 4 programme Minipops both came into the studio to ask bonus questions . Jon Snow read out a fake news report on The Snowman . Quentin Tarantino , Anna Friel , Jonathan Ross , Ram John Holder , Derren Brown , Jo Frost , Jools Holland and others appeared on pre-recorded filmed questions . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary school acted out classic Channel 4 programmes The Word and TFI Friday . 2007 ( edit ) The 2007 show aired on 30 December 2007 . The teams were : The Goth Detectives : Russell Brand and Noel Fielding ( 17 points ) The Shadow Cabinet : Rob Brydon and David Mitchell ( winners with 38 points ) Fulham : Jonathan Ross and Lily Allen ( 36 points ) Guest questioners in the studio were Christopher Biggins , Cerys Matthews and John Smeaton , a baggage handler at Glasgow Airport who helped foil a terrorist attack . Pre-recorded questions were asked by Take That , Gordon Ramsay and Thom Yorke . Jon Snow returned with a faux news report on `` Umbrella '' . John Hurt read out extracts from the autobiographies of Peter Andre and 50 Cent . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School returned to act out David Beckham 's move to LA Galaxy and when a judge criticised The Jeremy Kyle Show . Paul Croft , the man who had a tattoo of Dumbledore done on his back before J.K. Rowling announced that Dumbledore was gay , was the mystery guest . This was the first time that Rob Brydon had been on the winning team , despite having appeared on the panel every year since the first show in 2004 . Also , it was the first time ( and , as of the 2016 edition , the only time ) that the previous year 's winning team - the Goth Detectives - had both returned to defend their title . 2008 ( edit ) The Big Fat Quiz of the Year 2008 aired on 28 December on Channel 4 at 9 : 00 pm . The teams were as follows : Dara ' n ' Dave : Dara Ó Briain and Davina McCall ( winners with 36 points ) Normal & Hooch / Chubb Lock : Sean Lock and James Corden ( 32 points ) Michael McIntyre and Claudia Winkleman / Same Difference : Michael McIntyre and Claudia Winkleman ( 29 points ) Due to the furore caused by his and Russell Brand 's infamous phone call to actor Andrew Sachs , which resulted in his three - month suspension from the BBC at the end of the year , this was the first occasion that Jonathan Ross did not appear . He also declined his customary executive producer credit . Despite Big Fat Quiz not being a BBC programme , Ross himself had thought it inappropriate to do any broadcasting work during the corporation 's censure ( the same reason that was given for his decision to temporarily concede hosting duties of the British Comedy Awards - broadcast on ITV - around the same time ) . This was also the first year that Rob Brydon was absent , leaving host Jimmy Carr as the only regular fixture throughout the Big Fat Quiz of the Year 's entire run to date ( although neither Brydon nor Ross had been panellists for the special Channel 4 anniversary edition ) . In - studio guest questions came from Strictly Come Dancing contestants Jodie Kidd and Mark Foster , and 2008 Olympics Team GB gold medalists Christine Ohuruogu and James DeGale . Pre-recorded guest questions came from Katy Perry , the Fonejacker , Alan Carr , Sarah Silverman and Sir Alan Sugar . Jon Snow gave news reports on `` That 's Not My Name '' and `` I Kissed A Girl '' . John Hurt read from the autobiographies of Les Dennis and Christopher Biggins . The children from Mitchell Brook Primary School also returned acting out the divorce of Paul McCartney and Heather Mills and Jay - Z headlining that year 's Glastonbury Festival . 2009 ( edit ) The 2009 show was recorded on 7 December and aired on 1 January 2010 . The teams were : The Moral Minority / Jedward : Jonathan Ross and Russell Brand ( 28 points ) The Newlyweds : Rob Brydon and Claudia Winkleman ( 29 points ) Ignorance & Want / Dancing Queens : David Mitchell and Charlie Brooker ( winners with 32 points ) Peter Andre appeared as a guest questioner and musical comedian Tim Minchin asked a question in song format about Google Street View . Newsreader Jon Snow again appeared with news reports on `` Poker Face '' and `` Bonkers '' and the children of Mitchell Brook Primary School also reprised their regular slot , acting out the Parliament expenses scandal and Kanye West invading the stage at the MTV Video Music Awards . Other guest questioners included Sir David Attenborough , cricketer Stuart Broad , actor David Tennant and rapper 50 Cent . Swansea cagefighters Daniel Lerwell and James Lilley , who successfully fended off a homophobic attack in a nightclub ( they were dressed in drag for a stag night ) , were the mystery guests . Ross and Brand made a number of references to the Sachsgate scandal of 2008 which occurred last time they appeared together . There was also a discussion about changing Brooker and Mitchell 's team name to The Curmudgeons after they refused to dance to the Lady Gaga song `` Poker Face '' . Mitchell and Brooker were the eventual winners and were asked by Jimmy Carr after their victory if they wanted to do a dance . Despite pressure from the audience , they kept up their premise of not dancing . The 2010 show was recorded on 13 December and aired on 3 January 2011 . The teams were : Posh & Specs / Chatty and Fatty : Michael McIntyre and Alan Carr ( 25 points ) Wagner : Jonathan Ross and Ruth Jones ( winners with 28 points ) The Electric Moccasins / Robson & Jerome : Richard Ayoade and Noel Fielding ( 12 points ) Guest questions were provided by Nicole Scherzinger , Jack Black , Simon Pegg , Russell Brand , Seth Rogen , the cast of Misfits and Will Ferrell . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School made their annual appearance acting out news stories , which included The Stig scandal and the Icelandic volcano eruption , as did Jon Snow with his fake news report of Lady Gaga and Beyoncé 's `` Telephone '' . Lola , the cat put in a wheelie bin in August by Mary Bale appeared as a mystery guest . Louie Spence posed a question in the form of a dance routine representing the story of the trapped Chilean miners . 2011 ( edit ) The 2011 show was recorded on 14 December and aired on 27 December 2011 . The teams for this year were : Nexus - 6 : David Mitchell and Eddie Izzard ( winners with 28 points ) Les Be Friends : David Walliams and Miranda Hart ( 4 points ) The Lisping Ninnies : Jonathan Ross and Jamie Oliver ( 26 points ) Guest questions were provided by Cee Lo Green , Michael Sheen , Tulisa , Lee Evans , Muppet drummer Animal , Rastamouse , Downton Abbey star Jim Carter , Lenny Kravitz , and Professor Brian Cox . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School made their annual appearance acting out news stories , which included the arrival of a cat at 10 Downing Street and Cheryl Cole 's firing from The X Factor , as did Jon Snow with his fake news reports of popular songs ( Rebecca Black 's `` Friday '' and Jessie J 's `` Price Tag '' ) . `` Supergran '' Ann Timson , who was seen in a February 2011 viral video fending off four burglars with just her handbag , appeared as a mystery guest . The Only Way Is Essex cast members Lydia Rose Bright , Lauren Goodger , and Kirk Norcross appeared to present a question about the show . 2012 ( edit ) The 2012 edition aired on 30 December 2012 . The teams , which did not take team names , were : Jack Whitehall and James Corden ( 9 points ) Russell Howard and Jonathan Ross ( 30 points ) Richard Ayoade and Gabby Logan ( winners with 45 points ) The in - studio final bonus questions were provided by Team GB and Paralympics GB athletes Nicola Adams , Natasha Baker , Sophie Christiansen , Hannah Cockroft , Helen Glover , Ed McKeever , Etienne Stott , and Peter Wilson . The Great British Bake Off finalists Brendan Lynch , James Morton , and John Whaite provided a live guest question . Recorded guest questions were provided by PSY , Gerard Butler , Usain Bolt , Jessica Ennis , Felix Baumgartner , Kylie Minogue , Cheryl Cole , Simon Callow , Jenson Button , Tom Daley , Warwick Davis , and Charles Dance ( doing a dramatic reading from Fifty Shades of Grey ) . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School once again made an appearance acting out the Diamond Jubilee Concert . Providing the song lyric as news story segment was Jon Snow , reporting on `` Call Me Maybe '' . The mystery guest was Gary Connery , the stunt - double for the Queen , who skydived out of a helicopter during the 2012 Olympics opening ceremony . During the show , Whitehall and Corden had pizza delivered and ate it with red wine . 2013 ( edit ) The 2013 edition was recorded on 10 December and aired on 26 December 2013 . The teams , which did not take team names , were : Jack Whitehall and Jonathan Ross ( 12 points ) Dara Ó Briain and Kristen Schaal ( joint winners with 30 points ) Richard Ayoade and Noel Fielding ( joint winners with 30 points ) Danny Dyer appeared in the studio to provide a live guest question . Pre-recorded guest questions were provided by Russell Brand , Anchorman 2 stars Steve Carell , Will Ferrell , and Paul Rudd , Olly Murs , Christine Ohuruogu , Louis Walsh , Richard Osman , The Great Gonzo ( promoting Muppets Most Wanted ) , Harry Hill , Sophie Ellis - Bextor . Educating Yorkshire teachers Mr Mitchell and Mr Burton , The Great British Bake Off series 4 runner - up Ruby Tandoh , Rizzle Kicks , and astronaut Chris Hadfield . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School returned to act out Edward Snowden 's spy leaks . Jon Snow reported on `` Wrecking Ball '' and Charles Dance read from the autobiography of Lauren Goodger . The mystery guest was Natalie Holt , who threw eggs at Simon Cowell on the final of Britain 's Got Talent . The show was dedicated to comedy agent and producer Addison Cresswell , who died on 22 December 2013 . Also , Jonathan Ross brought most of a turkey , a loaf of bread and champagne . He ended up making sandwiches for the others . 2014 ( edit ) The 2014 edition was recorded on 1 December and aired on 26 December 2014 . The teams were : The Its : Micky Flanagan and Mel B ( 25 points ) Mother & Son : Sarah Millican and Kevin Bridges ( winners with 36 points ) Two Nasal Men / Global Issues : Richard Ayoade and David Mitchell ( 31 points ) Pre-recorded guest questions came from Michael Palin , Tom Daley , the cast of The Inbetweeners , Game of Thrones actress Natalie Dormer , Lily Allen , Rio Ferdinand , Pixie Lott and Status Quo members Francis Rossi and Rick Parfitt . Paralympic gold medallists Kelly Gallagher and Charlotte Evans provided the in - studio guest question . Charles Dance read from the autobiography of Joey Essex . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the Bernie Ecclestone trial . Jon Snow gave his news report about `` All About That Bass '' . The mystery guest was Dean Farley , the jogger who ran into David Cameron . Mel B 's performance received notable negative attention on social media and in the press as having brought down the show by being perceived as sour and humourless . The Big Fat anniversary Quiz ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The second Big Fat Anniversary Quiz was recorded on 29 September 2014 and aired on 2 January 2015 , to mark the tenth anniversary of the series . The teams that took part were : The Goth Detectives : Russell Brand and Noel Fielding ( 29 points ) Jonathan Ross and Warwick Davis ( winners with 39 points ) Jack Whitehall and Claudia Winkleman ( 22 points ) Pre-recorded guest questions came from Ian McKellen , Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry , Chico , Gregg Wallace , Ellie Simmonds , Peter Andre and Abbey Clancy . Louie Spence provided the in - studio guest question in the form of an interpretive dance about the 2013 horse meat scandal . Charles Dance read from the autobiography of Jay - Z . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the launch of the Large Hadron Collider in 2008 . Jon Snow gave his news report about `` Sex on Fire '' . The mystery guest was Jon Morter , who started the Facebook campaign to make Rage Against The Machine 's `` Killing in the Name '' the Christmas number 1 in 2009 . A Dalek also appeared in the studio to ask the final bonus question , and to `` exterminate '' Carr at the end of the quiz . Brand and Fielding referenced their past name as the `` Goth Detectives '' several times . They got many of their correct answers from an ongoing text conversation with members of the live studio audience . The ruse was discovered when Carr took Brand 's phone , called one of the numbers , and an audience member answered . Chico also appeared via text , responding to Jack Whitehall . 2015 ( edit ) The 2015 edition was recorded on 14 December 2015 and aired on 26 December 2015 . The teams , which did not take names , were : Rob Brydon and Jo Brand ( winners with 43 points ) Richard Ayoade and Greg Davies ( 31 points ) Claudia Winkleman and David Mitchell ( 35 points ) Pre-recorded guest questions came from Quentin Tarantino , Rita Ora , Simon Pegg , Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg , Josh Groban , Olly Murs , Katie Price and Heston Blumenthal . The Great British Bake Off winner , Nadiya Hussain , provided the in - studio guest question . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out Jeremy Clarkson 's dismissal from Top Gear . Jon Snow reported on Drake 's `` Hotline Bling '' . Charles Dance read from `` List of the Lost '' , the debut novel by Morrissey . The mystery guest was Cecilia Bleasdale , who took a photo of a black and blue dress which appeared white and gold on the photo , leading to the dress becoming an internet meme . 2016 ( edit ) The 2016 edition was recorded on 5 December 2016 and aired on 26 December 2016 . The teams , which did not take names , were : David Mitchell and Sarah Millican ( winners with 45 points ) Romesh Ranganathan and Mel Giedroyc ( 28 points ) Rob Delaney and Richard Ayoade ( 40 points ) Pre-recorded guest questions came from Professor Green , Bryan Cranston and James Franco , The Vamps , Sadiq Khan , Ryan Tedder and Zach Filkins from OneRepublic , Miranda Hart , Gemma Chan , Michelle Keegan and Rick Astley . In - studio guest questions were provided by Mark - Francis Vandelli from Made in Chelsea and Pamela Anderson . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out Traingate . Jon Snow reported on Justin Timberlake 's `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling '' . Charles Dance read from Rylan 's autobiography . The mystery guest was Zac Alsop , who posed as a fencer and blagged his way on to one of Team GB 's 2016 Olympics victory parade floats in Manchester . A running gag on the episode was host Jimmy Carr inquiring about contestant Romesh 's father , not realising that the latter has already died , and the other contestants repeatedly chiding Carr about not checking beforehand . There was also a running gag with Mel Giedroyc 's obsession with the Crossrail project currently going on in and around London . 2017 ( edit ) The 2017 edition was recorded at Television Centre on 6 December 2017 and aired on 26 December 2017 . The teams were : The Tinsel Sisters : David Mitchell and Roisin Conaty ( winners with 35 points ) Team Pain : Big Narstie and Katherine Ryan ( 33 points ) Cakes in the Maze : Richard Ayoade and Noel Fielding ( 19 points ) Pre-recorded guest questions came from Kurupt FM , Vince Vaughn , Nadiya Hussain , Clare Balding , Ed Balls and The Script . The in - studio guest question was asked by Great British Bake Off contestant Liam Charles . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the silencing of Big Ben during its renovation . Jon Snow reported on Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' . Charles Dance read from the autobiography of Geordie Shore star Charlotte Crosby . The mystery guest was Liam Smyth , the student whose date got stuck between two windows trying to throw her poo out after it failed to flush . Helping Jimmy with the final question were some real penguins and an animatronic polar bear . The Big Fat Quiz of Everything ( edit ) The Big Fat Quiz of Everything is a spin - off series to the annual . These quizzes ask questions based on various subjects including history , geography , films , television , music , science , technology , art , literature , sports and games . The Big Fat Quiz of Everything specials ( edit ) 2016 special ( edit ) The first special was recorded in October 2015 and aired on 5 January 2016 . The teams were : Cops and Wobbers : Jonathan Ross and Chelsea Peretti ( winners with 41 points ) The Custard Junkies : Jack Whitehall and Mel Giedroyc ( 30 points ) The Ladder Collars : Noel Fielding and Richard Ayoade ( 38 points ) Pre-recorded guest questions came from Little Mix , Gareth Malone , Paul Whitehouse , Joey Essex , Jessica Ennis - Hill , Dom and Steph Parker from Gogglebox , Kevin McCloud , Darcey Bussell and Alesha Dixon . Chris Kamara provided the in - studio guest question . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out The Great Fire of London . Jon Snow reported on Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . 2017 special ( edit ) The second New Year special was recorded in October 2016 and aired on Friday 6 January 2017 . The teams were : Walliams : Jonathan Ross and David Walliams ( winners with 39 points ) Foreign Twerkers : Katherine Ryan and Aisling Bea ( 34 points ) Humanity 's Last Hope : Noel Fielding and Richard Ayoade ( 32 points ) Pre-recorded guest questions came from Joe Wicks , Nick Hewer , Joey Essex , Laura and Jason Kenny , Derren Brown , Ollie Locke from Made in Chelsea and Darcey Bussell . Jonnie Peacock provided the in - studio guest question in the form of sporting celebrations . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the Napster lawsuits . Jon Snow reported on The Weather Girls ' `` It 's Raining Men '' . Charles Dance read confusing movie reviews from Amazon customers . The London Philharmonic Choir appeared to sing popular hip - hop and rap tunes in a choral style for the final question . 2018 special ( edit ) The third New Year special was recorded on 11 December 2017 at Television Centre and aired on Friday 12 January 2018 . The teams were : The British Asians : Jonathan Ross and Nish Kumar ( winners with 46 points ) Ladies Who Lunch , Breakfast , Dinner , Snack and Tea : Claudia Winkleman and Miranda Hart ( 37 points ) Strike Force One : Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer ( 37 points ) Pre-recorded guest questions came from Luke Evans , Ore Oduba , Dynamo , Christian Slater , Judy Murray and Reverend Kate Bottley . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out Garry Kasparov 's defeat to Deep Blue . Jon Snow reported on Billy Ray Cyrus ' `` Achy Breaky Heart '' . Charles Dance read confusing online film reviews . The mystery guests were John Cornelius , Robbie Humphries and Anthony Eden , who all played The Milkybar Kid as children . The Big Fat Question featured several football team mascots for the teams to identify . The Big Fat Quiz of Everything series ( edit ) A three - part series of The Big Fat Quiz of Everything was recorded in June and July 2016 at The London Studios . Episode 1 ( edit ) The first episode aired on 15 August 2016 . The teams for this episode were : David & Claudia : Claudia Winkleman and David Mitchell ( winners with 38 points ) The Awesome Clams : Mel Giedroyc and Kristen Schaal ( 31 points ) One and a Half Condoms : Jonathan Ross and Bob Mortimer ( 31 points ) Pre-recorded guest questions came from Buzz Aldrin , Deborah Meaden from Dragons ' Den , Joey Essex , Rylan Clark , Warwick Davis and David Haye . The in - studio guest questions were asked by First Dates maitre d ' Fred Sirieix ( who proceeded to open a large bottle of champagne and serve it to the contestants and the studio audience ) and Strictly Come Dancing pair Kevin and Karen Clifton , who performed a series of dances in a minute for the contestants to guess . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the Watergate scandal . Jon Snow reported on the Village People 's `` YMCA '' . Episode 2 ( edit ) The second episode aired on 22 August 2016 . The teams for this episode were : The Sultans of Bhunai : Noel Fielding and Richard Ayoade ( winners with 25 points ) TGGTTB :) `` Two Great Guys Trying Their Best '' / `` The Ancient Fucks '' : Adam Buxton and Jonathan Ross ( 23 points ) Tits and Teeth : Aisling Bea and Rob Beckett ( 20 points ) Pre-recorded guest questions came from Jodie Kidd , Dr. Christian Jessen , Joey Essex , Ronan Keating , Jerry Springer and Eddie `` The Eagle '' Edwards . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the Wars of the Roses . Jon Snow reported on The B - 52 's `` Love Shack '' . The Mariachis appeared to play TV themes in a mariachi style for the final question . Episode 3 ( edit ) The third episode aired on 28 August 2016 . The teams for this episode were : The Twins : Alan Carr and Romesh Ranganathan ( 24 points ) Darsea O Perettiain : Dara Ó Briain and Chelsea Peretti ( joint winners with 27 points ) The Phrologists : Noel Fielding and Eddie Izzard ( joint winner with 27 points ) Pre-recorded guest questions came from Jess Glynne , Made in Chelsea 's Jamie Laing , Ricky Wilson , Ray Mears and Joey Essex . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out Henry VIII 's dissolution of the monasteries . Jon Snow reported on Sir Mix - a-Lot 's `` Baby Got Back '' . Two sloths appeared in the studio for a question about the seven deadly sins , and three human statues replicated famous historical statues for the final question . The Big Fat quizzes of the decades ( edit ) In 2012 , three Big Fat Quizzes were recorded as part of Channel 4 's 30th anniversary celebrations , each representing one of the past decades . The shows were recorded on 30 August , 12 September and 19 September . The Big Fat Quiz of the ' 80s ( edit ) The show was recorded on 12 September 2012 and aired on 16 September 2012 . The teams , which did not take team names for this special , were : Jason Manford and Stephen Mangan ( joint winners with 29 points ) Jonathan Ross and Adam Buxton ( joint winners with 29 points ) Micky Flanagan and Carol Vorderman ( 28 points ) In - studio guest questions were provided by Kriss Akabusi and Samantha Fox , who presented the final bonus question . Recorded guest questions were provided by Su Pollard , Michael Fish , Clare Grogan , Roland Rat , Nik Kershaw , The Proclaimers , Anne Charleston , Charles Dance ( doing a dramatic reading from the autobiography of The Krankies ) , and Sonia . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School made an appearance acting out Live Aid . Providing the song lyric as news story segment was original Newsround anchor John Craven , reporting on `` Thriller '' . Bunty Bailey , the actress who played the female love interest in a-ha 's `` Take on Me '' , appeared as a mystery guest . The four winners were `` presented '' a Sinclair C5 by Samantha Fox . The Big Fat Quiz of the ' 90s ( edit ) The show was recorded on 19 September 2012 and aired on 23 September 2012 . The teams , which did not take team names for this special , were : Phill Jupitus and Alan Davies ( winners with 42 points ) Dara Ó Briain and Claudia Winkleman ( 31 points ) Jack Whitehall and Denise van Outen ( 28 points ) The in - studio final bonus questions were provided ( after a fashion ) by Mr Blobby . Recorded guest questions were provided by Zig and Zag , Chesney Hawkes , B * Witched members Lindsay Armaou and Keavy Lynch , Laurence Llewelyn - Bowen , Vic and Bob ( Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer ) , Linford Christie , and Charles Dance ( doing a dramatic reading from the autobiography of Melanie Brown ) . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School made an appearance acting out the launch and repair of the Hubble Space Telescope . Providing the song lyric as news story segment was former BBC Nine O'Clock News presenter Michael Buerk , reporting on `` I 'm Too Sexy '' . John Simmit and Nikky Smedley , the portrayers of Teletubbies Dipsy and Laa - Laa ( respectively ) , appeared as mystery guests . The Big Fat Quiz of the ' 00s ( edit ) The show was recorded on 30 August 2012 and aired on 30 September 2012 . The teams were : Big Gay Al and His Big Scottish Pal : Kevin Bridges and Alan Carr ( 20 points ) Team Three : Sarah Millican and David Mitchell ( winners with 24 points ) The Indoor Kites / Hot Shame : Richard Ayoade and Noel Fielding ( 14 points ) The in - studio final bonus questions were provided by the Cheeky Girls . Dragons ' Den dragon Duncan Bannatyne provided a live guest question . Recorded guest questions were provided by Gregg Wallace , Nick Bateman , Peter Andre , half of McFly , Gareth Gates , Tara Palmer - Tomkinson , and Charles Dance ( doing a dramatic reading from the autobiography of Katie Price ) . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School made an appearance acting out the cheating scandal on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? . Providing the song lyric as news story segment was Channel 4 News presenter and Big Fat Quiz regular Jon Snow , reporting on `` It Was n't Me '' . Howard Davies - Carr and his two sons Harry and Charlie , stars of the popular viral video Charlie Bit My Finger appeared as mystery guests . Big Brother voiceover announcer Marcus Bentley read the final scores . 2013 decades specials ( edit ) Due to the success of the Decades specials in 2012 , Channel 4 commissioned two additional Decades specials to air in the autumn of 2013 . The Big Fat Quiz of the ' 80s ( 2013 ) ( edit ) The show aired on 22 September 2013 . The teams , which did not take team names for this special , were : David Mitchell and Phill Jupitus ( winners with 30 points ) Alan Carr and Sarah Greene ( 20 points ) Jack Dee and Jason Donovan ( 19 points ) Anneka Rice provided a live guest question . The mystery guest was Stelios Havatzios , the 1980s Athena Baby in the L'Enfant poster . Recorded guest questions were provided by Toyah Willcox , Kim Wilde , Jim Bowen , Bob Carolgees , Carol Decker , Trevor and Simon ( Going Live ! ) , Tony Robinson , Gordon Burns and Charles Dance ( doing a dramatic reading from the autobiography of Chas & Dave 's Chas ) . The children of Goldsmith Community Hall made an appearance acting out Operation Deepscan . Providing the song lyric as news story segment was John Craven , reporting on `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . The Big Fat Quiz of the ' 90s ( 2013 ) ( edit ) The show aired on 29 September 2013 . The teams , which did not take team names for this special , were : Jonathan Ross and Jo Brand ( 29 points ) Sue Perkins and Lee Mack ( winners with 36 points ) Bob Mortimer and Richard Ayoade ( 26 points ) Diane Youdale ( the one - time Gladiator Jet ) provided a live guest question . The mystery guest was Todd Watkins , who gained fame for kissing a 77 - year - old woman on a The Word segment called `` The Hopefuls '' . Recorded guest questions were provided by Mr. Motivator , Goldie , Andi Peters , Tony Mortimer , Melinda Messenger , Daniela Nardini , Sally Gunnell , The Shamen 's Mr. C , the members of Hanson and Charles Dance ( doing a dramatic reading from the autobiography of Vanilla Ice ) . The children of Goldsmith Community Hall made an appearance acting out the cloning of Dolly the sheep played by Hannah MacDonald . Providing the song lyric as news story segment was Martyn Lewis , reporting on `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' . In the penultimate round , Carr announced that he had hired the gunge tank from Noel 's House Party and the losers would be gunged , however Ross convinced Carr himself to go in it and was gunged by Jet . Appearances ( edit ) Name Appearances Wins Jimmy Carr ( host ) 26 N / A Jonathan Ross 16 8 Richard Ayoade 13 David Mitchell 12 8 Noel Fielding 11 Rob Brydon 6 Claudia Winkleman 6 Alan Carr 5 Jack Whitehall 5 0 Russell Brand Dara Ó Briain David Walliams Mel Giedroyc 0 Sarah Millican Aisling Bea 0 Jo Brand Kevin Bridges Adam Buxton James Corden 0 Jack Dee Micky Flanagan 0 Eddie Izzard Phill Jupitus Michael McIntyre 0 Bob Mortimer 0 Chelsea Peretti Romesh Ranganathan 0 Katherine Ryan 0 Kristen Schaal Carol Vorderman 0 Denise van Outen 0 Warwick Davis Lily Allen 0 Mel B 0 Rob Beckett 0 Charlie Brooker Roisin Conaty Alan Davies Greg Davies 0 Cat Deeley 0 Rob Delaney 0 Jason Donovan 0 Sarah Greene 0 Miranda Hart 0 Russell Howard 0 Ruth Jones Sean Lock 0 Gabby Logan Lee Mack Jason Manford Stephen Mangan Davina McCall Big Narstie 0 Jamie Oliver 0 Sharon Osbourne Simon Pegg 0 Sue Perkins Gordon Ramsay 0 June Sarpong Frank Skinner 0 Liza Tarbuck 0 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 3.10 million on Channel 4 and 431,000 on Channel 4 + 1 . Jump up ^ 3.78 million on Channel 4 and 458,000 on Channel 4 + 1 . Jump up ^ 3.34 million on Channel 4 and 507,000 on Channel 4 + 1 . Jump up ^ 3.89 million on Channel 4 and 464,000 on Channel 4 + 1 . Jump up ^ 1.92 million on Channel 4 and 347,000 on Channel 4 + 1 . Jump up ^ 1.77 million on Channel 4 and 365,000 on Channel 4 + 1 . Jump up ^ 1.71 million on Channel 4 and 327,000 on Channel 4 + 1 . Jump up ^ 3.42 million on Channel 4 and 688,000 on Channel 4 + 1 . Jump up ^ 3.16 million on Channel 4 and 538,000 on Channel 4 + 1 . Jump up ^ 3.12 million on Channel 4 and 369,000 on Channel 4 + 1 . Jump up ^ 2.81 million on Channel 4 and 384,000 on Channel 4 + 1 . Jump up ^ 3.28 million on Channel 4 and 441,000 on Channel 4 + 1 . Jump up ^ 2.17 million on Channel 4 and 303,000 on Channel 4 + 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Big Fat Quiz of the Year ( Series ) - TV Tropes '' . tvtropes.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Programmes '' . BARB . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Big Fat Quiz of the Year 2009 Channel 4 Jump up ^ Big Fat Quiz of the Year 2010 Channel 4 Jump up ^ `` Episode 1.9 . The Big Fat Quiz of the Year 2011 '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Fat Quiz - Big Fat Quiz of the Year 2012 '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Fat Quiz of the Year 2013 on Channel 4 at 9 : 00 pm December 26th , 2013 '' . Digiguide.tv . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rowley , Alison ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Jimmy Carr to host Big Fat Anniversary Quiz marking C4 show 's 10th year '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Barrett , David ; Collins , Nick ( 27 October 2014 ) . `` Jogger who bumped into Prime Minister David Cameron named as Dean Farley '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 27 December 2014 ) . `` Mel B on The Big Fat Quiz of the Year '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Fat Quiz of the Year - Free audience tickets '' . SRO Audiences . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big Fat Quiz - Episode Guide - All 4 '' . Jump up ^ `` The Big Fat Quiz of the Year 2016 '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Free audience tickets for THE BIG FAT QUIZ OF THE YEAR from SRO Audiences '' . SRO Audiences . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Fat Quiz Of ... Everything '' . The Velvet Onion. 25 October 2015 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Fat Quiz of Everything '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Free audience tickets for THE BIG FAT QUIZ OF EVERYTHING from SRO Audiences '' . SRO Audiences . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Fat Quiz of Everything - what time is it on TV ? Episode 1 Series 1 cast list and preview '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Fat Quiz of Everything - what time is it on TV ? Episode 1 Series 2 cast list and preview '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Fat Quiz of Everything - what time is it on TV ? Episode 1 Series 3 cast list and preview '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Waiting List for THE BIG FAT QUIZ OF THE 80s '' . SRO Audiences . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Fat Quiz of the 80s '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Fat Quiz of the 90s on Channel 4 at 9 : 00 pm September 23rd , 2012 '' . DigiGuide . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . External links ( edit ) The Big Fat Quiz of the Year at channel4.com The Big Fat Quiz of the Year at British Comedy Guide The Big Fat Quiz of the Year ( 2004 ) on IMDb The Big Fat Quiz of the Year ( 2005 ) on IMDb The Big Fat Quiz of the Year ( 2006 ) on IMDb The Big Fat Anniversary Quiz ( 2007 ) on IMDb The Big Fat Quiz of the Year ( 2007 ) on IMDb The Big Fat Quiz of the Year ( 2008 ) on IMDb The Big Fat Quiz of the Year ( 2009 ) on IMDb ( hide ) New Year 's Eve and New Year 's Day Events America 's Party First Night Hogmanay New Year 's Eve in London Objects dropped on New Year 's Eve Peach Drop Pelican Drop Réveillon de Copacabana Sydney New Year 's Eve The Possum Drop Times Square Ball Vienna New Year 's Concert Sports College Football Playoff bowls Rose Orange Sugar Fiesta Cotton Peach Citrus Bowl Gator Bowl Outback Bowl Tour de Ski Four Hills Tournament NHL Winter Classic Spengler Cup Final IIHF World U20 Championship Saint Silvester Road Race New Year Sprint Nos Galan road race Parades Tournament of Roses Parade London 's New Year 's Day Parade Florida Citrus Parade Mummers Parade Television New Year 's Rockin ' Eve Fox 's New Year 's Eve with Steve Harvey New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly New Year Live CNN New Year 's Eve Live ¡ Feliz ! MTV New Year 's The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Bye Bye Dinner for One Happy New Year , America Hogmanay Live Hootenanny Kōhaku Uta Gassen Little Blue Light Only an Excuse ? Red Bull New Year No Limits Rudolph 's Shiny New Year Scotch and Wry Silvesterstadl `` Silvesterpunsch `` 2000 Today ( US , Ireland ) Happy New Year , Charlie Brown ! First Night 2013 with Jamie Kennedy Music `` Auld Lang Syne '' `` Happy New Year '' `` What Are You Doing New Year 's Eve ? '' `` Levy - Dew '' `` New Year 's Day '' Related topics New Year films Gregorian calendar Baby New Year Calennig Hogmanay Holiday season Leap second Guy Lombardo New Year 's resolution New Year tree Saint Sylvester 's Day Vasilopita Watchnight service Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Fat_Quiz_of_the_Year&oldid=832890803 '' Categories : 2004 British television programme debuts 2000s British television series 2010s British television series Annual television programs British panel games Channel 4 comedy Channel 4 panel games New Year 's television specials Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2016 EngvarB from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the big fat quiz of the year air | [
"The Big Fat Quiz of the Year is an annual British television programme broadcast in the last or first week of the year on Channel 4. Essentially, the show is a comedy panel game in the style of a pub quiz. Three teams, of two celebrities each, are asked questions relating to the events of the year just gone by, which they write answers to on an electronic board in front of them. At the end of each round, they then display their answers, scoring a point for each correct one."
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"in the last or first week of the year"
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-166916076859283653 | One Call Away (Charlie Puth song) | One Call Away ( Charlie Puth song ) - wikipedia One Call Away ( Charlie Puth song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` One Call Away '' Single by Charlie Puth from the album Nine Track Mind Released August 20 , 2015 Format CD digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Pop soul Length 3 : 12 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Charlie Puth DJ Frank E MoZella Matt Prime Breyan Isaac Shy Carter Producer ( s ) DJ Frank E Matt Prime Charlie Puth singles chronology `` See You Again '' ( 2015 ) `` One Call Away '' ( 2015 ) `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( 2016 ) `` See You Again '' ( 2015 ) `` One Call Away '' ( 2015 ) `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` One Call Away '' on YouTube `` One Call Away '' is a song by American singer Charlie Puth for his debut album Nine Track Mind . It was released on August 20 , 2015 by Atlantic Records as the second single from the album , after the lead single `` Marvin Gaye '' . `` One Call Away '' is a gospel - infused pop soul song . It reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it Puth 's third top 40 single in the US and his third highest - charting single as a lead artist to date , behind `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' and `` Attention '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 2 Music video 3 Remix 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , `` One Call Away '' debuted at number 89 , in the week ending December 19 , 2015 . In the UK , the song debuted at number 73 , in the week ending December 3 , 2015 . The song was certified double Platinum by the RIAA on July 28 , 2016 . As of July 2017 , the song has sold 1,575,000 copies domestically . In New Zealand , the song debuted at number 39 , in the week ending October 12 , 2015 ; the next week , it jumped from 39 to 9 , becoming his third hit top ten in New Zealand . It reached its peak , number 3 , the following week . Music video ( edit ) Directed by Mark Staubach , the music video for `` One Call Away '' was released on September 14 , 2015 by his own YouTube channel . It begins with Puth playing Rachmaninoff 's `` Morceaux de fantaisie , Op. 3 , Prelude No. 2 in C - sharp minor '' on a grand piano in a college music classroom , before he 's interrupted by a girl ( played by Ellie Hahn ) who comes into the room to watch , before she puts on headphones , and the actual song begins . It then cuts to clips of him walking to and sitting down in class . He nudges his friend as he sees the girl sit down behind him , still wearing her headphones . He looks back at her and she smiles , but her boyfriend then sits down next to her , which Puth sees , and then sinks down into his chair . Puth and a couple of classmates are shown sitting in a gymnasium , while looking at her status updates on a Facebook - like website . He is then shown walking down a bookstore , while she is reading on the other side ; he gets to the end of the aisle and they see each other , but she walks away dismissively . Shots of a film being cut and hung up are shown . She is then shown practicing a ballet on stage with Puth accompanying on grand piano . Her boyfriend comes , they get in a fight , and she leaves , sitting down outside and covering her face with her hands , to cry . Longer shots of the film editing are shown . The girl is shown going to a theater ; as she sits down Puth sees her from the projection booth . He loads the projector with the film he has made and starts it . Clips from classic films are shown on the screen , beginning with characters in peril and then being saved ( matching the lyrics ) , and ending in a romantic scene . The clips of the characters being saved causes her to look up at the booth , where he smiles down at her and she smiles back . The music video has over 450 million views as of September 2017 . Remix ( edit ) The official remix features a guest verse from American rapper Tyga . There is another remix entitled `` One Call Away ( Coast to Coast Mix ) '' that features a four - person duet with Charlie , Sofia Reyes , Brett Eldredge and Ty Dolla Sign . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 15 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 27 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 13 Finnish Airplay ( Radiosoittolista ) 36 France ( SNEP ) 41 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 30 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 40 Ireland ( IRMA ) 53 Italy ( FIMI ) 39 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 23 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 36 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 18 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 40 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 7 South Africa ( EMA ) 5 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 31 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 21 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 26 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 38 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 60 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 55 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 56 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 45 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 67 Poland ( ZPAV ) 45 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 21 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 43 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 78 US Billboard Hot 100 43 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 12 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 44 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Gold 5,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 1,575,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Nine Track Mind by Charlie Puth '' . iTunes . ^ Jump up to : `` Is Charlie Puth 's `` Marvin Gaye '' pop music 's next smash hit ? `` . underthegunreview.net . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Song of the Week : Puth 's ' One Call Away ' '' . USA TODAY. 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart history - One Call Away '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 7 / 6 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth : One Call Away '' . MTV . Viacom Media Networks . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth - One Call Away ( Official Video ) '' . Jump up ^ Charlie Puth ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) , Charlie Puth - One Call Away ( Official Video ) , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Charlie Puth . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20165 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth : One Call Away '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Charlie Puth Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 7 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital - Classifica settimanale WK 5 ( dal 2016 - 01 - 29 al 2016 - 02 - 04 ) '' . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Charlie Puth search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://lista.vg.no/liste/topp-20-single/1/dato/2016/uke/13 Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201620 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20163 into search . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2016 - 01 - 26 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . GLF . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Charlie Puth . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Charlie Puth . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Charlie Puth . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Charlie Puth . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Charlie Puth . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Podsumowanie roku -- Airplay 2016 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHART WATCH # 375 '' . auspOp . July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' . Music Canada . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHARLIE PUTH `` ONE CALL AWAY '' '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Troféoversikt - One Call Away '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan '' . Sverigetopplistan . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening. 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Charlie Puth ; ' One Call Away ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Charlie Puth -- One Call Away '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter One Call Away in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) `` One Call Away '' ( with Brett Eldredge , Ty Dolla $ ign & Sofia Reyes ) on YouTube ( hide ) Charlie Puth Discography Studio albums Nine Track Mind VoiceNotes Extended plays Some Type of Love Singles `` Marvin Gaye '' `` One Call Away '' `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' `` Attention '' `` How Long '' Featured singles `` See You Again '' video Other songs `` Nothing but Trouble '' `` Dangerously '' Related articles Meghan Trainor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Call_Away_(Charlie_Puth_song)&oldid=803679963 '' Categories : 2015 songs Charlie Puth songs Songs written by MoZella Songs written by Breyan Isaac Songs written by Matt Prime Songs written by DJ Frank E Song recordings produced by DJ Frank E Atlantic Records singles Songs written by Charlie Puth Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finnishairplay Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Português Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 23 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings i am only one call away | [
"\"One Call Away\" is a song by American singer Charlie Puth for his debut album Nine Track Mind. It was released on August 20, 2015 by Atlantic Records as the second single from the album, after the lead single \"Marvin Gaye\". \"One Call Away\" is a gospel-infused pop soul song.[3] It reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Puth's third top 40 single in the US and his third highest-charting single as a lead artist to date, behind \"We Don't Talk Anymore\" and \"Attention\"."
] | [
"Charlie Puth"
] |
3874947851073275990 | List of United States cities by population | List of United States cities by population - wikipedia List of United States cities by population `` List of largest cities in the United States '' redirects here . For a list of largest cities by area , see List of United States cities by area . Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Population tables of U.S. cities Cities Population Area Density Ethnic identity Foreign - born Income Spanish speakers By decade Urban areas Populous cities and metropolitan areas Metropolitan areas 574 Primary Statistical Areas 174 Combined Statistical Areas 929 Core Based Statistical Areas 389 Metropolitan Statistical Areas 541 Micropolitan Statistical Areas Megaregions See also North American metro areas World cities The following is a list of the most populous incorporated places of the United States . As defined by the United States Census Bureau , an `` incorporated place '' includes a variety of designations , including city , town , village , borough , and municipality . A few exceptional Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) are also included in the Census Bureau 's listing of incorporated places . Consolidated city - counties represent a distinct type of government that includes the entire population of a county , or county equivalent . Some consolidated city - counties , however , include multiple incorporated places . This list presents only that portion ( or `` balance '' ) of such consolidated city - counties that are not a part of another incorporated place . This list refers only to the population of individual municipalities within their defined limits ; the populations of other municipalities considered `` suburbs '' of a central city are listed separately , and unincorporated areas within urban agglomerations are not included . Therefore , a different ranking is evident when considering U.S. metropolitan area populations . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Distribution 1.2 Gallery 2 Puerto Rico 3 Census - designated places 4 Cities formerly over 100,000 people 5 Locations of 50 most populous cities 6 See also 7 References 8 External links United States Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The ten most populous cities of the United States 1 . New York 2 . Los Angeles 3 . Chicago 4 . Houston 5 . Phoenix 6 . Philadelphia 7 . San Antonio 8 . San Diego 9 . Dallas 10 . San Jose The following table lists the 311 incorporated places in the United States with a population of at least 100,000 on July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . A city is displayed in bold if it is a state or federal capital , and in italics if it is the most populous city in the state . Five states -- Delaware , Maine , Vermont , West Virginia and Wyoming -- do not have cities with populations of 100,000 or more . The table below contains the following information : The city rank by population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city name The name of the state in which the city lies The city population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2017 The city land area as of January 1 , 2016 The city population density as of July 1 , 2016 ( residents per unit of land area ) The city latitude and longitude coordinates State capital State largest city State capital and largest city Federal capital 2017 rank City State 2017 estimate Census Change 2016 land area 2016 population density Location New York New York 8,622,698 8,175,133 + 5.47 % 301.5 sq mi 780.9 km 28,317 / sq mi 10,933 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 49 '' N 73 ° 56 ′ 19 '' W / 40.6635 ° N 73.9387 ° W / 40.6635 ; - 73.9387 ( 1 New York City ) Los Angeles California 3,999,759 3,792,621 + 5.46 % 468.7 sq mi 1,213.9 km 8,484 / sq mi 3,276 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W / 34.0194 ° N 118.4108 ° W / 34.0194 ; - 118.4108 ( 2 Los Angeles ) Chicago Illinois 2,716,450 2,695,598 + 0.77 % 227.3 sq mi 588.7 km 11,900 / sq mi 4,600 / km 41 ° 50 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W / 41.8376 ° N 87.6818 ° W / 41.8376 ; - 87.6818 ( 3 Chicago ) Houston Texas 2,312,717 2,100,263 + 10.12 % 637.5 sq mi 1,651.1 km 3,613 / sq mi 1,395 / km 29 ° 47 ′ 12 '' N 95 ° 23 ′ 27 '' W / 29.7866 ° N 95.3909 ° W / 29.7866 ; - 95.3909 ( 4 Houston ) 5 Phoenix Arizona 1,626,078 1,445,632 + 12.48 % 517.6 sq mi 1,340.6 km 3,120 / sq mi 1,200 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 112 ° 05 ′ 24 '' W / 33.5722 ° N 112.0901 ° W / 33.5722 ; - 112.0901 ( 6 Phoenix ) 6 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,580,863 1,526,006 + 3.59 % 134.2 sq mi 347.6 km 11,683 / sq mi 4,511 / km 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W / 40.0094 ° N 75.1333 ° W / 40.0094 ; - 75.1333 ( 5 Philadelphia ) 7 San Antonio Texas 1,511,946 1,327,407 + 13.90 % 461.0 sq mi 1,194.0 km 3,238 / sq mi 1,250 / km 29 ° 28 ′ 21 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 30 '' W / 29.4724 ° N 98.5251 ° W / 29.4724 ; - 98.5251 ( 7 San Antonio ) 8 San Diego California 1,419,516 1,307,402 + 8.58 % 325.2 sq mi 842.3 km 4,325 / sq mi 1,670 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 55 '' N 117 ° 08 ′ 06 '' W / 32.8153 ° N 117.1350 ° W / 32.8153 ; - 117.1350 ( 8 San Diego ) 9 Dallas Texas 1,341,075 1,197,816 + 11.96 % 340.9 sq mi 882.9 km 3,866 / sq mi 1,493 / km 32 ° 47 ′ 36 '' N 96 ° 45 ′ 59 '' W / 32.7933 ° N 96.7665 ° W / 32.7933 ; - 96.7665 ( 9 Dallas ) 10 San Jose California 1,035,317 945,942 + 9.45 % 177.5 sq mi 459.7 km 5,777 / sq mi 2,231 / km 37 ° 17 ′ 48 '' N 121 ° 49 ′ 08 '' W / 37.2967 ° N 121.8189 ° W / 37.2967 ; - 121.8189 ( 10 San Jose ) 11 Austin Texas 950,715 790,390 + 20.28 % 312.7 sq mi 809.9 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 30 ° 18 ′ 14 '' N 97 ° 45 ′ 16 '' W / 30.3039 ° N 97.7544 ° W / 30.3039 ; - 97.7544 ( 11 Austin ) 12 Jacksonville Florida 892,062 821,784 + 8.55 % 747.4 sq mi 1,935.8 km 1,178 / sq mi 455 / km 30 ° 20 ′ 13 '' N 81 ° 39 ′ 42 '' W / 30.3369 ° N 81.6616 ° W / 30.3369 ; - 81.6616 ( 12 Jacksonville ) 13 San Francisco California 884,363 805,235 + 9.83 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 18,569 / sq mi 7,170 / km 37 ° 43 ′ 38 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W / 37.7272 ° N 123.0322 ° W / 37.7272 ; - 123.0322 ( 13 San Francisco ) 14 Columbus Ohio 879,170 787,033 + 11.71 % 218.5 sq mi 565.9 km 3,936 / sq mi 1,520 / km 39 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 82 ° 59 ′ 05 '' W / 39.9852 ° N 82.9848 ° W / 39.9852 ; - 82.9848 ( 15 Columbus ) 15 Fort Worth Texas 874,168 741,206 + 17.94 % 342.9 sq mi 888.1 km 2,491 / sq mi 962 / km 32 ° 46 ′ 53 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 48 '' W / 32.7815 ° N 97.3467 ° W / 32.7815 ; - 97.3467 ( 16 Fort Worth ) 16 Indianapolis Indiana 863,002 820,445 + 5.19 % 361.5 sq mi 936.3 km 2,366 / sq mi 914 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 36 '' N 86 ° 08 ′ 45 '' W / 39.7767 ° N 86.1459 ° W / 39.7767 ; - 86.1459 ( 14 Indianapolis ) 17 Charlotte North Carolina 859,035 731,424 + 17.45 % 305.4 sq mi 791.0 km 2,757 / sq mi 1,064 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 49 ′ 52 '' W / 35.2078 ° N 80.8310 ° W / 35.2078 ; - 80.8310 ( 17 Charlotte ) 18 Seattle Washington 724,745 608,660 + 19.07 % 83.8 sq mi 217.0 km 8,405 / sq mi 3,245 / km 47 ° 37 ′ 14 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 03 '' W / 47.6205 ° N 122.3509 ° W / 47.6205 ; - 122.3509 ( 20 Seattle ) 19 Denver Colorado 704,621 600,158 + 17.41 % 153.3 sq mi 397.0 km 4,521 / sq mi 1,746 / km 39 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 52 '' W / 39.7619 ° N 104.8811 ° W / 39.7619 ; - 104.8811 ( Denver ) 20 Washington District of Columbia 693,972 601,723 + 15.33 % 61.1 sq mi 158.2 km 11,148 / sq mi 4,304 / km 38 ° 54 ′ 15 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 02 '' W / 38.9041 ° N 77.0172 ° W / 38.9041 ; - 77.0172 ( Washington , D.C. ) 21 Boston Massachusetts 685,094 617,594 + 10.93 % 48.3 sq mi 125.1 km 13,938 / sq mi 5,381 / km 42 ° 19 ′ 55 '' N 71 ° 01 ′ 13 '' W / 42.3320 ° N 71.0202 ° W / 42.3320 ; - 71.0202 ( Boston ) 22 El Paso Texas 683,577 649,121 + 5.31 % 256.8 sq mi 665.1 km 2,660 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 50 ′ 54 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 37 '' W / 31.8484 ° N 106.4270 ° W / 31.8484 ; - 106.4270 ( 19 El Paso ) 23 Detroit Michigan 673,104 713,777 2999430172168618490 ♠ − 5.70 % 138.8 sq mi 359.5 km 4,847 / sq mi 1,871 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 06 ′ 08 '' W / 42.3830 ° N 83.1022 ° W / 42.3830 ; - 83.1022 ( 18 Detroit ) 24 Nashville Tennessee 667,560 601,222 + 11.03 % 475.9 sq mi 1,232.6 km 1,388 / sq mi 536 / km 36 ° 10 ′ 18 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 06 '' W / 36.1718 ° N 86.7850 ° W / 36.1718 ; - 86.7850 ( Nashville ) 25 Memphis Tennessee 652,236 646,889 + 0.83 % 317.4 sq mi 822.1 km 2,056 / sq mi 794 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 89 ° 58 ′ 39 '' W / 35.1028 ° N 89.9774 ° W / 35.1028 ; - 89.9774 ( Memphis ) 26 Portland Oregon 647,805 583,776 + 10.97 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 4,793 / sq mi 1,851 / km 45 ° 32 ′ 13 '' N 122 ° 39 ′ 00 '' W / 45.5370 ° N 122.6500 ° W / 45.5370 ; - 122.6500 ( Portland ) 27 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 643,648 579,999 + 10.97 % 606.3 sq mi 1,570.3 km 1,053 / sq mi 407 / km 35 ° 28 ′ 02 '' N 97 ° 30 ′ 49 '' W / 35.4671 ° N 97.5137 ° W / 35.4671 ; - 97.5137 ( Oklahoma City ) 28 Las Vegas Nevada 641,676 583,756 + 9.92 % 134.4 sq mi 348.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 36 ° 13 ′ 45 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 36 '' W / 36.2292 ° N 115.2601 ° W / 36.2292 ; - 115.2601 ( Las Vegas ) 29 Louisville Kentucky 621,349 597,337 + 4.02 % 263.5 sq mi 682.5 km 2,339 / sq mi 903 / km 38 ° 09 ′ 55 '' N 85 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W / 38.1654 ° N 85.6474 ° W / 38.1654 ; - 85.6474 ( Louisville ) 30 Baltimore Maryland 611,648 620,961 2999850022787260390 ♠ − 1.50 % 80.9 sq mi 209.5 km 7,598 / sq mi 2,934 / km 39 ° 18 ′ 00 '' N 76 ° 36 ′ 38 '' W / 39.3000 ° N 76.6105 ° W / 39.3000 ; - 76.6105 ( Baltimore ) 31 Milwaukee Wisconsin 595,351 594,833 + 0.09 % 96.2 sq mi 249.2 km 6,186 / sq mi 2,388 / km 43 ° 03 ′ 48 '' N 87 ° 58 ′ 00 '' W / 43.0633 ° N 87.9667 ° W / 43.0633 ; - 87.9667 ( Milwaukee ) 32 Albuquerque New Mexico 558,545 545,852 + 2.33 % 188.2 sq mi 487.4 km 2,972 / sq mi 1,147 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W / 35.1056 ° N 106.6474 ° W / 35.1056 ; - 106.6474 ( Albuquerque ) 33 Tucson Arizona 535,677 520,116 + 2.99 % 230.8 sq mi 597.8 km 2,299 / sq mi 888 / km 32 ° 09 ′ 11 '' N 110 ° 52 ′ 14 '' W / 32.1531 ° N 110.8706 ° W / 32.1531 ; - 110.8706 ( Tucson ) 34 Fresno California 527,438 494,665 + 6.63 % 114.4 sq mi 296.3 km 4,563 / sq mi 1,762 / km 36 ° 47 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 47 ′ 36 '' W / 36.7836 ° N 119.7934 ° W / 36.7836 ; - 119.7934 ( Fresno ) 35 Sacramento California 501,901 466,488 + 7.59 % 97.9 sq mi 253.6 km 5,059 / sq mi 1,953 / km 38 ° 34 ′ 00 '' N 121 ° 28 ′ 07 '' W / 38.5666 ° N 121.4686 ° W / 38.5666 ; - 121.4686 ( Sacramento ) 36 Mesa Arizona 496,401 439,041 + 13.06 % 137.9 sq mi 357.2 km 3,514 / sq mi 1,357 / km 33 ° 24 ′ 07 '' N 111 ° 43 ′ 03 '' W / 33.4019 ° N 111.7174 ° W / 33.4019 ; - 111.7174 ( Mesa ) 37 Kansas City Missouri 488,943 459,787 + 6.34 % 315.0 sq mi 815.8 km 1,528 / sq mi 590 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 30 '' N 94 ° 33 ′ 04 '' W / 39.1251 ° N 94.5510 ° W / 39.1251 ; - 94.5510 ( Kansas City , MO ) 38 Atlanta Georgia 486,290 420,003 + 15.78 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 3,539 / sq mi 1,366 / km 33 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 84 ° 25 ′ 22 '' W / 33.7629 ° N 84.4227 ° W / 33.7629 ; - 84.4227 ( Atlanta ) 39 Long Beach California 469,450 462,257 + 1.56 % 50.3 sq mi 130.3 km 9,347 / sq mi 3,609 / km 33 ° 48 ′ 33 '' N 118 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W / 33.8092 ° N 118.1553 ° W / 33.8092 ; - 118.1553 ( Long Beach ) 40 Omaha Nebraska 466,893 408,958 + 14.17 % 133.2 sq mi 345.0 km 3,356 / sq mi 1,296 / km 41 ° 15 ′ 52 '' N 96 ° 02 ′ 42 '' W / 41.2644 ° N 96.0451 ° W / 41.2644 ; - 96.0451 ( Omaha ) 41 Raleigh North Carolina 464,758 403,892 + 15.07 % 145.1 sq mi 375.8 km 3,163 / sq mi 1,221 / km 35 ° 49 ′ 50 '' N 78 ° 38 ′ 30 '' W / 35.8306 ° N 78.6418 ° W / 35.8306 ; - 78.6418 ( Raleigh ) 42 Colorado Springs Colorado 464,474 416,427 + 11.54 % 195.6 sq mi 506.6 km 2,378 / sq mi 918 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 02 '' N 104 ° 45 ′ 39 '' W / 38.8673 ° N 104.7607 ° W / 38.8673 ; - 104.7607 ( Colorado Springs ) 43 Miami Florida 463,347 399,457 + 15.99 % 36.0 sq mi 93.2 km 12,599 / sq mi 4,865 / km 25 ° 46 ′ 31 '' N 80 ° 12 ′ 31 '' W / 25.7752 ° N 80.2086 ° W / 25.7752 ; - 80.2086 ( Miami ) 44 Virginia Beach Virginia 450,435 437,994 + 2.84 % 244.7 sq mi 633.8 km 1,850 / sq mi 710 / km 36 ° 46 ′ 48 '' N 76 ° 01 ′ 31 '' W / 36.7800 ° N 76.0252 ° W / 36.7800 ; - 76.0252 ( Virginia Beach ) 45 Oakland California 425,195 390,724 + 8.82 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 7,514 / sq mi 2,901 / km 37 ° 46 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 13 ′ 33 '' W / 37.7698 ° N 122.2257 ° W / 37.7698 ; - 122.2257 ( Oakland ) 46 Minneapolis Minnesota 422,331 382,578 + 10.39 % 54.0 sq mi 139.9 km 7,660 / sq mi 2,960 / km 44 ° 57 ′ 48 '' N 93 ° 16 ′ 06 '' W / 44.9633 ° N 93.2683 ° W / 44.9633 ; - 93.2683 ( Minneapolis ) 47 Tulsa Oklahoma 401,800 391,906 + 2.52 % 196.8 sq mi 509.7 km 2,048 / sq mi 791 / km 36 ° 07 ′ 40 '' N 95 ° 54 ′ 08 '' W / 36.1279 ° N 95.9023 ° W / 36.1279 ; - 95.9023 ( Tulsa ) 48 Arlington Texas 396,394 365,438 + 8.47 % 95.8 sq mi 248.1 km 4,100 / sq mi 1,600 / km 32 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 97 ° 07 ′ 29 '' W / 32.7007 ° N 97.1247 ° W / 32.7007 ; - 97.1247 ( Arlington ) 49 New Orleans Louisiana 393,292 343,829 + 14.39 % 169.4 sq mi 438.7 km 2,311 / sq mi 892 / km 30 ° 03 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 56 ′ 04 '' W / 30.0534 ° N 89.9345 ° W / 30.0534 ; - 89.9345 ( New Orleans ) 50 Wichita Kansas 390,591 382,368 + 2.15 % 160.4 sq mi 415.4 km 2,431 / sq mi 939 / km 37 ° 41 ′ 27 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 45 '' W / 37.6907 ° N 97.3459 ° W / 37.6907 ; - 97.3459 ( Wichita ) 51 Cleveland Ohio 385,525 396,815 2999715484545695100 ♠ − 2.85 % 77.7 sq mi 201.2 km 4,965 / sq mi 1,917 / km 41 ° 28 ′ 43 '' N 81 ° 40 ′ 46 '' W / 41.4785 ° N 81.6794 ° W / 41.4785 ; - 81.6794 ( Cleveland ) 52 Tampa Florida 385,430 335,709 + 14.81 % 113.4 sq mi 293.7 km 3,326 / sq mi 1,284 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 12 '' N 82 ° 28 ′ 47 '' W / 27.9701 ° N 82.4797 ° W / 27.9701 ; - 82.4797 ( Tampa ) 53 Bakersfield California 380,874 347,483 + 9.61 % 148.8 sq mi 385.4 km 2,529 / sq mi 976 / km 35 ° 19 ′ 16 '' N 119 ° 01 ′ 06 '' W / 35.3212 ° N 119.0183 ° W / 35.3212 ; - 119.0183 ( Bakersfield ) 54 Aurora Colorado 366,623 325,078 + 12.78 % 153.5 sq mi 397.6 km 2,356 / sq mi 910 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 17 '' N 104 ° 41 ′ 23 '' W / 39.6880 ° N 104.6897 ° W / 39.6880 ; - 104.6897 ( Aurora ) 55 Anaheim California 352,497 336,265 + 4.83 % 50.0 sq mi 129.5 km 7,021 / sq mi 2,711 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 36 '' W / 33.8555 ° N 117.7601 ° W / 33.8555 ; - 117.7601 ( Anaheim ) 56 Honolulu Hawaii 350,395 337,256 + 3.90 % 60.5 sq mi 156.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 21 ° 19 ′ 27 '' N 157 ° 50 ′ 51 '' W / 21.3243 ° N 157.8476 ° W / 21.3243 ; - 157.8476 ( Honolulu ) 57 Santa Ana California 334,136 324,528 + 2.96 % 27.1 sq mi 70.2 km 12,333 / sq mi 4,762 / km 33 ° 44 ′ 11 '' N 117 ° 52 ′ 59 '' W / 33.7363 ° N 117.8830 ° W / 33.7363 ; - 117.8830 ( Santa Ana ) 58 Riverside California 327,728 303,871 + 7.85 % 81.2 sq mi 210.3 km 3,999 / sq mi 1,544 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 17 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 36 '' W / 33.9381 ° N 117.3932 ° W / 33.9381 ; - 117.3932 ( Riverside ) 59 Corpus Christi Texas 325,605 305,215 + 6.68 % 174.6 sq mi 452.2 km 1,866 / sq mi 720 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 15 '' N 97 ° 10 ′ 24 '' W / 27.7543 ° N 97.1734 ° W / 27.7543 ; - 97.1734 ( Corpus Christi ) 60 Lexington Kentucky 321,959 295,803 + 8.84 % 283.6 sq mi 734.5 km 1,123 / sq mi 434 / km 38 ° 02 ′ 27 '' N 84 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W / 38.0407 ° N 84.4583 ° W / 38.0407 ; - 84.4583 ( Lexington ) 61 Stockton California 310,496 291,707 + 6.44 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 4,977 / sq mi 1,922 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 35 '' N 121 ° 18 ′ 48 '' W / 37.9763 ° N 121.3133 ° W / 37.9763 ; - 121.3133 ( Stockton ) 62 St. Louis Missouri 308,626 319,294 2999665887865102380 ♠ − 3.34 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 5,023 / sq mi 1,939 / km 38 ° 38 ′ 09 '' N 90 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 38.6357 ° N 90.2446 ° W / 38.6357 ; - 90.2446 ( St. Louis ) 63 Saint Paul Minnesota 306,621 285,068 + 7.56 % 52.0 sq mi 134.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 44 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 93 ° 06 ′ 15 '' W / 44.9489 ° N 93.1041 ° W / 44.9489 ; - 93.1041 ( Saint Paul ) 64 Henderson Nevada 302,539 257,729 + 17.39 % 104.7 sq mi 271.2 km 2,798 / sq mi 1,080 / km 36 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 09 '' W / 36.0097 ° N 115.0357 ° W / 36.0097 ; - 115.0357 ( Henderson ) 65 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 302,407 305,704 2999892150577028760 ♠ − 1.08 % 55.4 sq mi 143.5 km 5,481 / sq mi 2,116 / km 40 ° 26 ′ 23 '' N 79 ° 58 ′ 36 '' W / 40.4398 ° N 79.9766 ° W / 40.4398 ; - 79.9766 ( Pittsburgh ) 66 Cincinnati Ohio 301,301 296,943 + 1.47 % 77.4 sq mi 200.5 km 3,860 / sq mi 1,490 / km 39 ° 08 ′ 25 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 21 '' W / 39.1402 ° N 84.5058 ° W / 39.1402 ; - 84.5058 ( Cincinnati ) 67 Anchorage Alaska 294,356 291,826 + 0.87 % 1,706.6 sq mi 4,420.1 km 175 / sq mi 68 / km 61 ° 10 ′ 27 '' N 149 ° 17 ′ 03 '' W / 61.1743 ° N 149.2843 ° W / 61.1743 ; - 149.2843 ( Anchorage ) 68 Greensboro North Carolina 290,222 269,666 + 7.62 % 128.3 sq mi 332.3 km 2,237 / sq mi 864 / km 36 ° 05 ′ 42 '' N 79 ° 49 ′ 37 '' W / 36.0951 ° N 79.8270 ° W / 36.0951 ; - 79.8270 ( Greensboro ) 69 Plano Texas 286,143 259,841 + 10.12 % 71.7 sq mi 185.7 km 3,990 / sq mi 1,540 / km 33 ° 03 ′ 03 '' N 96 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W / 33.0508 ° N 96.7479 ° W / 33.0508 ; - 96.7479 ( Plano ) 70 Newark New Jersey 285,154 277,140 + 2.89 % 24.1 sq mi 62.4 km 11,691 / sq mi 4,514 / km 40 ° 43 ′ 27 '' N 74 ° 10 ′ 21 '' W / 40.7242 ° N 74.1726 ° W / 40.7242 ; - 74.1726 ( Newark ) 71 Lincoln Nebraska 284,736 258,379 + 10.20 % 92.1 sq mi 238.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 40 ° 48 ′ 38 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 49 '' W / 40.8105 ° N 96.6803 ° W / 40.8105 ; - 96.6803 ( Lincoln ) 72 Orlando Florida 280,257 238,300 + 17.61 % 105.2 sq mi 272.5 km 2,635 / sq mi 1,017 / km 28 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 81 ° 16 ′ 25 '' W / 28.4166 ° N 81.2736 ° W / 28.4166 ; - 81.2736 ( Orlando ) 73 Irvine California 277,453 212,375 + 30.64 % 65.6 sq mi 169.9 km 4,057 / sq mi 1,566 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 46 ′ 17 '' W / 33.6784 ° N 117.7713 ° W / 33.6784 ; - 117.7713 ( Irvine ) 74 Toledo Ohio 276,491 287,208 2999626855797888640 ♠ − 3.73 % 80.7 sq mi 209.0 km 3,451 / sq mi 1,332 / km 41 ° 39 ′ 51 '' N 83 ° 34 ′ 55 '' W / 41.6641 ° N 83.5819 ° W / 41.6641 ; - 83.5819 ( Toledo ) 75 Jersey City New Jersey 270,753 247,597 + 9.35 % 14.8 sq mi 38.3 km 17,848 / sq mi 6,891 / km 40 ° 42 ′ 41 '' N 74 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 40.7114 ° N 74.0648 ° W / 40.7114 ; - 74.0648 ( Jersey City ) 76 Chula Vista California 270,471 243,916 + 10.89 % 49.6 sq mi 128.5 km 5,387 / sq mi 2,080 / km 32 ° 37 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 00 ′ 55 '' W / 32.6277 ° N 117.0152 ° W / 32.6277 ; - 117.0152 ( Chula Vista ) 77 Durham North Carolina 267,743 228,330 + 17.26 % 109.8 sq mi 284.4 km 2,395 / sq mi 925 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 52 '' N 78 ° 54 ′ 10 '' W / 35.9811 ° N 78.9029 ° W / 35.9811 ; - 78.9029 ( Durham ) 78 Fort Wayne Indiana 265,904 253,691 + 4.81 % 110.6 sq mi 286.5 km 2,391 / sq mi 923 / km 41 ° 05 ′ 18 '' N 85 ° 08 ′ 38 '' W / 41.0882 ° N 85.1439 ° W / 41.0882 ; - 85.1439 ( Fort Wayne ) 79 St. Petersburg Florida 263,255 244,769 + 7.55 % 61.8 sq mi 160.1 km 4,223 / sq mi 1,631 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 82 ° 38 ′ 39 '' W / 27.7620 ° N 82.6441 ° W / 27.7620 ; - 82.6441 ( St. Petersburg ) 80 Laredo Texas 260,654 236,091 + 10.40 % 101.1 sq mi 261.8 km 2,544 / sq mi 982 / km 27 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 99 ° 29 ′ 21 '' W / 27.5604 ° N 99.4892 ° W / 27.5604 ; - 99.4892 ( Laredo ) 81 Buffalo New York 258,612 261,310 2999896750985419620 ♠ − 1.03 % 40.4 sq mi 104.6 km 6,359 / sq mi 2,455 / km 42 ° 53 ′ 33 '' N 78 ° 51 ′ 35 '' W / 42.8925 ° N 78.8597 ° W / 42.8925 ; - 78.8597 ( Buffalo ) 82 Madison Wisconsin 255,214 233,209 + 9.44 % 77.0 sq mi 199.4 km 3,280 / sq mi 1,270 / km 43 ° 05 ′ 16 '' N 89 ° 25 ′ 48 '' W / 43.0878 ° N 89.4299 ° W / 43.0878 ; - 89.4299 ( Madison ) 83 Lubbock Texas 253,888 229,573 + 10.59 % 124.6 sq mi 322.7 km 2,027 / sq mi 783 / km 33 ° 33 ′ 56 '' N 101 ° 53 ′ 12 '' W / 33.5656 ° N 101.8867 ° W / 33.5656 ; - 101.8867 ( Lubbock ) 84 Chandler Arizona 253,458 236,123 + 7.34 % 64.9 sq mi 168.1 km 3,813 / sq mi 1,472 / km 33 ° 16 ′ 58 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 18 '' W / 33.2829 ° N 111.8549 ° W / 33.2829 ; - 111.8549 ( Chandler ) 85 Scottsdale Arizona 249,950 217,385 + 14.98 % 183.9 sq mi 476.3 km 1,341 / sq mi 518 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 03 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 40 '' W / 33.6843 ° N 111.8611 ° W / 33.6843 ; - 111.8611 ( Scottsdale ) 86 Reno Nevada 248,853 225,221 + 10.49 % 107.3 sq mi 277.9 km 2,286 / sq mi 883 / km 39 ° 32 ′ 57 '' N 119 ° 51 ′ 00 '' W / 39.5491 ° N 119.8499 ° W / 39.5491 ; - 119.8499 ( Reno ) 87 Glendale Arizona 246,709 226,721 + 8.82 % 59.1 sq mi 153.1 km 4,161 / sq mi 1,607 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 59 '' N 112 ° 11 ′ 24 '' W / 33.5331 ° N 112.1899 ° W / 33.5331 ; - 112.1899 ( Glendale ) 88 Norfolk Virginia 244,703 242,803 + 0.78 % 53.3 sq mi 138.0 km 4,599 / sq mi 1,776 / km 36 ° 55 ′ 23 '' N 76 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 36.9230 ° N 76.2446 ° W / 36.9230 ; - 76.2446 ( Norfolk ) 89 Winston -- Salem North Carolina 244,605 229,617 + 6.53 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,828 / sq mi 706 / km 36 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 40 '' W / 36.1027 ° N 80.2610 ° W / 36.1027 ; - 80.2610 ( Winston - Salem ) 90 North Las Vegas Nevada 242,975 216,961 + 11.99 % 98.0 sq mi 253.8 km 2,436 / sq mi 941 / km 36 ° 17 ′ 09 '' N 115 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W / 36.2857 ° N 115.0939 ° W / 36.2857 ; - 115.0939 ( North Las Vegas ) 91 Gilbert Arizona 242,354 208,453 + 16.26 % 68.0 sq mi 176.1 km 3,487 / sq mi 1,346 / km 33 ° 18 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 44 ′ 35 '' W / 33.3103 ° N 111.7431 ° W / 33.3103 ; - 111.7431 ( Gilbert ) 92 Chesapeake Virginia 240,397 222,209 + 8.19 % 338.5 sq mi 876.7 km 703 / sq mi 271 / km 36 ° 40 ′ 46 '' N 76 ° 18 ′ 06 '' W / 36.6794 ° N 76.3018 ° W / 36.6794 ; - 76.3018 ( Chesapeake ) 93 Irving Texas 240,373 216,290 + 11.13 % 67.0 sq mi 173.5 km 3,557 / sq mi 1,373 / km 32 ° 51 ′ 28 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 12 '' W / 32.8577 ° N 96.9700 ° W / 32.8577 ; - 96.9700 ( Irving ) 94 Hialeah Florida 239,673 224,669 + 6.68 % 21.5 sq mi 55.7 km 10,995 / sq mi 4,245 / km 25 ° 52 ′ 12 '' N 80 ° 18 ′ 10 '' W / 25.8699 ° N 80.3029 ° W / 25.8699 ; - 80.3029 ( Hialeah ) 95 Garland Texas 238,002 226,876 + 4.90 % 57.0 sq mi 147.6 km 4,122 / sq mi 1,592 / km 32 ° 54 ′ 35 '' N 96 ° 37 ′ 49 '' W / 32.9098 ° N 96.6303 ° W / 32.9098 ; - 96.6303 ( Garland ) 96 Fremont California 234,962 214,089 + 9.75 % 77.5 sq mi 200.7 km 3,008 / sq mi 1,161 / km 37 ° 29 ′ 40 '' N 121 ° 56 ′ 28 '' W / 37.4945 ° N 121.9412 ° W / 37.4945 ; - 121.9412 ( Fremont ) 97 Richmond Virginia 227,032 204,214 + 11.17 % 59.8 sq mi 154.9 km 3,732 / sq mi 1,441 / km 37 ° 31 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 28 ′ 34 '' W / 37.5314 ° N 77.4760 ° W / 37.5314 ; - 77.4760 ( Richmond ) 98 Boise Idaho 226,570 205,671 + 10.16 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 2,718 / sq mi 1,049 / km 43 ° 36 ′ 01 '' N 116 ° 13 ′ 54 '' W / 43.6002 ° N 116.2317 ° W / 43.6002 ; - 116.2317 ( Boise ) 99 Baton Rouge Louisiana 225,374 229,493 2999820517401402220 ♠ − 1.79 % 85.9 sq mi 222.5 km 2,651 / sq mi 1,024 / km 30 ° 26 ′ 32 '' N 91 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W / 30.4422 ° N 91.1309 ° W / 30.4422 ; - 91.1309 ( Baton Rouge ) 100 Des Moines Iowa 217,521 203,433 + 6.93 % 88.9 sq mi 230.2 km 2,424 / sq mi 936 / km 41 ° 34 ′ 21 '' N 93 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W / 41.5726 ° N 93.6102 ° W / 41.5726 ; - 93.6102 ( Des Moines ) 101 Spokane Washington 217,108 208,916 + 3.92 % 68.7 sq mi 177.9 km 3,144 / sq mi 1,214 / km 47 ° 40 ′ 01 '' N 117 ° 26 ′ 00 '' W / 47.6669 ° N 117.4333 ° W / 47.6669 ; - 117.4333 ( Spokane ) 102 San Bernardino California 216,995 209,924 + 3.37 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 3,516 / sq mi 1,358 / km 34 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 117 ° 17 ′ 37 '' W / 34.1416 ° N 117.2936 ° W / 34.1416 ; - 117.2936 ( San Bernardino ) 103 Modesto California 214,221 201,165 + 6.49 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,934 / sq mi 1,905 / km 37 ° 38 ′ 15 '' N 121 ° 00 ′ 11 '' W / 37.6375 ° N 121.0030 ° W / 37.6375 ; - 121.0030 ( Modesto ) 104 Tacoma Washington 213,418 198,397 + 7.57 % 49.7 sq mi 128.7 km 4,251 / sq mi 1,641 / km 47 ° 15 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W / 47.2522 ° N 122.4598 ° W / 47.2522 ; - 122.4598 ( Tacoma ) 105 Fontana California 211,815 196,069 + 8.03 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,876 / sq mi 1,883 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 32 '' N 117 ° 27 ′ 46 '' W / 34.1090 ° N 117.4629 ° W / 34.1090 ; - 117.4629 ( Fontana ) 106 Santa Clarita California 210,888 176,320 + 19.61 % 52.8 sq mi 136.8 km 3,446 / sq mi 1,331 / km 34 ° 24 ′ 11 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 15 '' W / 34.4030 ° N 118.5042 ° W / 34.4030 ; - 118.5042 ( Santa Clarita ) 107 Birmingham Alabama 210,710 212,237 3000280521304013909 ♠ − 0.72 % 146.1 sq mi 378.4 km 1,452 / sq mi 561 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 39 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 56 '' W / 33.5274 ° N 86.7990 ° W / 33.5274 ; - 86.7990 ( Birmingham ) 108 Oxnard California 210,037 197,899 + 6.13 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,729 / sq mi 2,984 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 08 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 17 '' W / 34.2023 ° N 119.2046 ° W / 34.2023 ; - 119.2046 ( Oxnard ) 109 Fayetteville North Carolina 209,889 200,564 + 4.65 % 147.7 sq mi 382.5 km 1,386 / sq mi 535 / km 35 ° 04 ′ 58 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 25 '' W / 35.0828 ° N 78.9735 ° W / 35.0828 ; - 78.9735 ( Fayetteville ) 110 Rochester New York 208,046 210,565 2999880369482107660 ♠ − 1.20 % 35.8 sq mi 92.7 km 5,835 / sq mi 2,253 / km 43 ° 10 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 37 ′ 01 '' W / 43.1699 ° N 77.6169 ° W / 43.1699 ; - 77.6169 ( Rochester ) 111 Moreno Valley California 207,226 193,365 + 7.17 % 51.3 sq mi 132.9 km 4,006 / sq mi 1,547 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 12 ′ 21 '' W / 33.9233 ° N 117.2057 ° W / 33.9233 ; - 117.2057 ( Moreno Valley ) 112 Glendale California 203,054 191,719 + 5.91 % 30.4 sq mi 78.7 km 6,606 / sq mi 2,551 / km 34 ° 10 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 14 ′ 45 '' W / 34.1814 ° N 118.2458 ° W / 34.1814 ; - 118.2458 ( Glendale ) 113 Yonkers New York 202,019 195,976 + 3.08 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 11,156 / sq mi 4,307 / km 40 ° 56 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W / 40.9459 ° N 73.8674 ° W / 40.9459 ; - 73.8674 ( Yonkers ) 114 Huntington Beach California 201,874 189,992 + 6.25 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,459 / sq mi 2,880 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 26 '' N 118 ° 00 ′ 33 '' W / 33.6906 ° N 118.0093 ° W / 33.6906 ; - 118.0093 ( Huntington Beach ) 115 Aurora Illinois 200,965 197,899 + 1.55 % 44.9 sq mi 116.3 km 4,479 / sq mi 1,729 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 49 '' N 88 ° 17 ′ 24 '' W / 41.7635 ° N 88.2901 ° W / 41.7635 ; - 88.2901 ( Aurora ) 116 Salt Lake City Utah 200,544 186,440 + 7.56 % 111.2 sq mi 288.0 km 1,742 / sq mi 673 / km 40 ° 46 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 52 '' W / 40.7769 ° N 111.9310 ° W / 40.7769 ; - 111.9310 ( Salt Lake City ) 117 Amarillo Texas 199,826 190,695 + 4.79 % 101.4 sq mi 262.6 km 1,968 / sq mi 760 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 00 '' N 101 ° 49 ′ 49 '' W / 35.1999 ° N 101.8302 ° W / 35.1999 ; - 101.8302 ( Amarillo ) 118 Montgomery Alabama 199,518 205,764 2999696448358313410 ♠ − 3.04 % 159.8 sq mi 413.9 km 1,252 / sq mi 483 / km 32 ° 20 ′ 50 '' N 86 ° 15 ′ 58 '' W / 32.3472 ° N 86.2661 ° W / 32.3472 ; - 86.2661 ( Montgomery ) 119 Grand Rapids Michigan 198,829 188,040 + 5.74 % 44.4 sq mi 115.0 km 4,424 / sq mi 1,708 / km 42 ° 57 ′ 40 '' N 85 ° 39 ′ 20 '' W / 42.9612 ° N 85.6556 ° W / 42.9612 ; - 85.6556 ( Grand Rapids ) 120 Little Rock Arkansas 198,606 193,524 + 2.63 % 118.7 sq mi 307.4 km 1,673 / sq mi 646 / km 34 ° 43 ′ 31 '' N 92 ° 21 ′ 31 '' W / 34.7254 ° N 92.3586 ° W / 34.7254 ; - 92.3586 ( Little Rock ) 121 Akron Ohio 197,846 199,110 3000365175028878510 ♠ − 0.63 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 3,188 / sq mi 1,231 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 50 '' N 81 ° 31 ′ 17 '' W / 41.0805 ° N 81.5214 ° W / 41.0805 ; - 81.5214 ( Akron ) 122 Augusta Georgia 197,166 195,844 + 0.68 % 302.5 sq mi 783.5 km 652 / sq mi 252 / km 33 ° 21 ′ 56 '' N 82 ° 04 ′ 24 '' W / 33.3655 ° N 82.0734 ° W / 33.3655 ; - 82.0734 ( Augusta ) 123 Huntsville Alabama 194,585 180,105 + 8.04 % 213.4 sq mi 552.7 km 905 / sq mi 349 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 86 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W / 34.6990 ° N 86.6730 ° W / 34.6990 ; - 86.6730 ( Huntsville ) 124 Columbus Georgia 194,058 189,885 + 2.20 % 216.4 sq mi 560.5 km 913 / sq mi 353 / km 32 ° 30 ′ 37 '' N 84 ° 52 ′ 30 '' W / 32.5102 ° N 84.8749 ° W / 32.5102 ; - 84.8749 ( Columbus ) 125 Grand Prairie Texas 193,837 175,396 + 10.51 % 72.3 sq mi 187.3 km 2,637 / sq mi 1,018 / km 32 ° 41 ′ 13 '' N 97 ° 01 ′ 16 '' W / 32.6869 ° N 97.0211 ° W / 32.6869 ; - 97.0211 ( Grand Prairie ) 126 Shreveport Louisiana 192,036 199,311 2999634992549332450 ♠ − 3.65 % 107.1 sq mi 277.4 km 1,820 / sq mi 700 / km 32 ° 28 ′ 01 '' N 93 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W / 32.4669 ° N 93.7922 ° W / 32.4669 ; - 93.7922 ( Shreveport ) 127 Overland Park Kansas 191,278 173,372 + 10.33 % 75.1 sq mi 194.5 km 2,516 / sq mi 971 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 94 ° 41 ′ 26 '' W / 38.8890 ° N 94.6906 ° W / 38.8890 ; - 94.6906 ( Overland Park ) 128 Tallahassee Florida 191,049 181,376 + 5.33 % 100.4 sq mi 260.0 km 1,901 / sq mi 734 / km 30 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 84 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 30.4551 ° N 84.2534 ° W / 30.4551 ; - 84.2534 ( Tallahassee ) 129 Mobile Alabama 190,265 195,111 2999751628560152940 ♠ − 2.48 % 139.4 sq mi 361.0 km 1,384 / sq mi 534 / km 30 ° 40 ′ 06 '' N 88 ° 06 ′ 01 '' W / 30.6684 ° N 88.1002 ° W / 30.6684 ; - 88.1002 ( Mobile ) 130 Port St. Lucie Florida 189,344 164,603 + 15.03 % 118.9 sq mi 307.9 km 1,557 / sq mi 601 / km 27 ° 16 ′ 50 '' N 80 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W / 27.2806 ° N 80.3883 ° W / 27.2806 ; - 80.3883 ( Port St. Lucie ) 131 Knoxville Tennessee 187,347 178,874 + 4.74 % 98.5 sq mi 255.1 km 1,891 / sq mi 730 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 15 '' N 83 ° 56 ′ 57 '' W / 35.9707 ° N 83.9493 ° W / 35.9707 ; - 83.9493 ( Knoxville ) 132 Worcester Massachusetts 185,677 181,045 + 2.56 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 4,933 / sq mi 1,905 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 10 '' N 71 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W / 42.2695 ° N 71.8078 ° W / 42.2695 ; - 71.8078 ( Worcester ) 133 Tempe Arizona 185,038 161,719 + 14.42 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,562 / sq mi 1,761 / km 33 ° 23 ′ 18 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 54 '' W / 33.3884 ° N 111.9318 ° W / 33.3884 ; - 111.9318 ( Tempe ) 134 Cape Coral Florida 183,365 154,305 + 18.83 % 105.6 sq mi 273.5 km 1,703 / sq mi 658 / km 26 ° 38 ′ 36 '' N 81 ° 59 ′ 51 '' W / 26.6432 ° N 81.9974 ° W / 26.6432 ; - 81.9974 ( Cape Coral ) 135 Brownsville Texas 183,299 175,023 + 4.73 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,387 / sq mi 536 / km 25 ° 59 ′ 57 '' N 97 ° 27 ′ 18 '' W / 25.9991 ° N 97.4550 ° W / 25.9991 ; - 97.4550 ( Brownsville ) 136 McKinney Texas 181,330 131,117 + 38.30 % 63.0 sq mi 163.2 km 2,735 / sq mi 1,056 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 05 '' W / 33.1985 ° N 96.6680 ° W / 33.1985 ; - 96.6680 ( McKinney ) 137 Providence Rhode Island 180,393 178,042 + 1.32 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 9,740 / sq mi 3,760 / km 41 ° 49 ′ 23 '' N 71 ° 25 ′ 08 '' W / 41.8231 ° N 71.4188 ° W / 41.8231 ; - 71.4188 ( Providence ) 138 Fort Lauderdale Florida 180,072 165,521 + 8.79 % 34.6 sq mi 89.6 km 5,166 / sq mi 1,995 / km 26 ° 08 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 48 '' W / 26.1412 ° N 80.1467 ° W / 26.1412 ; - 80.1467 ( Fort Lauderdale ) 139 Newport News Virginia 179,388 180,719 3000263497473978929 ♠ − 0.74 % 69.1 sq mi 179.0 km 2,631 / sq mi 1,016 / km 37 ° 04 ′ 34 '' N 76 ° 31 ′ 19 '' W / 37.0762 ° N 76.5220 ° W / 37.0762 ; - 76.5220 ( Newport News ) 140 Chattanooga Tennessee 179,139 167,674 + 6.84 % 143.1 sq mi 370.6 km 1,241 / sq mi 479 / km 35 ° 03 ′ 58 '' N 85 ° 14 ′ 54 '' W / 35.0660 ° N 85.2484 ° W / 35.0660 ; - 85.2484 ( Chattanooga ) 141 Rancho Cucamonga California 177,452 165,269 + 7.37 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,413 / sq mi 1,704 / km 34 ° 07 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 51 '' W / 34.1233 ° N 117.5642 ° W / 34.1233 ; - 117.5642 ( Rancho Cucamonga ) 142 Frisco Texas 177,286 116,989 + 51.54 % 67.7 sq mi 175.3 km 2,417 / sq mi 933 / km 33 ° 09 ′ 19 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 21 '' W / 33.1554 ° N 96.8226 ° W / 33.1554 ; - 96.8226 ( Frisco ) 143 Sioux Falls South Dakota 176,888 153,888 + 14.95 % 75.4 sq mi 195.3 km 2,312 / sq mi 893 / km 43 ° 32 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W / 43.5383 ° N 96.7320 ° W / 43.5383 ; - 96.7320 ( Sioux Falls ) 144 Oceanside California 176,193 167,086 + 5.45 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,249 / sq mi 1,641 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 28 '' N 117 ° 18 ′ 22 '' W / 33.2245 ° N 117.3062 ° W / 33.2245 ; - 117.3062 ( Oceanside ) 145 Ontario California 175,841 163,924 + 7.27 % 49.9 sq mi 129.2 km 3,471 / sq mi 1,340 / km 34 ° 02 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 36 ′ 15 '' W / 34.0394 ° N 117.6042 ° W / 34.0394 ; - 117.6042 ( Ontario ) 146 Vancouver Washington 175,673 161,791 + 8.58 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 3,728 / sq mi 1,439 / km 45 ° 38 ′ 06 '' N 122 ° 35 ′ 45 '' W / 45.6349 ° N 122.5957 ° W / 45.6349 ; - 122.5957 ( Vancouver ) 147 Santa Rosa California 175,269 167,815 + 4.44 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,241 / sq mi 1,637 / km 38 ° 26 ′ 48 '' N 122 ° 42 ′ 22 '' W / 38.4468 ° N 122.7061 ° W / 38.4468 ; - 122.7061 ( Santa Rosa ) 148 Garden Grove California 174,226 170,883 + 1.96 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 9,714 / sq mi 3,751 / km 33 ° 46 ′ 44 '' N 117 ° 57 ′ 38 '' W / 33.7788 ° N 117.9605 ° W / 33.7788 ; - 117.9605 ( Garden Grove ) 149 Elk Grove California 171,844 153,015 + 12.31 % 42.2 sq mi 109.3 km 4,022 / sq mi 1,553 / km 38 ° 24 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 23 ′ 06 '' W / 38.4146 ° N 121.3850 ° W / 38.4146 ; - 121.3850 ( Elk Grove ) 150 Pembroke Pines Florida 170,712 154,019 + 10.84 % 33.0 sq mi 85.5 km 5,109 / sq mi 1,973 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 16 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 25 '' W / 26.0210 ° N 80.3404 ° W / 26.0210 ; - 80.3404 ( Pembroke Pines ) 151 Salem Oregon 169,798 154,637 + 9.80 % 48.6 sq mi 125.9 km 3,445 / sq mi 1,330 / km 44 ° 55 ′ 25 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 24 '' W / 44.9237 ° N 123.0232 ° W / 44.9237 ; - 123.0232 ( Salem ) 152 Eugene Oregon 168,916 156,185 + 8.15 % 44.1 sq mi 114.2 km 3,777 / sq mi 1,458 / km 44 ° 03 ′ 24 '' N 123 ° 06 ′ 58 '' W / 44.0567 ° N 123.1162 ° W / 44.0567 ; - 123.1162 ( Eugene ) 153 Peoria Arizona 168,181 154,065 + 9.16 % 175.7 sq mi 455.1 km 934 / sq mi 361 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 10 '' N 112 ° 18 ′ 29 '' W / 33.7862 ° N 112.3080 ° W / 33.7862 ; - 112.3080 ( Peoria ) 154 Corona California 167,836 152,374 + 10.15 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 4,222 / sq mi 1,630 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 43 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 56 '' W / 33.8620 ° N 117.5655 ° W / 33.8620 ; - 117.5655 ( Corona ) 155 Springfield Missouri 167,376 159,498 + 4.94 % 82.3 sq mi 213.2 km 2,033 / sq mi 785 / km 37 ° 11 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 17 ′ 29 '' W / 37.1942 ° N 93.2913 ° W / 37.1942 ; - 93.2913 ( Springfield ) 156 Jackson Mississippi 166,965 173,514 2999622566478785570 ♠ − 3.77 % 111.0 sq mi 287.5 km 1,524 / sq mi 588 / km 32 ° 18 ′ 57 '' N 90 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W / 32.3158 ° N 90.2128 ° W / 32.3158 ; - 90.2128 ( Jackson ) 157 Cary North Carolina 165,904 135,234 + 22.68 % 56.5 sq mi 146.3 km 2,873 / sq mi 1,109 / km 35 ° 46 ′ 51 '' N 78 ° 48 ′ 48 '' W / 35.7809 ° N 78.8133 ° W / 35.7809 ; - 78.8133 ( Cary ) 158 Fort Collins Colorado 165,080 143,986 + 14.65 % 55.8 sq mi 144.5 km 2,943 / sq mi 1,136 / km 40 ° 32 ′ 54 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 40.5482 ° N 105.0648 ° W / 40.5482 ; - 105.0648 ( Fort Collins ) 159 Hayward California 160,500 144,186 + 11.31 % 45.5 sq mi 117.8 km 3,493 / sq mi 1,349 / km 37 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 06 ′ 09 '' W / 37.6287 ° N 122.1024 ° W / 37.6287 ; - 122.1024 ( Hayward ) 160 Lancaster California 160,316 156,633 + 2.35 % 94.3 sq mi 244.2 km 1,698 / sq mi 656 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 31 '' W / 34.6936 ° N 118.1753 ° W / 34.6936 ; - 118.1753 ( Lancaster ) 161 Alexandria Virginia 160,035 139,966 + 14.34 % 15.0 sq mi 38.8 km 10,387 / sq mi 4,010 / km 38 ° 49 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 05 ′ 03 '' W / 38.8201 ° N 77.0841 ° W / 38.8201 ; - 77.0841 ( Alexandria ) 162 Salinas California 157,596 150,441 + 4.76 % 23.6 sq mi 61.1 km 6,662 / sq mi 2,572 / km 36 ° 41 ′ 25 '' N 121 ° 38 ′ 01 '' W / 36.6902 ° N 121.6337 ° W / 36.6902 ; - 121.6337 ( Salinas ) 163 Palmdale California 157,519 152,750 + 3.12 % 106.0 sq mi 274.5 km 1,484 / sq mi 573 / km 34 ° 35 ′ 28 '' N 118 ° 06 ′ 19 '' W / 34.5910 ° N 118.1054 ° W / 34.5910 ; - 118.1054 ( Palmdale ) 164 Lakewood Colorado 154,958 142,980 + 8.38 % 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 3,599 / sq mi 1,390 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 07 ′ 03 '' W / 39.6989 ° N 105.1176 ° W / 39.6989 ; - 105.1176 ( Lakewood ) 165 Springfield Massachusetts 154,758 153,060 + 1.11 % 31.9 sq mi 82.6 km 4,830 / sq mi 1,860 / km 42 ° 06 ′ 56 '' N 72 ° 32 ′ 24 '' W / 42.1155 ° N 72.5400 ° W / 42.1155 ; - 72.5400 ( Springfield ) 166 Sunnyvale California 153,656 140,081 + 9.69 % 22.0 sq mi 57.0 km 6,944 / sq mi 2,681 / km 37 ° 23 ′ 09 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 35 '' W / 37.3858 ° N 122.0263 ° W / 37.3858 ; - 122.0263 ( Sunnyvale ) 167 Hollywood Florida 153,627 140,768 + 9.13 % 27.3 sq mi 70.7 km 5,568 / sq mi 2,150 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 52 '' N 80 ° 09 ′ 53 '' W / 26.0310 ° N 80.1646 ° W / 26.0310 ; - 80.1646 ( Hollywood ) 168 Pasadena Texas 153,520 149,043 + 3.00 % 43.5 sq mi 112.7 km 3,525 / sq mi 1,361 / km 29 ° 39 ′ 31 '' N 95 ° 09 ′ 02 '' W / 29.6586 ° N 95.1506 ° W / 29.6586 ; - 95.1506 ( Pasadena ) 169 Clarksville Tennessee 153,205 132,929 + 15.25 % 98.3 sq mi 254.6 km 1,529 / sq mi 590 / km 36 ° 33 ′ 59 '' N 87 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W / 36.5664 ° N 87.3452 ° W / 36.5664 ; - 87.3452 ( Clarksville ) 170 Pomona California 152,939 149,058 + 2.60 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,630 / sq mi 2,560 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 31 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 40 '' W / 34.0585 ° N 117.7611 ° W / 34.0585 ; - 117.7611 ( Pomona ) 171 Kansas City Kansas 152,938 145,786 + 4.91 % 124.8 sq mi 323.2 km 1,216 / sq mi 470 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 94 ° 44 ′ 30 '' W / 39.1225 ° N 94.7418 ° W / 39.1225 ; - 94.7418 ( Kansas City ) 172 Macon Georgia 152,663 91,351 + 67.12 % 249.3 sq mi 645.7 km 612 / sq mi 236 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 32 '' N 83 ° 41 ′ 39 '' W / 32.8088 ° N 83.6942 ° W / 32.8088 ; - 83.6942 ( Macon ) 173 Escondido California 151,969 143,911 + 5.60 % 37.1 sq mi 96.1 km 4,087 / sq mi 1,578 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 59 '' N 117 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W / 33.1331 ° N 117.0740 ° W / 33.1331 ; - 117.0740 ( Escondido ) 174 Paterson New Jersey 148,678 146,199 + 1.70 % 8.4 sq mi 21.8 km 17,500 / sq mi 6,800 / km 40 ° 54 ′ 53 '' N 74 ° 09 ′ 46 '' W / 40.9148 ° N 74.1628 ° W / 40.9148 ; - 74.1628 ( Paterson ) 175 Joliet Illinois 148,462 147,433 + 0.70 % 64.4 sq mi 166.8 km 2,302 / sq mi 889 / km 41 ° 31 ′ 04 '' N 88 ° 08 ′ 56 '' W / 41.5177 ° N 88.1488 ° W / 41.5177 ; - 88.1488 ( Joliet ) 176 Naperville Illinois 147,682 141,853 + 4.11 % 38.7 sq mi 100.2 km 3,802 / sq mi 1,468 / km 41 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 88 ° 09 ′ 43 '' W / 41.7492 ° N 88.1620 ° W / 41.7492 ; - 88.1620 ( Naperville ) 177 Rockford Illinois 147,051 152,871 2999619286849696800 ♠ − 3.81 % 63.5 sq mi 164.5 km 2,325 / sq mi 898 / km 42 ° 15 ′ 32 '' N 89 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 42.2588 ° N 89.0646 ° W / 42.2588 ; - 89.0646 ( Rockford ) 178 Torrance California 146,758 145,438 + 0.91 % 20.5 sq mi 53.1 km 7,180 / sq mi 2,770 / km 33 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 29 '' W / 33.8350 ° N 118.3414 ° W / 33.8350 ; - 118.3414 ( Torrance ) 179 Bridgeport Connecticut 146,579 144,229 + 1.63 % 16.1 sq mi 41.7 km 9,064 / sq mi 3,500 / km 41 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 73 ° 11 ′ 45 '' W / 41.1874 ° N 73.1958 ° W / 41.1874 ; - 73.1958 ( Bridgeport ) 180 Savannah Georgia 146,444 136,286 + 7.45 % 103.6 sq mi 268.3 km 1,417 / sq mi 547 / km 32 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 81 ° 09 ′ 13 '' W / 32.0025 ° N 81.1536 ° W / 32.0025 ; - 81.1536 ( Savannah ) 181 Killeen Texas 145,482 127,921 + 13.73 % 53.5 sq mi 138.6 km 2,680 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 04 ′ 40 '' N 97 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W / 31.0777 ° N 97.7320 ° W / 31.0777 ; - 97.7320 ( Killeen ) 182 Bellevue Washington 144,444 122,363 + 18.05 % 33.5 sq mi 86.8 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 47 ° 35 ′ 52 '' N 122 ° 09 ′ 23 '' W / 47.5979 ° N 122.1565 ° W / 47.5979 ; - 122.1565 ( Bellevue ) 183 Mesquite Texas 143,949 139,824 + 2.95 % 47.2 sq mi 122.2 km 3,045 / sq mi 1,176 / km 32 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 96 ° 35 ′ 20 '' W / 32.7629 ° N 96.5888 ° W / 32.7629 ; - 96.5888 ( Mesquite ) 184 Syracuse New York 143,396 145,170 2999877798443204520 ♠ − 1.22 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 5,735 / sq mi 2,214 / km 43 ° 02 ′ 28 '' N 76 ° 08 ′ 37 '' W / 43.0410 ° N 76.1436 ° W / 43.0410 ; - 76.1436 ( Syracuse ) 185 McAllen Texas 142,696 129,877 + 9.87 % 58.4 sq mi 151.3 km 2,435 / sq mi 940 / km 26 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 98 ° 14 ′ 47 '' W / 26.2322 ° N 98.2464 ° W / 26.2322 ; - 98.2464 ( McAllen ) 186 Pasadena California 142,647 137,122 + 4.03 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,176 / sq mi 2,385 / km 34 ° 09 ′ 38 '' N 118 ° 08 ′ 23 '' W / 34.1606 ° N 118.1396 ° W / 34.1606 ; - 118.1396 ( Pasadena ) 187 Orange California 140,560 136,416 + 3.04 % 25.4 sq mi 65.8 km 5,532 / sq mi 2,136 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 13 '' N 117 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W / 33.7870 ° N 117.8613 ° W / 33.7870 ; - 117.8613 ( Orange ) 188 Fullerton California 140,392 135,161 + 3.87 % 22.4 sq mi 58.0 km 6,282 / sq mi 2,425 / km 33 ° 53 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 55 ′ 41 '' W / 33.8857 ° N 117.9280 ° W / 33.8857 ; - 117.9280 ( Fullerton ) 189 Dayton Ohio 140,371 141,527 3000183194726094670 ♠ − 0.82 % 55.7 sq mi 144.3 km 2,522 / sq mi 974 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 39 '' N 84 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W / 39.7774 ° N 84.1996 ° W / 39.7774 ; - 84.1996 ( Dayton ) 190 Miramar Florida 140,328 122,041 + 14.98 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 25 ° 58 ′ 37 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 09 '' W / 25.9770 ° N 80.3358 ° W / 25.9770 ; - 80.3358 ( Miramar ) 191 Olathe Kansas 137,472 125,872 + 9.22 % 60.9 sq mi 157.7 km 2,225 / sq mi 859 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 03 '' N 94 ° 49 ′ 10 '' W / 38.8843 ° N 94.8195 ° W / 38.8843 ; - 94.8195 ( Olathe ) 192 Thornton Colorado 136,978 118,772 + 15.33 % 35.7 sq mi 92.5 km 3,829 / sq mi 1,478 / km 39 ° 55 ′ 10 '' N 104 ° 56 ′ 34 '' W / 39.9194 ° N 104.9428 ° W / 39.9194 ; - 104.9428 ( Thornton ) 193 Waco Texas 136,436 124,805 + 9.32 % 89.0 sq mi 230.5 km 1,510 / sq mi 580 / km 31 ° 33 ′ 36 '' N 97 ° 11 ′ 10 '' W / 31.5601 ° N 97.1860 ° W / 31.5601 ; - 97.1860 ( Waco ) 194 Murfreesboro Tennessee 136,372 108,755 + 25.39 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 2,360 / sq mi 910 / km 35 ° 51 ′ 08 '' N 86 ° 24 ′ 58 '' W / 35.8522 ° N 86.4160 ° W / 35.8522 ; - 86.4160 ( Murfreesboro ) 195 Denton Texas 136,268 113,383 + 20.18 % 93.4 sq mi 241.9 km 1,433 / sq mi 553 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 00 '' N 97 ° 08 ′ 29 '' W / 33.2166 ° N 97.1414 ° W / 33.2166 ; - 97.1414 ( Denton ) 196 West Valley City Utah 136,170 129,480 + 5.17 % 35.5 sq mi 91.9 km 3,847 / sq mi 1,485 / km 40 ° 41 ′ 19 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 42 '' W / 40.6885 ° N 112.0118 ° W / 40.6885 ; - 112.0118 ( West Valley City ) 197 Midland Texas 136,089 111,147 + 22.44 % 74.4 sq mi 192.7 km 1,809 / sq mi 698 / km 32 ° 01 ′ 29 '' N 102 ° 06 ′ 49 '' W / 32.0246 ° N 102.1135 ° W / 32.0246 ; - 102.1135 ( Midland ) 198 Carrollton Texas 135,710 119,097 + 13.95 % 36.3 sq mi 94.0 km 3,674 / sq mi 1,419 / km 32 ° 59 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W / 32.9884 ° N 96.8998 ° W / 32.9884 ; - 96.8998 ( Carrollton ) 199 Roseville California 135,329 118,788 + 13.92 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 3,085 / sq mi 1,191 / km 38 ° 46 ′ 08 '' N 121 ° 19 ′ 08 '' W / 38.7690 ° N 121.3189 ° W / 38.7690 ; - 121.3189 ( Roseville ) 200 Warren Michigan 135,022 134,056 + 0.72 % 34.4 sq mi 89.1 km 3,928 / sq mi 1,517 / km 42 ° 29 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 30 '' W / 42.4929 ° N 83.0250 ° W / 42.4929 ; - 83.0250 ( Warren ) 201 Charleston South Carolina 134,875 120,083 + 12.32 % 109.0 sq mi 282.3 km 1,233 / sq mi 476 / km 32 ° 49 ′ 04 '' N 79 ° 57 ′ 32 '' W / 32.8179 ° N 79.9590 ° W / 32.8179 ; - 79.9590 ( Charleston ) 202 Hampton Virginia 134,669 137,436 2999798669926365730 ♠ − 2.01 % 51.5 sq mi 133.4 km 2,629 / sq mi 1,015 / km 37 ° 02 ′ 53 '' N 76 ° 17 ′ 50 '' W / 37.0480 ° N 76.2971 ° W / 37.0480 ; - 76.2971 ( Hampton ) 203 Surprise Arizona 134,085 117,517 + 14.10 % 107.9 sq mi 279.5 km 1,230 / sq mi 470 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 14 '' N 112 ° 27 ′ 10 '' W / 33.6706 ° N 112.4527 ° W / 33.6706 ; - 112.4527 ( Surprise ) 204 Columbia South Carolina 133,114 129,272 + 2.97 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 1,006 / sq mi 388 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 53 ′ 53 '' W / 34.0291 ° N 80.8980 ° W / 34.0291 ; - 80.8980 ( Columbia ) 205 Coral Springs Florida 133,037 121,096 + 9.86 % 23.8 sq mi 61.6 km 5,465 / sq mi 2,110 / km 26 ° 16 ′ 15 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 33 '' W / 26.2707 ° N 80.2593 ° W / 26.2707 ; - 80.2593 ( Coral Springs ) 206 Visalia California 133,010 124,442 + 6.89 % 37.5 sq mi 97.1 km 3,495 / sq mi 1,349 / km 36 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 44 '' W / 36.3273 ° N 119.3289 ° W / 36.3273 ; - 119.3289 ( Visalia ) 207 Sterling Heights Michigan 132,631 129,699 + 2.26 % 36.5 sq mi 94.5 km 3,628 / sq mi 1,401 / km 42 ° 34 ′ 52 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 49 '' W / 42.5812 ° N 83.0303 ° W / 42.5812 ; - 83.0303 ( Sterling Heights ) 208 Gainesville Florida 132,249 124,354 + 6.35 % 62.3 sq mi 161.4 km 2,112 / sq mi 815 / km 29 ° 40 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 20 ′ 46 '' W / 29.6788 ° N 82.3461 ° W / 29.6788 ; - 82.3461 ( Gainesville ) 209 Cedar Rapids Iowa 132,228 126,326 + 4.67 % 70.8 sq mi 183.4 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 41 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 91 ° 40 ′ 40 '' W / 41.9670 ° N 91.6778 ° W / 41.9670 ; - 91.6778 ( Cedar Rapids ) 210 New Haven Connecticut 131,014 129,779 + 0.95 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 6,948 / sq mi 2,683 / km 41 ° 18 ′ 39 '' N 72 ° 55 ′ 30 '' W / 41.3108 ° N 72.9250 ° W / 41.3108 ; - 72.9250 ( New Haven ) 211 Stamford Connecticut 130,824 122,643 + 6.67 % 37.6 sq mi 97.4 km 3,434 / sq mi 1,326 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 48 '' N 73 ° 32 ′ 46 '' W / 41.0799 ° N 73.5460 ° W / 41.0799 ; - 73.5460 ( Stamford ) 212 Elizabeth New Jersey 130,215 124,969 + 4.20 % 12.3 sq mi 31.9 km 10,459 / sq mi 4,038 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 59 '' N 74 ° 11 ′ 37 '' W / 40.6664 ° N 74.1935 ° W / 40.6664 ; - 74.1935 ( Elizabeth ) 213 Concord California 129,783 122,067 + 6.32 % 30.5 sq mi 79.0 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 122 ° 00 ′ 06 '' W / 37.9722 ° N 122.0016 ° W / 37.9722 ; - 122.0016 ( Concord ) 214 Thousand Oaks California 128,995 126,683 + 1.83 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,335 / sq mi 902 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 36 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 27 '' W / 34.1933 ° N 118.8742 ° W / 34.1933 ; - 118.8742 ( Thousand Oaks ) 215 Kent Washington 128,458 92,411 + 39.01 % 33.7 sq mi 87.3 km 3,784 / sq mi 1,461 / km 47 ° 23 ′ 17 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W / 47.3880 ° N 122.2127 ° W / 47.3880 ; - 122.2127 ( Kent ) 216 Santa Clara California 127,134 116,468 + 9.16 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 6,845 / sq mi 2,643 / km 37 ° 21 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 04 '' W / 37.3646 ° N 121.9679 ° W / 37.3646 ; - 121.9679 ( Santa Clara ) 217 Simi Valley California 126,878 124,237 + 2.13 % 41.5 sq mi 107.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 44 ′ 55 '' W / 34.2669 ° N 118.7485 ° W / 34.2669 ; - 118.7485 ( Simi Valley ) 218 Lafayette Louisiana 126,848 120,623 + 5.16 % 53.8 sq mi 139.3 km 2,372 / sq mi 916 / km 30 ° 12 ′ 27 '' N 92 ° 01 ′ 43 '' W / 30.2074 ° N 92.0285 ° W / 30.2074 ; - 92.0285 ( Lafayette ) 219 Topeka Kansas 126,587 127,473 3000304950852337359 ♠ − 0.70 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 2,062 / sq mi 796 / km 39 ° 02 ′ 05 '' N 95 ° 41 ′ 46 '' W / 39.0347 ° N 95.6962 ° W / 39.0347 ; - 95.6962 ( Topeka ) 220 Athens Georgia 125,691 115,452 + 8.87 % 116.4 sq mi 301.5 km 1,060 / sq mi 410 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 22 ′ 12 '' W / 33.9496 ° N 83.3701 ° W / 33.9496 ; - 83.3701 ( Athens ) 221 Round Rock Texas 123,678 99,887 + 23.82 % 35.6 sq mi 92.2 km 3,396 / sq mi 1,311 / km 30 ° 31 ′ 31 '' N 97 ° 39 ′ 58 '' W / 30.5252 ° N 97.6660 ° W / 30.5252 ; - 97.6660 ( Round Rock ) 222 Hartford Connecticut 123,400 124,775 2999889801642957320 ♠ − 1.10 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 7,083 / sq mi 2,735 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 57 '' N 72 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W / 41.7659 ° N 72.6816 ° W / 41.7659 ; - 72.6816 ( Hartford ) 223 Norman Oklahoma 122,843 110,925 + 10.74 % 178.8 sq mi 463.1 km 683 / sq mi 264 / km 35 ° 14 ′ 26 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W / 35.2406 ° N 97.3453 ° W / 35.2406 ; - 97.3453 ( Norman ) 224 Victorville California 122,441 115,903 + 5.64 % 73.3 sq mi 189.8 km 1,668 / sq mi 644 / km 34 ° 31 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 21 ′ 13 '' W / 34.5277 ° N 117.3536 ° W / 34.5277 ; - 117.3536 ( Victorville ) 225 Fargo North Dakota 122,359 105,549 + 15.93 % 49.3 sq mi 127.7 km 2,450 / sq mi 950 / km 46 ° 51 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 44 '' W / 46.8652 ° N 96.8290 ° W / 46.8652 ; - 96.8290 ( Fargo ) 226 Berkeley California 122,324 112,580 + 8.66 % 10.5 sq mi 27.2 km 11,547 / sq mi 4,458 / km 37 ° 52 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W / 37.8670 ° N 122.2991 ° W / 37.8670 ; - 122.2991 ( Berkeley ) 227 Vallejo California 122,105 115,942 + 5.32 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 3,951 / sq mi 1,525 / km 38 ° 06 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 15 ′ 50 '' W / 38.1079 ° N 122.2640 ° W / 38.1079 ; - 122.2640 ( Vallejo ) 228 Abilene Texas 121,885 117,063 + 4.12 % 106.7 sq mi 276.4 km 1,146 / sq mi 442 / km 32 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 99 ° 44 ′ 17 '' W / 32.4545 ° N 99.7381 ° W / 32.4545 ; - 99.7381 ( Abilene ) 229 Columbia Missouri 121,717 108,500 + 12.18 % 65.0 sq mi 168.3 km 1,856 / sq mi 717 / km 38 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 92 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W / 38.9473 ° N 92.3264 ° W / 38.9473 ; - 92.3264 ( Columbia ) 230 Ann Arbor Michigan 121,477 113,934 + 6.62 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 4,298 / sq mi 1,659 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 43 ′ 51 '' W / 42.2761 ° N 83.7309 ° W / 42.2761 ; - 83.7309 ( Ann Arbor ) 231 Allentown Pennsylvania 121,283 118,032 + 2.75 % 17.5 sq mi 45.3 km 6,882 / sq mi 2,657 / km 40 ° 35 ′ 37 '' N 75 ° 28 ′ 42 '' W / 40.5936 ° N 75.4784 ° W / 40.5936 ; - 75.4784 ( Allentown ) 232 Pearland Texas 119,940 91,252 + 31.44 % 46.3 sq mi 119.9 km 2,453 / sq mi 947 / km 29 ° 33 ′ 21 '' N 95 ° 19 ′ 23 '' W / 29.5558 ° N 95.3231 ° W / 29.5558 ; - 95.3231 ( Pearland ) 233 Beaumont Texas 119,114 118,296 + 0.69 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 1,441 / sq mi 556 / km 30 ° 05 ′ 06 '' N 94 ° 08 ′ 43 '' W / 30.0849 ° N 94.1453 ° W / 30.0849 ; - 94.1453 ( Beaumont ) 234 Wilmington North Carolina 119,045 106,476 + 11.80 % 51.6 sq mi 133.6 km 2,278 / sq mi 880 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 33 '' N 77 ° 53 ′ 09 '' W / 34.2092 ° N 77.8858 ° W / 34.2092 ; - 77.8858 ( Wilmington ) 235 Evansville Indiana 118,930 117,429 + 1.28 % 47.3 sq mi 122.5 km 2,526 / sq mi 975 / km 37 ° 59 ′ 16 '' N 87 ° 32 ′ 05 '' W / 37.9877 ° N 87.5347 ° W / 37.9877 ; - 87.5347 ( Evansville ) 236 Arvada Colorado 118,807 106,433 + 11.63 % 38.6 sq mi 100.0 km 3,043 / sq mi 1,175 / km 39 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 09 ′ 01 '' W / 39.8337 ° N 105.1503 ° W / 39.8337 ; - 105.1503 ( Arvada ) 237 Provo Utah 117,335 112,488 + 4.31 % 41.7 sq mi 108.0 km 2,803 / sq mi 1,082 / km 40 ° 14 ′ 43 '' N 111 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W / 40.2453 ° N 111.6448 ° W / 40.2453 ; - 111.6448 ( Provo ) 238 Independence Missouri 117,306 116,830 + 0.41 % 77.8 sq mi 201.5 km 1,504 / sq mi 581 / km 39 ° 05 ′ 08 '' N 94 ° 21 ′ 08 '' W / 39.0855 ° N 94.3521 ° W / 39.0855 ; - 94.3521 ( Independence ) 239 Lansing Michigan 116,986 114,297 + 2.35 % 39.1 sq mi 101.3 km 2,967 / sq mi 1,146 / km 42 ° 42 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 33 ′ 33 '' W / 42.7143 ° N 84.5593 ° W / 42.7143 ; - 84.5593 ( Lansing ) 240 Odessa Texas 116,861 99,940 + 16.93 % 45.2 sq mi 117.1 km 2,608 / sq mi 1,007 / km 31 ° 53 ′ 02 '' N 102 ° 20 ′ 28 '' W / 31.8838 ° N 102.3411 ° W / 31.8838 ; - 102.3411 ( Odessa ) 241 Richardson Texas 116,783 99,223 + 17.70 % 28.6 sq mi 74.1 km 3,963 / sq mi 1,530 / km 32 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 96 ° 42 ′ 29 '' W / 32.9723 ° N 96.7081 ° W / 32.9723 ; - 96.7081 ( Richardson ) 242 Fairfield California 116,266 105,321 + 10.39 % 40.9 sq mi 105.9 km 2,806 / sq mi 1,083 / km 38 ° 15 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W / 38.2593 ° N 122.0321 ° W / 38.2593 ; - 122.0321 ( Fairfield ) 243 El Monte California 116,109 113,475 + 2.32 % 9.6 sq mi 24.9 km 12,063 / sq mi 4,658 / km 34 ° 04 ′ 29 '' N 118 ° 01 ′ 45 '' W / 34.0746 ° N 118.0291 ° W / 34.0746 ; - 118.0291 ( El Monte ) 244 Rochester Minnesota 115,733 106,769 + 8.40 % 54.6 sq mi 141.4 km 2,088 / sq mi 806 / km 44 ° 00 ′ 55 '' N 92 ° 28 ′ 38 '' W / 44.0154 ° N 92.4772 ° W / 44.0154 ; - 92.4772 ( Rochester ) 245 Clearwater Florida 115,513 107,685 + 7.27 % 25.9 sq mi 67.1 km 4,415 / sq mi 1,705 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 46 ′ 00 '' W / 27.9789 ° N 82.7666 ° W / 27.9789 ; - 82.7666 ( Clearwater ) 246 Carlsbad California 115,330 105,328 + 9.50 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 3,023 / sq mi 1,167 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 26 '' N 117 ° 16 ′ 58 '' W / 33.1239 ° N 117.2828 ° W / 33.1239 ; - 117.2828 ( Carlsbad ) 247 Springfield Illinois 114,868 116,250 2999881118279569889 ♠ − 1.19 % 60.1 sq mi 155.7 km 1,925 / sq mi 743 / km 39 ° 47 ′ 28 '' N 89 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W / 39.7911 ° N 89.6446 ° W / 39.7911 ; - 89.6446 ( Springfield ) 248 Temecula California 114,327 100,097 + 14.22 % 37.3 sq mi 96.6 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 33 ° 29 ′ 35 '' N 117 ° 07 ′ 54 '' W / 33.4931 ° N 117.1317 ° W / 33.4931 ; - 117.1317 ( Temecula ) 249 West Jordan Utah 113,905 103,712 + 9.83 % 32.3 sq mi 83.7 km 3,520 / sq mi 1,360 / km 40 ° 36 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 03 '' W / 40.6024 ° N 112.0008 ° W / 40.6024 ; - 112.0008 ( West Jordan ) 250 Costa Mesa California 113,825 109,960 + 3.51 % 15.7 sq mi 40.7 km 7,186 / sq mi 2,775 / km 33 ° 39 ′ 57 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 44 '' W / 33.6659 ° N 117.9123 ° W / 33.6659 ; - 117.9123 ( Costa Mesa ) 251 Miami Gardens Florida 113,750 107,167 + 6.14 % 18.2 sq mi 47.1 km 6,212 / sq mi 2,398 / km 25 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 80 ° 14 ′ 37 '' W / 25.9489 ° N 80.2436 ° W / 25.9489 ; - 80.2436 ( Miami Gardens ) 252 Cambridge Massachusetts 113,630 105,162 + 8.05 % 6.4 sq mi 16.6 km 17,289 / sq mi 6,675 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 71 ° 07 ′ 07 '' W / 42.3760 ° N 71.1187 ° W / 42.3760 ; - 71.1187 ( Cambridge ) 253 College Station Texas 113,564 93,857 + 21.00 % 51.0 sq mi 132.1 km 2,199 / sq mi 849 / km 30 ° 35 ′ 07 '' N 96 ° 17 ′ 47 '' W / 30.5852 ° N 96.2964 ° W / 30.5852 ; - 96.2964 ( College Station ) 254 Murrieta California 113,326 103,466 + 9.53 % 33.6 sq mi 87.0 km 3,324 / sq mi 1,283 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 11 ′ 25 '' W / 33.5721 ° N 117.1904 ° W / 33.5721 ; - 117.1904 ( Murrieta ) 255 Downey California 113,092 111,772 + 1.18 % 12.4 sq mi 32.1 km 9,134 / sq mi 3,527 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 18 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W / 33.9382 ° N 118.1309 ° W / 33.9382 ; - 118.1309 ( Downey ) 256 Peoria Illinois 112,883 115,007 2999815315589485860 ♠ − 1.85 % 48.2 sq mi 124.8 km 2,371 / sq mi 915 / km 40 ° 45 ′ 05 '' N 89 ° 37 ′ 03 '' W / 40.7515 ° N 89.6174 ° W / 40.7515 ; - 89.6174 ( Peoria ) 257 Westminster Colorado 112,812 106,114 + 6.31 % 31.7 sq mi 82.1 km 3,592 / sq mi 1,387 / km 39 ° 52 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 52 '' W / 39.8822 ° N 105.0644 ° W / 39.8822 ; - 105.0644 ( Westminster ) 258 Elgin Illinois 112,456 108,188 + 3.94 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 2,998 / sq mi 1,158 / km 42 ° 02 ′ 23 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 18 '' W / 42.0396 ° N 88.3217 ° W / 42.0396 ; - 88.3217 ( Elgin ) 259 Antioch California 111,674 102,372 + 9.09 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 3,772 / sq mi 1,456 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 45 '' N 121 ° 47 ′ 46 '' W / 37.9791 ° N 121.7962 ° W / 37.9791 ; - 121.7962 ( Antioch ) 260 Palm Bay Florida 111,657 103,190 + 8.21 % 65.7 sq mi 170.2 km 1,676 / sq mi 647 / km 27 ° 59 ′ 08 '' N 80 ° 39 ′ 45 '' W / 27.9856 ° N 80.6626 ° W / 27.9856 ; - 80.6626 ( Palm Bay ) 261 High Point North Carolina 111,513 104,371 + 6.84 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,015 / sq mi 778 / km 35 ° 59 ′ 24 '' N 79 ° 59 ′ 26 '' W / 35.9900 ° N 79.9905 ° W / 35.9900 ; - 79.9905 ( High Point ) 262 Lowell Massachusetts 111,346 106,519 + 4.53 % 13.6 sq mi 35.2 km 8,129 / sq mi 3,139 / km 42 ° 38 ′ 20 '' N 71 ° 19 ′ 16 '' W / 42.6390 ° N 71.3211 ° W / 42.6390 ; - 71.3211 ( Lowell ) 263 Manchester New Hampshire 111,196 109,565 + 1.49 % 33.1 sq mi 85.7 km 3,339 / sq mi 1,289 / km 42 ° 59 ′ 06 '' N 71 ° 26 ′ 39 '' W / 42.9849 ° N 71.4441 ° W / 42.9849 ; - 71.4441 ( Manchester ) 264 Pueblo Colorado 111,127 106,595 + 4.25 % 53.6 sq mi 138.8 km 2,058 / sq mi 795 / km 38 ° 16 ′ 12 '' N 104 ° 36 ′ 44 '' W / 38.2699 ° N 104.6123 ° W / 38.2699 ; - 104.6123 ( Pueblo ) 265 Gresham Oregon 111,053 105,594 + 5.17 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,786 / sq mi 1,848 / km 45 ° 30 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 30 '' W / 45.5023 ° N 122.4416 ° W / 45.5023 ; - 122.4416 ( Gresham ) 266 North Charleston South Carolina 110,861 97,471 + 13.74 % 73.7 sq mi 190.9 km 1,483 / sq mi 573 / km 32 ° 55 ′ 04 '' N 80 ° 03 ′ 54 '' W / 32.9178 ° N 80.0650 ° W / 32.9178 ; - 80.0650 ( North Charleston ) 267 Ventura California 110,790 106,433 + 4.09 % 21.8 sq mi 56.5 km 5,027 / sq mi 1,941 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 04 '' N 119 ° 15 ′ 15 '' W / 34.2678 ° N 119.2542 ° W / 34.2678 ; - 119.2542 ( Ventura ) 268 Inglewood California 110,598 109,673 + 0.84 % 9.1 sq mi 23.6 km 12,160 / sq mi 4,700 / km 33 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 39 '' W / 33.9561 ° N 118.3443 ° W / 33.9561 ; - 118.3443 ( Inglewood ) 269 Pompano Beach Florida 110,473 99,845 + 10.64 % 24.0 sq mi 62.2 km 4,558 / sq mi 1,760 / km 26 ° 14 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 02 '' W / 26.2416 ° N 80.1339 ° W / 26.2416 ; - 80.1339 ( Pompano Beach ) 270 Centennial Colorado 110,250 100,377 + 9.84 % 29.5 sq mi 76.4 km 3,727 / sq mi 1,439 / km 39 ° 35 ′ 26 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W / 39.5906 ° N 104.8691 ° W / 39.5906 ; - 104.8691 ( Centennial ) 271 West Palm Beach Florida 110,222 99,919 + 10.31 % 55.1 sq mi 142.7 km 1,963 / sq mi 758 / km 26 ° 44 ′ 47 '' N 80 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W / 26.7464 ° N 80.1251 ° W / 26.7464 ; - 80.1251 ( West Palm Beach ) 272 Everett Washington 110,079 103,019 + 6.85 % 33.3 sq mi 86.2 km 3,275 / sq mi 1,264 / km 47 ° 57 ′ 24 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 29 '' W / 47.9566 ° N 122.1914 ° W / 47.9566 ; - 122.1914 ( Everett ) 273 Richmond California 110,040 103,701 + 6.11 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,648 / sq mi 1,409 / km 37 ° 57 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 38 '' W / 37.9523 ° N 122.3606 ° W / 37.9523 ; - 122.3606 ( Richmond ) 274 Clovis California 109,691 95,631 + 14.70 % 24.2 sq mi 62.7 km 4,404 / sq mi 1,700 / km 36 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 119 ° 41 ′ 06 '' W / 36.8282 ° N 119.6849 ° W / 36.8282 ; - 119.6849 ( Clovis ) 275 Billings Montana 109,642 104,170 + 5.25 % 43.7 sq mi 113.2 km 2,525 / sq mi 975 / km 45 ° 47 ′ 19 '' N 108 ° 33 ′ 00 '' W / 45.7885 ° N 108.5499 ° W / 45.7885 ; - 108.5499 ( Billings ) 276 Waterbury Connecticut 108,629 110,366 2999842614573328740 ♠ − 1.57 % 28.5 sq mi 73.8 km 3,799 / sq mi 1,467 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 31 '' N 73 ° 02 ′ 12 '' W / 41.5585 ° N 73.0367 ° W / 41.5585 ; - 73.0367 ( Waterbury ) 277 Broken Arrow Oklahoma 108,303 98,850 + 9.56 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 1,741 / sq mi 672 / km 36 ° 02 ′ 11 '' N 95 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 36.0365 ° N 95.7810 ° W / 36.0365 ; - 95.7810 ( Broken Arrow ) 278 Lakeland Florida 108,054 97,422 + 10.91 % 65.9 sq mi 170.7 km 1,615 / sq mi 624 / km 28 ° 03 ′ 20 '' N 81 ° 57 ′ 18 '' W / 28.0555 ° N 81.9549 ° W / 28.0555 ; - 81.9549 ( Lakeland ) 279 West Covina California 107,598 106,098 + 1.41 % 16.0 sq mi 41.4 km 6,740 / sq mi 2,600 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 21 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 36 '' W / 34.0559 ° N 117.9099 ° W / 34.0559 ; - 117.9099 ( West Covina ) 280 Boulder Colorado 107,125 97,385 + 10.00 % 24.8 sq mi 64.2 km 4,358 / sq mi 1,683 / km 40 ° 01 ′ 37 '' N 105 ° 15 ′ 07 '' W / 40.0270 ° N 105.2519 ° W / 40.0270 ; - 105.2519 ( Boulder ) 281 Daly City California 107,074 101,123 + 5.88 % 7.6 sq mi 19.7 km 14,009 / sq mi 5,409 / km 37 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 54 '' W / 37.7009 ° N 122.4650 ° W / 37.7009 ; - 122.4650 ( Daly City ) 282 Santa Maria California 107,014 99,553 + 7.49 % 22.8 sq mi 59.1 km 4,662 / sq mi 1,800 / km 34 ° 56 ′ 00 '' N 120 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W / 34.9332 ° N 120.4438 ° W / 34.9332 ; - 120.4438 ( Santa Maria ) 283 Hillsboro Oregon 106,894 91,611 + 16.68 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 4,207 / sq mi 1,624 / km 45 ° 31 ′ 41 '' N 122 ° 56 ′ 09 '' W / 45.5280 ° N 122.9357 ° W / 45.5280 ; - 122.9357 ( Hillsboro ) 284 Sandy Springs Georgia 106,739 93,853 + 13.73 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 2,804 / sq mi 1,083 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 53 '' N 84 ° 22 ′ 07 '' W / 33.9315 ° N 84.3687 ° W / 33.9315 ; - 84.3687 ( Sandy Springs ) 285 Norwalk California 106,084 105,549 + 0.51 % 9.7 sq mi 25.1 km 10,946 / sq mi 4,226 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 05 ′ 01 '' W / 33.9076 ° N 118.0835 ° W / 33.9076 ; - 118.0835 ( Norwalk ) 286 Jurupa Valley California 106,028 0 0000000000000000000 ♠ NA 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 2,414 / sq mi 932 / km 34 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 28 ′ 03 '' W / 34.0026 ° N 117.4676 ° W / 34.0026 ; - 117.4676 ( Jurupa Valley ) 287 Lewisville Texas 106,021 95,290 + 11.26 % 36.7 sq mi 95.1 km 2,852 / sq mi 1,101 / km 33 ° 02 ′ 48 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 54 '' W / 33.0466 ° N 96.9818 ° W / 33.0466 ; - 96.9818 ( Lewisville ) 288 Greeley Colorado 105,448 92,889 + 13.52 % 47.8 sq mi 123.8 km 2,176 / sq mi 840 / km 40 ° 24 ′ 55 '' N 104 ° 46 ′ 11 '' W / 40.4153 ° N 104.7697 ° W / 40.4153 ; - 104.7697 ( Greeley ) 289 Davie Florida 105,149 91,992 + 14.30 % 34.9 sq mi 90.4 km 2,919 / sq mi 1,127 / km 26 ° 04 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 17 ′ 06 '' W / 26.0791 ° N 80.2850 ° W / 26.0791 ; - 80.2850 ( Davie ) 290 Green Bay Wisconsin 105,116 104,057 + 1.02 % 45.4 sq mi 117.6 km 2,316 / sq mi 894 / km 44 ° 31 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 59 ′ 03 '' W / 44.5207 ° N 87.9842 ° W / 44.5207 ; - 87.9842 ( Green Bay ) 291 Tyler Texas 104,991 96,900 + 8.35 % 56.6 sq mi 146.6 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 02 '' N 95 ° 18 ′ 21 '' W / 32.3173 ° N 95.3059 ° W / 32.3173 ; - 95.3059 ( Tyler ) 292 League City Texas 104,903 83,560 + 25.54 % 51.2 sq mi 132.6 km 1,992 / sq mi 769 / km 29 ° 29 ′ 24 '' N 95 ° 06 ′ 33 '' W / 29.4901 ° N 95.1091 ° W / 29.4901 ; - 95.1091 ( League City ) 293 Burbank California 104,834 103,340 + 1.45 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 6,003 / sq mi 2,318 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 24 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W / 34.1901 ° N 118.3264 ° W / 34.1901 ; - 118.3264 ( Burbank ) 294 San Mateo California 104,748 97,207 + 7.76 % 12.1 sq mi 31.3 km 8,592 / sq mi 3,317 / km 37 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 122 ° 18 ′ 38 '' W / 37.5603 ° N 122.3106 ° W / 37.5603 ; - 122.3106 ( San Mateo ) 295 Wichita Falls Texas 104,747 104,553 + 0.19 % 72.2 sq mi 187.0 km 1,450 / sq mi 560 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 24 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 33 '' W / 33.9067 ° N 98.5259 ° W / 33.9067 ; - 98.5259 ( Wichita Falls ) 296 El Cajon California 103,894 99,478 + 4.44 % 14.5 sq mi 37.6 km 7,156 / sq mi 2,763 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 06 '' N 116 ° 57 ′ 37 '' W / 32.8017 ° N 116.9604 ° W / 32.8017 ; - 116.9604 ( El Cajon ) 297 Rialto California 103,562 99,171 + 4.43 % 22.3 sq mi 57.8 km 4,633 / sq mi 1,789 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W / 34.1118 ° N 117.3883 ° W / 34.1118 ; - 117.3883 ( Rialto ) 298 Lakewood New Jersey 102,682 92,843 + 10.60 % 24.7 sq mi 64.0 km 4,079 / sq mi 1,575 / km 40 ° 04 ′ 38 '' N 74 ° 12 ′ 01 '' W / 40.0771 ° N 74.2004 ° W / 40.0771 ; - 74.2004 ( Lakewood ) 299 Edison New Jersey 102,450 99,967 + 2.48 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,389 / sq mi 1,309 / km 40 ° 30 ′ 14 '' N 74 ° 20 ′ 58 '' W / 40.5040 ° N 74.3494 ° W / 40.5040 ; - 74.3494 ( Edison ) 300 Davenport Iowa 102,320 99,685 + 2.64 % 62.9 sq mi 162.9 km 1,631 / sq mi 630 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 15 '' N 90 ° 36 ′ 14 '' W / 41.5541 ° N 90.6040 ° W / 41.5541 ; - 90.6040 ( Davenport ) 301 South Bend Indiana 102,245 101,168 + 1.06 % 41.4 sq mi 107.2 km 2,457 / sq mi 949 / km 41 ° 40 ′ 37 '' N 86 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W / 41.6769 ° N 86.2690 ° W / 41.6769 ; - 86.2690 ( South Bend ) 302 Woodbridge New Jersey 101,965 99,585 + 2.39 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,351 / sq mi 1,680 / km 40 ° 33 ′ 39 '' N 74 ° 17 ′ 34 '' W / 40.5607 ° N 74.2927 ° W / 40.5607 ; - 74.2927 ( Woodbridge ) 303 Las Cruces New Mexico 101,712 97,618 + 4.19 % 76.9 sq mi 199.2 km 1,323 / sq mi 511 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 47 ′ 23 '' W / 32.3264 ° N 106.7897 ° W / 32.3264 ; - 106.7897 ( Las Cruces ) 304 Vista California 101,568 93,834 + 8.24 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 5,436 / sq mi 2,099 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 14 ′ 19 '' W / 33.1895 ° N 117.2386 ° W / 33.1895 ; - 117.2386 ( Vista ) 305 Renton Washington 101,379 90,927 + 11.49 % 23.4 sq mi 60.6 km 4,314 / sq mi 1,666 / km 47 ° 28 ′ 34 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 31 '' W / 47.4761 ° N 122.1920 ° W / 47.4761 ; - 122.1920 ( Renton ) 306 Sparks Nevada 100,888 90,264 + 11.77 % 35.9 sq mi 93.0 km 2,810 / sq mi 1,080 / km 39 ° 33 ′ 16 '' N 119 ° 44 ′ 08 '' W / 39.5544 ° N 119.7356 ° W / 39.5544 ; - 119.7356 ( Sparks ) 307 Clinton Michigan 100,712 96,796 + 4.05 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 3,573 / sq mi 1,380 / km 42 ° 35 ′ 25 '' N 82 ° 55 ′ 01 '' W / 42.5903 ° N 82.9170 ° W / 42.5903 ; - 82.9170 ( Clinton ) 308 Allen Texas 100,685 84,246 + 19.51 % 27.1 sq mi 70.2 km 3,715 / sq mi 1,434 / km 33 ° 05 ′ 59 '' N 96 ° 39 ′ 47 '' W / 33.0997 ° N 96.6631 ° W / 33.0997 ; - 96.6631 ( Allen ) 309 Tuscaloosa Alabama 100,287 90,468 + 10.85 % 71.7 sq mi 185.7 km 1,399 / sq mi 540 / km 33 ° 12 ′ 23 '' N 87 ° 32 ′ 05 '' W / 33.2065 ° N 87.5346 ° W / 33.2065 ; - 87.5346 ( Tuscaloosa ) 310 San Angelo Texas 100,119 93,200 + 7.42 % 59.9 sq mi 155.1 km 1,681 / sq mi 649 / km 31 ° 26 ′ 28 '' N 100 ° 27 ′ 02 '' W / 31.4411 ° N 100.4505 ° W / 31.4411 ; - 100.4505 ( San Angelo ) 311 Vacaville California 100,032 92,428 + 8.23 % 29.0 sq mi 75.1 km 3,449 / sq mi 1,332 / km 38 ° 21 ′ 14 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 22 '' W / 38.3539 ° N 121.9728 ° W / 38.3539 ; - 121.9728 ( Vacaville ) Distribution For cities with populations of 100,000 or more , the following distributions hold . Smaller incorporated places are not included . The mean density is 4,128.21 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,593.91 / km ) . The median is 3,160.85 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,220.41 / km ) . Population Number of municipal governments 1,000,000 + 10 300,000 -- 999,999 56 200,000 -- 299,999 50 100,000 -- 199,999 195 Total 311 State Number of cities CA 74 TX 39 FL 22 CO 12 AZ 10 NC 9 IL , WA 8 GA , MI , NJ , VA 7 OH , TN 6 AL , CT , KS , MA , MO , NV , NY , OR 5 IN , LA , OK , UT IA , MN , PA , SC , WI KY , NE , NM AK , AR , DC , HI , ID , MD , MS , MT , ND , NH , RI , SD DE , ME , VT , WV , WY 0 Gallery 1 . New York , New York 2 . Los Angeles , California 3 . Chicago , Illinois 4 . Houston , Texas 5 . Phoenix , Arizona 6 . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 7 . San Antonio , Texas 8 . San Diego , California 9 . Dallas , Texas 10 . San Jose , California 11 . Austin , Texas 12 . Jacksonville , Florida 13 . San Francisco , California 14 . Columbus , Ohio 15 . Fort Worth , Texas 16 . Indianapolis , Indiana 17 . Charlotte , North Carolina 18 . Seattle , Washington 19 . Denver , Colorado 20 . Washington , District of Columbia 21 . Boston , Massachusetts 22 . El Paso , Texas 23 . Detroit , Michigan 24 . Nashville , Tennessee 25 . Memphis , Tennessee 26 . Portland , Oregon 27 . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 28 . Las Vegas , Nevada 29 . Louisville , Kentucky 30 . Baltimore , Maryland 31 . Milwaukee , Wisconsin 32 . Albuquerque , New Mexico 33 . Tucson , Arizona 34 . Fresno , California 35 . Sacramento , California 36 . Mesa , Arizona 37 . Kansas City , Missouri 38 . Atlanta , Georgia 39 . Long Beach , California 40 . Omaha , Nebraska 41 . Raleigh , North Carolina 42 . Colorado Springs , Colorado 43 . Miami , Florida 44 . Virginia Beach , Virginia 45 . Oakland , California 46 . Minneapolis , Minnesota 47 . Tulsa , Oklahoma 48 . Arlington , Texas 49 . New Orleans , Louisiana 50 . Wichita , Kansas Puerto Rico Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX 1 . San Juan , Puerto Rico The following table lists the five municipalities ( municipios ) of Puerto Rico with a population greater than 100,000 on July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . The table below contains the following information : The municipio rank by population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio The municipio population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The municipio percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2017 The municipio land area as of January 1 , 2016 The municipio population density as of July 1 , 2017 ( residents per land area ) The municipio latitude and longitude coordinates 2017 rank Municipio 2017 estimate 2010 Census Change 2016 land area 2017 population density Location San Juan 337,288 395,326 2998853189519535779 ♠ − 14.68 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 8,539 / sq mi 3,297 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 23 '' N 66 ° 03 ′ 50 '' W / 18.4064 ° N 66.0640 ° W / 18.4064 ; - 66.0640 ( San Juan ) Bayamón 179,565 208,116 2998862812085567660 ♠ − 13.72 % 27.0 sq mi 69.9 km 6,651 / sq mi 2,568 / km 18 ° 22 ′ 48 '' N 66 ° 09 ′ 48 '' W / 18.3801 ° N 66.1633 ° W / 18.3801 ; - 66.1633 ( Bayamón ) Carolina 154,489 176,762 2998873994410563360 ♠ − 12.60 % 20.7 sq mi 53.6 km 7,463 / sq mi 2,881 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 43 '' N 65 ° 58 ′ 47 '' W / 18.4120 ° N 65.9798 ° W / 18.4120 ; - 65.9798 ( Carolina ) Ponce 140,859 166,327 2998846879941320410 ♠ − 15.31 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 4,588 / sq mi 1,771 / km 17 ° 59 ′ 15 '' N 66 ° 36 ′ 35 '' W / 17.9874 ° N 66.6097 ° W / 17.9874 ; - 66.6097 ( Ponce ) 5 Caguas 129,604 142,893 2999070003429139289 ♠ − 9.30 % 10.9 sq mi 28.2 km 11,890 / sq mi 4,590 / km 18 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 66 ° 02 ′ 20 '' W / 18.2321 ° N 66.0390 ° W / 18.2321 ; - 66.0390 ( Caguas ) Census - Designated places Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The following table lists U.S. census - designated places ( CDPs ) with populations of at least 100,000 according to the 2010 Census . A CDP is a concentration of population identified by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes . CDPs are delineated for each decennial census as the statistical counterparts of incorporated places such as cities , towns and villages . CDPs are populated areas that lack separate municipal government , but which otherwise physically resemble incorporated places . Unlike the incorporated cities in the main list , the US Census Bureau does not release annual population estimates for CDPs . The table below contains the following information : The city The state The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city population as of April 1 , 2000 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2000 , to April 1 , 2010 The city land area as of January 1 , 2010 The city population density as of April 1 , 2010 ( residents per land area ) The city ANSI INCITS 446 -- 2008 geographic code The city latitude and longitude coordinates City State 2010 Census 2000 Census Change 2010 land area 2010 population density ANSI Location Paradise Nevada 223,167 186,070 + 19.94 % 46.717 sq mi 120.996 km 4,777 / sq mi 1,844 / km 02409023 36 ° 04 ′ 51 '' N 115 ° 08 ′ 12 '' W / 36.08073 ° N 115.1368 ° W / 36.08073 ; - 115.1368 ( Paradise ) Arlington Virginia 207,627 189,453 + 9.59 % 25.98 sq mi 67.288 km 7,992 / sq mi 3,086 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 10 ′ 59 '' W / 38.880 ° N 77.183 ° W / 38.880 ; - 77.183 ( Arlington ) Sunrise Manor Nevada 189,372 156,120 + 21.30 % 33.352 sq mi 86.381 km 5,678 / sq mi 2,192 / km 02410035 36 ° 10 ′ 43 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 56 '' W / 36.1785 ° N 115.0490 ° W / 36.1785 ; - 115.0490 ( Sunrise Manor ) Spring Valley Nevada 178,395 117,390 + 51.97 % 33.226 sq mi 86.055 km 5,369 / sq mi 2,073 / km 02408797 36 ° 05 ′ 55 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 43 '' W / 36.0987 ° N 115.2619 ° W / 36.0987 ; - 115.2619 ( Spring Valley ) Metairie Louisiana 138,481 146,136 2999476172880056930 ♠ − 5.24 % 23.222 sq mi 60.145 km 5,963 / sq mi 2,302 / km 02403282 29 ° 59 ′ 52 '' N 90 ° 10 ′ 40 '' W / 29.9978 ° N 90.1779 ° W / 29.9978 ; - 90.1779 ( Metairie ) East Los Angeles California 126,496 124,283 + 1.78 % 7.448 sq mi 19.290 km 16,984 / sq mi 6,558 / km 02408711 34 ° 01 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 07 '' W / 34.0315 ° N 118.1686 ° W / 34.0315 ; - 118.1686 ( East Los Angeles ) Enterprise Nevada 108,481 14,676 + 639.17 % 46.513 sq mi 120.468 km 2,332 / sq mi 900 / km 02408084 36 ° 01 ′ 06 '' N 115 ° 12 ′ 55 '' W / 36.0182 ° N 115.2154 ° W / 36.0182 ; - 115.2154 ( Enterprise ) Brandon Florida 103,483 77,895 + 32.85 % 33.101 sq mi 85.731 km 3,126 / sq mi 1,207 / km 02402711 27 ° 56 ′ 10 '' N 82 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W / 27.9360 ° N 82.2993 ° W / 27.9360 ; - 82.2993 ( Brandon ) Cities formerly over 100,000 people The following table lists U.S. cities that , in past censuses , have had populations of at least 100,000 but have since decreased beneath this threshold or have been consolidated with or annexed into a neighboring city . The table below contains the following information : Name of city Name of state The city population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city 's peak population based on highest official enumeration recorded by the Census ( and the year of that particular Census ) The numeric decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2017 . The percent decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2017 . Any additional notes of significant importance . City State 2017 estimated population Peak population ( year ) Numeric decline from peak population Percent decline from peak population Notes Albany New York 7004982510000000000 ♠ 98,251 7005134995000000000 ♠ 134,995 ( 1950 ) - 36,744 - 27.22 % 2.30 % from 2000 to 2010 Allegheny Pennsylvania N / A 7005129896000000000 ♠ 129,896 ( 1900 ) -- -- annexed by Pittsburgh in 1907 Brooklyn New York N / A 7005806343000000000 ♠ 806,343 ( 1890 ) -- -- consolidated with New York City in 1898 Camden New Jersey 7004745320000000000 ♠ 74,532 7005124555000000000 ♠ 124,555 ( 1950 ) - 50,023 - 40.16 % Canton Ohio 7004709090000000000 ♠ 70,909 7005116912000000000 ♠ 116,912 ( 1950 ) - 46,003 - 39.35 % Dearborn Michigan 7004944910000000000 ♠ 94,491 7005112007000000000 ♠ 112,007 ( 1960 ) - 17,516 - 15.64 % 9.93 % from 1990 to 2010 Duluth Minnesota 7004860660000000000 ♠ 86,066 7005107312000000000 ♠ 107,312 ( 1960 ) - 21,246 - 19.80 % Erie Pennsylvania 7004973690000000000 ♠ 97,369 7005138440000000000 ♠ 138,440 ( 1960 ) - 41,071 - 29.67 % Fall River Massachusetts 7004894200000000000 ♠ 89,420 7005120485000000000 ♠ 120,485 ( 1920 ) - 31,065 - 25.78 % Flint Michigan 7004964480000000000 ♠ 96,448 7005196940000000000 ♠ 196,940 ( 1960 ) - 100,492 - 51.03 % Gary Indiana 7004760080000000000 ♠ 76,008 7005178320000000000 ♠ 178,320 ( 1960 ) - 102,312 - 57.38 % Hammond Indiana 7004766180000000000 ♠ 76,618 7005111698000000000 ♠ 111,698 ( 1960 ) - 35,080 - 31.41 % Kenosha Wisconsin 7004998770000000000 ♠ 99,877 7005100150000000000 ♠ 100,150 ( 2012 est ) * - 273 - 0.27 % * Only recorded instance of surpassing 100,000 was July 1 , 2012 estimate Livonia Michigan 7004941050000000000 ♠ 94,105 7005110109000000000 ♠ 110,109 ( 1970 ) - 16,004 - 14.53 % Lynn Massachusetts 7004940630000000000 ♠ 94,063 7005102320000000000 ♠ 102,320 ( 1930 ) - 8,257 - 8.07 % 15.11 % from 1980 to 2010 New Bedford Massachusetts 7004951200000000000 ♠ 95,120 7005121217000000000 ♠ 121,217 ( 1920 ) - 26,097 - 21.53 % 1.39 % from 2000 to 2010 Niagara Falls New York 7004484600000000000 ♠ 48,460 7005102394000000000 ♠ 102,394 ( 1960 ) - 53,934 - 52.67 % Parma Ohio 7004791670000000000 ♠ 79,167 7005100216000000000 ♠ 100,216 ( 1970 ) - 21,049 - 21.00 % Portsmouth Virginia 7004945720000000000 ♠ 94,572 7005114773000000000 ♠ 114,773 ( 1960 ) - 20,201 - 17.60 % Reading Pennsylvania 7004884230000000000 ♠ 88,423 7005111171000000000 ♠ 111,171 ( 1930 ) - 22,748 - 20.46 % 12.38 % from 1990 to 2010 Roanoke Virginia 7004998370000000000 ♠ 99,837 7005100220000000000 ♠ 100,220 ( 1980 ) - 383 - 0.38 % 2.23 % from 2000 to 2010 Scranton Pennsylvania 7004776050000000000 ♠ 77,605 7005143333000000000 ♠ 143,333 ( 1930 ) - 65,728 - 45.86 % 1.6 % from 2010 to 2016 Somerville Massachusetts 7004813600000000000 ♠ 81,360 7005103908000000000 ♠ 103,908 ( 1930 ) - 22,548 - 21.70 % St. Joseph Missouri 7004764420000000000 ♠ 76,442 7005102979000000000 ♠ 102,979 ( 1900 ) - 26,537 - 25.77 % 6.86 % from 1990 to 2010 Trenton New Jersey 7004849640000000000 ♠ 84,964 7005128009000000000 ♠ 128,009 ( 1950 ) - 43,045 - 33.63 % Utica New York 7004606350000000000 ♠ 60,635 7005101740000000000 ♠ 101,740 ( 1930 ) - 41,105 - 40.40 % 2.61 % from 2000 to 2010 Wilmington Delaware 7004711060000000000 ♠ 71,106 7005112504000000000 ♠ 112,504 ( 1940 ) - 41,398 - 36.80 % Youngstown Ohio 7004646040000000000 ♠ 64,604 7005170002000000000 ♠ 170,002 ( 1930 ) - 105,398 - 62.00 % Locations of 50 most populous cities New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Philadelphia Phoenix San Antonio San Diego Dallas San Jose Austin Jacksonville San Francisco Indianapolis Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Seattle Denver El Paso Detroit Washington Boston Memphis Nashville Portland Oklahoma City Las Vegas Baltimore Louisville Milwaukee Albuquerque Tucson Fresno Sacramento Kansas City Long Beach Mesa Atlanta Colorado Springs Virginia Beach Raleigh Omaha Miami Oakland Minneapolis Tulsa Wichita New Orleans Arlington Location of 50 largest cities by population in the United States See also Geography portal North America portal United States portal Demographics of the United States United States Census Bureau List of U.S. states and territories by population List of metropolitan areas of the United States List of United States counties and county equivalents United States Office of Management and Budget The OMB has defined 1098 statistical areas comprising 388 MSAs , 541 μSAs , and 169 CSAs Primary statistical area -- List of the 574 PSAs Combined Statistical Area -- List of the 169 CSAs Core Based Statistical Area -- List of the 929 CBSAs Metropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 388 MSAs Micropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 541 μSAs Largest cities in the United States by population by decade List of U.S. states ' largest cities by population List of cities proper by population ( most populous cities in the world ) List of United States cities by area List of United States cities by population density Lists of populated places in the United States Shrinking cities in the United States Largest cities in the United States by population by decade References Jump up ^ Towns in New England , while incorporated on a level similar to cities in other states , are considered minor civil divisions by the Census Bureau and are not included in its list of incorporated places . A detailed discussion on this subject can be found at New England town # Census treatment of the New England town system . ^ Jump up to : The State of Hawai ʻi has no incorporated municipalities other than the City and County of Honolulu , which comprises the entire Island of Oʻahu . In accordance with Hawaiian law , the United States Census Bureau defines the state 's `` cities '' and `` towns '' as Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) . The Census Bureau defines the Urban Honolulu CDP as the portion of the City and County of Honolulu that is coextensive with the Judicial District of Honolulu . The Urban Honolulu CDP is what is generally thought of as the `` city '' of Honolulu , and its population is used here and in other population comparisons . The Urban Honolulu CDP is currently the most populous Census Designated Place in the United States . The Honolulu , HI Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises the entire City and County of Honolulu . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More , Ranked by July 1 , 2017 Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . U.S. Gazetteer Files . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Or federal district in the case of Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Since 1898 , the City of New York , New York , has comprised five boroughs with consolidated borough -- county governments : The Borough of Brooklyn and Kings County ( pop . 2,648,771 ) The Borough of Queens and Queens County ( pop . 2,358,582 ) The Borough of Manhattan and New York County ( pop . 1,664,727 ) The Borough of the Bronx and Bronx County ( pop . 1,471,160 ) The Borough of Staten Island and Richmond County ( pop . 479,458 ) Jump up ^ City wins census appeal ; count adjusted -- Houston Chronicle . Chron.com ( December 3 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The City of Philadelphia and Philadelphia County , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The City of Jacksonville , Florida , and Duval County , Florida , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Jacksonville comprises all of Duval County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City and County of San Francisco , California has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Indianapolis , Indiana , and Marion County , Indiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Indianapolis comprises all of Marion County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Indianapolis ( balance ) . Jump up ^ The City and County of Denver , Colorado , has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Washington was consolidated with the District of Columbia in 1871 . Jump up ^ Nashville is a consolidated city - county . The population given is for the entire city - county , excluding other incorporated places lying within the city - county limits . ( See Nashville - Davidson ( balance ) , Tennessee ) . As of 2010 , the population of the city - county including other incorporated places was 626,681 . Jump up ^ The City of Louisville , Kentucky , and Jefferson County , Kentucky , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Louisville comprises all of Jefferson County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Louisville / Jefferson County metro government ( balance ) , Kentucky . ^ Jump up to : This is an independent city that is not part of any county . Jump up ^ The City of New Orleans , Louisiana , and Orleans Parish , Louisiana , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . Jump up ^ The City of Lexington , Kentucky , and Fayette County , Kentucky , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The Municipality of Anchorage , Alaska , is a unified home rule municipality that functions as both a city and a borough . Jump up ^ The Town of Gilbert , Arizona , is currently the most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ Officially listed in US Census Bureau records as Boise City Jump up ^ The City of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , and East Baton Rouge Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Baton Rouge has retained its own city limits within East Baton Rouge Parish . Jump up ^ The City of Augusta , Georgia , and Richmond County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Augusta comprises all of Richmond County except the two other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City of Columbus , Georgia , and Muscogee County , Georgia , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The Town of Cary , North Carolina , is currently the second most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ Kansas City , Kansas , and Wyandotte County , Kansas , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Kansas City comprises all of Wyandotte County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ After approval by local voters in a 2012 referendum , the City of Macon , Georgia merged with most of unincorporated Bibb County , Georgia on January 1 , 2014 . The new consolidated government is officially `` Macon - Bibb County . '' Jump up ^ The City of Lafayette , Louisiana , and Lafayette Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Lafayette comprises all of Lafayette Parish except the other incorporated municipalities within the parish . Jump up ^ The City of Athens , Georgia , and Clarke County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Athens comprises all of Clarke County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ Official name is San Buenaventura Jump up ^ Jurupa Valley was incorporated as a city on July 1 , 2011 from various portions of unincorporated territory in Riverside County , California . Because of this , there is no official 2010 Census population . Jump up ^ The Town of Davie , Florida , is currently the third most populous incorporated town in the United States . ^ Jump up to : In the state of New Jersey , townships are full - fledged municipalities on par with any town , city , borough , or village . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . 2017 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ In the state of Michigan , charter townships are municipalities on par with any other incorporated city . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . 2017 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Governments '' ( PDF ) . Government Organization . U.S. Census Bureau . December 2002 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . 2017 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . April 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The population of all North Side neighborhoods of Pittsburgh ( 41,120 ) , plus Census Tract 4270 Blocks 2 & 3 , which are the sections of Millvale , Pennsylvania that were formally part of Allegheny City . ( an additional 2,301 ) , which totals to 43,421 . All data from the 2010 Census . Jump up ^ The population for Brooklyn in the 2010 Census was 2,504,700 . However , since Brooklyn is now a borough of the City of New York and thus no longer its own separate city , for the purposes of this chart , its current population will be regarded as negligible . 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"\n\n\n2017rank\n\nCity\n\nState[5]\n\n2017estimate\n\n2010Census\n\nChange\n\n2016 land area\n\n2016 population density\n\nLocation\n\n\n1\n\nNew York[6]\n\n New York\n\n8,622,698\n\n8,175,133\n\n+5.47%\n\n301.5 sq mi\n\n780.9 km2\n\n28,317/sq mi\n\n10,933/km2\n\n40°39′49″N 73°56′19″W / 40.6635°N 73.9387°W / 40.6635; -73.9387 (1 New York City)\n\n\n2\n\nLos Angeles\n\n California\n\n3,999,759\n\n3,792,621\n\n+5.46%\n\n468.7 sq mi\n\n1,213.9 km2\n\n8,484/sq mi\n\n3,276/km2\n\n34°01′10″N 118°24′39″W / 34.0194°N 118.4108°W / 34.0194; -118.4108 (2 Los Angeles)\n\n\n3\n\nChicago\n\n Illinois\n\n2,716,450\n\n2,695,598\n\n+0.77%\n\n227.3 sq mi\n\n588.7 km2\n\n11,900/sq mi\n\n4,600/km2\n\n41°50′15″N 87°40′54″W / 41.8376°N 87.6818°W / 41.8376; -87.6818 (3 Chicago)\n\n\n4\n\nHouston[7]\n\n Texas\n\n2,312,717\n\n2,100,263\n\n+10.12%\n\n637.5 sq mi\n\n1,651.1 km2\n\n3,613/sq mi\n\n1,395/km2\n\n29°47′12″N 95°23′27″W / 29.7866°N 95.3909°W / 29.7866; -95.3909 (4 Houston)\n\n\n5\n\nPhoenix\n\n Arizona\n\n1,626,078\n\n1,445,632\n\n+12.48%\n\n517.6 sq mi\n\n1,340.6 km2\n\n3,120/sq mi\n\n1,200/km2\n\n33°34′20″N 112°05′24″W / 33.5722°N 112.0901°W / 33.5722; -112.0901 (6 Phoenix)\n\n\n6\n\nPhiladelphia[8]\n\n Pennsylvania\n\n1,580,863\n\n1,526,006\n\n+3.59%\n\n134.2 sq mi\n\n347.6 km2\n\n11,683/sq mi\n\n4,511/km2\n\n40°00′34″N 75°08′00″W / 40.0094°N 75.1333°W / 40.0094; -75.1333 (5 Philadelphia)\n\n\n7\n\nSan Antonio\n\n Texas\n\n1,511,946\n\n1,327,407\n\n+13.90%\n\n461.0 sq mi\n\n1,194.0 km2\n\n3,238/sq mi\n\n1,250/km2\n\n29°28′21″N 98°31′30″W / 29.4724°N 98.5251°W / 29.4724; -98.5251 (7 San Antonio)\n\n\n8\n\nSan Diego\n\n California\n\n1,419,516\n\n1,307,402\n\n+8.58%\n\n325.2 sq mi\n\n842.3 km2\n\n4,325/sq mi\n\n1,670/km2\n\n32°48′55″N 117°08′06″W / 32.8153°N 117.1350°W / 32.8153; -117.1350 (8 San Diego)\n\n\n9\n\nDallas\n\n Texas\n\n1,341,075\n\n1,197,816\n\n+11.96%\n\n340.9 sq mi\n\n882.9 km2\n\n3,866/sq mi\n\n1,493/km2\n\n32°47′36″N 96°45′59″W / 32.7933°N 96.7665°W / 32.7933; -96.7665 (9 Dallas)\n\n\n10\n\nSan Jose\n\n California\n\n1,035,317\n\n945,942\n\n+9.45%\n\n177.5 sq mi\n\n459.7 km2\n\n5,777/sq mi\n\n2,231/km2\n\n37°17′48″N 121°49′08″W / 37.2967°N 121.8189°W / 37.2967; -121.8189 (10 San Jose)\n\n\n11\n\nAustin\n\n Texas\n\n950,715\n\n790,390\n\n+20.28%\n\n312.7 sq mi\n\n809.9 km2\n\n3,031/sq mi\n\n1,170/km2\n\n30°18′14″N 97°45′16″W / 30.3039°N 97.7544°W / 30.3039; -97.7544 (11 Austin)\n\n\n12\n\nJacksonville[9]\n\n Florida\n\n892,062\n\n821,784\n\n+8.55%\n\n747.4 sq mi\n\n1,935.8 km2\n\n1,178/sq mi\n\n455/km2\n\n30°20′13″N 81°39′42″W / 30.3369°N 81.6616°W / 30.3369; -81.6616 (12 Jacksonville)\n\n\n13\n\nSan Francisco[10]\n\n California\n\n884,363\n\n805,235\n\n+9.83%\n\n46.9 sq mi\n\n121.5 km2\n\n18,569/sq mi\n\n7,170/km2\n\n37°43′38″N 123°01′56″W / 37.7272°N 123.0322°W / 37.7272; -123.0322 (13 San Francisco)\n\n\n14\n\nColumbus\n\n Ohio\n\n879,170\n\n787,033\n\n+11.71%\n\n218.5 sq mi\n\n565.9 km2\n\n3,936/sq mi\n\n1,520/km2\n\n39°59′07″N 82°59′05″W / 39.9852°N 82.9848°W / 39.9852; -82.9848 (15 Columbus)\n\n\n15\n\nFort Worth\n\n Texas\n\n874,168\n\n741,206\n\n+17.94%\n\n342.9 sq mi\n\n888.1 km2\n\n2,491/sq mi\n\n962/km2\n\n32°46′53″N 97°20′48″W / 32.7815°N 97.3467°W / 32.7815; -97.3467 (16 Fort Worth)\n\n\n16\n\nIndianapolis[11]\n\n Indiana\n\n863,002\n\n820,445\n\n+5.19%\n\n361.5 sq mi\n\n936.3 km2\n\n2,366/sq mi\n\n914/km2\n\n39°46′36″N 86°08′45″W / 39.7767°N 86.1459°W / 39.7767; -86.1459 (14 Indianapolis)\n\n\n17\n\nCharlotte\n\n North Carolina\n\n859,035\n\n731,424\n\n+17.45%\n\n305.4 sq mi\n\n791.0 km2\n\n2,757/sq mi\n\n1,064/km2\n\n35°12′28″N 80°49′52″W / 35.2078°N 80.8310°W / 35.2078; -80.8310 (17 Charlotte)\n\n\n18\n\nSeattle\n\n Washington\n\n724,745\n\n608,660\n\n+19.07%\n\n83.8 sq mi\n\n217.0 km2\n\n8,405/sq mi\n\n3,245/km2\n\n47°37′14″N 122°21′03″W / 47.6205°N 122.3509°W / 47.6205; -122.3509 (20 Seattle)\n\n\n19\n\nDenver[12]\n\n Colorado\n\n704,621\n\n600,158\n\n+17.41%\n\n153.3 sq mi\n\n397.0 km2\n\n4,521/sq mi\n\n1,746/km2\n\n39°45′43″N 104°52′52″W / 39.7619°N 104.8811°W / 39.7619; -104.8811 (Denver)\n\n\n20\n\nWashington[13]\n\n District of Columbia\n\n693,972\n\n601,723\n\n+15.33%\n\n61.1 sq mi\n\n158.2 km2\n\n11,148/sq mi\n\n4,304/km2\n\n38°54′15″N 77°01′02″W / 38.9041°N 77.0172°W / 38.9041; -77.0172 (Washington, D.C.)\n\n\n21\n\nBoston\n\n Massachusetts\n\n685,094\n\n617,594\n\n+10.93%\n\n48.3 sq mi\n\n125.1 km2\n\n13,938/sq mi\n\n5,381/km2\n\n42°19′55″N 71°01′13″W / 42.3320°N 71.0202°W / 42.3320; -71.0202 (Boston)\n\n\n22\n\nEl Paso\n\n Texas\n\n683,577\n\n649,121\n\n+5.31%\n\n256.8 sq mi\n\n665.1 km2\n\n2,660/sq mi\n\n1,030/km2\n\n31°50′54″N 106°25′37″W / 31.8484°N 106.4270°W / 31.8484; -106.4270 (19 El Paso)\n\n\n23\n\nDetroit\n\n Michigan\n\n673,104\n\n713,777\n\n2999430172168618490♠−5.70%\n\n138.8 sq mi\n\n359.5 km2\n\n4,847/sq mi\n\n1,871/km2\n\n42°22′59″N 83°06′08″W / 42.3830°N 83.1022°W / 42.3830; -83.1022 (18 Detroit)\n\n\n24\n\nNashville[14]\n\n Tennessee\n\n667,560\n\n601,222\n\n+11.03%\n\n475.9 sq mi\n\n1,232.6 km2\n\n1,388/sq mi\n\n536/km2\n\n36°10′18″N 86°47′06″W / 36.1718°N 86.7850°W / 36.1718; -86.7850 (Nashville)\n\n\n25\n\nMemphis\n\n Tennessee\n\n652,236\n\n646,889\n\n+0.83%\n\n317.4 sq mi\n\n822.1 km2\n\n2,056/sq mi\n\n794/km2\n\n35°06′10″N 89°58′39″W / 35.1028°N 89.9774°W / 35.1028; -89.9774 (Memphis)\n\n\n26\n\nPortland\n\n Oregon\n\n647,805\n\n583,776\n\n+10.97%\n\n133.5 sq mi\n\n345.8 km2\n\n4,793/sq mi\n\n1,851/km2\n\n45°32′13″N 122°39′00″W / 45.5370°N 122.6500°W / 45.5370; -122.6500 (Portland)\n\n\n27\n\nOklahoma City\n\n Oklahoma\n\n643,648\n\n579,999\n\n+10.97%\n\n606.3 sq mi\n\n1,570.3 km2\n\n1,053/sq mi\n\n407/km2\n\n35°28′02″N 97°30′49″W / 35.4671°N 97.5137°W / 35.4671; -97.5137 (Oklahoma City)\n\n\n28\n\nLas Vegas\n\n Nevada\n\n641,676\n\n583,756\n\n+9.92%\n\n134.4 sq mi\n\n348.1 km2\n\n4,709/sq mi\n\n1,818/km2\n\n36°13′45″N 115°15′36″W / 36.2292°N 115.2601°W / 36.2292; -115.2601 (Las Vegas)\n\n\n29\n\nLouisville[15]\n\n Kentucky\n\n621,349\n\n597,337\n\n+4.02%\n\n263.5 sq mi\n\n682.5 km2\n\n2,339/sq mi\n\n903/km2\n\n38°09′55″N 85°38′51″W / 38.1654°N 85.6474°W / 38.1654; -85.6474 (Louisville)\n\n\n30\n\nBaltimore[16]\n\n Maryland\n\n611,648\n\n620,961\n\n2999850022787260390♠−1.50%\n\n80.9 sq mi\n\n209.5 km2\n\n7,598/sq mi\n\n2,934/km2\n\n39°18′00″N 76°36′38″W / 39.3000°N 76.6105°W / 39.3000; -76.6105 (Baltimore)\n\n\n31\n\nMilwaukee\n\n Wisconsin\n\n595,351\n\n594,833\n\n+0.09%\n\n96.2 sq mi\n\n249.2 km2\n\n6,186/sq mi\n\n2,388/km2\n\n43°03′48″N 87°58′00″W / 43.0633°N 87.9667°W / 43.0633; -87.9667 (Milwaukee)\n\n\n32\n\nAlbuquerque\n\n New Mexico\n\n558,545\n\n545,852\n\n+2.33%\n\n188.2 sq mi\n\n487.4 km2\n\n2,972/sq mi\n\n1,147/km2\n\n35°06′20″N 106°38′51″W / 35.1056°N 106.6474°W / 35.1056; -106.6474 (Albuquerque)\n\n\n33\n\nTucson\n\n Arizona\n\n535,677\n\n520,116\n\n+2.99%\n\n230.8 sq mi\n\n597.8 km2\n\n2,299/sq mi\n\n888/km2\n\n32°09′11″N 110°52′14″W / 32.1531°N 110.8706°W / 32.1531; -110.8706 (Tucson)\n\n\n34\n\nFresno\n\n California\n\n527,438\n\n494,665\n\n+6.63%\n\n114.4 sq mi\n\n296.3 km2\n\n4,563/sq mi\n\n1,762/km2\n\n36°47′01″N 119°47′36″W / 36.7836°N 119.7934°W / 36.7836; -119.7934 (Fresno)\n\n\n35\n\nSacramento\n\n California\n\n501,901\n\n466,488\n\n+7.59%\n\n97.9 sq mi\n\n253.6 km2\n\n5,059/sq mi\n\n1,953/km2\n\n38°34′00″N 121°28′07″W / 38.5666°N 121.4686°W / 38.5666; -121.4686 (Sacramento)\n\n\n36\n\nMesa\n\n Arizona\n\n496,401\n\n439,041\n\n+13.06%\n\n137.9 sq mi\n\n357.2 km2\n\n3,514/sq mi\n\n1,357/km2\n\n33°24′07″N 111°43′03″W / 33.4019°N 111.7174°W / 33.4019; -111.7174 (Mesa)\n\n\n37\n\nKansas City\n\n Missouri\n\n488,943\n\n459,787\n\n+6.34%\n\n315.0 sq mi\n\n815.8 km2\n\n1,528/sq mi\n\n590/km2\n\n39°07′30″N 94°33′04″W / 39.1251°N 94.5510°W / 39.1251; -94.5510 (Kansas City, MO)\n\n\n38\n\nAtlanta\n\n Georgia\n\n486,290\n\n420,003\n\n+15.78%\n\n133.5 sq mi\n\n345.8 km2\n\n3,539/sq mi\n\n1,366/km2\n\n33°45′46″N 84°25′22″W / 33.7629°N 84.4227°W / 33.7629; -84.4227 (Atlanta)\n\n\n39\n\nLong Beach\n\n California\n\n469,450\n\n462,257\n\n+1.56%\n\n50.3 sq mi\n\n130.3 km2\n\n9,347/sq mi\n\n3,609/km2\n\n33°48′33″N 118°09′19″W / 33.8092°N 118.1553°W / 33.8092; -118.1553 (Long Beach)\n\n\n40\n\nOmaha\n\n Nebraska\n\n466,893\n\n408,958\n\n+14.17%\n\n133.2 sq mi\n\n345.0 km2\n\n3,356/sq mi\n\n1,296/km2\n\n41°15′52″N 96°02′42″W / 41.2644°N 96.0451°W / 41.2644; -96.0451 (Omaha)\n\n\n41\n\nRaleigh\n\n North Carolina\n\n464,758\n\n403,892\n\n+15.07%\n\n145.1 sq mi\n\n375.8 km2\n\n3,163/sq mi\n\n1,221/km2\n\n35°49′50″N 78°38′30″W / 35.8306°N 78.6418°W / 35.8306; -78.6418 (Raleigh)\n\n\n42\n\nColorado Springs\n\n Colorado\n\n464,474\n\n416,427\n\n+11.54%\n\n195.6 sq mi\n\n506.6 km2\n\n2,378/sq mi\n\n918/km2\n\n38°52′02″N 104°45′39″W / 38.8673°N 104.7607°W / 38.8673; -104.7607 (Colorado Springs)\n\n\n43\n\nMiami\n\n Florida\n\n463,347\n\n399,457\n\n+15.99%\n\n36.0 sq mi\n\n93.2 km2\n\n12,599/sq mi\n\n4,865/km2\n\n25°46′31″N 80°12′31″W / 25.7752°N 80.2086°W / 25.7752; -80.2086 (Miami)\n\n\n44\n\nVirginia Beach[16]\n\n Virginia\n\n450,435\n\n437,994\n\n+2.84%\n\n244.7 sq mi\n\n633.8 km2\n\n1,850/sq mi\n\n710/km2\n\n36°46′48″N 76°01′31″W / 36.7800°N 76.0252°W / 36.7800; -76.0252 (Virginia Beach)\n\n\n45\n\nOakland\n\n California\n\n425,195\n\n390,724\n\n+8.82%\n\n55.9 sq mi\n\n144.8 km2\n\n7,514/sq mi\n\n2,901/km2\n\n37°46′11″N 122°13′33″W / 37.7698°N 122.2257°W / 37.7698; -122.2257 (Oakland)\n\n\n46\n\nMinneapolis\n\n Minnesota\n\n422,331\n\n382,578\n\n+10.39%\n\n54.0 sq mi\n\n139.9 km2\n\n7,660/sq mi\n\n2,960/km2\n\n44°57′48″N 93°16′06″W / 44.9633°N 93.2683°W / 44.9633; -93.2683 (Minneapolis)\n\n\n47\n\nTulsa\n\n Oklahoma\n\n401,800\n\n391,906\n\n+2.52%\n\n196.8 sq mi\n\n509.7 km2\n\n2,048/sq mi\n\n791/km2\n\n36°07′40″N 95°54′08″W / 36.1279°N 95.9023°W / 36.1279; -95.9023 (Tulsa)\n\n\n48\n\nArlington\n\n Texas\n\n396,394\n\n365,438\n\n+8.47%\n\n95.8 sq mi\n\n248.1 km2\n\n4,100/sq mi\n\n1,600/km2\n\n32°42′03″N 97°07′29″W / 32.7007°N 97.1247°W / 32.7007; -97.1247 (Arlington)\n\n\n49\n\nNew Orleans[17]\n\n Louisiana\n\n393,292\n\n343,829\n\n+14.39%\n\n169.4 sq mi\n\n438.7 km2\n\n2,311/sq mi\n\n892/km2\n\n30°03′12″N 89°56′04″W / 30.0534°N 89.9345°W / 30.0534; -89.9345 (New Orleans)\n\n\n50\n\nWichita\n\n Kansas\n\n390,591\n\n382,368\n\n+2.15%\n\n160.4 sq mi\n\n415.4 km2\n\n2,431/sq mi\n\n939/km2\n\n37°41′27″N 97°20′45″W / 37.6907°N 97.3459°W / 37.6907; -97.3459 (Wichita)\n\n\n51\n\nCleveland\n\n Ohio\n\n385,525\n\n396,815\n\n2999715484545695100♠−2.85%\n\n77.7 sq mi\n\n201.2 km2\n\n4,965/sq mi\n\n1,917/km2\n\n41°28′43″N 81°40′46″W / 41.4785°N 81.6794°W / 41.4785; -81.6794 (Cleveland)\n\n\n52\n\nTampa\n\n Florida\n\n385,430\n\n335,709\n\n+14.81%\n\n113.4 sq mi\n\n293.7 km2\n\n3,326/sq mi\n\n1,284/km2\n\n27°58′12″N 82°28′47″W / 27.9701°N 82.4797°W / 27.9701; -82.4797 (Tampa)\n\n\n53\n\nBakersfield\n\n California\n\n380,874\n\n347,483\n\n+9.61%\n\n148.8 sq mi\n\n385.4 km2\n\n2,529/sq mi\n\n976/km2\n\n35°19′16″N 119°01′06″W / 35.3212°N 119.0183°W / 35.3212; -119.0183 (Bakersfield)\n\n\n54\n\nAurora\n\n Colorado\n\n366,623\n\n325,078\n\n+12.78%\n\n153.5 sq mi\n\n397.6 km2\n\n2,356/sq mi\n\n910/km2\n\n39°41′17″N 104°41′23″W / 39.6880°N 104.6897°W / 39.6880; -104.6897 (Aurora)\n\n\n55\n\nAnaheim\n\n California\n\n352,497\n\n336,265\n\n+4.83%\n\n50.0 sq mi\n\n129.5 km2\n\n7,021/sq mi\n\n2,711/km2\n\n33°51′20″N 117°45′36″W / 33.8555°N 117.7601°W / 33.8555; -117.7601 (Anaheim)\n\n\n56\n\nHonolulu[2]\n\n Hawaii\n\n350,395\n\n337,256\n\n+3.90%\n\n60.5 sq mi\n\n156.7 km2\n\n5,815/sq mi\n\n2,245/km2\n\n21°19′27″N 157°50′51″W / 21.3243°N 157.8476°W / 21.3243; -157.8476 (Honolulu)\n\n\n57\n\nSanta Ana\n\n California\n\n334,136\n\n324,528\n\n+2.96%\n\n27.1 sq mi\n\n70.2 km2\n\n12,333/sq mi\n\n4,762/km2\n\n33°44′11″N 117°52′59″W / 33.7363°N 117.8830°W / 33.7363; -117.8830 (Santa Ana)\n\n\n58\n\nRiverside\n\n California\n\n327,728\n\n303,871\n\n+7.85%\n\n81.2 sq mi\n\n210.3 km2\n\n3,999/sq mi\n\n1,544/km2\n\n33°56′17″N 117°23′36″W / 33.9381°N 117.3932°W / 33.9381; -117.3932 (Riverside)\n\n\n59\n\nCorpus Christi\n\n Texas\n\n325,605\n\n305,215\n\n+6.68%\n\n174.6 sq mi\n\n452.2 km2\n\n1,866/sq mi\n\n720/km2\n\n27°45′15″N 97°10′24″W / 27.7543°N 97.1734°W / 27.7543; -97.1734 (Corpus Christi)\n\n\n60\n\nLexington[18]\n\n Kentucky\n\n321,959\n\n295,803\n\n+8.84%\n\n283.6 sq mi\n\n734.5 km2\n\n1,123/sq mi\n\n434/km2\n\n38°02′27″N 84°27′30″W / 38.0407°N 84.4583°W / 38.0407; -84.4583 (Lexington)\n\n\n61\n\nStockton\n\n California\n\n310,496\n\n291,707\n\n+6.44%\n\n61.7 sq mi\n\n159.8 km2\n\n4,977/sq mi\n\n1,922/km2\n\n37°58′35″N 121°18′48″W / 37.9763°N 121.3133°W / 37.9763; -121.3133 (Stockton)\n\n\n62\n\nSt. Louis[16]\n\n Missouri\n\n308,626\n\n319,294\n\n2999665887865102380♠−3.34%\n\n62.0 sq mi\n\n160.6 km2\n\n5,023/sq mi\n\n1,939/km2\n\n38°38′09″N 90°14′41″W / 38.6357°N 90.2446°W / 38.6357; -90.2446 (St. Louis)\n\n\n63\n\nSaint Paul\n\n Minnesota\n\n306,621\n\n285,068\n\n+7.56%\n\n52.0 sq mi\n\n134.7 km2\n\n5,815/sq mi\n\n2,245/km2\n\n44°56′56″N 93°06′15″W / 44.9489°N 93.1041°W / 44.9489; -93.1041 (Saint Paul)\n\n\n64\n\nHenderson\n\n Nevada\n\n302,539\n\n257,729\n\n+17.39%\n\n104.7 sq mi\n\n271.2 km2\n\n2,798/sq mi\n\n1,080/km2\n\n36°00′35″N 115°02′09″W / 36.0097°N 115.0357°W / 36.0097; -115.0357 (Henderson)\n\n\n65\n\nPittsburgh\n\n Pennsylvania\n\n302,407\n\n305,704\n\n2999892150577028760♠−1.08%\n\n55.4 sq mi\n\n143.5 km2\n\n5,481/sq mi\n\n2,116/km2\n\n40°26′23″N 79°58′36″W / 40.4398°N 79.9766°W / 40.4398; -79.9766 (Pittsburgh)\n\n\n66\n\nCincinnati\n\n Ohio\n\n301,301\n\n296,943\n\n+1.47%\n\n77.4 sq mi\n\n200.5 km2\n\n3,860/sq mi\n\n1,490/km2\n\n39°08′25″N 84°30′21″W / 39.1402°N 84.5058°W / 39.1402; -84.5058 (Cincinnati)\n\n\n67\n\nAnchorage[19]\n\n Alaska\n\n294,356\n\n291,826\n\n+0.87%\n\n1,706.6 sq mi\n\n4,420.1 km2\n\n175/sq mi\n\n68/km2\n\n61°10′27″N 149°17′03″W / 61.1743°N 149.2843°W / 61.1743; -149.2843 (Anchorage)\n\n\n68\n\nGreensboro\n\n North Carolina\n\n290,222\n\n269,666\n\n+7.62%\n\n128.3 sq mi\n\n332.3 km2\n\n2,237/sq mi\n\n864/km2\n\n36°05′42″N 79°49′37″W / 36.0951°N 79.8270°W / 36.0951; -79.8270 (Greensboro)\n\n\n69\n\nPlano\n\n Texas\n\n286,143\n\n259,841\n\n+10.12%\n\n71.7 sq mi\n\n185.7 km2\n\n3,990/sq mi\n\n1,540/km2\n\n33°03′03″N 96°44′52″W / 33.0508°N 96.7479°W / 33.0508; -96.7479 (Plano)\n\n\n70\n\nNewark\n\n New Jersey\n\n285,154\n\n277,140\n\n+2.89%\n\n24.1 sq mi\n\n62.4 km2\n\n11,691/sq mi\n\n4,514/km2\n\n40°43′27″N 74°10′21″W / 40.7242°N 74.1726°W / 40.7242; -74.1726 (Newark)\n\n\n71\n\nLincoln\n\n Nebraska\n\n284,736\n\n258,379\n\n+10.20%\n\n92.1 sq mi\n\n238.5 km2\n\n3,044/sq mi\n\n1,175/km2\n\n40°48′38″N 96°40′49″W / 40.8105°N 96.6803°W / 40.8105; -96.6803 (Lincoln)\n\n\n72\n\nOrlando\n\n Florida\n\n280,257\n\n238,300\n\n+17.61%\n\n105.2 sq mi\n\n272.5 km2\n\n2,635/sq mi\n\n1,017/km2\n\n28°25′00″N 81°16′25″W / 28.4166°N 81.2736°W / 28.4166; -81.2736 (Orlando)\n\n\n73\n\nIrvine\n\n California\n\n277,453\n\n212,375\n\n+30.64%\n\n65.6 sq mi\n\n169.9 km2\n\n4,057/sq mi\n\n1,566/km2\n\n33°40′42″N 117°46′17″W / 33.6784°N 117.7713°W / 33.6784; -117.7713 (Irvine)\n\n\n74\n\nToledo\n\n Ohio\n\n276,491\n\n287,208\n\n2999626855797888640♠−3.73%\n\n80.7 sq mi\n\n209.0 km2\n\n3,451/sq mi\n\n1,332/km2\n\n41°39′51″N 83°34′55″W / 41.6641°N 83.5819°W / 41.6641; -83.5819 (Toledo)\n\n\n75\n\nJersey City\n\n New Jersey\n\n270,753\n\n247,597\n\n+9.35%\n\n14.8 sq mi\n\n38.3 km2\n\n17,848/sq mi\n\n6,891/km2\n\n40°42′41″N 74°03′53″W / 40.7114°N 74.0648°W / 40.7114; -74.0648 (Jersey City)\n\n\n76\n\nChula Vista\n\n California\n\n270,471\n\n243,916\n\n+10.89%\n\n49.6 sq mi\n\n128.5 km2\n\n5,387/sq mi\n\n2,080/km2\n\n32°37′40″N 117°00′55″W / 32.6277°N 117.0152°W / 32.6277; -117.0152 (Chula Vista)\n\n\n77\n\nDurham\n\n North Carolina\n\n267,743\n\n228,330\n\n+17.26%\n\n109.8 sq mi\n\n284.4 km2\n\n2,395/sq mi\n\n925/km2\n\n35°58′52″N 78°54′10″W / 35.9811°N 78.9029°W / 35.9811; -78.9029 (Durham)\n\n\n78\n\nFort Wayne\n\n Indiana\n\n265,904\n\n253,691\n\n+4.81%\n\n110.6 sq mi\n\n286.5 km2\n\n2,391/sq mi\n\n923/km2\n\n41°05′18″N 85°08′38″W / 41.0882°N 85.1439°W / 41.0882; -85.1439 (Fort Wayne)\n\n\n79\n\nSt. Petersburg\n\n Florida\n\n263,255\n\n244,769\n\n+7.55%\n\n61.8 sq mi\n\n160.1 km2\n\n4,223/sq mi\n\n1,631/km2\n\n27°45′43″N 82°38′39″W / 27.7620°N 82.6441°W / 27.7620; -82.6441 (St. Petersburg)\n\n\n80\n\nLaredo\n\n Texas\n\n260,654\n\n236,091\n\n+10.40%\n\n101.1 sq mi\n\n261.8 km2\n\n2,544/sq mi\n\n982/km2\n\n27°33′37″N 99°29′21″W / 27.5604°N 99.4892°W / 27.5604; -99.4892 (Laredo)\n\n\n81\n\nBuffalo\n\n New York\n\n258,612\n\n261,310\n\n2999896750985419620♠−1.03%\n\n40.4 sq mi\n\n104.6 km2\n\n6,359/sq mi\n\n2,455/km2\n\n42°53′33″N 78°51′35″W / 42.8925°N 78.8597°W / 42.8925; -78.8597 (Buffalo)\n\n\n82\n\nMadison\n\n Wisconsin\n\n255,214\n\n233,209\n\n+9.44%\n\n77.0 sq mi\n\n199.4 km2\n\n3,280/sq mi\n\n1,270/km2\n\n43°05′16″N 89°25′48″W / 43.0878°N 89.4299°W / 43.0878; -89.4299 (Madison)\n\n\n83\n\nLubbock\n\n Texas\n\n253,888\n\n229,573\n\n+10.59%\n\n124.6 sq mi\n\n322.7 km2\n\n2,027/sq mi\n\n783/km2\n\n33°33′56″N 101°53′12″W / 33.5656°N 101.8867°W / 33.5656; -101.8867 (Lubbock)\n\n\n84\n\nChandler\n\n Arizona\n\n253,458\n\n236,123\n\n+7.34%\n\n64.9 sq mi\n\n168.1 km2\n\n3,813/sq mi\n\n1,472/km2\n\n33°16′58″N 111°51′18″W / 33.2829°N 111.8549°W / 33.2829; -111.8549 (Chandler)\n\n\n85\n\nScottsdale\n\n Arizona\n\n249,950\n\n217,385\n\n+14.98%\n\n183.9 sq mi\n\n476.3 km2\n\n1,341/sq mi\n\n518/km2\n\n33°41′03″N 111°51′40″W / 33.6843°N 111.8611°W / 33.6843; -111.8611 (Scottsdale)\n\n\n86\n\nReno\n\n Nevada\n\n248,853\n\n225,221\n\n+10.49%\n\n107.3 sq mi\n\n277.9 km2\n\n2,286/sq mi\n\n883/km2\n\n39°32′57″N 119°51′00″W / 39.5491°N 119.8499°W / 39.5491; -119.8499 (Reno)\n\n\n87\n\nGlendale\n\n Arizona\n\n246,709\n\n226,721\n\n+8.82%\n\n59.1 sq mi\n\n153.1 km2\n\n4,161/sq mi\n\n1,607/km2\n\n33°31′59″N 112°11′24″W / 33.5331°N 112.1899°W / 33.5331; -112.1899 (Glendale)\n\n\n88\n\nNorfolk[16]\n\n Virginia\n\n244,703\n\n242,803\n\n+0.78%\n\n53.3 sq mi\n\n138.0 km2\n\n4,599/sq mi\n\n1,776/km2\n\n36°55′23″N 76°14′41″W / 36.9230°N 76.2446°W / 36.9230; -76.2446 (Norfolk)\n\n\n89\n\nWinston–Salem\n\n North Carolina\n\n244,605\n\n229,617\n\n+6.53%\n\n132.5 sq mi\n\n343.2 km2\n\n1,828/sq mi\n\n706/km2\n\n36°06′10″N 80°15′40″W / 36.1027°N 80.2610°W / 36.1027; -80.2610 (Winston-Salem)\n\n\n90\n\nNorth Las Vegas\n\n Nevada\n\n242,975\n\n216,961\n\n+11.99%\n\n98.0 sq mi\n\n253.8 km2\n\n2,436/sq mi\n\n941/km2\n\n36°17′09″N 115°05′38″W / 36.2857°N 115.0939°W / 36.2857; -115.0939 (North Las Vegas)\n\n\n91\n\nGilbert[20]\n\n Arizona\n\n242,354\n\n208,453\n\n+16.26%\n\n68.0 sq mi\n\n176.1 km2\n\n3,487/sq mi\n\n1,346/km2\n\n33°18′37″N 111°44′35″W / 33.3103°N 111.7431°W / 33.3103; -111.7431 (Gilbert)\n\n\n92\n\nChesapeake[16]\n\n Virginia\n\n240,397\n\n222,209\n\n+8.19%\n\n338.5 sq mi\n\n876.7 km2\n\n703/sq mi\n\n271/km2\n\n36°40′46″N 76°18′06″W / 36.6794°N 76.3018°W / 36.6794; -76.3018 (Chesapeake)\n\n\n93\n\nIrving\n\n Texas\n\n240,373\n\n216,290\n\n+11.13%\n\n67.0 sq mi\n\n173.5 km2\n\n3,557/sq mi\n\n1,373/km2\n\n32°51′28″N 96°58′12″W / 32.8577°N 96.9700°W / 32.8577; -96.9700 (Irving)\n\n\n94\n\nHialeah\n\n Florida\n\n239,673\n\n224,669\n\n+6.68%\n\n21.5 sq mi\n\n55.7 km2\n\n10,995/sq mi\n\n4,245/km2\n\n25°52′12″N 80°18′10″W / 25.8699°N 80.3029°W / 25.8699; -80.3029 (Hialeah)\n\n\n95\n\nGarland\n\n Texas\n\n238,002\n\n226,876\n\n+4.90%\n\n57.0 sq mi\n\n147.6 km2\n\n4,122/sq mi\n\n1,592/km2\n\n32°54′35″N 96°37′49″W / 32.9098°N 96.6303°W / 32.9098; -96.6303 (Garland)\n\n\n96\n\nFremont\n\n California\n\n234,962\n\n214,089\n\n+9.75%\n\n77.5 sq mi\n\n200.7 km2\n\n3,008/sq mi\n\n1,161/km2\n\n37°29′40″N 121°56′28″W / 37.4945°N 121.9412°W / 37.4945; -121.9412 (Fremont)\n\n\n97\n\nRichmond[16]\n\n Virginia\n\n227,032\n\n204,214\n\n+11.17%\n\n59.8 sq mi\n\n154.9 km2\n\n3,732/sq mi\n\n1,441/km2\n\n37°31′53″N 77°28′34″W / 37.5314°N 77.4760°W / 37.5314; -77.4760 (Richmond)\n\n\n98\n\nBoise[21]\n\n Idaho\n\n226,570\n\n205,671\n\n+10.16%\n\n82.1 sq mi\n\n212.6 km2\n\n2,718/sq mi\n\n1,049/km2\n\n43°36′01″N 116°13′54″W / 43.6002°N 116.2317°W / 43.6002; -116.2317 (Boise)\n\n\n99\n\nBaton Rouge[22]\n\n Louisiana\n\n225,374\n\n229,493\n\n2999820517401402220♠−1.79%\n\n85.9 sq mi\n\n222.5 km2\n\n2,651/sq mi\n\n1,024/km2\n\n30°26′32″N 91°07′51″W / 30.4422°N 91.1309°W / 30.4422; -91.1309 (Baton Rouge)\n\n\n100\n\nDes Moines\n\n Iowa\n\n217,521\n\n203,433\n\n+6.93%\n\n88.9 sq mi\n\n230.2 km2\n\n2,424/sq mi\n\n936/km2\n\n41°34′21″N 93°36′37″W / 41.5726°N 93.6102°W / 41.5726; -93.6102 (Des Moines)\n\n\n101\n\nSpokane\n\n Washington\n\n217,108\n\n208,916\n\n+3.92%\n\n68.7 sq mi\n\n177.9 km2\n\n3,144/sq mi\n\n1,214/km2\n\n47°40′01″N 117°26′00″W / 47.6669°N 117.4333°W / 47.6669; -117.4333 (Spokane)\n\n\n102\n\nSan Bernardino\n\n California\n\n216,995\n\n209,924\n\n+3.37%\n\n61.5 sq mi\n\n159.3 km2\n\n3,516/sq mi\n\n1,358/km2\n\n34°08′30″N 117°17′37″W / 34.1416°N 117.2936°W / 34.1416; -117.2936 (San Bernardino)\n\n\n103\n\nModesto\n\n California\n\n214,221\n\n201,165\n\n+6.49%\n\n43.0 sq mi\n\n111.4 km2\n\n4,934/sq mi\n\n1,905/km2\n\n37°38′15″N 121°00′11″W / 37.6375°N 121.0030°W / 37.6375; -121.0030 (Modesto)\n\n\n104\n\nTacoma\n\n Washington\n\n213,418\n\n198,397\n\n+7.57%\n\n49.7 sq mi\n\n128.7 km2\n\n4,251/sq mi\n\n1,641/km2\n\n47°15′08″N 122°27′35″W / 47.2522°N 122.4598°W / 47.2522; -122.4598 (Tacoma)\n\n\n105\n\nFontana\n\n California\n\n211,815\n\n196,069\n\n+8.03%\n\n43.0 sq mi\n\n111.4 km2\n\n4,876/sq mi\n\n1,883/km2\n\n34°06′32″N 117°27′46″W / 34.1090°N 117.4629°W / 34.1090; -117.4629 (Fontana)\n\n\n106\n\nSanta Clarita\n\n California\n\n210,888\n\n176,320\n\n+19.61%\n\n52.8 sq mi\n\n136.8 km2\n\n3,446/sq mi\n\n1,331/km2\n\n34°24′11″N 118°30′15″W / 34.4030°N 118.5042°W / 34.4030; -118.5042 (Santa Clarita)\n\n\n107\n\nBirmingham\n\n Alabama\n\n210,710\n\n212,237\n\n3000280521304013909♠−0.72%\n\n146.1 sq mi\n\n378.4 km2\n\n1,452/sq mi\n\n561/km2\n\n33°31′39″N 86°47′56″W / 33.5274°N 86.7990°W / 33.5274; -86.7990 (Birmingham)\n\n\n108\n\nOxnard\n\n California\n\n210,037\n\n197,899\n\n+6.13%\n\n26.9 sq mi\n\n69.7 km2\n\n7,729/sq mi\n\n2,984/km2\n\n34°12′08″N 119°12′17″W / 34.2023°N 119.2046°W / 34.2023; -119.2046 (Oxnard)\n\n\n109\n\nFayetteville\n\n North Carolina\n\n209,889\n\n200,564\n\n+4.65%\n\n147.7 sq mi\n\n382.5 km2\n\n1,386/sq mi\n\n535/km2\n\n35°04′58″N 78°58′25″W / 35.0828°N 78.9735°W / 35.0828; -78.9735 (Fayetteville)\n\n\n110\n\nRochester\n\n New York\n\n208,046\n\n210,565\n\n2999880369482107660♠−1.20%\n\n35.8 sq mi\n\n92.7 km2\n\n5,835/sq mi\n\n2,253/km2\n\n43°10′12″N 77°37′01″W / 43.1699°N 77.6169°W / 43.1699; -77.6169 (Rochester)\n\n\n111\n\nMoreno Valley\n\n California\n\n207,226\n\n193,365\n\n+7.17%\n\n51.3 sq mi\n\n132.9 km2\n\n4,006/sq mi\n\n1,547/km2\n\n33°55′24″N 117°12′21″W / 33.9233°N 117.2057°W / 33.9233; -117.2057 (Moreno Valley)\n\n\n112\n\nGlendale\n\n California\n\n203,054\n\n191,719\n\n+5.91%\n\n30.4 sq mi\n\n78.7 km2\n\n6,606/sq mi\n\n2,551/km2\n\n34°10′53″N 118°14′45″W / 34.1814°N 118.2458°W / 34.1814; -118.2458 (Glendale)\n\n\n113\n\nYonkers\n\n New York\n\n202,019\n\n195,976\n\n+3.08%\n\n18.0 sq mi\n\n46.6 km2\n\n11,156/sq mi\n\n4,307/km2\n\n40°56′45″N 73°52′03″W / 40.9459°N 73.8674°W / 40.9459; -73.8674 (Yonkers)\n\n\n114\n\nHuntington Beach\n\n California\n\n201,874\n\n189,992\n\n+6.25%\n\n26.9 sq mi\n\n69.7 km2\n\n7,459/sq mi\n\n2,880/km2\n\n33°41′26″N 118°00′33″W / 33.6906°N 118.0093°W / 33.6906; -118.0093 (Huntington Beach)\n\n\n115\n\nAurora\n\n Illinois\n\n200,965\n\n197,899\n\n+1.55%\n\n44.9 sq mi\n\n116.3 km2\n\n4,479/sq mi\n\n1,729/km2\n\n41°45′49″N 88°17′24″W / 41.7635°N 88.2901°W / 41.7635; -88.2901 (Aurora)\n\n\n116\n\nSalt Lake City\n\n Utah\n\n200,544\n\n186,440\n\n+7.56%\n\n111.2 sq mi\n\n288.0 km2\n\n1,742/sq mi\n\n673/km2\n\n40°46′37″N 111°55′52″W / 40.7769°N 111.9310°W / 40.7769; -111.9310 (Salt Lake City)\n\n\n117\n\nAmarillo\n\n Texas\n\n199,826\n\n190,695\n\n+4.79%\n\n101.4 sq mi\n\n262.6 km2\n\n1,968/sq mi\n\n760/km2\n\n35°12′00″N 101°49′49″W / 35.1999°N 101.8302°W / 35.1999; -101.8302 (Amarillo)\n\n\n118\n\nMontgomery\n\n Alabama\n\n199,518\n\n205,764\n\n2999696448358313410♠−3.04%\n\n159.8 sq mi\n\n413.9 km2\n\n1,252/sq mi\n\n483/km2\n\n32°20′50″N 86°15′58″W / 32.3472°N 86.2661°W / 32.3472; -86.2661 (Montgomery)\n\n\n119\n\nGrand Rapids\n\n Michigan\n\n198,829\n\n188,040\n\n+5.74%\n\n44.4 sq mi\n\n115.0 km2\n\n4,424/sq mi\n\n1,708/km2\n\n42°57′40″N 85°39′20″W / 42.9612°N 85.6556°W / 42.9612; -85.6556 (Grand Rapids)\n\n\n120\n\nLittle Rock\n\n Arkansas\n\n198,606\n\n193,524\n\n+2.63%\n\n118.7 sq mi\n\n307.4 km2\n\n1,673/sq mi\n\n646/km2\n\n34°43′31″N 92°21′31″W / 34.7254°N 92.3586°W / 34.7254; -92.3586 (Little Rock)\n\n\n121\n\nAkron\n\n Ohio\n\n197,846\n\n199,110\n\n3000365175028878510♠−0.63%\n\n62.0 sq mi\n\n160.6 km2\n\n3,188/sq mi\n\n1,231/km2\n\n41°04′50″N 81°31′17″W / 41.0805°N 81.5214°W / 41.0805; -81.5214 (Akron)\n\n\n122\n\nAugusta[23]\n\n Georgia\n\n197,166\n\n195,844\n\n+0.68%\n\n302.5 sq mi\n\n783.5 km2\n\n652/sq mi\n\n252/km2\n\n33°21′56″N 82°04′24″W / 33.3655°N 82.0734°W / 33.3655; -82.0734 (Augusta)\n\n\n123\n\nHuntsville\n\n Alabama\n\n194,585\n\n180,105\n\n+8.04%\n\n213.4 sq mi\n\n552.7 km2\n\n905/sq mi\n\n349/km2\n\n34°41′56″N 86°40′23″W / 34.6990°N 86.6730°W / 34.6990; -86.6730 (Huntsville)\n\n\n124\n\nColumbus[24]\n\n Georgia\n\n194,058\n\n189,885\n\n+2.20%\n\n216.4 sq mi\n\n560.5 km2\n\n913/sq mi\n\n353/km2\n\n32°30′37″N 84°52′30″W / 32.5102°N 84.8749°W / 32.5102; -84.8749 (Columbus)\n\n\n125\n\nGrand Prairie\n\n Texas\n\n193,837\n\n175,396\n\n+10.51%\n\n72.3 sq mi\n\n187.3 km2\n\n2,637/sq mi\n\n1,018/km2\n\n32°41′13″N 97°01′16″W / 32.6869°N 97.0211°W / 32.6869; -97.0211 (Grand Prairie)\n\n\n126\n\nShreveport\n\n Louisiana\n\n192,036\n\n199,311\n\n2999634992549332450♠−3.65%\n\n107.1 sq mi\n\n277.4 km2\n\n1,820/sq mi\n\n700/km2\n\n32°28′01″N 93°47′32″W / 32.4669°N 93.7922°W / 32.4669; -93.7922 (Shreveport)\n\n\n127\n\nOverland Park\n\n Kansas\n\n191,278\n\n173,372\n\n+10.33%\n\n75.1 sq mi\n\n194.5 km2\n\n2,516/sq mi\n\n971/km2\n\n38°53′20″N 94°41′26″W / 38.8890°N 94.6906°W / 38.8890; -94.6906 (Overland Park)\n\n\n128\n\nTallahassee\n\n Florida\n\n191,049\n\n181,376\n\n+5.33%\n\n100.4 sq mi\n\n260.0 km2\n\n1,901/sq mi\n\n734/km2\n\n30°27′18″N 84°15′12″W / 30.4551°N 84.2534°W / 30.4551; -84.2534 (Tallahassee)\n\n\n129\n\nMobile\n\n Alabama\n\n190,265\n\n195,111\n\n2999751628560152940♠−2.48%\n\n139.4 sq mi\n\n361.0 km2\n\n1,384/sq mi\n\n534/km2\n\n30°40′06″N 88°06′01″W / 30.6684°N 88.1002°W / 30.6684; -88.1002 (Mobile)\n\n\n130\n\nPort St. Lucie\n\n Florida\n\n189,344\n\n164,603\n\n+15.03%\n\n118.9 sq mi\n\n307.9 km2\n\n1,557/sq mi\n\n601/km2\n\n27°16′50″N 80°23′18″W / 27.2806°N 80.3883°W / 27.2806; -80.3883 (Port St. Lucie)\n\n\n131\n\nKnoxville\n\n Tennessee\n\n187,347\n\n178,874\n\n+4.74%\n\n98.5 sq mi\n\n255.1 km2\n\n1,891/sq mi\n\n730/km2\n\n35°58′15″N 83°56′57″W / 35.9707°N 83.9493°W / 35.9707; -83.9493 (Knoxville)\n\n\n132\n\nWorcester\n\n Massachusetts\n\n185,677\n\n181,045\n\n+2.56%\n\n37.4 sq mi\n\n96.9 km2\n\n4,933/sq mi\n\n1,905/km2\n\n42°16′10″N 71°48′28″W / 42.2695°N 71.8078°W / 42.2695; -71.8078 (Worcester)\n\n\n133\n\nTempe\n\n Arizona\n\n185,038\n\n161,719\n\n+14.42%\n\n40.0 sq mi\n\n103.6 km2\n\n4,562/sq mi\n\n1,761/km2\n\n33°23′18″N 111°55′54″W / 33.3884°N 111.9318°W / 33.3884; -111.9318 (Tempe)\n\n\n134\n\nCape Coral\n\n Florida\n\n183,365\n\n154,305\n\n+18.83%\n\n105.6 sq mi\n\n273.5 km2\n\n1,703/sq mi\n\n658/km2\n\n26°38′36″N 81°59′51″W / 26.6432°N 81.9974°W / 26.6432; -81.9974 (Cape Coral)\n\n\n135\n\nBrownsville\n\n Texas\n\n183,299\n\n175,023\n\n+4.73%\n\n132.5 sq mi\n\n343.2 km2\n\n1,387/sq mi\n\n536/km2\n\n25°59′57″N 97°27′18″W / 25.9991°N 97.4550°W / 25.9991; -97.4550 (Brownsville)\n\n\n136\n\nMcKinney\n\n Texas\n\n181,330\n\n131,117\n\n+38.30%\n\n63.0 sq mi\n\n163.2 km2\n\n2,735/sq mi\n\n1,056/km2\n\n33°11′55″N 96°40′05″W / 33.1985°N 96.6680°W / 33.1985; -96.6680 (McKinney)\n\n\n137\n\nProvidence\n\n Rhode Island\n\n180,393\n\n178,042\n\n+1.32%\n\n18.4 sq mi\n\n47.7 km2\n\n9,740/sq mi\n\n3,760/km2\n\n41°49′23″N 71°25′08″W / 41.8231°N 71.4188°W / 41.8231; -71.4188 (Providence)\n\n\n138\n\nFort Lauderdale\n\n Florida\n\n180,072\n\n165,521\n\n+8.79%\n\n34.6 sq mi\n\n89.6 km2\n\n5,166/sq mi\n\n1,995/km2\n\n26°08′28″N 80°08′48″W / 26.1412°N 80.1467°W / 26.1412; -80.1467 (Fort Lauderdale)\n\n\n139\n\nNewport News[16]\n\n Virginia\n\n179,388\n\n180,719\n\n3000263497473978929♠−0.74%\n\n69.1 sq mi\n\n179.0 km2\n\n2,631/sq mi\n\n1,016/km2\n\n37°04′34″N 76°31′19″W / 37.0762°N 76.5220°W / 37.0762; -76.5220 (Newport News)\n\n\n140\n\nChattanooga\n\n Tennessee\n\n179,139\n\n167,674\n\n+6.84%\n\n143.1 sq mi\n\n370.6 km2\n\n1,241/sq mi\n\n479/km2\n\n35°03′58″N 85°14′54″W / 35.0660°N 85.2484°W / 35.0660; -85.2484 (Chattanooga)\n\n\n141\n\nRancho Cucamonga\n\n California\n\n177,452\n\n165,269\n\n+7.37%\n\n40.0 sq mi\n\n103.6 km2\n\n4,413/sq mi\n\n1,704/km2\n\n34°07′24″N 117°33′51″W / 34.1233°N 117.5642°W / 34.1233; -117.5642 (Rancho Cucamonga)\n\n\n142\n\nFrisco\n\n Texas\n\n177,286\n\n116,989\n\n+51.54%\n\n67.7 sq mi\n\n175.3 km2\n\n2,417/sq mi\n\n933/km2\n\n33°09′19″N 96°49′21″W / 33.1554°N 96.8226°W / 33.1554; -96.8226 (Frisco)\n\n\n143\n\nSioux Falls\n\n South Dakota\n\n176,888\n\n153,888\n\n+14.95%\n\n75.4 sq mi\n\n195.3 km2\n\n2,312/sq mi\n\n893/km2\n\n43°32′18″N 96°43′55″W / 43.5383°N 96.7320°W / 43.5383; -96.7320 (Sioux Falls)\n\n\n144\n\nOceanside\n\n California\n\n176,193\n\n167,086\n\n+5.45%\n\n41.3 sq mi\n\n107.0 km2\n\n4,249/sq mi\n\n1,641/km2\n\n33°13′28″N 117°18′22″W / 33.2245°N 117.3062°W / 33.2245; -117.3062 (Oceanside)\n\n\n145\n\nOntario\n\n California\n\n175,841\n\n163,924\n\n+7.27%\n\n49.9 sq mi\n\n129.2 km2\n\n3,471/sq mi\n\n1,340/km2\n\n34°02′22″N 117°36′15″W / 34.0394°N 117.6042°W / 34.0394; -117.6042 (Ontario)\n\n\n146\n\nVancouver\n\n Washington\n\n175,673\n\n161,791\n\n+8.58%\n\n46.9 sq mi\n\n121.5 km2\n\n3,728/sq mi\n\n1,439/km2\n\n45°38′06″N 122°35′45″W / 45.6349°N 122.5957°W / 45.6349; -122.5957 (Vancouver)\n\n\n147\n\nSanta Rosa\n\n California\n\n175,269\n\n167,815\n\n+4.44%\n\n41.3 sq mi\n\n107.0 km2\n\n4,241/sq mi\n\n1,637/km2\n\n38°26′48″N 122°42′22″W / 38.4468°N 122.7061°W / 38.4468; -122.7061 (Santa Rosa)\n\n\n148\n\nGarden Grove\n\n California\n\n174,226\n\n170,883\n\n+1.96%\n\n18.0 sq mi\n\n46.6 km2\n\n9,714/sq mi\n\n3,751/km2\n\n33°46′44″N 117°57′38″W / 33.7788°N 117.9605°W / 33.7788; -117.9605 (Garden Grove)\n\n\n149\n\nElk Grove\n\n California\n\n171,844\n\n153,015\n\n+12.31%\n\n42.2 sq mi\n\n109.3 km2\n\n4,022/sq mi\n\n1,553/km2\n\n38°24′53″N 121°23′06″W / 38.4146°N 121.3850°W / 38.4146; -121.3850 (Elk Grove)\n\n\n150\n\nPembroke Pines\n\n Florida\n\n170,712\n\n154,019\n\n+10.84%\n\n33.0 sq mi\n\n85.5 km2\n\n5,109/sq mi\n\n1,973/km2\n\n26°01′16″N 80°20′25″W / 26.0210°N 80.3404°W / 26.0210; -80.3404 (Pembroke Pines)\n\n\n151\n\nSalem\n\n Oregon\n\n169,798\n\n154,637\n\n+9.80%\n\n48.6 sq mi\n\n125.9 km2\n\n3,445/sq mi\n\n1,330/km2\n\n44°55′25″N 123°01′24″W / 44.9237°N 123.0232°W / 44.9237; -123.0232 (Salem)\n\n\n152\n\nEugene\n\n Oregon\n\n168,916\n\n156,185\n\n+8.15%\n\n44.1 sq mi\n\n114.2 km2\n\n3,777/sq mi\n\n1,458/km2\n\n44°03′24″N 123°06′58″W / 44.0567°N 123.1162°W / 44.0567; -123.1162 (Eugene)\n\n\n153\n\nPeoria\n\n Arizona\n\n168,181\n\n154,065\n\n+9.16%\n\n175.7 sq mi\n\n455.1 km2\n\n934/sq mi\n\n361/km2\n\n33°47′10″N 112°18′29″W / 33.7862°N 112.3080°W / 33.7862; -112.3080 (Peoria)\n\n\n154\n\nCorona\n\n California\n\n167,836\n\n152,374\n\n+10.15%\n\n39.5 sq mi\n\n102.3 km2\n\n4,222/sq mi\n\n1,630/km2\n\n33°51′43″N 117°33′56″W / 33.8620°N 117.5655°W / 33.8620; -117.5655 (Corona)\n\n\n155\n\nSpringfield\n\n Missouri\n\n167,376\n\n159,498\n\n+4.94%\n\n82.3 sq mi\n\n213.2 km2\n\n2,033/sq mi\n\n785/km2\n\n37°11′39″N 93°17′29″W / 37.1942°N 93.2913°W / 37.1942; -93.2913 (Springfield)\n\n\n156\n\nJackson\n\n Mississippi\n\n166,965\n\n173,514\n\n2999622566478785570♠−3.77%\n\n111.0 sq mi\n\n287.5 km2\n\n1,524/sq mi\n\n588/km2\n\n32°18′57″N 90°12′46″W / 32.3158°N 90.2128°W / 32.3158; -90.2128 (Jackson)\n\n\n157\n\nCary[25]\n\n North Carolina\n\n165,904\n\n135,234\n\n+22.68%\n\n56.5 sq mi\n\n146.3 km2\n\n2,873/sq mi\n\n1,109/km2\n\n35°46′51″N 78°48′48″W / 35.7809°N 78.8133°W / 35.7809; -78.8133 (Cary)\n\n\n158\n\nFort Collins\n\n Colorado\n\n165,080\n\n143,986\n\n+14.65%\n\n55.8 sq mi\n\n144.5 km2\n\n2,943/sq mi\n\n1,136/km2\n\n40°32′54″N 105°03′53″W / 40.5482°N 105.0648°W / 40.5482; -105.0648 (Fort Collins)\n\n\n159\n\nHayward\n\n California\n\n160,500\n\n144,186\n\n+11.31%\n\n45.5 sq mi\n\n117.8 km2\n\n3,493/sq mi\n\n1,349/km2\n\n37°37′43″N 122°06′09″W / 37.6287°N 122.1024°W / 37.6287; -122.1024 (Hayward)\n\n\n160\n\nLancaster\n\n California\n\n160,316\n\n156,633\n\n+2.35%\n\n94.3 sq mi\n\n244.2 km2\n\n1,698/sq mi\n\n656/km2\n\n34°41′37″N 118°10′31″W / 34.6936°N 118.1753°W / 34.6936; -118.1753 (Lancaster)\n\n\n161\n\nAlexandria[16]\n\n Virginia\n\n160,035\n\n139,966\n\n+14.34%\n\n15.0 sq mi\n\n38.8 km2\n\n10,387/sq mi\n\n4,010/km2\n\n38°49′12″N 77°05′03″W / 38.8201°N 77.0841°W / 38.8201; -77.0841 (Alexandria)\n\n\n162\n\nSalinas\n\n California\n\n157,596\n\n150,441\n\n+4.76%\n\n23.6 sq mi\n\n61.1 km2\n\n6,662/sq mi\n\n2,572/km2\n\n36°41′25″N 121°38′01″W / 36.6902°N 121.6337°W / 36.6902; -121.6337 (Salinas)\n\n\n163\n\nPalmdale\n\n California\n\n157,519\n\n152,750\n\n+3.12%\n\n106.0 sq mi\n\n274.5 km2\n\n1,484/sq mi\n\n573/km2\n\n34°35′28″N 118°06′19″W / 34.5910°N 118.1054°W / 34.5910; -118.1054 (Palmdale)\n\n\n164\n\nLakewood\n\n Colorado\n\n154,958\n\n142,980\n\n+8.38%\n\n42.9 sq mi\n\n111.1 km2\n\n3,599/sq mi\n\n1,390/km2\n\n39°41′56″N 105°07′03″W / 39.6989°N 105.1176°W / 39.6989; -105.1176 (Lakewood)\n\n\n165\n\nSpringfield\n\n Massachusetts\n\n154,758\n\n153,060\n\n+1.11%\n\n31.9 sq mi\n\n82.6 km2\n\n4,830/sq mi\n\n1,860/km2\n\n42°06′56″N 72°32′24″W / 42.1155°N 72.5400°W / 42.1155; -72.5400 (Springfield)\n\n\n166\n\nSunnyvale\n\n California\n\n153,656\n\n140,081\n\n+9.69%\n\n22.0 sq mi\n\n57.0 km2\n\n6,944/sq mi\n\n2,681/km2\n\n37°23′09″N 122°01′35″W / 37.3858°N 122.0263°W / 37.3858; -122.0263 (Sunnyvale)\n\n\n167\n\nHollywood\n\n Florida\n\n153,627\n\n140,768\n\n+9.13%\n\n27.3 sq mi\n\n70.7 km2\n\n5,568/sq mi\n\n2,150/km2\n\n26°01′52″N 80°09′53″W / 26.0310°N 80.1646°W / 26.0310; -80.1646 (Hollywood)\n\n\n168\n\nPasadena\n\n Texas\n\n153,520\n\n149,043\n\n+3.00%\n\n43.5 sq mi\n\n112.7 km2\n\n3,525/sq mi\n\n1,361/km2\n\n29°39′31″N 95°09′02″W / 29.6586°N 95.1506°W / 29.6586; -95.1506 (Pasadena)\n\n\n169\n\nClarksville\n\n Tennessee\n\n153,205\n\n132,929\n\n+15.25%\n\n98.3 sq mi\n\n254.6 km2\n\n1,529/sq mi\n\n590/km2\n\n36°33′59″N 87°20′43″W / 36.5664°N 87.3452°W / 36.5664; -87.3452 (Clarksville)\n\n\n170\n\nPomona\n\n California\n\n152,939\n\n149,058\n\n+2.60%\n\n23.0 sq mi\n\n59.6 km2\n\n6,630/sq mi\n\n2,560/km2\n\n34°03′31″N 117°45′40″W / 34.0585°N 117.7611°W / 34.0585; -117.7611 (Pomona)\n\n\n171\n\nKansas City[26]\n\n Kansas\n\n152,938\n\n145,786\n\n+4.91%\n\n124.8 sq mi\n\n323.2 km2\n\n1,216/sq mi\n\n470/km2\n\n39°07′21″N 94°44′30″W / 39.1225°N 94.7418°W / 39.1225; -94.7418 (Kansas City)\n\n\n172\n\nMacon[27]\n\n Georgia\n\n152,663\n\n91,351\n\n+67.12%\n\n249.3 sq mi\n\n645.7 km2\n\n612/sq mi\n\n236/km2\n\n32°48′32″N 83°41′39″W / 32.8088°N 83.6942°W / 32.8088; -83.6942 (Macon)\n\n\n173\n\nEscondido\n\n California\n\n151,969\n\n143,911\n\n+5.60%\n\n37.1 sq mi\n\n96.1 km2\n\n4,087/sq mi\n\n1,578/km2\n\n33°07′59″N 117°04′26″W / 33.1331°N 117.0740°W / 33.1331; -117.0740 (Escondido)\n\n\n174\n\nPaterson\n\n New Jersey\n\n148,678\n\n146,199\n\n+1.70%\n\n8.4 sq mi\n\n21.8 km2\n\n17,500/sq mi\n\n6,800/km2\n\n40°54′53″N 74°09′46″W / 40.9148°N 74.1628°W / 40.9148; -74.1628 (Paterson)\n\n\n175\n\nJoliet\n\n Illinois\n\n148,462\n\n147,433\n\n+0.70%\n\n64.4 sq mi\n\n166.8 km2\n\n2,302/sq mi\n\n889/km2\n\n41°31′04″N 88°08′56″W / 41.5177°N 88.1488°W / 41.5177; -88.1488 (Joliet)\n\n\n176\n\nNaperville\n\n Illinois\n\n147,682\n\n141,853\n\n+4.11%\n\n38.7 sq mi\n\n100.2 km2\n\n3,802/sq mi\n\n1,468/km2\n\n41°44′57″N 88°09′43″W / 41.7492°N 88.1620°W / 41.7492; -88.1620 (Naperville)\n\n\n177\n\nRockford\n\n Illinois\n\n147,051\n\n152,871\n\n2999619286849696800♠−3.81%\n\n63.5 sq mi\n\n164.5 km2\n\n2,325/sq mi\n\n898/km2\n\n42°15′32″N 89°03′53″W / 42.2588°N 89.0646°W / 42.2588; -89.0646 (Rockford)\n\n\n178\n\nTorrance\n\n California\n\n146,758\n\n145,438\n\n+0.91%\n\n20.5 sq mi\n\n53.1 km2\n\n7,180/sq mi\n\n2,770/km2\n\n33°50′06″N 118°20′29″W / 33.8350°N 118.3414°W / 33.8350; -118.3414 (Torrance)\n\n\n179\n\nBridgeport\n\n Connecticut\n\n146,579\n\n144,229\n\n+1.63%\n\n16.1 sq mi\n\n41.7 km2\n\n9,064/sq mi\n\n3,500/km2\n\n41°11′15″N 73°11′45″W / 41.1874°N 73.1958°W / 41.1874; -73.1958 (Bridgeport)\n\n\n180\n\nSavannah\n\n Georgia\n\n146,444\n\n136,286\n\n+7.45%\n\n103.6 sq mi\n\n268.3 km2\n\n1,417/sq mi\n\n547/km2\n\n32°00′09″N 81°09′13″W / 32.0025°N 81.1536°W / 32.0025; -81.1536 (Savannah)\n\n\n181\n\nKilleen\n\n Texas\n\n145,482\n\n127,921\n\n+13.73%\n\n53.5 sq mi\n\n138.6 km2\n\n2,680/sq mi\n\n1,030/km2\n\n31°04′40″N 97°43′55″W / 31.0777°N 97.7320°W / 31.0777; -97.7320 (Killeen)\n\n\n182\n\nBellevue\n\n Washington\n\n144,444\n\n122,363\n\n+18.05%\n\n33.5 sq mi\n\n86.8 km2\n\n4,221/sq mi\n\n1,630/km2\n\n47°35′52″N 122°09′23″W / 47.5979°N 122.1565°W / 47.5979; -122.1565 (Bellevue)\n\n\n183\n\nMesquite\n\n Texas\n\n143,949\n\n139,824\n\n+2.95%\n\n47.2 sq mi\n\n122.2 km2\n\n3,045/sq mi\n\n1,176/km2\n\n32°45′46″N 96°35′20″W / 32.7629°N 96.5888°W / 32.7629; -96.5888 (Mesquite)\n\n\n184\n\nSyracuse\n\n New York\n\n143,396\n\n145,170\n\n2999877798443204520♠−1.22%\n\n25.0 sq mi\n\n64.7 km2\n\n5,735/sq mi\n\n2,214/km2\n\n43°02′28″N 76°08′37″W / 43.0410°N 76.1436°W / 43.0410; -76.1436 (Syracuse)\n\n\n185\n\nMcAllen\n\n Texas\n\n142,696\n\n129,877\n\n+9.87%\n\n58.4 sq mi\n\n151.3 km2\n\n2,435/sq mi\n\n940/km2\n\n26°13′56″N 98°14′47″W / 26.2322°N 98.2464°W / 26.2322; -98.2464 (McAllen)\n\n\n186\n\nPasadena\n\n California\n\n142,647\n\n137,122\n\n+4.03%\n\n23.0 sq mi\n\n59.6 km2\n\n6,176/sq mi\n\n2,385/km2\n\n34°09′38″N 118°08′23″W / 34.1606°N 118.1396°W / 34.1606; -118.1396 (Pasadena)\n\n\n187\n\nOrange\n\n California\n\n140,560\n\n136,416\n\n+3.04%\n\n25.4 sq mi\n\n65.8 km2\n\n5,532/sq mi\n\n2,136/km2\n\n33°47′13″N 117°51′41″W / 33.7870°N 117.8613°W / 33.7870; -117.8613 (Orange)\n\n\n188\n\nFullerton\n\n California\n\n140,392\n\n135,161\n\n+3.87%\n\n22.4 sq mi\n\n58.0 km2\n\n6,282/sq mi\n\n2,425/km2\n\n33°53′09″N 117°55′41″W / 33.8857°N 117.9280°W / 33.8857; -117.9280 (Fullerton)\n\n\n189\n\nDayton\n\n Ohio\n\n140,371\n\n141,527\n\n3000183194726094670♠−0.82%\n\n55.7 sq mi\n\n144.3 km2\n\n2,522/sq mi\n\n974/km2\n\n39°46′39″N 84°11′59″W / 39.7774°N 84.1996°W / 39.7774; -84.1996 (Dayton)\n\n\n190\n\nMiramar\n\n Florida\n\n140,328\n\n122,041\n\n+14.98%\n\n29.4 sq mi\n\n76.1 km2\n\n4,709/sq mi\n\n1,818/km2\n\n25°58′37″N 80°20′09″W / 25.9770°N 80.3358°W / 25.9770; -80.3358 (Miramar)\n\n\n191\n\nOlathe\n\n Kansas\n\n137,472\n\n125,872\n\n+9.22%\n\n60.9 sq mi\n\n157.7 km2\n\n2,225/sq mi\n\n859/km2\n\n38°53′03″N 94°49′10″W / 38.8843°N 94.8195°W / 38.8843; -94.8195 (Olathe)\n\n\n192\n\nThornton\n\n Colorado\n\n136,978\n\n118,772\n\n+15.33%\n\n35.7 sq mi\n\n92.5 km2\n\n3,829/sq mi\n\n1,478/km2\n\n39°55′10″N 104°56′34″W / 39.9194°N 104.9428°W / 39.9194; -104.9428 (Thornton)\n\n\n193\n\nWaco\n\n Texas\n\n136,436\n\n124,805\n\n+9.32%\n\n89.0 sq mi\n\n230.5 km2\n\n1,510/sq mi\n\n580/km2\n\n31°33′36″N 97°11′10″W / 31.5601°N 97.1860°W / 31.5601; -97.1860 (Waco)\n\n\n194\n\nMurfreesboro\n\n Tennessee\n\n136,372\n\n108,755\n\n+25.39%\n\n55.9 sq mi\n\n144.8 km2\n\n2,360/sq mi\n\n910/km2\n\n35°51′08″N 86°24′58″W / 35.8522°N 86.4160°W / 35.8522; -86.4160 (Murfreesboro)\n\n\n195\n\nDenton\n\n Texas\n\n136,268\n\n113,383\n\n+20.18%\n\n93.4 sq mi\n\n241.9 km2\n\n1,433/sq mi\n\n553/km2\n\n33°13′00″N 97°08′29″W / 33.2166°N 97.1414°W / 33.2166; -97.1414 (Denton)\n\n\n196\n\nWest Valley City\n\n Utah\n\n136,170\n\n129,480\n\n+5.17%\n\n35.5 sq mi\n\n91.9 km2\n\n3,847/sq mi\n\n1,485/km2\n\n40°41′19″N 112°00′42″W / 40.6885°N 112.0118°W / 40.6885; -112.0118 (West Valley City)\n\n\n197\n\nMidland\n\n Texas\n\n136,089\n\n111,147\n\n+22.44%\n\n74.4 sq mi\n\n192.7 km2\n\n1,809/sq mi\n\n698/km2\n\n32°01′29″N 102°06′49″W / 32.0246°N 102.1135°W / 32.0246; -102.1135 (Midland)\n\n\n198\n\nCarrollton\n\n Texas\n\n135,710\n\n119,097\n\n+13.95%\n\n36.3 sq mi\n\n94.0 km2\n\n3,674/sq mi\n\n1,419/km2\n\n32°59′18″N 96°53′59″W / 32.9884°N 96.8998°W / 32.9884; -96.8998 (Carrollton)\n\n\n199\n\nRoseville\n\n California\n\n135,329\n\n118,788\n\n+13.92%\n\n43.0 sq mi\n\n111.4 km2\n\n3,085/sq mi\n\n1,191/km2\n\n38°46′08″N 121°19′08″W / 38.7690°N 121.3189°W / 38.7690; -121.3189 (Roseville)\n\n\n200\n\nWarren\n\n Michigan\n\n135,022\n\n134,056\n\n+0.72%\n\n34.4 sq mi\n\n89.1 km2\n\n3,928/sq mi\n\n1,517/km2\n\n42°29′34″N 83°01′30″W / 42.4929°N 83.0250°W / 42.4929; -83.0250 (Warren)\n\n\n201\n\nCharleston\n\n South Carolina\n\n134,875\n\n120,083\n\n+12.32%\n\n109.0 sq mi\n\n282.3 km2\n\n1,233/sq mi\n\n476/km2\n\n32°49′04″N 79°57′32″W / 32.8179°N 79.9590°W / 32.8179; -79.9590 (Charleston)\n\n\n202\n\nHampton[16]\n\n Virginia\n\n134,669\n\n137,436\n\n2999798669926365730♠−2.01%\n\n51.5 sq mi\n\n133.4 km2\n\n2,629/sq mi\n\n1,015/km2\n\n37°02′53″N 76°17′50″W / 37.0480°N 76.2971°W / 37.0480; -76.2971 (Hampton)\n\n\n203\n\nSurprise\n\n Arizona\n\n134,085\n\n117,517\n\n+14.10%\n\n107.9 sq mi\n\n279.5 km2\n\n1,230/sq mi\n\n470/km2\n\n33°40′14″N 112°27′10″W / 33.6706°N 112.4527°W / 33.6706; -112.4527 (Surprise)\n\n\n204\n\nColumbia\n\n South Carolina\n\n133,114\n\n129,272\n\n+2.97%\n\n133.5 sq mi\n\n345.8 km2\n\n1,006/sq mi\n\n388/km2\n\n34°01′45″N 80°53′53″W / 34.0291°N 80.8980°W / 34.0291; -80.8980 (Columbia)\n\n\n205\n\nCoral Springs\n\n Florida\n\n133,037\n\n121,096\n\n+9.86%\n\n23.8 sq mi\n\n61.6 km2\n\n5,465/sq mi\n\n2,110/km2\n\n26°16′15″N 80°15′33″W / 26.2707°N 80.2593°W / 26.2707; -80.2593 (Coral Springs)\n\n\n206\n\nVisalia\n\n California\n\n133,010\n\n124,442\n\n+6.89%\n\n37.5 sq mi\n\n97.1 km2\n\n3,495/sq mi\n\n1,349/km2\n\n36°19′38″N 119°19′44″W / 36.3273°N 119.3289°W / 36.3273; -119.3289 (Visalia)\n\n\n207\n\nSterling Heights\n\n Michigan\n\n132,631\n\n129,699\n\n+2.26%\n\n36.5 sq mi\n\n94.5 km2\n\n3,628/sq mi\n\n1,401/km2\n\n42°34′52″N 83°01′49″W / 42.5812°N 83.0303°W / 42.5812; -83.0303 (Sterling Heights)\n\n\n208\n\nGainesville\n\n Florida\n\n132,249\n\n124,354\n\n+6.35%\n\n62.3 sq mi\n\n161.4 km2\n\n2,112/sq mi\n\n815/km2\n\n29°40′44″N 82°20′46″W / 29.6788°N 82.3461°W / 29.6788; -82.3461 (Gainesville)\n\n\n209\n\nCedar Rapids\n\n Iowa\n\n132,228\n\n126,326\n\n+4.67%\n\n70.8 sq mi\n\n183.4 km2\n\n1,852/sq mi\n\n715/km2\n\n41°58′01″N 91°40′40″W / 41.9670°N 91.6778°W / 41.9670; -91.6778 (Cedar Rapids)\n\n\n210\n\nNew Haven\n\n Connecticut\n\n131,014\n\n129,779\n\n+0.95%\n\n18.7 sq mi\n\n48.4 km2\n\n6,948/sq mi\n\n2,683/km2\n\n41°18′39″N 72°55′30″W / 41.3108°N 72.9250°W / 41.3108; -72.9250 (New Haven)\n\n\n211\n\nStamford\n\n Connecticut\n\n130,824\n\n122,643\n\n+6.67%\n\n37.6 sq mi\n\n97.4 km2\n\n3,434/sq mi\n\n1,326/km2\n\n41°04′48″N 73°32′46″W / 41.0799°N 73.5460°W / 41.0799; -73.5460 (Stamford)\n\n\n212\n\nElizabeth\n\n New Jersey\n\n130,215\n\n124,969\n\n+4.20%\n\n12.3 sq mi\n\n31.9 km2\n\n10,459/sq mi\n\n4,038/km2\n\n40°39′59″N 74°11′37″W / 40.6664°N 74.1935°W / 40.6664; -74.1935 (Elizabeth)\n\n\n213\n\nConcord\n\n California\n\n129,783\n\n122,067\n\n+6.32%\n\n30.5 sq mi\n\n79.0 km2\n\n4,221/sq mi\n\n1,630/km2\n\n37°58′20″N 122°00′06″W / 37.9722°N 122.0016°W / 37.9722; -122.0016 (Concord)\n\n\n214\n\nThousand Oaks\n\n California\n\n128,995\n\n126,683\n\n+1.83%\n\n55.2 sq mi\n\n143.0 km2\n\n2,335/sq mi\n\n902/km2\n\n34°11′36″N 118°52′27″W / 34.1933°N 118.8742°W / 34.1933; -118.8742 (Thousand Oaks)\n\n\n215\n\nKent\n\n Washington\n\n128,458\n\n92,411\n\n+39.01%\n\n33.7 sq mi\n\n87.3 km2\n\n3,784/sq mi\n\n1,461/km2\n\n47°23′17″N 122°12′46″W / 47.3880°N 122.2127°W / 47.3880; -122.2127 (Kent)\n\n\n216\n\nSanta Clara\n\n California\n\n127,134\n\n116,468\n\n+9.16%\n\n18.4 sq mi\n\n47.7 km2\n\n6,845/sq mi\n\n2,643/km2\n\n37°21′53″N 121°58′04″W / 37.3646°N 121.9679°W / 37.3646; -121.9679 (Santa Clara)\n\n\n217\n\nSimi Valley\n\n California\n\n126,878\n\n124,237\n\n+2.13%\n\n41.5 sq mi\n\n107.5 km2\n\n3,044/sq mi\n\n1,175/km2\n\n34°16′01″N 118°44′55″W / 34.2669°N 118.7485°W / 34.2669; -118.7485 (Simi Valley)\n\n\n218\n\nLafayette[28]\n\n Louisiana\n\n126,848\n\n120,623\n\n+5.16%\n\n53.8 sq mi\n\n139.3 km2\n\n2,372/sq mi\n\n916/km2\n\n30°12′27″N 92°01′43″W / 30.2074°N 92.0285°W / 30.2074; -92.0285 (Lafayette)\n\n\n219\n\nTopeka\n\n Kansas\n\n126,587\n\n127,473\n\n3000304950852337359♠−0.70%\n\n61.5 sq mi\n\n159.3 km2\n\n2,062/sq mi\n\n796/km2\n\n39°02′05″N 95°41′46″W / 39.0347°N 95.6962°W / 39.0347; -95.6962 (Topeka)\n\n\n220\n\nAthens[29]\n\n Georgia\n\n125,691\n\n115,452\n\n+8.87%\n\n116.4 sq mi\n\n301.5 km2\n\n1,060/sq mi\n\n410/km2\n\n33°56′59″N 83°22′12″W / 33.9496°N 83.3701°W / 33.9496; -83.3701 (Athens)\n\n\n221\n\nRound Rock\n\n Texas\n\n123,678\n\n99,887\n\n+23.82%\n\n35.6 sq mi\n\n92.2 km2\n\n3,396/sq mi\n\n1,311/km2\n\n30°31′31″N 97°39′58″W / 30.5252°N 97.6660°W / 30.5252; -97.6660 (Round Rock)\n\n\n222\n\nHartford\n\n Connecticut\n\n123,400\n\n124,775\n\n2999889801642957320♠−1.10%\n\n17.4 sq mi\n\n45.1 km2\n\n7,083/sq mi\n\n2,735/km2\n\n41°45′57″N 72°40′54″W / 41.7659°N 72.6816°W / 41.7659; -72.6816 (Hartford)\n\n\n223\n\nNorman\n\n Oklahoma\n\n122,843\n\n110,925\n\n+10.74%\n\n178.8 sq mi\n\n463.1 km2\n\n683/sq mi\n\n264/km2\n\n35°14′26″N 97°20′43″W / 35.2406°N 97.3453°W / 35.2406; -97.3453 (Norman)\n\n\n224\n\nVictorville\n\n California\n\n122,441\n\n115,903\n\n+5.64%\n\n73.3 sq mi\n\n189.8 km2\n\n1,668/sq mi\n\n644/km2\n\n34°31′40″N 117°21′13″W / 34.5277°N 117.3536°W / 34.5277; -117.3536 (Victorville)\n\n\n225\n\nFargo\n\n North Dakota\n\n122,359\n\n105,549\n\n+15.93%\n\n49.3 sq mi\n\n127.7 km2\n\n2,450/sq mi\n\n950/km2\n\n46°51′55″N 96°49′44″W / 46.8652°N 96.8290°W / 46.8652; -96.8290 (Fargo)\n\n\n226\n\nBerkeley\n\n California\n\n122,324\n\n112,580\n\n+8.66%\n\n10.5 sq mi\n\n27.2 km2\n\n11,547/sq mi\n\n4,458/km2\n\n37°52′01″N 122°17′57″W / 37.8670°N 122.2991°W / 37.8670; -122.2991 (Berkeley)\n\n\n227\n\nVallejo\n\n California\n\n122,105\n\n115,942\n\n+5.32%\n\n30.7 sq mi\n\n79.5 km2\n\n3,951/sq mi\n\n1,525/km2\n\n38°06′28″N 122°15′50″W / 38.1079°N 122.2640°W / 38.1079; -122.2640 (Vallejo)\n\n\n228\n\nAbilene\n\n Texas\n\n121,885\n\n117,063\n\n+4.12%\n\n106.7 sq mi\n\n276.4 km2\n\n1,146/sq mi\n\n442/km2\n\n32°27′16″N 99°44′17″W / 32.4545°N 99.7381°W / 32.4545; -99.7381 (Abilene)\n\n\n229\n\nColumbia\n\n Missouri\n\n121,717\n\n108,500\n\n+12.18%\n\n65.0 sq mi\n\n168.3 km2\n\n1,856/sq mi\n\n717/km2\n\n38°56′50″N 92°19′35″W / 38.9473°N 92.3264°W / 38.9473; -92.3264 (Columbia)\n\n\n230\n\nAnn Arbor\n\n Michigan\n\n121,477\n\n113,934\n\n+6.62%\n\n28.1 sq mi\n\n72.8 km2\n\n4,298/sq mi\n\n1,659/km2\n\n42°16′34″N 83°43′51″W / 42.2761°N 83.7309°W / 42.2761; -83.7309 (Ann Arbor)\n\n\n231\n\nAllentown\n\n Pennsylvania\n\n121,283\n\n118,032\n\n+2.75%\n\n17.5 sq mi\n\n45.3 km2\n\n6,882/sq mi\n\n2,657/km2\n\n40°35′37″N 75°28′42″W / 40.5936°N 75.4784°W / 40.5936; -75.4784 (Allentown)\n\n\n232\n\nPearland\n\n Texas\n\n119,940\n\n91,252\n\n+31.44%\n\n46.3 sq mi\n\n119.9 km2\n\n2,453/sq mi\n\n947/km2\n\n29°33′21″N 95°19′23″W / 29.5558°N 95.3231°W / 29.5558; -95.3231 (Pearland)\n\n\n233\n\nBeaumont\n\n Texas\n\n119,114\n\n118,296\n\n+0.69%\n\n82.1 sq mi\n\n212.6 km2\n\n1,441/sq mi\n\n556/km2\n\n30°05′06″N 94°08′43″W / 30.0849°N 94.1453°W / 30.0849; -94.1453 (Beaumont)\n\n\n234\n\nWilmington\n\n North Carolina\n\n119,045\n\n106,476\n\n+11.80%\n\n51.6 sq mi\n\n133.6 km2\n\n2,278/sq mi\n\n880/km2\n\n34°12′33″N 77°53′09″W / 34.2092°N 77.8858°W / 34.2092; -77.8858 (Wilmington)\n\n\n235\n\nEvansville\n\n Indiana\n\n118,930\n\n117,429\n\n+1.28%\n\n47.3 sq mi\n\n122.5 km2\n\n2,526/sq mi\n\n975/km2\n\n37°59′16″N 87°32′05″W / 37.9877°N 87.5347°W / 37.9877; -87.5347 (Evansville)\n\n\n236\n\nArvada\n\n Colorado\n\n118,807\n\n106,433\n\n+11.63%\n\n38.6 sq mi\n\n100.0 km2\n\n3,043/sq mi\n\n1,175/km2\n\n39°50′01″N 105°09′01″W / 39.8337°N 105.1503°W / 39.8337; -105.1503 (Arvada)\n\n\n237\n\nProvo\n\n Utah\n\n117,335\n\n112,488\n\n+4.31%\n\n41.7 sq mi\n\n108.0 km2\n\n2,803/sq mi\n\n1,082/km2\n\n40°14′43″N 111°38′41″W / 40.2453°N 111.6448°W / 40.2453; -111.6448 (Provo)\n\n\n238\n\nIndependence\n\n Missouri\n\n117,306\n\n116,830\n\n+0.41%\n\n77.8 sq mi\n\n201.5 km2\n\n1,504/sq mi\n\n581/km2\n\n39°05′08″N 94°21′08″W / 39.0855°N 94.3521°W / 39.0855; -94.3521 (Independence)\n\n\n239\n\nLansing\n\n Michigan\n\n116,986\n\n114,297\n\n+2.35%\n\n39.1 sq mi\n\n101.3 km2\n\n2,967/sq mi\n\n1,146/km2\n\n42°42′51″N 84°33′33″W / 42.7143°N 84.5593°W / 42.7143; -84.5593 (Lansing)\n\n\n240\n\nOdessa\n\n Texas\n\n116,861\n\n99,940\n\n+16.93%\n\n45.2 sq mi\n\n117.1 km2\n\n2,608/sq mi\n\n1,007/km2\n\n31°53′02″N 102°20′28″W / 31.8838°N 102.3411°W / 31.8838; -102.3411 (Odessa)\n\n\n241\n\nRichardson\n\n Texas\n\n116,783\n\n99,223\n\n+17.70%\n\n28.6 sq mi\n\n74.1 km2\n\n3,963/sq mi\n\n1,530/km2\n\n32°58′20″N 96°42′29″W / 32.9723°N 96.7081°W / 32.9723; -96.7081 (Richardson)\n\n\n242\n\nFairfield\n\n California\n\n116,266\n\n105,321\n\n+10.39%\n\n40.9 sq mi\n\n105.9 km2\n\n2,806/sq mi\n\n1,083/km2\n\n38°15′33″N 122°01′56″W / 38.2593°N 122.0321°W / 38.2593; -122.0321 (Fairfield)\n\n\n243\n\nEl Monte\n\n California\n\n116,109\n\n113,475\n\n+2.32%\n\n9.6 sq mi\n\n24.9 km2\n\n12,063/sq mi\n\n4,658/km2\n\n34°04′29″N 118°01′45″W / 34.0746°N 118.0291°W / 34.0746; -118.0291 (El Monte)\n\n\n244\n\nRochester\n\n Minnesota\n\n115,733\n\n106,769\n\n+8.40%\n\n54.6 sq mi\n\n141.4 km2\n\n2,088/sq mi\n\n806/km2\n\n44°00′55″N 92°28′38″W / 44.0154°N 92.4772°W / 44.0154; -92.4772 (Rochester)\n\n\n245\n\nClearwater\n\n Florida\n\n115,513\n\n107,685\n\n+7.27%\n\n25.9 sq mi\n\n67.1 km2\n\n4,415/sq mi\n\n1,705/km2\n\n27°58′44″N 82°46′00″W / 27.9789°N 82.7666°W / 27.9789; -82.7666 (Clearwater)\n\n\n246\n\nCarlsbad\n\n California\n\n115,330\n\n105,328\n\n+9.50%\n\n37.7 sq mi\n\n97.6 km2\n\n3,023/sq mi\n\n1,167/km2\n\n33°07′26″N 117°16′58″W / 33.1239°N 117.2828°W / 33.1239; -117.2828 (Carlsbad)\n\n\n247\n\nSpringfield\n\n Illinois\n\n114,868\n\n116,250\n\n2999881118279569889♠−1.19%\n\n60.1 sq mi\n\n155.7 km2\n\n1,925/sq mi\n\n743/km2\n\n39°47′28″N 89°38′41″W / 39.7911°N 89.6446°W / 39.7911; -89.6446 (Springfield)\n\n\n248\n\nTemecula\n\n California\n\n114,327\n\n100,097\n\n+14.22%\n\n37.3 sq mi\n\n96.6 km2\n\n3,031/sq mi\n\n1,170/km2\n\n33°29′35″N 117°07′54″W / 33.4931°N 117.1317°W / 33.4931; -117.1317 (Temecula)\n\n\n249\n\nWest Jordan\n\n Utah\n\n113,905\n\n103,712\n\n+9.83%\n\n32.3 sq mi\n\n83.7 km2\n\n3,520/sq mi\n\n1,360/km2\n\n40°36′09″N 112°00′03″W / 40.6024°N 112.0008°W / 40.6024; -112.0008 (West Jordan)\n\n\n250\n\nCosta Mesa\n\n California\n\n113,825\n\n109,960\n\n+3.51%\n\n15.7 sq mi\n\n40.7 km2\n\n7,186/sq mi\n\n2,775/km2\n\n33°39′57″N 117°54′44″W / 33.6659°N 117.9123°W / 33.6659; -117.9123 (Costa Mesa)\n\n\n251\n\nMiami Gardens\n\n Florida\n\n113,750\n\n107,167\n\n+6.14%\n\n18.2 sq mi\n\n47.1 km2\n\n6,212/sq mi\n\n2,398/km2\n\n25°56′56″N 80°14′37″W / 25.9489°N 80.2436°W / 25.9489; -80.2436 (Miami Gardens)\n\n\n252\n\nCambridge\n\n Massachusetts\n\n113,630\n\n105,162\n\n+8.05%\n\n6.4 sq mi\n\n16.6 km2\n\n17,289/sq mi\n\n6,675/km2\n\n42°22′34″N 71°07′07″W / 42.3760°N 71.1187°W / 42.3760; -71.1187 (Cambridge)\n\n\n253\n\nCollege Station\n\n Texas\n\n113,564\n\n93,857\n\n+21.00%\n\n51.0 sq mi\n\n132.1 km2\n\n2,199/sq mi\n\n849/km2\n\n30°35′07″N 96°17′47″W / 30.5852°N 96.2964°W / 30.5852; -96.2964 (College Station)\n\n\n254\n\nMurrieta\n\n California\n\n113,326\n\n103,466\n\n+9.53%\n\n33.6 sq mi\n\n87.0 km2\n\n3,324/sq mi\n\n1,283/km2\n\n33°34′20″N 117°11′25″W / 33.5721°N 117.1904°W / 33.5721; -117.1904 (Murrieta)\n\n\n255\n\nDowney\n\n California\n\n113,092\n\n111,772\n\n+1.18%\n\n12.4 sq mi\n\n32.1 km2\n\n9,134/sq mi\n\n3,527/km2\n\n33°56′18″N 118°07′51″W / 33.9382°N 118.1309°W / 33.9382; -118.1309 (Downey)\n\n\n256\n\nPeoria\n\n Illinois\n\n112,883\n\n115,007\n\n2999815315589485860♠−1.85%\n\n48.2 sq mi\n\n124.8 km2\n\n2,371/sq mi\n\n915/km2\n\n40°45′05″N 89°37′03″W / 40.7515°N 89.6174°W / 40.7515; -89.6174 (Peoria)\n\n\n257\n\nWestminster\n\n Colorado\n\n112,812\n\n106,114\n\n+6.31%\n\n31.7 sq mi\n\n82.1 km2\n\n3,592/sq mi\n\n1,387/km2\n\n39°52′56″N 105°03′52″W / 39.8822°N 105.0644°W / 39.8822; -105.0644 (Westminster)\n\n\n258\n\nElgin\n\n Illinois\n\n112,456\n\n108,188\n\n+3.94%\n\n37.4 sq mi\n\n96.9 km2\n\n2,998/sq mi\n\n1,158/km2\n\n42°02′23″N 88°19′18″W / 42.0396°N 88.3217°W / 42.0396; -88.3217 (Elgin)\n\n\n259\n\nAntioch\n\n California\n\n111,674\n\n102,372\n\n+9.09%\n\n29.4 sq mi\n\n76.1 km2\n\n3,772/sq mi\n\n1,456/km2\n\n37°58′45″N 121°47′46″W / 37.9791°N 121.7962°W / 37.9791; -121.7962 (Antioch)\n\n\n260\n\nPalm Bay\n\n Florida\n\n111,657\n\n103,190\n\n+8.21%\n\n65.7 sq mi\n\n170.2 km2\n\n1,676/sq mi\n\n647/km2\n\n27°59′08″N 80°39′45″W / 27.9856°N 80.6626°W / 27.9856; -80.6626 (Palm Bay)\n\n\n261\n\nHigh Point\n\n North Carolina\n\n111,513\n\n104,371\n\n+6.84%\n\n55.2 sq mi\n\n143.0 km2\n\n2,015/sq mi\n\n778/km2\n\n35°59′24″N 79°59′26″W / 35.9900°N 79.9905°W / 35.9900; -79.9905 (High Point)\n\n\n262\n\nLowell\n\n Massachusetts\n\n111,346\n\n106,519\n\n+4.53%\n\n13.6 sq mi\n\n35.2 km2\n\n8,129/sq mi\n\n3,139/km2\n\n42°38′20″N 71°19′16″W / 42.6390°N 71.3211°W / 42.6390; -71.3211 (Lowell)\n\n\n263\n\nManchester\n\n New Hampshire\n\n111,196\n\n109,565\n\n+1.49%\n\n33.1 sq mi\n\n85.7 km2\n\n3,339/sq mi\n\n1,289/km2\n\n42°59′06″N 71°26′39″W / 42.9849°N 71.4441°W / 42.9849; -71.4441 (Manchester)\n\n\n264\n\nPueblo\n\n Colorado\n\n111,127\n\n106,595\n\n+4.25%\n\n53.6 sq mi\n\n138.8 km2\n\n2,058/sq mi\n\n795/km2\n\n38°16′12″N 104°36′44″W / 38.2699°N 104.6123°W / 38.2699; -104.6123 (Pueblo)\n\n\n265\n\nGresham\n\n Oregon\n\n111,053\n\n105,594\n\n+5.17%\n\n23.3 sq mi\n\n60.3 km2\n\n4,786/sq mi\n\n1,848/km2\n\n45°30′08″N 122°26′30″W / 45.5023°N 122.4416°W / 45.5023; -122.4416 (Gresham)\n\n\n266\n\nNorth Charleston\n\n South Carolina\n\n110,861\n\n97,471\n\n+13.74%\n\n73.7 sq mi\n\n190.9 km2\n\n1,483/sq mi\n\n573/km2\n\n32°55′04″N 80°03′54″W / 32.9178°N 80.0650°W / 32.9178; -80.0650 (North Charleston)\n\n\n267\n\nVentura[30]\n\n California\n\n110,790\n\n106,433\n\n+4.09%\n\n21.8 sq mi\n\n56.5 km2\n\n5,027/sq mi\n\n1,941/km2\n\n34°16′04″N 119°15′15″W / 34.2678°N 119.2542°W / 34.2678; -119.2542 (Ventura)\n\n\n268\n\nInglewood\n\n California\n\n110,598\n\n109,673\n\n+0.84%\n\n9.1 sq mi\n\n23.6 km2\n\n12,160/sq mi\n\n4,700/km2\n\n33°57′22″N 118°20′39″W / 33.9561°N 118.3443°W / 33.9561; -118.3443 (Inglewood)\n\n\n269\n\nPompano Beach\n\n Florida\n\n110,473\n\n99,845\n\n+10.64%\n\n24.0 sq mi\n\n62.2 km2\n\n4,558/sq mi\n\n1,760/km2\n\n26°14′30″N 80°08′02″W / 26.2416°N 80.1339°W / 26.2416; -80.1339 (Pompano Beach)\n\n\n270\n\nCentennial\n\n Colorado\n\n110,250\n\n100,377\n\n+9.84%\n\n29.5 sq mi\n\n76.4 km2\n\n3,727/sq mi\n\n1,439/km2\n\n39°35′26″N 104°52′09″W / 39.5906°N 104.8691°W / 39.5906; -104.8691 (Centennial)\n\n\n271\n\nWest Palm Beach\n\n Florida\n\n110,222\n\n99,919\n\n+10.31%\n\n55.1 sq mi\n\n142.7 km2\n\n1,963/sq mi\n\n758/km2\n\n26°44′47″N 80°07′30″W / 26.7464°N 80.1251°W / 26.7464; -80.1251 (West Palm Beach)\n\n\n272\n\nEverett\n\n Washington\n\n110,079\n\n103,019\n\n+6.85%\n\n33.3 sq mi\n\n86.2 km2\n\n3,275/sq mi\n\n1,264/km2\n\n47°57′24″N 122°11′29″W / 47.9566°N 122.1914°W / 47.9566; -122.1914 (Everett)\n\n\n273\n\nRichmond\n\n California\n\n110,040\n\n103,701\n\n+6.11%\n\n30.1 sq mi\n\n78.0 km2\n\n3,648/sq mi\n\n1,409/km2\n\n37°57′08″N 122°21′38″W / 37.9523°N 122.3606°W / 37.9523; -122.3606 (Richmond)\n\n\n274\n\nClovis\n\n California\n\n109,691\n\n95,631\n\n+14.70%\n\n24.2 sq mi\n\n62.7 km2\n\n4,404/sq mi\n\n1,700/km2\n\n36°49′42″N 119°41′06″W / 36.8282°N 119.6849°W / 36.8282; -119.6849 (Clovis)\n\n\n275\n\nBillings\n\n Montana\n\n109,642\n\n104,170\n\n+5.25%\n\n43.7 sq mi\n\n113.2 km2\n\n2,525/sq mi\n\n975/km2\n\n45°47′19″N 108°33′00″W / 45.7885°N 108.5499°W / 45.7885; -108.5499 (Billings)\n\n\n276\n\nWaterbury\n\n Connecticut\n\n108,629\n\n110,366\n\n2999842614573328740♠−1.57%\n\n28.5 sq mi\n\n73.8 km2\n\n3,799/sq mi\n\n1,467/km2\n\n41°33′31″N 73°02′12″W / 41.5585°N 73.0367°W / 41.5585; -73.0367 (Waterbury)\n\n\n277\n\nBroken Arrow\n\n Oklahoma\n\n108,303\n\n98,850\n\n+9.56%\n\n61.7 sq mi\n\n159.8 km2\n\n1,741/sq mi\n\n672/km2\n\n36°02′11″N 95°46′52″W / 36.0365°N 95.7810°W / 36.0365; -95.7810 (Broken Arrow)\n\n\n278\n\nLakeland\n\n Florida\n\n108,054\n\n97,422\n\n+10.91%\n\n65.9 sq mi\n\n170.7 km2\n\n1,615/sq mi\n\n624/km2\n\n28°03′20″N 81°57′18″W / 28.0555°N 81.9549°W / 28.0555; -81.9549 (Lakeland)\n\n\n279\n\nWest Covina\n\n California\n\n107,598\n\n106,098\n\n+1.41%\n\n16.0 sq mi\n\n41.4 km2\n\n6,740/sq mi\n\n2,600/km2\n\n34°03′21″N 117°54′36″W / 34.0559°N 117.9099°W / 34.0559; -117.9099 (West Covina)\n\n\n280\n\nBoulder\n\n Colorado\n\n107,125\n\n97,385\n\n+10.00%\n\n24.8 sq mi\n\n64.2 km2\n\n4,358/sq mi\n\n1,683/km2\n\n40°01′37″N 105°15′07″W / 40.0270°N 105.2519°W / 40.0270; -105.2519 (Boulder)\n\n\n281\n\nDaly City\n\n California\n\n107,074\n\n101,123\n\n+5.88%\n\n7.6 sq mi\n\n19.7 km2\n\n14,009/sq mi\n\n5,409/km2\n\n37°42′03″N 122°27′54″W / 37.7009°N 122.4650°W / 37.7009; -122.4650 (Daly City)\n\n\n282\n\nSanta Maria\n\n California\n\n107,014\n\n99,553\n\n+7.49%\n\n22.8 sq mi\n\n59.1 km2\n\n4,662/sq mi\n\n1,800/km2\n\n34°56′00″N 120°26′38″W / 34.9332°N 120.4438°W / 34.9332; -120.4438 (Santa Maria)\n\n\n283\n\nHillsboro\n\n Oregon\n\n106,894\n\n91,611\n\n+16.68%\n\n25.0 sq mi\n\n64.7 km2\n\n4,207/sq mi\n\n1,624/km2\n\n45°31′41″N 122°56′09″W / 45.5280°N 122.9357°W / 45.5280; -122.9357 (Hillsboro)\n\n\n284\n\nSandy Springs\n\n Georgia\n\n106,739\n\n93,853\n\n+13.73%\n\n37.7 sq mi\n\n97.6 km2\n\n2,804/sq mi\n\n1,083/km2\n\n33°55′53″N 84°22′07″W / 33.9315°N 84.3687°W / 33.9315; -84.3687 (Sandy Springs)\n\n\n285\n\nNorwalk\n\n California\n\n106,084\n\n105,549\n\n+0.51%\n\n9.7 sq mi\n\n25.1 km2\n\n10,946/sq mi\n\n4,226/km2\n\n33°54′27″N 118°05′01″W / 33.9076°N 118.0835°W / 33.9076; -118.0835 (Norwalk)\n\n\n286\n\nJurupa Valley\n\n California\n\n106,028\n\n0\n\n0000000000000000000♠NA[31]\n\n42.9 sq mi\n\n111.1 km2\n\n2,414/sq mi\n\n932/km2\n\n34°00′09″N 117°28′03″W / 34.0026°N 117.4676°W / 34.0026; -117.4676 (Jurupa Valley)\n\n\n287\n\nLewisville\n\n Texas\n\n106,021\n\n95,290\n\n+11.26%\n\n36.7 sq mi\n\n95.1 km2\n\n2,852/sq mi\n\n1,101/km2\n\n33°02′48″N 96°58′54″W / 33.0466°N 96.9818°W / 33.0466; -96.9818 (Lewisville)\n\n\n288\n\nGreeley\n\n Colorado\n\n105,448\n\n92,889\n\n+13.52%\n\n47.8 sq mi\n\n123.8 km2\n\n2,176/sq mi\n\n840/km2\n\n40°24′55″N 104°46′11″W / 40.4153°N 104.7697°W / 40.4153; -104.7697 (Greeley)\n\n\n289\n\nDavie[32]\n\n Florida\n\n105,149\n\n91,992\n\n+14.30%\n\n34.9 sq mi\n\n90.4 km2\n\n2,919/sq mi\n\n1,127/km2\n\n26°04′45″N 80°17′06″W / 26.0791°N 80.2850°W / 26.0791; -80.2850 (Davie)\n\n\n290\n\nGreen Bay\n\n Wisconsin\n\n105,116\n\n104,057\n\n+1.02%\n\n45.4 sq mi\n\n117.6 km2\n\n2,316/sq mi\n\n894/km2\n\n44°31′15″N 87°59′03″W / 44.5207°N 87.9842°W / 44.5207; -87.9842 (Green Bay)\n\n\n291\n\nTyler\n\n Texas\n\n104,991\n\n96,900\n\n+8.35%\n\n56.6 sq mi\n\n146.6 km2\n\n1,852/sq mi\n\n715/km2\n\n32°19′02″N 95°18′21″W / 32.3173°N 95.3059°W / 32.3173; -95.3059 (Tyler)\n\n\n292\n\nLeague City\n\n Texas\n\n104,903\n\n83,560\n\n+25.54%\n\n51.2 sq mi\n\n132.6 km2\n\n1,992/sq mi\n\n769/km2\n\n29°29′24″N 95°06′33″W / 29.4901°N 95.1091°W / 29.4901; -95.1091 (League City)\n\n\n293\n\nBurbank\n\n California\n\n104,834\n\n103,340\n\n+1.45%\n\n17.4 sq mi\n\n45.1 km2\n\n6,003/sq mi\n\n2,318/km2\n\n34°11′24″N 118°19′35″W / 34.1901°N 118.3264°W / 34.1901; -118.3264 (Burbank)\n\n\n294\n\nSan Mateo\n\n California\n\n104,748\n\n97,207\n\n+7.76%\n\n12.1 sq mi\n\n31.3 km2\n\n8,592/sq mi\n\n3,317/km2\n\n37°33′37″N 122°18′38″W / 37.5603°N 122.3106°W / 37.5603; -122.3106 (San Mateo)\n\n\n295\n\nWichita Falls\n\n Texas\n\n104,747\n\n104,553\n\n+0.19%\n\n72.2 sq mi\n\n187.0 km2\n\n1,450/sq mi\n\n560/km2\n\n33°54′24″N 98°31′33″W / 33.9067°N 98.5259°W / 33.9067; -98.5259 (Wichita Falls)\n\n\n296\n\nEl Cajon\n\n California\n\n103,894\n\n99,478\n\n+4.44%\n\n14.5 sq mi\n\n37.6 km2\n\n7,156/sq mi\n\n2,763/km2\n\n32°48′06″N 116°57′37″W / 32.8017°N 116.9604°W / 32.8017; -116.9604 (El Cajon)\n\n\n297\n\nRialto\n\n California\n\n103,562\n\n99,171\n\n+4.43%\n\n22.3 sq mi\n\n57.8 km2\n\n4,633/sq mi\n\n1,789/km2\n\n34°06′42″N 117°23′18″W / 34.1118°N 117.3883°W / 34.1118; -117.3883 (Rialto)\n\n\n298\n\nLakewood [33]\n\n New Jersey\n\n102,682\n\n92,843\n\n+10.60%\n\n24.7 sq mi\n\n64.0 km2\n\n4,079/sq mi\n\n1,575/km2\n\n40°04′38″N 74°12′01″W / 40.0771°N 74.2004°W / 40.0771; -74.2004 (Lakewood)\n\n\n299\n\nEdison [33]\n\n New Jersey\n\n102,450\n\n99,967\n\n+2.48%\n\n30.1 sq mi\n\n78.0 km2\n\n3,389/sq mi\n\n1,309/km2\n\n40°30′14″N 74°20′58″W / 40.5040°N 74.3494°W / 40.5040; -74.3494 (Edison)\n\n\n300\n\nDavenport\n\n Iowa\n\n102,320\n\n99,685\n\n+2.64%\n\n62.9 sq mi\n\n162.9 km2\n\n1,631/sq mi\n\n630/km2\n\n41°33′15″N 90°36′14″W / 41.5541°N 90.6040°W / 41.5541; -90.6040 (Davenport)\n\n\n301\n\nSouth Bend\n\n Indiana\n\n102,245\n\n101,168\n\n+1.06%\n\n41.4 sq mi\n\n107.2 km2\n\n2,457/sq mi\n\n949/km2\n\n41°40′37″N 86°16′08″W / 41.6769°N 86.2690°W / 41.6769; -86.2690 (South Bend)\n\n\n302\n\nWoodbridge[33]\n\n New Jersey\n\n101,965\n\n99,585\n\n+2.39%\n\n23.3 sq mi\n\n60.3 km2\n\n4,351/sq mi\n\n1,680/km2\n\n40°33′39″N 74°17′34″W / 40.5607°N 74.2927°W / 40.5607; -74.2927 (Woodbridge)\n\n\n303\n\nLas Cruces\n\n New Mexico\n\n101,712\n\n97,618\n\n+4.19%\n\n76.9 sq mi\n\n199.2 km2\n\n1,323/sq mi\n\n511/km2\n\n32°19′35″N 106°47′23″W / 32.3264°N 106.7897°W / 32.3264; -106.7897 (Las Cruces)\n\n\n304\n\nVista\n\n California\n\n101,568\n\n93,834\n\n+8.24%\n\n18.7 sq mi\n\n48.4 km2\n\n5,436/sq mi\n\n2,099/km2\n\n33°11′22″N 117°14′19″W / 33.1895°N 117.2386°W / 33.1895; -117.2386 (Vista)\n\n\n305\n\nRenton\n\n Washington\n\n101,379\n\n90,927\n\n+11.49%\n\n23.4 sq mi\n\n60.6 km2\n\n4,314/sq mi\n\n1,666/km2\n\n47°28′34″N 122°11′31″W / 47.4761°N 122.1920°W / 47.4761; -122.1920 (Renton)\n\n\n306\n\nSparks\n\n Nevada\n\n100,888\n\n90,264\n\n+11.77%\n\n35.9 sq mi\n\n93.0 km2\n\n2,810/sq mi\n\n1,080/km2\n\n39°33′16″N 119°44′08″W / 39.5544°N 119.7356°W / 39.5544; -119.7356 (Sparks)\n\n\n307\n\nClinton[34]\n\n Michigan\n\n100,712\n\n96,796\n\n+4.05%\n\n28.1 sq mi\n\n72.8 km2\n\n3,573/sq mi\n\n1,380/km2\n\n42°35′25″N 82°55′01″W / 42.5903°N 82.9170°W / 42.5903; -82.9170 (Clinton)\n\n\n308\n\nAllen\n\n Texas\n\n100,685\n\n84,246\n\n+19.51%\n\n27.1 sq mi\n\n70.2 km2\n\n3,715/sq mi\n\n1,434/km2\n\n33°05′59″N 96°39′47″W / 33.0997°N 96.6631°W / 33.0997; -96.6631 (Allen)\n\n\n309\n\nTuscaloosa\n\n Alabama\n\n100,287\n\n90,468\n\n+10.85%\n\n71.7 sq mi\n\n185.7 km2\n\n1,399/sq mi\n\n540/km2\n\n33°12′23″N 87°32′05″W / 33.2065°N 87.5346°W / 33.2065; -87.5346 (Tuscaloosa)\n\n\n310\n\nSan Angelo\n\n Texas\n\n100,119\n\n93,200\n\n+7.42%\n\n59.9 sq mi\n\n155.1 km2\n\n1,681/sq mi\n\n649/km2\n\n31°26′28″N 100°27′02″W / 31.4411°N 100.4505°W / 31.4411; -100.4505 (San Angelo)\n\n\n311\n\nVacaville\n\n California\n\n100,032\n\n92,428\n\n+8.23%\n\n29.0 sq mi\n\n75.1 km2\n\n3,449/sq mi\n\n1,332/km2\n\n38°21′14″N 121°58′22″W / 38.3539°N 121.9728°W / 38.3539; -121.9728 (Vacaville)\n"
] | [
"Los Angeles"
] |
-2263422278018548041 | Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 8) | Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ( season 8 ) Starring Rohit Shetty Hina Khan Nia Sharma Karan Wahi Lopamudra Raut Rithvik Dhanjani Geeta Phogat Manveer Gurjar Shiny Doshi Shantanu Maheshwari Ravi Dubey Shibani Dandekar Monica Dogra Country of origin India No. of episodes 21 Release Original network Colors TV Original release 22 July ( 2017 - 07 - 22 ) -- 30 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 The eighth season of Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi , an Indian reality and stunt television series premiered first on 22 July 2017 and is broadcast on Colors TV . The name of the season is Khatron Ke Khiladi : Pain in Spain . It airs on Saturday and Sunday nights at 9 PM . The series is produced by Endemol India of Deepak Dhar . The season , which was filmed in Spain , was hosted by Rohit Shetty . The season ended on 30 September 2017 with Shantanu Maheshwari was declared as the winner while Popular TV Actress Hina Khan became the runner - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Information chart 3 References 4 External links Contestants ( edit ) Contestant Profession Status Notes Shantanu Maheshwari Indian TV actor , dancer and choreographer Winner on 30 September 2017 1st Place Hina Khan Indian TV actress 1st Runner Up 2nd Place Ravi Dubey Indian TV actor 2nd Runner Up 3rd Place Monica Dogra American musician and actress Eliminated on 13 August 2017 returned on 2 September 2017 Eliminated on 30 September 2017 ( Finalist ) 4th place Nia Sharma Indian TV actress Eliminated on 6 August 2017 returned on 12 August 2017 eliminated again on 27 August 2017 returned again on 2 September 2017 Eliminated on 30 September ( Finalist ) 5th place Lopamudra Raut Indian model Eliminated on 24 September 2017 6th place ( semi-finalist ) Rithvik Dhanjani Indian TV actor Eliminated on 24 September 2017 7th place ( semi-finalist ) Karan Wahi Indian TV actor Eliminated on 10 September 2017 8th place Geeta Phogat Wrestler Eliminated on 3 September 2017 9th place Manveer Gurjar Bigg Boss 10 winner Eliminated on 20 August 2017 10th place Shiny Doshi Indian TV actress and model Eliminated on 30 July 2017 11th place Shibani Dandekar Indian TV actress , singer and model Eliminated on 29 July 2017 12th place Information chart ( edit ) Week Contestants Shantanu Maheshwari Hina Khan Ravi Dubey Nia Sharma Monica Dogra Lopamudra Raut Rithvik Dhanjani Karan Wahi Geeta Phogat Manveer Gurjar Shiny Doshi Shibani Dandekar Safe Win Low Low Low Low Win Win Win Safe Win Low Safe Win Win Low Low Win Eliminated Safe Win Safe Win Safe Win Low Low Win Low Low Win Win Low Low Win Eliminated Win Win Low Low Safe Low Win Safe Win Low Win Low Low Win Eliminated Win Win Safe Safe Win Low Win Safe Win Low Safe Safe Safe Win Win Eliminated Win Win Win Safe Win Win Low Low Low Low Win Safe Safe Eliminated 6 Win Win Low Low Low Low Win Win Win Low Low Win Win Win Win Low Low Low Safe Low Win Eliminated Safe Win 7 Safe Safe Safe Wild card Wild card Safe Safe Safe Safe Wild card Win Safe Eliminated Win Win Win Safe Low Low Win Low Low Low Win Win Low Win Eliminated 8 Win Low Win Low Win Safe Safe Low Low Win Safe Win Low Safe Win Win Low Low Safe Win Safe Eliminated 9 Win Low Win Low Win Low Low Low Win Low Low Win Low Win Low Low Low Low Win 10 Low Win Win Ticket to finale Win Low Low Low 2nd finalist Low 3rd finalist Eliminated 5th finalist 4th finalist Eliminated 11 Winner 1st Runner up 2nd Runner up Eliminated Eliminated Win -- Winner of weekly task ( s ) Safe -- Neither top nor bottom WC -- Wild card Low -- Elimination round Eliminated -- Eliminated Ticket to finale Finalist Winner 1st Runner up 2nd Runner up Eliminated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rohit Shetty will host Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 ; Geeta Phogat , Manveer Gurjar to compete '' . 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi season 8 begins tonight : Nia Sharma , Rithvik Dhanjani look promising '' . 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spain is calling ! Khatron Ke Khiladi season 8 host Rohit Shetty to begin shooting for reality show ! '' . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shantanu Maheshwari wins Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 '' . The Indian Express . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I do n't mind sporting a bikini in future , but not right now : Hina Khan '' . Jump up ^ `` Marriage is not on the cards for at least two to three years : Hina Khan '' . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 : Nia Sharma , Hina Khan And Geeta Phogat Leave A Mark In The First Episode '' . 23 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 : Ravi Dubey , Rithvik Dhanjani and Karan Wahi personify bromance . See photos '' . 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 final contestants list : Nia Sharma , Manveer Gurjar , Hina Khan to fight their fears this season '' . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nia Sharma in ' Khatron Ke Khiladi ' '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 6 August 2017 Review : Nia Sharma Gets Eliminated From Rohit Shetty 's Show '' . 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi : Bigg Boss 10 contestant Lopamudra Raut to join Rohit Shetty 's show ! '' . 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi : REVEALED ! Karan Wahi , Yuvika Chaudhary , Prince Narula may participate '' . 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHATRON KE KHILADI : Shiny Doshi , Additi Gupta and Mahima Chaudhary head for the show '' . 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHATRON KE KHILADI 8 : Shiny Doshi OUT of the show ? '' . 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi : Shiny Doshi eliminated ; Manveer Gurjar wins the elimination task '' . 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singer Shibani Dandekar Confirms Participating in ' Khatron Ke Khiladi Season 8 ' . Check Out the List of Other Confirmed Contestants ! '' . 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHATRON KE KHILADI 8 : Shibani Dandekar ELIMINATED ? '' . 29 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Programs currently broadcast by Colors Reality show Bigg Boss 11 Weekly drama Chandrakanta Dev Mahakali Soap opera Dil Se Dil Tak Ishq Mein Marjawan Karamafal Daata Shani Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Sasural Simar Ka Savitri Devi College & Hospital Shakti Tu Aashiqui Udaan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fear_Factor:_Khatron_Ke_Khiladi_(season_8)&oldid=805570998 '' Categories : 2017 Indian television seasons 2010s Indian television series Hindi - language television programs Indian reality television series Stunts Fear Factor Television series by Endemol Colors ( TV channel ) series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 07 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who eliminated from khatron ke khiladi 27 august 2017 | [
"\n\nContestant\nProfession\nStatus\nNotes\n\n\nShantanu Maheshwari\nIndian TV actor, dancer and choreographer\nWinner on 30 September 2017\n1st Place\n\n\nHina Khan[5][6][7]\nIndian TV actress\n1st Runner Up\n2nd Place\n\n\nRavi Dubey[8]\nIndian TV actor\n2nd Runner Up\n3rd Place\n\n\nMonica Dogra\nAmerican musician and actress\nEliminated on 13 August 2017\nreturned on 2 September 2017\nEliminated on 30 September 2017 (Finalist)\n4th place\n\n\nNia Sharma[9][10][11]\nIndian TV actress\nEliminated on 6 August 2017\nreturned on 12 August 2017\neliminated again on 27 August 2017\nreturned again on 2 September 2017\nEliminated on 30 September (Finalist)\n5th place\n\n\nLopamudra Raut[12]\nIndian model\nEliminated on 24 September 2017\n6th place (semi-finalist)\n\n\nRithvik Dhanjani\nIndian TV actor[8]\nEliminated on 24 September 2017\n7th place (semi-finalist)\n\n\nKaran Wahi[13][8]\nIndian TV actor\nEliminated on 10 September 2017\n8th place\n\n\nGeeta Phogat\nWrestler\nEliminated on 3 September 2017\n9th place\n\n\nManveer Gurjar\nBigg Boss 10 winner\nEliminated on 20 August 2017\n10th place\n\n\nShiny Doshi[14][15][16]\nIndian TV actress and model\nEliminated on 30 July 2017\n11th place\n\n\nShibani Dandekar[17][18]\nIndian TV actress,singer and model\nEliminated on 29 July 2017\n12th place\n\n"
] | [
"Nia Sharma"
] |
-7176144362774798114 | Battle of Waterloo | Battle of Waterloo - wikipedia Battle of Waterloo For other uses , see Battle of Waterloo ( disambiguation ) . Battle of Waterloo Part of the Waterloo Campaign Battle of Waterloo by William Sadler Date 18 June 1815 Location Waterloo , then Netherlands , present day Belgium ; 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) south of Brussels 50 ° 40 ′ 48 '' N 4 ° 24 ′ 43 '' E / 50.680 ° N 4.412 ° E / 50.680 ; 4.412 Coordinates : 50 ° 40 ′ 48 '' N 4 ° 24 ′ 43 '' E / 50.680 ° N 4.412 ° E / 50.680 ; 4.412 Result Decisive Coalition victory Belligerents French Empire Seventh Coalition : United Kingdom Netherlands Prussia Hanover Nassau Brunswick Commanders and leaders Napoleon Bonaparte Duke of Wellington Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher Strength Total : 73,000 50,700 infantry 14,390 cavalry 8,050 artillery and engineers 252 guns Total : 118,000 Prussians : 50,000 Anglo - allies : 68,000 United Kingdom : 25,000 British and 6,000 King 's German Legion Netherlands : 17,000 Hanover : 11,000 Brunswick : 6,000 Nassau : 3,000 156 guns Casualties and losses Total : 41,000 24,000 to 26,000 casualties , including 6,000 to 7,000 captured 15,000 missing Total : 24,000 Anglo - allies : 17,000 3,500 killed 10,200 wounded 3,300 missing Prussians : 7,000 1,200 killed 4,400 wounded 1,400 missing Location within modern - day Belgium , then a part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands Hundred Days Waterloo Campaign 15 June 16 -- 17 June 17 -- 18 June 18 -- 24 June 25 June -- 1 July 2 -- 7 July Gilly Quatre Bras Ligny Genappe Waterloo Wavre 2nd Genappe Namur Cambrai Villers - Cotterêts Aubervilliers Saint - Denis Rocquencourt Sèvres Issy Minor campaigns Rocheserviere La Suffel Reduction of the French fortresses Caribbean Guadeloupe The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday , 18 June 1815 , near Waterloo in present - day Belgium , then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands . A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition : a British - led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington , and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher , Prince of Wahlstatt . The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars . Upon Napoleon 's return to power in March 1815 , many states that had opposed him formed the Seventh Coalition , and began to mobilize armies . Wellington and Blücher 's armies were cantoned close to the north - eastern border of France . Napoleon chose to attack them separately in the hope of destroying them before they could join in a co-ordinated invasion of France with other members of the coalition . On 16 June Napoleon successfully attacked the bulk of the Prussian army at the Battle of Ligny with his main force , while at the same time a portion of the French army attacked an Allied army at the Battle of Quatre Bras . Despite holding his ground at Quatre Bras , the defeat of the Prussians forced Wellington to withdraw north to Waterloo on the 17th . Napoleon sent a third of his forces to pursue the Prussians , who had withdrawn parallel to Wellington in good order . This resulted in the separate and simultaneous Battle of Wavre with the Prussian rear - guard . Upon learning that the Prussian army was able to support him , Wellington decided to offer battle on the Mont - Saint - Jean escarpment , across the Brussels road . Here he withstood repeated attacks by the French throughout the afternoon of the 18th , aided by the progressively arriving Prussians . In the evening Napoleon committed his last reserves , the French Imperial Guard , to a desperate final attack , which was narrowly beaten back . With the Prussians breaking through on the French right flank , Wellington 's Anglo - allied army counter-attacked in the centre , and the French army was routed . Waterloo was the decisive engagement of the Waterloo Campaign and Napoleon 's last . According to Wellington , the battle was `` the nearest - run thing you ever saw in your life '' . Napoleon abdicated four days later , and on 7 July coalition forces entered Paris . The defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleon 's rule as Emperor of the French , and marked the end of his Hundred Days return from exile . This ended the First French Empire , and set a chronological milestone between serial European wars and decades of relative peace . The battlefield is located in the municipalities of Braine - l'Alleud and Lasne , about 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) south of Brussels , and about 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) from the town of Waterloo . The site of the battlefield today is dominated by a large monument , the Lion 's Mound . As this mound was constructed from earth taken from the battlefield itself , the contemporary topography of the battlefield near the mound has not been preserved . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 2 Armies 3 Battlefield 4 Battle 4.1 Preparation 4.2 Hougoumont 4.3 The Grand Battery starts its bombardment 4.4 Napoleon spots Prussians 4.5 First French infantry attack 4.6 Charge of the British heavy cavalry 4.7 The French cavalry attack 4.8 Second French infantry attack 4.9 French capture of La Haye Sainte 4.10 Arrival of the Prussian IV Corps : Plancenoit 4.11 Zieten 's flank march 4.12 Attack of the Imperial Guard 4.13 Prussian capture of Plancenoit 4.14 French disintegration 5 Aftermath 6 Analysis 6.1 Historical importance 6.2 Views on the reasons for Napoleon 's defeat 7 Battlefield today 8 Coin controversy 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Prelude ( edit ) Main article : Waterloo Campaign The strategic situation in Western Europe in 1815 : 250,000 Frenchmen faced a coalition of about 850,000 soldiers on four fronts . Napoleon was forced to leave 20,000 men in Western France to reduce a royalist insurrection . On 13 March 1815 , six days before Napoleon reached Paris , the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw . Four days later , the United Kingdom , Russia , Austria , and Prussia mobilised armies to defeat Napoleon . Critically outnumbered , Napoleon knew that once his attempts at dissuading one or more members of the Seventh Coalition from invading France had failed , his only chance of remaining in power was to attack before the coalition mobilised . Had Napoleon succeeded in destroying the existing coalition forces south of Brussels before they were reinforced , he might have been able to drive the British back to the sea and knock the Prussians out of the war . Crucially , this would have bought him time to recruit and train more men before turning his armies against the Austrians and Russians . An additional consideration for Napoleon was that a French victory might cause French speaking sympathisers in Belgium to launch a friendly revolution . Also , coalition troops in Belgium were largely second - line , as many units were of dubious quality and loyalty , and most of the British veterans of the Peninsular War had been sent to North America to fight in the War of 1812 . The initial dispositions of British commander Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington , were intended to counter the threat of Napoleon enveloping the Coalition armies by moving through Mons to the south - west of Brussels . This would have pushed Wellington closer to the Prussian forces , led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher , but may have cut Wellington 's communications with his base at Ostend . In order to delay Wellington 's deployment , Napoleon spread false intelligence which suggested that Wellington 's supply chain from the channel ports would be cut . The resurgent Napoleon 's strategy was to isolate the Allied and Prussian armies and annihilate each one separately . The 1st Duke of Wellington , commander of the Anglo - allied army Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher , who had led one of the coalition armies defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig , commanded the Prussian army By June , Napoleon had raised a total army strength of about 300,000 men . The force at his disposal at Waterloo was less than one third that size , but the rank and file were nearly all loyal and experienced soldiers . Napoleon divided his army into a left wing commanded by Marshal Ney , a right wing commanded by Marshal Grouchy and a reserve under his command ( although all three elements remained close enough to support one another ) . Crossing the frontier near Charleroi before dawn on 15 June , the French rapidly overran Coalition outposts , securing Napoleon 's `` central position '' between Wellington 's and Blücher 's armies . He hoped this would prevent them from combining , and he would be able to destroy first the Prussian 's army , then Wellington 's . Only very late on the night of 15 June was Wellington certain that the Charleroi attack was the main French thrust . In the early hours of 16 June , at the Duchess of Richmond 's ball in Brussels , he received a dispatch from the Prince of Orange and was shocked by the speed of Napoleon 's advance . He hastily ordered his army to concentrate on Quatre Bras , where the Prince of Orange , with the brigade of Prince Bernhard of Saxe - Weimar , was holding a tenuous position against the soldiers of Ney 's left wing . Ney 's orders were to secure the crossroads of Quatre Bras , so that he could later swing east and reinforce Napoleon if necessary . Ney found the crossroads of Quatre Bras lightly held by the Prince of Orange , who repelled Ney 's initial attacks but was gradually driven back by overwhelming numbers of French troops . First reinforcements , and then Wellington arrived . He took command and drove Ney back , securing the crossroads by early evening , too late to send help to the Prussians , who had already been defeated . Meanwhile on 16 June , Napoleon attacked and defeated Blücher 's Prussians at the Battle of Ligny using part of the reserve and the right wing of his army . The Prussian centre gave way under heavy French assaults , but the flanks held their ground . The Prussian retreat from Ligny went uninterrupted and seemingly unnoticed by the French . The bulk of their rearguard units held their positions until about midnight , and some elements did not move out until the following morning , ignored by the French . Crucially , the Prussians did not retreat to the east , along their own lines of communication . Instead , they , too , fell back northwards -- parallel to Wellington 's line of march , still within supporting distance and in communication with him throughout . The Prussians rallied on Bülow 's IV Corps , which had not been engaged at Ligny and was in a strong position south of Wavre . With the Prussian retreat from Ligny , Wellington 's position at Quatre Bras was untenable . The next day he withdrew northwards , to a defensive position he had reconnoitred the previous year -- the low ridge of Mont - Saint - Jean , south of the village of Waterloo and the Sonian Forest . Napoleon , with the reserves , made a late start on 17 June and joined Ney at Quatre Bras at 13 : 00 to attack Wellington 's army but found the position empty . The French pursued Wellington 's retreating army to Waterloo ; however , due to bad weather , mud and the head start that Napoleon 's tardy advance had allowed Wellington , apart from a cavalry action at Genappe , there was no substantial engagement . Before leaving Ligny , Napoleon had ordered Grouchy , who commanded the right wing , to follow up the retreating Prussians with 33,000 men . A late start , uncertainty about the direction the Prussians had taken , and the vagueness of the orders given to him , meant that Grouchy was too late to prevent the Prussian army reaching Wavre , from where it could march to support Wellington . More importantly , the heavily outnumbered Prussian rear - guard was able to use the River Dyle to enable a savage and prolonged action to delay Grouchy . As the 17th of June drew to a close , Wellington 's army had arrived at its position at Waterloo , with the main body of Napoleon 's army following . Blücher 's army was gathering in and around Wavre , around 8 miles ( 13 km ) to the east of the city . Early on the morning of the 18th , Wellington received an assurance from Blücher that the Prussian army would support him . He decided to hold his ground and give battle . Armies ( edit ) Main article : Order of Battle of the Waterloo Campaign Three armies were involved in the battle : Napoleon 's Armée du Nord , a multinational army under Wellington , and a Prussian army under Blücher . Left , Marshal Michel Ney , who exercised tactical control of the greater part of the French forces for most of the battle . Right William , Prince of Orange , commander of the Anglo - allied I Corps . The French army of around 69,000 consisted of 48,000 infantry , 14,000 cavalry , and 7,000 artillery with 250 guns . Napoleon had used conscription to fill the ranks of the French army throughout his rule , but he did not conscript men for the 1815 campaign . His troops were mainly veterans with considerable experience and a fierce devotion to their Emperor . The cavalry in particular was both numerous and formidable , and included fourteen regiments of armoured heavy cavalry , and seven of highly versatile lancers who were armed with lances , sabres and firearms . However as the army took shape , French officers were allocated to units as they presented themselves for duty , so that many units were commanded by officers the soldiers did n't know , and often did n't trust . Crucially , some of these officers had little experience in working together as a unified force , so that support for other units was often not given . The French army was forced to march through rain and black coal - dust mud to reach Waterloo , and then to contend with mud and rain as it slept in the open . Little food was available for the soldiers , but nevertheless the veteran French soldiers were fiercely loyal to Napoleon . Wellington later said that he had `` an infamous army , very weak and ill - equipped , and a very inexperienced Staff '' . His troops consisted of 67,000 men : 50,000 infantry , 11,000 cavalry , and 6,000 artillery with 150 guns . Of these , 25,000 were British , with another 6,000 from the King 's German Legion ( KGL ) . All of the British Army troops were regular soldiers , but only 7,000 of them were Peninsular War veterans . In addition , there were 17,000 Dutch and Belgian troops , 11,000 from Hanover , 6,000 from Brunswick , and 3,000 from Nassau . Many of the troops in the Coalition armies were inexperienced . The Dutch army had been re-established in 1815 , following the earlier defeat of Napoleon . With the exception of the British and some from Hanover and Brunswick who had fought with the British army in Spain , many of the professional soldiers in the Coalition armies had spent some of their time in the French army or in armies allied to the Napoleonic regime . The historian Barbero states that in this heterogeneous army the difference between British and foreign troops did not prove significant under fire . Wellington was also acutely short of heavy cavalry , having only seven British and three Dutch regiments . The Duke of York imposed many of his staff officers on Wellington , including his second - in - command the Earl of Uxbridge . Uxbridge commanded the cavalry and had carte blanche from Wellington to commit these forces at his discretion . Wellington stationed a further 17,000 troops at Halle , 8 miles ( 13 km ) away to the west . They were mostly composed of Dutch troops under Prince of Orange 's younger brother Prince Frederick of the Netherlands . They were placed as a guard against any possible wide flanking movement by the French forces , and also to act as a rearguard if Wellington was forced to retreat towards Antwerp and the coast . The Prussian army was in the throes of reorganisation . In 1815 , the former Reserve regiments , Legions , and Freikorps volunteer formations from the wars of 1813 -- 1814 were in the process of being absorbed into the line , along with many Landwehr ( militia ) regiments . The Landwehr were mostly untrained and unequipped when they arrived in Belgium . The Prussian cavalry were in a similar state . Its artillery was also reorganising and did not give its best performance -- guns and equipment continued to arrive during and after the battle . Offsetting these handicaps , the Prussian Army had excellent and professional leadership in its General Staff organisation . These officers came from four schools developed for this purpose and thus worked to a common standard of training . This system was in marked contrast to the conflicting , vague orders issued by the French army . This staff system ensured that before Ligny , three - quarters of the Prussian army concentrated for battle with 24 hours notice . After Ligny , the Prussian army , although defeated , was able to realign its supply train , reorganise itself , and intervene decisively on the Waterloo battlefield within 48 hours . Two and a half Prussian army corps , or 48,000 men , were engaged at Waterloo ; two brigades under Bülow , commander of IV Corps , attacked Lobau at 16 : 30 , while Zieten 's I Corps and parts of Pirch I 's II Corps engaged at about 18 : 00 . Battlefield ( edit ) Further information : List of Waterloo Battlefield locations A view of the battlefield from the Lion 's mound . On the top right are the buildings of La Haye Sainte . The Waterloo position was a strong one . It consisted of a long ridge running east - west , perpendicular to , and bisected by , the main road to Brussels . Along the crest of the ridge ran the Ohain road , a deep sunken lane . Near the crossroads with the Brussels road was a large elm tree that was roughly in the centre of Wellington 's position and served as his command post for much of the day . Wellington deployed his infantry in a line just behind the crest of the ridge following the Ohain road . Using the reverse slope , as he had many times previously , Wellington concealed his strength from the French , with the exception of his skirmishers and artillery . The length of front of the battlefield was also relatively short at 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) . This allowed Wellington to draw up his forces in depth , which he did in the centre and on the right , all the way towards the village of Braine - l'Alleud , in the expectation that the Prussians would reinforce his left during the day . An 1816 map showing the local geography , with Waterloo defending the approach to Brussels In front of the ridge , there were three positions that could be fortified . On the extreme right were the château , garden , and orchard of Hougoumont . This was a large and well - built country house , initially hidden in trees . The house faced north along a sunken , covered lane ( usually described by the British as `` the hollow - way '' ) along which it could be supplied . On the extreme left was the hamlet of Papelotte . Both Hougoumont and Papelotte were fortified and garrisoned , and thus anchored Wellington 's flanks securely . Papelotte also commanded the road to Wavre that the Prussians would use to send reinforcements to Wellington 's position . On the western side of the main road , and in front of the rest of Wellington 's line , was the farmhouse and orchard of La Haye Sainte , which was garrisoned with 400 light infantry of the King 's German Legion . On the opposite side of the road was a disused sand quarry , where the 95th Rifles were posted as sharpshooters . Wellington 's forces positioning presented a formidable challenge to any attacking force . Any attempt to turn Wellington 's right would entail taking the entrenched Hougoumont position . Any attack on his right centre would mean the attackers would have to march between enfilading fire from Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte . On the left , any attack would also be enfiladed by fire from La Haye Sainte and its adjoining sandpit , and any attempt at turning the left flank would entail fighting through the lanes and hedgerows surrounding Papelotte and the other garrisoned buildings on that flank , and some very wet ground in the Smohain defile . The French army formed on the slopes of another ridge to the south . Napoleon could not see Wellington 's positions , so he drew his forces up symmetrically about the Brussels road . On the right was I Corps under d'Erlon with 16,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry , plus a cavalry reserve of 4,700 . On the left was II Corps under Reille with 13,000 infantry , and 1,300 cavalry , and a cavalry reserve of 4,600 . In the centre about the road south of the inn La Belle Alliance were a reserve including Lobau 's VI Corps with 6,000 men , the 13,000 infantry of the Imperial Guard , and a cavalry reserve of 2,000 . In the right rear of the French position was the substantial village of Plancenoit , and at the extreme right , the Bois de Paris wood . Napoleon initially commanded the battle from Rossomme farm , where he could see the entire battlefield , but moved to a position near La Belle Alliance early in the afternoon . Command on the battlefield ( which was largely hidden from his view ) was delegated to Ney . A panorama of the Waterloo battlefield in 2012 Battle ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) Map of the Waterloo campaign Wellington rose at around 02 : 00 or 03 : 00 on 18 June , and wrote letters until dawn . He had earlier written to Blücher confirming that he would give battle at Mont - Saint - Jean if Blücher could provide him with at least one corps ; otherwise he would retreat towards Brussels . At a late - night council , Blücher 's chief of staff , August Neidhardt von Gneisenau , had been distrustful of Wellington 's strategy , but Blücher persuaded him that they should march to join Wellington 's army . In the morning Wellington duly received a reply from Blücher , promising to support him with three corps . From 06 : 00 Wellington was in the field supervising the deployment of his forces . At Wavre , the Prussian IV Corps under Bülow was designated to lead the march to Waterloo as it was in the best shape , not having been involved in the Battle of Ligny . Although they had not taken casualties , IV Corps had been marching for two days , covering the retreat of the three other corps of the Prussian army from the battlefield of Ligny . They had been posted farthest away from the battlefield , and progress was very slow . The roads were in poor condition after the night 's heavy rain , and Bülow 's men had to pass through the congested streets of Wavre and move 88 artillery pieces . Matters were not helped when a fire broke out in Wavre , blocking several streets along Bülow 's intended route . As a result , the last part of the corps left at 10 : 00 , six hours after the leading elements had moved out towards Waterloo . Bülow 's men were followed to Waterloo first by I Corps and then by II Corps . Napoleon breakfasted off silver plate at Le Caillou , the house where he had spent the night . When Soult suggested that Grouchy should be recalled to join the main force , Napoleon said , `` Just because you have all been beaten by Wellington , you think he 's a good general . I tell you Wellington is a bad general , the English are bad troops , and this affair is nothing more than eating breakfast '' . Napoleon 's seemingly dismissive remark may have been strategic , given his maxim `` in war , morale is everything '' . He had acted similarly in the past , and on the morning of the battle of Waterloo may have been responding to the pessimism and objections of his chief of staff and senior generals . Battle of Mont - Saint - Jean Later on , being told by his brother , Jerome , of some gossip overheard by a waiter between British officers at lunch at the ' King of Spain ' inn in Genappe that the Prussians were to march over from Wavre , Napoleon declared that the Prussians would need at least two days to recover and would be dealt with by Grouchy . Surprisingly , Jerome 's overheard gossip aside , the French commanders present at the pre-battle conference at Le Caillou had no information about the alarming proximity of the Prussians and did not suspect that Blücher 's men would start erupting onto the field of battle in great numbers just five hours later . Napoleon had delayed the start of the battle owing to the sodden ground , which would have made manoeuvring cavalry and artillery difficult . In addition , many of his forces had bivouacked well to the south of La Belle Alliance . At 10 : 00 , in response to a dispatch he had received from Grouchy six hours earlier , he sent a reply telling Grouchy to `` head for Wavre ( to Grouchy 's north ) in order to draw near to us ( to the west of Grouchy ) '' and then `` push before him '' the Prussians to arrive at Waterloo `` as soon as possible '' . At 11 : 00 , Napoleon drafted his general order : Reille 's Corps on the left and d'Erlon's Corps to the right were to attack the village of Mont - Saint - Jean and keep abreast of one another . This order assumed Wellington 's battle - line was in the village , rather than at the more forward position on the ridge . To enable this , Jerome 's division would make an initial attack on Hougoumont , which Napoleon expected would draw in Wellington 's reserves , since its loss would threaten his communications with the sea . A grande batterie of the reserve artillery of I , II , and VI Corps was to then bombard the centre of Wellington 's position from about 13 : 00 . D'Erlon's corps would then attack Wellington 's left , break through , and roll up his line from east to west . In his memoirs , Napoleon wrote that his intention was to separate Wellington 's army from the Prussians and drive it back towards the sea . Hougoumont ( edit ) Main article : Hougoumont Fighting at the Hougoumont farm Gate on the north side assaulted by the 1st Légère who were led by sous - lieutenant Legros The historian Andrew Roberts notes that `` It is a curious fact about the Battle of Waterloo that no one is absolutely certain when it actually began '' . Wellington recorded in his dispatches that at `` about ten o'clock ( Napoleon ) commenced a furious attack upon our post at Hougoumont '' . Other sources state that the attack began around 11 : 30 . The house and its immediate environs were defended by four light companies of Guards , and the wood and park by Hanoverian Jäger and the 1 / 2nd Nassau . The initial attack by Bauduin 's brigade emptied the wood and park , but was driven back by heavy British artillery fire , and cost Bauduin his life . As the British guns were distracted by a duel with French artillery , a second attack by Soye 's brigade and what had been Bauduin 's succeeded in reaching the north gate of the house . Sous - Lieutenant Legros , a French officer , broke the gate open with an axe , and some French troops managed to enter the courtyard . The Coldstream Guards and the Scots Guards arrived to support the defence . There was a fierce melee , and the British managed to close the gate on the French troops streaming in . The Frenchmen trapped in the courtyard were all killed . Only a young drummer boy was spared . Fighting continued around Hougoumont all afternoon . Its surroundings were heavily invested by French light infantry , and coordinated attacks were made against the troops behind Hougoumont . Wellington 's army defended the house and the hollow way running north from it . In the afternoon , Napoleon personally ordered the house to be shelled to set it on fire , resulting in the destruction of all but the chapel . Du Plat 's brigade of the King 's German Legion was brought forward to defend the hollow way , which they had to do without senior officers . Eventually they were relieved by the 71st Highlanders , a British infantry regiment . Adam 's brigade was further reinforced by Hugh Halkett 's 3rd Hanoverian Brigade , and successfully repulsed further infantry and cavalry attacks sent by Reille . Hougoumont held out until the end of the battle . I had occupied that post with a detachment from General Byng 's brigade of Guards , which was in position in its rear ; and it was some time under the command of Lieutenant - Colonel MacDonald , and afterwards of Colonel Home ; and I am happy to add that it was maintained , throughout the day , with the utmost gallantry by these brave troops , notwithstanding the repeated efforts of large bodies of the enemy to obtain possession of it . -- Wellington . When I reached Lloyd 's abandoned guns , I stood near them for about a minute to contemplate the scene : it was grand beyond description . Hougoumont and its wood sent up a broad flame through the dark masses of smoke that overhung the field ; beneath this cloud the French were indistinctly visible . Here a waving mass of long red feathers could be seen ; there , gleams as from a sheet of steel showed that the cuirassiers were moving ; 400 cannon were belching forth fire and death on every side ; the roaring and shouting were indistinguishably commixed -- together they gave me an idea of a labouring volcano . Bodies of infantry and cavalry were pouring down on us , and it was time to leave contemplation , so I moved towards our columns , which were standing up in square . -- Major Macready , Light Division , 30th British Regiment , Halkett 's brigade . The fighting at Hougoumont has often been characterised as a diversionary attack to draw in Wellington 's reserves which escalated into an all - day battle and drew in French reserves instead . In fact there is a good case to believe that both Napoleon and Wellington thought that holding Hougoumont was key to winning the battle . Hougoumont was a part of the battlefield that Napoleon could see clearly , and he continued to direct resources towards it and its surroundings all afternoon ( 33 battalions in all , 14,000 troops ) . Similarly , though the house never contained a large number of troops , Wellington devoted 21 battalions ( 12,000 troops ) over the course of the afternoon in keeping the hollow way open to allow fresh troops and ammunition to reach the buildings . He moved several artillery batteries from his hard - pressed centre to support Hougoumont , and later stated that `` the success of the battle turned upon closing the gates at Hougoumont '' . The grand battery starts its bombardment ( edit ) Map of the battle : Napoleon 's units are in blue , Wellington 's in red , Blücher 's in grey . The 80 guns of Napoleon 's grande batterie drew up in the centre . These opened fire at 11 : 50 , according to Lord Hill ( commander of the Anglo - allied II Corps ) , while other sources put the time between noon and 13 : 30 . The grande batterie was too far back to aim accurately , and the only other troops they could see were skirmishers of the regiments of Kempt and Pack , and Perponcher 's 2nd Dutch division ( the others were employing Wellington 's characteristic `` reverse slope defence '' ) . Nevertheless , the bombardment caused a large number of casualties . Though some projectiles buried themselves in the soft soil , most found their marks on the reverse slope of the ridge . The bombardment forced the cavalry of the Union Brigade ( in third line ) to move to its left , as did the Scots Greys , to reduce their casualty rate . Napoleon spots Prussians ( edit ) At about 13 : 00 , Napoleon saw the first columns of Prussians around the village of Lasne - Chapelle - Saint - Lambert , four or five miles ( six to eight kilometres ) away from his right flank -- about three hours march for an army . Napoleon 's reaction was to have Marshal Soult send a message to Grouchy telling him to come towards the battlefield and attack the arriving Prussians . Grouchy , however , had been executing Napoleon 's previous orders to follow the Prussians `` with your sword against his back '' towards Wavre , and was by then too far away to reach Waterloo . Grouchy was advised by his subordinate , Gérard , to `` march to the sound of the guns '' , but stuck to his orders and engaged the Prussian III Corps rear guard under the command of Lieutenant - General Baron Johann von Thielmann at the Battle of Wavre . Moreover , Soult 's letter ordering Grouchy to move quickly to join Napoleon and attack Bülow would not actually reach Grouchy until after 20 : 00 . First French infantry attack ( edit ) A little after 13 : 00 , I Corps ' attack began in large columns . Bernard Cornwell writes `` ( column ) suggests an elongated formation with its narrow end aimed like a spear at the enemy line , while in truth it was much more like a brick advancing sideways and d'Erlon's assault was made up of four such bricks , each one a division of French infantry '' . Each division , with one exception , was drawn up in huge masses , consisting of the eight or nine battalions of which they were formed , deployed , and placed in a column one behind the other , with only five paces interval between the battalions . The one exception was the 1st Division ( Commanded by Quiot , the leader of the 1st Brigade ) . Its two brigades were formed in a similar manner , but side by side instead of behind one another . This was done because , being on the left of the four divisions , it was ordered to send one ( Quiot 's brigade ) against the south and west of La Haye Sainte , while the other ( Bourgeois ' ) was to attack the eastern side of the same post . The divisions were to advance in echelon from the left at a distance of 400 paces apart -- the 2nd Division ( Donzelot 's ) on the right of Bourgeois ' brigade , the 3rd Division ( Marcognet 's ) next , and the 4th Division ( Durutte 's ) on the right. They were led by Ney to the assault , each column having a front of about a hundred and sixty to two hundred files . The leftmost division , advanced on La Haye Sainte . The farmhouse was defended by the King 's German Legion . While one French battalion engaged the defenders from the front , the following battalions fanned out to either side and , with the support of several squadrons of cuirassiers , succeeded in isolating the farmhouse . The King 's German Legion resolutely defended the farmhouse . Each time the French tried to scale the walls the outnumbered Germans somehow held them off . The Prince of Orange saw that La Haye Sainte had been cut off and tried to reinforce it by sending forward the Hanoverian Lüneberg Battalion in line . Cuirassiers concealed in a fold in the ground caught and destroyed it in minutes and then rode on past La Haye Sainte , almost to the crest of the ridge , where they covered d'Erlon's left flank as his attack developed . At about 13 : 30 , d'Erlon started to advance his three other divisions , some 14,000 men over a front of about 1,000 metres ( 1,100 yards ) , against Wellington 's left wing . At the point they aimed for they faced 6,000 men : the first line consisted of the Dutch 1st `` Brigade van Bylandt '' of the 2nd Dutch division , flanked by the British brigades of Kempt and Pack on either side . The second line consisted of British and Hanoverian troops under Sir Thomas Picton , who were lying down in dead ground behind the ridge . All had suffered badly at Quatre Bras . In addition , the Bijlandt brigade had been ordered to deploy its skirmishers in the hollow road and on the forward slope . The rest of the brigade was lying down just behind the road . At the moment these skirmishers were rejoining their parent battalions , the brigade was ordered to its feet and started to return fire . On the left of the brigade , where the 7th Dutch Militia stood , a `` few files were shot down and an opening in the line thus occurred '' . The battalion had no reserves and was unable to close the gap . D'Erlon's troops pushed through this gap in the line and the remaining battalions in the Bylandt brigade ( 8th Dutch Militia and Belgian 7th Line Battalion ) were forced to retreat to the square of the 5th Dutch Militia , which was in reserve between Picton 's troops , about 100 paces to the rear . There they regrouped under the command of Colonel Van Zuylen van Nijevelt . A moment later the Prince of Orange ordered a counterattack , which actually occurred around 10 minutes later . Bylandt was wounded and retired off the field , passing command of the brigade to Lt. Kol . De Jongh . The Battle of Waterloo by Clément - Auguste Andrieux D'Erlon's men ascended the slope and advanced on the sunken road , Chemin d'Ohain , that ran from behind La Haye Sainte and continued east . It was lined on both sides by thick hedges , with Bylandt 's brigade just across the road while the British brigades had been lying down some 100 yards back from the road , Pack 's to Bylandt 's left and Kempt 's to Bylandt 's right . Kempt 's 1,900 men were engaged by Bourgeois ' brigade of 1,900 men of Quiot 's division . In the centre , Donzelot 's division had pushed back Bylandt 's brigade . On the right of the French advance was Marcognet 's division led by Grenier 's brigade consisting of the 45e Régiment de Ligne and followed by the 25e Régiment de Ligne , somewhat less than 2,000 men , and behind them , Nogue 's brigade of the 21e and 45e regiments . Opposing them on the other side of the road was Pack 's 9th Brigade consisting of three Scottish regiments : the Royal Scots , the 42nd Black Watch , the 92nd Gordons and the 44th Foot totaling something over 2,000 men . A very even fight between British and French infantry was about to occur . The French advance drove in the British skirmishers and reached the sunken road . As they did so , Pack 's men stood up , formed into a four deep line formation for fear of the French cavalry , advanced , and opened fire . However , a firefight had been anticipated and the French infantry had accordingly advanced in more linear formation . Now , fully deployed into line , they returned fire and successfully pressed the British troops ; although the attack faltered at the centre , the line in front of d'Erlon's right started to crumble . Picton was killed shortly after ordering the counter-attack and the British and Hanoverian troops also began to give way under the pressure of numbers . Pack 's regiments , all four ranks deep , advanced to attack the French in the road but faltered and began to fire on the French instead of charging . The 42nd Black Watch halted at the hedge and the resulting fire - fight drove back the British 92nd Foot while the leading French 45e Ligne burst through the hedge cheering . Along the sunken road , the French were forcing the Allies back , the British line was dispersing , and at two o'clock in the afternoon Napoleon was winning the Battle of Waterloo . Reports from Baron von Muffling , the Prussian liaison officer attached to Wellington 's army , relate that : `` After 3 o'clock the Duke 's situation became critical , unless the succour of the Prussian army arrived soon '' . Charge of the British heavy cavalry ( edit ) Our officers of cavalry have acquired a trick of galloping at everything . They never consider the situation , never think of manoeuvring before an enemy , and never keep back or provide a reserve . -- Wellington . Scotland Forever ! , the charge of the Scots Greys at Waterloo painted by Elizabeth Thompson At this crucial juncture , Uxbridge ordered his two brigades of British heavy cavalry -- formed unseen behind the ridge -- to charge in support of the hard - pressed infantry . The 1st Brigade , known as the Household Brigade , commanded by Major - General Lord Edward Somerset , consisted of guards regiments : the 1st and 2nd Life Guards , the Royal Horse Guards ( the Blues ) , and the 1st ( King 's ) Dragoon Guards . The 2nd Brigade , also known as the Union Brigade , commanded by Major - General Sir William Ponsonby , was so called as it consisted of an English , the 1st ( The Royals ) ; a Scottish , 2nd ( ' Scots Greys ' ) ; and an Irish , 6th ( Inniskilling ) ; regiment of heavy dragoons . British Household Cavalry charging More than 20 years of warfare had eroded the numbers of suitable cavalry mounts available on the European continent ; this resulted in the British heavy cavalry entering the 1815 campaign with the finest horses of any contemporary cavalry arm . British cavalry troopers also received excellent mounted swordsmanship training . They were , however , inferior to the French in manoeuvring in large formations , cavalier in attitude , and unlike the infantry some units had scant experience of warfare . The Scots Greys , for example , had not been in action since 1795 . According to Wellington , though they were superior individual horsemen , they were inflexible and lacked tactical ability . `` I considered one squadron a match for two French , I did n't like to see four British opposed to four French : and as the numbers increased and order , of course , became more necessary I was the more unwilling to risk our men without having a superiority in numbers '' . The two brigades had a combined field strength of about 2,000 ( 2,651 official strength ) ; they charged with the 47 - year - old Uxbridge leading them and a very inadequate number of squadrons held in reserve . There is evidence that Uxbridge gave an order , the morning of the battle , to all cavalry brigade commanders to commit their commands on their own initiative , as direct orders from himself might not always be forthcoming , and to `` support movements to their front '' . It appears that Uxbridge expected the brigades of Sir John Ormsby Vandeleur , Hussey Vivian and the Dutch cavalry to provide support to the British heavies . Uxbridge later regretted leading the charge in person , saying `` I committed a great mistake '' , when he should have been organising an adequate reserve to move forward in support . Sergeant Ewart of the Scots Greys capturing the eagle of the 45ème Ligne in The Fight For The Standard by Richard Ansdell The Household Brigade crossed the crest of the Allied position and charged downhill . The cuirassiers guarding d'Erlon's left flank were still dispersed , and so were swept over the deeply sunken main road and then routed . The blows of the sabres on the cuirasses sounded like braziers at work . -- Lord Edward Somerset . Continuing their attack , the squadrons on the left of the Household Brigade then destroyed Aulard 's brigade . Despite attempts to recall them , they continued past La Haye Sainte and found themselves at the bottom of the hill on blown horses facing Schmitz 's brigade formed in squares . To their left , the Union Brigade suddenly swept through the infantry lines , giving rise to the legend that some of the 92nd Gordon Highland Regiment clung onto their stirrups and accompanied them into the charge . From the centre leftwards , the Royal Dragoons destroyed Bourgeois ' brigade , capturing the eagle of the 105th Ligne . The Inniskillings routed the other brigade of Quoit 's division , and the Scots Greys came upon the lead French regiment , 45th Ligne , as it was still reforming after having crossed the sunken road and broken through the hedge row in pursuit of the British infantry . The Greys captured the eagle of the 45th Ligne and overwhelmed Grenier 's brigade . These would be the only two French eagles captured by the British during the battle . On Wellington 's extreme left , Durutte 's division had time to form squares and fend off groups of Greys . Private of the Chevau - légers of the line ( lancers ) who routed the Union Brigade As with the Household Cavalry , the officers of the Royals and Inniskillings found it very difficult to rein back their troops , who lost all cohesion . Having taken casualties , and still trying to reorder themselves , the Scots Greys and the rest of the Union Brigade found themselves before the main French lines . Their horses were blown , and they were still in disorder without any idea of what their next collective objective was . Some attacked nearby gun batteries of the Grande Battery . Though the Greys had neither the time nor means to disable the cannon or carry them off , they put very many out of action as the gun crews were killed or fled the battlefield . Sergeant Major Dickinson of the Greys stated that his regiment was rallied before going on to attack the French artillery : Hamilton , the regimental commander , rather than holding them back cried out to his men `` Charge , charge the guns ! '' . Napoleon promptly responded by ordering a counter-attack by the cuirassier brigades of Farine and Travers and Jaquinot 's two Chevau - léger ( lancer ) regiments in the I Corps light cavalry division . Disorganized and milling about the bottom of the valley between Hougoumont and La Belle Alliance , the Scots Greys and the rest of the British heavy cavalry were taken by surprise by the countercharge of Milhaud 's cuirassiers , joined by lancers from Baron Jaquinot 's 1st Cavalry Division . As Ponsonby tried to rally his men against the French cuirassers , he was attacked by Jaquinot 's lancers and captured . A nearby party of Scots Greys saw the capture and attempted to rescue their brigade commander . However , the French lancer who had captured Ponsonby killed him and then used his lance to kill three of the Scots Greys who had attempted the rescue . By the time Ponsonby died , the momentum had entirely returned in favour of the French . Milhaud 's and Jaquinot 's cavalrymen drove the Union Brigade from the valley . The result was very heavy losses for the British cavalry . A countercharge , by British light dragoons under Major - General Vandeleur and Dutch -- Belgian light dragoons and hussars under Major - General Ghigny on the left wing , and Dutch -- Belgian carabiniers under Major - General Trip in the centre , repelled the French cavalry . All figures quoted for the losses of the cavalry brigades as a result of this charge are estimates , as casualties were only noted down after the day of the battle and were for the battle as a whole . Some historians , Barbero for example , believe the official rolls tend to overestimate the number of cavalrymen present in their squadrons on the field of battle and that the proportionate losses were , as a result , considerably higher than the numbers on paper might suggest . The Union Brigade lost heavily in both officers and men killed ( including its commander , William Ponsonby , and Colonel Hamilton of the Scots Greys ) and wounded . The 2nd Life Guards and the King 's Dragoon Guards of the Household Brigade also lost heavily ( with Colonel Fuller , commander of the King 's DG , killed ) . However , the 1st Life Guards , on the extreme right of the charge , and the Blues , who formed a reserve , had kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties . On the rolls the official , or paper strength , for both Brigades is given as 2,651 while Barbero and others estimate the actual strength at around 2,000 and the official recorded losses for the two heavy cavalry brigades during the battle was 1,205 troopers and 1,303 horses . Jan Willem Pieneman 's The Battle of Waterloo ( 1824 ) . Duke of Wellington , centre , flanked on his left by Lord Uxbridge in hussar uniform . On the image 's far left , Cpl . Styles of the Royal Dragoons flourishes the eagle of the 105eme Ligne . The wounded Prince of Orange is carried from the field in the foreground . Some historians , such as Chandler and Weller , assert that the British heavy cavalry were destroyed as a viable force following their first , epic charge . Barbero states that the Scots Greys were practically wiped out and that the other two regiments of the Union Brigade suffered comparable losses . Other historians , such as Clark - Kennedy and Wood , citing British eyewitness accounts , describe the continuing role of the heavy cavalry after their charge . The heavy brigades , far from being ineffective , continued to provide valuable services . They countercharged French cavalry numerous times ( both brigades ) , halted a combined cavalry and infantry attack ( Household Brigade only ) , were used to bolster the morale of those units in their vicinity at times of crisis , and filled gaps in the Anglo - allied line caused by high casualties in infantry formations ( both brigades ) . This service was rendered at a very high cost , as close combat with French cavalry , carbine fire , infantry musketry and -- more deadly than all of these -- artillery fire steadily eroded the number of effectives in the two brigades . At 6 o'clock in the afternoon the whole Union Brigade could field only 3 squadrons , though these countercharged French cavalry , losing half their number in the process . At the end of the fighting the two brigades , by this time combined , could muster one squadron . 14,000 French troops of D'Erlon's I Corps had been committed to this attack . The I Corps had been driven in rout back across the valley costing Napoleon 3,000 casualties including over 2,000 prisoners taken . Also some valuable time was lost , the charge had dispersed numerous units and it would take until 16 : 00 hours for D'Erlon's shaken corps to reform . And although elements of the Prussians now began to appear on the field to his right , Napoleon had already ordered Lobau 's VI corps to move to the right flank to hold them back before D'Erlon's attack began . The French cavalry attack ( edit ) Marshal Ney leading the French cavalry charge , from Louis Dumoulin 's Panorama of the Battle of Waterloo A little before 16 : 00 , Ney noted an apparent exodus from Wellington 's centre . He mistook the movement of casualties to the rear for the beginnings of a retreat , and sought to exploit it . Following the defeat of d'Erlon's Corps , Ney had few infantry reserves left , as most of the infantry had been committed either to the futile Hougoumont attack or to the defence of the French right . Ney therefore tried to break Wellington 's centre with cavalry alone . Initially Milhaud 's reserve cavalry corps of cuirassiers and Lefebvre - Desnoëttes ' light cavalry division of the Imperial Guard , some 4,800 sabres , were committed . When these were repulsed , Kellermann 's heavy cavalry corps and Guyot 's heavy cavalry of the Guard were added to the massed assault , a total of around 9,000 cavalry in 67 squadrons . When Napoleon saw the charge he said it was an hour too soon . French Cuirassiers , by Louis Dumoulin Wellington 's infantry responded by forming squares ( hollow box - formations four ranks deep ) . Squares were much smaller than usually depicted in paintings of the battle -- a 500 - man battalion square would have been no more than 60 feet ( 18 m ) in length on a side . Squares that stood their ground were deadly to cavalry , as cavalry could not engage with soldiers behind a hedge of bayonets , but were themselves vulnerable to fire from the squares . Horses would not charge a square , nor could they be outflanked , but they were vulnerable to artillery or infantry . Wellington ordered his artillery crews to take shelter within the squares as the cavalry approached , and to return to their guns and resume fire as they retreated . Witnesses in the British infantry recorded as many as 12 assaults , though this probably includes successive waves of the same general attack ; the number of general assaults was undoubtedly far fewer . Kellermann , recognising the futility of the attacks , tried to reserve the elite carabinier brigade from joining in , but eventually Ney spotted them and insisted on their involvement . A British eyewitness of the first French cavalry attack , an officer in the Foot Guards , recorded his impressions very lucidly and somewhat poetically : About four p.m. , the enemy 's artillery in front of us ceased firing all of a sudden , and we saw large masses of cavalry advance : not a man present who survived could have forgotten in after life the awful grandeur of that charge . You discovered at a distance what appeared to be an overwhelming , long moving line , which , ever advancing , glittered like a stormy wave of the sea when it catches the sunlight . On they came until they got near enough , whilst the very earth seemed to vibrate beneath the thundering tramp of the mounted host . One might suppose that nothing could have resisted the shock of this terrible moving mass . They were the famous cuirassiers , almost all old soldiers , who had distinguished themselves on most of the battlefields of Europe . In an almost incredibly short period they were within twenty yards of us , shouting `` Vive l'Empereur ! '' The word of command , `` Prepare to receive cavalry '' , had been given , every man in the front ranks knelt , and a wall bristling with steel , held together by steady hands , presented itself to the infuriated cuirassiers . -- Captain Rees Howell Gronow , Foot Guards . `` The artillery officers had the range so accurately , that every shot and shell fell into the very centre of their masses '' ( Original inscription and drawing after George Jones ) . In essence this type of massed cavalry attack relied almost entirely on psychological shock for effect . Close artillery support could disrupt infantry squares and allow cavalry to penetrate ; at Waterloo , however , co-operation between the French cavalry and artillery was not impressive . The French artillery did not get close enough to the Anglo - allied infantry in sufficient numbers to be decisive . Artillery fire between charges did produce mounting casualties , but most of this fire was at relatively long range and was often indirect , at targets beyond the ridge . If infantry being attacked held firm in their square defensive formations , and were not panicked , cavalry on their own could do very little damage to them . The French cavalry attacks were repeatedly repelled by the steadfast infantry squares , the harrying fire of British artillery as the French cavalry recoiled down the slopes to regroup , and the decisive countercharges of Wellington 's light cavalry regiments , the Dutch heavy cavalry brigade , and the remaining effectives of the Household Cavalry . At least one artillery officer disobeyed Wellington 's order to seek shelter in the adjacent squares during the charges . Captain Mercer , who commanded ' G ' Troop , Royal Horse Artillery , thought the Brunswick troops on either side of him so shaky that he kept his battery of six nine - pounders in action against the cavalry throughout , to great effect . I thus allowed them to advance unmolested until the head of the column might have been about fifty or sixty yards from us , and then gave the word , `` Fire ! '' The effect was terrible . Nearly the whole leading rank fell at once ; and the round shot , penetrating the column carried confusion throughout its extent ... the discharge of every gun was followed by a fall of men and horses like that of grass before the mower 's scythe . -- Captain Cavalié Mercer , RHA . A British square puts up dogged resistance against attacking French cavalry . For reasons that remain unclear , no attempt was made to spike other allied guns while they were in French possession . In line with Wellington 's orders , gunners were able to return to their pieces and fire into the French cavalry as they withdrew after each attack . After numerous costly but fruitless attacks on the Mont - Saint - Jean ridge , the French cavalry was spent . Their casualties can not easily be estimated . Senior French cavalry officers , in particular the generals , experienced heavy losses . Four divisional commanders were wounded , nine brigadiers wounded , and one killed -- testament to their courage and their habit of leading from the front . Illustratively , Houssaye reports that the Grenadiers à Cheval numbered 796 of all ranks on 15 June , but just 462 on 19 June , while the Empress Dragoons lost 416 of 816 over the same period . Overall Guyot 's Guard heavy cavalry division lost 47 % of its strength . Second French infantry attack ( edit ) 2nd Guard Lancers with the Grenadiers à Cheval in support Eventually it became obvious , even to Ney , that cavalry alone were achieving little . Belatedly , he organised a combined - arms attack , using Bachelu 's division and Tissot 's regiment of Foy 's division from Reille 's II Corps ( about 6,500 infantrymen ) plus those French cavalry that remained in a fit state to fight . This assault was directed along much the same route as the previous heavy cavalry attacks ( between Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte ) . It was halted by a charge of the Household Brigade cavalry led by Uxbridge . The British cavalry were unable , however , to break the French infantry , and fell back with losses from musketry fire . Uxbridge recorded that he tried to lead the Dutch Carabiniers , under Major - General Trip , to renew the attack and that they refused to follow him . Other members of the British cavalry staff also commented on this occurrence . However , there is no support for this incident in Dutch or Belgian sources . Meanwhile , Bachelu 's and Tissot 's men and their cavalry supports were being hard hit by fire from artillery and from Adam 's infantry brigade , and they eventually fell back . Although the French cavalry caused few direct casualties to Wellington 's centre , artillery fire onto his infantry squares caused many . Wellington 's cavalry , except for Sir John Vandeleur 's and Sir Hussey Vivian 's brigades on the far left , had all been committed to the fight , and had taken significant losses . The situation appeared so desperate that the Cumberland Hussars , the only Hanoverian cavalry regiment present , fled the field spreading alarm all the way to Brussels . French capture of La Haye Sainte ( edit ) The storming of La Haye Sainte by Knötel At approximately the same time as Ney 's combined - arms assault on the centre - right of Wellington 's line , rallied elements of D'Erlon's I Corps , spearheaded by the 13th Légère , renewed the attack on La Haye Sainte and this time were successful , partly because the King 's German Legion 's ammunition ran out . However , the Germans had held the centre of the battlefield for almost the entire day , and this had stalled the French advance . With La Haye Sainte captured , Ney then moved skirmishers and horse artillery up towards Wellington 's centre . French artillery began to pulverise the infantry squares at short range with canister . The 30th and 73rd Regiments suffered such heavy losses that they had to combine to form a viable square . The possession of La Haye Sainte by the French was a very dangerous incident . It uncovered the very centre of the Anglo - Allied army , and established the enemy within 60 yards of that centre . The French lost no time in taking advantage of this , by pushing forward infantry supported by guns , which enabled them to maintain a most destructive fire upon Alten 's left and Kempt 's right ... -- Captain James Shaw , 43rd Foot , Chief of Staff 3rd Division . The success Napoleon needed to continue his offensive had occurred . Ney was on the verge of breaking the Allied centre . Along with this artillery fire a multitude of French tirailleurs occupied the dominant positions behind La Haye Sainte and poured an effective fire into the squares . The situation was now so dire that the 33rd Regiment 's colours and all of Halkett 's brigade 's colours were sent to the rear for safety , described by historian Alessandro Barbero as , `` ... a measure that was without precedent '' . Wellington , noticing the slackening of fire from La Haye Sainte , with his staff rode closer to it . French skirmishers appeared around the building and fired on the British command as it struggled to get away through the hedgerow along the road . Alten ordered a single battalion , the Fifth KGL to recapture the farm . Their Colonel Ompteda obeyed and chased off some French skirmishers until French cuirassiers fell on his open flank , killed him , destroyed his battalion and took its colour . A Dutch -- Belgian cavalry regiment ordered to charge , retreated from the field instead , fired on by their own infantry . Merlen 's Light Cavalry Brigade charged the French artillery taking position near La Haye Sainte but were shot to pieces and the brigade fell apart . The Netherlands Cavalry Division , Wellington 's last cavalry reserve behind the centre having lost half their strength was now useless and the French cavalry , despite its losses , were masters of the field compelling the allied infantry to remain in square . More and more French artillery was brought forward . A French battery advanced to within 300 yards of the 1 / 1st Nassau square causing heavy casualties . When the Nassauers attempted to attack the battery they were ridden down by a squadron of cuirassiers . Yet another battery deployed on the flank of Mercer 's battery and shot up its horses and limbers and pushed Mercer back . Mercer later recalled , `` The rapidity and precision of this fire was quite appalling . Every shot almost took effect , and I certainly expected we should all be annihilated ... The saddle - bags , in many instances were torn from horses ' backs ... One shell I saw explode under the two finest wheel - horses in the troop down they dropped '' . French tirailleurs occupied the dominant positions , especially one on a knoll overlooking the square of the 27th . Unable to break square to drive off the French infantry because of the presence of French cavalry and artillery , the 27th had to remain in that formation and endure the fire of the tirailleurs . That fire nearly annihilated the 27th Foot , the Inniskillings , who lost two - thirds of their strength within that three or four hours . The banks on the road side , the garden wall , the knoll and sandpit swarmed with skirmishers , who seemed determined to keep down our fire in front ; those behind the artificial bank seemed more intent upon destroying the 27th , who at this time , it may literally be said , were lying dead in square ; their loss after La Haye Sainte had fallen was awful , without the satisfaction of having scarcely fired a shot , and many of our troops in rear of the ridge were similarly situated . -- Edward Cotton , 7th Hussars , During this time many of Wellington 's generals and aides were killed or wounded including Somerset , Canning , de Lancey , Alten and Cooke . The situation was now critical and Wellington , trapped in an infantry square and ignorant of events beyond it , was desperate for the arrival of help from the Prussians . He later wrote , The time they occupied in approaching seemed interminable . Both they and my watch seemed to have stuck fast . Arrival of the Prussian IV Corps : Plancenoit ( edit ) See also : Prussians attack out of the Wood of Paris Night or the Prussians must come . -- Wellington . The Prussian attack on Plancenoit painted by Adolph Northen The first Prussian corps to arrive in strength was Bülow 's IV Corps . Bülow 's objective was Plancenoit , which the Prussians intended to use as a springboard into the rear of the French positions . Blücher intended to secure his right upon the Châteaux Frichermont using the Bois de Paris road . Blücher and Wellington had been exchanging communications since 10 : 00 and had agreed to this advance on Frichermont if Wellington 's centre was under attack . General Bülow noted that the way to Plancenoit lay open and that the time was 16 : 30 . At about this time , the 15th Brigade IV Corps was sent to link up with the Nassauers of Wellington 's left flank in the Frichermont - La Haie area , with the brigade 's horse artillery battery and additional brigade artillery deployed to its left in support . Napoleon sent Lobau 's corps to stop the rest of Bülow 's IV Corps proceeding to Plancenoit . The 15th Brigade threw Lobau 's troops out of Frichermont with a determined bayonet charge , then proceeded up the Frichermont heights , battering French Chasseurs with 12 - pounder artillery fire , and pushed on to Plancenoit . This sent Lobau 's corps into retreat to the Plancenoit area , driving Lobau past the rear of the Armee Du Nord 's right flank and directly threatening its only line of retreat . Hiller 's 16th Brigade also pushed forward with six battalions against Plancenoit . Napoleon had dispatched all eight battalions of the Young Guard to reinforce Lobau , who was now seriously pressed . The Young Guard counter-attacked and , after very hard fighting , secured Plancenoit , but were themselves counter-attacked and driven out . Napoleon sent two battalions of the Middle / Old Guard into Plancenoit and after ferocious bayonet fighting -- they did not deign to fire their muskets -- this force recaptured the village . Zieten 's flank march ( edit ) Situation from 17 : 30 to 20 : 00 Throughout the late afternoon , Zieten 's I Corps had been arriving in greater strength in the area just north of La Haie . General Müffling , Prussian liaison to Wellington , rode to meet I Corps . Zieten had by this time brought up his 1st Brigade , but had become concerned at the sight of stragglers and casualties from the Nassau units on Wellington 's left and from the Prussian 15th Brigade . These troops appeared to be withdrawing and Zieten , fearing that his own troops would be caught up in a general retreat , was starting to move away from Wellington 's flank and towards the Prussian main body near Plancenoit . Zieten had also received a direct order from Blücher to support Bülow , which Zieten obeyed and marched to Bülow 's aid . Müffling saw this movement away and persuaded Zieten to support Wellington 's left flank . Müffling warned Zieten that `` The battle is lost if the corps does not keep on the move and immediately support the English army '' . Zieten resumed his march to support Wellington directly , and the arrival of his troops allowed Wellington to reinforce his crumbling centre by moving cavalry from his left . The French were expecting Grouchy to march to their support from Wavre , and when Zieten 's I Corps appeared at Waterloo instead of Grouchy , `` the shock of disillusionment shattered French morale '' and `` the sight of Zieten 's arrival caused turmoil to rage in Napoleon 's army '' . I Corps proceeded to attack the French troops before Papelotte and by 19 : 30 the French position was bent into a rough horseshoe shape . The ends of the line were now based on Hougoumont on the left , Plancenoit on the right , and the centre on La Haie . Durutte had taken the positions of La Haie and Papelotte in a series of attacks , but now retreated behind Smohain without opposing the Prussian 24th Regiment as it retook both . The 24th advanced against the new French position , was repulsed , and returned to the attack supported by Silesian Schützen ( riflemen ) and the F / 1st Landwehr . The French initially fell back before the renewed assault , but now began seriously to contest ground , attempting to regain Smohain and hold on to the ridgeline and the last few houses of Papelotte . The 24th Regiment linked up with a Highlander battalion on its far right and along with the 13th Landwehr regiment and cavalry support threw the French out of these positions . Further attacks by the 13th Landwehr and the 15th Brigade drove the French from Frichermont . Durutte 's division , finding itself about to be charged by massed squadrons of Zieten 's I Corps cavalry reserve , retreated from the battlefield . The soldiers of D'Erlon's Corps alongside this attack on Durutte 's division also broke and fled in panic , while to the west the French Middle Guard were assaulting Wellington 's centre . The Prussian I Corps then advanced towards the Brussels road and the only line of retreat available to the French . Attack of the Imperial Guard ( edit ) Napoleon addresses the Old Guard as it prepares to attack the Anglo - allied centre at Waterloo . Meanwhile , with Wellington 's centre exposed by the fall of La Haye Sainte and the Plancenoit front temporarily stabilised , Napoleon committed his last reserve , the hitherto - undefeated Imperial Guard infantry . This attack , mounted at around 19 : 30 , was intended to break through Wellington 's centre and roll up his line away from the Prussians . Although it is one of the most celebrated passages of arms in military history , it had been unclear which units actually participated . It appears that it was mounted by five battalions of the Middle Guard , and not by the grenadiers or chasseurs of the Old Guard . Three Old Guard battalions did move forward and formed the attack 's second line , though they remained in reserve and did not directly assault the allied line . ... I saw four regiments of the middle guard , conducted by the Emperor , arriving . With these troops , he wished to renew the attack , and penetrate the centre of the enemy . He ordered me to lead them on ; generals , officers and soldiers all displayed the greatest intrepidity ; but this body of troops was too weak to resist , for a long time , the forces opposed to it by the enemy , and it was soon necessary to renounce the hope which this attack had , for a few moments , inspired . -- Marshal M. Ney . Grenadier of the Old Guard in Le Grenadier by Édouard Detaille Napoleon himself oversaw the initial deployment of the Middle and Old Guard . The Middle Guard formed in battalion squares , each about 550 men strong , with the 1st / 3rd Grenadiers , led by Generals Friant and Poret de Morvan , on the right along the road , to their left and rear was General Harlet leading the square of the 4th Grenadiers , then the 1st / 3rd Chasseurs under General Michel , next the 2nd / 3rd Chasseurs and finally the large single square of two battalions of 800 soldiers of the 4th Chasseurs led by General Henrion . Two batteries of Imperial Guard Horse Artillery accompanied them with sections of two guns between the squares . Each square was led by a general and Marshal Ney , mounted on his 5th horse of the day , led the advance . Behind them , in reserve , were the three battalions of the Old Guard , right to left 1st / 2nd Grenadiers , 2nd / 2nd Chasseurs and 1st / 2nd Chasseurs . Napoleon left Ney to conduct the assault , however Ney led the Middle Guard on an oblique towards the Allied centre right instead of attacking straight up the centre . Napoleon sent Ney 's senior ADC Colonel Crabbé to order Ney to adjust , but Crabbé was unable to get there in time . Other troops rallied to support the advance of the Guard . On the left infantry from Reille 's corps that was not engaged with Hougoumont and cavalry advanced . On the right all the now rallied elements of D'Érlon's corps once again ascended the ridge and engaged the allied line . Of these , Pégot 's brigade broke into skirmish order and moved north and west of La Haye Sainte and provided fire support to Ney , once again unhorsed , and Friant 's 1st / 3rd Grenadiers . The Guards first received fire from some Brunswick battalions , but the return fire of the grenadiers forced them to retire . Next , Colin Halket 's brigade front line consisting of the 30th Foot and 73rd traded fire but they were driven back in confusion into the 33rd and 69th regiments , Halket was shot in the face and seriously wounded and the whole brigade retreated in a mob . Other allied troops began to give way as well . A counterattack by the Nassauers and the remains of Kielmansegge 's brigade from the allied second line , led by the Prince of Orange , was also thrown back and the Prince of Orange was seriously wounded . General Harlet brought up the 4th Grenadiers and the allied centre was now in serious danger of breaking . General David Hendrik Chassé It was at this moment that the timely arrival of the Dutch General Chassé turned the tide in favour of the Anglo - allied army. Chassé 's relatively fresh Dutch division was sent against them , led by a battery of Dutch horse - artillery commanded by Captain Krahmer de Bichin . The battery opened a destructive fire into the 1st / 3rd Grenadiers ' flank . This still did not stop the Guard 's advance , so Chassé ordered his first brigade ( Colonel Hendrik Detmers ) to charge the outnumbered French with the bayonet ; the French grenadiers then faltered and broke . The 4th Grenadiers , seeing their comrades retreat and having suffered heavy casualties themselves , now wheeled right about and retired . British 10th Hussars of Vivian 's Brigade ( red shakos -- blue uniforms ) attacking mixed French troops , including a square of Guard grenadiers ( left , middle distance ) in the final stages of the battle . To the left of the 4th Grenadiers were the two squares of the 1st / and 2nd / 3rd Chasseurs who angled further to the west and had suffered more from artillery fire than the grenadiers . But as their advance mounted the ridge they found it apparently abandoned and covered with dead . Suddenly 1,500 British Foot Guards under Maitland who had been lying down to protect themselves from the French artillery rose and devastated them with point - blank volleys . The chasseurs deployed to answer the fire , but some 300 fell from the first volley , including Colonel Mallet and General Michel , and both battalion commanders . A bayonet charge by the Foot Guards then broke the leaderless squares , which fell back onto the following column . The 4th Chasseurs battalion , 800 strong , now came up onto the exposed battalions of British Foot Guards , who lost all cohesion and dashed back up the slope as a disorganized crowd with the chasseurs in pursuit . At the crest the chasseurs came upon the battery that had caused severe casualties on the 1st and 2nd / 3rd Chasseurs . They opened fire and swept away the gunners . The left flank of their square now came under fire from a heavy formation of British skirmishers , which the chasseurs drove back . But the skirmishers were replaced by the 52nd Light Infantry , led by John Colborne , which wheeled in line onto the chasseurs ' flank and poured a devastating fire into them . The chasseurs returned a very sharp fire which killed or wounded some 150 men of the 52nd . The 52nd then charged , and under this onslaught , the chasseurs broke . The last of the Guard retreated headlong . A ripple of panic passed through the French lines as the astounding news spread : `` La Garde recule . Sauve qui peut ! '' ( `` The Guard is retreating . Every man for himself ! '' ) Wellington now stood up in Copenhagen 's stirrups and waved his hat in the air to signal a general advance . His army rushed forward from the lines and threw themselves upon the retreating French . Chesney 1874 , pp. 192 , 225 The surviving Imperial Guard rallied on their three reserve battalions ( some sources say four ) just south of La Haye Sainte for a last stand . A charge from Adam 's Brigade and the Hanoverian Landwehr Osnabrück Battalion , plus Vivian 's and Vandeleur 's relatively fresh cavalry brigades to their right , threw them into confusion . Those left in semi-cohesive units retreated towards La Belle Alliance . It was during this retreat that some of the Guards were invited to surrender , eliciting the famous , if apocryphal , retort `` La Garde meurt , elle ne se rend pas ! '' ( `` The Guard dies , it does not surrender ! '' ) Prussian capture of Plancenoit ( edit ) The storming of Plancenoit by Ludwig Elsholtz At about the same time , the Prussian 5th , 14th , and 16th Brigades were starting to push through Plancenoit , in the third assault of the day . The church was by now on fire , while its graveyard -- the French centre of resistance -- had corpses strewn about `` as if by a whirlwind '' . Five Guard battalions were deployed in support of the Young Guard , virtually all of which was now committed to the defence , along with remnants of Lobau 's corps . The key to the Plancenoit position proved to be the Chantelet woods to the south . Pirch 's II Corps had arrived with two brigades and reinforced the attack of IV Corps , advancing through the woods . The 25th Regiment 's musketeer battalions threw the 1 / 2e Grenadiers ( Old Guard ) out of the Chantelet woods , outflanking Plancenoit and forcing a retreat . The Old Guard retreated in good order until they met the mass of troops retreating in panic , and became part of that rout . The Prussian IV Corps advanced beyond Plancenoit to find masses of French retreating in disorder from British pursuit . The Prussians were unable to fire for fear of hitting Wellington 's units . This was the fifth and final time that Plancenoit changed hands . French forces not retreating with the Guard were surrounded in their positions and eliminated , neither side asking for nor offering quarter . The French Young Guard Division reported 96 per cent casualties , and two - thirds of Lobau 's Corps ceased to exist . Carabinier - à - Cheval cuirass holed by a cannonball at Waterloo , belonging to Antoine Fauveau ( Musée de l'Armée ) Despite their great courage and stamina , the French Guards fighting in the village began to show signs of wavering . The church was already on fire with columns of red flame coming out of the windows , aisles and doors . In the village itself -- still the scene of bitter house - to - house fighting -- everything was burning , adding to the confusion . However , once Major von Witzleben 's manoeuvre was accomplished and the French Guards saw their flank and rear threatened , they began to withdraw . The Guard Chasseurs under General Pelet formed the rearguard . The remnants of the Guard left in a great rush , leaving large masses of artillery , equipment and ammunition wagons in the wake of their retreat . The evacuation of Plancenoit led to the loss of the position that was to be used to cover the withdrawal of the French Army to Charleroi . The Guard fell back from Plancenoit in the direction of Maison du Roi and Caillou . Unlike other parts of the battlefield , there were no cries of `` Sauve qui peut ! '' here . Instead , the cry `` Sauvons nos aigles ! '' ( `` Let 's save our eagles ! '' ) could be heard . -- Official History of the 25th Regiment , 4 Corps , French disintegration ( edit ) Lord Hill invites the last remnants of the French Imperial Guard to surrender , painted by Robert Alexander Hillingford . The French right , left , and centre had all now failed . The last cohesive French force consisted of two battalions of the Old Guard stationed around La Belle Alliance ; they had been so placed to act as a final reserve and to protect Napoleon in the event of a French retreat . He hoped to rally the French army behind them , but as retreat turned into rout , they too were forced to withdraw , one on either side of La Belle Alliance , in square as protection against Coalition cavalry . Until persuaded that the battle was lost and he should leave , Napoleon commanded the square to the left of the inn . Adam 's Brigade charged and forced back this square , while the Prussians engaged the other . As dusk fell , both squares withdrew in relatively good order , but the French artillery and everything else fell into the hands of the Prussian and Anglo - allied armies . The retreating Guards were surrounded by thousands of fleeing , broken French troops . Coalition cavalry harried the fugitives until about 23 : 00 , with Gneisenau pursuing them as far as Genappe before ordering a halt . There , Napoleon 's abandoned carriage was captured , still containing an annotated copy of Machiavelli 's The Prince , and diamonds left behind in the rush to escape . These diamonds became part of King Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia 's crown jewels ; one Major Keller of the F / 15th received the Pour le Mérite with oak leaves for the feat . By this time 78 guns and 2,000 prisoners had also been taken , including more generals . There remained to us still four squares of the Old Guard to protect the retreat . These brave grenadiers , the choice of the army , forced successively to retire , yielded ground foot by foot , till , overwhelmed by numbers , they were almost entirely annihilated . From that moment , a retrograde movement was declared , and the army formed nothing but a confused mass . There was not , however , a total rout , nor the cry of sauve qui peut , as has been calumniously stated in the bulletin . -- Marshal M. Ney . In the middle of the position occupied by the French army , and exactly upon the height , is a farm ( sic ) , called La Belle Alliance . The march of all the Prussian columns was directed towards this farm , which was visible from every side . It was there that Napoleon was during the battle ; it was thence that he gave his orders , that he flattered himself with the hopes of victory ; and it was there that his ruin was decided . There , too , it was that , by happy chance , Field Marshal Blücher and Lord Wellington met in the dark , and mutually saluted each other as victors . -- General Gneisenau . Other sources agree that the meeting of the commanders took place near La Belle Alliance , with this occurring at around 21 : 00 . Aftermath ( edit ) Main articles : Waterloo Campaign § Invasion of France and the occupation of Paris ( 18 June -- 7 July ) , and Treaty of Paris ( 1815 ) `` The morning after the battle of Waterloo '' , by John Heaviside Clark , 1816 Waterloo cost Wellington around 15,000 dead or wounded and Blücher some 7,000 ( 810 of which were suffered by just one unit : the 18th Regiment , which served in Bülow 's 15th Brigade , had fought at both Frichermont and Plancenoit , and won 33 Iron Crosses ) . Napoleon 's losses were 24,000 to 26,000 killed or wounded and included 6,000 to 7,000 captured with an additional 15,000 deserting subsequent to the battle and over the following days . 22 June . This morning I went to visit the field of battle , which is a little beyond the village of Waterloo , on the plateau of Mont - Saint - Jean ; but on arrival there the sight was too horrible to behold . I felt sick in the stomach and was obliged to return . The multitude of carcasses , the heaps of wounded men with mangled limbs unable to move , and perishing from not having their wounds dressed or from hunger , as the Allies were , of course , obliged to take their surgeons and waggons with them , formed a spectacle I shall never forget . The wounded , both of the Allies and the French , remain in an equally deplorable state . -- Major W.E. Frye . Invasion of France by the Seventh Coalition armies in 1815 At 10 : 30 on 19 June General Grouchy , still following his orders , defeated General Thielemann at Wavre and withdrew in good order -- though at the cost of 33,000 French troops that never reached the Waterloo battlefield . Wellington sent his official dispatch describing the battle to England on 19 June 1815 ; it arrived in London on 21 June 1815 and was published as a London Gazette Extraordinary on 22 June . Wellington , Blücher and other Coalition forces advanced upon Paris . Napoleon announced his second abdication on 24 June 1815 . In the final skirmish of the Napoleonic Wars , Marshal Davout , Napoleon 's minister of war , was defeated by Blücher at Issy on 3 July 1815 . Allegedly , Napoleon tried to escape to North America , but the Royal Navy was blockading French ports to forestall such a move . He finally surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland of HMS Bellerophon on 15 July . There was a campaign against French fortresses that still held out ; Longwy capitulated on 13 September 1815 , the last to do so . Louis XVIII was restored to the throne of France and Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena , where he died in 1821 . The Treaty of Paris was signed on 20 November 1815 . Royal Highness , -- Exposed to the factions which divide my country , and to the enmity of the great Powers of Europe , I have terminated my political career ; and I come , like Themistocles , to throw myself upon the hospitality ( m'asseoir sur le foyer ) of the British people . I claim from your Royal Highness the protections of the laws , and throw myself upon the most powerful , the most constant , and the most generous of my enemies . -- Napoleon . ( letter of surrender to the Prince Regent ; translation ) . Sir David Wilkie , The Chelsea Pensioners reading the Waterloo Dispatch , 1822 Maitland 's 1st Foot Guards , who had defeated the Chasseurs of the Guard , were thought to have defeated the Grenadiers , although they had only faced Chasseurs of the newly raised Middle Guard . They were nevertheless awarded the title of Grenadier Guards in recognition of their feat and adopted bearskins in the style of the Grenadiers . Britain 's Household Cavalry likewise adopted the cuirass in 1821 in recognition of their success against their armoured French counterparts . The effectiveness of the lance was noted by all participants and this weapon subsequently became more widespread throughout Europe ; the British converted their first light cavalry regiment to lancers in 1816 , their uniforms , of Polish origin , were based on those of the Imperial Guard lancers . Teeth of tens of thousands of dead soldiers were removed by surviving troops , locals or even scavengers who had travelled there from Britain , then used for making denture replacements in Britain and elsewhere . Analysis ( edit ) Historical importance ( edit ) Waterloo proved a decisive battle in more than one sense . Every generation in Europe up to the outbreak of the First World War looked back at Waterloo as the turning point that dictated the course of subsequent world history , seeing it in retrospect as the event that ushered in the Concert of Europe , an era characterised by relative peace , material prosperity and technological progress . The battle definitively ended the series of wars that had convulsed Europe , and involved many other regions of the world , since the French Revolution of the early 1790s . It also ended the First French Empire and the political and military career of Napoleon Bonaparte , one of the greatest commanders and statesmen in history . There followed almost four decades of international peace in Europe . No further major conflict occurred until the Crimean War of 1853 - 1856 . Changes to the configuration of European states , as refashioned after Waterloo , included the formation of the Holy Alliance of reactionary governments intent on repressing revolutionary and democratic ideas , and the reshaping of the former Holy Roman Empire into a German Confederation increasingly marked by the political dominance of Prussia . The bicentenary of Waterloo prompted renewed attention in the geopolitical and economic legacy of the battle and in the century of relative transatlantic peace which followed . Views on the reasons for Napoleon 's defeat ( edit ) General Antoine - Henri , Baron Jomini , one of the leading military writers on the Napoleonic art of war , had a number of very cogent explanations of the reasons behind Napoleon 's defeat at Waterloo . In my opinion , four principal causes led to this disaster : The first , and most influential , was the arrival , skilfully combined , of Blücher , and the false movement that favoured this arrival ; the second , was the admirable firmness of the British infantry , joined to the sang - froid and aplomb of its chiefs ; the third , was the horrible weather , that had softened the ground , and rendered the offensive movements so toilsome , and retarded till one o'clock the attack that should have been made in the morning ; the fourth , was the inconceivable formation of the first corps , in masses very much too deep for the first grand attack . -- Antoine - Henri Jomini . The Prussian soldier , historian , and theorist Carl von Clausewitz , who as a young colonel had served as chief - of - staff to Thielmann 's Prussian III Corps during the Waterloo campaign , expressed the following opinion : Bonaparte and the authors who support him have always attempted to portray the great catastrophes that befell him as the result of chance . They seek to make their readers believe that through his great wisdom and extraordinary energy the whole project had already moved forward with the greatest confidence , that complete success was but a hair 's breadth away , when treachery , accident , or even fate , as they sometimes call it , ruined everything . He and his supporters do not want to admit that huge mistakes , sheer recklessness , and , above all , overreaching ambition that exceeded all realistic possibilities , were the true causes . -- Carl von Clausewitz . Wellington himself wrote in his official dispatch back to London : I should not do justice to my own feelings , or to Marshal Blücher and the Prussian army , if I did not attribute the successful result of this arduous day to the cordial and timely assistance I received from them . The operation of General Bülow upon the enemy 's flank was a most decisive one ; and , even if I had not found myself in a situation to make the attack which produced the final result , it would have forced the enemy to retire if his attacks should have failed , and would have prevented him from taking advantage of them if they should unfortunately have succeeded `` . Despite their differences on other matters , discussed at length in Carl von Clausewitz 's study of the Campaign of 1815 and Wellington 's famous 1842 essay in reply to it , the Prussian Clausewitz agreed with Wellington on this assessment . Indeed , Clausewitz viewed the battle prior to the Prussian intervention more as a mutually exhausting stalemate than as an impending French victory , with the advantage , if any , leaning towards Wellington . An alternative view is that towards the end of the battle Wellington 's Anglo - allied army faced imminent defeat without Prussian help . For example , Parkinson ( 2000 ) writes : `` Neither army beat Napoleon alone . But whatever the part played by Prussian troops in the actual moment when the Imperial Guard was repulsed , it is difficult to see how Wellington could have staved off defeat , when his centre had been almost shattered , his reserves were almost all committed , the French right remained unmolested and the Imperial Guard intact. ... . Blücher may not have been totally responsible for victory over Napoleon , but he deserved full credit for preventing a British defeat '' . Steele ( 2014 ) writes : `` Blücher 's arrival not only diverted vital reinforcements , but also forced Napoleon to accelerate his effort against Wellington . The tide of battle had been turned by the hard - driving Blücher . As his Prussians pushed in Napoleon 's flank . Wellington was able to shift to the offensive '' . Battlefield today ( edit ) Further information : List of Waterloo Battlefield locations The Lion 's Mound at Waterloo Some portions of the terrain on the battlefield have been altered from their 1815 appearance . Tourism began the day after the battle , with Captain Mercer noting that on 19 June `` a carriage drove on the ground from Brussels , the inmates of which , alighting , proceeded to examine the field '' . In 1820 , the Netherlands ' King William I ordered the construction of a monument . The Lion 's Hillock , a giant mound , was constructed here using 300,000 cubic metres ( 390,000 cu yd ) of earth taken from the ridge at the centre of the British line , effectively removing the southern bank of Wellington 's sunken road . Every one is aware that the variously inclined undulations of the plains , where the engagement between Napoleon and Wellington took place , are no longer what they were on 18 June 1815 . By taking from this mournful field the wherewithal to make a monument to it , its real relief has been taken away , and history , disconcerted , no longer finds her bearings there . It has been disfigured for the sake of glorifying it . Wellington , when he beheld Waterloo once more , two years later , exclaimed , `` They have altered my field of battle ! '' Where the great pyramid of earth , surmounted by the lion , rises to - day , there was a hillock which descended in an easy slope towards the Nivelles road , but which was almost an escarpment on the side of the highway to Genappe . The elevation of this escarpment can still be measured by the height of the two knolls of the two great sepulchres which enclose the road from Genappe to Brussels : one , the English tomb , is on the left ; the other , the German tomb , is on the right . There is no French tomb . The whole of that plain is a sepulchre for France . -- Victor Hugo , Les Misérables . The alleged remark by Wellington about the alteration of the battlefield as described by Hugo was never documented , however . Other terrain features and notable landmarks on the field have remained virtually unchanged since the battle . These include the rolling farmland to the east of the Brussels -- Charleroi Road as well as the buildings at Hougoumont , La Haye Sainte , and La Belle Alliance . Apart from the Lion Mound , there are several more conventional but noteworthy monuments throughout the battlefield . A cluster of monuments at the Brussels -- Charleroi and Braine L'Alleud -- Ohain crossroads marks the mass graves of British , Dutch , Hanoverian and King 's German Legion troops . A monument to the French dead , entitled L'Aigle blessé ( `` The Wounded Eagle '' ) , marks the location where it is believed one of the Imperial Guard units formed a square during the closing moments of the battle . A monument to the Prussian dead is located in the village of Plancenoit on the site where one of their artillery batteries took position . The Duhesme mausoleum is one among the few graves of the fallen . It is located at the side of Saint Martin 's Church in Ways , a hamlet in the municipality of Genappe . Seventeen fallen officers are buried in the crypt of the British Monument in the Brussels Cemetery in Evere . The remains of a 23 - year - old soldier named Friederich Brandt were discovered in 2012 . He was a slightly hunchbacked infantryman , 1.60 metres ( 5.2 ft ) tall , and was hit in the chest by a French bullet . His rifle , coins , and position on the battlefield identified him as an Hanoverian fighting in the King 's German Legion . Coin controversy ( edit ) As part of the bicentennial celebration of the battle , in 2015 Belgium minted a 2 Euro coin depicting the Lion monument over a map of the field of battle . France officially protested this issue , while the Belgian government noted that the French mint sells souvenir medals at Waterloo . After 180,000 coins were minted but not released , the issue was melted . Instead , Belgium issued an identical commemorative coin in the non-standard value of 21⁄2 Euros . Legally only valid within the issuing country ( but unlikely to circulate ) it was minted in brass , packaged , and sold by the Belgian mint for 6 Euros . A 10 Euro coin , showing Wellington , Blücher , their troops and the silhouette of Napoleon , was also available in silver for 42 Euros . See also ( edit ) Napoleonic Wars portal Lord Uxbridge 's leg was shattered by a grape - shot at the Battle of Waterloo and removed by a surgeon . The artificial leg used by Uxbridge for the rest of his life was donated to a Waterloo Museum after his death . There is also a leg on display at his house , Plas Newydd , on Anglesey . Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 -- 1815 ) : involved Napoleon Bonaparte 's French Empire against the United Kingdom and various combinations of other European powers in the Third to Seventh coalitions . Timeline of the Napoleonic era Waterloo in popular culture : describes the cultural impact of the battle . Waterloo Medal awarded to those soldiers of the British Army who fought at the battle . Battle of Waterloo reenactment Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Captain Cavalié Mercer RHA , thought the Brunswickers `` ... perfect children . None of the privates , perhaps were over eighteen years of age '' ( Mercer 1891 , p. 218 ) . Jump up ^ On 13 June , the commandant at Ath requested powder and cartridges as members of a Hanoverian reserve regiment there had never yet fired a shot ( Longford 1971 , p. 486 ) . Jump up ^ The straight - line distance from Halle to Braine - l'Alleud , Wellington 's far right flank is nearly the same as the straight - line distance from Wavre to Frichermont , Wellington 's far left flank , around 8 miles ( 13 km ) . Jump up ^ `` The hour at which Waterloo began , though there were 150,000 actors in the great tragedy , was long a matter of dispute . The Duke of Wellington puts it at 10 : 00 . General Alava says half - past eleven , Napoleon and Drouet say noon , and Ney 13 : 00 . Lord Hill may be credited with having settled this minute question of fact . He took two watches with him into the fight , one a stop - watch , and he marked with it the sound of the first shot fired , and this evidence is now accepted as proving that the first flash of red flame which marked the opening of the world - shaking tragedy of Waterloo took place at exactly ten minutes to twelve '' ( Fitchett 2006 , Chapter : King - making Waterloo ) . `` ... watches had to be set by solar time , this meant that it was rare for two watches to agree ... For example , on 9 June , ... the French I Corps had been at Lille , while the IV Corps was at Metz . Assuming an officer had set his watch at noon and then meticulously wound it twice a day but not reset it during the approach march , by the time the two corps reached the vicinity of Waterloo , the I Corps officer 's watch would have read 12 : 40 p.m. at a time when the IV Corps officer 's read 11 : 20 a.m. , and it was noon at Waterloo . This is an extreme example , and unlikely to have actually been the case , but it demonstrates the problem quite well '' ( Nofi 1998 , p. 182 ) . Jump up ^ That is , the 1st battalion of the 2nd Regiment . Among Prussian regiments , `` F / 12th '' denoted the fusilier battalion of the 12th Regiment . Jump up ^ Seeing the flames , Wellington sent a note to the house 's commander stating that he must hold his position whatever the cost ( Barbero 2005 , p. 298 ) . Jump up ^ `` Lord Hill may be credited with having settled this minute question of fact . He took two watches with him into the fight , one a stop - watch , and he marked with it the sound of the first shot fired ... At ten minutes to twelve the first heavy gun rang sullenly from the French ridge '' ( Fitchett 2006 , Chapter : King - making Waterloo ) . Jump up ^ The entire 1st brigade of the 2nd Dutch division , that had been on the forward slope during the night , withdrew to a position behind the ridge between the regiments of Kempt and Pack around 12 : 00 ( Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 332 -- 333 ) . Jump up ^ Website of current Dutch historian Marco Bijl : 8militia.net ; Eenens 1879 , pp. 14 -- 30 , 131 -- 198 ; De Jongh , W.A. : Veldtocht van den Jare 1815 , Historisch verhaal ; in De Nieuwe Militaire Spectator ( Nijmegen 1866 ) , pp. 13 -- 27. ( This is the original account of Colonel de Jongh , commander of the Dutch 8th Militia . It can be downloaded at the site of Marco Bijl above . ) ; Löben Sels , Ernst van Bijdragen tot de krijgsgeschiedenis van Napoleon Bonaparte / door E. van Löben Sels Part 4 ; Veldtogten van 1814 in Frankrijk , en van 1815 in de Nederlanden ( Battles ) . 1842 . ' s - Gravenhage : de Erven Doorman , pp. 601 -- 682 ; Allebrandi , Sebastian . Herinneringen uit mijne tienjarige militaire loopbaan. 1835 . Amsterdam : Van Kesteren , pp. 21 -- 30 ; ( Allebrandi was a soldier in the Dutch 7th Militia his account is therefore important ) . Jump up ^ De Bas reprints colonel Van Zuylen 's ' History of the 2nd division ' . Van Zuylen van Nijevelt was the chief of staff of the 2nd division and located right behind the van Bijlandt brigade during the whole day ( Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 134 -- 136 ( vol. 2 ) ) . He wrote a 32 page report , right after the battle . This report forms the basis of most of the other literature mentioned here : see Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 289 -- 352 ( vol. 3 ) . Google Books ; Boulger has an English translation of the report ( Boulger 1901 ) . Jump up ^ The brigade 's losses were very heavy : one French volley at point blank range decimated the 7th and 8th Militia , who had most of their officers killed or wounded , the brigade commander Bijlandt being one of the wounded who had to be evacuated . The two battalions lost their command structure in one stroke . The total of casualties for the whole brigade for the day was around 800 killed and wounded ( Hamilton - Williams 1993 , pp. 310 -- 311 ) . Jump up ^ Van Zuylen report ; he refers to himself as `` the chief - of - staff '' ( Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 338 -- 339 ( vol. 3 ) ) . Jump up ^ Some of the retreating troops panicked and fled . This was not to be wondered at in the circumstances . The British troops of the 1 / 95th battalion , also under great pressure from the French , did the same at the time . This flight did not involve the whole of the Dutch battalions , as has been asserted by some historians . Van Zuylen rallied 400 men , according to his estimate , who were ready to join the counterattack and even captured two French fanions ( Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 338 -- 341 ( vol. 3 ) ; Hamilton - Williams 1993 , pp. 293 -- 295 ) . Jump up ^ Pawly 2001 , pp. 37 -- 43 ; The following letters are used : the accounts of General Kempt , Calvert of the 32nd infantry , Cruikshank of the 79th , Winchester & Hope of the 92nd , Evans ( Ponsonby Cavalry brigade ) and Clark Kennedy of the Royal Dragoons ( Glover 2004 , p. ) . These are the only letters that actually state some details about the Dutch and Belgian troops . Jump up ^ The Royal Horse Guards ( 2 squadrons ) were in reserve for the Household Brigade ( 9 or 10 squadrons strong ) but the Union Brigade ( 9 squadrons ) had no reserve ( Letter 5 , Siborne 1891 , pp. 7 -- 10 ; Letter 16 Glover 2004 ) . The total may have been 18 squadrons as there is an uncertainty in the sources as to whether the King 's Dragoon Guards fielded three or four squadrons . Uxbridge implies 4 squadrons ( Letter 5 Siborne 1891 , pp. 7 -- 10 ) , however , Capt . Naylor of the King 's implies 3 when he states he commanded the centre squadron of the regiment ( Letter 21 , Siborne 1891 , pp. 46 -- 47 ) . Jump up ^ An episode famously used later by Victor Hugo in Les Misérables . The sunken lane acted as a trap , funnelling the flight of the French cavalry to their own right and away from the British cavalry . Some of the cuirassiers then found themselves hemmed in by the steep sides of the sunken lane , with a confused mass of their own infantry in front of them , the 95th Rifles firing at them from the north side of the lane , and Somerset 's heavy cavalry still pressing them from behind . The novelty of fighting armoured foes impressed the British cavalrymen , as was recorded by the commander of the Household Brigade . Jump up ^ The tale was related , in old age , by a Sergeant Major Dickinson of the Scots Greys , the last British survivor of the charge ( Low 1911 , pp. 137 , 143 ) . Jump up ^ Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle : Household Brigade , initial strength 1,319 , killed -- 95 , wounded -- 248 , missing -- 250 , totals -- 593 , horses lost -- 672 . Union Brigade , initial strength 1,332 , killed -- 264 , wounded -- 310 , missing -- 38 , totals -- 612 , horses lost -- 631 ( Smith 1998 , p. 544 ) . Jump up ^ This view appears to have arisen from a comment by Captain Clark - Kennedy of the 1st Dragoons ' Royals ' , in a letter in H.T. Siborne 's book , he makes an estimate of around 900 men actually in line within the Union Brigade before its first charge ( Siborne 1891 , Letter 35 , p. 69 ) . Clark - Kennedy does not , however , explain how his estimate was arrived at . The shortfall of 432 men ( the equivalent of a whole regiment ) from the paper strength of the brigade is large . However , another officer of the brigade , John Mills of the 2nd Dragoons , says that the effective strength of the brigade did not `` exceed 1,200 '' ( Glover 2007 , p. 59 ) . Jump up ^ William Siborne was in possession of a number of eyewitness accounts from generals , such as Uxbridge , down to cavalry cornets and infantry ensigns . This makes his history particularly useful ( though only from the British and KGL perspective ) ; some of these eyewitness letters were later published by his son , a British Major General ( H.T. Siborne ) . Parts of William Siborne 's account was , and is , highly controversial . The very negative light shed on the conduct of the Dutch -- Belgian troops during the battle by Siborne , which it should be said was a reasonably accurate reflection the opinions of his British informants , prompted a semi-official rebuttal by Dutch historian captain Willem Jan Knoop in his `` Beschouwingen over Siborne 's Geschiedenis van den oorlog van 1815 in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden '' en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger . Breda 1846 ; 2nd printing 1847 . Knoop based his rebuttal on the official Dutch after - battle reports , drawn up within days of the battle , not on twenty - year - old recollections of veterans , like Siborne . Siborne rejected the rebuttal . Jump up ^ Barbero points out that in April the minister informed Wellington that cavalry regiments could allow themselves no more than 360 horses . The text of this memorandum from Torrens to Wellington Barbero refers to is available in Hamilton - Williams , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle : Household Brigade , initial strength 1,319 , killed -- 95 , wounded -- 248 , missing -- 250 , totals -- 593 , horses lost -- 672 . Union Brigade , initial strength 1,332 , killed -- 264 , wounded -- 310 , missing -- 38 , totals -- 612 , horses lost -- 631 ( Smith 1998 , p. 544 ) . Jump up ^ In a cavalry unit an `` effective '' was an unwounded trooper mounted on a sound horse . The military term `` effective '' describes a soldier , piece of equipment ( e.g. a tank or aircraft ) or military unit capable of fighting or carrying out its intended purpose . Jump up ^ This qualification may have been self - serving on Mercer 's part . Wellington himself sought refuge in the `` shaky '' Brunswick squares at the time and observed what he interpreted as acts of cowardice by British artillerymen , who `` ... ran off the field entirely , taking with them limbers , ammunition , and everything ... '' as he wrote in a letter of 21 December 1815 to the Master - General of the Ordnance , Lord Mulgrave . The incident even justified the denial of pensions to members of the Artillery Corps in his view . So , where Mercer claimed heroism , Wellington saw the opposite . See for the full text of Wellington 's letter , and an attempted rebuttal Duncan , F. ( 1879 ) , `` Appendix A '' , History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery , pp. 444 -- 464 -- The letter was originally published in WSD , vol . XIV ( 1858 ed . ) , pp. 618 -- 620 Jump up ^ Cavalrymen were not allowed to dismount without orders , so individual initiative in spiking a cannon would have been impossible for any ranker . Each British cannon had a number of headless nails for spiking stored in a box on the gun carriage , so the French would have had the means to disable the guns readily available , had they known ( Weller 1992 , p. 114 ) . Jump up ^ A number of different mounts could have been ridden by Napoleon at Waterloo : Ali , Crebère , Désirée , Jaffa , Marie and Tauris ( Summerville 2007 , p. 315 ) Lozier states it was Désirée ( Lozier 2010 ) . Jump up ^ On the contrary , many contradicted this British account vehemently . See e.g. Eenens 1879 , pp. 131 -- 198 . Google Books ; Knoop , W.J. ( 1847 ) ( 1846 ) , `` Beschouwingen over Siborne 's Geschiedenis van den oorlog van 1815 in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden '' , en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger ( 2nd ed . ) , Breda ; Craan , W.B. ( 1817 ) , An historical account of the battle of Waterloo , translated by Gore , A. , pp. 30 -- 31 -- written in 1816 on the basis of eyewitness accounts does not mention the incident ) . Jump up ^ The commander of the Cumberland Hussars , who was later court - martialled and cashiered , claimed that as his troopers ( all well - to - do young Hanoverians ) owned their own horses he could not order them to remain on the field . Following the battle the regiment was broken up and the troopers assigned duties they , no doubt , considered ignominious . Four were posted to Captain Mercer 's horse artillery troop , where he found them `` amazingly sulky and snappish with every one ''. ( Mercer 1870b , p. 62 ) Jump up ^ Chesney states that Wellington and the Prussians remained in contact and that it was agreed that Bülow followed by Pirch would take the poorer road to `` Froidmont '' ( Frichermont ) , while Zieten would take the longer northern , but better made , road via Ohain ( Chesney 1874 , pp. 173 -- 178 ) . Jump up ^ Two chasseur battalions of the 4th Chasseurs were merged into one on the day of the battle , so while five Imperial Guard formations went forward , they may have comprised six battalions ( Barbero 2005 , ) . Similarly , Lewis , 2013 , pp. 188 -- 190 . Jump up ^ The attacking battalions were 1st / 3rd and 4th Grenadiers and 1st / 3rd , 2nd / 3rd and 4th Chasseurs of the Middle Guard ; those remaining in reserve were the 2nd / 2nd Grenadiers , 2nd / 1st and 2nd / 2nd Chasseurs of the Old Guard ( Adkin 2001 , p. 392 ) . Jump up ^ `` ' The Guard dies , but it does not surrender ! ' is another of these fictitious historical sayings . General Cambronne , to whom it is attributed , never uttered . Victor Hugo , in Les Misérables , has restored the true text . It is composed of a single word ( Merde ! ) ''. ( Masson 1869 ) Jump up ^ The reply is commonly attributed to General Pierre Cambronne , originating from an attribution by the journalist Balison de Rougemont in Journal General published on 24 June 1815 , ( Shapiro 2006 , p. 128 ) although Cambronne claimed he replied `` Merde ! '' ( Boller 1989 , p. 12 ) However , according to letters in The Times in June 1932 , Cambronne was already a prisoner of Colonel Hugh Halkett , so the retort , if ever given , or in whatever form it took , may have come from General Michel instead. White 2011 , and Parry 1900 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Through the finality of Napoleon 's defeat , `` met his / her Waterloo '' has entered the English lexicon as a phrase to describe someone 's circumstances when they have met with absolute and final defeat . Jump up ^ Napoleon 's last escapade was important politically because it `` compelled all the powers at Vienna to bury their remaining differences in order to achieve a peace which would enshrine the principles of the balance of power ''. ( Kennedy 1987 , p. 37 ) `` No international disturbance comparable in magnitude ... has ever been followed by such a protracted period of peace '' . ( Palmer 1956 , p. 420 ) Recovering , after Waterloo , from six decades of abnormal obstacles to transatlantic commerce ( from the Seven Years War onwards ) , increasingly industrialized Europe and North America , by 1914 , accounted for over 90 % of global coal , iron and steel production and 76 % of international trade. ( Paxton 1985 , p. 2 ) Jump up ^ Jomini was Swiss , but was an officer , eventually a general , in the French army and had served on the staff of Marshal Ney . He later served in the Russian Army . Jump up ^ This `` false movement '' was the detachment of Grouchy 's force in pursuit of the Prussians : Napoleon had overestimated the extent of his victory at Ligny and underestimated the resilience of the Prussians . He also seems to have discounted the presence of Bülow 's substantial corps , which had not been in action at Ligny . Had Napoleon retained Grouchy 's 30,000 men as a guard for his right flank , it is likely that these troops could have held off the Prussians and allowed the rest of Napoleon 's army to attack Wellington 's army unmolested . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Chesney 1874 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 61 cites Siborne 's numbers . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1994 , p. 256 gives 168,000 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2005 , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1994 , p. 256 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2006 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 420 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2005 , p. 419 . Jump up ^ Wikiquote : Wellington citing Creevey Papers , ch . x , p. 236 Jump up ^ Marcelis 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown University Library . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1993 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Chandler 1966 , pp. 1016 , 1017 , 1093 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 2005 , pp. 136 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Herold 1967 , pp. 53 , 58 , 110 . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , p. 508 . Jump up ^ Chesney 1874 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Chesney 1874 , pp. 144 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 68 gives 73,000 . Jump up ^ Glover 2014 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , p. 484 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1993 , pp. 239 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 2005 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 2005 , pp. 60 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2005 , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2005 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Parry 1900 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 141 , 235 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 83 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , pp. 535 -- 536 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , p. 547 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2001 , pp. 163 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2001 , p. xxxii . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , p. 548 . Jump up ^ Bonaparte 1869 , pp. 292 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Fletcher 1994 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 95 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Lamar 2000 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Wellesley 1815 , To Earl Bathurst . Waterloo , 19th June 1815 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 113 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Thiers 1862 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Booth 1815 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Creasy 1877 , Chapter XV . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , pp. 552 -- 554 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 305 , 306 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1993 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1993 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Cornwell 2015 , Those terrible grey horses , how they fight . ^ Jump up to : Haweis 1908 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1993 , pp. 289 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Van Zuylen report Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 338 -- 339 ( vol. 3 ) Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , pp. 134 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1993 , pp. 296 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Uffindell & Corum 2002 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2006 , pp. 140 -- 142 . ^ Jump up to : Adkin 2001 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Anglesey 1990 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Grant 1972 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Oman & Hall 1902 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Glover 2004 , p . Letter 16 : Frederick Stovin ( ADC to Sir Thomas Picton ) . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , Letter 5 , pp. 7 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 426 , note 18 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , pp. 410 -- 411 . Jump up ^ Houssaye 1900 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2013 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 198 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton - Williams 1994 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Wooten 1993 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Fletcher 1999 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1994 , pp. 303 -- 304 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , pp. 425 -- 426 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 219 -- 223 . Jump up ^ For initial strengths ( Adkin 2001 , p. 217 ) . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2006 , pp. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , pp. 329 , 349 ( composition of brigades ) ; pp. 422 -- 424 ( actions of brigades ) . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , Letters : 18 , 26 , 104 . ^ Jump up to : Clark - Kennedy 1975 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Fletcher 2001 , pp. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Wood 1895 , pp. 164 , 171 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Anglesey 1990 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Cotton 1849 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , Letters 9 , 18 , 36 . Jump up ^ Anglesey 1990 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Clark - Kennedy 1975 , pp. 110 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : Wood 1895 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Fletcher 1999 , p. 270 - 271 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Esposito & Elting 1999 , p. 354 , Map 166 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , pp. 443 -- 449 . Jump up ^ Adkin 2001 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , pp. 444 , 447 . Jump up ^ Adkin 2001 , pp. 273 , 414 . ^ Jump up to : Adkin 2001 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Gronow 1862 , The Duke of Wellington in our square . Jump up ^ Weller 1992 , pp. 211,212 . Jump up ^ Adkin 2001 , pp. 252,361 . Jump up ^ Mercer 1870a , pp. 313 -- 315 . Jump up ^ Mercer 1870a , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Houssaye 1900 , p. 522 . ^ Jump up to : Adkin 2001 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , pp. 14 , 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , pp. 14 -- 15 and letters 6 , 7 and 9 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Simms 2014 , pp. 59 -- 60 , 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Beamish 1995 , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , p. 483 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , p. 484 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2006 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 241 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2006 , pp. 235 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Mercer 1870a , pp. 325 -- 326 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , pp. 239 . Jump up ^ Cotton 1849 , pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 240 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2006 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Uffindell & Corum 2002 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Uffindell & Corum 2002 , p. 233 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Uffindell & Corum 2002 , pp. 232 -- 233 . Jump up ^ Chesney 1874 , pp. 187 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Adkin 2001 , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Booth 1815 , pp. 73 , 74 . Jump up ^ Field 2013 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Field 2013 , pp. 196 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 249 -- 251 , 258 -- 259 . ( vol. 2 ) Jump up ^ Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 252 -- 253 , 419 -- 424 . ( vol. 2 ) Jump up ^ Field 2013 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Field 2013 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Field 2013 , pp. 203 . Jump up ^ Chesney 1874 , pp. 214 -- 215 . ^ Jump up to : Parry 1900 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , pp. 553 -- 559 . Jump up ^ White 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , pp. 144 -- 145 . Jump up ^ battleofwaterloo.org Jump up ^ Kincaid 2006 , p. 435 . Jump up ^ Comte d'Erlon 1815 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Booth 1815 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Booth 1815 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Davies 2012 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Corrigan 2006 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Mantle 2000 . Jump up ^ Frye 2004 , June 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` No. 17028 '' . The London Gazette. 22 June 1815 . p. 1213 . Jump up ^ Wood 1907 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , pp. 274 -- 276,320 . Jump up ^ Booth 1815 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Paul Kerley : The dentures made from the teeth of dead soldiers at Waterloo , BBC News Magazine ( 16 June 2015 ) Jump up ^ Barbero , p. 422 Jump up ^ Compare : Barbero , Alessandro ( 2013 ) ( 2003 ) . `` Epilogue '' . The Battle : A new history of Waterloo . Translated by Cullen , John . London : Atlantic Books Ltd . ISBN 9781782391388 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Most ( ... ) would have agreed with the French writer 's statement : ' On that day , the perspective of the human race was altered . Waterloo is the hinge of the Nineteenth Century . ' ( ... ) Later , the twentieth century swept away the illusions of unlimited progress and perpetual peace that had become widespread after Waterloo . Jump up ^ Rapport 2015 Jump up ^ Black 2015 Jump up ^ Keeling 2015 Jump up ^ Jomini 1864 , pp. 223,224 . Jump up ^ Clausewitz & Feldzug von 1815 ( Campaign of 1815 ) , Chapter 3 . Jump up ^ Clausewitz & Wellington 2010 , Campaign of 1815 and Wellington 's famous 1842 essay . Jump up ^ Clausewitz & Wellington 2010 , pp. 144 -- 145 ( Chapter 41 of Clausewitz 's Feldzug ) . Jump up ^ Parkinson 2000 , pp. 240 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Steele 2014 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Mercer 1870a , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Hugo 1862 , Chapter VII : Napoleon in a Good Humor . Jump up ^ Shute , Joe ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Rescuing the farm where Wellington won the battle of Waterloo '' . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Hoorebeeke 2007 , pp. 6 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Paton 2015 . Jump up ^ Peel 2012 . Jump up ^ Torfs 2015 . Jump up ^ Kottasova 2015 . References ( edit ) Adkin , Mark ( 2001 ) , The Waterloo Companion , Aurum , ISBN 1 - 85410 - 764 - X Anglesey , Marquess of ( George C.H.V. Paget ) ( 1990 ) , One Leg : The Life and Letters of Henry William Paget , First Marquess of Anglesey , K.G. 1768 -- 1854 , Pen and Sword , ISBN 0 - 85052 - 518 - 7 Barbero , Alessandro ( 2005 ) , The Battle : A New History of Waterloo , Atlantic Books , ISBN 1 - 84354 - 310 - 9 Barbero , Alessandro ( 2006 ) , The Battle : A New History of Waterloo ( translated by John Cullen ) ( paperback ed . ) , Walker & Company , ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1500 - 1 Barbero , Alessandro ( 2013 ) , The Battle : A New History of Waterloo , Atlantic Books , p. 160 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78239 - 138 - 8 Bas , F de ; Wommersom , J. De T'Serclaes de ( 1909 ) , La campagne de 1815 aux Pays - Bas d'après les rapports officiels néerlandais , volumes : I : Quatre - Bras. II : Waterloo . III : Annexes and notes . IV : supplement : maps and plans , Brussels : Librairie Albert de Wit Beamish , N. Ludlow ( 1995 ) ( 1832 ) , History of the King 's German Legion , Dallington : Naval and Military Press , ISBN 0 - 9522011 - 0 - 0 Black , Jeremy ( 24 February 2015 ) , `` Legacy of 1815 '' , History Today Boller , Jr. , Paul F. ; George , Jr. , John ( 1989 ) , They Never Said It : A Book of Fake Quotes , Misquotes , and Misleading Attributions , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 12 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505541 - 1 Bonaparte , Napoleon ( 1869 ) , `` No. 22060 '' , in Polon , Henri ; Dumaine , J. , Correspondance de Napoléon Ier ; publiée par ordre de l'empereur Napoléon III ( 1858 ) , 28 , pp. 292 , 293 . Booth , John ( 1815 ) , The Battle of Waterloo : Containing the Accounts Published by Authority , British and Foreign , and Other Relevant Documents , with Circumstantial Details , Previous and After the Battle , from a Variety of Authentic and Original Sources ( 2 ed . ) , London : printed for J. Booth and T. Ergeton ; Military Library , Whitehall Boulger , Demetrius C. deK. ( 1901 ) , Belgians at Waterloo : With Translations of the Reports of the Dutch and Belgian Commanders , London `` Napoleonic Satires '' , Brown University Library , retrieved 22 July 2016 Chandler , David ( 1966 ) , The Campaigns of Napoleon , New York : Macmillan Chesney , Charles C. ( 1874 ) , Waterloo Lectures : A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815 ( 3rd ed . ) , Longmans , Green , and Co Clark - Kennedy , A.E. ( 1975 ) , Attack the Colour ! The Royal Dragoons in the Peninsula and at Waterloo , London : Research Publishing Co . Clausewitz , Carl von ; Wellington , Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of ( 2010 ) , Bassford , Christopher ; Moran , Daniel ; Pedlow , Gregory W. , eds. , On Waterloo : Clausewitz , Wellington , and the Campaign of 1815. , Clausewitz.com , ISBN 9781453701508 Cornwell , Bernard ( 2015 ) , `` Those terrible grey horses , how they fight '' , Waterloo : The History of Four Days , Three Armies and Three Battles , Lulu Press , Inc , p. ~ 128 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 312 - 92522 - 9 Corrigan , Gordon ( 2006 ) , Wellington ( reprint , eBook ed . ) , Continuum International Publishing Group , p. 327 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 2590 - 4 Cotton , Edward ( 1849 ) , A voice from Waterloo . A history of the battle , on 18 June 1815. , London : B.L. Green Creasy , Sir Edward ( 1877 ) , The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World : from Marathon to Waterloo , London : Richard Bentley & Son , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80559 - 6 Davies , Huw ( 2012 ) , Wellington 's Wars : The Making of a Military Genius ( illustrated ed . ) , Yale University Press , p. 244 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16417 - 6 Eenens , A.M ( 1879 ) , `` Dissertation sur la participation des troupes des Pays - Bas a la campagne de 1815 en Belgique '' , in : Societé royale des beaux arts et de litérature de Gand , Messager des Sciences Historiques , Gand : Vanderhaegen Comte d'Erlon , Jean - Baptiste Drouet ( 1815 ) , Drouet 's account of Waterloo to the French Parliament , Napoleon Bonaparte Internet Guide , archived from the original on 8 October 2007 , retrieved 14 September 2007 Esposito , Vincent Joseph ; Elting , John ( 1999 ) , A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars , Greenhill , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 346 - 3 Field , Andrew W. ( 2013 ) , Waterloo The French Perspective , Great Britain : Pen & Sword Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78159 - 043 - 0 Fitchett , W.H. ( 2006 ) ( 1897 ) , `` Chapter : King - making Waterloo '' , Deeds that Won the Empire . Historic Battle Scenes , London : John Murray ( Project Gutenberg ) Fletcher , Ian ( 1994 ) , Wellington 's Foot Guards , 52 of Elite Series ( illustrated ed . ) , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 392 - 3 Fletcher , Ian ( 1999 ) , Galloping at Everything : The British Cavalry in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808 -- 15 , Staplehurst : Spellmount , ISBN 1 - 86227 - 016 - 3 Fletcher , Ian ( 2001 ) , A Desperate Business : Wellington , The British Army and the Waterloo Campaign , Spellmount , Staplehurst , Kent Frye , W.E. ( 2004 ) ( 1908 ) , After Waterloo : Reminiscences of European Travel 1815 -- 1819 , Project Gutenberg , retrieved 29 April 2015 Glover , G. ( 2004 ) , Letters from the Battle of Waterloo : the unpublished correspondence by Allied officers from the Siborne papers , London : Greenhill , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 597 - 3 Glover , Gareth ( 2007 ) , From Corunna to Waterloo : the Letters and Journals of Two Napoleonic Hussars , 1801 -- 1816 , London : Greenhill Books Glover , Gareth ( 2014 ) , Waterloo : Myth and Reality , Pen and Sword , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78159 - 356 - 1 Grant , Charles ( 1972 ) , Royal Scots Greys ( Men - at - Arms ) , Osprey , ISBN 0 - 85045 - 059 - 4 Gronow , R.H. ( 1862 ) , Reminiscences of Captain Gronow , London , ISBN 1 - 4043 - 2792 - 4 Hamilton - Williams , David ( 1993 ) , Waterloo . New Perspectives . The Great Battle Reappraised , London : Arms & Armour Press , ISBN 0 - 471 - 05225 - 6 Hamilton - Williams , David ( 1994 ) , Waterloo , New Perspectives , The Great Battle Reappraised ( Paperback ed . ) , New York : John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 14571 - 8 Herold , J. Christopher ( 1967 ) , The Battle of Waterloo , New York : Harper & Row , ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 91603 - 0 Haweis , James Walter ( 1908 ) , The campaign of 1815 , chiefly in Flanders , Edinburgh : William Blackwood and Sons , pp. 228 -- 229 Hofschröer , Peter ( 1999 ) , 1815 : The Waterloo Campaign . The German Victory , 2 , London : Greenhill Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 368 - 9 Hofschröer , Peter ( 2005 ) , Waterloo 1815 : Quatre Bras and Ligny , London : Leo Cooper , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 168 - 4 Hoorebeeke , C. van ( September -- October 2007 ) , `` Blackman , John - Lucie : pourquoi sa tombe est - elle à Hougomont ? '' , Bulletin de l'Association belge napoléonienne ( 118 ) : 6 -- 21 Houssaye , Henri ( 1900 ) , Waterloo ( translated from the French ) , London Hugo , Victor ( 1862 ) , `` Chapter VII : Napoleon in a Good Humor '' , Les Misérables , The Literature Network , archived from the original on 12 October 2007 , retrieved 14 September 2007 Jomini , Antoine - Henri ( 1864 ) , The Political and Military History of the Campaign of Waterloo ( 3 ed . ) , New York ; D. Van Nostrand ( Translated by Benet S.V. ) Keeling , Drew ( 27 May 2015 ) , The Dividends of Waterloo , retrieved 3 June 2015 Kennedy , Paul ( 1987 ) , The Rise and Fall of Great Powers , New York : Random House Kincaid , Captain J. ( 2006 ) , `` The Final Attack The Rifle Brigade Advance 7 pm 18 June 1815 '' , in Lewis - Stemple , John , England : The Autobiography : 2,000 Years of English History by Those Who Saw it Happen ( reprint ed . ) , UK : Penguin , pp. 434 -- 436 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 192869 - 2 Kottasova , Ivana ( 10 June 2015 ) , `` France 's new Waterloo ? Euro coin marks Napoleon 's defeat '' , CNNMoney Lamar , Glenn J. ( 2000 ) , Jérôme Bonaparte : The War Years , 1800 - 1815 , Greenwood Press , p. 119 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30997 - 7 Longford , Elizabeth ( 1971 ) , Wellington the Years of the Sword , London : Panther , ISBN 0 - 586 - 03548 - 6 Low , E. Bruce ( 1911 ) , `` The Waterloo Papers '' , in MacBride , M. , With Napoleon at Waterloo , London Lozier , J.F. ( 18 June 2010 ) , What was the name of Napoleon 's horse ? , The Napoleon Series , retrieved 29 March 2009 Mantle , Robert ( December 2000 ) , Prussian Reserve Infantry 1813 -- 1815 : Part II : Organisation , Napoleonic Association . Marcelis , David ( 10 June 2015 ) , `` When Napoleon Met His Waterloo , He Was Out of Town '' , Wall Street Journal Mercer , A.C. ( 1870a ) , Journal of the Waterloo Campaign : Kept Throughout the Campaign of 1815 , 1 , Edinburgh and London : W. Blackwood Mercer , A.C. ( 1870b ) , `` Waterloo , 18 June 1815 : The Royal Horse Artillery Repulse Enemy Cavalry , late afternoon '' , Journal of the Waterloo Campaign : Kept Throughout the Campaign of 1815 , 2 Mercer , A.C. ( 1891 ) , `` No 89 : Royal Artillery '' , in Siborne , Herbert Taylor , Waterloo letters : a selection from original and hitherto unpublished letters bearing on the operations of the 16th , 17th , and 18th June , 1815 , by officers who served in the campaign , London : Cassell & Company , p. 218 Masson , David ; et al. ( 1869 ) , `` Historical Forgeries and Kosciuszko 's `` Finis Poloniae '' `` , Macmillan 's Magazine , Macmillan and Company , 19 : 164 Nofi , Albert A. ( 1998 ) ( 1993 ) , The Waterloo campaign , June 1815 , Conshohocken , PA : Combined Books , ISBN 0 - 938289 - 29 - 2 Oman , Charles ; Hall , John A. ( 1902 ) , A History of the Peninsular War , Clarendon Press , p. 119 Palmer , R.R. ( 1956 ) , A History of the Modern World , New York : Knopf Parkinson , Roger ( 2000 ) , Hussar General : The Life of Blücher , Man of Waterloo , Wordsworth Military Library , pp. 240 -- 241 , ISBN 9781840222531 Parry , D.H. ( 1900 ) , `` Waterloo '' , Battle of the nineteenth century , 1 , London : Cassell and Company , archived from the original on 16 December 2008 , retrieved 14 September 2007 Paton , Callum ( 5 April 2015 ) , `` Skeleton of soldier killed at Waterloo discovered under a car park like Richard III '' , Daily Mail Online Pawly , Ronald ( 2001 ) , Wellington 's Belgian Allies , Men at Arms nr 98 . 1815 , Osprey , pp. 37 -- 43 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 158 - 9 Paxton , Robert O. ( 1985 ) , Europe in the 20th Century , Orlando : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Peel , Hugues Van ( 11 December 2012 ) , Le soldat retrouvé sur le site de Waterloo serait Hanovrien ( in French ) , RTBF Rapport , Mike ( 13 May 2015 ) , `` Waterloo '' , The New York Times Roberts , Andrew ( 2001 ) , Napoleon and Wellington , London : Phoenix Press , ISBN 1 - 84212 - 480 - 3 Roberts , Andrew ( 2005 ) , Waterloo : 18 June 1815 , the Battle for Modern Europe , New York : HarperCollins , ISBN 0 - 06 - 008866 - 4 Shapiro , Fred R. , ed. ( 2006 ) , The Yale Book of Quotations ( illustrated ed . ) , Yale University Press , p. 128 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10798 - 2 Siborne , Herbert Taylor ( 1891 ) , The Waterloo Letters , London : Cassell & Co . Siborne , William ( 1895 ) , The Waterloo Campaign , 1815 ( 4th ed . ) , Westminster : A. Constable Simms , Brendan ( 2014 ) , The Longest Afternoon : The 400 Men Who Decided the Battle of Waterloo , Allen Lane , ISBN 978 - 0 - 241 - 00460 - 9 Smith , Digby ( 1998 ) , The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book , London & Pennsylvania : Greenhill Books & Stackpole Books , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 276 - 9 Steele , Charles ( 2014 ) , Zabecki , David T. , ed. , Germany at War : 400 Years of Military History , ABC - CLIO , p. 178 Summerville , Christopher J ( 2007 ) , Who was who at Waterloo : a biography of the battle , Pearson Education , ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 78405 - 5 Thiers , Adolphe ( 1862 ) , Histoire du consulat et de l'empire , faisant suite à l'Histoire de la révolution française ( in French ) , 20 , Paris : Lheureux et Cie . Torfs , Michaël ( 12 March 2015 ) , `` Belgium withdraws ' controversial ' Waterloo coin under French pressure , but has a plan B '' , flandersnews.be Uffindell , Andrew ; Corum , Michael ( 2002 ) , On The Fields Of Glory : The Battlefields of the 1815 Campaign , Frontline Books , pp. 211 , 232 -- 233 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 514 - 0 Weller , J. ( 1992 ) , Wellington at Waterloo , London : Greenhill Books , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 109 - 6 Wellesley , Arthur ( 1815 ) , `` Wellington 's Dispatches 19 June 1815 '' , Wellington 's Dispatches Peninsular and Waterloo 1808 -- 1815 , War Times Journal White , John ( 14 December 2011 ) , Burnham , Robert , ed. , Cambronne 's Words , Letters to The Times ( June 1932 ) , the Napoleon Series , archived from the original on 25 August 2007 , retrieved 14 September 2007 Wood , Evelyn ( 1895 ) , Cavalry in the Waterloo Campaign , London : Samson Low , Marston and Company Wood , James , ed. ( 1907 ) , `` Issy '' , The Nuttall Encyclopædia , London and New York : Frederick Warne Wooten , Geoffrey ( 1993 ) , Waterloo , 1815 : The Birth Of Modern Europe , Osprey Campaign Series , 15 , London : Reed International Books , p. 42 Further reading ( edit ) Articles Anonymous . Napoleon 's Guard at Waterloo 1815 Bijl , Marco , 8th Dutch Militia a history of the 8th Dutch Militia battalion and the Bylandt Brigade , of which it was a part , in the 1815 campaign ( using original sources from the Dutch and Belgian national archives ) de Wit , Pierre . The campaign of 1815 : a study . Study of the campaign of 1815 , based on sources from all participating armies . The Cowards at Waterloo , retrieved 23 March 2013 based on Dellevoet , A. ( 2001 ) , Cowards at Waterloo ? : A Re-Examination of Bijlandt 's Dutch - Belgian Brigade in the Campaign of 1815 , Stackpole books Books Bonaparte , Napoleon ( 1995 ) , Chandler , David G. ; Cairnes , William E. , eds. , The Military Maxims of Napoleon , Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80618 - 6 Chandler , David G. ( 1973 ) , Campaigns of Napoleon , New York : Scribner , ISBN 0 - 02 - 523660 - 1 Chilcott , Christopher ( 2015 ) , The Royal Waggon Train : Maintaining the British Army 1803 -- 1833 , RLC Association Trust Fund Clausewitz , Carl von ; Wellesley , Arthur , First Duke of Wellington ( 2010 ) , Christopher Bassford , Daniel Moran , Gregory Pedlow , eds. , On Waterloo : Clausewitz , Wellington , and the Campaign of 1815 , Clausewitz.com , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4537 - 0150 - 8 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) This on - line text contains Clausewitz 's 58 - chapter study of the Campaign of 1815 and Wellington 's lengthy 1842 essay written in response to Clausewitz , as well as supporting documents and essays by the editors . Cookson , John E. ( 1996 ) , The British Armed Nation , 1793 -- 1815 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 820658 - 5 Gleig , George Robert , ed. ( 1845 ) , The Light Dragoon , London : George Routledge & Co. , archived from the original on 12 January 2012 Glover , Michael ( 1973 ) , The Napoleonic Wars : An Illustrated History , 1792 -- 1815 , Hippocrene Books New York , ISBN 0 - 88254 - 473 - X Hofschröer , Peter ( 1998 ) , 1815 : The Waterloo Campaign : Wellington , His German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras , 1 , London : Greenhill Books. , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 304 - 7 Hofschröer , Peter ( 2004 ) , Wellington 's Smallest Victory : The Duke , the Model Maker and the Secret of Waterloo , London : Faber & Faber , ISBN 0 - 571 - 21769 - 9 Howarth , David ( 1997 ) ( 1968 ) , Waterloo a Near Run Thing , London : Phoenix / Windrush Press , ISBN 1 - 84212 - 719 - 5 Keegan , John , The Face of Battle Snow , Peter ( 2010 ) , To War with Wellington , From the Peninsula to Waterloo , London : John Murray , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84854 - 103 - 0 Historiography and memory Heinzen , Jasper ( 2014 ) , `` A Negotiated Truce : The Battle of Waterloo in European Memory since the Second World War '' , History & Memory , 26 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 74 , archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 06 Maps Shepherd , William R. ( 1923 ) , `` Map of the battlefield '' , Historical Atlas , New York : Henry Holt and Company The map from the 1911 edition is also available online . Battle of Waterloo maps and diagrams Map of the battlefield on modern Google map and satellite photographs showing main locations of the battlefield 1816 Map of the battlefield with initial dispositions by Willem Benjamin Craan Battle of Waterloo , Google Maps Primary sources Wikisource has original works on the topic : Waterloo Campaign Wikisource has original works on the topic : Hundred Days Earliest report of the battle in a London newspaper from The Morning Post 22 June 1815 `` No. 17037 '' . The London Gazette. 8 July 1815 . pp. 1359 -- 1362 . Casualty returns . Cook , Christopher , Eye witness accounts of Napoleonic warfare , archived from the original on 3 September 2012 Staff ( 2009 ) , Book review of the `` Waterloo Medal Roll Call '' , The ( British ) National Archive , archived from the original on 4 December 2009 Staff ( 9 July 2013 ) , British military campaign and service medals , The ( British ) National Archive -- `` For records of medals awarded for service before 1914 , search by name on the Ancestry website . There are separate search pages for the Army ( sourced from WO 100 ) ... '' Staff , Empire and Sea Power : The Battle of Waterloo Retrieved on 9 June 2006 BBC History Waterloo , Retrieved on 9 June 2006 Uniforms French , Prussian and Anglo - Allies uniforms during the Battle of Waterloo : Mont - Saint - Jean ( FR ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Waterloo . `` Booknotes : Watch '' . Booknotes. 12 January 2003 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2010 . Interview with Andrew Roberts on Napoleon & Wellington : The Battle of Waterloo and the Great Commanders Who Fought It `` Guides 1815 '' ( in French ) . Official guides of the Waterloo battlefield . `` Waterloo 200 '' . National Army Museum , London . 10 June 2015 . ( British site ) `` Farm of Hougoumont '' . Archaeology @ Waterloo . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . George Nafgizer collection Waterloo ORBATs for French , Allied . Napoleonic Wars Third Coalition Fourth Coalition Peninsular War Fifth Coalition French Invasion of Russia Sixth Coalition Seventh Coalition Belli - gerents France , client states and allies France Polish Legions Italy Holland Etruria Swiss Confederation Naples Confederation of the Rhine Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark -- Norway Ottoman Empire Persia Spain Coalition forces United Kingdom Austria Russia Prussia Spain Portugal Sicily Papal States Ottoman Empire Persia Sardinia Sweden Netherlands Brunswick Hanover Nassau French Royalists Major battles Prelude French Revolution First Coalition Second Coalition 18 Brumaire Planned invasion of the United Kingdom Duc d'Enghien Execution Coronation of Napoleon 1805 Diamond Rock Cape Finisterre Wertingen Günzburg Haslach - Jungingen Elchingen Ulm Verona Trafalgar Caldiero Cape Ortegal Amstetten Dürenstein Schöngrabern Austerlitz 1806 Gaeta Campo Tenese Maida Schleiz Saalfeld Jena -- Auerstedt Erfurt Halle Magdeburg Prenzlau Pasewalk Stettin Waren - Nossentin Lübeck Greater Poland Uprising Hameln Czarnowo Golymin Pułtusk 1807 Mohrungen Stralsund Eylau Ostrołęka Kolberg Danzig Mileto Guttstadt - Deppen Heilsberg Friedland Copenhagen Invasion of Portugal 1808 Dos de Mayo Bruch Rosily Squadron Cabezón 1st Zaragoza Valencia Medina de Rioseco Bailén Roliça Vimeiro Pancorbo Valmaseda Burgos Espinosa Tudela Somosierra 2nd Zaragoza Sahagún Benavente 1809 Castellón Uclés Corunna Valls Tyrolean Rebellion Villafranca Yevenes / Yébenes Ciudad Real 1st Porto Medellín Bergisel Sacile Teugen - Hausen Raszyn Abensberg Landshut Eckmühl Ratisbon Neumarkt - Sankt Veit Dalmatian Campaign Ebelsberg Gerona Piave River Grijó 2nd Porto Wörgl Tarvis Aspern - Essling Alcañiz Sankt Michael Stralsund Raab María Graz Wagram Korneuburg Stockerau Gefrees Hollabrunn Schöngrabern Armistice of Znaim Talavera Walcheren Campaign Ölper Almonacid Tamames Ocaña Alba de Tormes 1810 Cádiz Astorga Ciudad Rodrigo Barquilla Côa Almeida Bussaco 1811 Gebora Barrosa Pombal Redinha Casal Novo Campo Maior Sabugal Almeida Fuentes de Oñoro Tarragona Albuera Usagre Saguntum Arroyo dos Molinos Valencia 1812 Ciudad Rodrigo Badajoz Villagarcia Almaraz Maguilla Mir Salamanca García Hernández Saltanovka Ostrovno Vitebsk Klyastitsy Majadahonda Smolensk 1st Polotsk Valutino Mesoten Borodino Burgos Tarutino 2nd Polotsk Venta del Pozo Maloyaroslavets Chashniki Vyazma Smoliani Krasnoi Berezina 1813 Castalla Lützen Bautzen Tarragona Luckau Vitoria San Sebastián Pyrenees Sorauren Großbeeren Katzbach Dresden 1st Kulm San Marcial Dennewitz 2nd Kulm Göhrde Bidassoa Leipzig Hanau Nivelle Bornhöved Sehested 1814 Brienne La Rothière Mincio River Champaubert Montmirail Château - Thierry Vauchamps Garris Mormant Montereau Orthez Bar - sur - Aube Laon Reims Craonne Arcis - sur - Aube Fère - Champenoise Saint - Dizier Montmartre Paris Toulouse Bayonne 1815 Panaro Occhiobello Carpi Casaglia Ronco Cesenatico Pesaro Scapezzano Tolentino Ancona Castel di Sangro San Germano Gaeta Quatre Bras Ligny Waterloo Wavre Rocheserviere La Suffel Rocquencourt Issy Info French and ally military and political leaders Napoleon Louis - Alexandre Berthier Joachim Murat Louis - Nicolas Davout Jean Lannes Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Michel Ney Jean - de-Dieu Soult Marshal Victor Jean - Baptiste Bessières Pierre - Charles Villeneuve Joseph I Louis Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte Prince Poniatowski Prince Eugène Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria Frederick Augustus I of Saxony Frederick I of Württemberg Frederick VI of Denmark Coalition military and political leaders Duke of Wellington Rowland Hill John Moore Horatio Nelson Thomas Cochrane Francis II , Holy Roman Emperor Manuel Lapeña Archduke Charles Prince von Schwarzenberg Archduke John of Austria Alexander I of Russia Mikhail Kutuzov Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Count Bennigsen Pyotr Bagration Frederick William III of Prussia Gebhard von Blücher Duke of Brunswick Prince of Hohenlohe Ferdinand VII of Spain Miguel de Álava Maria I of Portugal Prince Regent John of Portugal Count of Feira William , Prince of Orange Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden Prince Charles John of Sweden Louis XVIII of France Related conflicts Anglo - Russian War Anglo - Spanish War Anglo - Swedish War Anglo - Turkish War English Wars Gunboat War Dano - Swedish War Finnish War Pomeranian War ( Franco - Swedish War ) Russo - Persian War Russo - Turkish War Spanish American Wars of Independence Swedish -- Norwegian War War of 1812 Treaties Campo Formio Lunéville Amiens Artlenburg Pressburg Finckenstein Tilsit Cintra Schönbrunn Paris ( 1810 ) Paris ( 1812 ) Tauroggen Ried Chaumont Kiel Mantua Casalanza Paris ( 1815 ) Miscellaneous Bibliography Bourbon Restoration Casualties Congress of Erfurt Continental System Conference of Dresden England expects that every man will do his duty Grande Armée Longwood House Portal Military History definition media quotes Hundred Days Waterloo Campaign -- Main battles Battle of Ligny Battle of Quatre Bras Battle of Waterloo Battle of Wavre Other battles Battle of Rocheserviere Battle of La Suffel Battle of Rocquencourt Battle of Issy Related articles Napoleonic Wars Timeline of the Napoleonic era Minor Campaigns Military mobilisation Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign Neapolitan War Waterloo , Belgium This list is incomplete . Schools Athénée Royal de Waterloo Scandinavian School of Brussels Den norske skolen i Brussel Bogaerts International School St. John 's International School Landmarks Waterloo ( B ) railway station Church of Saint Joseph , Waterloo Culture ASUB Waterloo The Battle of Waterloo took place in nearby Braine - l'Alleud and Lasne GND : 4189312 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&oldid=846458056 '' Categories : Battle of Waterloo Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade Battles involving France Battles involving Hanover Battles involving Nassau Battles involving Prussia Battles involving the Netherlands Battles involving the United Kingdom Battles of the Napoleonic Wars Cavalry charges Conflicts in 1815 Waterloo Campaign 1815 in the Southern Netherlands Braine - l'Alleud Lasne Waterloo , Belgium Last stand battles June 1815 events Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2010 Articles needing more detailed references CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from August 2013 Use British English from August 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2013 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 吴语 粵語 中文 72 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 22 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was defeated in the battle of waterloo | [
"The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a British-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstatt. The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars."
] | [
"A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte"
] |
8689495275736003811 | 1886 in the United States | 1886 in the United States - wikipedia 1886 in the United States Jump to : navigation , search 1886 in the United States Years 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 Flag 38 stars ( 1877 -- 90 ) Timeline of United States history History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Events from the year 1886 in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Incumbents 1.1 Federal Government 1.2 Governors 1.3 Lieutenant Governors 2 Events 2.1 Ongoing 3 Sport 4 Births 5 Deaths 6 See also 7 External links Incumbents ( edit ) Federal Government ( edit ) President : Grover Cleveland ( D - New York ) Vice President : vacant Chief Justice : Morrison Waite ( Ohio ) Speaker of the House of Representatives : John G. Carlisle ( D - Kentucky ) Congress : 49th ( show ) Governors and Lieutenant Governors Governors ( edit ) Governor of Alabama : Edward A. O'Neal ( Democratic ) ( until December 1 ) , Thomas Seay ( Democratic ) ( starting December 1 ) Governor of Arkansas : Simon Pollard Hughes , Jr . ( Democratic ) Governor of California : George Stoneman ( Republican ) Governor of Colorado : Benjamin Harrison Eaton ( Republican ) Governor of Connecticut : Henry B. Harrison ( Republican ) Governor of Delaware : Charles C. Stockley ( Democratic ) Governor of Florida : Edward A. Perry ( Democratic ) Governor of Georgia : Henry D. McDaniel ( Democratic ) ( until November 9 ) , John B. Gordon ( Democratic ) ( starting November 9 ) Governor of Illinois : Richard J. Oglesby ( Republican ) Governor of Indiana : Isaac P. Gray ( Democratic ) Governor of Iowa : Buren R. Sherman ( Republican ) ( until January 14 ) , William Larrabee ( Republican ) ( starting January 14 ) Governor of Kansas : John A. Martin ( Republican ) Governor of Kentucky : J. Proctor Knott ( Democratic ) Governor of Louisiana : Samuel D. McEnery ( Democratic ) Governor of Maine : Frederick Robie ( Republican ) Governor of Maryland : Henry Lloyd ( Democratic ) Governor of Massachusetts : George D. Robinson ( Republican ) Governor of Michigan : Russell Alger ( Republican ) Governor of Minnesota : Lucius F. Hubbard ( Republican ) Governor of Mississippi : Robert Lowry ( Democratic ) Governor of Missouri : John S. Marmaduke ( Democratic ) Governor of Nebraska : James W. Dawes ( Republican ) Governor of Nevada : Jewett W. Adams ( Democratic ) Governor of New Hampshire : Moody Currier ( Democratic ) Governor of New Jersey : Leon Abbett ( Democratic ) Governor of New York : David B. Hill ( Democratic ) Governor of North Carolina : Alfred Moore Scales ( Democratic ) Governor of Ohio : George Hoadly ( Democratic ) ( until January 11 ) , Joseph B. Foraker ( Republican ) ( starting January 11 ) Governor of Oregon : Z.F. Moody ( Republican ) Governor of Pennsylvania : Robert E. Pattison ( Democratic ) Governor of Rhode Island : George P. Wetmore ( Republican ) Governor of South Carolina : until July 10 : Hugh Smith Thompson ( Democratic ) July 10 - November 30 : John Calhoun Sheppard ( Democratic ) starting November 30 : John Peter Richardson III ( Democratic ) Governor of Tennessee : William B. Bate ( Democratic ) Governor of Texas : John Ireland ( Democratic ) Governor of Vermont : Samuel E. Pingree ( Republican ) ( until October 7 ) , Ebenezer J. Ormsbee ( Republican ) ( starting October 7 ) Governor of Virginia : William E. Cameron ( Re-adjuster ) ( until January 1 ) , Fitzhugh Lee ( Democratic ) ( starting January 1 ) Governor of West Virginia : Emanuel Willis Wilson ( Democratic ) Governor of Wisconsin : Jeremiah McLain Rusk ( Republican ) Lieutenant governors ( edit ) Lieutenant Governor of California : John Daggett ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Colorado : Peter W. Breene ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut : Lorrin A. Cooke ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Florida : Milton H. Mabry ( no political party ) Lieutenant Governor of Illinois : John Smith ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Indiana : Mahlon Dickerson Manson ( Democratic ) ( until August 3 ) , vacant ( starting August 3 ) Lieutenant Governor of Iowa : vacant ( until January 14 ) , John A.T. Hull ( Republican ) ( starting January 14 ) Lieutenant Governor of Kansas : Alexander P. Riddle ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky : James R. Hindman ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana : Clay Knobloch ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts : Oliver Ames ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Michigan : Archibald Buttars ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota : Charles A. Gilman ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi : G.D. Shands ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Missouri : Albert P. Morehouse ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska : Hibbard H. Shedd ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Nevada : Charles H. Laughton ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of New York : Edward F. Jones ( Democratic ) ( starting January 1 ) Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina : Charles M. Stedman ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Ohio : John George Warwick ( Democratic ) ( starting January 11 ) Robert P. Kennedy ( Republican ) ( starting January 11 ) Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania : Chauncey Forward Black ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island : Lucius B. Darling ( political party unknown ) Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina : until July 10 : John Calhoun Sheppard ( Democratic ) July 10 - November 30 : vacant starting November 30 : William Mauldin ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee : Cabell R. Berry ( Democratic ) ( until month and day unknown ) , Z.W. Ewing ( Democratic ) ( starting month and day unknown ) Lieutenant Governor of Texas : Barnett Gibbs ( Democratic ) ( until January 18 ) , Thomas B. Wheeler ( Democratic ) ( starting January 18 ) Lieutenant Governor of Vermont : Ebenezer J. Ormsbee ( Republican ) ( until October 7 ) , Levi K. Fuller ( Republican ) ( starting October 7 ) Lieutenant Governor of Virginia : John F. Lewis ( Republican ) ( until January 1 ) , John Edward `` Parson '' Massey ( Democratic ) ( starting January 1 ) Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin : Sam S. Fifield ( Republican ) ( until January 3 ) , George W. Ryland ( Republican ) ( starting January 3 ) Events ( edit ) October 28 : Statue of Liberty dedicated . February 14 -- The first train load of oranges leaves Los Angeles via the transcontinental railroad . March -- Anti-Chinese sentiments result in riots in Seattle , USA . March 17 -- Carrollton Massacre : 20 African Americans are killed in Mississippi . May 1 -- A general strike begins in the United States , which escalates into the Haymarket Riot and eventually wins the eight - hour workday in the U.S. May 8 -- Pharmacist Dr. John Stith Pemberton invents a carbonated beverage that would be named Coca - Cola . May 17 -- Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad : The U.S. Supreme Court rules that corporations have the same rights as living persons . May 29 -- Pharmacist John Pemberton begins to advertise Coca - Cola ( advertisement in the Atlanta Journal ) . June 2 -- U.S. President Grover Cleveland marries Frances Folsom in the White House , becoming the only president to wed in the executive mansion . She is 28 years his junior . June 9 -- The centennial of the Stoughton Musical Society is celebrated . July 23 -- Steve Brodie fakes a jump from the Brooklyn Bridge . August 20 -- A massive hurricane demolishes the town of Indianola , Texas . August 31 -- The 6.9 -- 7.3 M Charleston earthquake affects southeastern South Carolina with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X ( Extreme ) . Sixty people were killed and damage is estimated at $ 5 -- 6 million . September 4 -- Indian Wars : After almost 30 years of fighting , Apache leader Geronimo surrenders with his last band of warriors to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona . October 28 -- In New York Harbor , U.S. President Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty . Undated -- Father Augustine Tolton , the first Roman Catholic priest from the United States to proclaim himself African American , is ordained in Rome . Ongoing ( edit ) Gilded Age ( 1869 -- c. 1896 ) Sport ( edit ) October 23 - American Association 's St. Louis Browns win the First ( Unofficial ) 1886 World Series by defeating the National League 's Chicago White Stockings 4 game to 2 . Final game was played at Sportsman 's Park in St. Louis , Missouri Births ( edit ) January 11 -- Chester Conklin , comic film actor ( died 1971 ) February 27 -- Hugo Black , U.S. Senator from Alabama from 1927 to 1937 and Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1937 to 1971 ( died 1971 ) March 8 -- Edward Calvin Kendall , biochemist , recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950 ( died 1972 ) March 9 -- Robert L. Eichelberger , general ( died 1961 ) April 3 -- Dooley Wilson , African American drummer , singer and actor ( died 1953 ) c. April 26 -- Ma Rainey , born Gertrude Malissa Nix Pridgett , African American blues singer ( died 1939 ) May 26 -- Al Jolson , entertainer ( died 1950 ) June 6 -- Tyler Brooke , actor and singer ( died 1943 ) October 30 -- Zoë Akins , dramatist ( died 1958 ) November 9 -- Ed Wynn , actor ( died 1966 ) December 5 -- Rose Wilder Lane , journalist and libertarian ( died 1968 ) December 9 -- Clarence Birdseye , founder of the modern frozen food industry ( died 1956 ) December 18 -- Ty Cobb , baseball outfielder ( died 1961 ) December 19 -- Charles M. Cooke , Jr. , admiral ( died 1970 ) December 25 -- Kid Ory , jazz trombonist and bandleader ( died 1973 ) Deaths ( edit ) January 13 -- Thomas Wakeman , founded the first Sioux Indian YMCA ( born 1846 ) January 22 -- James T. Farley , U.S. Senator from California from 1879 to 1885 . ( born 1829 ) January 26 -- David Rice Atchison , U.S. Senator from Missouri from 1844 to 1855 ( born 1807 ) February 9 -- Winfield Scott Hancock , Civil War Union general and political candidate ( born 1824 ) February 12 -- Horatio Seymour , 18th Governor of New York , Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in the presidential election of 1868 ( born 1810 ) March 8 -- John Franklin Miller , U.S. Senator from California from 1881 to 1886 ( born 1831 ) March 9 -- Jerome B. Chaffee , U.S. Senator from Colorado from 1876 to 1879 ( born 1825 ) March 13 -- Austin Flint , co-founder of Buffalo Medical College and president of the American Medical Association ( born 1812 ) April 27 -- H.H. Richardson , architect ( born 1838 ) May 15 -- Emily Dickinson , poet ( born 1830 ) May 21 -- Stephen Pearl Andrews , anarchist and proponent of pantarchy ( born 1812 ) June 26 -- David Davis , U.S. Senator from Illinois from 1877 to 1883 ( born 1815 ) August 4 -- Samuel J. Tilden , 25th Governor of New York from 1875 to 1876 and 1876 Democratic presidential candidate ( born 1814 ) August 10 -- John W. Stevenson , U.S. Senator from Kentucky from 1871 to 1877 ( born 1812 ) October 10 -- David Levy Yulee , U.S. Senator from Florida from 1845 to 1851 and from 1855 to 1861 ( born 1810 ) November 18 -- Chester A. Arthur , 21st President of the United States from 1881 to 1885 , 20th Vice President of the United States from March to September 1881 ( born 1829 ) November 21 -- Charles Francis Adams Sr. , United States Minister to the United Kingdom , son of John Quincy Adams ( born 1807 ) December 26 -- John A. Logan , U.S. Senator from Illinois from 1871 to 1877 ( born 1826 ) See also ( edit ) Timeline of United States history ( 1860 -- 1899 ) External links ( edit ) Media related to 1886 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons Years in the United States ( 1776 -- present ) 18th century 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 19th century 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 21st century 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Timeline of United States history Period Before 1760 American Revolution ( 1760 -- 1789 ) 1790 -- 1819 1820 -- 1859 1860 -- 1899 1900 -- 1929 1930 -- 1949 1950 -- 1969 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- present Topic Diplomatic history Military operations Related History of the United States Outline of United States history Years in the United States United States history timelines 1886 in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1886_in_the_United_States&oldid=840938472 '' Categories : 1886 in the United States Hidden categories : M w Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 01 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was president of the united states in 1886 | [
"President: Grover Cleveland (D-New York)"
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"Grover Cleveland"
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3372334043622138194 | Tallahassee, Florida | Tallahassee , Florida - wikipedia Tallahassee , Florida Jump to : navigation , search `` Tallahassee '' redirects here . For the album , see Tallahassee ( album ) . Capital of Florida State capital and city in Florida , United States Tallahassee , Florida State capital and city City of Tallahassee Top , Left to Right : Tallahassee Skyline , Florida Capitol Buildings , Unconquered statue of Osceola and Renegade at FSU , FAMU 's Marching 100 , Old St. Augustine Canopy Road , and Cascades Park Flag Seal Motto ( s ) : `` Florida 's Capital City '' Location in Leon County and the state of Florida Tallahassee , Florida Location in Florida , the United States & North America Tallahassee , Florida Tallahassee , Florida ( the US ) Tallahassee , Florida Tallahassee , Florida ( North America ) Show map of Florida Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Coordinates : 30 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 84 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 30.45500 ° N 84.25333 ° W / 30.45500 ; - 84.25333 Coordinates : 30 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 84 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 30.45500 ° N 84.25333 ° W / 30.45500 ; - 84.25333 Country United States State Florida County Leon Established 1824 Government Type Commission -- Manager Mayor Andrew Gillum ( D ) Area Total 103.63 sq mi ( 268.39 km ) Land 100.42 sq mi ( 260.09 km ) Water 3.21 sq mi ( 8.30 km ) Elevation 203 ft ( 62 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 181,376 Estimate ( 2016 ) 190,894 Rank 126th , U.S. Density 1,900.94 / sq mi ( 733.95 / km ) Urban 240,223 ( 153rd ) Metro 379,627 ( 140th ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code ( s ) 32300 -- 32399 Area code ( s ) 850 FIPS code 12 - 70600 GNIS feature ID 0308416 Website www.talgov.com Tallahassee / ˌtæləˈhæsi / is the capital of the U.S. state of Florida . It is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Leon County . Tallahassee became the capital of Florida , then the Florida Territory , in 1824 . In 2016 , the population was 190,894 , making it the 7th - largest city in the U.S state of Florida , and the 126th - largest city in the United States . The population of the Tallahassee metropolitan area was 379,627 as of 2016 . Tallahassee is the largest city in the Florida Panhandle region , and the main center for trade and agriculture in the Florida Big Bend and Southwest Georgia regions . Tallahassee is home to Florida State University , ranked the nation 's thirty - third best public university by U.S. News & World Report . It is also home to Florida A&M University , the fifth - largest historically black university by total enrollment . Tallahassee Community College is a large state college that serves mainly as a feeder school to Florida State and Florida A&M . Tallahassee qualifies as a significant college town , with a student population exceeding 70,000 . As the capital , Tallahassee is the site of the Florida State Capitol , Supreme Court of Florida , Florida Governor 's Mansion , and nearly 30 state agency headquarters . The city is also known for its large number of law firms , lobbying organizations , trade associations and professional associations , including the Florida Bar and the Florida Chamber of Commerce . It is a recognized regional center for scientific research , and home to the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory . In 2015 , Tallahassee was awarded the All - American City Award by the National Civic League for the second time . Tallahassee is currently ranked as the 18th - best college town in the nation by Best College Reviews . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 State capital 1.2 1900 -- present 2 Geography 2.1 Nearby cities and suburbs 2.2 Cityscape 2.2. 1 Neighborhoods 2.2. 2 Tallest buildings 2.3 Urban planning and expansion 2.4 Sprawl and compact growth 2.5 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Languages 4 Government and politics 4.1 Mayor 4.2 Consolidation 4.3 Federal representation and offices 4.4 Flag 5 Education 5.1 Primary and secondary 5.1. 1 List of middle schools 5.1. 2 List of high schools 5.2 Higher education 5.2. 1 Florida State University 5.2. 2 Florida A&M University 5.2. 3 Tallahassee Community College 5.2. 4 List of other colleges 6 Economy 6.1 Top employers 7 Arts and culture 7.1 Entertainment and performing arts 7.2 Museums 7.3 Festivals and events 7.4 City accolades 8 Sports 9 Media 9.1 Print 9.2 Television 9.3 Radio 10 Public safety 11 Places of interest 12 Transportation 12.1 Aviation 12.1. 1 Defunct airports 12.2 Mass transit 12.3 Intercity bus 12.4 Railroads 12.4. 1 Defunct railroads 12.5 Major highways 13 Notable Tallahassee groups and organizations 14 Namesakes 15 Sister cities 16 Tallahassee photo gallery 17 Notable people 18 State Associations based in Tallahassee 19 See also 20 References 21 Further reading 22 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Tallahassee , Florida and Timeline of Tallahassee , Florida The Mission San Luis de Apalachee as it may have appeared in the 17th century Indigenous peoples occupied this area for thousands of years before European encounter . Around AD 1200 , the large and complex Mississippian culture had built earthwork mounds near Lake Jackson which survive today ; they are preserved in the Lake Jackson Archaeological State Park . The Spanish Empire established their first colonial settlement at St. Augustine . During the 17th century they established several missions in Apalachee territory in order to procure food and labor to support their settlement , as well as to convert the natives to Roman Catholicism . The largest , Mission San Luis de Apalachee in Tallahassee , has been partially reconstructed by the state of Florida . The expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez encountered the Apalachee people , although it did not reach the site of Tallahassee . Hernando de Soto and his mid-16th century expedition occupied the Apalachee town of Anhaica ( at what is now Tallahassee ) in the winter of 1538 -- 1539 . Based on archaeological excavations , this Anhaica site is now known to have been located about 0.5 miles ( 800 m ) east of the present Florida State Capitol . The De Soto encampment is believed to be the first place that Christmas was celebrated in the continental United States although there is no historical documentation to back this claim . The name `` Tallahassee '' is a Muskogean language word often translated as `` old fields '' or `` old town '' . It was likely an expression of the Creek people who migrated from areas of Georgia and Alabama to this region in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , under pressure from European - American encroachment on their territory . They found large areas of cleared land previously occupied by the Apalachee tribe . ( The Creek and later refugees who joined them developed as the Seminole Indians of Florida . ) During the First Seminole War , General Andrew Jackson fought two separate skirmishes in and around Tallahassee , which was then Spanish territory . The first battle took place on November 12 , 1817 . Chief Neamathla , of the village of Fowltown just west of present - day Tallahassee , had refused Jackson 's orders to relocate . Jackson responded by entering the village , burning it to the ground , and driving off its occupants . The Indians later retaliated , killing 50 soldiers and civilians . Jackson reentered Florida in March 1818 . According to Jackson 's adjutant , Colonel Robert Butler , they `` advanced on the Indian village called Tallahasse ( sic ) ( where ) two of the enemy were made prisoner . '' State capital ( edit ) A hand - colored photograph of Cascades Park in 1912 The United States finally acquired Florida from the Spanish in 1818 . It established the Florida Territory in 1821 . The first session of Florida 's Legislative Council -- as a territory of the United States -- met on July 22 , 1822 at Pensacola , the former capital of West Florida . Members from St. Augustine , the former capital of East Florida , traveled fifty - nine days by water to attend . The second session was in St. Augustine , and western delegates needed 28 days to travel perilously around the peninsula to reach Pensacola . During this session , delegates decided to hold future meetings at a halfway point . Two appointed commissioners selected Tallahassee , at that point an abandoned Apalachee settlement , as a halfway point . In 1824 the third legislative session met there in a crude log building serving as the capitol . From 1821 through 1845 , during Florida 's territorial period , the rough - hewn frontier capital gradually developed as a town . The Marquis de Lafayette , French hero of the American Revolution , returned to the United States in 1824 for a tour . The U.S. Congress voted to give him $200,000 ( the same amount he had given the colonies in 1778 ) , US citizenship , and the Lafayette Land Grant , 36 square miles ( 93 km ) of land that today includes large portions of Tallahassee . In 1845 a Greek revival masonry structure was erected as the Capitol building in time for statehood . Now known as the `` old Capitol '' , it stands in front of the high - rise Capitol building that was built in the 1970s . Tallahassee was in the heart of Florida 's Cotton Belt -- Leon County led the state in cotton production -- and was the center of the slave trade in Florida . During the American Civil War , Tallahassee was the only Confederate state capital east of the Mississippi River that was not captured by Union forces , and the only one not burned . A small engagement , the Battle of Natural Bridge , was fought south of the city on March 6 , 1865 , just a month before the war ended . A reenactment of the 1865 Battle of Natural Bridge During the 19th century , the institutions that would eventually develop as what is now Florida State University were established in Tallahassee ; it became a university town . These included the Tallahassee Female Academy ( founded 1843 ) and the Florida Institute ( founded 1854 ) . In 1851 , the Florida legislature decreed two seminaries to be built on either side of the Suwannee River , East Florida Seminary and West Florida Seminary . In 1855 West Florida Seminary was transferred to the Florida Institute building ( which had been established as an inducement for the state to place the seminary in Tallahassee ) . In 1858 , the seminary absorbed the Tallahassee Female Academy and became coeducational . Its main building was located near the northwest corner of South Copeland and West Jefferson streets , approximately where FSU 's Westcott Building is today . Tallahassee in 1885 In 1887 the Normal College for Colored Students , ancestor of today 's FAMU , opened its doors . The legislature decided that Tallahassee was the best location In Florida for a college serving negro students ; the state had segregated schools . Four years later its name was changed to State Normal and Industrial College for Colored Students , to teach teachers for elementary school children and students in industrial skills . After the Civil War much of Florida 's industry moved to the south and east , a trend that continues today . The end of slavery and the rise of free labor reduced the profitability of the cotton and tobacco trade , at a time when world markets were also changing . The state 's major industries shifted to citrus , lumber , naval stores , cattle ranching , and tourism . The latter was increasingly important by the late 19th century . In the post-Civil War period , many former plantations in the Tallahassee area were purchased by wealthy northerners for use as winter hunting preserves . This included the hunting preserve of Henry L. Beadel , who bequeathed his land for the study of the effects of fire on wildlife habitat . Today the preserve is known as the Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy , nationally recognized for its research into fire ecology and the use of prescribed burning . 1900 -- present ( edit ) Until World War II , Tallahassee remained a small southern town with virtually the entire population living within 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) of the Capitol . The main economic drivers were the colleges and state government , where politicians met to discuss spending money on grand public improvement projects to accommodate growth in places such as Miami and Tampa Bay , hundreds of miles away from the capital . By the 1960s there was a movement to transfer the capital to Orlando , closer to the growing population centers of the state . That movement was defeated ; the 1970s saw a long - term commitment by the state to the capital city , with construction of the new capitol complex and preservation of the old Florida State Capitol building . In 1970 , the Census Bureau reported the city 's population as 74.0 % white and 25.4 % black . In 1977 a 22 - story high - rise Capitol building designed by architect Edward Durell Stone was completed , which is now the third - tallest state capitol building in the United States . In 1978 the old capitol , directly in front of the new capitol , was scheduled for demolition , but state officials decided to keep the Old Capitol as a museum . Tallahassee was the center of world attention for six weeks during the 2000 United States Presidential election recount , which involved numerous rulings by the Florida Secretary of State and the Florida Supreme Court . In 2016 , the city suffered a direct hit by Hurricane Hermine , causing about 80 % of the city proper to lose power , including Florida State University , and knocking down several trees . Geography ( edit ) A view of both the historic and the current Florida State Capitols Tallahassee has an area of 98.2 square miles ( 254.3 km ) , of which 95.7 square miles ( 247.9 km ) is land and 2.5 square miles ( 6.5 km ) ( 2.59 % ) is water . Tallahassee 's terrain is hilly by Florida standards , being located at the southern end of the Red Hills Region , just above the Cody Scarp . The elevation varies from near sea level to just over 200 feet ( 61 m ) , with the state capitol on one of the highest hills in the city . The city includes two large lake basins , Lake Jackson and Lake Lafayette , and borders the northern end of the Apalachicola National Forest . The flora and fauna are similar to those found in the mid-south and low country regions of South Carolina and Georgia . The palm trees are the more cold - hardy varieties like the state tree , the Sabal palmetto . Pines , magnolias , hickories , and a variety of oaks are the dominant trees . The Southern Live Oak is perhaps the most emblematic of the city . Nearby cities and suburbs ( edit ) Crawfordville Havana Lamont Lloyd Midway Monticello Quincy Woodville Capitola Cityscape ( edit ) A panoramic view of Downtown Tallahassee Neighborhoods ( edit ) Tallahassee has many neighborhoods inside the city limits . Some of the most known and defined include All Saints , Apalachee Ridge , Betton Hills , Callen , Frenchtown ( the oldest historically black neighborhood in the state ) , Killearn Estates , Killearn Lakes Plantation , Lafayette Park , Levy Park , Los Robles , Midtown , Holly Hills , Jake Gaither / University Park , Indian Head Acres , Myers Park , Smokey Hollow , SouthWood , Seminole Manor and Woodland Drives . Tallahassee is also home to some gated communities , including Lafayette Oaks and The Preserve at San Luis ; the Tallahassee Ranch Club is located to the southeast of the city . Tallest buildings ( edit ) Rank Name Street Address Height feet Height meters Floors Year Florida State Capitol 400 South Monroe Street , 345 101 25 1977 Turlington Building 325 West Gaines Street , 318 97 19 1990 Plaza Tower 300 South Duval Street 276 84 24 2008 Highpoint Center 100 South Adams St 239 70 15 1990 5 Doubletree Hotel 101 South Adams St , 220 67 16 1972 Urban Planning and expansion ( edit ) Downtown Tallahassee at night The first plan for the Capitol Center was the 1947 Taylor Plan , which consolidated several government buildings in one downtown area . In 1974 , the Capitol Center Planning Commission for the City of Tallahassee , Florida responded to growth of its urban center with a conceptual plan for the expansion of its Capitol Center . Hisham Ashkouri , working for The Architects ' Collaborative , led the urban planning and design effort . Estimating growth and related development for approximately the next 25 years , the program projected the need for 2.3 million square feet ( 214,000 m ) of new government facilities in the city core , with 3,500 dwelling units , 100 acres ( 40 ha ) of new public open space , retail and private office space , and other ancillary spaces . Community participation was an integral part of the design review , welcoming Tallahassee residents to provide input as well as citizens ' groups and government agencies , resulting in the creation of six separate Design Alternatives . The best elements of these various designs were combined to develop the final conceptual design , which was then incorporated into the existing Capitol area and adjacent areas . Sprawl and compact growth ( edit ) The Tallahassee - Leon County Planning Department implements policies aimed at promoting compact growth and development , including the establishment and maintenance of an Urban Service Area . The intent of the Urban Service Area is to `` have Tallahassee and Leon County grow in a responsible manner , with infrastructure provided economically and efficiently , and surrounding forest and agricultural lands protected from unwarranted and premature conversion to urban land use . '' The result of compact growth policies has been a significant overall reduction in the Sprawl Index for Tallahassee between 2000 - 2010 . CityLab reported on this finding , stating that `` Tallahassee laps the field , at least as far as the Sprawl Index is concerned . '' Climate ( edit ) Tallahassee Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 4.3 64 39 4.8 68 42 5.9 74 47 3.1 80 52 3.5 87 62 7.7 91 70 7.3 92 72 7.3 92 72 4.7 88 68 3.2 81 57 3.5 73 48 3.9 65 41 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : NOAA ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 110 18 123 20 6 150 23 8 78 27 11 88 31 16 196 33 21 185 33 22 186 33 22 119 31 20 82 27 14 89 23 9 99 19 5 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Unlike most of Florida , Tallahassee experiences four seasons . Shown are the autumn leaves along the sidewalks of Monroe Street in Downtown Tallahassee . Tallahassee has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) , with long summers and short , mild winters , as well as drier springs and autumns . Summer maxima here are hotter than in the Florida peninsula and it is one of the few cities in the state to occasionally record temperatures above 100 ° F or 37.8 ° C , averaging 2.4 days annually . The record high of 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) was set on June 15 , 2011 . Summer is characterized by brief intense showers and thunderstorms that form along the afternoon sea breeze from the Gulf of Mexico . The daily mean temperature in July , the hottest month , is 82.0 ° F ( 27.8 ° C ) . Conversely , the city is markedly cooler in the winter , with a January daily average temperature of 51.2 ° F ( 10.7 ° C ) . The city averages 32 nights with a minimum at or below freezing , and on average , the window for freezing temperatures is from November 20 thru March 21 , allowing a growing season of 243 days . As Tallahassee is part of USDA Hardiness Zone 8b , each winter 's coldest temperature is typically slightly below 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) ; readings below 15 ° F ( − 9 ° C ) are very rare , having last occurred on January 11 , 2010 . During the Great Blizzard of 1899 the city reached − 2 ° F ( − 19 ° C ) on February 13 , which remains Florida 's only recorded reading below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) . At the time , Tallahassee 's record low was colder than the record low in either Ketchikan , Alaska , or Tromso , Norway . The record cold daily maximum is 22 ° F ( − 6 ° C ) , set on the same day as the all - time record low , while conversely , the record warm daily minimum is 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) on July 15 , 1980 . Snow and ice are rare in Tallahassee . Historically , the city usually records at least flurries every three to four years , but snowfall of 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) or more occurs only once every 17 years on average . The closest location that receives regular yearly snowfalls is Macon , Georgia , 200 miles ( 320 km ) north of Tallahassee . Nonetheless , Tallahassee has recorded some accumulating snowfalls over the last 100 years ; the heaviest snowfall was 2.8 inches ( 7 cm ) on February 13 , 1958 . Tallahassee 's other recorded measurable snowfalls were 1.0 inch ( 2.5 cm ) on February 12 -- 13 , 1899 , and December 22 -- 23 , 1989 ; 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) on March 28 , 1955 , and February 10 , 1973 ; 0.2 inches ( 0.5 cm ) on February 2 , 1951 ; and 0.1 inches ( 0.3 cm ) on January 3 , 2018 . Although several hurricanes have brushed Tallahassee with their outer rain and wind bands , in recent years only Hurricane Kate , in 1985 , and Hurricane Hermine , in 2016 , have struck Tallahassee directly . The Big Bend area of North Florida sees several tornadoes each year during the season , but they are generally weak , cause little structural damage , and rarely hit the city directly . The most recent tornado to hit Tallahassee occurred on April 19 , 2015 . The tornado was classified as an EF1 , and created a path as wide as 350 yards ( 320 m ) for almost 5 miles ( 8 km ) near Maclay Gardens . Damage included numerous downed tree limbs and a car crushed by a falling tree . During extremely heavy rains , some low - lying parts of Tallahassee may flood , notably the Franklin Boulevard area adjacent to the downtown and the Killearn Lakes subdivision , outside the Tallahassee city limits , on the north side . ( hide ) Climate data for Tallahassee Regional Airport , Florida ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1892 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 83 ( 28 ) 89 ( 32 ) 91 ( 33 ) 95 ( 35 ) 102 ( 39 ) 105 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 103 ( 39 ) 102 ( 39 ) 95 ( 35 ) 89 ( 32 ) 84 ( 29 ) 105 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 77.7 ( 25.4 ) 80.0 ( 26.7 ) 85.2 ( 29.6 ) 89.8 ( 32.1 ) 94.7 ( 34.8 ) 97.6 ( 36.4 ) 98.7 ( 37.1 ) 97.6 ( 36.4 ) 95.1 ( 35.1 ) 90.3 ( 32.4 ) 84.0 ( 28.9 ) 79.0 ( 26.1 ) 99.7 ( 37.6 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 63.5 ( 17.5 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 73.8 ( 23.2 ) 79.9 ( 26.6 ) 87.0 ( 30.6 ) 91.0 ( 32.8 ) 92.1 ( 33.4 ) 91.5 ( 33.1 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 81.4 ( 27.4 ) 73.0 ( 22.8 ) 65.3 ( 18.5 ) 79.6 ( 26.4 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 51.2 ( 10.7 ) 54.7 ( 12.6 ) 60.4 ( 15.8 ) 66.1 ( 18.9 ) 74.3 ( 23.5 ) 80.2 ( 26.8 ) 82.0 ( 27.8 ) 81.8 ( 27.7 ) 78.2 ( 25.7 ) 69.4 ( 20.8 ) 60.2 ( 15.7 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 67.7 ( 19.8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 39.0 ( 3.9 ) 41.9 ( 5.5 ) 47.1 ( 8.4 ) 52.3 ( 11.3 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 72.0 ( 22.2 ) 72.1 ( 22.3 ) 68.1 ( 20.1 ) 57.3 ( 14.1 ) 47.5 ( 8.6 ) 41.1 ( 5.1 ) 55.8 ( 13.2 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 19.9 ( − 6.7 ) 23.6 ( − 4.7 ) 27.9 ( − 2.3 ) 34.9 ( 1.6 ) 47.9 ( 8.8 ) 61.2 ( 16.2 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 65.7 ( 18.7 ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 37.4 ( 3 ) 29.5 ( − 1.4 ) 22.8 ( − 5.1 ) 17.7 ( − 7.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 6 ( − 14 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 34 ( 1 ) 46 ( 8 ) 57 ( 14 ) 57 ( 14 ) 40 ( 4 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 13 ( − 11 ) 10 ( − 12 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 4.34 ( 110.2 ) 4.85 ( 123.2 ) 5.94 ( 150.9 ) 3.06 ( 77.7 ) 3.47 ( 88.1 ) 7.73 ( 196.3 ) 7.17 ( 182.1 ) 7.35 ( 186.7 ) 4.69 ( 119.1 ) 3.23 ( 82 ) 3.50 ( 88.9 ) 3.90 ( 99.1 ) 59.23 ( 1,504.4 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 inch ) 8.9 8.4 7.9 6.1 7.1 13.6 16.0 14.4 8.5 5.7 6.6 8.1 111.3 Source : NOAA Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1840 1,616 -- 1860 1,932 -- 1870 2,023 4.7 % 1880 2,494 23.3 % 1890 2,934 17.6 % 1900 2,981 1.6 % 1910 5,018 68.3 % 1920 5,637 12.3 % 1930 10,700 89.8 % 1940 16,240 51.8 % 1950 27,237 67.7 % 1960 48,174 76.9 % 1970 72,624 50.8 % 1980 81,548 12.3 % 1990 124,773 53.0 % 2000 150,624 20.7 % 181,376 20.4 % Est. 2016 190,894 5.2 % U.S. Decennial Census Tallahassee Demographics 2010 Census Tallahassee Leon County Florida Total population 181,376 275,487 18,801,310 Population , percent change , 2000 to 2010 + 20.4 % + 15.0 % + 17.6 % Population density 1,809.3 / sq mi 413.1 / sq mi 350.6 / sq mi White or Caucasian ( including White Hispanic ) 57.4 % 63.0 % 75.0 % ( Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian ) 53.3 % 59.3 % 57.9 % Black or African - American 35.0 % 30.3 % 16.0 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 6.3 % 5.6 % 22.5 % Asian 3.7 % 2.9 % 2.4 % Native American or Native Alaskan 0.2 % 0.3 % 0.4 % Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.1 % Two or more races ( Multiracial ) 2.3 % 2.2 % 2.5 % Some Other Race 1.3 % 1.5 % 3.6 % As of the 2010 census , the population of Tallahassee was estimated to be 181,376 . There were 74,815 households , 21.3 % of which had children under 18 living in them . 27.7 % were married couples living together , 14.4 % had a female householder with no husband , and 53.7 % were non-families. 34.1 % of all households were made up of individuals living alone and 6.7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.88 . Children under the age of 5 were 5.5 % of the population , persons under 18 were 17.2 % , and persons 65 years or older were 8.1 % . The median age was 26 years . For every 100 females , there were 89.5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 86.7 males. 57.4 % of the population was White , 35.0 % Black , 3.7 % Asian , 0.2 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 0.1 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 1.3 % some other race , and 2.3 % two or more races . 6.3 % were Hispanic or Latino of any race , and 53.3 % were non-Hispanic White . For the period 2009 -- 2013 , the estimated median household income was $39,524 , and the per capita income was $23,778 . The number of persons below the poverty level was estimated at 30.2 % . Educationally , the population of Leon County is the most highly educated population in Florida with 49.9 % of the residents with either a Bachelor 's , Master 's , professional or doctorate degree . The Florida average is 22.4 % and the national average is 24.4 % . Languages ( edit ) As of 2000 , 91.99 % of residents spoke English as their first language , while 4.11 % spoke Spanish , 0.63 % spoke French , and 0.59 % spoke German as their mother tongue . In total , 8.00 % of the total population spoke languages other than English . Government and politics ( edit ) The Florida Supreme Court building Tallahassee has traditionally been a Democratic city , and is one of the few cities in the South known for progressive activism . It has had a black mayor and black state representative . The city has voted Democratic throughout its history with a high voter - turnout . As of April 2007 , there were 85,343 Democrats and 42,230 Republicans in Leon County . Other affiliations accounted for 22,284 voters . Leon County 's voter turnout percentage has consistently ranked among the highest of Florida 's 67 counties , with a record - setting 86 % turnout in the November 2008 general election . Mayor ( edit ) List of intendants / mayors of Tallahassee , Florida 1826 Dr. Charles Haire 1827 David Ochiltree 1828 - 1829 John Y. Gary 1830 Leslie A. Thompson 1831 Charles Austin 1832 - 1833 Leslie A. Thompson 1834 Robert J. Hackley 1835 William Wilson 1836 John Rea 1837 William P. Gorman 1838 William Hilliard 1839 R.F. Ker 1840 Leslie A. Thompson 1841 - 1844 Francis W. Eppes 1845 James A. Berthelot 1846 Simon Towle 1847 James Kirksey 1848 F.H. Flagg 1849 Thomas J. Perkins 1850 - 1851 D.P. Hogue 1852 David S. Walker 1853 Richard Hayward 1854 - 1855 Thomas Hayward 1856 - 1857 Francis W. Eppes 1858 - 1860 D.P. Hogue 1861 - 1865 P.T. Pearce 1866 Francis W. Eppes 1867 - 1868 D.P. Hogue 1869 - 1870 T.P. Tatum 1871 C.E. Dyke 1872 - 1874 C.H. Edwards 1875 David S. Walker , Jr . 1876 Samuel Walker 1877 Jesse Bernard 1878 - 1879 David S. Walker , Jr . 1880 Henry Bernreuter 1881 Edward Lewis 1882 John W. Nash 1883 Edward Lewis 1884 - 1885 Charles C. Pearce 1886 George W. Walker 1887 A.J. Fish 1888 - 1889 R.B. Forman 1890 - 1894 R.B. Carpenter 1895 - 1896 Jesse T. Bernard 1897 R.A. Shine 1898 - 1902 R.B. Gorman 1903 - 1904 William L. Moor 1905 John W. Henderson 1906 F.C. Gilmore 1907 W.M. McIntosh , Jr . 1908 F.C. Gilmore 1909 Francis B. Winthrop 1910 - 1917 D.M. Lowry 1918 J.R. McDaniel 1919 - 1921 Guyte P. McCord 1922 - 1923 A.P. McCaskill 1924 - 1925 B.A. Meginniss 1926 W. Theo Proctor 1927 B.A. Meginniss 1928 - 1929 W. Theo Proctor 1930 G.E. Lewis 1931 Frank D. Moor 1932 - 1933 W.L. Marshall 1934 J.L. Fain 1935 Leonard A. Wesson 1936 H.J. Yaeger 1937 L.A. Wesson 1938 J.R. Jinks 1939 S.A. Wahnish 1940 F.C. Moor 1941 Charles S. Ausley 1942 Jack W. Simmons 1943 A.R. Richardson 1944 Charles S. Ausley 1945 Ralph E. Proctor 1946 Fred S. Winterle 1947 George I. Martin 1948 Fred N. Lowry 1949 - 1950 Robert C. Parker 1951 W.H. Cates 1952 B.A. Ragsdale 1953 William T. Mayo 1954 H.G. Esterwood 1954 H.C. Summitt 1955 - 1956 J.T. Williams 1956 Fred S. Winterle 1956 - 1957 John Y . Humphress 1957 J.W. Cordell 1958 Davis H. Atkinson 1959 Hugh E. Williams , Jr . 1960 George S. Taft 1961 J.W. Cordell 1962 Davis H. Atkinson 1963 S.E. Teague , Jr . 1964 Hugh E. Williams , Jr . 1965 George S. Taft 1966 W.H. Cates 1967 John A. Rudd , Sr . 1968 Gene Berkowitz 1969 Spurgeon Camp 1970 Lee A. Everhart 1971 Gene Berkowitz 1972 James R. Ford 1973 Joan Heggen 1974 - 1975 John R. Jones 1976 James R. Ford 1977 - 1978 Neal D. Sapp 1979 Sheldon A. Hilaman 1980 - 1981 Hurley W. Rudd 1982 James R. Ford 1983 Carol Bellamy 1984 Kent Spriggs 1985 Hurley W. Rudd 1986 Jack McClean 1987 -- 1988 Betty Harley 1988 -- 1990 Dorothy Inman 1990 Steve Meisberg 1991 -- 1992 Debbie Lightsey 1993 -- 1994 Dorothy Inman - Crews 1994 - 1995 Penny Herman 1995 -- 1996 Scott Maddox 1996 -- 1997 Ron Weaver 1997 - 2003 Scott Maddox 2003 - 2014 John Marks 2014 -- present Andrew Gillum Consolidation ( edit ) The Leon County Courthouse Voters of Leon County have gone to the polls four times to vote on consolidation of Tallahassee and Leon County governments into one jurisdiction combining police and other city services with already shared ( consolidated ) Tallahassee Fire Department and Leon County Emergency Medical Services . Tallahassee 's city limits would increase from 103.1 square miles ( 267 km ) to 702 square miles ( 1,820 km ) . Roughly 36 percent of Leon County 's 265,714 residents live outside the Tallahassee city limits . Each time , the measure was rejected : Leon County Voting On Consolidation Year FOR AGAINST 1971 10,381 ( 41.32 % ) 14,740 ( 58.68 % ) 1973 11,056 ( 46.23 % ) 12,859 ( 53.77 % ) 1976 20,336 ( 45.01 % ) 24,855 ( 54.99 % ) 37,062 ( 39.8 % ) 56,070 ( 60.2 % ) The proponents of consolidation have stated that the new jurisdiction would attract business by its size . Merging governments would cut government waste , duplication of services , etc . Professor Richard Feiock of the Department of Public Administration of Korea University and the Askew School of Public Administration and Policy of Florida State University states that no discernible relationship exists between consolidation and the local economy . Federal representation and offices ( edit ) Tallahassee City Hall Tallahassee is split between Florida 's 2nd congressional district and Florida 's 5th congressional district . The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Tallahassee . The Tallahassee Main Post Office is located at 2800 South Adams Street . Other post offices in the city limits include Centerville Station , Leon Station , Park Avenue Station , and Westside Station . The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee . Their coverage - warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters , the north - central Florida peninsula , and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia . The U.S. Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command ( USAR ) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road . The U.S. Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee ( NOSC Tallahassee ) is located at 2910 Roberts Avenue . Flag ( edit ) The former flag of Tallahassee is vaguely similar to the flag of Florida , a white saltire on a blue field , with the city 's coat of arms , featuring the cupola of the old capitol building , at the center . The flag is an homage to the Scottish and Ulster - Scots Presbyterian heritage of the original founders of the city , most of whom were settlers from North Carolina whose ancestors had either come to America directly from Scotland , or were Presbyterians of Scottish descent from County Down and County Antrim in what has since become Northern Ireland . A more recent flag incorporates a stylized 5 point star and the city name on a white background . Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary ( edit ) Leon High School Lower School students at Maclay School celebrating Grandparents Day in 2008 Tallahassee anchors the Leon County School District . As of the 2009 school year Leon County Schools had an estimated 32,796 students , 2209 teachers and 2100 administrative and support personnel . The current superintendent of schools is Rocky Hanna . Leon County public school enrollment continues to grow steadily ( up approximately 1 % per year since the 1990 - 91 school year ) . The dropout rate for grades 9 - 12 improved to 2.2 % in the 2007 -- 2008 school year , the third time in the past four years the dropout rate has been below 3 % . To gauge performance the State of Florida rates all public schools according to student achievement on the state - sponsored Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test ( FCAT ) . Seventy - nine percent of Leon County Public Schools received an A or B grade in the 2008 -- 2009 school year . The overall district grade assigned to the Leon County Schools is `` A '' . Students in the Leon County School District continued to score favorably in comparison to Florida and national averages in the SAT and ACT student assessment tests . The Leon County School District has consistently scored at or above the average for districts statewide in total ACT and SAT mean composite scores . List of middle schools ( edit ) Cobb Middle School Deerlake Middle School Fairview Middle School Fort Braden School K - 8 Governor 's Charter Academy ( Charter K - 8 ) Griffin Middle School Holy Comforter Episcopal School ( Private PK3 - 8 ) Maclay School ( Private PK3 - 12 ) Montford Middle School Nims Middle School Raa Middle School Success Academy of Tallahassee Swift Creek Middle School Stars Middle School ( Charter ) School of Arts and Sciences ( Charter K - 8 ) Tallahassee School of Math and Science ( Charter K - 8 ) Trinity Catholic School ( Private PK3 - 8 ) List of high schools ( edit ) Amos P. Godby High School Atlantis Academy Community Christian School Florida A&M University Developmental Research School Florida State University High School James S. Rickards High School John Paul II Catholic High School Lawton Chiles High School Leon High School Lincoln High School Maclay School North Florida Christian High School SAIL High School Woodland Hall Academy Higher Education ( edit ) Florida State University 's Westcott Plaza Florida State University ( edit ) Florida State University ( commonly referred to as Florida State or FSU ) is an American public space - grant and sea - grant research university . Florida State is located on a 1,391.54 - acre ( 5.631 km2 ) campus in the state capital of Tallahassee , Florida , United States . It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida . Founded in 1851 , it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $1.7 billion . Florida State is home to Florida 's only National Laboratory -- the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol . Florida State University also operates The John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art , the State Art Museum of Florida and one of the largest museum / university complexes in the nation . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . Florida State University is home to nationally ranked programs in many academic areas , including law , business , engineering , medicine , social policy , film , music , theater , dance , visual art , political science , psychology , social work , and the sciences . Florida State University leads Florida in four of eight areas of external funding for the STEM disciplines ( Science , Technology , Engineering and Math ) . For 2017 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 33rd best public university in the United States . Florida Governor Rick Scott and the state legislature designated Florida State University as one of two `` preeminent '' state universities in the spring of 2013 among the twelve universities of the State University System of Florida . FSU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their `` Florida State Seminoles '' nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The Florida State Seminoles athletics program are favorites of passionate students , fans and alumni across the United States , especially when led by the Marching Chiefs of the Florida State University College of Music . In their 113 - year history , Florida State 's varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships . Florida A&M University ( edit ) Florida A&M University 's Lee Hall Auditorium Founded on October 3 , 1887 , Florida A&M University ( FAMU ) is a public , historically black university that is part of the State University System of Florida and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . FAMU 's main campus comprises 156 buildings spread over 422 acres ( 1.7 km ) on top of the highest geographic hill of Tallahassee . The university also has several satellite campuses including a site in Orlando where its College of Law is located and sites in Miami , Jacksonville and Tampa for its pharmacy program . Florida A&M University offers 62 bachelor 's degrees and 39 master 's degrees . The university has 13 schools and colleges and one institute . FAMU has 11 doctoral programs which includes 10 Ph. D. programs : chemical engineering ; civil engineering ; electrical engineering ; mechanical engineering ; industrial engineering ; biomedical engineering ; physics ; pharmaceutical sciences ; educational leadership ; and environmental sciences . Top undergraduate programs are architecture ; journalism ; computer information sciences and psychology . FAMU 's top graduate programs include pharmaceutical sciences along with public health ; physical therapy ; engineering ; physics ; master 's of applied social sciences ( especially history and public administration ) ; business and sociology . Tallahassee Community College ( edit ) Tallahassee Community College entrance and administration building Tallahassee Community College ( TCC ) is a state college , and is a member of the Florida College System . Tallahassee Community College is accredited by the Florida Department of Education and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . Its primary campus is located on a 270 - acre ( 1.092 km2 ) campus in Tallahassee . The institution was founded in 1966 by the Florida Legislature . TCC currently offers Bachelor 's of Science , Associate of Arts , Associate of Science , and Associate of Applied Sciences degrees . In 2013 , Tallahassee Community College was listed 1st in the nation in graduating students with A.A. degrees . TCC is also the # 1 transfer school in the nation to Florida State University . As of Fall 2015 , TCC reported 38,017 students . In partnership with Florida State University , Tallahassee Community College offers the TCC2FSU program . This program provides guaranteed admission into Florida State University for TCC Associate in Arts degree graduates . List of other colleges ( edit ) Barry University School of Adult and Continuing Education -- Tallahassee Campus Embry - Riddle Aeronautical University Flagler College -- Tallahassee Campus Keiser University -- Tallahassee Campus Lewis M. Lively Area Vocational - Technical School Saint Leo University -- Tallahassee Campus Economy ( edit ) The old clock at the corner of Park Avenue and Monroe Street in Downtown Tallahassee Companies based in Tallahassee include : Citizens Property Insurance Corporation , the Municipal Code Corporation , the State Board of Administration of Florida ( SBA ) , the Mainline Information Systems , and United Solutions Company . Top employers ( edit ) According to Tallahassee 's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city are : # Employer # of Employees # of Employees in 2006 State of Florida 19,442 25,204 Florida State University 14,378 8,784 Leon County School Board 5,383 4,403 Tallahassee Memorial HealthCare 4,583 2,850 5 City of Tallahassee 2,811 3,327 6 Publix 2,200 2,000 7 Tallahassee Community College 1,518 1,090 8 Florida A&M University 1,767 2,681 9 Leon County 1,712 1,522 10 Capital Regional Medical Center 1,051 n / a Arts and culture ( edit ) See also : Tallahassee in popular culture Railroad Square is a popular spot for students and residents of Tallahassee , especially on the first Friday of every month when all the galleries are open to the public . Entertainment and performing arts ( edit ) Tallahassee is home to many entertainment venues , theaters , museums , parks and performing arts centers . A major source of entertainment and art is the Railroad Square Art Park . The Railroad Square Art Park is an arts , culture and entertainment district of Tallahassee , Florida , located off Railroad Avenue , filled with a variety of metal art sculptures and stores selling artwork and collectibles . Railroad Square is mainly known for its small locally owned shops and working artist studios , and its alternative art scene . It is also known as home to the second location of Tallahassee 's long - serving local business staple Black Dog Cafe . On the first Friday of every month , Railroad Square is home to a free gallery hop known as First Friday from 6pm - 9pm , where a diverse group of upwards of 5000 - 7000 + Tallahasseeans of all ages come to meet their friends and experience art . Museums ( edit ) Tallahassee is known for its many museums . It is home to the Museum of Fine Arts at Florida State University , Tallahassee Museum , Goodward Museum & Gardens , Museum of Florida History , Mission San Luis de Apalachee , and the Tallahassee Automobile Museum . Festivals and events ( edit ) FSU Marching Chiefs and Cheerleaders performing in a parade in Downtown Tallahassee Downtown Getdown ( Florida State Seminoles Pep Rally ) Experience Tallahassee Festival ( Welcoming festival for FSU , TCC , and FAMU students ) First Friday festivals at Railroad Square Greek Food Festival Oktoberfest Opening Nights Performing Arts at Florida State University Red Hills Horse Trials Southern Music Rising Festival Springtime Tallahassee Tallahassee Film Festival Tallahassee Marathon and Half Marathon Tallahassee Wine and Food Festival Tallahassee Senior Center 's Lifelong Learning Extravaganza -- L3X Winter Festival Florida State University 's HackFSU City accolades ( edit ) The Tallahassee Asian Festival 1988 : Money Magazine 's Southeast 's three top medium size cities in which to live . 1992 : Awarded Tree City USA by National Arbor Day Foundation 1999 : Awarded All - America City Award by the National Civic League 2003 : Awarded Tree Line USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation . 2006 : Awarded `` Best In America '' Parks and Recreation by the National Recreation and Park Association . 2007 : Recognized by Kiplinger 's Personal Finance Magazine as one of the `` Top Ten College Towns for Grownups '' ( ranking second , behind Chapel Hill , North Carolina ) 2007 : Ranked second in the `` medium sized city '' class on Epodunk 's list of college towns . 2015 : Awarded All - America City Award by the National Civic League Sports ( edit ) FSU 's Doak Campbell Stadium The Tallahassee Community College Eagles compete in the Panhandle Conference in Men 's and Women 's basketball , baseball and softball . The Tallahassee Rugby Football Club are a Division III Rugby Club that competes in the Florida Rugby Union . The Tallahassee - Leon County Civic Center hosted the First and Second Rounds of the 1995 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . Current Teams Sport League Venue Florida State Seminoles football American football Florida State University Doak Campbell Stadium Florida State Seminoles men 's basketball Basketball Florida State University Donald L. Tucker Center Florida A&M Rattlers American football Florida A&M University Bragg Memorial Stadium Florida A&M Rattlers men 's basketball Basketball Florida A&M University Teaching Arena Former Clubs Sport League Years Active Venue Tallahassee Tiger Sharks Hockey ECHL 1994 -- 2001 Donald L. Tucker Center Tallahassee Scorpions Indoor soccer EISL 1997 -- 1998 Donald L. Tucker Center Tallahassee Thunder American Football Arena Football 2000 -- 2002 Donald L. Tucker Center Tallahassee Titans American Football AIFL 2006 Donald L. Tucker Center Tallahassee Tigers Basketball ABA 2007 Donald L. Tucker Center Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in Florida , List of radio stations in Florida , and List of television stations in Florida Print ( edit ) The Tallahassee Democrat , Tallahassee 's largest newspaper , published daily The FSView & Florida Flambeau , covers Florida State University The Talon , covers Tallahassee Community College The Famuan , covers Florida A&M University Television ( edit ) WFSU Building WBXT - LD ( SonLife ) channel 43.1 WCTV ( CBS ) channel 6.1 ( Decades / My Network TV ) channel 6.2 , Tallahassee 's first , and from 1955 - 1960 only , TV ststion WDDM - LD ( DrTV ) channel 31.1 WFSU ( PBS ) channel 11.1 ( Florida Channel ) channel 11.2 ( Create ) channel 11.3 ( Kids 360 ) channel 11.4 , Tallahassee 's second TV ststion WTLF ( CW ) channel 24.1 ( Comet ) channel 24.2 ( TBD ) 24.3 ( Stadium ) 24.4 WTLH ( METV ) channel 49.1 ( CW ) channel 49.2 ( Comet ) 49.3 WTWC ( NBC ) channel 40.1 ( Fox ) channel 40.2 ( Charge ) channel 40.3 WTXL ( ABC ) channel 27.1 ( Bounce ) channel 27.2 ( Grit ) channel 27.3 ( QVC ) channel 27.4 WUFX ( RetroTV ) channel 38.1 WVUP ( CTN ) channel 45.1 ( LifeStyle ) 45.2 WWRP - LP ( IND ) channel 9 Radio ( edit ) See also : Category : Radio stations in Tallahassee , Florida WANM , Soul / R&B music WAYT - FM , contemporary Christian music WBZE - FM , adult contemporary music WDXD - LP , classic country music WFLA - FM , news / talk WFSQ - FM , classical music WFSU - FM , news / talk WGLF - FM , classic rock music WGMY - FM , Top 40 music WHTF - FM , Top 40 music WTLY , adult contemporary music WTNT - FM , country music WVFS - FM , college / alternative music WVFT , news / talk WWLD , hip - hop music WWOF - FM , country music WXSR - FM , rock music Public safety ( edit ) A Tallahassee Police Department patrol car A Leon County EMS vehicle Established in 1826 , the Tallahassee Police Department once claimed to be the oldest police department in the Southern United States , and the second - oldest in the U.S. , preceded only by the Philadelphia Police Department ( established in 1758 ) . The Boston Police Department was established in 1838 and larger East Coast cities followed with New York City and Baltimore in 1845 . However , this is proven incorrect . Pensacola , Florida , for example , had a municipal police force as early as 1822 . There are over 800 sworn law enforcement officers in Tallahassee . Law enforcement services are provided by the Tallahassee Police Department , the Leon County Sheriff 's Office , the Florida Department of Law Enforcement , Florida Capitol Police , Florida State University Police Department , Florida A&M University Police Department , the Tallahassee Community College Police Department , the Florida Highway Patrol , and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission . The Tallahassee Growth Management Building Inspection Division is responsible for issuing permits and performing inspections of public and private buildings in the city limits . These duties include the enforcement of the Florida Building Codes and the Florida Fire Protection Codes . These standards are present to protect life and property . The Tallahassee Building Department is one of 13 currently Accredited Building Departments in the United States . The Federal Bureau of Investigation , United States Marshals Service , Immigration and Customs Enforcement , Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives , Secret Service and Drug Enforcement Administration have offices in Tallahassee . The US Attorney 's Office for North Florida is based in Tallahassee . Fire and rescue services are provided by the Tallahassee Fire Department and Leon County Emergency Medical Services . Hospitals in the area include Tallahassee Memorial Healthcare , Capital Regional Medical Center and HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital of Tallahassee . Places of interest ( edit ) Maclay Gardens Reflection Pool The Tallahassee Automobile Museum Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park Carnegie Library at FAMU Challenger Learning Center College Town at Florida State University Doak Campbell Stadium Elinor Klapp - Phipps Park Florida Governor 's Mansion Florida State Capitol Florida Supreme Court Foster Tanner Fine Arts Gallery at Florida A&M University Goodwood Museum and Gardens Innovation Park John G. Riley Center / Museum of African American History & Culture ( Riley Museum ) Knott House Museum Lake Ella Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park Lafayette Heritage Trail Park LeMoyne Center for the Visual Arts Mission San Luis de Apalachee Museum of Fine Arts at Florida State University Museum of Florida History National High Magnetic Field Laboratory North Florida Fairgrounds Railroad Square Southeastern Regional Black Archives Research Center and Museum Tallahassee Automobile Museum Tallahassee Museum James D. Westcott Building and Ruby Diamond Auditorium at Florida State University Transportation ( edit ) Tallahassee International Airport seen here as Tallahassee Regional Airport A StarMetro vehicle Interstate 10 at Capital Circle Northeast Aviation ( edit ) Tallahassee International Airport ( KTLH ) Defunct airports ( edit ) Dale Mabry Field ( closed 1961 ) Tallahassee Commercial Airport ( closed 2011 ) Mass transit ( edit ) StarMetro provides bus service throughout the city . Intercity bus ( edit ) Greyhound and Megabus based in downtown Tallahassee . Railroads ( edit ) CSX operates a main freight line through the city . Defunct railroads ( edit ) Tallahassee Railroad , now a state trail . Carrabelle , Tallahassee and Georgia Railroad . Amtrak 's Sunset Limited closed 2005 Major highways ( edit ) Interstate 10 runs east and west across the north side of the city . Tallahassee is served by five exits including : Exit 192 ( U.S. 90 ) , Exit 196 ( Capital Circle NW ) , Exit 199 ( U.S. 27 / Monroe St . ) , Exit 203 ( U.S. 319 / Thomasville Road and Capital Circle NE ) , and Exit 209 ( U.S. 90 / Mahan Dr . ) U.S. Route 27 enters the city from the northwest before turning south and entering downtown . This portion of U.S. 27 is known locally as Monroe Street . In front of the historic state capitol building , U.S. 27 turns east and follows Apalachee Parkway out of the city . U.S. Route 90 runs east and west through Tallahassee . It is known locally as Tennessee Street west of Magnolia Drive and Mahan Drive east of Magnolia . U.S. Route 319 runs north and south along the east side of the city using Thomasville Road , Capital Circle NE , Capital Circle SE , and Crawfordville Road . State Road 20 State Road 61 State Road 363 Orchard Pond Parkway , the first privately - built toll road in Florida . Notable Tallahassee groups and organizations ( edit ) See also : List of people from Tallahassee , Florida Cold Water Army , music group Creed , rock band Cream Abdul Babar , music group The Crüxshadows , music group David Canter , medical doctor , folk musician Dead Prez , Alternative hip hop duo Go Radio , music group FAMU Marching 100 , marching band FSU Marching Chiefs , marching band Look Mexico , rock band Mayday Parade , music group Mira , music group No Address , music group Socialburn , rock band Tallahassee Symphony Orchestra , symphony orchestra Woman 's Club of Tallahassee Namesakes ( edit ) CSS Tallahassee , 1864 Confederate cruiser USS Tallahassee ( BM - 9 ) , 1908 United States Navy monitor , originally named USS Florida USS Tallahassee ( CL - 61 ) , 1941 United States Navy light cruiser , converted to the aircraft carrier USS Princeton USS Tallahassee ( CL - 116 ) , 1944 United States Navy light cruiser Tallahassee , main character in the movie Zombieland Tallahassee , album recorded by The Mountain Goats Tallahassee Community School , Eastern Passage , Nova Scotia , named after CSS Tallahassee Tallahassee Tight , early - 20th century blues singer T - Pain , musician , originally `` Tallahassee Pain '' `` Tallahassee Lassie '' , Freddy Cannon song Sister cities ( edit ) See also : List of sister cities in Florida Tallahassee has 6 sister cities as follows : Konongo - Odumase , Ashanti , Ghana Krasnodar , Krasnodar Krai , Russia St. Maarten , Netherlands Antilles Sligo , County Sligo , Ireland Rugao , Jiangsu , China Ramat HaSharon , Tel Aviv District , Israel Tallahassee photo gallery ( edit ) Turlington Education Building as seen from the Civic Center The Downtown Tallahassee Doubletree Hotel Tennyson Condominiums as seen through a break in the downtown Federal Courthouse Square Westminster Gardens , formerly the Georgia Bell Dickinson Apartments , in Downtown Tallahassee Highpoint Center as seen from the Florida Capitol The historic Exchange Bank Building , considered to be the city 's first highrise building The Tallahassee Vietnam War Memorial facing the Florida Capitol Union Bank , Florida 's oldest surviving bank building Florida 's historic state capitol building built in 1845 Kleman Plaza in the heart of Downtown Tallahassee The U.S. Federal Courthouse in Tallahassee The Florida Korean War Memorial The Florida Supreme Court Building St. Peter 's Anglican Church The Tallahassee - Leon County Visitors Center Autumn colors in Downtown Tallahassee Notable people ( edit ) See also : List of people from Tallahassee , Florida T - Pain , rapper turned singer W. Stanley `` Sandy '' Proctor , sculptor George Clinton , musician Cannonball Adderley , musician Paul Dirac , theoretical physicist and Nobel Laureate Bobby Bowden , Florida State University football coach Jim Morrison , musician Sir Harold Kroto , Nobel Prize - winning scientist LeRoy Collins , Florida governor Wally Amos , Famous Amos Cookies Kent Jones , musician Julian Green , soccer player State Associations based in Tallahassee ( edit ) Florida Bar Association Florida Chamber of Commerce Florida Dental Association Florida Institute of CPAs Florida Lottery See also ( edit ) Florida portal Consolidation of Leon County with Tallahassee Flag of Tallahassee , Florida Frenchtown ( Tallahassee ) History of Tallahassee , Florida Park Avenue Historic District Tallahassee Historic District Zones I And II Tallahassee in popular culture List of people from Tallahassee , Florida References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 : 2010 Municipality Population '' ( CSV ) . 2010 Population . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Public Universities in America '' . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Does FAMU Rank Among America 's Best Colleges ? '' . Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Chamber of Commerce Home Page '' . Flchamber.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best College Towns In America - Best College Reviews '' . Bestcollegereviews.org . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` North America 's first Christmas ? - Tallahassee Magazine - November - December 2012 '' . www.tallahasseemagazine.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Name Origins of Florida Places '' . Florida Department of State , Division of Historical Resources . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hare , p. 22 Jump up ^ Florida : A Short History , Michael V. Gannon , ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1167 - 1 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2004 . Retrieved May 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Slavery and Plantation Growth in Antebellum , Florida , 1821 -- 1860 '' . Questia.com . July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Office of University Communications , Florida State University . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Historic Capitol Museum '' . Flhistoriccapitol.gov . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . February 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2002 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Land Use Element of the Tallahassee - Leon County Comprehensive Plan '' ( PDF ) . Talgov.com . January 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamidi , Shima ; Ewing , Reid ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` A longitudinal study of changes in urban sprawl between 2000 and 2010 in the United States '' . Landscape and Urban Planning . 128 : 72 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / j. landurbplan. 2014.04. 021 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Cities That Sprawled the Most ( and Least ) Between 2000 and 2010 '' . CityLab . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NOAA Weather Records Tallahassee '' . NOAA . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Etters , Karl ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Chance of flurries dim , despite a cold week '' . Tallahassee Democrat . February 7 , 2016 . p . A3 . Jump up ^ `` Pattern Recognition of Significant Snowfall Events in Tallahassee , Florida '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , National Weather Service . Jump up ^ Truchelut , Ryan ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Tallahassee saw an hour of snow for the history books '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed Tornado Touched Down in Leon County Sunday '' . WCTV - TV . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : FL TALLAHASSEE '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State and County QuickFacts Tallahassee ( city ) , Florida '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Language Association Data Center Results of Tallahassee , Florida '' . Mla.org. April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tallahassee has had a black mayor and black state representative '' ( PDF ) . Ipfw.edu . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leon Supervisor of Elections Office '' . Leoncountyfl.gov . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City Officials '' . City of Tallahassee . Archived from the original on June 5 , 1997 -- via Internet Archive , Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Linda S. ( 1988 ) . Notable Americans : What They Did , from 1620 to the Present . Gale . p. 387 . Jump up ^ `` Tallahassee Mayors Intendants '' . Stumper . Leon County , Florida . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidation of City ( Tallahassee ) & County ( Leon ) Government '' ( PDF ) . Leon County Supervisor of Elections . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City County Consolidation Efforts : Selective Incentives and Institutional Choice '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- TALLAHASSEE . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- CENTERVILLE STATION . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- LEON STATION . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- PARK AVENUE STATION . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- WESTSIDE STATION . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Purcell , John M. ( 2004 ) . American City Flags ( Part I : United States ) : 150 Flags from Akron to Yonkers . Trenton , New Jersey : North American Vexillological Association . p. 345 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9747728 - 0 - 6 . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Calmet : Design a new flag for Tallahassee '' . Tallahassee.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Meginniss , Benjamin A. ; Winthrop , Francis B. ; Ames , Henrietta O. ; Belcher , Burton E. ; Paret , Blanche ; Holliday , Roderick M. ; Crawford , William B. ; Belcher , Irving J. ( 1902 ) . `` The Argo of the Florida State College '' . The Franklin Printing & Publishing Co. , Atlanta . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klein , Barry ( July 29 , 2000 ) . `` FSU 's age change : history or one - upmanship ? '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Florida State University '' . Classifications . The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Colleges , Schools , Departments , Institutes , and Administrative Units '' . FSU Departments . Florida State University . April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Florida State University Board of Trustees Meeting '' . Learningforlife.capd.fsu.edu . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art '' . FSU Departments . The John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art . April 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Florida State University -- College Highlights and Selected National Rankings '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FSU Highlights '' . fsu.edu . Jump up ^ `` Top Public Schools '' . rankingsandreviews.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James Call ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` UF , FSU get special designation , more money '' . The Florida Current . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CS / CS / SB 1076 : K - 20 Education '' . Flsenate.gov . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our Opinion : FSU benefits from pre-eminent status '' . The Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joanos , Jim ( June 2012 ) . `` FSU Athletics Timeline '' . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Hall Auditorium : Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University 2017 '' . Famu.edu . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ History of TCC Archived February 8 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Associate Degree & Certificate Producers , 2013 '' . Ccweek.com . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Library - Tallahassee Community College '' . Tcc.fl.edu . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mainline - IT Solutions , Software , Managed Business Services '' . Mainline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Core Processing for Credit Unions '' . Unitedsolutions.coop . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City of Tallahassee CAFR '' ( PDF ) . Talgov.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oktoberfest ~ Elder Care Services , Inc . ~ Tallahassee , Florida '' . Ecsbigbend.org . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senior Services - Senior Services '' . Talgov.com . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ePodunk College Towns Index '' . Epodunk.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ensley , Gerald . `` Tallahassee named All - America City -- again '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tallahassee Democrat Tallahassee news , community , entertainment , yellow pages and classifieds . Serving Tallahassee , Florida '' . Tallahassee.com . October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Florida State University news from the FSView and Florida Flambeau including FSU sports , arts and life , opinion and classifieds . fsunews.com '' . FSView.com . October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Talon Newspaper - Tallahassee Community College '' . Tcc.fl.edu . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Famuan -- The Student Voice of Florida A&M University '' . Thefamuanonline.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Building Department Accreditation '' . International Accreditation Service . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ensley , Gerald ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Private toll road intended to save nature , wildlife '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Tallahassee , FL . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TCS -- Our History '' . Tcs.ednet.ns.ca . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Sue M. ; McCarthy , Allison ( March 8 , 2006 ) . `` W. Stanley `` Sandy '' Proctor to be Inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame '' ( Press release ) . Tallahassee , Florida : Division of Cultural Affairs , Secretary of State of Florida . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Eisenberg , Daniel ( 1986 ) . `` In Tallahassee '' . Journal of Hispanic Philology. 10 . pp. 97 -- 101 . Hare , Julianne . Tallahassee : a capital city history . Arcadia Publishing . 2002 Tebeau , Charlton , W. A History of Florida . University of Miami Press . Coral Gables. 1971 Williams , John Lee . Journal of an Expedition to the Interior of West Florida October -- November 1823 . Manuscript on file at the State Library of Florida , Florida Collection . Tallahassee . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutTallahassee , Floridaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website The Local Conservation District -- Information on Natural Resources , and Panoramic Tours The Tallahassee Democrat Newspaper Mission San Luis Tallahassee Trust for Historic Preservation -- Places to Discover Ochlockonee River -- St. Marks River Watersheds -- Florida DEP Articles Relating to Tallahassee and Leon County Television stations in the Big Bend and Southwest Georgia regions , including Tallahassee , Thomasville and Valdosta Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television Tallahassee area WCTV ( 6.1 CBS , 6.2 MNTV / MeTV ) WWRP - LP 9 ( Ind / Rel ) WFSU - TV ( 11.1 PBS ) WTLF ( 24.1 CW+ , 24.2 Comet , 24.3 TBD ) WTXL - TV ( 27.1 ABC , 27.2 Bounce TV , 27.3 WxNOW , 27.4 QVC ) WUFX - LD ( 38.1 Retro TV ) WTWC - TV ( 40.1 NBC , 40.2 Fox , 40.3 Charge ! ) WBXT - CA 43 ( MTV2 ) WVUP - CD 45 ( CTN ) WTLH ( 49.1 H&I , 49.2 CW+ , 49.3 Comet ) Outlying areas WSFD - LD 15 ( Ind , Perry ) WSWG ( 44.1 CBS , 44.2 MNTV / MeTV , 44.3 The CW , Valdosta ) WFXU ( 57.1 MNTV / MeTV , Live Oak ) Adjacent locals Albany WALB ( 10.1 NBC , 10.2 ABC , 10.3 Bounce ) WABW - TV ( 14.1 PBS / GPB , 14.2 Create , 14.3 Knowledge , 14.4 PBS Kids ) Panama City WJHG - TV ( 7.1 NBC , 7.2 The CW , 7.3 CBS ) WMBB ( 13.1 ABC , 13.2 MeTV , 13.3 Escape , 13.4 Laff ) WECP - LD ( 18.1 CBS , 18.2 MyNetworkTV / JTV , 18.3 H&I ) Dothan WTVY ( 4.1 CBS , 4.2 MyNetworkTV / MeTV , 4.3 The CW , 4.4 NBC ) WRGX - LD ( 23.1 NBC ) Jacksonville WJXT ( 4.1 Ind. , 4.2 This TV ) WJCT 7 ( PBS ) WXGA - TV ( 8.1 PBS / GPB , 8.2 Create , 8.3 Knowledge , 8.4 PBS Kids ) Gainesville WUFT 5 ( PBS ) WCJB - TV ( 20.1 ABC , 20.2 The CW ) Atlanta WSB - TV ( 2.1 ABC , 2.2 Bounce , 2.3 Laff ) WGTA ( 32.1 MeTV , 32.2 H&I , 32.3 Decades , 32.4 Movies ! ) WUVG - DT ( 34.1 Univision , 34.2 UniMás , 34.3 GetTV , 34.4 Escape ) Cable channels The Florida Channel Fox Sports Sun Fox Sports Southeast Fox Sports South Fox Sports Florida Defunct channels WTBC - LP 65 ( FN ) Florida Knowledge Network Florida 's News Channel Georgia broadcast television areas by city Albany Atlanta Augusta Chattanooga , TN Columbus Greenville , SC Jacksonville , FL Macon Savannah Tallahassee , FL Florida broadcast television areas by city Fort Myers Gainesville Jacksonville Miami Orlando Pensacola Panama City Tallahassee Tampa / St. Petersburg West Palm Beach Radio stations in the Tallahassee , Florida market By AM frequency 730 790 840 930 1070 1240 1270 1330 1400 1410 1450 1580 By FM frequency 88.1 88.9 89.7 90.1 90.5 91.1 91.5 91.9 93.3 94.1 94.9 96.1 97.3 97.9 98.9 99.9 100.7 101.5 102.3 103.1 104.1 104.9 105.7 106.1 107.1 107.9 By callsign WAKU WANK WANM WAYT WBZE WCVC WFLA - FM WFRF ( AM ) WFRF - FM WFRU WFSD - LP WFSQ WFSU - FM WGEX WGLF WGMY WGRA WHBT WHBX WHTF WKVH WMGR WPAX WPRY WQTL WSTT WTAL WTCL WTLY WTNT - FM WTSM WUJC WVFS WVFT WWLD WWOF WXSR Defunct WJZT 97.9 FM WSBX 1020 AM WWSD 1230 AM Florida radio markets Daytona Beach Fort Myers -- Naples -- Marco Island Ft . Pierce -- Stuart -- Vero Beach Ft . Walton Beach Gainesville -- Ocala Jacksonville Lakeland - Winter Haven Melbourne -- Titusville -- Cocoa Miami -- Ft . Lauderdale Orlando Panama City Pensacola Sarasota -- Bradenton Tallahassee Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater West Palm Beach -- Boca Raton Other Florida radio regions Florida Keys Lake City Sebring Georgia radio markets Albany Atlanta Augusta Brunswick Columbus Macon Savannah Valdosta Other Georgia radio regions Rome Thomasville / Bainbridge Waycross See also List of radio stations in Florida List of radio stations in Georgia Municipalities and communities of Leon County , Florida , United States County seat : Tallahassee City Tallahassee CDP Woodville Unincorporated communities Belair Bloxham Bradfordville Capitola Centerville Chaires Felkel Iamonia Meridian Miccosukee Land Co-op Ochlockonee Wadesboro Former communities Anhaica Apalachen Escambe Fort Braden Lake Jackson Mounds Magnolia Miccosukee Mission San Luis de Apalachee ( San Luis de Talimali ) Port Leon State of Muskogee Velda Mound Plantations Andalusia Plantation William Bailey Plantation Bannerman Plantation Barrow Hill Plantation Blakely Plantation William D. Bloxham Plantation Burgesstown Plantation William A. Carr Plantation Casa de Laga Plantation Joseph Chaires Plantation Chemonie Plantation Edgewood Plantation El Destino Plantation ‡ Evergreen Hills Plantation Francis Eppes Plantation Goodwood Plantation Horseshoe Plantation House Place Plantation Ingleside Plantation James Kirksey Plantation La Grange Plantation Live Oak Plantation Daniel B. Meginniss Plantation Miccosukee Plantation Mossview Plantation Oaklawn Plantation Orchard Pond Plantation Pine Hill Plantation W.G. Ponder Plantation George W. Scott Plantation R.G. Shepard Plantation Southwood Plantation Tuscawilla Plantation Verdura Plantation Walnut Hill Plantation Water Oak Plantation Waverly Plantation Woodlawn Plantation Footnote ‡ This plantation also has portions in an adjacent county . Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Florida Lenny Curry ( R ) ( Jacksonville ) Francis Suarez ( R ) ( Miami ) Bob Buckhorn ( D ) ( Tampa ) Buddy Dyer ( D ) ( Orlando ) Rick Kriseman ( D ) ( St. Petersburg ) Carlos Hernández ( R ) ( Hialeah ) Andrew Gillum ( D ) ( Tallahassee ) Jack Seiler ( D ) ( Fort Lauderdale ) Gregory J. Oravec ( D ) ( Port St. Lucie ) Marni Sawicki ( D ) ( Cape Coral ) Frank C. Ortis ( D ) ( Pembroke Pines ) Peter Bober ( D ) ( Hollywood ) Wayne M. Messam ( D ) ( Miramar ) Lauren Poe ( D ) ( Gainesville ) Vincent Boccard ( R ) ( Coral Springs ) Oliver Gilbert III ( D ) ( Miami Gardens ) George Cretekos ( R ) ( Clearwater ) Guillermo `` William '' Capote ( D ) ( Palm Bay ) Lamar Fisher ( D ) ( Pompano Beach ) Jeri Muoio ( D ) ( West Palm Beach ) Howard Wiggs ( R ) ( Lakeland ) State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Congressional districts Cingressional delegations Education Environment Geology Government Hurricanes Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Symbols Flag Seal Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida History Timeline Spanish Florida British Rule East Florida West Florida Florida Territory Seminole Wars Slavery Plantations of Leon County Civil War Florida East Coast Railway Florida land boom of the 1920s Kennedy Space Center Disney World Geography Everglades ( Drainage and development ) Florida Keys Lake Okeechobee Sinkholes State forests State parks Society Floridians Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Indigenous peoples Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian -- Vero Beach Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg -- Clearwater West Palm Beach - Boca Raton Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Mosquito ( former county ) Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington North Florida Region of Florida Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Calhoun Clay Columbia Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Gulf Hamilton Holmes Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Leon Levy Liberty Madison Marion Nassau Okaloosa Putnam Santa Rosa St. Johns Suwannee Taylor Union Wakulla Walton Washington Map of North Florida Major cities Jacksonville Tallahassee Cities and towns 100k+ Gainesville Cities and towns 25k -- 100k Ocala Palm Coast Panama City Pensacola Cities and towns 10k -- 25k Atlantic Beach Callaway Crestview Destin Fernandina Beach Fort Walton Beach Jacksonville Beach Lake City Lynn Haven Niceville Palatka Panama City Beach St. Augustine Metro areas Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Ocala Palm Coast Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Tallahassee Regions Big Bend Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Halifax area Nature Coast North Central Florida Northeast Florida Northwest Florida Capitals of the United States by jurisdiction Nation : US Washington States : AL Montgomery AK Juneau AZ Phoenix AR Little Rock CA Sacramento CO Denver CT Hartford DE Dover FL Tallahassee GA Atlanta HI Honolulu ID Boise IL Springfield IN Indianapolis IA Des Moines KS Topeka KY Frankfort LA Baton Rouge ME Augusta MD Annapolis MA Boston MI Lansing MN Saint Paul MS Jackson MO Jefferson City MT Helena NE Lincoln NV Carson City NH Concord NJ Trenton NM Santa Fe NY Albany NC Raleigh ND Bismarck OH Columbus OK Oklahoma City OR Salem PA Harrisburg RI Providence SC Columbia SD Pierre TN Nashville TX Austin UT Salt Lake City VT Montpelier VA Richmond WA Olympia WV Charleston WI Madison WY Cheyenne Territories : AS Pago Pago GU Hagåtña MP Saipan PR San Juan VI Charlotte Amalie BNF : cb119723149 ( data ) GND : 4119502 - 4 LCCN : n79115455 NARA : 10046089 VIAF : 123791825 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tallahassee,_Florida&oldid=843670447 '' Categories : Tallahassee , Florida State capitals in the United States County seats in Florida Cities in Leon County , Florida Populated places established in 1821 Tallahassee metropolitan area Cities in Florida University towns in the United States 1824 establishments in Florida Territory Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was tallahassee chosen to be the capital of florida | [
"Tallahassee /ˌtæləˈhæsi/ is the capital of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Leon County. Tallahassee became the capital of Florida, then the Florida Territory, in 1824. In 2016, the population was 190,894, making it the 7th-largest city in the U.S state of Florida, and the 126th-largest city in the United States.[6] The population of the Tallahassee metropolitan area was 379,627 as of 2016. Tallahassee is the largest city in the Florida Panhandle region, and the main center for trade and agriculture in the Florida Big Bend and Southwest Georgia regions."
] | [
"1824"
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-4559679318699586955 | RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4) | RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 4 ) - wikipedia RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 4 Broadcast from January 30 ( 2012 - 01 - 30 ) -- April 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 30 ) Judges RuPaul Michelle Visage Santino Rice Billy B Host ( s ) RuPaul Broadcaster Logo Competitors 13 Winner Sharon Needles Origin Pittsburgh , PA Runner - up Chad Michaels Phi Phi O'Hara Chronology ◀ Season 4 ▶ The fourth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race began airing on January 30 , 2012 , with cast members announced November 13 , 2011 . The winner of season four will headline Logo 's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka , wins a one - of - a-kind trip , a lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics , and a cash prize of $ 100,000 . Like the last season , Santino Rice & Billy B ( Billy Brasfield ) , celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series Hometown Renovation , shared the same seat at the judges table alternatively , Brasfield filling in for Rice when needed . Both judges appeared side - by - side in the audience during the `` Reunited '' episode . The theme song playing during the runway every episode was `` Glamazon '' and the song played during the credits was `` The Beginning '' , both from RuPaul 's album Glamazon . The winner of the fourth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Sharon Needles , with Chad Michaels and Phi Phi O'Hara being the runners - up , making it the first time in the shows history to have two runners - up . Chad Michaels and Latrice Royale competed on the first season of All Stars . Latrice placed 7th / 8th overall with season 3 contestant Manila Luzon . Chad won the competition . Phi Phi O'Hara competed on the second season of All Stars . She placed 7th overall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Lip - syncs 4 Guest judges 5 Episodes 6 Marketing 7 Reception 8 References 9 External links Contestants ( edit ) ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest ) Contestant Name Age Hometown Outcome Sharon Needles Aaron Coady 29 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Winner Chad Michaels Chad Michaels 40 San Diego , California Runner - up Phi Phi O'Hara Jaremi Carey 25 Chicago , Illinois Latrice Royale Timothy Wilcots 39 South Beach , Florida 4th Place Kenya Michaels Omar Olivera Bonilla 21 Dorado , Puerto Rico 5th Place DiDa Ritz Xavier Hairson 25 Chicago , Illinois 6th Place Willam Willam Belli 29 Los Angeles , California 7th Place Jiggly Caliente Paulo Arabejo 30 Queens , New York 8th Place Milan Dwayne Cooper 36 New York , New York 9th Place Madame LaQueer Carlos Melendez 29 Carolina , Puerto Rico 10th Place The Princess Adam Biga 31 Chicago , Illinois 11th Place Lashauwn Beyond Jamall Jackson 21 Fort Lauderdale , Florida 12th Place Alisa Summers Alex Hernandez 23 Tampa , Florida 13th Place Jump up ^ Kenya Michaels originally placed 9th before being asked back to the competition . Jump up ^ It was revealed during episode 14 that Willam was disqualified from the competition for breaching the contract agreement . Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 Sharon Needles WIN HIGH WIN SAFE HIGH SAFE HIGH BTM2 WIN LOW WIN SAFE Winner Chad Michaels SAFE WIN HIGH HIGH WIN SAFE LOW SAFE HIGH HIGH BTM2 SAFE Runner - Up Phi Phi O'Hara SAFE SAFE SAFE HIGH LOW HIGH WIN BTM2 LOW WIN HIGH SAFE Runner - Up Latrice Royale SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE HIGH LOW WIN BTM2 BTM2 ELIM Miss C Kenya Michaels LOW SAFE HIGH LOW ELIM ELIM Guest DiDa Ritz SAFE LOW BTM2 SAFE SAFE LOW SAFE SAFE ELIM Guest Willam SAFE SAFE SAFE HIGH HIGH WIN BTM2 DISQ Guest Jiggly Caliente BTM2 SAFE SAFE HIGH SAFE BTM2 ELIM Guest Milan SAFE HIGH SAFE BTM2 BTM2 ELIM Guest Madame LaQueer SAFE WIN LOW ELIM Guest The Princess HIGH BTM2 ELIM Guest Lashauwn Beyond HIGH ELIM Guest Alisa Summers ELIM Guest The contestant won RuPaul 's Drag Race . The contestants were the runners - up . The contestant was voted Miss Congeniality by viewers . The contestant won a challenge . The contestant received positive judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received negative judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant was in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant won the challenge but was disqualified from the competition . The contestant returned as a guest for the finale episode . Lip - syncs ( edit ) Episode Contestants Song Eliminated Alisa Summers vs . Jiggly Caliente `` Toxic '' ( Britney Spears ) Alisa Summers Lashauwn Beyond vs . The Princess `` Bad Girls '' ( Donna Summer ) Lashauwn Beyond DiDa Ritz vs . The Princess `` This Will Be ( An Everlasting Love ) '' ( Natalie Cole ) The Princess Madame LaQueer vs . Milan `` Trouble '' ( Pink ) Madame LaQueer 5 Kenya Michaels vs . Milan `` Vogue '' ( Madonna ) Kenya Michaels 6 Jiggly Caliente vs . Milan `` Born This Way '' ( Lady Gaga ) Milan 7 Jiggly Caliente vs . Willam `` Mi Vida Loca ( My Crazy Life ) '' ( Pam Tillis ) Jiggly Caliente 8 Phi Phi O'Hara vs . Sharon Needles `` It 's Raining Men ( The Sequel ) '' ( Martha Wash & RuPaul ) None 9 DiDa Ritz vs . Latrice Royale `` I 've Got to Use My Imagination '' ( Gladys Knight ) DiDa Ritz 10 Kenya Michaels vs . Latrice Royale `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Kenya Michaels 11 Chad Michaels vs . Latrice Royale `` No One Else on Earth '' ( Wynonna Judd ) Latrice Royale 13 Chad Michaels vs. Phi Phi O'Hara vs. Sharon Needles `` Glamazon '' ( RuPaul ) None The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom two . Guest judges ( edit ) ( In alphabetic order by stage name and / or last name ) Pamela Anderson ( actress ) Natalie Cole ( actress , pianist , singer and songwriter ) Loretta Devine ( actress ) Elvira , Mistress of the Dark ( actress and television hostess ) Jesse Tyler Ferguson ( actor ) Rick Fox ( basketball player ) Jennifer Love Hewitt ( actress and singer ) Wynonna Judd ( actress and singer ) Regina King ( actress ) Ross Mathews ( comedian and television personality ) Rose McGowan ( actress ) Jeffrey Moran ( Absolut Vodka marketing / branding executive ) Max Mutchnick ( television producer ) Kelly Osbourne ( television host and comedian ) Pauley Perrette ( actress , singer , writer ) Amber Riley ( actress and singer ) Mike Ruiz ( photographer ) John Salley ( professional basketball player ) Dan Savage ( author ) Nicole Sullivan ( actress , comedian , voice artist ) Pam Tillis ( singer and songwriter ) Jennifer Tilly ( actress ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of RuPaul 's Drag Race episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 38 `` RuPocalypse Now ! '' January 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 30 ) The first episode of season 4 was released prior to its January 30 air date to fans of the RuPaul 's Drag Race Facebook page . The sneak peek video was released on January 27 , but its content was cut short before the runway walk and judging . Thirteen new queens begin their quests for the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar , '' but first must survive drag zombies and the end of the world . Guest Judges : Cassandra Peterson ( Elvira , Mistress of the Dark ) and Mike Ruiz Mini-Challenge : Photographer Mike Ruiz shoots the contestants for a `` totally toxic '' photo spread where they pose on a spinning platform while being sprayed with `` hazardous waste . '' Mini-Challenge Winner : Jiggly Caliente Main Challenge : The queens design a post-apocalyptic couture outfit from items looted from drag queen zombies Challenge Winner : Sharon Needles Bottom Two : Alisa Summers & Jiggly Caliente Lip Sync Song : `` Toxic '' by Britney Spears Eliminated : Alisa Summers Farewell Message : `` Keep it cute ladies ! Shady sisters 4 - ever ! ♥ Alisa '' 39 `` WTF ! : Wrestling 's Trashiest Fighters '' February 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) In this women 's wrestling challenge , an homage to G.L.O.W. , the queens are separated into three teams headed by the mini-challenge winners , and are asked to create a wrestling storyline and to choreograph a match , to be performed in front of the judges and a live audience . In addition , the teams have to split into binomials : the nice girls , or Faces , and the bad girls , or Heels . Following the wrestling matches , the girls are asked to walk the runway in their best `` girly - girl '' couture . Guest Judges : Rick Fox and John Salley Wrestling Trainers : `` Hollywood 's Own '' Joey Ryan , Hector `` El Chido '' Canales and `` King of Submissions '' Ryan Taylor Mini-Challenge : Split into teams of four and created a `` badonkadonk '' with padding in 30 minutes . Mini-Challenge Winners : Chad Michaels , Willam , Phi Phi O'Hara Main Challenge : Create a wrestling storyline , with `` backstage '' clip and entertaining match in the ring Runway Theme : Girly Drag Challenge Winners : Chad Michaels and Madame LaQueer Bottom Two : Lashauwn Beyond & The Princess Lip Sync Song : `` Bad Girls '' by Donna Summer Eliminated : Lashauwn Beyond Farewell Message : `` Stay true 2 U + xoxo good luck ! -- Beyond ! '' 40 `` Glamazons vs. Champions '' February 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) The queens make commercials for RuPaul 's albums Glamazon and Champion . The queens are separated into two teams , led by Phi Phi O'Hara ( Team Champion ) and Kenya Michaels ( Team Glamazon ) . Guest Judges : Amber Riley and Natalie Cole Mini-Challenge : Create hats with butterfly - shaped accessories for guest Piyah Martell , Internet diva and transgender teen born with Caudal Regression Syndrome . Mini-Challenge Winners : Phi Phi O'Hara , Kenya Michaels , Jiggly Caliente Main Challenge : Produce and act in TV infomercials for RuPaul 's Glamazon and Champion . Runway Theme : Platinum and Gold Challenge Winner : Sharon Needles Bottom Two : DiDa Ritz & The Princess Lip Sync Song : `` This Will Be ( An Everlasting Love ) '' by Natalie Cole Eliminated : The Princess Farewell Message : `` This is ( only ) the begining ( sic ) ! Much Love - The Princess / I ♥ U DIDA RITZ ! '' 41 `` Queens Behind Bars '' February 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 20 ) Guest Judges : Billy B , Nicole Sullivan and Max Mutchnick Mini-Challenge : In pairs , paint each others faces while handcuffed to one another and pose for a mug shot photo shoot . Mini-Challenge Winner : Willam and Madame LaQueer Main Challenge : In two teams , star in two different episodes of a sitcom . Runway Theme : Television premiere . Challenge Winner : Latrice Royale Bottom Two : Madame LaQueer & Milan Lip Sync Song : `` Trouble '' by Pink Eliminated : Madame LaQueer Farewell Message : `` Girls : Stay humble ... People go up ... You 'll be on the way down ! Kisses MLQ / Chad , Sharon , Milan , Dita ( sic ) = True Friends / Kenya : Botate Mami ! '' 42 5 `` Snatch Game '' February 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) Guest Judges : Loretta Devine and Ross Mathews Mini-Challenge : Compete in a game called `` Beat the Cock '' Mini-Challenge Winner : Phi Phi O'Hara Main Challenge : Celebrity impersonations in a Match Game - style setting Runway Theme : Best Drag Challenge Winner : Chad Michaels Bottom Two : Kenya Michaels & Milan Lip Sync Song : `` Vogue '' by Madonna Eliminated : Kenya Michaels Farewell Message : `` ( ... ) / I 'll be waiting for you in my kindom ( sic ) / Phi - Phi - I love you - sisters 4 ever '' 43 6 `` Float Your Boat '' March 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 05 ) The queens design ship - shaped floats for a Pride parade runway extravaganza . One color from the 8 - stripe rainbow flag was randomly assigned to each contestant by Willam , who won the wet T - shirt contest mini-challenge . Guest Judges : Billy B , Kelly Osbourne and Pauley Perrette Mini-Challenge : Gain the biggest crowd reaction in a wet T - shirt contest . Mini-Challenge Winner : Willam Main Challenge : Create and wear a parade float based on a color of the pride flag . Challenge Winner : Willam Bottom Two : Jiggly Caliente & Milan Lip Sync Song : `` Born This Way '' by Lady Gaga Eliminated : Milan Farewell Message : `` Say love n show love / Colored girl , why yo base look like chalk ? / Jiggly REPRESENT / Dwayne Milan '' 44 7 `` Dragazines '' March 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) The contenders ' challenge was to produce a magazine cover . The magazines were shared out among the queens by Latrice Royale , who won the mini-challenge . Guest Judges : Regina King and Pam Tillis Mini-Challenge : Reading is Fundamental Mini-Challenge Winner : Latrice Royale Main Challenge : Create a magazine cover Challenge Winner : Phi Phi O'Hara Bottom Two : Jiggly Caliente & Willam Lip Sync Song : `` Mi Vida Loca '' by Pam Tillis Eliminated : Jiggly Caliente Farewell Message : `` To my Bitchez / <3 y'all 2 Death ! / CU @ da Reunion / Keep it Real '' ( Second Column : ) `` Luv the Dusty ' RPDR ' Girls ! <3 / Shady / I can get ( censored ) now ! / <3 Dida / Jiggly Caliente '' 45 8 `` Frenemies '' March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) Guest Judges : Lucian Piane , Pamela Anderson , and Jennifer Tilly Mini-Challenge : Polygraph test administered by RuPaul Mini-Challenge Winner : N / A Main Challenge : Live singing duet ; the six remaining contestants were paired into three teams ( duets ) and sing `` So Much Better Than You '' Challenge Winner : Latrice Royale & Willam Bottom Two : Phi Phi O'Hara & Sharon Needles Lip Sync Song : `` It 's Raining Men ( The Sequel ) '' Performed by Martha Wash and RuPaul Disqualified : Willam Farewell Message : `` Hi , I showed my ass ( a lot ) so here 's one for the road . Willam . '' ( with a butt print on the mirror . ) 46 9 `` Frock the Vote ! '' March 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 26 ) The top five girls return to the work room , and RuPaul brings them their next mini challenge : create fashionable footwear out of clear platform heels using an Absolut cocktail as inspiration . Phi Phi wins the mini challenge , and Ru then presents them with their main challenge . The girls will be campaigning for the Drag Queen Presidency , and must put together a presentation for a round table political debate . For their runway , the queens needed dress their best for the president 's inaugural ball . Guest Judges : Dan Savage and Jeffrey Moran Mini-Challenge : Design an Absolut Vodka Inspired Shoe Mini-Challenge Winner : Phi Phi O'Hara Main Challenge : Participate in a Presidential debate as the 2012 Wig Party candidate Runway Theme : Inaugural Drag Challenge Winner : Sharon Needles Bottom Two : DiDa Ritz & Latrice Royale Lip Sync Song : `` I 've Got to Use My Imagination '' by Gladys Knight Eliminated : DiDa Ritz Farewell Message : `` Ms. Cheese loves you ! Stay true 2 U girl Chad , needles , latrice XXX P.S. Phi Phi : Thank love u '' 47 10 `` DILFs : Dads I 'd Like To Frock '' April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) It is revealed that Kenya has returned to the competition , and she wins the mini-challenge , which was to drag out a stuffed teddy bear . For their main challenge , the queens are paired up with dads for a maternity runway / makeover and striptease . Guest Judges : Jesse Tyler Ferguson and Jennifer Love Hewitt Returned : Kenya Michaels Mini-Challenge : Give a teddy bear a makeover . Mini-Challenge Winner : Kenya Michaels Main Challenge : Turn a DILF into a pregnant drag diva . Challenge Winner : Phi Phi O'Hara Bottom Two : Kenya Michaels & Latrice Royale Lip Sync Song : `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' Performed by Aretha Franklin Eliminated : Kenya Michaels Farewell Message : `` Girl I say goodbye again ! Thank your love . When I left this competition , I felt loved . I love you , and the winner is ... I do n't know . Kiss K.M. '' 48 11 `` The Fabulous Bitch Ball '' April 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 09 ) For the mini challenge , the queens made a puppet of their own peers and made a bitch fest . Chad won the challenge and as a reward , she allowed to pair each queen with a dog to use as inspiration for the main challenge . Guest Judges : Rose McGowan and Wynonna Judd Mini-Challenge : A bitch fest with puppets Mini-Challenge Winner : Chad Michaels Main Challenge : Design three outfits for the runway in the categories : Daytime Dog Park , Pooch in a Purse and Canine Couture , an outfit inspired by an actual dog . Challenge Winner : Sharon Needles Bottom Two : Chad Michaels & Latrice Royale Lip Sync Song : `` No One Else on Earth '' by Wynonna Judd Eliminated : Latrice Royale Farewell Message : `` My divas Remember who you are , and what you stand for I love you and miss you all . Stay fierce ! ! Latrice Royale '' 49 12 `` RuPaul Rewind '' April 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 16 ) A look back on the highlights , low - lights , and previously unseen footage from the season as we race toward the climactic grand finale ! RuPaul is joined by Shannel ( season 1 ) , Pandora Boxx ( season 2 ) and Mariah ( season 3 ) as they look back over the top 10 fits of fashion from the season so far . This episode also included a few clips of queens who did n't make it on the season , among them , Magnolia Crawford , who later became a contestant on season 6 . 50 13 `` The Final Three '' April 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 23 ) The queens compete in their final challenge : starring in RuPaul 's music video for `` Glamazon '' . In a twist , all three finalists had to perform the lip - sync song . Afterwards , RuPaul announced that the winner of the race will be revealed on `` RuPaul 's Drag Race : Reunited '' the next week . Special Guests : Candis Cayne and Mathu Andersen Main Challenge : Shoot the music video for RuPaul 's `` Glamazon '' with a dramatic scene Lip Sync Song : `` Glamazon '' by RuPaul 51 14 `` Reunited '' April 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 30 ) For the first time , a live audience of fans , mainly from the Los Angeles area sit in as RuPaul and the contestants return for the annual reunion , where RuPaul reveals the winner of the season . The finale episode was taped at the El Portal Theatre in North Hollywood on Wednesday April 25 , 2012 , where three different outcomes were filmed in an attempt to keep the winner from being revealed before the episode aired , as had happened in previous seasons . We find out Latrice Royale is crowned `` Miss Congeniality . '' We also learn that the reason Willam was disqualified was that he was caught having conjugal visits with his husband , who had tracked Willam to the hotel where the contestants were sequestered during production . This is in breach of the clause barring contestants engaging in unauthorized outside contact . Miss Congeniality : Latrice Royale Runners - up : Chad Michaels & Phi Phi O'Hara Winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race Season Four : Sharon Needles Marketing ( edit ) In January 2012 , Logo released the second running of Fantasy Drag Race , an online fan contest inspired by fantasy football where viewers assemble a team of three season four Drag Race contestants . Players receive and lose points based on their team 's performance on the show , and can earn additional points by redeeming codes and performing tasks given out when episodes of the show first air . The highest scoring players receive Drag Race and NYX Cosmetics products , and one player wins a trip for two to the first stop on Logo 's Drag Race Tour . Already having a generous social media presence , Logo expanded its efforts across Facebook , Twitter , Tumblr , GetGlue , and Foursquare in preparation for the premiere of season four . Both RuPaul and contestants tweet live while the show airs , and LogoTalk ! chat parties ( featuring judges , contestants from previous seasons , and contestants from season four ) occur on the official Logo website while participants watch new episodes . Season four specifically marks an increased interest from Logo in Tumblr , where the network publishes animated GIFs , contestant trading cards , and images that incorporate internet memes . Dan Sacher , VP of digital for VH1 and Logo , has stated that their online marketing efforts are part of helping the small network expand their fan base across as many outlets as possible . Reception ( edit ) The premiere episode of season four averaged a 0.6 rating in the 18 - 49 demographic , totaling 481,000 viewers , and ranked as the highest - rated premiere in Logo 's network history . Untucked totalled 254,000 viewers , marking the companion show 's most watched debut . During the evening of the premiere , the show registered eight US trending topics on Twitter ( including Jiggly Caliente , Sharon Needles , Phi Phi O'Hara , and Latrice Royale ) and reached a 7th place ranking on Trendrr . Leading up to the first episode , the show 's Facebook page saw an 89 % increase ( earning over half a million fans ) . The season finale scored a 0.7 rating in the 18 - 49 demographic and drew 601,000 viewers total , while the reunion episode became the highest rated episode of the season . Season four 's `` RuPaul 's Drag Race : Reunited '' was also the highest - rated reunion in the franchise 's history , seeing a 33 % increase in the 18 - 49 demographic compared to season three . The reunion registered five trending topics on Twitter ( including Sharon Needles , Phi Phi , Willam , and a new portmanteau Willam introduced to the show : `` RuPaulogize '' ) , and ranked 4th among non-sports cable programs for the night on Trendrr . During season 4 , the show 's Twitter following increased by 77 % , and the Facebook page accrued a 36 % increase in likes . TV.com also declared it was the best reality show on television . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Brian . `` Legendary Makeup Artist and RuPaul Drag Race Judge Billy B. Eats Boys for Breakfast , Specifically `` New Queer on the Block '' `` . Seattle GAY Scene . Jump up ^ Polly , John ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 4 Judges : Think Glee , Modern Family ! '' . NewNowNext . Logo . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rupaul 's Drag Race Season 4 '' . Logo . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shumaker , Jason ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Fourth Season Premiere Sashays onto Logo , Monday , January 30th '' ( Press release ) . Logo . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Virtel , Louis ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` The 10 Hottest `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' Contestants Out of Drag `` . NewNowNext.com ( Logo TV / Viacom International . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Jeffrey James ( 2011 - 12 - 26 ) . `` A Drag Race Holiday : Kenya Michaels '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Getting to know Dida Ritz : Rogers Park drag queen makes name for herself on RuPaul 's Drag Race '' . Loyola Phoenix . Chicago : Loyola University . April 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Meet the Pinoy plus size ' Barbie of New York ' Jump up ^ Bridges , Traci ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` West Florence , USC grad in the hunt on `` Rupaul 's Drag Race '' `` . SCnow.com / The Morning News ( BH Media Group ) . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` She 's Here , She 's LaQueer : RuPaul 's Madame Helps Puerto Rico , Rips Trump '' . www.ocweekly.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville 's Fluid Queen '' . Out & About Nashville . 2014 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Jeffrey James ( 2011 - 12 - 24 ) . `` A Drag Race Christmas : Lashauwn Beyond '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Hottest `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' Contestants Out of Drag `` . LOGO News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race , Season 4 '' . iTunes Store ( United States ) . January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RuPocalypse Now ! '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 4 . Episode 1 . January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WTF ! : Wrestling 's Trashiest Fighters '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 4 . Episode 2 . February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glamazons vs. Champions '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 4 . Episode 3 . February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Queens Behind Bars '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 4 . Episode 4 . February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snatch Game '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 4 . Episode 5 . February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Float Your Boat '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 4 . Episode 6 . March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragazines '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 4 . Episode 7 . March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frenemies '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 4 . Episode 8 . March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frock the Vote ! '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 4 . Episode 9 . March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DILFs : Dads I 'd Like To Frock '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 4 . Episode 10 . April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fabulous Bitch Ball '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 4 . Episode 11 . April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Three '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 4 . Episode 13 . April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reunited ! '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 4 . Episode 14 . April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smothers , Thairin ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 4 Full Trailer '' . The WOW Report . World of Wonder . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tanner Stransky ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` On the Scene at ' RuPaul 's Drag Race : Reunited ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Maria Sciullo ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Needles Crowned ' Drag Race ' Queen '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Fantasy Drag Race '' . Logo online . Logo . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Winslow , George ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Logo Expands Social Media Efforts '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edelsburg , Natan ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Inside look at how Logo 's ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' is using Tumblr '' . Lost Remote . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shumaker , Jason ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` LOGO 'S SEASON DEBUT OF `` RUPAUL 'S DRAG RACE '' ON MONDAY NIGHT SCORES AS THE HIGHEST - RATED PREMIERE IN NETWORK HISTORY `` . Logo Press Room . Logo . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Slane , Jake ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` LOGO 'S `` RUPAUL 'S DRAG RACE ' SEASON FOUR REUNION WINS THE CROWN AS HIGHEST - RATED EPISODE THIS SEASON '' . Logo Press Room . Logo . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Alex ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Why RuPaul 's Drag Race Is the Best Reality Show on TV Right Now '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( U.S. ) Official website ( Canada ) Official Facebook page ( hide ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Seasons Original 5 6 7 8 9 10 All Stars Contestants Winners Original BeBe Zahara Benet Tyra Sanchez Raja Sharon Needles Jinkx Monsoon Bianca Del Rio Violet Chachki Bob the Drag Queen Sasha Velour All Stars Chad Michaels Alaska Trixie Mattel Miss Congeniality Nina Flowers Pandora Boxx Yara Sofia Latrice Royale Ivy Winters BenDeLaCreme Katya Cynthia Lee Fontaine Valentina Other contestants Ongina Tammie Brown Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Raven Jujubee Jessica Wild Sahara Davenport Morgan McMichaels Shangela Manila Luzon Alexis Mateo Carmen Carrera Mimi Imfurst Venus D - Lite Phi Phi O'Hara Willam Jiggly Caliente Roxxxy Andrews Detox Coco Montrese Alyssa Edwards Honey Mahogany Monica Beverly Hillz Adore Delano Courtney Act Laganja Estranja Milk Kelly Mantle Pearl Kennedy Davenport Miss Fame Jasmine Masters Kim Chi Chi Chi DeVayne Thorgy Thor Peppermint Shea Couleé Farrah Moan Aja Charlie Hides Asia O'Hara Related articles RuPaul 's Drag U episodes Drag Race Thailand The Switch Drag Race Book Cite error : There are < ref group = lower - alpha > tags or ( ( efn ) ) templates on this page , but the references will not show without a ( ( reflist group = lower - alpha ) ) template or ( ( notelist ) ) template ( see the help page ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_4)&oldid=835686956 '' Categories : 2012 American television seasons RuPaul 's Drag Race seasons Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages with reference errors Pages with missing references list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 04 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won rupaul's drag race season 4 | [
"The winner of the fourth season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Sharon Needles, with Chad Michaels and Phi Phi O'Hara being the runners-up, making it the first time in the shows history to have two runners-up."
] | [
"Sharon Needles"
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4101938645277581379 | Star Trek: Discovery (season 2) | Star Trek : Discovery ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Star Trek : Discovery ( season 2 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( season 2 ) Starring Sonequa Martin - Green Doug Jones Shazad Latif Anthony Rapp Mary Wiseman Wilson Cruz Anson Mount Country of origin United States Release Original network CBS All Access Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of Star Trek : Discovery episodes The second season of the American television series Star Trek : Discovery is set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series and follows the crew of the USS Discovery . The season will be produced by CBS Television Studios in association with Secret Hideout , Roddenberry Entertainment , and Living Dead Guy Productions , with Alex Kurtzman serving as showrunner . Sonequa Martin - Green stars as Michael Burnham , along with the returning Doug Jones , Shazad Latif , Anthony Rapp , and Mary Wiseman ; they are joined by Wilson Cruz , promoted from a recurring guest role , and Anson Mount as original Star Trek captain Christopher Pike . Original showrunner Bryan Fuller had intended for Discovery to be an anthology series that told different stories each season . CBS did not agree , but a hybrid approach was eventually used , following the same characters but telling different stories each season . The second season was officially ordered in October 2017 , and filming began in April 2018 . Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts , the first season 's showrunners , returned for the second but were fired during production ; co-creator Kurtzman replaced them . The season is set to premiere in January 2019 and will consist of 13 episodes . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Music 4 Marketing 5 Release 6 References Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 16 TBA Alex Kurtzman TBA January 2019 ( 2019 - 01 ) Jonathan Frakes directed the second and tenth episodes . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : Discovery characters Main ( edit ) Sonequa Martin - Green as Michael Burnham Doug Jones as Saru Shazad Latif as Voq / Ash Tyler Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly Wilson Cruz as Hugh Culber Anson Mount as Christopher Pike Recurring ( edit ) Tig Notaro as Jet Reno Notable guests ( edit ) Alan van Sprang as Leland Mary Chieffo as L'Rell James Frain as Sarek Rebecca Romijn as Number One Ethan Peck as Spock Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On November 2 , 2015 , CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017 , `` on the heels '' of the original series ' 50th anniversary in 2016 . In February 2016 , Bryan Fuller , who began his career writing for the series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager , was announced as the new series ' showrunner . CBS did not have a plan for what the new show would be when Fuller joined , and he proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone , serialized show set in a different era , beginning with a prequel to the original series . CBS told Fuller to just start with a single serialized show and see how that performs first , and he began further developing the prequel concept . By the end of 2016 , Fuller had left the series due to further conflicts with CBS and other commitments , with Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts replacing him as showrunner . In June 2017 , co-creator Alex Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed plans for future seasons before the latter 's departure . Executive producer Akiva Goldsman stated in August 2017 that though the series is not an anthology as Fuller first proposed , `` it 's kind of a hybridized approach . I do n't think we 're looking for an endless , continuing nine or 10 year story . We 're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we do n't know . '' Kurtzman elaborated that the Federation - Klingon War story arc of the first season would not continue in a second , saying `` each season needs to be about a different thing '' . However , he was not interested in a full anthology series because `` I would n't necessarily want to throw ( the characters ) away at the end of the season for a new show '' , and instead felt that the aftereffects of the first season would be felt moving forward : `` The results of the war are going to allow for a lot of new storytelling '' , with `` the casualties , the things that have grown in Starfleet as a result of the war '' carrying over to the next season . By the end of August , Berg and Harberts had developed a `` road map '' for a second season . After the premiere of the first season , Kurtzman explained that a `` big idea '' had been proposed mid-way through production on that season which became the `` spine '' of the second season , with the writers ' `` emotional compass '' having pointed them to using that idea . He added that the series ' producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates for the season , just to delay them due to the external pressure that caused with the first season . However , he hoped the second season would be available in early 2019 , as long as the quality and scope of the series was not compromised to achieve that . On October 23 , a second season was officially ordered by All Access . CBS Interactive President Marc DeBevoise cited the increased subscriptions for All Access since the series ' debut , as well as critical acclaim and fan interest , when announcing the renewal . The season consists of 13 episodes . In June 2018 , during production on the season , CBS Television Studios fired Berg and Harberts . This was not due to creative concerns , as the studio and network were pleased with the scripts for the season and early cuts of already filmed episodes , but due to a combination of the first episode of the season going significantly over budget -- to the point that the budgets for later episodes of the season would have to be cut to cover the difference -- and alleged abusive behavior by the pair directed at the series ' writing staff ; multiple writers had become uncomfortable working with the pair , and had apparently been threatened by Harberts after stating their intention to file a formal complaint . Kurtzman was made sole showrunner in their place , and was described as the `` glue holding Discovery together '' . With this change came news that Goldsman did not return as executive producer for the second season , after serving as Kurtzman 's `` right - hand man '' , because he had a `` management style and personality that clashed with the writing staff '' . At the end of the month , James Duff joined the series as an executive producer , specifically to help Kurtzman run the series ' writers room . Olatunde Osunsanmi , who served as a director and co-executive producer during the first season , became a full executive producer as well and was set as producing director for the rest of the season 's production . Additionally , Jenny Lumet , who joined as a consulting producer at the beginning of the season , was promoted to co-executive producer . In July , the season was confirmed to premiere in January 2019 . Writing ( edit ) The series ' writers began work on the second season in December 2017 , and were considering `` science vs. faith '' as the main theme of the season . Harberts said that , unlike the first season , the second would not be a `` war season '' and would have more time `` to do things like more away missions , newer planets , stories that might fall a little bit more into a framework of allegory that people love to get from Trek '' while retaining the serialized structure introduced in the first season . He added that the season would be `` jam packed '' with things that they were not able to do in the first season . In March 2018 , Harberts clarified that the series would not just be looking at religion , but also `` patterns in our lives . It means connections you ca n't explain . Who enters your life and who leaves your life and these indelible impressions people make ... that is one of our biggest ideas now and it is threading through all of our characters ' lives . '' With the Federation -- Klingon War storyline not carrying through to the second season , Kurtzman said that there would be much less of a focus on the Klingons in the second season and far fewer Klingon - only scenes , but that Klingon characters would still appear . The season begins with the arrival of the USS Enterprise ( where the first season ended ) on a specific mission , which ties into a larger story that does not involve the Enterprise and is the main arc for the whole second season . A goal of the showrunners for the season was to `` cement Discovery firmly in the timeline '' by reconciling some of the apparent continuity errors caused by the first season , such as why protagonist Michael Burnham has never been mentioned by her adoptive brother Spock , or why the advanced spore - drive technology used on the USS Discovery is not used in later Star Trek series . Casting ( edit ) The season stars the returning Sonequa Martin - Green as Burnham , Doug Jones as Saru , Shazad Latif as Voq / Ash Tyler , Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets , and Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly . Wilson Cruz reprises his guest role of Hugh Culber , who died in the first season , and is promoted to the main cast for the second . Several other recurring guests also return from the first season , including Mary Chieffo as L'Rell and James Frain as Sarek . Additionally , Emily Coutts returns as Keyla Detmer . Kurtzman said in February 2018 that it was possible for Jason Isaacs and Michelle Yeoh to return in the second season as their respective characters of Gabriel Lorca and Philippa Georgiou . After the first season concluded with the Discovery receiving a distress call from the USS Enterprise , specifically from Captain Christopher Pike , Harberts expressed interest in exploring that character in the second season , feeling that he had not been seen much in Star Trek previously and so `` there 's an interesting opportunity that we might have to delve into and flesh out a character who I think is a pretty darn heroic and selfless captain . '' Spock is also a crew member of the Enterprise , but Harberts felt that he was less of an interesting character for the series to explore given his many appearances throughout previous iterations of Star Trek , and was reluctant to have an actor other than Leonard Nimoy or Zachary Quinto portray the character . In April 2018 , Anson Mount was cast as Pike , which was described as a `` key role '' for the season , and a young Spock was confirmed to be appearing in flashbacks ; Kurtzman noted that casting for Spock took into consideration a balance between Vulcan logic and revealing `` emotion in the eyes and in the small gestures '' . Mount revealed in July that he would star for the full season , and that Rebecca Romijn would portray the original series character Number One . In August , Ethan Peck was announced as portraying Spock in the season . Kurtzman compared the actor to both Nimoy and Quinto and stated that he believed Peck `` would , like them , effortlessly embody Spock 's greatest qualities , beyond obvious logic : empathy , intuition , compassion , confusion , and yearning . '' In March 2018 , an alternate ending to the first season was revealed in which a Section 31 agent named Leland is introduced , portrayed by Alan van Sprang . The producers confirmed that Sprang would be portraying the character in the second season . Van Sprang had worked with Berg and Harberts on the series Reign , and they had been trying to find a character for him to play throughout production on the first season . The actor described his role in the second season as a `` massive part of it '' . The next month , Tig Notaro was cast in the guest role of Denise Reno ; she later revealed that this would be a recurring role for the season , and that she had been able to rename her character to Jet Reno . Design ( edit ) Several new sets for the Discovery were built for the second season , adding to the ones constructed for the first . These included a new `` loop corridor '' and new entrances to the mess hall and sick bay sets . The engineering set from the first season was also renovated for the second , with production designer Tamara Deverell explaining that the cinematography department had been complaining about the large amount of light coming from the spore chamber in that set in contrast to the rest of the room . Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios , who provide prosthetics and armor for the series , teased in May 2018 that the season would feature a `` truly alien '' for which they had to figure out new ways to reduce the weight of the prosthetics and make it breathable for the actor , as well as try improve the actor 's vision because the eyes of the creature did not align with where human eyes are positioned . Hetrick added that there would be more interesting background characters in terms of prosthetics for extras on set , while the pair were able to use a species from earlier Star Trek canon that had not been in the first season of Discovery after producing a list for the executive producers featuring all the species they would like to use . John Eaves and Scott Schneider , designers of the starships for the series , were required to redesign the USS Enterprise for Star Trek : Discovery , making it 25 percent different from Matt Jeffries ' original design due to legal concerns regarding the ownership of different Star Trek elements . CBS ultimately confirmed that they were free to reuse Jeffreies ' design in Star Trek : Discovery , but stood by the changes made by Eaves and Schneider as creative improvements that took advantage of modern visual effects . These changes included adding elements that could realistically be removed or replaced in the time between this series and the beginning of the original series . The visual effects department made further adjustments to the design after Eaves and Schneider completed their work . The final version of the ship seen in the series also adopts some of the characteristics of the Enterprise from the films , such as being `` a little bit fatter , a little bit bigger '' , to fit into the aesthetic of the series . Elaborating on this , Kurtzman explained that the original designs for the Enterprise would look out of place within the series due to the far more advanced modern technology being used to produce the show . He added that any sets designed for the Enterprise would bridge the look of the original series and Discovery while still trying to adhere to canon and remain consistent with the original designs where possible . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began at Pinewood Toronto Studios on April 16 , 2018 , under the working title Green Harvest . Production was set to take place on the series at the studio until November 8 . At the time of Berg and Harberts ' firing , production was underway on the fifth episode of the season , and a hiatus in filming was planned to follow that . This allowed Kurtzman to take the time to `` regroup '' the series ' writing staff without delaying the series ' production . Music ( edit ) Composer Jeff Russo planned to begin work on the second season in May 2018 , after receiving the first script for the season . He did not expect to significantly change the tone of his music for the season , feeling that so much work in the first season had gone towards creating a unique sound for the series within the Star Trek franchise which he would like to continue moving forward . Russo did feel that the score for the second season would focus more on the `` swashbuckling '' aspects he wrote at times for the first season . Russo generally works directly with the showrunners rather than any of the episodic directors , but discussed his score for the season 's second episode with director Jonathan Frakes . Marketing ( edit ) The season was promoted at San Diego Comic - Con in July 2018 , with Notaro moderating a panel that featured Kurtzman , Martin - Green , Jones , Latif , Wiseman , Rapp , Cruz , Chieffo , Mount , and executive producer Heather Kadin . The first trailer for the season debuted at the panel before being released online . Release ( edit ) The season is set to premiere in January 2019 on CBS All Access in the United States . Bell Media broadcasts the series in Canada on the specialty channels Space ( English ) and Z ( French ) before streaming episodes on CraveTV , while Netflix has streaming rights for the series in another 188 countries . Netflix releases each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Alex Kurtzman to Direct ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 Premiere ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : N'Duka , Amanda ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Short Treks ' Set On CBS All Access , ' Discovery ' Season 2 Trailer Unveiled , Rebecca Romijn Joining The Cast -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2018 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jonathan Frakes Reveals Details On Second Episode Of ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 '' . TrekMovie.com. April 14 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Utichi , Joe ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery 's Sonequa Martin - Green On An Inclusive Series That Was `` Always About Universality '' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Doug ( @ actordougjones ) ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` Welp ... so begins season 2 filming tomorrow . @ startrekcbs @ StarTrekNetflix # StarTrekDiscovery '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producer on that finale twist , season 2 plans '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jaimie ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Cast Reunites Ahead of Season 2 Production Start '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Knobler , Cecily ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Speaking Out '' . Emmys . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Wilson Cruz Talks About Dr. Culber 's Mysterious Return In ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Adds Anson Mount In Key Role For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Tig Notaro Joins ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : The Late Show with Stephen Colbert . Tig Notaro Does n't Know What She 's Saying On ' Star Trek ' . YouTube . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` WATCH : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Bonus Scene Reveals A Familiar Storyline For Season Two '' . TrekMovie.com . March 24 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rideout , Christine ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Mary Chieffo Talks Klingon Sex And L'Rell's Future On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Frain , James ( @ britjfrain ) ( April 14 , 2018 ) . `` Am leaving 91 degrees in LA to go to a freezing ice storm in Toronto . Why ? To don the pointy ears my friends -- Sarek rises . # StarTrekDiscovery '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Nemetz , Dave ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Finds Its Spock ( ! ) , Casts Ethan Peck to Play Iconic Role '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com Staff ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` New Star Trek Series Premieres January 2017 '' . StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' TV Series : Bryan Fuller To Serve As Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : New ' Star Trek ' Showrunner Bryan Fuller on Progressiveness , Number of Episodes , Filming Details , and Much More '' . Collider . United States : Complex Media Inc . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New EW Issue Details Bryan Fuller 's DISCOVERY Departure '' . TrekCore.com . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ; Ryan , Maureen ; Littleton , Cynthia ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Stepping Back From Showrunner Role on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Alex Kurtzman on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' , Bryan Fuller 's Exit , and LGBT Representation '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Named the ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Lead and Redesigned the Klingons ( TCA 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffery , Morgan ; Tanswell , Adam ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery boss hints at `` Klingon war '' in season 1 -- and what 's to come in season 2 `` . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; Tanswell , Adam ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : More Star Trek TV shows are `` totally possible '' -- including Bryan Fuller 's planned anthology series `` . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Help CBS Boldly Go Into a Streaming Future ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Boss Gets Candid About Those Big Delays and Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Renewed for Season 2 by CBS All Access '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunners Confirm Number Of Episodes In Season 2 , Give Production Update '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunners Out ; Alex Kurtzman to Take Over ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' : James Duff Joins As Executive Producer & Inks CBS TV Studios Overall Deal , Duo Promoted '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2018 . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 is About Science vs. Faith ( TCA 2018 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rideout , Christine ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunners Reveal Season 2 Theme , Plans For Burnham , Airiam And More '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recasting Spock , Pike 's Command Style And More Season 2 Details From ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Crew '' . TrekMovie.com . July 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2018 . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunners Drop Season 2 Hints , Talk Cementing Canon , and Spock '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Showrunners Talk Captain Pike and Spock in ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hayner , Chris E. ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` What That Enterprising Finale Twist Means for ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Anson Mount Talks Playing Pike , Reveals How Many Episodes He 's In Of ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2018 . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Van Sprang Teases His Section 31 Role In ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 '' . TrekMovie.com . March 31 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Tig Notaro on Happy to Be Here and why we should n't give famous abusers another chance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rideout , Christine ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Production Designer Tamara Deverell On Season 2 Changes And TOS Fit '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Designers Tease New And Reimagined Aliens For Season 2 '' . TrekMovie.com . March 29 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATE : Changes to Enterprise in ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Were Creative , Not Legal '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams , Nathan ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` 7 Things We Learned About ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 At WonderCon ' Visionaries ' Panel '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Cast And Crew Welcome Anson Mount As They Prep For Season 2 Production Start '' . TrekMovie.com. April 10 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rideout , Christine ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Composer Jeff Russo Talks New Soundtrack Release , Season 2 And More '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Score : A Film Music Documentary . 🎵 Score : The Podcast # 12 Jeff Russo , Behind the Score & Name That Score . YouTube . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com Staff ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` International Broadcasters Set for New Star Trek Series '' . StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Star Trek : Discovery Characters Michael Burnham Episodes Season 1 `` The Vulcan Hello '' `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' `` Context Is for Kings '' Season 2 Other After Trek Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek:_Discovery_(season_2)&oldid=856289856 '' Categories : Star Trek : Discovery Star Trek seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 05 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5953207101094751279 | 2003 NBA draft | 2003 NBA draft - wikipedia 2003 NBA draft Jump to : navigation , search 2003 NBA draft General information Date ( s ) June 26 , 2003 Time 7 : 30 pm ( EDT ) Location Madison Square Garden , New York City , New York Network ( s ) ( US ) ESPN First selection LeBron James , Cleveland Cavaliers ← 2002 NBA draft 2004 → The 2003 NBA draft was held on June 26 , 2003 , at The Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . The NBA announced that 41 college and high school players and a record 31 international players had filed as early - entry candidates for the 2003 NBA draft . The Cleveland Cavaliers , who had a 22.50 percent probability of obtaining the first selection , won the NBA draft lottery on May 22 , and Cleveland chairman Gordon Gund said afterward his team would select LeBron James . The Detroit Pistons and the Denver Nuggets were second and third respectively . The 2003 draft is known for having one of the most talented draft pools in draft history . Four of the top five picks are NBA All - Stars and `` Redeem Team '' Olympic Gold Medalists : Carmelo Anthony , Chris Bosh , Dwyane Wade , and LeBron James . Many players have been in the starting line - ups of their respective teams ; nine have participated in an All - Star Game , Dwyane Wade was named NBA Finals MVP in 2006 and won the NBA All Star Game MVP in 2010 , Boris Diaw won the Most Improved Player Award in 2006 , Jason Kapono won the three point shootout back - to - back years in 2007 and 2008 , James Jones won the three point shootout in 2011 , Leandro Barbosa won the Sixth Man Award in 2007 , Kyle Korver set the NBA record for three point shooting percentage in 2010 ( 53.6 % ) , and in the 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2013 seasons LeBron James won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award , and the NBA Finals MVP in 2012 , 2013 and 2016 . Carmelo Anthony won the 2013 NBA Scoring Title and is the only player in NBA history to win at least three Olympic gold medals . Chris Bosh left Toronto in 2010 as its all - time leader in points , rebounds , blocks , double doubles , free throws made and attempted , and minutes played . The 2003 draft class has drawn comparisons to the 1984 and 1996 NBA draft classes , but is also known for the Detroit Pistons making the selection of Darko Miličić with the second pick over other prospects . Four of the first five picks have won an NBA Championship : Darko Miličić with the Pistons in 2004 ; Dwyane Wade with the Heat in 2006 , 2012 and 2013 ; Chris Bosh also with the Heat in 2012 and 2013 ; LeBron James with the Heat in 2012 and 2013 and in 2016 with the Cavaliers . Out of the entire draft , only Nick Collison has played his entire career for the team that drafted him , although Kirk Hinrich , after being traded twice , returned to the Bulls team that drafted him and holds the team record for most career 3 - point field goals and is third all - time in games played , behind only Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen . LeBron James , who was drafted by the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2003 , left for the Miami Heat in 2010 , but re-signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers on July 11 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Draft selections 2 Notable undrafted players 3 Draft Lottery 4 References 5 External links Draft selections ( edit ) PG Point guard SG Shooting guard SF Small forward PF Power forward Center Denotes player who has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame * Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game and All - NBA Team Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - NBA Team Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs Denotes player who has been selected as Rookie of the Year LeBron James was one of the most anticipated first overall draft picks in the history of the sport . He is the second high school draftee to be a first overall pick , the first being Kwame Brown in 2001 , and was followed by Dwight Howard in 2004 . Carmelo Anthony , the 3rd pick of the Denver Nuggets Chris Bosh , the 4th pick of the Toronto Raptors Dwyane Wade , the 5th pick of the Miami Heat Chris Kaman , the 6th pick of the Los Angeles Clippers David West , the 18th pick of the New Orleans Hornets Josh Howard , the 29th pick of the Dallas Mavericks Mo Williams , the 47th pick of the Utah Jazz Kyle Korver , the 51st pick of the New Jersey Nets then traded to the Philadelphia 76ers Round Pick Player Position Nationality Team School / Club Team , LeBron James LeBron James SF United States Cleveland Cavaliers St. Vincent -- St. Mary HS ( Akron , Ohio ) Miličić , Darko Darko Miličić Serbia and Montenegro Detroit Pistons ( from Memphis ) Hemofarm Vršac ( Serbia and Montenegro ) Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony * SF United States Denver Nuggets Syracuse ( Fr . ) Bosh , Chris Chris Bosh * PF / C United States Toronto Raptors Georgia Tech ( Fr . ) 5 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade * SG United States Miami Heat Marquette ( Jr . ) 6 Kaman , Chris Chris Kaman United States Germany Los Angeles Clippers Central Michigan ( Jr . ) 7 Hinrich , Kirk Kirk Hinrich PG United States Chicago Bulls Kansas ( Sr . ) 8 Ford , T.J. T.J. Ford PG United States Milwaukee Bucks ( from Atlanta ) Texas ( So . ) 9 Sweetney , Michael Michael Sweetney PF United States New York Knicks Georgetown ( Jr . ) 10 Hayes , Jarvis Jarvis Hayes F / G United States Qatar Washington Wizards Georgia ( Jr . ) 11 Piétrus , Mickaël Mickaël Piétrus G / F France Golden State Warriors Pau - Orthez ( France ) 12 Collison , Nick Nick Collison PF United States Seattle SuperSonics Kansas ( Sr . ) 13 Banks , Marcus Marcus Banks PG United States Memphis Grizzlies ( from Houston , traded to Boston ) UNLV ( Sr ) 14 Ridnour , Luke Luke Ridnour PG United States Seattle SuperSonics ( from Milwaukee ) Oregon ( Jr ) 15 Gaines , Reece Reece Gaines F / G United States Orlando Magic Louisville ( Sr ) 16 Bell , Troy Troy Bell PG United States Boston Celtics ( traded to Memphis ) Boston College ( Sr ) 17 Čabarkapa , Žarko Žarko Čabarkapa SF Serbia and Montenegro Phoenix Suns Budućnost Podgorica ( Serbia and Montenegro and Adriatic League ) 18 West , David David West PF United States New Orleans Hornets Xavier ( Sr ) 19 Pavlović , Sasha Sasha Pavlović F / G Serbia and Montenegro Utah Jazz Budućnost Podgorica ( Serbia and Montenegro and Adriatic League ) 20 Jones , Dahntay Dahntay Jones SG United States Boston Celtics ( from Philadelphia , traded to Memphis ) Duke ( Sr ) 21 Diaw , Boris Boris Diaw PF France Atlanta Hawks ( from Indiana ) Pau - Orthez ( France ) 22 Planinić , Zoran Zoran Planinić G / F Croatia New Jersey Nets Cibona Zagreb ( Croatia and Adriatic League ) 23 Outlaw , Travis Travis Outlaw SF United States Portland Trail Blazers Starkville HS ( Starkville , Mississippi ) 24 Cook , Brian Brian Cook PF United States Los Angeles Lakers Illinois ( Sr ) 25 Delfino , Carlos Carlos Delfino SG Argentina Detroit Pistons Skipper Bologna ( Italy ) 26 Ebi , Ndudi Ndudi Ebi SF United Kingdom Nigeria Minnesota Timberwolves Westbury Christian HS ( Houston , Texas ) 27 Perkins , Kendrick Kendrick Perkins United States Memphis Grizzlies ( from Sacramento via Orlando , traded to Boston ) Ozen HS ( Beaumont , Texas ) 28 Barbosa , Leandro Leandro Barbosa SG Brazil San Antonio Spurs ( traded to Phoenix ) Bauru Tilibra ( Brazil ) 29 Howard , Josh Josh Howard F / G United States Dallas Mavericks Wake Forest ( Sr ) 30 Lampe , Maciej Maciej Lampe PF Poland New York Knicks ( from Denver ) Complutense University of Madrid ( Spain ) 31 Kapono , Jason Jason Kapono F / G United States Cleveland Cavaliers UCLA ( Sr ) 32 Walton , Luke Luke Walton SF United States Los Angeles Lakers ( from Toronto ) Arizona ( Sr ) 33 Beasley , Jerome Jerome Beasley PF United States Miami Heat North Dakota ( Sr ) 34 Schortsanitis , Sofoklis Sofoklis Schortsanitis Greece Los Angeles Clippers Iraklis BC ( Greece ) 35 Szewczyk , Szymon Szymon Szewczyk PF Poland Milwaukee Bucks ( from Memphis ) Braunschweig ( Germany ) 36 Austin , Mario Mario Austin PF United States Chicago Bulls Mississippi State ( Jr ) 37 Hansen , Travis Travis Hansen SG United States Atlanta Hawks BYU ( Sr ) 38 Blake , Steve Steve Blake PG United States Washington Wizards Maryland ( Sr ) 39 Vraneš , Slavko Slavko Vraneš Serbia and Montenegro New York Knicks Budućnost Podgorica ( Serbia and Montenegro and Adriatic League ) 40 Zimmerman , Derrick Derrick Zimmerman PG United States Golden State Warriors Mississippi State ( Sr ) 41 Green , Willie Willie Green SG United States Seattle SuperSonics ( traded to Philadelphia ) Detroit ( Sr ) 42 Pachulia , Zaza Zaza Pachulia PF Georgia Orlando Magic Ülkerspor ( Turkey ) 43 Bogans , Keith Keith Bogans SG United States Milwaukee Bucks ( traded to Orlando ) Kentucky ( Sr ) 44 Badiane , Malick Malick Badiane PF Senegal Houston Rockets Langen ( Germany ) 45 Bonner , Matt Matt Bonner United States Chicago Bulls ( from Phoenix , traded to Toronto ) Florida ( Sr ) 46 Bečirović , Sani Sani Bečirović SG Slovenia Denver Nuggets ( from Boston ) Virtus Bologna ( Italy ) 47 Williams , Mo Mo Williams PG United States Utah Jazz Alabama ( So ) 48 Lang , James James Lang United States New Orleans Hornets Central Park Christian HS ( Birmingham , Alabama ) 49 Jones , James James Jones SF United States Indiana Pacers Miami ( Florida ) ( Sr ) 50 Morlende , Paccelis Paccelis Morlende PG France Philadelphia 76ers ( traded to Seattle ) Dijon ( France ) 51 Korver , Kyle Kyle Korver SG United States New Jersey Nets ( traded to Philadelphia ) Creighton ( Sr ) 52 van de Hare , Remon Remon van de Hare Netherlands Toronto Raptors ( from Los Angeles Lakers ) FC Barcelona ( Spain ) 53 Smith , Tommy Tommy Smith PF United States Chicago Bulls ( from Detroit via Miami ) Arizona State ( Sr ) 54 Sinanović , Nedžad Nedžad Sinanović Bosnia and Herzegovina Portland Trail Blazers Brotnjo ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 55 Rickert , Rick Rick Rickert PF United States Minnesota Timberwolves Minnesota ( So ) 56 Hunter , Brandon Brandon Hunter PF United States Boston Celtics ( from Sacramento ) Ohio ( Sr ) 57 Yuyang , Xue Xue Yuyang China Dallas Mavericks ( traded to Denver ) Hong Kong Flying Dragons ( China ) 58 Glyniadakis , Andreas Andreas Glyniadakis Greece Detroit Pistons ( from San Antonio ) AEK ( Greece ) Jump up ^ Nationality indicates the player 's national team or representative nationality . If a player has not competed at the international level , then the nationality indicates the national team which the player is eligible to represent according to FIBA rules . ^ a : Chris Kaman was born in the United States , but also has German citizenship through his great - grandparents and competes internationally for Germany . Notable undrafted players ( edit ) These players were not selected in the 2003 NBA draft , but have played at least one game in the NBA . Player Position Nationality School / club team Barron , Earl Earl Barron United States Memphis ( Sr . ) Calderón , José José Calderón PG Spain Tau Cerámica ( Spain ) Carroll , Matt Matt Carroll SG United States Notre Dame ( Sr . ) Daniels , Marquis Marquis Daniels SG United States Auburn ( Sr . ) Dupree , Ronald Ronald Dupree SF United States LSU ( Sr . ) Johnsen , Britton Britton Johnsen SF / PF United States Utah ( Sr . ) Penney , Kirk Kirk Penney SG / SF New Zealand Wisconsin ( Sr . ) Powell , Josh Josh Powell PF United States NC State ( So . ) Powell , Kasib Kasib Powell SF United States Texas Tech ( Sr . ) Ross , Quinton Quinton Ross SG United States SMU ( Sr . ) Singleton , James James Singleton SF / PF United States Murray State ( Sr . ) Draft Lottery ( edit ) Incomplete Denotes the actual lottery result Team 2002 -- 03 record Lottery Lottery probabilities 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th Cleveland Cavaliers 17 - 65 225 . 225 ^ . 215 . 178 . 357 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Denver Nuggets 17 -- 65 225 . 225 . 188 . 171 ^ . 319 . 123 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Toronto Raptors 24 -- 58 157 . 157 . 157 . 156 . 226 ^ . 265 . 040 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Miami Heat 25 -- 57 120 . 120 . 126 . 133 . 099 . 350 ^ . 161 . 013 -- -- -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Clippers 28 -- 54 89 . 089 . 097 . 107 -- . 261 . 360 ^ . 084 . 004 -- -- -- -- -- Memphis Grizzlies 28 -- 54 64 . 064 . 071 ^ . 081 -- -- . 440 . 304 . 040 . 001 -- -- -- -- Chicago Bulls 30 -- 52 44 . 044 . 049 . 058 -- -- -- . 599 ^ . 232 . 018 . 000 -- -- -- Atlanta Hawks 35 -- 47 29 . 029 . 022 . 027 -- -- -- -- . 724 ^ . 197 . 011 . 000 -- -- New York Knicks 37 - 45 15 . 015 . 022 . 027 -- -- -- -- -- . 784 ^ . 143 . 005 . 000 -- Washington Wizards 37 - 45 14 . 014 . 021 . 025 -- -- -- -- -- -- . 846 ^ . 087 . 002 . 000 Golden State Warriors 38 -- 44 7 . 007 . 009 . 012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 907 ^ . 063 . 001 Seattle SuperSonics 40 -- 42 6 . 006 . 008 . 010 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 935 ^ . 039 Houston Rockets 43 -- 39 5 . 005 . 007 . 009 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 960 ^ References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA Announces Early - Entry Candidates '' . NBA . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2007 . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Win NBA Draft Lottery 2003 '' . NBA . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carmelo Anthony wins third gold medal , says he 's finished with Team USA ^ Jump up to : `` 2003 draft eventually may be best in history '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/CHI/leaders_career.html Jump up ^ LeBron James announces he will sign with the Cleveland Cavaliers , leaves Miami Heat NJ.com Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated No. 1 draft picks '' . CBC Sports . July 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Grizzlies traded this pick to the Pistons for Otis Thorpe on August 7 , 1997 . Boeck , Greg ( August 8 , 1997 ) . `` Thorpe trade frees Pistons to chase Bulls ' Williams '' . USA Today . p. 12C . Enlund , Tom ( June 28 , 2003 ) . `` Selections have Pistons popping ; Sonics also do well on draft day '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . p. 3C . Jump up ^ The Hawks traded this pick along with Toni Kukoč and Leon Smith to the Bucks for Glenn Robinson on August 2 , 2002 . Saladino , Tom ( August 3 , 2002 ) . `` Robinson traded by Milwaukee to Hawks for No. 1 pick and Kukoc '' . The Associated Press State & Local Wire . Jump up ^ The Rockets traded this pick along with Othella Harrington , Brent Price , Antoine Carr , and Michael Dickerson to the Grizzlies as part of a three - way deal in which the Rockets received draft rights to Steve Francis and Tony Massenburg from Grizzlies and Don MacLean and future first - round draft choice from Orlando Magic , and Magic received Michael Smith , Rodrick Rhodes , Lee Mayberry and Makhtar Ndiaye from Grizzlies on August 27 , 1999 . Murphy , Michael ( August 27 , 1999 ) . `` Rockets land Francis , 5 others ; Grizzlies get 4 in largest deal in NBA history '' . The Houston Chronicle . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : The Grizzlies traded No. 13 and No. 27 picks to the Celtics for No. 16 and No. 20 picks on the draft day . Baird , Woody ( June 27 , 2003 ) . `` West wastes no time for draft - night trades '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ The Bucks traded this pick along with Ray Allen , Kevin Ollie , and Ronald Murray to the SuperSonics for Gary Payton and Desmond Mason on February 20 , 2003 . Ruiz , Don ( February 21 , 2003 ) . `` Goodbye , Glove : Sonics trade Payton ; NBA deal : Fan favorite Mason also sent to Milwaukee Bucks '' . The News Tribune ( Tacoma , Washington ) . p . A01 . Jump up ^ The 76ers traded this pick along with Roshown McLeod to the Celtics for Jérôme Moïso on August 3 , 2001 . Doyle , Bill ( August 4 , 2001 ) . `` Celts move forward in Sixers deal ; Little - used Moiso swapped for McLeod , future first - round pick '' . Telegram & Gazette ( Massachusetts ) . p . B1 . Jump up ^ The Pacers traded this pick to the Hawks for Jamaal Tinsley on June 27 , 2001 . Marot , Michael ( June 28 , 2001 ) . `` Pacers wait their turn , wind up with 2 guards '' . The Associated Press State & Local Wire . Jump up ^ The Kings traded this pick along with Tariq Abdul - Wahad to the Magic for Nick Anderson on August 3 , 1999 . `` Magic trades Anderson for Kings ' Abdul - Wahad '' . The Houston Chronicle . August 4 , 1999 . p . Sports 9 . The Magic traded this pick along with Mike Miller and Ryan Humphrey to the Grizzlies for Drew Gooden and Gordan Giricek on February 19 , 2003 . Scanlon , Dick ( March 7 , 2003 ) . `` Trade Pays Off Quickly '' . The Ledger . p . C1 . Jump up ^ The Spurs traded this pick to the Suns for a future pick ( # 30 pick in 2005 NBA draft ) on June 26 , 2003 . Badger , T.A. ( June 26 , 2003 ) . `` Spurs select and then trade Brazilian point guard '' . The Associated Press State & Local Wire . Jump up ^ The Nuggets traded this pick along with Antonio McDyess and the draft rights to Frank Williams to the Knicks for Marcus Camby , Mark Jackson and the draft rights to Maybyner `` Nenê '' Hilario on June 26 , 2002 . `` Knicks blockbuster may be the tip of iceberg '' . ESPN . June 26 , 2002 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Raptors traded No. 32 pick along with Tracy Murray and Kareem Rush to the Lakers for the No. 52 pick , Lindsey Hunter , and Chris Jefferies on June 26 , 2002 . Harris , Beth ( June 27 , 2002 ) . `` Lakers trade Hunter , first - round pick to Toronto for Murray '' . The Associated Press State & Local Wire . Jump up ^ The Grizzlies traded this pick to the Bucks for Chris Owens on June 26 , 2002 . Finger , Mike ( June 27 , 2002 ) . `` Owens off to Memphis ; Injury did n't scare off teams '' . San Antonio Express - News . ^ Jump up to : The 76ers traded No. 41 pick to the SuperSonics for the No. 50 pick and cash during the draft . `` Green has thumb surgery '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 5 , 2003 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Bucks traded this pick to the Magic for cash considerations on the draft day . Mulhern , Tom ( June 27 , 2003 ) . `` Short , to the Point ; Bucks Choose Texas ' Ford '' . Wisconsin State Journal . Jump up ^ The Suns traded this pick along with Soumaila Samake to the Bulls for C Jake Voskuhl on October 29 , 2001 . `` Bulls trade Voskuhl to Suns for draft pick '' . The Associated Press State & Local Wire . October 29 , 2001 . Jump up ^ The Bulls traded this pick to the Raptors for a future pick ( # 38 pick in 2004 NBA draft ) on the draft day . Gray , Kevin ( June 27 , 2003 ) . `` Toronto trades for Bonner '' . The Union Leader . Jump up ^ The Celtics traded this pick along with Shammond Williams to the Nuggets for Mark Blount and Mark Bryant on February 20 , 2003 . `` Celtics add bulk with additions of Blount , Bryant '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 20 , 2003 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Nets traded this pick to the 76ers for cash considerations on the draft day . `` Korver drafted by Nets , traded to Philadelphia '' . The Associated Press State & Local Wire . June 27 , 2003 . Jump up ^ The Pistons traded this pick along with Cedric Ceballos to the Heat for a second - round draft pick ( # 38 pick in 2002 NBA draft ) on November 26 , 2000 . The Heat traded this pick to the Bulls for Sean Lampley on October 2 , 2001 . `` Heat acquire F Lampley from Chicago '' . The Associated Press State & Local Wire . October 2 , 2001 . Jump up ^ The Kings traded this pick along with a future pick ( # 53 pick in 2005 NBA draft ) to the Celtics for Darius Songaila on June 23 , 2003 . `` Celtics Acquire Second round Draft Choice From Sacramento Kings For Rights To Songaila '' . NBA . June 23 , 2003 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Mavericks traded this pick to the Nuggets for a future pick ( # 50 pick in 2004 NBA draft ) on the draft day . `` Xue Yuyang Joins Denver After Dallas Draft '' . China Internet Information Center . June 28 , 2003 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Spurs traded this pick to the Pistons for Mengke Bateer on October 3 , 2002 . `` Pistons trade Menks to Spurs '' . The Associated Press State & Local Wire . October 3 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Clippers ' Kaman becomes German citizen for Olympics . Los Angeles Times . July 3 , 2008 . `` NBA.com Draft 2003 '' . NBA . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2007 . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . `` Player profiles with their career transaction information '' . NBA . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2007 . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) ESPN.com Draft 2003 databaseBasketball.com Draft 2003 NBA drafts Draft lottery Draft Combine Eligibility Territorial picks First overall picks High school draftees Undrafted players Supreme Court case WNBA draft 1976 ABA Dispersal Draft 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Expansion drafts 1961 1966 1967 1968 1970 1980 1988 1989 1995 2003 -- 04 NBA season by team 2003 NBA draft All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions Eastern Atlantic Boston Miami New Jersey New York Orlando Philadelphia Washington Central Atlanta Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee New Orleans Toronto Western Midwest Dallas Denver Houston Memphis Minnesota San Antonio Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Portland Sacramento Seattle NBA on ABC Related programs NBA Countdown NBA Access with Ahmad Rashad NBA Inside Stuff NBA Saturday Primetime NBA Sunday Showcase NBA on ESPN Radio NBA Wednesday NBA Friday WNBA on ESPN NBA Drafts 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Non-NBA programs ESPN College Basketball on ABC Olympics on ABC Related articles Ratings ( NBA Finals ) Game history Key figures All - Star Game ESPN NBA Finals WNBA Finals Play - by - play Mike Breen Jim Durham Bill Flemming Chet Forte Jim Gordon Curt Gowdy Chuck Howard Keith Jackson Mark Jones Jim McKay Al Michaels Brent Musburger Brad Nessler Dave Pasch John Saunders Chris Schenkel Color commentators Greg Anthony Hubie Brown Bob Cousy Sean Elliott Len Elmore Tim Legler Mark Jackson Steve Jones Johnny Kerr Dan Majerle Jack Ramsay Doc Rivers Bill Russell Tom Tolbert Jack Twyman Jeff Van Gundy Bill Walton Jerry West Sideline reporters David Aldridge Doris Burke Howard Cosell Heather Cox Dave Diles Israel Gutierrez Mark Jones Sal Masekela Tom Rinaldi Craig Sager Lisa Salters Michele Tafoya Bob Wolff Studio hosts Michelle Beadle Dan Patrick Stuart Scott Sage Steele Hannah Storm Mike Tirico Michael Wilbon Studio analysts Jon Barry Chauncey Billups Chris Broussard Doug Collins Steve Javie Avery Johnson Magic Johnson George Karl Scottie Pippen Jalen Rose Byron Scott Bill Simmons ABC Radio announcers Marv Albert Dave Barnett Chick Hearn Rod Hundley Steve Jones Fred Manfra Earl Monroe Johnny Most Oscar Robertson Dick Vitale NBA Finals 1965 ( Games 1 , 5 ) 1966 ( Games 1 , 5 ) 1967 ( Games 2 , 5 ) 1968 ( Games 1 , 4 ) 1969 ( Games 3 , 5 - 7 ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ABC Radio 's coverage 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 WNBA Finals 2003 ( Game 2 on ABC ) 2005 ( Game 3 on ABC ) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2011 2012 2013 2014 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2015 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2016 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2017 ( Game 1 on ABC ) All - Star Game 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 ABC Radio 's coverage 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 Lore Music `` I think we see Willis coming out ! '' `` The Block '' Christmas Day Rivalries Bryant -- O'Neal Lakers -- Pistons Celtics -- Lakers Cavaliers -- Warriors ESPN lore Pacers -- Pistons brawl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_NBA_draft&oldid=827930232 '' Categories : 2003 -- 04 NBA season National Basketball Association draft National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 16 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was drafted second in the 2003 nba draft | [
"\n\nRound\nPick\nPlayer\nPosition\nNationality[n 1]\nTeam\nSchool/Club Team\n\n\n1\n1\n, LeBron JamesLeBron James *~\nSF\n United States\nCleveland Cavaliers\nSt. Vincent–St. Mary HS (Akron, Ohio)\n\n\n1\n2\nMiličić, DarkoDarko Miličić\nC\n Serbia and Montenegro\nDetroit Pistons (from Memphis)[8]\nHemofarm Vršac (Serbia and Montenegro)\n\n\n1\n3\nAnthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony*\nSF\n United States\nDenver Nuggets\nSyracuse (Fr.)\n\n\n1\n4\nBosh, ChrisChris Bosh*\nPF/C\n United States\nToronto Raptors\nGeorgia Tech (Fr.)\n\n\n1\n5\nWade, DwyaneDwyane Wade*\nSG\n United States\nMiami Heat\nMarquette (Jr.)\n\n\n1\n6\nKaman, ChrisChris Kaman+\nC\n United States\n Germanya[›]\nLos Angeles Clippers\nCentral Michigan (Jr.)\n\n\n1\n7\nHinrich, KirkKirk Hinrich\nPG\n United States\nChicago Bulls\nKansas (Sr.)\n\n\n1\n8\nFord, T. J.T. J. Ford\nPG\n United States\nMilwaukee Bucks (from Atlanta)[9]\nTexas (So.)\n\n\n1\n9\nSweetney, MichaelMichael Sweetney\nPF\n United States\nNew York Knicks\nGeorgetown (Jr.)\n\n\n1\n10\nHayes, JarvisJarvis Hayes\nF/G\n United States\n Qatar\nWashington Wizards\nGeorgia (Jr.)\n\n\n1\n11\nPiétrus, MickaëlMickaël Piétrus\nG/F\n France\nGolden State Warriors\nPau-Orthez (France)\n\n\n1\n12\nCollison, NickNick Collison\nPF\n United States\nSeattle SuperSonics\nKansas (Sr.)\n\n\n1\n13\nBanks, MarcusMarcus Banks\nPG\n United States\nMemphis Grizzlies (from Houston,[10] traded to Boston)[11]\nUNLV (Sr)\n\n\n1\n14\nRidnour, LukeLuke Ridnour\nPG\n United States\nSeattle SuperSonics (from Milwaukee)[12]\nOregon (Jr)\n\n\n1\n15\nGaines, ReeceReece Gaines\nF/G\n United States\nOrlando Magic\nLouisville (Sr)\n\n\n1\n16\nBell, TroyTroy Bell\nPG\n United States\nBoston Celtics (traded to Memphis)[11]\nBoston College (Sr)\n\n\n1\n17\nČabarkapa, ŽarkoŽarko Čabarkapa\nSF\n Serbia and Montenegro\nPhoenix Suns\nBudućnost Podgorica (Serbia and Montenegro and Adriatic League)\n\n\n1\n18\nWest, DavidDavid West+\nPF\n United States\nNew Orleans Hornets\nXavier (Sr)\n\n\n1\n19\nPavlović, SashaSasha Pavlović\nF/G\n Serbia and Montenegro\nUtah Jazz\nBudućnost Podgorica (Serbia and Montenegro and Adriatic League)\n\n\n1\n20\nJones, DahntayDahntay Jones\nSG\n United States\nBoston Celtics (from Philadelphia,[13] traded to Memphis)[11]\nDuke (Sr)\n\n\n1\n21\nDiaw, BorisBoris Diaw\nPF\n France\nAtlanta Hawks (from Indiana)[14]\nPau-Orthez (France)\n\n\n1\n22\nPlaninić, ZoranZoran Planinić\nG/F\n Croatia\nNew Jersey Nets\nCibona Zagreb (Croatia and Adriatic League)\n\n\n1\n23\nOutlaw, TravisTravis Outlaw\nSF\n United States\nPortland Trail Blazers\nStarkville HS (Starkville, Mississippi)\n\n\n1\n24\nCook, BrianBrian Cook\nPF\n United States\nLos Angeles Lakers\nIllinois (Sr)\n\n\n1\n25\nDelfino, CarlosCarlos Delfino\nSG\n Argentina\nDetroit Pistons\nSkipper Bologna (Italy)\n\n\n1\n26\nEbi, NdudiNdudi Ebi\nSF\n United Kingdom\n Nigeria\nMinnesota Timberwolves\nWestbury Christian HS (Houston, Texas)\n\n\n1\n27\nPerkins, KendrickKendrick Perkins\nC\n United States\nMemphis Grizzlies (from Sacramento via Orlando,[15] traded to Boston)[11]\nOzen HS (Beaumont, Texas)\n\n\n1\n28\nBarbosa, LeandroLeandro Barbosa\nSG\n Brazil\nSan Antonio Spurs (traded to Phoenix)[16]\nBauru Tilibra (Brazil)\n\n\n1\n29\nHoward, JoshJosh Howard+\nF/G\n United States\nDallas Mavericks\nWake Forest (Sr)\n\n\n2\n30\nLampe, MaciejMaciej Lampe\nPF\n Poland\nNew York Knicks (from Denver)[17]\nComplutense University of Madrid (Spain)\n\n\n2\n31\nKapono, JasonJason Kapono\nF/G\n United States\nCleveland Cavaliers\nUCLA (Sr)\n\n\n2\n32\nWalton, LukeLuke Walton\nSF\n United States\nLos Angeles Lakers (from Toronto)[18]\nArizona (Sr)\n\n\n2\n33\nBeasley, JeromeJerome Beasley\nPF\n United States\nMiami Heat\nNorth Dakota (Sr)\n\n\n2\n34\nSchortsanitis, SofoklisSofoklis Schortsanitis#\nC\n Greece\nLos Angeles Clippers\nIraklis BC (Greece)\n\n\n2\n35\nSzewczyk, SzymonSzymon Szewczyk#\nPF\n Poland\nMilwaukee Bucks (from Memphis)[19]\nBraunschweig (Germany)\n\n\n2\n36\nAustin, MarioMario Austin#\nPF\n United States\nChicago Bulls\nMississippi State (Jr)\n\n\n2\n37\nHansen, TravisTravis Hansen\nSG\n United States\nAtlanta Hawks\nBYU (Sr)\n\n\n2\n38\nBlake, SteveSteve Blake\nPG\n United States\nWashington Wizards\nMaryland (Sr)\n\n\n2\n39\nVraneš, SlavkoSlavko Vraneš\nC\n Serbia and Montenegro\nNew York Knicks\nBudućnost Podgorica (Serbia and Montenegro and Adriatic League)\n\n\n2\n40\nZimmerman, DerrickDerrick Zimmerman\nPG\n United States\nGolden State Warriors\nMississippi State (Sr)\n\n\n2\n41\nGreen, WillieWillie Green\nSG\n United States\nSeattle SuperSonics (traded to Philadelphia)[20]\nDetroit (Sr)\n\n\n2\n42\nPachulia, ZazaZaza Pachulia\nPF\n Georgia\nOrlando Magic\nÜlkerspor (Turkey)\n\n\n2\n43\nBogans, KeithKeith Bogans\nSG\n United States\nMilwaukee Bucks (traded to Orlando)[21]\nKentucky (Sr)\n\n\n2\n44\nBadiane, MalickMalick Badiane#\nPF\n Senegal\nHouston Rockets\nLangen (Germany)\n\n\n2\n45\nBonner, MattMatt Bonner\nF\n United States\nChicago Bulls (from Phoenix,[22] traded to Toronto)[23]\nFlorida (Sr)\n\n\n2\n46\nBečirović, SaniSani Bečirović#\nSG\n Slovenia\nDenver Nuggets (from Boston)[24]\nVirtus Bologna (Italy)\n\n\n2\n47\nWilliams, MoMo Williams+\nPG\n United States\nUtah Jazz\nAlabama (So)\n\n\n2\n48\nLang, JamesJames Lang\nC\n United States\nNew Orleans Hornets\nCentral Park Christian HS (Birmingham, Alabama)\n\n\n2\n49\nJones, JamesJames Jones\nSF\n United States\nIndiana Pacers\nMiami (Florida) (Sr)\n\n\n2\n50\nMorlende, PaccelisPaccelis Morlende#\nPG\n France\nPhiladelphia 76ers (traded to Seattle)[20]\nDijon (France)\n\n\n2\n51\nKorver, KyleKyle Korver+\nSG\n United States\nNew Jersey Nets (traded to Philadelphia)[25]\nCreighton (Sr)\n\n\n2\n52\nvan de Hare, RemonRemon van de Hare\nC\n Netherlands\nToronto Raptors (from Los Angeles Lakers)[18]\nFC Barcelona (Spain)\n\n\n2\n53\nSmith, TommyTommy Smith#\nPF\n United States\nChicago Bulls (from Detroit via Miami)[26]\nArizona State (Sr)\n\n\n2\n54\nSinanović, NedžadNedžad Sinanović#\nC\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nPortland Trail Blazers\nBrotnjo (Bosnia and Herzegovina)\n\n\n2\n55\nRickert, RickRick Rickert#\nPF\n United States\nMinnesota Timberwolves\nMinnesota (So)\n\n\n2\n56\nHunter, BrandonBrandon Hunter\nPF\n United States\nBoston Celtics (from Sacramento)[27]\nOhio (Sr)\n\n\n2\n57\nYuyang, XueXue Yuyang#\nC\n China\nDallas Mavericks (traded to Denver)[28]\nHong Kong Flying Dragons (China)\n\n\n2\n58\nGlyniadakis, AndreasAndreas Glyniadakis\nC\n Greece\nDetroit Pistons (from San Antonio)[29]\nAEK (Greece)\n\n"
] | [
"Darko Miličić"
] |
7301938530414956759 | Ease of doing business ranking of states of India | Ease of doing business ranking of states of India - wikipedia Ease of doing business ranking of states of India States and union territories of India ordered by Area Population Abbreviations Capitals Child Nutrition Crime rate Electricity penetration Fertility rate Forest cover GDP ( per capita ) Highest point HIV awareness HDI Home ownership Household size Human Trafficking Institutional delivery Life expectancy at birth Literacy rate Media exposure Number of Vehicles Number of voters Obesity Open defecation Origin of name Places of worship Poverty Power capacity Safe Drinking Water Safety of Women School Enrollment Rate Sex ratio Suicides Tax revenues TV ownership Toilet availability Transport network Underweight people Unemployment Vaccination coverage Ease of doing business ranking of states of India is the annual ease of doing business index of states and union territories of India based on the completion percentage scores of action items points of annual Business Reforms Action Plan ( BRAP ) under the make in India initiative . This ranking of states is done by World Bank since 2015 and facilitated by the Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions of Government of India based on the progress of states in completing annual reform action plan covering 8 key areas which has a number of points that vary every year , for example 2017 and 2016 reform plan had 372 and 340 action points respectively . The World Bank ranks individual nations on the Ease of doing business index . The ranking of states is not done on same criteria as ranking of nations . Ranking of states does not reflect the level of business - conducive nature of the states , it reflects the willingness of states to reform and attract investments . India jumped to 100th place out of 190 countries in the World Bank 's 2017 ease of doing business index , from 130th in the 2016 . In February 2017 , the government appointed the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) and the National Productivity Council to `` to sensitise actual users and get their feedback on various reform measures '' . Consequently , now there is competition among the Indian states ranked by ease of doing business states of India to improve their current ranking on the ease of doing business index . Centre government as well as various states are executing their respective Business Reforms Action Plan ( BRAP ) to improve their ranking . The claims for the current rankings submitted by the states for the year 2017 are currently being verified based on the supporting documentary evidence , and the final scores will be readjusted accordingly. 18 states claimed a 100 % completion score . Of the states verified so far , top final scorer states are Haryana , West Bengal , Jharkhand and Karnataka , each with a score of 90.79 % ( c. 11 Feb 2018 ) . Contents 1 Ranking of states within India 2 See also 3 References 3.1 Citations 4 External links Ranking of states within India ( edit ) State or union territory 2017 ranking 2016 ranking Haryana 90.79 % 40.66 % ( 14 / 32 ) West Bengal 90.79 % 46.90 % ( 11 / 32 ) Jharkhand 90.79 % 63.09 ( 3 / 32 ) Karnataka 90.79 % 48.50 % ( 9 / 32 ) Gujarat 71.14 % ( 1 / 32 ) Telangana 70.12 % ( 2 / 32 ) Andhra Pradesh 70.12 % ( 2 / 32 ) Odisha 52.12 % ( 7 / 32 ) Chhattisgarh 62.45 % ( 4 / 32 ) Chandigarh Puducherry Goa 21.74 % ( 19 / 32 ) Delhi Punjab 36.73 % ( 16 / 32 ) Daman and Diu Tamil Nadu 44.58 % ( 12 / 32 ) Dadra and Nagar Haveli Kerala 22.87 % ( 18 / 32 ) Maharashtra 49.43 % ( 8 / 32 ) Andaman and Nicobar Islands Rajasthan 61.05 % ( 6 / 32 ) Lakshadweep Nagaland 3.41 % ( 31 / 32 ) Uttarakhand Arunachal Pradesh 1.23 % ( 32 / 32 ) Madhya Pradesh 62.00 % ( 5 / 32 ) Himachal Pradesh 23.95 % ( 17 / 32 ) Mizoram Manipur 6.37 % ( 28 / 32 ) Jammu and Kashmir 5.93 % ( 29 / 32 ) Uttar Pradesh 47.37 % ( 10 / 32 ) Meghalaya 4.38 % ( 30 / 32 ) Sikkim 7.23 % ( 27 / 32 ) Assam 14.84 % ( 22 / 32 ) Tripura 09.29 % ( 26 / 32 ) Bihar 16.41 % ( 21 / 32 ) See also ( edit ) Complimentary initiatives Act East policy Digital India Make in India My Gov ( India ) Related concepts Brand India India Inc . List of companies of India References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andhra Pradesh , Telengana set to top the charts for ease of doing business , Business Standard , 31 Oct 2016 . ^ Jump up to : OECD Economic Surveys : India 2017 , Page 123 . ^ Jump up to : Centre to announce ' Ease of Doing Business ' ranking for states , Live Mint , 15 Aug 2015 . Jump up ^ Ease of doing 98 - point action plan ^ Jump up to : Ease of doing business : 18 states claim perfect score in reforms , Indian Express , 11 Feb 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ease of Doing Business in India '' . www.doingbusiness.org . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On ease of doing business Narendra Modi govt does a first , to improve India 's World Bank ranking '' . The Financial Express . 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Business Reforms Action Plan '' . eodb.dipp.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Rankings DIPP '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Telangana leads state-wise ease of doing business ranking , The Hindu , 9 Nov 2017 . Jump up ^ Ease of doing business India states ranking . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Global Development Indexes and Rankings Lists of countries by political rankings Freedom Political Freedom in the World Democracy Ranking Press Freedom House Reporters Without Borders Economic Fraser Institute The Heritage Foundation / The Wall Street Journal Trade Corruption Bribes Corruption barometer Corruption perceptions Competitiveness Composite Index of National Capability History Empire size First human settlement Flag adoption date Formation date Geopolitical changes Rights Rule of Law Index Privacy Property rights Democracy Index Democracy - Dictatorship Index Gender Gap Index LGBT rights Other Discrimination and violence against minorities List of countries by Fragile States Index Government transparency Ease of Doing Business Index Environmental Performance Index Fragile States Index Good Country Index Globalization Index Global Peace Index Global Terrorism Index Global Liveability Ranking Prosperity Index Incarceration rate Political terror scale Global Slavery Index OECD Better Life Index Satisfaction with Life Index List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ease_of_doing_business_ranking_of_states_of_India&oldid=850661341 '' Categories : States and union territories of India - related lists Lists of subdivisions of India Ranked lists of country subdivisions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 08 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | ease of doing business rajasthan rank in india | [
"\n\n\nState or union territory\n2017 ranking\n2016 ranking[11]\n\n\nHaryana\n90.79%\n40.66% (14/32)\n\n\nWest Bengal\n90.79%\n46.90% (11/32)\n\n\nJharkhand\n90.79%\n63.09 (3/32)\n\n\nKarnataka\n90.79%\n48.50% (9/32)\n\n\nGujarat\n\n71.14% (1/32)\n\n\nTelangana\n\n70.12% (2/32)\n\n\nAndhra Pradesh\n\n70.12% (2/32)\n\n\nOdisha\n\n52.12% (7/32)\n\n\nChhattisgarh\n\n62.45% (4/32)\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\n\n\nPuducherry\n\n\n\n\nGoa\n\n21.74% (19/32)\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\n\n\nPunjab\n\n36.73% (16/32)\n\n\nDaman and Diu\n\n\n\n\nTamil Nadu\n\n44.58% (12/32)\n\n\nDadra and Nagar Haveli\n\n\n\n\nKerala\n\n22.87% (18/32)\n\n\nMaharashtra\n\n49.43% (8/32)\n\n\nAndaman and Nicobar Islands\n\n\n\n\nRajasthan\n\n61.05% (6/32)\n\n\nLakshadweep\n\n\n\n\nNagaland\n\n3.41% (31/32)\n\n\nUttarakhand\n\n\n\n\nArunachal Pradesh\n\n1.23% (32/32)\n\n\nMadhya Pradesh\n\n62.00% (5/32)\n\n\nHimachal Pradesh\n\n23.95% (17/32)\n\n\nMizoram\n\n\n\n\nManipur\n\n6.37% (28/32)\n\n\nJammu and Kashmir\n\n5.93% (29/32)\n\n\nUttar Pradesh\n\n47.37% (10/32)\n\n\nMeghalaya\n\n4.38% (30/32)\n\n\nSikkim\n\n7.23% (27/32)\n\n\nAssam\n\n14.84% (22/32)\n\n\nTripura\n\n09.29% (26/32)\n\n\nBihar\n\n16.41% (21/32)\n"
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-5540398957696692361 | Charlotte's web (cannabis) | Charlotte 's Web ( cannabis ) - Wikipedia Charlotte 's Web ( cannabis ) Jump to : navigation , search Charlotte 's Web Genus Cannabis Species Cannabis sativa Breeder Stanley Brothers Origin Colorado , United States Part of a series on Cannabis Arts Culture ( show ) 420 Counterculture of the 1960s Entheogenic use of cannabis Hippie Magu ( deity ) Rastafari Stoner film Stoner rock Chemistry ( show ) Cannabinoid receptors Cannabinoid receptor type 1 Cannabinoid receptor type 2 Cannabinoids 2 - AG 2 - AGE , Noladin ether AEA CBC CBL CBD CBDV CBG CBN CBV NADA THC THCV Virodhamine Synthetic cannabinoids AM - 2201 CP - 55940 Dimethylheptylpyran HU - 210 HU - 331 JWH - 018 JWH - 073 JWH - 133 Levonantradol SR144528 WIN 55,212 - 2 Consumption ( show ) Blunt Bong Cannabis smoking Gravity bong Joint Roach Vaporizer Economics ( show ) Cannabis coffee shop Cannabis cultivation Cannabis dispensary Cannabis Social Club Grow house Grow shop Head shop Marijuana vending machine Effects ( show ) Dependence Drug testing Effects of legalized cannabis Gateway drug theory Long term effects Medicine Memory Pregnancy Psychosis Time perception Forms ( show ) Bhang Charas Edibles Flower essential oil Hash oil Hashish Hemp Hemp oil Kief Synthetic cannabis Thai stick Tea Tincture Law ( show ) Cannabis political parties Cannabis rights Decriminalizing Cannabis in the US Drug policy of California Drug policy of Colorado Drug policy of Portugal Drug policy of the Netherlands Legal and medical status of cannabis Legal history of cannabis in the US Legality of cannabis Legality of cannabis by country Legality of cannabis in the US Legal history of cannabis in Canada Timeline of cannabis US Legalization Timeline Regional ( show ) Adult lifetime cannabis use by country Annual cannabis use by country Afghanistan Alabama American Samoa Arkansas Australia British Columbia California Chile Egypt Georgia ( USA ) Guam Idaho India Indiana Iowa Jamaica Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Montana Morocco Nebraska New Zealand Nigeria North Dakota North Mariana Islands Oregon Palau Papua New Guinea Paraguay Portugal South Dakota Svalbard Switzerland Tennessee U.K. U.S. Uruguay Utah Vermont Virginia Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Indian reservations Marijuana tourism in the U.S. Variants ( show ) Autoflowering cannabis Cannabis genus Cannabis indica Cannabis ruderalis Cannabis sativa Cannabis strains Acapulco Gold Blue Dream Charlotte 's web Kush Malawi Gold Sour Diesel Related ( show ) Drug culture Illegal drug trade Psychedelia Cannabis portal Medicine portal Charlotte 's Web is a high - cannabidiol ( CBD ) , low - tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) Cannabis cultivar . It does not induce the psychoactive `` high '' typically associated with recreational marijuana strains that are high in THC . Charlotte 's Web is named after Charlotte Figi , born ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) October 18 , 2006 ( age 10 ) , whose story has led to her being described as `` the girl who is changing medical marijuana laws across America . '' Her parents and physicians say she experienced a reduction of her epileptic seizures brought on by Dravet syndrome after her first dose of medical marijuana at five years of age . Her usage of Charlotte 's Web was first featured in the 2013 CNN documentary `` Weed '' . Media coverage increased demand for products derived from Charlotte 's Web and other high in CBD cultivars , which have been used to treat epilepsy in toddlers and children . It was originally called `` Hippie 's Disappointment '' as it was a strain that had high CBD instead of THC . While anecdotal reports have sparked interest in treatment with cannabinoids , there is not enough evidence to draw conclusions about their safety or efficacy . Physicians worry that some parents are willing to try treatments before proper research has been conducted , and that they may be disappointed . They are `` alarmed by parallels to past miracle - cure manias later proved false ... '' and `` ... wary of the heightened placebo effect in treatments involving children , when reports of progress depend on the view of parents . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Evidence 1.2 Statements 2 History 3 Society and culture 3.1 Legal status 3.2 Reactions to CBD - only laws 3.3 Name 3.4 Publicity and demand 3.5 Distribution 4 Research 5 References 6 External links Medical uses ( edit ) Evidence ( edit ) There is little evidence about the safety or efficacy of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy . A 2014 Cochrane review did not find enough evidence to draw conclusions about its use . A 2014 review by the American Academy of Neurology similarly concluded that `` data are insufficient to support or refute the efficacy of cannabinoids for reducing seizure frequency . '' The Cochrane review suggests cannabinoids be reserved for people with symptoms that are not controllable by other means , who have been evaluated by EEG - video monitoring to confirm diagnosis , and are not eligible for better established treatments such as surgery and neurostimulation . A second review described four placebo - controlled trials of cannabadiol including 48 people with a disease that was not manageable by other means . Three out of four trials reported some reduction in seizures , but no comparison with placebo was possible due to the small number of people in the trials . The drugs were well tolerated . A third review found that no reliable conclusions about the effect of cannabis on epilepsy could be drawn due to the poor quality of available data , but further research may be warranted because of the good safety profile observed in small clinical trials . A 2017 study found cannabidiol reduced convulsive seizures but resulted in more side effects in people with Dravet syndrome . Statements ( edit ) Due to the anecdotal nature of the health claims being made medical bodies have published statements of concern . A position statement by the American Epilepsy Society states : The recent anecdotal reports of positive effects of the marijuana derivative cannabidiol for some individuals with treatment - resistant epilepsy give reason for hope . However , we must remember that these are only anecdotal reports , and robust scientific evidence for the use of marijuana is lacking ... at present , the epilepsy community does not know if marijuana is a safe and effective treatment , nor do they know the long - term effects that marijuana will have on learning , memory and behavior , especially in infants and young children . Cannabis - derived products are not mentioned in the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence epilepsy treatment guidelines . History ( edit ) Cannabis oil Charlotte 's Web was developed in 2011 by the Stanley brothers ( Joel , Jesse , Jon , Jordan , Jared and Josh ) through crossbreeding a strain of marijuana with industrial hemp . This process created a variety with less tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) and more cannabidiol ( CBD ) than typical varieties of marijuana . The variety shows potential for medical usage , especially for those who do not wish to experience the typical high of recreational marijuana use . As it is so low in THC , the variety was originally called `` Hippie 's Disappointment '' , and also has been labeled `` boring '' . It is a less profitable plant with `` close to no value to traditional marijuana consumers . '' Society and culture ( edit ) Legal status ( edit ) While the use of medicinal marijuana products is allowed in many U.S. states , the nationwide legal status of Charlotte 's Web is less clear . The publicity associated with Charlotte 's Web has inspired a number of legislative bills , some of which are in the planning stages , and others which have been proposed or actually passed . Children , as `` uniquely powerful advocates for medicinal pot across the country , '' have inspired `` the movement to legalize medicinal marijuana , '' a movement which `` has a face like Charlotte 's -- and it 's a young one that 's hard to ignore . Lawmakers across the country are pushing legislation to legalize marijuana oil as a treatment for children with epilepsy . '' Colorado law permits the use of medical cannabis for eight conditions : cancer , glaucoma , HIV / AIDS , muscle spasms , seizures , severe pain , severe nausea and dramatic weight loss , and muscle atrophy . The publicity surrounding anecdotal reports of successful treatment of intractable epilepsy with cannabinoids is likely to lead to a surge in interest . In 2013 , the parents of a two - year - old with Dravet syndrome confronted New Jersey governor Chris Christie , who signed a bill allowing access for sick children to medical marijuana in a controversy dubbed `` pot for tots '' . In 2014 , legislative proposals in Utah , Arizona , New York , Washington state , Minnesota , and Florida were considered , where `` even some staunch opponents of medical marijuana now are willing to make an exception '' to allow the marijuana extract for medical treatment . In Utah , Rep. Gage Froerer , R - Huntsville , said in October 2013 : `` Nothing in federal or state law prohibits the sale or use of hemp products . '' He pledged to consult with the Utah Substance Abuse Authority , saying : `` We need to take a strong look at this and make sure that we as a legislature and we as citizens understand really what this is and what it 's not . '' In November 2013 , he said he would address `` three components in sponsoring legislation : access , quality control and research . He said the Utah Department of Health would probably be involved in quality - control efforts ... '' Annette Maughan , President of the Epilepsy Association of Utah , said : `` The current Utah law does n't exclude its use but also does n't allow for its use . We are in limbo until Utah lawmakers decide what to call it . '' On March 21 , 2014 , Gary Herbert , the governor of Utah , signed a bill giving `` families access to the marijuana extract for treating epilepsy . '' The state bill , HB0105 , allows import of Charlotte 's Web extract across state lines from Colorado to Utah , and covers only use for intractable epilepsy with the consent of a neurologist . Also on March 21 , 2014 , an Arizona court found `` that Arizona 's medical marijuana law allows consumption of the plant in extract form . '' On March 20 , 2014 , the Florida House of Representatives Budget Committee passed the `` so - called Charlotte 's Web measure ( CS / HB 843 ) '' designed to limit prosecutors ' ability to prosecute those in possession of low THC / high CBD marijuana ( `` 0.5 percent or less of tetrahydrocannabinol and more than 15 percent of cannabidiol '' ) used for treating seizures . The law took effect July 1 , 2014 . Since then , Florida legislators have passed a bill with bipartisan support legalizing the use of Charlotte 's Web , and Governor Rick Scott signed the `` Compassionate Medical Cannabis Act of 2014 '' ( SB 1030 ) into law on June 6 , 2014 . The law is also referred to as the `` Charlotte 's Web '' law . The law specifies the number of distribution centers , which types of nurseries can grow the plants , requires various other controls , and provides funding for research . Federal legislation was introduced in 2014 ( U.S. 113th Congress 2013 - 2014 ) but was never brought to a vote and died in committee . Rep. Perry , Scott ( R - PA - 4 ) introduced to the U.S. 114th Congress ( 2015 - 2016 ) H.R. 1635 - Charlotte 's Web Medical Access Act of 2015 with 62 bipartisan co-sponsors . It has not been voted on yet , but it has made progress and been referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce , the House Committee on the Judiciary , the Subcommittee on Health and the United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , Homeland Security and Investigations . The Therapeutic Hemp Medical Access Act of 2015 ( Senate 1333 ) was introduced ( not passed yet ) with 11 co-sponsors to amend the Controlled Substances Act to exclude cannabidiol and cannabidiol - rich plants from the definition of marijuana . It was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary . Reactions to CBD - only laws ( edit ) The federal Schedule 1 drug classification blocks broad scientific research on cannabis . However , in late 2015 , the United States Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) eased some regulatory requirements imposed by the Controlled Substances Act ( CSA ) for those who are conducting FDA - approved clinical trials on cannabidiol ( CBD ) . These modifications will streamline the research process regarding CBD 's possible medicinal value and help foster ongoing scientific studies . But the Marijuana Policy Project has expressed frustration over the fact that many legislative efforts inspired by Charlotte 's Web are aimed at only legalizing low or no THC , high CBD medical marijuana products . They believe that such legislation is too restrictive and ignores claimed benefits of THC , leaving `` behind around 98 % of the individuals who can benefit from it . '' Referring to the `` Charlotte 's Web Medical Hemp Act of 2014 '' , an editorial in Ladybud Magazine expressed concern that the law `` leaves thousands of patients out in the cold without safe , legal access to medical cannabis . It also ignores science that seems to indicate that whole plant medicine is optimal . '' Name ( edit ) Charlotte 's Web is named after an American girl , Charlotte Figi . She developed Dravet syndrome ( also known as severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy or SMEI ) as a baby . By age three , Figi was severely disabled and having 300 grand mal seizures a week despite treatment . Her parents learned about another child with Dravet Syndrome , who had been using a different type of medical marijuana since June 2011 , and decided to try marijuana . Her parents and physicians said that she improved immediately . She now follows a regular regimen that uses a solution of the high - CBD marijuana extract in olive oil . She is given the oil under her tongue or in her food . Her parents said in 2013 that her epilepsy had improved so that she had only about four seizures per month , and she was able to engage in normal childhood activities . The type now named after Figi was not the first type her parents tried . As their original supply , a type called R4 that is also high in CBD and low in THC , was running out , they contacted the Stanley brothers . From the Stanleys ' stock , they chose the high - CBD variety that has since been renamed to Charlotte 's Web . Charlotte 's story has been featured on two CNN documentaries , The Doctors TV show , 60 Minutes Australia , and Dateline NBC , among many other sources . An article in the National Journal detailing the role of several children as `` uniquely powerful advocates for medicinal pot across the country '' described Charlotte as the `` first poster child for the issue ... '' Her story has led to her being described as `` the girl who is changing medical marijuana laws across America , '' as well as the `` most famous example of medicinal hemp use '' . Publicity and demand ( edit ) When Charlotte was five years old , her story was featured in the August 11 , 2013 CNN documentary `` Weed '' , hosted by Sanjay Gupta . On November 24 , 2013 , Paige Figi was a guest on The Doctors TV show , where Charlotte 's story was told . She was also featured in Gupta 's March 11 , 2014 CNN documentary `` Weed 2 : Cannabis Madness '' . The extract received more publicity on October 6 , 2014 , when The Doctors TV show again featured a story about usage of Charlotte 's Web . The physicians called for a change of the Federal classification . Sanjay Gupta has also expressed his support for Charlotte 's Web on The Doctors TV show . On the October 17 , 2014 episode of the ABC TV series The View , Paige Figi and Joel Stanley were interviewed by Whoopi Goldberg and Nicolle Wallace . The CNN documentaries received widespread publicity and popularized Charlotte 's Web as a possible treatment for epilepsy and other conditions . Colorado has legalized both the medicinal and recreational use of marijuana , and many parents have flocked there with their suffering children in search of Charlotte 's Web and other forms of medical marijuana . In November 2013 , CBS Denver reported that `` ( t ) here is now a growing community of 93 families with epileptic children using marijuana daily . Hundreds are on a waiting list and thousands are calling . '' In October 2014 , Time noted the Stanley brothers had a waiting list of `` more than 12,000 families . '' They have been termed `` marijuana refugees '' , `` part of a migration of families uprooting their lives and moving to Colorado , where the medicinal use of marijuana is permitted ... forced to flee states where cannabis is off limits . '' In November 2014 , David Nutt mentioned Charlotte 's Web in the Royal Pharmaceutical Society 's Pharmaceutical Journal , where he appealed for `` the UK government ( to ) acts on evidence , allowing the use of medicinal cannabis and reducing barriers to its research . '' Families who say they have run out of pharmaceutical options have moved to Colorado to access Charlotte 's Web . The demand has spurred calls for more research to determine whether these products actually do what is claimed . Amy Brooks - Kayal , vice president of the American Epilepsy Society , stated that epileptic seizures may come and go without any obvious explanation , and that Charlotte 's web could cause developmental harm . She recommended that parents relocate so that their affected children could have access to one of the nation 's top pediatric epilepsy centers rather than move to Colorado . The product has been described as the `` country 's most famous brand of CBD oil '' , the `` largest selling CBD oil in the country '' , and the `` number one brand '' , with 7 % of the market . Distribution ( edit ) In November 2013 , Josh Stanley said that Charlotte 's web was 0.5 % THC and 17 % CBD , and that it `` is as legal as other hemp products already sold in stores across Utah , including other oils , clothing and hand creams , but is illegal , federally , to take across state lines . '' The legalities of selling the product to people who transport it across state lines is complicated , with difficulties for both the sellers and transporters . Regardless of state laws in Colorado and Utah which would allow the practice , it is still a Federal offense to transport hemp products across state lines . In September 2014 , the content was measured at 0.3 % THC . Research ( edit ) The relationship between the Schedule I status of cannabis in the United States and the lack of scientific research on cannabis has been claimed by some to be directly related . The situation has been described as a `` catch - 22 '' paradox : `` Marijuana is restricted in large part because there is little research to support medical uses ; research is difficult to conduct because of tight restrictions . '' Sanjay Gupta has described the complex interaction between restrictive laws and lack of scientific research : Gupta repeated throughout the evening that the `` policy has outpaced the science . '' The states , he said , `` are moving forward without waiting for the science , and the issue is only compounded by the fact that the ' policies and the laws we have in ( the US ) make it challenging for the science to get done . '' Even though the Florida `` Compassionate Medical Cannabis Act of 2014 '' ( SB 1030 ) provides funding for research , the status of all cannabis products as illegal Schedule I drugs has limited the amount of research , with the University of Florida refusing to do such research for fear of losing federal funding . The interest created by the documentary highlighted a need for increased scientific research , as well as caution against `` bad medicine '' and raising false hopes : Ed Maa , a specialist in epilepsy , stated : `` This is not going away ... I think it needs to be studied vigorously and very quickly . '' He hopes to `` launch a clinical trial to study the pot and its potential . '' Physicians have called for more research to better understand the potential benefits of controlled use of medical marijuana ; Sharon Levy , director of the Adolescent Substance Abuse Program at Children 's Hospital Boston said : `` The AAP strongly supports more cannabinoid research to better understand both how these substances can be used therapeutically as well as their potential side effects -- which we may well be underestimating ... ( But ) the AAP does not support ' medical marijuana ' laws as they circumvent regulations put in place to protect patients , and children are a particularly vulnerable population . '' Physicians have expressed both positive interest and worry about the sudden explosion of interest in the legalization of medical marijuana and its research , admitting legalization is both `` a scientist 's dream or a doctor 's nightmare . '' They fear that some parents are too open to trying anything before proper research has been conducted , and that they may be disappointed . They are `` alarmed by parallels to past miracle - cure manias later proved false ... '' and `` ... wary of the heightened placebo effect in treatments involving children , when reports of progress depend on the view of parents . '' There is also danger that `` the ( legalization ) movement also opens the way for bad medicine ... through treatments at best giving hope to the hysterical and at worst delivering damaging side effects . '' According to Alan Shackelford , Charlotte Figi 's physician : `` We really do n't know how it works ... The cannabidiol seems to act as a neuro - stabilizer , but how ? The research is minuscule on this . '' Orrin Devinsky , a neurologist at New York University 's Comprehensive Epilepsy Center , where he will conduct clinical trials on Epidiolex , a high - CBD drug from GW Pharmaceuticals , expressed his sympathy for those who do not want to wait for research results : I had a child who had failed 15 medications and drug treatments and there was nothing else to do , and they were having many seizures a day that were terribly disabling , I think it would be a very reasonable thing to do to try a high - CBD cannabis product . He also expressed concern that the number of parents using the Charlotte 's Web extract will make it harder to find children for the clinical trials , and that : There are many more unknowns than knowns ... the focus of the community -- lay and scientific and governmental -- should be on getting good information . That should be the real focus of what we need right now . The Epilepsy Foundation and Devinsky issued a joint statement calling for increased research and immediate access to medical marijuana , specifically naming Charlotte Figi 's case . Devinsky said : We need to make a balanced decision about compassionate use . If I were Charlotte Figi 's parents and lived in Colorado I would have done exactly what they did . And as a doctor , I would gladly prescribe marijuana products for many of my patients who failed existing therapies if it were legal in my state ... Until we have the scientific data , we should make medical marijuana available to physicians who care for people with treatment - resistant epilepsy and their patients . Due to reports that some people with Dravet syndrome seem to benefit from treatment with Charlotte 's Web , an observational clinical trial was launched in September 2014 at the University of Colorado . The study will run until February 2016 , will focus on genetic differences between people who respond and do not respond , and attempt to determine if such genetic factors may be related to the success or failure of treatment . 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'' Jump up ^ Stewart , Kirsten ( October 12 , 2013 ) , Utah lawmaker will help moms import cannabis extract , The Salt Lake Tribune , retrieved January 1 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Adams , Andrew ( October 11 , 2013 ) , Lawmaker joins fight in legalizing cannabis extract for medicinal use , KSL TV , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Clark , Antone ( November 20 , 2013 ) , Rep. Gage Froerer predicts cannabis bill will pass , Standard - Examiner , retrieved January 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ Kennedy , John ( March 20 , 2014 ) , Charlotte 's Web marijuana bill advances in House , despite questions , Post on Politics , retrieved March 20 , 2014 Jump up ^ Smith , Nancy ( March 20 , 2014 ) , $1 Million for Medical Marijuana Research Sails Through House Appropriations , Sunshine State News , retrieved March 20 , 2014 Jump up ^ Perez , Andrew ( May 1 , 2014 ) , Florida Gov. Rick Scott Says He 'll Sign ' Charlotte 's Web ' Medical Marijuana Bill , The Huffington Post , retrieved May 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ CS / CS / SB 1030 : Cannabis , MyFloridaHouse.gov , June 16 , 2014 , retrieved June 21 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Call , James ( July 29 , 2014 ) , University of Florida says it wo n't risk federal funding to participate in marijuana research , SaintPetersBlog , retrieved July 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sweeney , Dan ( June 21 , 2014 ) , Charlotte 's Web 101 : Medical marijuana and you , Sun - Sentinel , retrieved July 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ Larrabee , Brandon ( June 16 , 2014 ) , Governor Scott Signs Medical Marijuana Bill , CBS Miami , retrieved June 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ H.R. 5226 - Charlotte 's Web Medical Hemp Act of 2014 , House of Representatives , July 28 , 2014 , retrieved August 11 , 2014 `` Official Title as Introduced : To amend the Controlled Substances Act to exclude therapeutic hemp and cannabidiol from the definition of marihuana , and for other purposes . '' Jump up ^ `` Text - H.R. 5226 - 113th Congress ( 2013 - 2014 ) : Charlotte 's Web Medical Hemp Act of 2014 '' . Jump up ^ H.R. 525 - Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2013 , House of Representatives , February 6 , 2013 , retrieved September 28 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` H.R. 525 - 114th Congress ( 2015 - 2016 ) : Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 1635 - 114th Congress ( 2015 - 2016 ) : Charlotte 's Web Medical Access Act of 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Cosponsors - H.R. 1635 - 114th Congress ( 2015 - 2016 ) : Charlotte 's Web Medical Access Act of 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Text - S. 1333 - 114th Congress ( 2015 - 2016 ) : Therapeutic Hemp Medical Access Act of 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` DEA / Drug Scheduling '' . Jump up ^ `` DEA.gov / Headquarters News Releases , 12 / 23 / 15 '' . 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Paige Figi and Joel Stanley discuss medical marijuana , Charlotte 's Web. , The View , ABC , retrieved October 18 , 2014 Jump up ^ Waltz , Vanessa ( July 29 , 2014 ) , A Limited Amount of `` Caring '' : Parents and Advocates React to Realm of Caring 's Federal CBD - Only Bill , Ladybud Magazine , retrieved October 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Cotter , Barb ( June 10 , 2013 ) , Medicinal marijuana stops seizures , brings hope to a little Black Forest girl , The Gazette , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Tyrrell , Kelly ( December 16 , 2013 ) , Seeking Charlotte 's Web , The Philadelphia Inquirer , retrieved January 1 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : The Doctors TV Show ( November 24 , 2013 ) , November 24 , 2013 -- Unbelievable Nose Makeover ; Medical Marijuana For Kids , The Doctors TV series , retrieved March 9 , 2014 Other videos from this episode available on the website : `` Marijuana for Kids ? '' `` Medical Marijuana for Kids ? '' `` How Medicinal Marijuana Works '' `` Medical Marijuana Research Explained '' Jump up ^ Usher , Michael ( July 31 , 2014 ) , Green Rush : The push to legalise medical marijuana for Aussie children , 60 Minutes Australia , retrieved June 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Garcia , Mario ( June 7 , 2015 ) , Growing Hope : The Fight for Medical Marijuana for Epileptic Kids , Dateline NBC , retrieved June 7 , 2015 See full Dateline video . Jump up ^ Schaaf , Melissa ( September 25 , 2014 ) , Hemp Industry Overview , Boulder Weekly , retrieved September 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ The Doctors TV Show ( October 6 , 2014 ) , New Mosquito - Borne Virus ; Medicinal Marijuana to Treat Seizures , The Doctors TV series , retrieved October 6 , 2014 Other videos from this episode available on the website : `` Medical Marijuana to Treat Seizures '' `` Searching for Treatment for Seizures '' `` Finding Hope in Medical Marijuana '' `` Changing Minds on Medical Marijuana '' Jump up ^ Gupta , Sanjay , Sanjay Gupta 's Marijuana Stance , The Doctors TV series , retrieved October 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Healy , Jack ( December 5 , 2013 ) , Families See Colorado as New Frontier on Medical Marijuana , The New York Times , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Pickert , Kate ( October 22 , 2014 ) , Pot Kids : Inside the quasi-legal , science - free world of medical marijuana for children , Time , retrieved October 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Stewart , Kirsten ( November 11 , 2013 ) , Families migrate to Colorado for marijuana miracle , Delaware County Daily Times , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Phillips , Dave ( October 27 , 2013 ) , Colorado 's new pot laws draw marijuana refugees , The Denver Post , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Nutt , David ( November 19 , 2014 ) , Medicinal cannabis : time for a comeback ? , The Pharmaceutical Journal , Royal Pharmaceutical Society , archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 , retrieved November 20 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Charlotte 's Web '' marijuana supposed cure for kids ' seizures but doctors skeptical , CBS News , February 18 , 2014 , retrieved May 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ Abcarian , Robin ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` Could the extraordinary compound in cannabis that helps kids with epilepsy make you feel better ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Sara ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Why Microdosing Is Taking Over Medical Marijuana '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Borchardt , Debra ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Hemp Cannabis Product Sales Projected To Hit $1 Billion In 3 Years '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Wendy ( November 12 , 2013 ) , Utah parents look to Colorado for ' life - improving therapy ' found in cannabis extract , Deseret News , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Stewart , Kirsten ( March 25 , 2014 ) , How will marijuana grower decide who gets cannabis oil ? , The Salt Lake Tribune , retrieved March 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Price , Michelle ( March 25 , 2014 ) , Utah to welcome marijuana for limited medical use , Associated Press , retrieved March 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Waltz , Vanessa ( September 18 , 2014 ) , Realm of Caring Announces Charlotte 's Web to be Shipped to All 50 US States , Ladybud Magazine , archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 , retrieved September 19 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Schroeder , Luca ( October 8 , 2014 ) , Sanjay Gupta Discusses Possibilities , Challenges of Medical Marijuana , The Harvard Crimson , retrieved October 9 , 2014 Jump up ^ Hellerman , Caleb ( July 28 , 2014 ) , Federal marijuana bill would legalize some cannabis strains , CNN , retrieved July 29 , 2014 Jump up ^ Curry , Christopher ( August 5 , 2014 ) , UF to say no to pot , even if marijuana amendment passes , The Gainesville Sun , retrieved August 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Phillips , Dave ( October 30 , 2013 ) , ' This is the only option left ' , The Oklahoman , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Full article Jump up ^ GW Pharmaceuticals ( November 14 , 2013 ) , GW Pharmaceuticals Provides Update on Orphan Program in Childhood Epilepsy for Epidiolex ® , GW Pharmaceuticals , retrieved January 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gattone , Philip ( February 20 , 2014 ) , Epilepsy Foundation Calls for Increased Medical Marijuana Access and Research , Epilepsy Foundation , retrieved March 3 , 2014 Jump up ^ Genetic Analysis Between Charlotte 's Web Responders Versus Non - Responders in a Dravet Population . ( ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier : NCT02229032 ) , ClinicalTrials.gov , September 2014 , retrieved October 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ Pickert , Kate ( September 3 , 2014 ) , Finally , Some Hard Science on Medical Marijuana for Epilepsy Patients , Time , retrieved October 2 , 2014 Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` CW_Botanicals '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` IRS '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` Justia_CWHP '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` Justia_SBSE '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` Leasca '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . External links ( edit ) Cannabis portal Realm of Caring foundation CW Botanicals , A Stanley Brothers Company Charlotte 's Dr. moves to Israel to continue research Weed : Dr. Sanjay Gupta Reports ( full transcript ) , CNN , Full CNN video Weed 2 : Cannabis Madness , Dr. Sanjay Gupta Reports ( full transcript ) , CNN , Full CNN video ( hide ) Cannabis plant Recreational and medical applications rights Industrial applications General Autoflowering cannabis Cannabis indica ruderalis sativa Difference between C. indica and C. sativa Cannabis flower essential oil Consumption Cultivation Etymology ( cannabis , marijuana ) Glossary Cannabis strains Synthetic cannabis Usage General Medical cannabis History Timeline Religious and spiritual use Chalice Hemp Hanfparade List of hemp diseases List of hemp products ( Hempcrete Jewelry Milk Oil ) Hemp for Victory Hemp Industries Association The Emperor Wears No Clothes Variants Bhang Cannabis edibles Cannabis smoking Cannabis tea Vaporizing Preparations Kief Charas Tincture Extracts by potency Hash oil Hashish Phytocannabinoids Cannabidiol ( CBD ) Tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) Effects Cannabis in pregnancy Effects of cannabis Long - term Endocannabinoid system Dependence Culture 420 Cannabis Culture Competitions Films High Times Music Religion Head shop Pro-Cannabis organizations ACT AMMA Aotearoa ( ALCP ) ASA Buyers Club CCRMG CLEAR CRC DPA FCA GMM LEAP MAPS MPP NCIA NORML SAFER Social Club SSDP SCC Use demographics Adult lifetime use by country Annual use by country Politics General Bootleggers and Baptists Drug testing Global Marijuana March Legality Legality by country Legal and medical status Legal history in the United States Marijuana Anonymous ( MA ) Marijuana Control , Regulation , and Education Act Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 Major legal reforms UK : Return to class B Uruguay : Law No. 19172 USA : Decriminalization of non-medical use Places that have decriminalized non-medical use Removal from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act Politicians and parties Cannabis political parties List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use List of U.S. politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use Legal cases ADPF 187 Gonzales v. Raich Kyllo v. United States ( thermal imaging ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte%27s_web_(cannabis)&oldid=804470726 '' Categories : Anticonvulsants Cannabis strains Hemp Medicinal use of cannabis Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use mdy dates from September 2014 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 06 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | does charlotte's web have thc in it | [
"Charlotte's Web is a high-cannabidiol (CBD), low-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabis cultivar.[1][2][3] It does not induce the psychoactive \"high\" typically associated with recreational marijuana strains that are high in THC.[4]"
] | [
"low"
] |
-1973826659580086416 | Peace, Love & Misunderstanding | Peace , Love & Misunderstanding - wikipedia Peace , Love & Misunderstanding Jump to : navigation , search Peace , Love & Misunderstanding Theatrical release poster Directed by Bruce Beresford Produced by Brice Dal Farra Claude Dal Farra Lauren Munsch Jonathan Burkhart Written by Christina Mengert Joseph Muszynski Starring Jane Fonda Catherine Keener Jeffrey Dean Morgan Elizabeth Olsen Chace Crawford Nat Wolff Kyle MacLachlan Rosanna Arquette Music by Spencer David Hutchings Cinematography Andre Fleuren Edited by John David Allen Production company BCDF Pictures Distributed by IFC Films Release date September 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 13 ) ( TIFF ) June 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $542,762 ( Domestic ) Peace , Love & Misunderstanding is a 2011 U.S. independent comedy - drama film directed by Bruce Beresford and starring Jane Fonda , Catherine Keener , Jeffrey Dean Morgan , Elizabeth Olsen , Nat Wolff , Chace Crawford , Kyle MacLachlan , and Rosanna Arquette . It was filmed in the town of Woodstock , New York , the same town in which the movie is set . The film had a gala premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 13 , 2011 . It was released to theaters on June 8 , 2012 , starting in limited release . It was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on October 2 , 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) When her husband tells her he wants a divorce , devastated Manhattan lawyer Diane heads upstate with her two teens to Woodstock to stay with her estranged hippie mother . In this charming village , Diane and her city kids get a new perspective on life : poetry - reading daughter Zoe becomes interested in a sensitive young butcher Cole , nerdy son Jake finds material for his first film project , and Diane herself grows close to a handsome carpenter / singer Jude . Most importantly , Diane finally gets the chance to end the ancient war with the mother she has not seen for decades . Cast ( edit ) Jane Fonda as Grace Catherine Keener as Diane Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Jude Elizabeth Olsen as Zoe Chace Crawford as Cole Nat Wolff as Jake Kyle MacLachlan as Mark Rosanna Arquette as Darcy Marissa O'Donnell as Tara Joyce Van Patten as Mariam Katharine McPhee as Sara Reception ( edit ) Peace , Love & Misunderstanding has received negative reviews from critics , where it currently holds a 29 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 65 reviews with the consensus stating : `` Peace , Love , & Misunderstanding produces many unintentional laughs with its absurdly contrived plot and cheery insistence that everything is just super '' . Soundtrack ( edit ) A soundtrack has not been released for purchase , but the Internet Movie Database and tvmoviesongs.com listed songs that were played or performed in the movie : `` Being On Our Own '' , performed by Fruit Bats `` Scarborough Fair '' , performed by Jane Fonda `` Scarlet Begonias '' , performed by The Grateful Dead `` Loose Lucy '' , performed by The Grateful Dead `` Cactus Flower Rag '' , performed by Harper Simon `` Fake Hearted Lover Blues '' , performed by Levon Helm `` You 're Not The First '' , performed by Gary Knox and the Streethearts `` The Shine '' , performed by Harper Simon `` Everyday '' , performed by Vetiver `` Stella Blue '' , performed by The Grateful Dead `` The Weight '' , performed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Catherine Keener `` Seems Like Yesterday '' , performed by Katharine McPhee `` Didj On The Mothership '' , performed by Sympatico Rhythm Unit `` Changing Colors '' , performed by Great Lake Swimmers `` What 's Been Going On '' , performed by Amos Lee `` Hold On '' , performed by Angus & Julia Stone `` None The Wiser '' , performed by Dorie Colangelo `` The Devil 's Got My Secret '' , performed by Mieka Pauley `` Peace Love and Understanding '' , performed by The Gaylads `` What 'll We Do ' Till Dawn '' , performed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan `` Piano Sonata 22 in F '' , performed by Blair McMullen `` Tema con Variazioni '' , performed by Blair McMullen References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Peace , Love and Misunderstanding ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2012 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Woodstock Film Festival Presents PEACE , LOVE & MISUNDERSTANDING starring Jane Fonda '' . Woodstockfilmfestival.com. 2012 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Evans , Ian ( 2011 ) , `` Peace , Love & Misunderstanding TIFF premiere photos '' , DigitalHit.com , retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ IMDb : Peace , Love & Misunderstanding Jump up ^ Amazon.com Peace , Love & Misunderstanding DVD and Blu - ray releases Jump up ^ Peace , Love , & Misunderstanding at Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved April 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ IMDB.com , `` Soundtracks for Peace , Love & Misunderstanding '' Jump up ^ TVMovieSongs.com `` Songs from the movie Peace , Love & Misunderstanding Soundtrack '' External links ( edit ) Official website Peace , Love , & Misunderstanding on IMDb Peace , Love & Misunderstanding at Box Office Mojo Peace , Love , & Misunderstanding at Rotten Tomatoes Peace , Love & Understanding at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Bruce Beresford The Adventures of Barry McKenzie ( 1972 ) Barry McKenzie Holds His Own ( 1974 ) Side by Side ( 1975 ) Don 's Party ( 1976 ) The Getting of Wisdom ( 1978 ) Money Movers ( 1978 ) Breaker Morant ( 1980 ) The Club ( 1980 ) Puberty Blues ( 1981 ) Tender Mercies ( 1983 ) King David ( 1985 ) The Fringe Dwellers ( 1986 ) Crimes of the Heart ( 1986 ) Aria ( 1987 ) Her Alibi ( 1989 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Mister Johnson ( 1990 ) Black Robe ( 1991 ) Rich in Love ( 1993 ) A Good Man in Africa ( 1994 ) Silent Fall ( 1994 ) Last Dance ( 1996 ) Paradise Road ( 1997 ) Sydney -- A Story of a City ( 1999 ) Double Jeopardy ( 1999 ) Bride of the Wind ( 2001 ) Evelyn ( 2002 ) And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself ( 2003 ) The Contract ( 2006 ) Mao 's Last Dancer ( 2009 ) Peace , Love & Misunderstanding ( 2011 ) Bonnie & Clyde ( 2013 ) Mr. Church ( 2016 ) Flint ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peace,_Love_%26_Misunderstanding&oldid=817015389 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s comedy - drama films American comedy - drama films American films American independent films Films directed by Bruce Beresford Films set in New York ( state ) Films about dysfunctional families Hippie films Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 12 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the movie peace love and misunderstanding filmed | [
"Peace, Love & Misunderstanding is a 2011 U.S. independent comedy-drama film directed by Bruce Beresford and starring Jane Fonda, Catherine Keener, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Elizabeth Olsen, Nat Wolff, Chace Crawford, Kyle MacLachlan, and Rosanna Arquette. It was filmed in the town of Woodstock, New York, the same town in which the movie is set.[2] The film had a gala premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 13, 2011.[3] It was released to theaters on June 8, 2012, starting in limited release.[4] It was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on October 2, 2012.[5]"
] | [
"Woodstock, New York"
] |
-6205533149436858569 | Song of the South (song) | Song of the South ( song ) - wikipedia Song of the South ( song ) `` Song of the South '' Single by Alabama from the album Southern Star B - side ( I Wish It Could Always Be ) ' 55 '' Released November 7 , 1988 Recorded January 1 , 1988 Genre Country , Southern rock Length 3 : 12 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Bob McDill Producer ( s ) Alabama Larry Michael Lee Josh Leo Alabama singles chronology `` Fallin ' Again '' ( 1988 ) `` Song of the South '' ( 1988 ) `` If I Had You '' ( 1989 ) `` Fallin ' Again '' ( 1988 ) `` Song of the South '' ( 1988 ) `` If I Had You '' ( 1989 ) `` Song of the South '' is a song written by Bob McDill . First recorded by American country music artist Bobby Bare on his 1980 album Drunk & Crazy , a version by Johnny Russell reached number 57 on the U.S. Billboard country chart in 1981 . Another cover by Tom T. Hall and Earl Scruggs peaked at number 72 in 1982 from the album Storyteller and the Banjo Man . A cover released in November 1988 by American country music group Alabama , from their album Southern Star , reached number 1 on both the U.S. and Canadian country charts . Contents 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Chart positions 3.1 Johnny Russell 3.2 Tom T. Hall / Earl Scruggs 3.3 Alabama 3.3. 1 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song tells the story of a poor Southern cotton farm - family during the Great Depression . `` Cotton on the roadside , cotton in the ditch . We all picked the cotton but we never got rich . '' `` Well , somebody told us Wall Street fell , but we was so poor that we could n't tell . '' The song references President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal in the line , `` The cotton was short and the weeds was tall , but Mr. Roosevelt 's gon na save us all . '' The father of the family is a Southern Democrat ; `` Daddy was a veteran , a Southern Democrat . They oughta get a rich man to vote like that . '' The family loses the farm after the mother becomes ill . `` The county got the farm and they moved to town . '' In the end , the family ends up living comfortably well , having sought a life in a more urban location ; `` Well , papa got a job with the TVA , we bought a washing machine , and then a Chevrolet . '' Music video ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The music video , directed by Steve Boyle , consists mainly of black - and - white photos and footage of the South during the 1930s , as well as footage of members of the band and other actors in the South , which is also in black and white , to give the illusion that it was the 1930s when it was filmed . The content of the video mainly follows the song lyrics , such as the footage of President Roosevelt during the lines in the song where he is referenced . The video turns to color during the chorus , showing a large crowd fronted by the band members marching down the street of a small town . At the end , the video is also in color and shows Alabama playing at a concert , at the end of which random people come onto the stage - including the comedians Williams and Ree . Chart positions ( edit ) Johnny Russell ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 57 Tom T. Hall / Earl Scruggs ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 72 Alabama ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 83 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 41 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Song of the South '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Russell Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Tom T. Hall Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1989 '' . RPM . December 23 , 1989 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1989 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1989 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Song of the South '' at AllMusic Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bobby Bare Studio albums The Game of Triangles Notable singles `` 500 Miles '' `` The Ballad of Lucy Jordan '' `` A Dear John Letter '' `` Detroit City '' `` Four Strong Winds '' `` God Bless America Again '' `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' `` How I Got to Memphis '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' `` ( Margie 's At ) The Lincoln Park Inn '' `` Marie Laveau '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Song of the South '' `` Streets of Baltimore '' Guest singles `` No Memories Hangin ' Round '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) Related articles Bobby Bare , Jr . Tom T. Hall Studio albums In Search of a Song ( 1971 ) Places I 've Done Time ( 1978 ) Song in a Seashell ( 1985 ) Compilation albums Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( 1975 ) Singles `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' `` A Week in a Country Jail '' `` Shoeshine Man '' `` Salute to a Switchblade '' `` The Year That Clayton Delaney Died '' `` The Monkey That Became President '' `` ( Old Dogs , Children and ) Watermelon Wine '' `` Ravishing Ruby '' `` I Love '' `` That Song Is Driving Me Crazy '' `` Country Is '' `` I Care '' `` Deal '' `` I Like Beer '' `` Faster Horses ( The Cowboy and the Poet ) '' `` Fox on the Run '' `` Your Man Loves You Honey '' `` It 's All in the Game '' `` May the Force Be with You Always '' `` What Have You Got to Lose '' `` The Old Side of Town '' `` Song of the South '' `` A Bar with No Beer '' Related Discography Alabama ( band ) 1977 -- 1989 singles My Home 's in Alabama `` I Wanna Come Over '' `` My Home 's in Alabama '' `` Tennessee River '' `` Why Lady Why '' Feels So Right `` Old Flame '' `` Feels So Right '' `` Love in the First Degree '' Mountain Music `` Mountain Music '' `` Take Me Down '' `` Close Enough to Perfect '' The Closer You Get ... `` Dixieland Delight '' `` The Closer You Get '' `` Lady Down on Love '' Roll On `` Roll On ( Eighteen Wheeler ) '' `` When We Make Love '' `` If You 're Gonna Play in Texas ( You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band ) '' `` ( There 's A ) Fire in the Night '' 40 - Hour Week `` There 's No Way '' `` 40 Hour Week ( For a Livin ' ) '' `` Ca n't Keep a Good Man Down '' Greatest Hits `` She and I '' The Touch `` Touch Me When We 're Dancing '' `` '' You 've Got '' the Touch '' Just Us `` Tar Top '' `` Face to Face '' `` Fallin ' Again '' Southern Star `` Song of the South '' `` If I Had You '' `` High Cotton '' `` Southern Star '' Other singles `` Christmas in Dixie '' `` Deep River Woman '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_of_the_South_(song)&oldid=847142493 '' Categories : 1981 singles 1982 singles 1988 singles Bobby Bare songs Johnny Russell ( singer ) songs Tom T. Hall songs Earl Scruggs songs Alabama ( American band ) songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Bob McDill Vocal duets Song recordings produced by Josh Leo RCA Records singles Great Depression songs 1980 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 06 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote song of the south by alabama | [
"\"Song of the South\" is a song written by Bob McDill. First recorded by American country music artist Bobby Bare on his 1980 album Drunk & Crazy, a version by Johnny Russell reached number 57 on the U.S. Billboard country chart in 1981. Another cover by Tom T. Hall and Earl Scruggs peaked at number 72 in 1982 from the album Storyteller and the Banjo Man. A cover released in November 1988 by American country music group Alabama, from their album Southern Star, reached number 1 on both the U.S. and Canadian country charts.\n"
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"Bob McDill"
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-5074411214478796188 | Helter Skelter (song) | Helter Skelter ( song ) - wikipedia Helter Skelter ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other songs of similar name , see Helter Skelter . `` Helter Skelter '' 1976 US promotional single Song by the Beatles from the album The Beatles Published Northern Songs Released 22 November 1968 Recorded 9 -- 10 September 1968 , EMI Studios , London Genre Hard rock heavy metal proto - punk Length 4 : 29 ( stereo LP ) 3 : 40 ( mono LP ) Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` Helter Skelter '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released in 1968 on their self - titled double album , often known as `` the White Album '' . It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon -- McCartney . The song was a product of McCartney 's attempt to create a sound as loud and dirty as possible . The Beatles ' recording has been noted for its `` proto - metal roar '' and is considered by music historians to be a key influence in the early development of heavy metal . Rolling Stone magazine ranked `` Helter Skelter '' 52nd on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Beatles songs '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and inspiration 2 Recording 3 Critical reaction 4 Charles Manson 5 Cover versions 6 Paul McCartney live performances 7 Personnel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Writing and inspiration ( edit ) McCartney was inspired to write the song after reading a 1967 Guitar Player magazine interview with the Who 's Pete Townshend where he described their latest single , `` I Can See for Miles '' , as the loudest , rawest , dirtiest song the Who had ever recorded . McCartney then `` wrote ' Helter Skelter ' to be the most raucous vocal , the loudest drums , et cetera '' and said he was `` using the symbol of a helter skelter as a ride from the top to the bottom ; the rise and fall of the Roman Empire -- and this was the fall , the demise . '' In British English , a helter skelter is an amusement park attraction which features a tall spiral slide winding round a tower . McCartney has cited this song as a response to critics who accuse him of writing only ballads . On 20 November 1968 , two days before the release of The Beatles , McCartney gave Radio Luxembourg an exclusive interview , in which he commented on several of the album 's songs . Speaking of `` Helter Skelter '' , he said : `` Umm , that came about just ' cause I 'd read a review of a record which said , ' and this group really got us wild , there 's echo on everything , they 're screaming their heads off . ' And I just remember thinking , ' Oh , it 'd be great to do one . Pity they 've done it . Must be great -- really screaming record . ' And then I heard their record and it was quite straight , and it was very sort of sophisticated . It was n't rough and screaming and tape echo at all . So I thought , ' Oh well , we 'll do one like that , then . ' And I had this song called ' Helter Skelter , ' which is just a ridiculous song . So we did it like that , ' cuz I like noise . '' Recording ( edit ) The song was recorded many times during sessions for The Beatles . During the 18 July 1968 sessions , the Beatles recorded a version of the song lasting 27 minutes and 11 seconds , although this version is rather slow and hypnotic , differing greatly from the volume and rawness of the album version . Another recording from the same day , originally 12 minutes long , was edited down to 4 : 37 for Anthology 3 . On 9 September , 18 takes of approximately five minutes each were recorded , and the last one is featured on the original LP . After the 18th take , Ringo Starr flung his drum sticks across the studio and screamed , `` I got blisters on my fingers ! '' Starr 's shout was included on the stereo mix of the song . At around 3 : 40 , the song almost fades out , then quickly fades back in with three cymbal crashes and Ringo 's scream ( some sources erroneously credit the `` blisters '' line to Lennon ; in fact , Lennon can be heard asking `` How 's that ? '' before Ringo 's outburst ) . The mono version ( originally on LP only ) ends on the first fadeout without Starr 's outburst . The mono version was not initially available in the US as mono albums had already been phased out there . The mono version was later released in the American version of the Rarities album . In 2009 , it was made available on the CD mono re-issue of The Beatles as part of the Beatles in Mono CD box set . According to Chris Thomas , who was present , the 9 September session was especially spirited : `` While Paul was doing his vocal , George Harrison had set fire to an ashtray and was running around the studio with it above his head , doing an Arthur Brown . '' Starr 's recollection is less detailed , but agrees in spirit : `` ' Helter Skelter ' was a track we did in total madness and hysterics in the studio . Sometimes you just had to shake out the jams . '' Critical reaction ( edit ) Among music critics commenting on `` Helter Skelter '' , Richie Unterberger of AllMusic views it as `` one of ( the ) fiercest and most brutal rockers done by anyone '' and `` extraordinary '' . Writing for MusicHound in 1999 , Guitar World editor Christopher Scapelliti identified the track as one of three `` fascinating standouts '' on the White Album . While admiring the diversity of McCartney 's songwriting on the album , Mark Richardson of Pitchfork cites `` Helter Skelter '' as one of `` the roughest , rawest tunes in his Beatles oeuvre '' . Ian MacDonald was highly critical of the song , however , calling it `` ridiculous , McCartney shrieking weedily against a massively tape - echoed backdrop of out - of - tune thrashing '' . Rob Sheffield was also unimpressed , writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) that , following the double album 's release on CD , `` now you can program ' Sexy Sadie ' and ' Long , Long , Long ' without having to lift the needle to skip over ' Helter Skelter . ' '' Alan W. Pollack said the song will `` scare and unsettle '' listeners , citing `` Helter Skelter '' 's `` obsessive nature '' and `` undercurrent of violence '' , and noted McCartney 's `` savage vocal delivery '' as reinforcing this theme . In a 1980 interview , Lennon said , `` That 's Paul completely ... It has nothing to do with anything , and least of all to do with me . '' In March 2005 , Q magazine ranked `` Helter Skelter '' number 5 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks . Charles Manson ( edit ) Main article : Helter Skelter ( Manson scenario ) Charles Manson told his followers that several White Album songs including `` Helter Skelter '' were a part of the Beatles ' coded prophecy of an apocalyptic war in which racist and non-racist whites would be manoeuvred into virtually exterminating each other over the treatment of blacks . Upon the war 's conclusion , after black militants would kill off the few whites they would know to have survived , Manson and his companions would emerge from an underground city in which they would have escaped the conflict . As the only remaining whites , they would rule blacks , who , as the vision went , would be incapable of running America . Manson employed `` helter skelter '' as the term for this sequence of events . Los Angeles Deputy District Attorney Vincent Bugliosi , who led the prosecution of Manson and four of his followers who acted on Manson 's instruction in the Tate - LaBianca murders , named his best - selling book about the murders Helter Skelter . The book was the basis for two television movies of the same title . Cover versions ( edit ) In 1975 , Aerosmith recorded a cover of `` Helter Skelter '' , but it was not released until 1991 , on the Pandora 's Box compilation . The cover charted at # 21 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . in 1978 , Siouxsie and the Banshees released one of the first covers of the song on their debut album The Scream in 1981 , Pat Benatar included a cover of the song on her album Precious Time . In 1983 , the Bobs released an a cappella version on their eponymous album . It earned them a 1984 Grammy nomination for Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices . In 1983 , a remake this song was also featured on the Mötley Crüe album Shout at the Devil . In 1988 , a U2 recording was used as the opening track on the Rattle and Hum album . The song was recorded live at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver , Colorado on 8 November 1987 . Introducing the song , Bono controversially said , `` This is a song Charles Manson stole from the Beatles . We 're stealing it back . '' In 1989 , Vow Wow recorded `` Helter Skelter '' , released it as a single and named their album after the song . In 2007 , Oasis recorded a cover of `` Helter Skelter '' , originally as a B - side to the single release of `` Who Feels Love ? '' They also performed the song on their world tour promoting their fourth album Standing on the Shoulder of Giants in the early 2000s ; one live version was recorded for their 2001 live album Familiar to Millions . In 2007 , Dana Fuchs performs the song in Across the Universe . In 2007 , Beatallica recorded a parody called `` Helvester of Skelter '' , which also was a parody of the Metallica song `` Harvester of Sorrow '' . Paul McCartney live performances ( edit ) Since 2004 McCartney has performed the song with his band on every tour , starting on 24 May 2004 , while on the ' 04 Summer Tour , through The ' US ' Tour ( 2005 ) , the Summer Live ' 09 ( 2009 ) , the Good Evening Europe Tour ( 2009 ) , the Up and Coming Tour ( 2010 / 2011 ) , the On the Run Tour ( 2011 / 2012 ) and the Out There Tour , which started on 4 May 2013 . In the last tours , the song has been generally inserted on the third encore , which is the last time the band enters the stage . It is usually the last but one song , performed after `` Yesterday '' and before the final medley including `` The End '' . Paul played the song on his One on One Tour at Fenway Park on 17 July , 2016 accompanied by the Grateful Dead 's Bob Weir and New England Patriots football player Rob Gronkowski . McCartney performed the song live at the 48th Annual Grammy Awards on 8 February 2006 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . In 2009 , McCartney performed the song live on top of the Ed Sullivan Theater during his appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman . The version of the song from McCartney 's live album Good Evening New York City , recorded during the Summer Live ' 09 tour , was nominated at the 53rd Grammy Awards in the category of Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance . It won , becoming McCartney 's first solo Grammy win since he won for arranging `` Uncle Albert / Admiral Halsey '' in 1972 . McCartney opened his set at 12 - 12 - 12 : The Concert for Sandy Relief with the song . Personnel ( edit ) Paul McCartney -- lead vocal , electric guitar , bass , piano John Lennon -- backing vocal , six - string bass , electric guitar , sound effects ( through brass instruments ) George Harrison -- backing vocal , rhythm guitar , electric slide guitar , sound effects Ringo Starr -- drums , cowbell , vocal shout Mal Evans -- trumpet Personnel per Mark Lewisohn and Alan W. Pollack Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McKinney , Devin ( 2003 ) . Magic Circles : The Beatles in Dream and History . Harvard University Press . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01202 - X . Jump up ^ Winn , John C ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 -- 1970 . Three Rivers Press . p. 210 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 45239 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rowley , David ( 2013 ) . All Together Now . Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 68 . Jump up ^ Athitakis , Mark ( September -- October 2013 ) . `` A Beatles Reflection '' . Humanities . National Endowment of the Humanities . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , pp. 487 -- 488 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff 2000 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Erlewine 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ AskOxford 2008 . ^ Jump up to : The Beatles 2000 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Beatles Interview Database 1968 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Marck 2008 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Brown 2007 . Jump up ^ Allmusic 2007 . Jump up ^ Graff & Durchholz 1999 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Mark ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` The Beatles : The Beatles '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Brackett & Hoard , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Bugliosi 1997 , pp. 240 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Linder 2007a . Jump up ^ Linder 2007b . Jump up ^ `` Pandora 's Box - Aerosmith '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Bobs - The Bobs '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ 1984 Grammy award nomination , Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices , Richard Greene , Gunnar Madsen - Helter Skelter ( The Bobs ) LA Times , `` The Envelope '' awards database , accessed 2010 Jan 13 . Jump up ^ `` U2 - Helter Skelter '' . U2songs.com . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bono Bites Back '' . Mother Jones Magazine . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Final Nominations List , 53rd Grammy Awards Archived 14 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved on 10 February 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Yahoo ! Entertainment Story - Reuters . Retrieved on 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ ' 12 - 12 - 12 ' : Paul McCartney fronts Nirvana ' reunion ' and more highlights from Sandy benefit concert Archived 14 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 13 December 2012 . References ( edit ) `` Review of ' Helter Skelter ' '' . Allmusic. 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2006 . Retrieved 28 February 2007 . `` Definition of helter - skelter '' . AskOxford. 2008 . Retrieved 19 Sep 2010 . `` Radio Luxembourg interview , Paul McCartney '' . Beatles Interview Database. 20 November 1968 . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Brackett , Nathan ; with Hoard , Christian ( eds ) ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 4th edn ) . New York , NY : Fireside / Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Brown , Mike ( 2007 ) . `` Helter Skelter '' . What Goes On . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Bugliosi , Vincent ; Gentry , Burt ( 1994 ) . Helter Skelter : The True Story of the Manson Murders ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 08700 - X . `` Dianne Heatherington - Helter Skelter '' . Discogs. 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 2007 ) . `` Review of The Beatles ( White Album ) '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Graff , Gary ; Durchholz , Daniel ( eds ) ( 1999 ) . MusicHound Rock : The Essential Album Guide ( 2nd ed . ) . Farmington Hills , MI : Visible Ink Press . ISBN 1 - 57859 - 061 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Hoekstra , Ray ( 1978 ) . `` Will You Die For Me ? '' . Archived from the original on 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Linder , Douglas ( 2007a ) . `` Testimony of Paul Watkins in the Charles Manson Trial '' . The Trial of Charles Manson . University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law . Archived from the original on 20 March 2007 . Retrieved 28 February 2007 . Linder , Douglas ( 2007b ) . `` The Influence of the Beatles on Charles Manson '' . The Trial of Charles Manson . University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law . Archived from the original on 21 December 2002 . Retrieved 28 February 2007 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Marck , John T. ( 2008 ) . `` Helter Skelter - Music History '' . I Am The Beatles . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt & Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Pollack , Alan W ( 7 June 1998 ) . `` Helter Skelter '' . Notes on ... series . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Spitz , Bob ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : The Biography . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 80352 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Beatles ( album ) Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` Helter Skelter '' The Beatles ( White Album ) Songs Side one `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' `` Dear Prudence '' `` Glass Onion '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' `` Wild Honey Pie '' `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' Side two `` Martha My Dear '' `` I 'm So Tired '' `` Blackbird '' `` Piggies '' `` Rocky Raccoon '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' `` I Will '' `` Julia '' Side three `` Birthday '' `` Yer Blues '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' `` Sexy Sadie '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Long , Long , Long '' Side four `` Revolution 1 '' `` Honey Pie '' `` Savoy Truffle '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Revolution 9 '' `` Good Night '' Non-album single `` Hey Jude Revolution '' Outtakes `` A Beginning '' `` Across the Universe '' `` Hey Bulldog '' `` Child of Nature '' `` Circles '' `` Etcetera '' `` Junk '' `` Not Guilty '' `` Sour Milk Sea '' `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles in India Mother Nature 's Son The Grey Album Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Aerosmith Steven Tyler Joe Perry Tom Hamilton Joey Kramer Brad Whitford Ray Tabano Jimmy Crespo Rick Dufay Studio albums Aerosmith Get Your Wings Toys in the Attic Rocks Draw the Line Night in the Ruts Rock in a Hard Place Done with Mirrors Permanent Vacation Pump Get a Grip Nine Lives Just Push Play Honkin ' on Bobo Music from Another Dimension ! Live albums Live ! Bootleg Classics Live I and II A Little South of Sanity Rockin ' the Joint Extended plays Vacation Club Made in America Singles `` Mama Kin '' `` Dream On '' `` Same Old Song and Dance '' `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' `` S.O.S. ( Too Bad ) '' `` Sweet Emotion '' `` Toys in the Attic '' `` Walk This Way '' `` You See Me Crying '' `` Last Child '' `` Home Tonight '' `` Back in the Saddle '' `` Draw the Line '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` Get It Up '' `` Come Together '' `` Chip Away the Stone '' `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' `` Lightning Strikes '' `` Bitch 's Brew '' `` Let the Music Do the Talking '' `` Shela '' `` My Fist Your Face '' `` Darkness '' `` Dude ( Looks Like a Lady ) '' `` Hangman Jury '' `` Angel '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Love in an Elevator '' `` F.I.N.E. * '' `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' `` What It Takes '' `` The Other Side '' `` Monkey on My Back '' `` Love Me Two Times '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Livin ' on the Edge '' `` Eat the Rich '' `` Fever '' `` Cryin ' '' `` Amazing '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' `` Deuces Are Wild '' `` Crazy '' `` Blind Man '' `` Walk on Water '' `` Nine Lives '' `` Falling in Love ( Is Hard on the Knees ) '' `` Hole in My Soul '' `` Pink '' `` Taste of India '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' `` Angel 's Eye '' `` Jaded '' `` Fly Away from Here '' `` Sunshine '' `` Just Push Play '' `` Girls of Summer '' `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' `` Devil 's Got a New Disguise '' `` Legendary Child '' `` Lover Alot '' `` What Could Have Been Love '' `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' Compilations Greatest Hits Gems Pandora 's Box Big Ones Pandora 's Toys Box of Fire Young Lust : The Aerosmith Anthology Classic Aerosmith : The Universal Masters Collection O , Yeah ! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits Devil 's Got a New Disguise : The Very Best of Aerosmith Tough Love : Best of the Ballads Videos and DVDs Aerosmith Video Scrapbook Permanent Vacation 3x5 Live Texxas Jam ' 78 Things That Go Pump in the Night The Making of Pump Big Ones You Can Look At You Gotta Move Rock for the Rising Sun Concert tours Rocks Tour Live Bootleg ! Tour Back in the Saddle Tour Done with Mirrors Tour Permanent Vacation Tour Pump Tour Get a Grip Tour Nine Lives Tour Roar of the Dragon Tour Just Push Play Tour Girls of Summer Tour Rocksimus Maximus Tour Honkin ' on Bobo Tour Rockin ' the Joint Tour Route of All Evil Tour Aerosmith World Tour 2007 Aerosmith / ZZ Top Tour Cocked , Locked , Ready to Rock Tour Back On the Road Tour Global Warming Tour Let Rock Rule Tour Blue Army Tour Rock ' N ' Roll Rumble Tour Aero - Vederci Baby ! Tour Related articles Album discography Singles discography Videography Songs Band members Concert tours Awards Toxic Twins The Strangeurs / Chain Reaction Whitford / St. Holmes The Joe Perry Project Walk This Way : The Autobiography of Aerosmith Wherehouse Aero Force One Blue Army Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith Quest for Fame Revolution X Guitar Hero : Aerosmith songs Toxic Twin Towers Ball Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helter_Skelter_(song)&oldid=817984232 '' Categories : 1968 songs Aerosmith songs Apple Records singles Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance British hard rock songs Manson Family Mötley Crüe songs Oasis ( band ) songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Songs published by Northern Songs The Beatles songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use British English from August 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 20 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who yelled i've got blisters on my fingers | [
"The song was recorded many times during sessions for The Beatles. During the 18 July 1968 sessions, the Beatles recorded a version of the song lasting 27 minutes and 11 seconds,[12] although this version is rather slow and hypnotic, differing greatly from the volume and rawness of the album version.[13] Another recording from the same day, originally 12 minutes long, was edited down to 4:37 for Anthology 3. On 9 September, 18 takes of approximately five minutes each were recorded, and the last one is featured on the original LP.[12] After the 18th take, Ringo Starr flung his drum sticks across the studio[14] and screamed, \"I got blisters on my fingers!\"[5][12] Starr's shout was included on the stereo mix of the song. At around 3:40, the song almost fades out, then quickly fades back in with three cymbal crashes and Ringo's scream (some sources erroneously credit the \"blisters\" line to Lennon; in fact, Lennon can be heard asking \"How's that?\" before Ringo's outburst).[15] The mono version (originally on LP only) ends on the first fadeout without Starr's outburst. The mono version was not initially available in the US as mono albums had already been phased out there. The mono version was later released in the American version of the Rarities album. In 2009, it was made available on the CD mono re-issue of The Beatles as part of the Beatles in Mono CD box set."
] | [
"Ringo Starr"
] |
-4353804561431842872 | Mezuzah | Mezuzah - wikipedia Mezuzah Jump to : navigation , search Mezuzah Historic Ashkenazi mezuzah at the entrance to the monumental POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews ( 2014 ) in Warsaw , containing the Jewish parchment of the mezuzah Halakhic texts relating to this article Torah : Deuteronomy 6 : 9 and Deuteronomy 11 : 20 Mishnah : Menachot 3 : 7 Babylonian Talmud : Shabbat 32a , Yoma 11a , Menachot 33a , Mishneh Torah : Tefillin , Mezuzah , veSefer Torah ch 5 - 6 Shulchan Aruch : Yoreh De'ah 285 - 291 Ashkenazi mezuzah , as accepted in Rabbinical Judaism ; The mezuzah case is tilted and features the Hebrew letter ש ( Shin ) , as common in these mezuzahs . A Sephardic mezuzah from Macedonia , as accepted in Rabbinical Judaism ; the mezuzah case is vertical and features the Hebrew letter ש ( Shin ) A mezuzah ( Hebrew : מְזוּזָה `` doorpost '' ; plural : מְזוּזוֹת mezuzot ) comprises a piece of parchment called a klaf contained in a decorative case and inscribed with specific Hebrew verses from the Torah ( Deuteronomy 6 : 4 - 9 and 11 : 13 - 21 ) . These verses consist of the Jewish prayer Shema Yisrael , beginning with the phrase : `` Hear , O Israel , the LORD ( is ) our God , the LORD is One '' . In mainstream Rabbinic Judaism , a mezuzah is affixed to the doorpost of Jewish homes to fulfill the mitzvah ( Biblical commandment ) to `` write the words of God on the gates and doorposts of your house '' ( Deuteronomy 6 : 9 ) . Some interpret Jewish law to require a mezuzah in every doorway in the home except bathrooms ( which is not a living space ) , laundry rooms and closets , if they are too small to qualify as rooms . The klaf parchment is prepared by a qualified scribe ( `` sofer stam '' ) who has undergone many years of meticulous training , and the verses are written in black indelible ink with a special quill pen . The parchment is then rolled up and placed inside the case . Contents ( hide ) 1 Karaite and Samaritan mezuzah 2 Affixing the mezuzah 3 Checking the parchment 4 Mezuzah cases 5 Additional inscriptions 6 Amuletic usage of mezuzah 7 Legal battles in the U.S. 7.1 Illinois 7.2 Florida 7.3 Texas 7.4 Nationwide 8 References 9 Bibliography Karaite and Samaritan mezuzah ( edit ) Karaite Mezuzah in the entrance to the World Karaite Judaism Center , Ramla , Israel . It depicts the first words of each of the Ten Commandments . This article deals mainly with the mezuzah as it is used in Rabbinic Judaism . Karaite Judaism and Samaritanism have their own distinct traditions . In Karaite Judaism the deuteronomic verse `` And you shall write them on the doorposts of your houses and your gates '' ( Deuteronomy 5 : 9 ; 11 : 20 ) is interpreted to be a metaphor and not as referring to the Rabbanite mezuzah . Thus Karaites do not traditionally use mezuzot , but put up a little plaque in the shape of the two Tables of the Law with the Ten Commandments . In Israel , where they might try not to make other Jews feel uncomfortable , many Karaites make an exception and place a mezuzah on their doorpost as well . The Karaite version of the mezuzah is fixed to the doorways of public buildings and sometimes to private buildings , too . Samaritan Mezuzah in Israel , written exposed , in Samaritan Hebrew . This one reads , `` Blessed is the One who said : I will look with favor upon you , and make you fertile and multiply you ; and I will maintain My covenant with you . ( Leviticus 26 : 9 ) The LORD will open for you His bounteous store , the heavens , to provide rain for your land in season and to bless all your undertakings . ( Deuteronomy 28 : 12 ) '' The Samaritans interpret the deuteronomic commandment to mean displaying any select text from the Samaritan version of the five Books of Moses . This can contain a blessing or a particularly holy or uplifting message . In the past they placed a stone plaque inscribed with the Ten Commandments above the house door , some examples dating back to the Byzantine ( 4th - 7th century ) and Early Muslim ( 7th - 11th century ) periods being now shown in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem . Nowadays a Samaritan mezuzah is usually made of either marble , a wooden plate , or a sheet of parchment or high quality paper , on which they inscribe select verses from the Samaritan Torah . This they place either above the house door , or inside the house , in the entrance hall or at a prominent place on a large wall . These mezuzot are found in every Samaritan household as well as in the synagogue . Today some Samaritans would also use a Jewish - style mezuzah case and place inside it a small written Samaritan scroll , i.e. a text from the Samaritan Torah , written in the Samaritan alphabet . The more such mezuzot there are in the house , the better it is considered to be . Affixing the mezuzah ( edit ) According to halakha , the mezuzah should be placed on the right side of the door or doorpost , in the upper third of the doorpost ( i.e. , approximately shoulder height ) , within approximately 3 inches ( 8 cm ) of the doorway opening . Care should be taken to not tear or damage the parchment or the wording on it , as this will invalidate the mezuzah , which is considered Torah . Generally , halakha requires that mezuzot be affixed within 30 days of moving into a rented house or apartment . This applies to Jews living in the Diaspora ( i.e. , outside of the Land of Israel ) . For a purchased home or apartment in the Diaspora , or a residence in Israel ( owned or rented ) , the mezuzah is affixed immediately upon moving in . The reason for this difference is that there is an assumption that when a Jew lives in Israel , Israel shall remain his / her permanent residence , whereas a home in the diaspora is temporary . Mezuzot are very special objects and must be taken care of carefully and according to Jewish laws and traditions . Mezuzah affixed to a door frame on South Street in Philadelphia . Where the doorway is wide enough , many Ashkenazi Jews tilt the mezuzah so that the top slants toward the room into which the door opens . This is done to accommodate the variant opinions of Rashi and of his grandson , Rabbeinu Tam , as to whether it should be placed vertically ( Rashi ) or horizontally ( Rabbeinu Tam ) , and also to imply that God and the Torah ( which the mezuzah symbolizes ) are entering the room . The compromise solution has been suggested by Rabbi Jacob ben Asher . Most Sephardic , Mizrahi and other non-Ashkenazi Jews affix the mezuzah vertically , though Spanish and Portuguese Jews living in countries where the majority of Jews are Ashkenazim usually place it slanting . The procedure is to hold the mezuzah against the spot upon which it will be affixed , then recite a blessing : בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יי אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשַׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ לִקְבּוֹעַ מְזוּזָה Barukh atah Adonai Eloheinu melekh ha'olam , asher qideshanu bemitzvotav vetzivanu liqboa ' mezuzah . Blessed are You , Lord our God , King of the Universe , Who sanctified us with His mitzvot , and commanded us to affix a mezuzah . Any Jew can recite the blessing provided he or she is old enough to understand the significance of the mitzvah . After the blessing , the mezuzah is attached . Many people also touch a finger to the mezuzah as a way of showing respect to God in a simpler fashion than saying the prayer whenever they pass through the door . When affixing several mezuzot , it is sufficient to recite the blessing once , before affixing the first one . Checking the parchment ( edit ) Many observant Jews from all Jewish denominations have a qualified scribe check the mezuzot parchments for defects ( such as small tears or faded lettering ) at least twice every seven years . This job can be done by a sofer ( scribe ) or by anyone with similar training . A sofer also can make new mezuzot parchments which are in accordance with Jewish Law . Mezuzah cases ( edit ) The commandment to affix a mezuzah is widely followed in the Jewish world , even by Jews who are not religiously observant . While the important part of the mezuzah is the klaf , or the parchment , and not the case itself , designing and producing mezuzah cases has been elevated to an art form over the ages . Mezuzah cases are produced from a wide variety of materials , from silver and precious metals , to wood , stone , ceramics , pewter , and even polymer clay . Some dealers of mezuzah cases will provide or offer for sale a copy of the text that has been photocopied onto paper ; this is not a Kosher ( valid ) mezuzah , which must be handwritten onto a piece of parchment by a qualified scribe . Additional inscriptions ( edit ) It is very customary to write two inscriptions on the back of the parchment : the Hebrew word שדי ( Shaddai ) the phrase `` כוזו במוכסז כוזו '' Clear mezuzah case in Jerusalem , Israel Shaddai , ( `` Almighty '' ) one of the biblical names of God , also serves here as an acronym for Shomer Daltot Yisrael , `` Guardian of Israel 's doors '' . Many mezuzah cases are also marked with the Hebrew letter ש ( Shin ) , for Shaddai . `` כוזו במוכסז כוזו '' is a Caesar cipher -- a one letter shift -- of the third , fourth , and fifth words of the Shema , `` Adonai , Eloheinu , Adonai '' , `` The Lord , our God , the Lord '' ; it is written on the back of the case , opposite the corresponding words on the front . This inscription dates from the 11th century and is found among the Hasidei Ashkenaz ( medieval German Jewish mystics ) . According to the Sephardic custom ( minhag ) , the phrase `` כוזו במוכסז כוזו '' is prohibited , and only the Hebrew word שדי ( Shaddai ) is to be written on the back of the mezuzah . This practice is supported by the Shulchan Aruch and the writings of the Rambam . The Ashkenazi custom of writing both phrases , however , was supported in the writings of the Remo . ( Yoreh De'ah 288 : 15 ) In this regard it is worthwhile to refer to the often cited passage from Rambam 's Mishneh Torah which states : It is a common custom to write ( God 's name , ) Shaddai , on the outside of a mezuzah opposite the empty space left between the two passages . There is no difficulty in this , since ( the addition is made ) outside . Those , however , who write the names of angels , other sacred names , verses , or forms , on the inside ( of a mezuzah ) are among those who do not have a portion in the world to come . Not only do these fools nullify the mitzvah , but furthermore , they make from a great mitzvah ( which reflects ) the unity of the name of the Holy One , blessed be He , the love of Him , and the service of Him , a talisman for their own benefit . They , in their foolish conception , think that this will help them regarding the vanities of the world . Amuletic usage of mezuzah ( edit ) The culture - comparative analysis suggests that the objects placed on domestic thresholds often bear the function of an amulet repelling the broadly understood evil . In fact , the early Rabbinic sources explicitly witness the belief in the anti-demonic function of mezuzah . This is the case in e.g. JT Megillah 4 : 12 ; BT Bava Metziya 102a ; BT Pesahim 113b . The further analysis of the biblical and rabbinic texts ( inter alia Deuteronomy 6 , 11 , Exodus 12 , Mekhilta de-rabbi Ishmael 7 , 12 and BT Menahot 33b , 43b ) shows that mezuzah is construed as a device protecting against the divine anger . Interestingly , the belief in the protective power of mezuzah is prevalent in the modern times as well . In the 1970s after a series of terrorist attacks in Ma'alot the representatives of Chabad - Lubavitch started the campaign for the systematic checking of mezuzahs . The more general assumption underlying the action was that adhering to the mitzvot would guarantee personal safety . Similar steps have been undertaken by an organization Bi-zkhut rabbi Shimeon which collects the testimonies of those who have personally experienced the extraordinary power of the mezuzah . Some statements speak about the direct dependence between the damaged biblical text and the essence of the encountered calamity . For instance : A woman suffered from deep depression . An examination of her mezuzahs revealed that in the word `` your soul '' there was a letter split in two . Finally , according to various pieces of sociological research , approximately three - quarter of adults in Israel believe that the mezuzah literally guards their houses . Legal battles in the U.S. ( edit ) The Jewish practice of affixing a mezuzah to the entranceway of a residential unit has been rarely challenged in the United States or Canada , and until recently there was no case law precedent on the subject . Illinois ( edit ) A metal mezuzah case . In Chicago in 2001 , the condominium association at the 378 - unit Shoreline Towers adopted a rule banning `` mats , boots , shoes , carts or objects of any sort ... outside unit entrance doors '' , which by board vote in 2004 was interpreted to be absolute . Relying on the Association rule , Shoreline Towers management removed the hallway mezuzot of condominium tenants , resulting in letters from Jewish groups which unsuccessfully protested the rule . Complaints by Shoreline Towers tenants were subsequently filed with the Chicago Commission on Human Relations , Illinois Attorney General , and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development , alleging housing discrimination on the basis of religion and seeking damages . Meanwhile , a newspaper report indicated that Shoreline Towers was not the sole condominium association in Chicago with such a restriction , although one of them soon agreed to modify its rule . On reading a news report of the mezuzah dispute at Shoreline Towers , Chicago alderman Burton Natarus , like other Jewish observers of the development , was upset by the ban . He drafted an amendment to the city 's Municipal Code which made it illegal for a renter or owner of an apartment , house , or condo to be prohibited from `` placing or affixing a religious sign , symbol or relic on the door , door post or entrance . '' Although there was opposition to such a move , it became law in Chicago that December . The first such legislation in North America , it included a maximum $500 fine for its violation . Notwithstanding this legislation , court action continued concerning separate complaints against Shoreline Towers for its rule affecting mezuzot . In 2006 , a federal court judge determined that the condominium association 's rule did not violate the Federal Fair Housing Act ; the district court upheld the opinion on appeal in 2008 ; in 2009 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit in Chicago reversed the 2008 decision , and the case proceeded . Meanwhile , during the dispute , records of the Chicago Jewish Star ( which had been reporting on the case ) were unsuccessfully subpoenaed , and for the first time Illinois ' anti-SLAPP legislation was applied . In 2011 , a confidential settlement to the Shoreline Towers disputes was finally achieved . In 2006 , a more narrowly focused amendment to the state 's Condominium Property Act was initiated by Illinois Senator Ira Silverstein , the first such state law . Florida ( edit ) In 2006 , a woman in a 16 - story condo building in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , was instructed to remove the mezuzah from her hallway unit and threatened with a fine . After a lengthy legal battle , the condo association was found guilty of discrimination . In 2008 , House Bill 995 , an amendment to the Florida Condominium Act modeled on the Illinois state legislation , became law . Texas ( edit ) In Texas in 2007 , a couple living in the Madison Park area of Houston was instructed to `` remove the item attached to your door frame '' to avoid violating association rules . A legal battle ensued , during which a U.S. District Court judge ruled in 2008 on behalf of the condo association . Subsequently the couple turned to Texas House of Representatives member Garnet F. Coleman . His bill to protect such religious displays , as introduced in 2009 , was not adopted , but in June 2011 a slightly revised version ( HB1278 ) was signed into law by Texas Governor Rick Perry . Nationwide ( edit ) A bill designed to prevent mezuzah bans nationwide was proposed in 2008 by U.S. Congressman Jerrold Nadler ( H.R. 6932 ) . It never became law . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ maharil , teshuvos . Jump up ^ Dovid Zaklikowski . `` Which Rooms Require a Mezuzah ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Tefillin -- Phylacteries '' . Nehemia 's Wall . Nehemia Gordon . 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Nechemia Meyers ( 10 December 1999 ) . `` Israel 's 30,000 Karaites follow Bible , not Talmud '' . j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California . San Francisco Jewish Community Publications Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mezuzah throughout the Ages '' . Pe'er HasTam. 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mezuza ( Doorpost ) '' . The Samaritans : The Samaritan Israelite Community in Israel . Samaritan community website . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tefillin and Mezuzot in Samaritan and Jewish Tradition '' . Israelite Samaritan Information Institute . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samaritan mezuzah bearing excerpts from the Ten Commandments , Kefar Bilu , 6th -- 7th century CE '' . The Israel Museum Permanent Exhibitions . Israel Museum , Jerusalem . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samaritan mezuzah bearing an inscription with parts of the Ten Commandments , Mount Gerizim , Samaria , 4th century CE '' . The aesthetic of the text : the meaning , beauty , and the inspiration of the written word . Dr. Suzan Hazan . Israel Museum , Jerusalem . 2014 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samaritan Writing and Mezuzah ( doorpost ) '' . The Samaritans . Samaritan community website . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Beit Yosef YD 289 ; and see Nekudot Hakesef ad loc ^ Jump up to : Janowski , Malkie ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) . `` Why Is the Mezuzah Slanted ? - Mezuzah '' . Chabad.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mezuzah - Which Way is UP ? ? '' . Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud , Yoma 11a Jump up ^ Shulchan Aruch ( 291 : 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Mezuzah Guide '' . Chabad.org . The Chabad - Lubavitch movement . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander Poltorak The Mysterious Name Jump up ^ Rambam , . ( 2010 ) . `` Hilkhot Tefillin , Mezuzah ve - Sefer Torah 5 : 4 '' . Mishneh Torah . tr . Eliyahu Touger . Jump up ^ Frankfurter , David . `` `` The Interpenetration of Ritual Spaces in Late Antique Religions : An Overview '' ( 2008 ) in `` Archiv für Religionsgeschichte '' 10 `` . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jansson , Eva - Maria ( 1999 ) . The Message of a Mitsvah : The Mezuzah in Rabbinic Literature . Lund . pp. 50 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Kosior , Wojciech . `` `` It Will Not Let the Destroying ( One ) Enter '' . The Mezuzah as an Apotropaic Device according to Biblical and Rabbinic Sources , in `` The Polish Journal of the Arts and Culture '' 9 ( 1 / 2014 ) `` . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gordon , M.L. ( 1977 ) . `` Mezuzah : Protective Amulet or Religious Symbol '' ( PDF ) . Tradition : A Journal of Orthodox Thought. 16 ( 4 ) : 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ `` THE MEZUZAH GUARDS OUR DOORWAY מזוזה '' . www.rashbbi.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Aviezer , Hillel ( 1997 ) . `` Ha - Mezuzah -- beyn Mitzvah le - Qamiya ' '' ( PDF ) . Ma'aliyot. 19 : 217 . Jump up ^ In 1993 , 98 percent of Israelis placed a mezuzah on at least the front door to their dwelling , making it the `` commandment most widely observed '' ( Jerusalem Post , December 20 , 1993 ) ; a 1999 survey in Florida found that in Palm Beach County 89 percent of Jewish residents affix a mezuzah on a doorpost and 87 percent attend a seder ( Jewish Telegraphic Agency , December 15 , 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Toronto : League for Human Rights of B'nai Brith Canada , 2000 Annual Audit of Antisemitic Incidents ( Ontario Report ) ; Connecticut : Doft v. Washington Mews Condominium Association ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Condo revises mezuzah rule , '' Chicago Jewish Star , September 16 , 2005 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Douglas Wertheimer , `` Not On Our Doorposts : Chicago condo bans mezuzahs , '' Chicago Jewish Star , July 15 , 2005 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` More mezuzah bans , '' Chicago Jewish Star , August 5 , 2005 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinance to stop ban on mezuzahs ; one condo concedes , '' Chicago Jewish Star , August 19 , 2005 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Howard Dakoff , `` Why I Opposed the Mezuzah Ban , '' Chicago Jewish Star , November 4 , 2005 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Municipal Code of Chicago , Unfair Housing Practices ( 5 - 8 - 030 / h ) ; Mark Fitzgerald , `` Mezuzah muckraking gains legal huzzahs , '' Editor & Publisher , October 2005 , p. 13 ; `` Chicago Law Inspired by ' Jewish Star ' Articles May Go State - wide , '' Editor & Publisher , January 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Editorial , `` Give peacemaking a chance , '' Chicago Sun - Times , September 2 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Gary Washburn , `` Ethics class eyed for city workers , '' Chicago Tribune , December 14 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Ruth Eglash , `` The case of the confiscated mezuzah , '' Jerusalem Post , June 8 , 2006 ; Editorial , `` Judge : Jews Not Welcome , '' Chicago Jewish Star , September 8 , 2006 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Josh Gerstein , `` Court : No Federal Right to Mezuzot at Condominiums , '' New York Sun , July 11 -- 13 , 2008 , p. 4 ; Dan Slater , `` Mezuzah Suit Sparks Ruckus , Impassioned 7th Cir . Dissent , '' Wall Street Journal Law Blog ( July 11 , 2008 ) ; `` Judges rule on Jewish lawsuits . The Hallway mezuzah : Unjustified accommodation or intentional discrimination ? '' Chicago Jewish Star , July 18 , 2008 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court contender ( Diane P. Wood ) mulls mezuzah bias case against condo board , '' Chicago Sun - Times , May 13 , 2009 ; `` Possible Court Pick is Used to Dueling on Bench , '' Washington Post , May 16 , 2009 ; Courthouse News Service , November 17 , 2009 ; Kenneth E. Kraus , `` Court takes a new view of FHA , mezuzah case , '' Chicago Jewish Star , November 20 , 2009 , p. 4 ; J. Schwartz , `` Fight Over Jewish Symbol Heads to Trial , '' New York Times , November 21 , 2009 ; Lynne Bloch , Helen Bloch and Nathan Bloch v. Edward Frischholz and Shoreline Towers Condominium Association , No. 06 - 3376 , 7th Cir . U.S. Court of Appeals , argued May 13 , 2009 , decided Nov. 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Star objects to subpoena , '' Chicago Jewish Star , July 27 , 2007 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Debbie L. Berman and Wade A. Thomson , `` Illinois ' Anti-SLAPP Statute : A Potentially Powerful New Weapon for Media Defendants , '' Communications Lawyer , vol. 26 , March 2009 ; `` Fall - out from mezuzah case impacted by new law , '' Chicago Jewish Star , April 4 , 2008 , p. 1 ; `` $36 k award in SLAPP - mezuzah case , '' Chicago Jewish Star , August 7 , 2009 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Families settle mezuzah dispute with Chicago condo , '' Jewish Telegraphic Agency , July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Fitzgerald , `` Illinois Gov. Signs Mezuzah Law Inspired by ' Chicago Jewish Star ' , '' Editor & Publisher , April 12 , 2006 ; Illinois General Assembly , Amendment to the Condominium Property Act SB2165 ( April 12 , 2006 ) ; `` Amplification & Update , '' Chicago Jewish Star , April 28 , 2006 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Joe Kollin , `` Lauderdale condo bans religious symbol on doorposts , '' South Florida Sun - Sentinel , February 3 , 2007 ; `` Florida condo bans mezuzahs , '' Chicago Jewish Star , February 9 , 2007 ; `` Florida mezuzah ban ends , '' Chicago Jewish Star , April 20 , 2007 ; Steve Lipman , `` Mezuzah Standoff in Ft . Lauderdale , '' The Jewish Week , February 16 , 2007 , p. 25 ; D. Morris , `` Richter Wins Fight to Keep Mezuzah , '' Florida Jewish News , April 13 , 2007 ; `` Florida gets a mezuzah bill , '' Chicago Jewish Star , May 23 , 2008 , p. 3 ; Florida House of Representatives , CS / HB 995 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois , then Florida -- Is Texas next ? '' , Chicago Jewish Star , April 3 , 2009 , p. 1 ; Jewish Herald - Voice , April 9 , 2009 ; Jewish Herald - Voice , April 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Texas gets a mezuzah law , '' Chicago Jewish Star , May 27 , 2011 , p. 1 ; Kate Shellnutt , `` New Texas law defends residents ' religious displays , '' Houston Chronicle , June 20 , 2011 ; `` Perry signs mezuzah bill , '' Chicago Jewish Star , June 24 , 2011 , p. 1 ; Texas House of Representatives , HB 1278 . Jump up ^ New York Sun , September 19 -- 21 , 2008 , p. 4 ; `` Congress to trump court on mezuzah issue , '' Chicago Jewish Star , September 26 , 2008 , p. 1 ; Chicago Jewish Star , April 3 , 2009 , p. 13 ; H.R. 6932 : Freedom of Religious Expression in the Home Act of 2008 . Bibliography ( edit ) `` Documentary on different aspects of mezuzah '' . Alexander Poltorak . A Light unto My Path : A Mezuzah Anthology . Dovid Zaklikowski . Mezuzah Handbook . `` Mezuzah Info Center '' . The laws of Mezuzah Shulchanaruchharav.com ( hide ) Jewish scribes ( soferim ) Lists of scribes Great Assembly List of sofers Related articles Get ( divorce document ) Gevil Ketubah Klaf Ktav Stam Mezuzah Sefer Torah Tefillin ( amulet ) Category : Jewish scribes ( soferim ) GND : 4624268 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mezuzah&oldid=802981965 '' Categories : Doors Jewish ritual objects Hebrew words and phrases Hebrew calligraphy Uses of leather in Judaism Positive Mitzvoth Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Ladino Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 18 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does a mezuzah go on a door | [
"According to halakha, the mezuzah should be placed on the right side of the door or doorpost, in the upper third of the doorpost (i.e., approximately shoulder height),[11] within approximately 3 inches (8 cm) of the doorway opening.[citation needed] Care should be taken to not tear or damage the parchment or the wording on it, as this will invalidate the mezuzah, which is considered Torah. Generally, halakha requires that mezuzot be affixed within 30 days of moving into a rented house or apartment. This applies to Jews living in the Diaspora (i.e., outside of the Land of Israel). For a purchased home or apartment in the Diaspora, or a residence in Israel (owned or rented), the mezuzah is affixed immediately upon moving in. The reason for this difference is that there is an assumption that when a Jew lives in Israel, Israel shall remain his/her permanent residence, whereas a home in the diaspora is temporary. Mezuzot are very special objects and must be taken care of carefully and according to Jewish laws and traditions."
] | [
"on the right side of the door or doorpost, in the upper third of the doorpost (i.e., approximately shoulder height),[11] within approximately 3 inches (8 cm) of the doorway opening"
] |
7285018717000471895 | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterwards , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and a new threat to his Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later , the Z Fighters participate in a universal tournament held by Zeno - sama to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament , then their entire universe will be erased . Twelve pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and ten ending themes . For the first 76 episodes , the opening theme is `` Chōzetsu ☆ Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . Beginning with episode 77 , the second opening theme is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' and Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . For the first 12 episodes , the ending theme is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme from episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme from episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme from episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . Beginning with episode 109 , the tenth ending theme is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by the rock band RottenGraffty . The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia and India in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super started airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus 2.2 Season 2 : Golden Frieza 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Saga Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired God of Destruction Beerus 14 July 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 05 ) October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) Golden Frieza 13 October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) Universe 6 19 January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) `` Future '' Trunks 30 June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 5 Universe Survival TBA February 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward - Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū - ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Season 2 : Golden Frieza ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into Golden Frieza . Both are impressed by the other 's progress . They engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes . On their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger . They also notice that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku . While no match for Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping . Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku knows that he only needs to continue for a while longer before Frieza 's weakness appears again . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath . His attacks no longer hurt Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness . Goku explains that Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza mouths a few inaudible words to his subordinate , Sorbet , and agonizes over his failed chance at revenge . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth , while he still can . To everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Frieza steps on Goku 's chest wound and gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down . As Goku screams in pain , Frieza mocks him for being overconfident . According to Frieza , Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him . Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , which kills him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his new ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta , but he fails to do so . Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat . While Vegeta powers up his final attack , Frieza instead blows up the Earth . Whis protects Goku and the others . As Goku laments his missed opportunity to defeat Frieza , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes , which will allow Goku to have another chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle . This allows Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation . Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones . Piccolo is delighted to hear this . Season 3 : Universe 6 ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 - His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin - Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' - Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai - Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Zunō - sama ( ズノー 様 ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Zunō - sama 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Zunō - sama 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Zunō - sama 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto - Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons - And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū - soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Zenō . Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka who she considers to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their match . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku Ca n't Control His Ki ? ! A Struggle to Look After Pan ! '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf and his companions plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu - Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal on Planet Potofu ! The Secret of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta - `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Potofu . A group of space bandits , headed by a teal humanoid Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) , attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potaji ( ポタジ ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta is Disappearing ? ! The Terror of the Clone Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 December 23 , 2017 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Komeson ( コメソン ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . Learning that the original will disappear once cloned , Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs Clone Vegeta ! Who Will Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 December 30 , 2017 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potaji tells Vegeta to use Komeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potaji suggests that the Komeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potaji , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Komeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Komeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potaji notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out and Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates and Potaji reseals Komeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Potofu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 TBA In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past and save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Zenō , who is the `` King of Universes '' . Beerus says that Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there has originally been more than there are at present . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi - Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 TBA Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother Bulma . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future - Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` Mirai kara no messēji - Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 TBA Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . He tells him he looks just like an enemy he was after . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks practice , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 TBA Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time - Trunks and Mai '' / `` Toki o koeta omoi - Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 TBA Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to rid the world of humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited - Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' / `` Shitei saikai - Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 TBA Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at the latter 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly after , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to an alternate universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 TBA Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive to Universe Ten . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals , specifically humans . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by his master . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . Meanwhile on Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood - Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono - Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 TBA Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku - Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne - Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 TBA Whis and Beerus are worried over Zenō - sama 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Zenō - sama out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Zenō - sama 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku and the others arrive to Zenō - sama 's sanctuary . Zenō - sama says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find more friends for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Zenō - sama gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku and the others leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 TBA Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rose ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body - Zamasu Descends '' / `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami - Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 TBA Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves the two . Vegeta himself gets badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black - The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu to Burakku - Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 TBA Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Zunō - sama 's planet . Under duress , Zunō - sama explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis posits a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . He believes that , after losing to Goku , Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive to the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu - Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore - Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 TBA Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . They leave shortly after . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to kill Goku . Beerus saves Goku and kills Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu killed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future - Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Futatabi mirai e - Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 TBA With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . The two groups meet shortly after . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully killed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers ; he had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of his timeline 's Goku with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu no yabō - Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 TBA Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 TBA While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly breaks . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts - Farewell , Trunks '' / `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni - saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Zenō - sama gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Zenō - sama appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Zenō - sama decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Zenō - sama erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Zenō - sama and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Zenō - sama to meet the present Zenō - sama , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Zenō - sama with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Great Priest ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenlong ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenron ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn - Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Season 5 : Universe Survival ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Zenō - sama and Future Zenō - sama are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Zenō - sama 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Zenō - sama 's button to head to his realm and convince both Zenō - samas to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Zenō - sama 's naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Great Priest arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Zenō - sama to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Zenō - sama has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Zenō - sama to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Great Priest also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Zenō - sama 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Zenō - sama 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Great Priest explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Zenō - sama erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Zenō - sama is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Zenō - sama is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Great Priest announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Great Priest announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Zeno - sama had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Zenō - sama to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Zenō - sama agrees on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Great Priest states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Zenō - sama will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Zenō - sama 's blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Great Priest puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Great Priest begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū - Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū - sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 - それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Zenō - sama cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA The Zenō - samas are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Great Priest forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Great Priest introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Zenō - samas , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , the Zenō - samas erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle the score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when both Zenō - samas rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Zenō - sama erases him , who explains this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku rallies himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black ball , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Great Priest rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As the Zenō - samas prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 , Migatte no Goku'i ' ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aim an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Biarra ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Pancea ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Borareta ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Zenōs approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings , so the other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaio - ken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not enough to take her down . When Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from their battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain . Vegeta decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina . He declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes her ultimate attack , a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air . Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him . She takes advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he back flips over her attack and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range . Goku blasts Kefla out of the ring and eliminates her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , that leaves Saonel and Pirina as the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode is dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Great Battle of Love ! Androids vs Universe 2 ! ! '' `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 01 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 - 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 - 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 - 133 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super - Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 3 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . 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"\n\nOverall No.\nSaga No.\nEnglish translation[a]\nOriginal Japanese title\nOriginal airdate[26]\nAmerican airdate\n\n\n77\n1\n\"Let's Do It, Zen-Oh Sama! The All-Universe Martial Arts Tournament!!\"\n\"Yarou ze Zenō-sama! Uchū ichi Budō-kai!!\" (やろうぜ全王様! 宇宙一武道会!!) \nFebruary 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Present Zenō-sama and Future Zenō-sama are playing a game together in their realm, but both have become bored with their monotonous routine. Meanwhile, Goku heads to a local farmer's market to sell his produce and get Chi-Chi off his back about making money. On the way home, he is ambushed by some robbers. Goku defeats them, but he is injured in the process. Deciding that he has grown rusty, Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis. They head to the Capsule Corporation building, where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta's second child. Goten remains behind to train with Trunks. Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth. Goku heads to Beerus' planet alone. While training with Whis, Goku remembers Zenō-sama's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament. Heedless of Beerus and Whis' warnings, Goku uses Zenō-sama's button to head to his realm and convince both Zenō-samas to hold the tournament. When he returns to Beerus' planet, Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Zenō-sama's naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse. Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again. Goku, Beerus, and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais, where the Great Priest arrives. He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the \"Tournament of Power\" (力の大会, Chikara no Taikai). \n\n\n78\n2\n\"The Gods of Every Universe in Shock?! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power\"\n\"Zen uchū no kami-sama mo don hiki!? Maketara shōmetsu \"Chikara no taikai\"\" (全宇宙の神様もドン引き!? 負けたら消滅「力の大会」) \nFebruary 12, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Great Priest explains the details of the \"Tournament of Power\" and states that it will be held on \"the World of Void\". It is a place of \"infinite nothingness\", where the competitors can fight without limits. The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls, while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence. Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty. Goku suggests asking Zenō-sama to ignore it, but Whis advises against this. Whis tells Goku that Zenō-sama has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous. Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Zenō-sama to hold the tournament in the first place. Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces. The Great Priest also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Zenō-sama's benefit. Each universe is to name three fighters. Goku sets off to recruit teammates. After Vegeta refuses, Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu, who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7. Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan. Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic. Back at Zenō-sama's palace, all the gods from all 12 universes gather. The Great Priest explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match. He alludes to the possibility of Zenō-sama erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament. In the first round, Majin Buu is to fight Basil (バジル, Bajiru), a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9. \n\n\n79\n3\n\"Universe 9's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7's Majin Buu!!\"\n\"Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū!!\" (第9宇宙蹴りのバジルVS第7宇宙魔人ブウ!!) \nFebruary 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBasil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu, who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game. Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu's attention, which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack. As Roh (ロウ, Rō), the Supreme Kai of Universe 9, claims victory, Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach, but he is otherwise unmoved. Basil and Roh are shocked to see this. Mr. Satan is injured during the attack. He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious. This enrages Majin Buu to the point, where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring. However, since neither Zenō-sama is satisfied with the fight, Basil is allowed to get back into the ring. Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful. Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating, Zenō-sama is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue. The Great Priest announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along. Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him, which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9. However, Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil. This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory. As the Universe 9 team laments Basil's loss, Basil's second oldest brother Lavender (ラベンダ, Rabenda) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent, which Bergamo gives him permission to do, he can win his match. Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender. \n\n\n80\n4\n\"Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit! Son Gohan's Fight!!\"\n\"Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase! Son Gohan no tatakai!!\" (眠った闘志を呼び覚ませ! 孫悟飯の闘い!!) \nFebruary 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs their battle begins, Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan's eyes and blinds him. Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison, but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone. Unable to see, Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows. Lavender counters by levitating, which eliminates the sound of his footsteps. Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender's body, which uses it as a kind of active radar. Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan's body. Lavender mounts a comeback. In desperation, Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack. He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed. Lavender is knocked out, but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he cannot continue. With both fighters down, the match is declared a tie. After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean, the Great Priest announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well. However, Universes 1, 5, 8, and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong. Zeno-sama had long believed that there were too many universes. He was planning to erase most of them anyway, but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared. With the announcement concluded, the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo (ベルガモ, Berugamo), Basil's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine. \n\n\n81\n5\n\"Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku! Which One Wields the Limitless Power?!\"\n\"Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida! ?\" (潰しのベルガモVS孫悟空! 青天井の強さはどっちだ!?) \nMarch 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBefore their battle begins, Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods. Bergamo pleads with Zenō-sama to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased. Zenō-sama agrees on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle. Great Priest states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure, Zenō-sama will immediately erase all of the universes. Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms. When the fight begins, Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed. Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times, but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku's attacks. He grows stronger and physically larger. Goku continues to attack, which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight. Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue, which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha. Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure, but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge. The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin. The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner. Suddenly, a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo (トッポ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle. Goku, who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo, agrees to fight Toppo. \n\n\n82\n6\n\"Never Forgive Son Goku! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes!!\"\n\"Son Gokū yurusumaji! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū!!!\" (孫悟空許すまじ! 正義の戦士トッポ乱入!!) \nMarch 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAfter obtaining Zenō-sama's blessing to proceed, Goku and Toppo begin their battle. Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku's shoulder. Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows, but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug. He begins squeezing the life out of Goku, which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape. Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha. Just as the two power up even more, the Great Priest puts an end to the fight. As Toppo leaves, he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren (ジレン). The Great Priest begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power. In the Sacred World of the Kais, Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku's constant relaxed and negligent attitude, which Whis breaks up. The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy. \n\n\n83\n7\n\"Form the Universe 7 Representing Team! Who are the Strongest Ten?!\"\n\"Dai-7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo! Saikyō no 10-ri wa dareda?\" (第7宇宙代表チームを結成せよ! 最強の10人は誰だ!?) \nMarch 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation. They discuss who should be on the team. Goku immediately suggests Monaka, but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and cannot participate. Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta, Piccolo, Krillin, Master Roshi, No. 18, and No. 17, which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine. Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience. They proceed to ask Vegeta, who has been thinking of a name for his second child. Vegeta refuses to participate. He says he will not fight, while Bulma is pregnant. Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight. Everyone celebrates the baby's birth. Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother. As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta, he develops an attachment to her. Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot. However, Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla's name. Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin's house. \n\n\n84\n8\n\"Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18\"\n\"Sukautoman Son Gokū - Kuririn to 18-gō o izanau\" (スカウトマン孫悟空 クリリンと18号を誘う) \nApril 2, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and Gohan arrive at Krillin's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power. No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use. No. 18 is reluctant to join herself. She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them, but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward, which convinces her to participate. Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast. After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat, Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea. Goku is excited by Krillin's new power. He challenges him to a sparring match as well. They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan, where Krillin's strategies make up for the gap in power, forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan. Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form, and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash. As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin, No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku's Kamehameha, just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion. She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku cannot expect to fight one-on-one all the time. Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power. No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve, but she does not know where. Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17. \n\n\n85\n9\n\"The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives\"\n\"Ugokidasu uchū - sorezore no omowaku\" (動き出す宇宙 - それぞれの思惑) \nApril 9, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGohan leaves to recruit Piccolo, while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout. He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training. Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance. The two spar together. Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage. Meanwhile, Khai (カイ), the Supreme Kai of Universe 11, gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7's, who is ostracized due to Goku's involvement with the creation of the tournament. Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Zenō-sama cancel the erasure of the universes, but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so. Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai's meeting, and they discuss Goku. Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral (カーセラル, Kāseraru) and Dyspo (ディスポ, Disupo). Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans. Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17's location. Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo. \n\n\n86\n10\n\"Fist Cross for the First Time! Android #17 VS Son Goku!!\"\n\"Hajimete majiwaru kobushi! Jinzōningen Jūnana-gō VS Son Gokū!!\" (初めて交わる拳! 人造人間17号VS孫悟空!!) \nApril 16, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nOn their way to the island where No. 17 is working, Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games, No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger. Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough. They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers. As they introduce themselves to each other, a large army of poachers arrive. Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all. Afterwards, No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns. The two decide to have a sparring match. No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku, which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue. Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17, who easily deflects it with an energy shield. The two go toe-to-toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire. Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight. Afterwards, Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power, but No. 17 is uninterested. He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased. Meanwhile, alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus. \n\n\n87\n11\n\"Hunt the Poachers! Goku and No. 17's United Front!!\"\n\"Mitsuryō-dan o kare! Gokū to Jūnana-gō no kyōtō!!\" (密漁団を狩れ! 悟空と１７号の共闘!!) \nApril 23, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls. As he begins to consider Goku's offer, the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island's animals. Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape. After defeating some of the poachers, No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader, while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers. No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader. Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self-destruct if he is not released immediately. No. 17 smashes him out of a window, which vents both of them into deep space. Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai's world. Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader's threat was a bluff. Afterwards, Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes. Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers. No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power. He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family. \n\n\n88\n12\n\"Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training!\"\n\"Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō!\" (悟飯とピッコロ 師弟激突の限界修業！) \nApril 30, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGohan and Piccolo engage in intense training. Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power. He points out that Gohan's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless. Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan, and the two continue to spar. Meanwhile, Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor, Renso (レンソウ). Cabba asks him to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power, but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg. Renso suggests his sister, Caulifla (カリフラ, Karifura), instead, who he claims is even stronger than him. Back in Universe 7, Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan. Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle. After being encouraged by Piccolo, Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu. The two fight again, and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo's arm. However, Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan, which proves Piccolo's point about Gohan's overconfidence. That night, Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power. They both agree to work on combination moves. \n\n\n89\n13\n\"An Unknown Beauty Appears! The Tenshin-Style Dojo's Mystery?!\"\n\"Arawareta nazo no bijo! Tenshin-ryū Dōjō no kai!?\" (現れた謎の美女! 天津流道場の怪!?) \nMay 7, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku heads to Master Roshi's island, where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo, and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor. Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team, and heads off to recruit him and Roshi. At Tien's dojo, a woman named Yurin (ユーリン, Yūrin) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo. Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo, Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her. Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power, but, even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni, Tien refuses. Yurin escapes Roshi's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien's students on a rampage throughout town. Goku, Tien, Chiaotzu, and Roshi arrive at the village, where Yurin confronts them. Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her. Meanwhile, Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. Back on Earth, while Goku, Chiaotzu, and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing, Roshi battles Yurin. He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin's panties, which allows her to brainwash him. The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien, but Goku intervenes. While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin, Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing. Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo. Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village. After hearing about the 10 million Zeni, Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well. \n\n\n90\n14\n\"See The Wall That Must Be Passed! Goku vs Gohan\"\n\"Koerubeki kabe o misuete! Gokū bāsasu Gohan\" (超えるべき壁を見据えて! 悟空VS悟飯) \nMay 14, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Gohan finishes training with Piccolo, they go to meet with Goku, Master Roshi, and Tien. At Gohan's request, Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament. Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone, Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously. As Gohan fights both his father and Tien, Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique, which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched. Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed. Although Goku agrees, Gohan requests to have a one-on-one fight against his father. Goku accepts, and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2. Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight, Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku. Gohan begs Goku to use his full power. Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio-Ken technique, then defeats Gohan with a single blow. Impressed with his son's improvement, Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team. Meanwhile, Rumsshi (ラムーシ, Ramūshi) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim (ムリチム, Murichimu) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament. \n\n\n91\n15\n\"Which Universe Will Survive?! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering!!\"\n\"Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da!? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi-tachi!!\" (勝ち残るのはどの宇宙だ!? 続々と集う最強の戦士たち!!) \nMay 21, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Zenō-samas are suffering from extreme boredom again. They decide to observe the universes' progress in assembling their strongest warriors. In Universe 7, Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training. Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta's gravity chamber. Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi's weakness to seduction techniques, which fails miserably. In Universe 9, word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe. The populace has descended into anarchy. The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters. In Universe 6, Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power, while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process. In Universe 11, Toppo's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree. In Universe 2, a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau (ブリアン・デ・シャトー, Burian de Shatō) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne (リブリアン, Riburian) and auditions for a spot in the tournament. In Universe 10, Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit. Back in Universe 7, Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and cannot join the tournament, which horrifies everyone. \n\n\n92\n16\n\"Emergency Development! The Incomplete Ten Members!!\"\n\"Kinkyū jitai hassei! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā!!\" (緊急事態発生! そろわない10人のメンバー!!) \nMay 28, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku races to Mr. Satan's house, where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation. Meanwhile, all of Universe 7's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation. After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him, Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin, No. 18, and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose. When Goku returns, Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18. After Goku fails to convince them otherwise, Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying, while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward. In Universe 6, Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. As Caulifla's protégée, Kale (ケール, Kēru), observes them, Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform. When that fails, he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back. Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan. Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power. She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself. In Universe 11, Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters, where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees' hands so they can participate in the tournament. In Universe 3, two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi (ニグリシ, Nigrisshi) and Narirama (ナリラマ, Narirāma) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3's God of Destruction Mosco (モスコ, Mosuko), Supreme Kai Ea (エア), and Angel Campari (カンパーリ, Kanpāri). Back in Universe 7, Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu. When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force, Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza, which shocks everyone. \n\n\n93\n17\n\"You're The Tenth Warrior! Goku Goes To See Frieza!!\"\n\"Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da! Gokū Furīza no moto e!!\" (10人目の戦士はおめえだ! 悟空 フリーザのもとへ!!) \nJune 4, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades. He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament. If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him. Goku's friends reluctantly agree, and he sets out to the afterlife. The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them. In Universe 6, Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail. Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness, and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan. Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba. Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba's perceived relationship. She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba. Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla's arms. Cabba, who is impressed by Kale's power, decides to add her to Universe 6's team. Back in Universe 7, Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma's permission to visit Frieza. He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them. Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth's Dragon Balls. When Goku hesitates to agree, Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become. Goku accepts his terms. In Universe 4, Ganos (ガノス, Ganosu) reports Universe 7's latest actions to Universe 4's God of Destruction Quitela (キテラ, Kitera) and Supreme Kai Kuru (クル). Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus. \n\n\n94\n18\n\"The Emperor of Evil Returns! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins?!\"\n\"Aku no Teiō fukkatsu! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku-tachi!?\" (悪の帝王復活! 出迎える謎の刺客たち!?) \nJune 11, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nQuitela contacts Universe 9's God of Destruction Sidra (シドラ, Shidora) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first. Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed. Meanwhile, Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success. As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin's tower, Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17's island to pick him up and drop off Goten, Trunks, and Marron. Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba's home, where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza. As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart, an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads. Despite the time pressure, Frieza wounds the assassins' leader, transforms into his Golden form, and prepares for battle. \n\n\n95\n19\n\"The Worst! The Most Evil! Frieza's Rampage!!\"\n\"Saikyō! Saiaku! Furīza Ōabare!!\" (最凶! 最悪! フリーザ大暴れ!!) \nJune 18, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFrieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z-Fighters. He quickly slaughters most of the assassins, which horrifies Goku. The assassins' leader, who has been directly empowered by Sidra, attacks Frieza with Sidra's power, but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack. Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him. Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them. Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector. Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him. Roh fears Frieza's psychopathic and treasonous nature, while Sidra wants his power. Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line. Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku. Frieza cuts the connection. He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends. Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match, which ends in a draw. Goku, Frieza, Beerus, and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation. The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power. \n\n\n96\n20\n\"The Time Is Here! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe!!\"\n\"Toki wa kita! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e!!\" (時はきた! 宇宙の命運をかけ無の界へ!!) \nJune 25, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nIn the World of Void, Universes 1, 5, and 8's Gods of Destruction Iwne (イワン, Iwan), Arack (アラク, Araku), and Liquiir (リキュール, Rikīru) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power's fighting stage. Afterwards, the Great Priest forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage. In Universe 7, Gohan and Shin's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them. This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta's Saiyan pride. Whis transports the team to the World of Void. All of the other universes arrive. Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together, while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power. As the Great Priest introduces each team, Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team, which confuses most of Universe 7, except for Tien, who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence. After a speech from the Zenō-samas, the 80 warriors prepare for battle. \n\n\n97\n21\n\"Survive! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last!!\"\n\"Ikinokore! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai!!\" (生き残れ! ついに開幕「力の大会」!!) \nJuly 2, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Great Priest reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament. A massive free-for-all ensues. Goku targets Toppo, but he is intercepted by Ganos. Disregarding Gohan's plan as well, No. 17, No. 18, Vegeta, and Frieza all jump into the fray. Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage, but Hit and Basil disable it. Universe 10's Lilibeu (リリベウ, Ririberu) attacks Basil, but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage. Meanwhile, the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes, but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off. Basil nearly defeats Universe 10's Napapa, but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment. As Goku is pursuing Toppo, he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4's Nink (ニンク, Ninku) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him. Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage. As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy, Basil, Lavender, Bergamo, and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament. \n\n\n98\n22\n\"Oh, Uncertainty! A Universe Despairs!!\"\n\"Ā mujou! Zetsubō suru Uchū!!\" (あぁ無常! 絶望する宇宙!!) \nJuly 9, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nRoh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match. Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament. He fights Team Universe 9, where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork. Vegeta notices Goku's plight and reinforces him. Roh sends over three more fighters. Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop (ソレル, Hoppu) into accidentally hitting each other. Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors. No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel (ソレル, Soreru) and Roselle. Only Basil, Lavender, and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9. Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage. The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort, but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha. With all 10 members defeated, Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament. As a result, the Zenō-samas erase Universe 9, Roh, Sidra, and all of their fighters. This amuses Universe 9's angel Mojito (モヒイト, Mohi'ito) and horrifies everyone else. \n\n\n99\n23\n\"Show Them! Krillin's True Power!!\"\n\"Misetsukero! Kuririn no sokojikara!!\" (見せつけろ! クリリンの底力!!) \nJuly 16, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9's erasure, No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back. Vegeta tries to fight Hit, but he is blocked by Botamo, who is immune to damage. Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage, but Magetta stops him at the last moment. Meanwhile, Universe 10's Jium (ジウム, Jiumu) attacks Gohan and his friends. Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi. Universe 4's Shosa (ショイサ, Shōsa) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts. Krillin rescues No. 18, and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack. They are challenged by Universe 4's Majora (マジョラ), who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle. Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin, Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage. Krillin boasts about his victory, which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow. Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament. \n\n\n100\n24\n\"Out Of Control! The Savage Berserker Awakens!!\"\n\"Daibōsō! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi!!\" (大暴走! 目覚め荒ぶる狂戦士!!) \nJuly 23, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Universe 7 recovers from Krillin's defeat, Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10's Murisam (ムリサーム) and confronts Vegeta. Hit blows off Narirama's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack. He flicks him off the stage. Meanwhile, Kale is disabled by Universe 10's Napapa and Methiop (メチオープ). They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage, but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa. The two confront Goku, and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2's Jimeze (ジーミズ, Jimizu) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue. Goku refuses, and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan. However, her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack. With Goku's aid, Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2, and the two resume their fight. As Kale watches them, she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form. Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire. Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her. Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue. He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha, but Kale powers through it unharmed. As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power, Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop. When Universe 11's Vuon (ブーオン, Būon) attempts to stop her, Kale defeats him as well. Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast. As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale, Goku challenges Jiren. \n\n\n101\n25\n\"The Impending Warriors of Justice! The Pride Troopers!!\"\n\"Semari kuru seigi no senshi! Puraido Torūpāsu!!\" (迫りくる正義の戦士！プライド・トルーパス！！) \nJuly 30, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku prepares to fight Jiren, Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts. Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina. This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper (タッパー, Tappā), Zoiray (ゾイレー, Zoirē), Cocotte (ココット, Kokotto), and Kettol. The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon's defeat. The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku. Meanwhile, Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3's The Preecho (ザ・プリーチョ). They regroup with Gohan, Piccolo, Vegeta, and Frieza, where he has defeated Murichim. The Pride Troopers push Goku, Caulifla, and Kale to the brink, but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them. No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper, while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral. The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale. Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 do not interfere. As the four beat Caulifla, Kale's self-hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form, but she remains in control of herself this time. Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral, Zoiray, and Kettol. Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast, but No. 18 simply throws it off, eliminating Cocotte. Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest. The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them. \n\n\n102\n26\n\"The Power of Love Explodes?! Universe 2's Little Witch Warriors!!\"\n\"Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu!? dai ni uchu majo-kko senshi!!\" (愛の力が大爆発！？ 第２宇宙の魔女っ子戦士！！) \nAugust 6, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBrianne and her companions Sanka Ku (サンカ・クー, Sanka Kū) and Su Roas (スー・ロース, Sū Rōsu) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter-egos. No. 17 blasts them before they can transform, but Brianne, Goku, and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform, much to Beerus' dismay. They assume their alter-egos Ribrianne, Kakunsa (カクンサ, Kakunsa), and Rozie (ロージィ, Rōjī) and barrage the arena with a powerful love-based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters. Universe 7's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects. Gohan's group elects to split up and fight independently. Vegeta attacks Ribrianne, who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10's Jirasen (ジラセン). Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up, while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style. No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier. He attempts to knock her out of the stage, but her teammate Vikal (ビカル, Bikaru) rescues her. No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal. He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast. Enraged by his actions, Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17. \n\n\n103\n27\n\"Gohan, Show No Mercy! Showdown With Universe 10!!\"\n\"Gohan yo hijōnare! Dai ju uchu to no kessen!!\" (悟飯よ非情なれ！第10宇宙との決戦!!) \nAugust 13, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nRibrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other, while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku's defenses. She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up, but No. 17 protects him with a barrier. Goku, who has studied Rozie's techniques, hits her with a powerful ki blast. As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne, Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission. Elsewhere, Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa's orders. As Piccolo and Goku observe, Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows, which apparently have no effect. However, Gohan's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself, allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage. Universe 10's Obuni (オブニ) and Rubalt (ルバルト, Rubaruto) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo. Jimeze defeats Universe 10's Jilcol (ジルコル Jirukoru). With 8 warriors eliminated, Gowasu accepts his imminent demise, while Rumsshi remains defiant. Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan. Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo, but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt, leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni. Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan, which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again. Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni's punches. He counterattacks Obuni's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit. Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan, but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10. Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha. All of Universe 10's fighters have been eliminated. Right before Universe 10 is annihilated, Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child. Gohan and Universe 10's angel, Cus (クス, Kusu), mourn Universe 10's erasure. \n\n\n104\n28\n\"The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins! Goku and Hit Join Forces!!\"\n\"Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen!!\" (超絶光速バトル勃発! 悟空とヒットの共同戦線!!) \nAugust 20, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nDyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit's Time Skip. Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip. Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally, but he is pushed to the edge of the stage. Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo's fighting style and is luring him into a trap. Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi (クンシー, Kunshī) to back him up. Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow, Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge. However, Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated. The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner. Before they can finish him off, Goku interferes and rescues Hit. Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo's speed, while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi. The two switch places. Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him, while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form. Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo, but Kunshi rescues him again. Kunshi charges Hit, who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage. Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies. Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival. Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand. Goku and Hit vow to settle the score if they both make it to the end of the tournament. \n\n\n105\n29\n\"A Desperate Battle! Master Roshi's Sacrifice!!\"\n\"Funsen! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu!!\" (奮戦！ 武天老師命を燃やす！！) \nAugust 27, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nMaster Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar. He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4, Caway (キャウェイ, Kyauei), who attempts to seduce him. However, Caway's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses. Roshi destroys her energy weapon, powers up, and drives her to jump off the stage. Roshi is next challenged by Dercori (ダーコリ, Dākori), who is a talisman-wielding warrior from Universe 4. She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot. Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena. Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move, which is defused when both Zenō-samas rule in Roshi's favor. Ganos, who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends, challenges him and powers up into an avian form. Initially, Roshi is able to use his experience to predict, evade, and counter Ganos' attacks. However, Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on. He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi. Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep, but he attacks himself to wake himself up. Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up, but Roshi refuses. He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos. However, the effort is too much for Roshi's body to handle, and he collapses. Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki. Goku escorts Roshi to safety. \n\n\n106\n30\n\"Find Him! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker!!\"\n\"Mikiwamero! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō!!\" (見極めろ！ 姿なきアタッカーとの死闘!!) \nSeptember 3, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request. Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6's Dr. Rota (Dr.ロタ, Dokutā Rota), but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability. Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground. It is revealed that the sniper, Universe 2's Prum (プラン, Puran), can see through these orbs. The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret. Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision, but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures. Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms, which forces him to painfully regenerate them. Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures. Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area. Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding. Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive. Vegeta berates Tien, who warns them about Prum, but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum's blasts. As Goku and Tien observe Prum, they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts. Vegeta and Goku go after Prum, while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo. Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum, but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body. Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper, Prum's teammate Hermila (ハーミラ, Hāmira). Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks, Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him. Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila, but three of his clones are shot down. The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila. Just as Tien is about to eliminate him, Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien's feet and knocks him off the stage. However, Tien's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them. Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament. Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw, Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated. As Prum is confronted by Vegeta, Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him. Shortly after, Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament. \n\n\n107\n31\n\"Revenge \"F\" The Cunning Trap?!\"\n\"Fukushū no Efu! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana!?\" (復讐の「F」！ しかけられた狡猾な罠！？) \nSeptember 17, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFrost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7. Elsewhere, Universe 3's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11's remaining warriors. He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body, but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow. As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights, Frost corners and attacks him. Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid, but he is confronted by Ribrianne. Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave, but the strain proves too much for him. He flubs the attack. Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta, which provokes him. Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi. Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost, and the two battle Vegeta. Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself. When Roshi falls for it, Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle. With the last of his strength, Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta. Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue, and Frost flees. Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention. Roshi jumps off the stage, and he is given a Senzu Bean. Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect. \n\n\n108\n32\n\"Frieza and Frost! Conjoined Malice?!\"\n\"Furīza to Furosuto! Majiwaru Akui!?\" (フリーザとフロスト！交わる悪意！？) \nSeptember 24, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku battles Ribrianne, the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament. Meanwhile, Gohan is confronted by Jimeze. Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan. As he prepares to finish him, Frieza intervenes. When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze, Universe 7's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself. Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan. Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him, but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast. Enraged, Jimeze attacks Frieza, who swiftly tortures and eliminates him. Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan, and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans. Frieza battles Gohan, who counterattacks. Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan. However, instead of eliminating him, he double-crosses and eliminates Frost. Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza's plan and played along with him. An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands, but Zenō-sama erases him, who explains this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence. Meanwhile, Goku continues to battle Ribrianne. \n\n\n109\n33\n\"The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku! Now, Let Loose! The Killer Spirit Bomb!!\"\n\"Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki! Ima Koso Hanate! Hisassu no Genki-Dama!!\" (悟空に迫る最強の敵！今こそ放て！必殺の元気玉！！) \nOctober 8, 2017[n 1]\nTBA\n\n\nRibrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls. Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent. Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne. She attacks Goku with several ki blasts, and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away. Ribrianne lands near Jiren, and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him. Universe 11's God of Destruction, Belmod, telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku. Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20, but that proves to be no match for Jiren's overwhelming power. Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb, and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy. Despite the time it takes to charge the attack, Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it. Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind, but she is stopped by Vegeta. Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it, but Jiren deflects it. The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb. This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up. However, Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack. \n\n\n110\n34\n\"Son Goku Wakes! New Level of the Awakened!!\"\n\"Son Gokū kakusei! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui!!\" (孫悟空覚醒！目覚めし者の新たなる極意！！) \nOctober 8, 2017[n 1]\nTBA\n\n\nGoku rallies himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren, which locks him in a stalemate. Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction. As the two struggle to overpower each other, the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black ball, which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish. The Great Priest rules that since Goku's own attack apparently vaporized him, Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him. As the Zenō-samas prepare to eliminate Goku, he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power. Goku resumes the fight, and he is able to go toe-to-toe with Jiren. Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct (身勝手の極意, Migatte no Goku'i'). Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren, but he fails and exhausts his newfound power. Jiren knocks him away, and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren. Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne, while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aim an attack at him. \n\n\n111\n35\n\"The Surreal Supreme Battle! Hit vs Jiren!!\"\n\"I jigen no kyokuchi batoru! Hitto basasu Jiren!!\" (異次元の極致バトル! ヒットVSジレン!!) \nOctober 15, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nInstead of killing the defenseless Goku, Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek. Meanwhile, Hit uses his time-skip powers against Jiren, but his attacks fail to connect. Goku spectates the battle, but he is ambushed by Saonel (サオネル, Saoneru) and Pirina (ピリナ, Pirina), Namekians from Universe 6, who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo. Elsewhere, Vegeta fights Ribrianne, and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne. Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power, but Rozie motivates her. Meanwhile, Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail, but he is able to react and block most of Jiren's punches. After being knocked back, Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart. He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle. Hit uses his own time-skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement. Realizing that he cannot hold Jiren for long, Hit urges Cabba, Caulifla, and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6. Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him, but Jiren stops Hit's attack only with his glare. Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit. As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point, Jiren begins to meditate. He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him. Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo. Biarra (ビアラ, Biara) and Katopesla (カトペスラ, Katopesura) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating, but Jiren's energy alone is enough to push them back. \n\n\n112\n36\n\"A Saiyan's Vow! Vegeta's Resolution!!\"\n\"Saiya-jin no chikai! Bejīta no kakugo!!\" (サイヤ人の誓い！ ベジータの覚悟！！) \nOctober 22, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nDespite his exhaustion and low energy, Goku is determined to keep fighting. However, he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai (コイツカイ, Koitukai), Pancea (パンチア, Panchia), and Borareta (ボラレータ, Borarēta) of Universe 3. Gohan and Piccolo want to help him, but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina. Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren, when they are confronted by Monna (モンナ, Monna), a female warrior from Universe 4. Caulifla faces off against Monna, but Cabba appears and takes her place. He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now. Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna, but he is initially overpowered. Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage, but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall. Vegeta and Cabba both promise that, if either of them wins the tournament, the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other's erased universe and its inhabitants. Newly inspired, Cabba fights Monna again, but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2. With his new power, Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna. However, Frieza appears, fights Cabba, and easily eliminates him as well. Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods. Meanwhile, Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren, but he is intercepted by Toppo. The two battle each other. Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku, who is still having difficulty with his three opponents. However, Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai, Borareta, and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself. \n\n\n113\n37\n\"With Great Joy! The Repeat Battle-Crazy Saiyan Fight!!\"\n\"Kiki to Shite! Sentō-kyō Saiya-jin Batoru Futatabi!!\" (嬉々として! 戦闘狂サイヤ人バトル再び!!) \nOctober 29, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nCaulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament. She begins fighting Goku, who does not initially power up beyond his base form. However, Goku's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form. Eventually, she is able to adapt to his moves, which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself. The two of them fight evenly for some time. Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle. His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once, but they are able to match him by working together. They land a massive combined attack on him, but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks. However, Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2. Kale's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again. \n\n\n114\n38\n\"Intimidating Passion! The Birth of a New Super Warrior!!\"\n\"Kiki semaru! Aratana chō sen-shi no bakutan!!\" (鬼気せまる! 新たな超戦士の爆誕!!) \nNovember 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta continues his battle with Toppo, while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form. Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off. Meanwhile, Frieza is confronted by Katopesla, but they are interrupted by Goku's battle with Caulifla and Kale. Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale, but Goku insists that he will fight them himself. Frieza backs down and watches the fight. The three Saiyans resume their battle. After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy, Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them. As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha, it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa, Universe 6's Supreme Kai. They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power, who takes the name Kefla (ケフラ, Kefura). \n\n\n115\n39\n\"Goku VS Kefla! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated?!\"\n\"Gokū vāsasu Kefura! Sūpāsaiya-jin Burū Yabureru!?\" (悟空VSケフラ! 超サイヤ人ブルー敗れる!?) \nNovember 12, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Vegeta continues to fight Toppo, Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina. No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla, but she is saved by No. 17. Meanwhile, Goku continues his fight with Kefla. The Zenōs approve Kefla's use of the Potara earrings, so the other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well. Pell (ペル, Peru), the Supreme Kai of Universe 2, gives his Potara to Rabanra (ラバンラ, Rabanra) and Zarbuto (ザーブト, Zābuto), but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku. The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue, but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan. However, Goku uses the Kaio-ken and regains the advantage. He appears to be winning, but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue. She prepares to eliminate him, but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks. \n\n\n116\n40\n\"The Sign of a Comeback! Ultra Instinct's Huge Explosion!!\"\n\"Gyakuten no kizashi! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu!!\" (逆転の兆し！ 身勝手の極意が大爆発！！) \nNovember 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n\nTo counter Goku's increase in power, Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2, and the two of them face off. Goku still easily dodges Kefla's attacks, but his own attacks are not enough to take her down. When Goku launches his attacks, it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential. Jiren senses the energy from their battle, which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo. Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain. Vegeta decides that he must reach it too. Goku begins running low on stamina. He declares that he will end the fight with his next attack. Kefla panics and unleashes her ultimate attack, a multitude of deadly energy beams. Her attack devastates the ring, but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha. Goku jumps into the air. Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him. She takes advantage of his apparent inability to dodge. However, he back flips over her attack and launches his Kamehameha at point-blank range. Goku blasts Kefla out of the ring and eliminates her. Her Potara earrings shatter, and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla. With both of them eliminated, that leaves Saonel and Pirina as the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6.\n\nNOTE: This episode is dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru, who passed away on November 16, 2017. \n\n\n117\n41\n\"Great Battle of Love! Androids vs Universe 2!!\"\n\"Ai no daikessen! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū!!\" (愛の大決戦！人造人間VS第２宇宙！！) \nNovember 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n118\n42\n\"Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes...\"\n\"Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū...\" (加速する悲劇消えゆく宇宙...) \nDecember 3, 2017\nTBA\n\n"
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-3168711108199551334 | List of Indian residential schools in Canada | List of Indian Residential schools in Canada - wikipedia List of Indian Residential schools in Canada Jump to : navigation , search Religious denomination ( AN ) Anglican Church ( BP ) Baptist ( MD ) Methodist ( OO ) Other ( PB ) Presbyterian Church ( RC ) Roman Catholic Church ( UC ) United Church of Canada The following is a list of Canadian Indian residential schools The first residential schools were set up in the 1840s with the last residential school closing in 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List ( edit ) `` * '' Schools in Newfoundland and Labrador were not included in the original settlement by the Harper government and instead reached a compensation deal with the federal government after a lawsuit in 2016 . Name Location Province / Territory Opened Closed Denomination Assumption Indian Residential School ( Hay Lakes Indian Residential School ) Hay Lakes AB 1951 1970 RC Blue Quill 's Indian Residential School ( Hospice of St. Joseph / Lac la Biche Boarding School ) Lac la Biche AB 1862 1898 ( moved to Blue Quill Indian Reserve 127 , Saddle Lake ) RC Blue Quill 's Indian Residential School ( Sacred Heart Indian Residential School / Saddle Lake Boarding School / Blue Quill 's Boarding School ) Blue Quill Indian Reserve 127 , Saddle Lake AB 1898 1931 ( moved to St. Paul ) RC Blue Quill 's Indian Residential School ( St. Paul 's Boarding School ) St. Paul AB 1931 1970 ( became the first Native - administered school in Canada ) RC Convent of Holy Angels Indian Residential School ( Holy Angels Indian Residential School / Our Lady of Victoria Indian Residential School ) Fort Chipewyan AB 1902 RC Crowfoot Indian Residential School Cluny AB 1909 1968 RC Dunbow Industrial School ( St. Joseph 's Industrial School , High River Industrial School ) High River AB 1888 1939 RC Edmonton Industrial School St. Albert AB 1919 1960 MD Ermineskin Indian Residential School Hobbema AB 1916 1973 RC Fort Smith Indian Residential School ( Breyant Hall ) Fort Smith AB 1955 1970 RC Immaculate Conception Indian Residential School ( Immaculate Conception Boarding School / Blood Indian Residential School ) Stand - Off AB 1884 1926 RC Immaculate Conception Boarding School ( Blood Indian Residential School / St. Mary 's Mission Boarding School ) Stand - Off AB 1911 RC McDougall Orphanage and Residential School ( Morley Indian Residential School ) Morley AB 1886 1949 MD Old Sun 's Boarding School ( North Camp Residential School / White Eagle 's Boarding School / Short Robe Boarding School ) Gleichen AB 1894 1912 AN Old Sun 's Boarding School ( North Camp School / White Eagle 's Boarding School / Short Robe Boarding School ) Gleichen AB 1929 1971 AN Peigan Indian Residential School ( Victoria Jubilee Home ) Brocket AB 1892 1965 AN Red Deer Industrial School Red Deer AB 1889 1944 MD Sarcee Indian Residential School Calgary AB 1894 1930 AN St. Albert 's Indian Residential School St. Albert AB 1941 1948 RC St. Andrew 's Indian Residential School Whitefish Lake AB 1895 1950 AN St. Barnabas Indian Residential School Sarcee AB 1899 ( new school built in 1912 ) 1922 AN St. Bernard Indian Residential School ( Grouard Indian Residential School ) Grouard AB 1939 1962 RC St. Bruno Indian Residential School ( Joussard Indian Residential School ) Joussard AB 1913 1969 RC St. Cyprian 's Indian Residential School Brocket AB 1900 ( new school built in 1926 ) 1962 AN St. Francis Xavier Indian Residential School Calais AB 1890 1961 RC St. Henri Indian Residential School ( Fort Vermilion Indian Residential School ) Fort Vermilion AB 1900 1968 RC St. John 's Indian Residential School ( Wabasca Residential School ) Wabasca AB 1895 ( new school built in 1949 ) 1966 AN St. Martin Boarding School Wabasca AB 1901 1973 RC St. Paul Des Métis Indian Residential School St. Paul AB 1898 1905 RC St. Paul 's Indian Residential School Cardston AB 1900 1972 AN St. Peter 's Indian Residential School ( Lesser Slave Lake Indian Residential School ) Lesser Slave Lake AB 1900 1932 AN Sturgeon Lake Indian Residential School Sturgeon Lake AB 1907 1957 RC Youville Indian Residential School St. Albert AB 1892 1948 RC Alberni Indian Residential School Port Alberni BC 1920 ( burned in 1917 , rebuilt in 1920 ; burned again in 1937 , rebuilt in 1939 ) 1973 UC Ahousaht Indian Residential School Ahousaht BC 1901 1950 PB Christie Indian Residential School ( Kakawis Indian Residential School ) Tofino ( Meares Island ) BC 1900 1973 RC Christie Indian Residential School ( New Christie Indian Residential School / Kakawis Indian Residential School ) Tofino , British Columbia ( Meares Island ) BC RC Friendly Cove Day School Yuquot BC 1930 1964 RC Greenville Mission Boys ' Boarding School Nass River BC 1877 ? MD Kamloops Indian Residential School Kamloops BC 1890 1978 RC Kamloops Indian Residential School ( St. Louis Mission Indian Residential School ) Kamloops BC 1890 1978 RC Kitimaat Indian Residential School ( Elizabeth Long Memorial School for Girls ) Kitimaat BC 1883 ? MD Kootenay Indian Residential School ( St. Eugene 's Indian Residential School , St. Mary 's Indian Residential School ) Cranbrook BC 1898 1970 RC Kuper Island Indian Residential School Penelakut Island BC 1890 RC Lejac Indian Residential School Fraser Lake BC 1910 ( new building in 1922 ) 1976 RC Lower Post Indian Residential School Lower Post BC 1951 RC Methodist Coqualeetza Institute Chilliwack BC 1886 1937 ( later became the Coqualeetza Hospital and is now the Coqualeetza Cultural Education Centre MD Metlakatla Indian Residential School ( Metlakatla Indian Girls ' School ) Metlakatla BC 1891 1962 OO Port Simpson Methodist Girls ' School Port Simpson BC 1863 1950 MD Presbyterian Coqualeetza Indian Residential School Chilliwack BC 1861 1940 PB Roman Catholic Coqualeetza Indian Residential School Chilliwack BC 1890 1941 RC Sechelt Indian Residential School Sechelt BC 1912 RC St. Paul 's Indian Residential School North Vancouver BC 1898 1959 RC St. George 's Indian Residential School ( Lytton Indian Residential School ) Lytton BC 1901 ( new school built in 1928 ) 1979 AN St. Mary 's Mission Indian Residential School Mission ( Pekw'Xe : yles ) BC 1861 1984 RC St. Michael 's Indian Residential School ( Alert Bay Indian Residential School ) Alert Bay BC 1929 AN Thomas Crosby Indian Residential School ( Thomas Crosby Girls Home Indian Residential School ) Port Simpson BC 1879 1950 MD Thomas Crosby Indian Residential School ( Thomas Crosby Home for Boys Indian residential School ) Port Simpson BC 1879 1950 MD Victoria Catholic Convent School Victoria BC 1863 ? RC Williams Lake Indian Residential School ( Williams Lake Industrial School ) Cariboo BC 1890 1981 RC Yale Indian Residential School Yale BC 1900 ? AN Yuquot Indian Residential School Yuquot BC 1901 1913 RC Assiniboia Indian Residential School ( Assiniboia Hostel ) Winnipeg MB 1958 ( September 2 ) 1973 ( June 30 ) RC Birtle Indian Residential School Birtle MB 1888 ( December 3 ) 1970 PB Brandon Indian Residential School ( Brandon Industrial School ) Brandon MB 1895 ( May 23 ) 1972 ( June 30 ) MD Cross Lake Indian Residential School ( Norway House Roman Catholic Indian Residential School ) Cross Lake MB 1915 ( March 9 ) 1969 ( July 30 ) RC Elkhorn Indian Residential School ( Elkhorn Industrial School / Washakada Indian Residential School ) Elkhorn MB 1888 1919 ( as CP Railway purchased land on which school was built ) AN Elkhorn Indian Residential School ( Washakada Indian Residential School ) Elkhorn MB 1925 1949 AN Fort Alexander Indian Residential School Pine Falls MB 1905 1970 ( June ) RC Guy Hill Indian Residential School The Pas and Clearwater Lake MB 1952 ( Students were relocated from Sturgeon Landing , Saskatchewan to a temporary school in The Pas until a newly built school in Clearwater Lake in 1958 ) 1979 ( June 30 ) RC Lake St. Martin Indian Residential School Fisher River MB 1874 ( new school built in 1948 ) 1963 AN MacKay Indian Residential School The Pas MB 1915 1933 AN MacKay Indian Residential School Dauphin MB 1955 AN Norway House Methodist Indian Residential School Norway House MB 1900 1967 ( June 30 ) MD Pine Creek Indian Residential School ( Camperville Indian Residential School ) Camperville MB 1890 1969 ( August 31 ) RC Portage la Prairie Methodist Indian Residential School Portage la Prairie MB 1891 1975 ( June 30 ) MD Portage la Prairie Presbyterian Indian Residential Portage la Prairie MB 1895 1950 PB Sandy Bay Indian Residential School Sandy Bay Reserve MB 1905 1970 ( June 30 ) RC St. Boniface Industrial School St. Boniface MB 1891 1909 RC St. Paul 's Industrial School ( St. Rupert 's Land Industrial School ) Selkirk MB 1886 1906 AN Waterhen Indian Residential School Waterhen MB 1890 1900 RC Lockwood School * Cartwright NL 1964 OO Makkovik Boarding School * Makkovik NL 1960 OO Nain Boarding School * Nain NL 1973 OO St. Anthony 's Orphanage * St. Anthony NL 1979 OO Yale School * North West River NL 1980 OO Aklavik Anglican Indian Residential School ( All Saints Indian Residential School ) Shingle Point NWT 1927 ( moved to Aklavik in 1934 due to overcrowding 1959 AN Aklavik Catholic Indian Residential School ( later Inuvik Indian Residential School ) Aklavik NWT 1925 ( relocated to Inuvik in 1959 ; Stringer Hall was Anglican Residence and Grollier Hall the RC residence ) June 1975 ( Stringer Hall ) ; June 30 1996 ( Grollier Hall ) RC Fort McPherson Indian Residential School ; ( Including residence , Fleming Hall ) ; Fort McPherson NWT 1898 1970 OO ( non-denominational ) Fort Providence Indian Residential School ( Providence Mission Indian Residential School ) Fort Providence NWT 1867 1953 RC Fort Resolution Indian Residential School Fort Resolution NWT 1867 ? RC Fort Simpson Indian Residential School ( Fort Simpson Boarding School , including residences Bompas Hall , Lapointe Hall , St. Margaret 's Hall ) Fort Simpson NWT 1920 1970 RC Hay River Indian Residential School ( St. Peter 's Mission Indian Residential School ) Hay River NWT 1898 1949 AN Yellowknife Indian Residential School ( including residence Akaitcho Hall , and Rocher River Day School ) Yellowknife NWT 1948 1970 RC Shubenacadie Indian Residential School Shubenacadie NS 1922 1968 RC Chesterfield Inlet Indian Residential School ( including residence : Turquetil ) Chesterfield Inlet NU 1929 1970 RC Frobisher Bay Indian Residential School Frobisher Bay NU 1965 ? RC Albany Mission Indian Residential School ( Fort Albany Residential School ) Fort Albany ON 1912 1963 RC Alexandra Industrial School for Girls Toronto ON 1897 ? OO Alnwick Industrial School ( in partnership with Mount Elgin Indian Residential School ) Alderville ON 1838 1966 MD Bishop Horden Memorial School ( Moose Factory Indian Residential School ; Moose Fort Indian Residential School ) Moose Factory ON 1907 1963 AN Cecilia Jeffrey Indian Residential School Kenora ON 1900 1966 PB Chapleau Indian Residential School ( Saint John 's Indian Residential School ) Chapleau ON 1907 1950 AN Fort Frances Indian Residential School ( St. Margaret 's Indian Residential School ) Fort Frances ON 1902 RC Kenora Indian Residential School Kenora ON 1949 1963 RC McIntosh Indian Residential School Kenora ON 1924 1969 RC Mohawk Institute Residential School ( Mohawk Manual Labour School ; Mush Hole Indian Residential School ) Brantford ON 1828 1970 AN Mount Elgin Indian Residential School ( in partnership with Alnwick ) Muncey Town ON 1848 1948 MD Shingwauk Indian Residential School Garden River ON 1873 1873 ( burned down six days after opening ) AN Shingwauk Indian Residential School Sault Ste . Marie ON 1873 ( merged with Wawanosh to form a larger school in 1900 ) 1971 ( currently houses Algoma University ) AN Wawanosh School for Girls Sault Ste Marie ON 1877 1900 ( merged with Shingwauk ) AN Sioux Lookout Indian Residential School ( Pelican Lake Day School ) Sioux Lookout ON 1911 1973 AN Spanish Indian Residential Schools ; St. Joseph Residential School 1916 -- 1962 ( girls school ) still standing ; St Charles Garnier College 1913 -- 1958 ( boys school ) now demolished Spanish ON 1883 1965 RC St. Anne 's Indian Residential School Fort Albany ON 1936 1964 RC St. Joseph 's Indian Boarding School ( Fort William Indian Residential School ) Fort William ON 1936 1964 ( demolished in 1966 ) RC St. Mary 's Indian Residential School Kenora ON 1894 1962 RC Wikwemikong Indian Residential School ( Wikwemikong Day School ) Manitowaning ON 1840 ( day school ) ; 1879 ( residential school ) 1963 RC Armstrong Indian Residential School ( Armstrong Residential School ; Armstrong Home and School ) Armstrong ON 1880 1891 RC Amos Indian Residential School ( St. Marc 's Indian Residential School ) St. Marc - de-Figuery ( Amos ) QC 1948 196 RC Federal Hostel at George River Kangirsualujjuaq QC ? ? OO ( Non-Denominational ) Federal Hostel at Great Whale River Kuujjuarapik ( Poste - de-la - Baleine ) QC ? ? OO ( Non-Denominational ) Federal Hostel at Payne Bay Kangirsuk ( Bellin ) QC ? ? OO ( Non-Denominational ) Federal Hostel at Port Harrison Inukjuak QC ? ? OO ( Non-Denominational ) Fort George Hostels Fort George QC 1978 OO ( Non-Denominational ) St. Philip 's Indian Residential School Fort George QC 1933 ( burned in 1943 , rebuilt in 1944 ) 1979 AN Fort George ( St. Joseph 's Mission , Residence Couture , Sainte - Thérèse - de-l'Énfant - Jésus ) Fort George QC 1936 1952 RC La Tuque Indian Residential School La Tuque QC 1963 1978 AN Pointe Bleue Indian Residential School Mashteuiatsh QC 1956 1965 RC Sept - Iles Indian Residential School ( Seven Islands , Notre Dame , Maliotenam ) Sept - Îles QC 1952 1967 RC Battleford Industrial School Battleford SK 1883 1914 AN Beauval Indian Residential School Beauval SK 1895 1983 ( became Meadow Lake Tribal Council 's Beauval Indian Education Centre which closed in 1995 ) RC Cowesses Indian Residential School ( Marieval Indian Residential School ) Marieval SK 1936 RC Crowstand Indian Residential School Kamsack SK 1888 1916 PB St. Michael 's Indian Residential School ( Duck Lake Indian Residential School ) Duck Lake SK 1894 RC Emmanuel College Prince Albert SK 1879 1923 AN File Hills Indian Residential School ( File Hills Colony School ) Okanese Reserve SK 1889 1949 PB Gordon Indian Residential School Punnichy SK 1889 ( new school built in 1911 , burned down in 1929 ) AN Guy Hill Indian Residential School Sturgeon Landing SK 1926 1952 ( burned down September 4 , 1952 ; students were relocated to temporary school in The Pas until a newly built school opened in Clearwater Lake in 1958 ) RC Île - à - la - Crosse Indian Residential School Île - à - la - Crosse SK 1878 1976 ( the boarding school section ) RC Lake La Ronge Mission Indian Residential School La Ronge SK 1914 ( new school built in 1920 ) 1947 AN Muscowequan Indian Residential School Lestock SK 1932 1981 RC St. Albans Indian Residential School Prince Albert SK ? 1951 ( amalgamated with All Saints to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School ) AN All Saints Indian Residential School Prince Albert SK 1865 1951 ( amalgamated with St. Albans to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School ) AN Prince Albert Indian Residential School Prince Albert SK 1951 ( merger of All Saints and St. Albans ) 1964 AN Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School ( Qu'Appelle Industrial School ) ; Lebret Indian Residential School ) Lebret SK 1884 ( burned down in 1908 1969 ( Re-opened under the operations of the reserve in 1973 , and renamed White Calf Collegiate , but closed in August 1998 ) RC Regina Indian Residential School Regina SK 1890 1910 , demolished in 1948 PB Round Lake Indian Residential School Whitewood SK 1886 1950 MD St. Anthony 's Indian Residential School ( Onion Lake Catholic Indian Residential School ) Onion Lake SK 1891 1968 RC St. Barnabas Indian Residential School ( Onion Lake Indian Residential School ) Onion Lake SK 1893 ( burned down in 1943 ) 1951 AN St. Phillips Indian Residential School ( Keeseekoose Day School ) Kamsack SK 1899 1965 RC Thunderchild Indian Residential School ( Delmas Indian Residential School ) Delmas SK 1933 1948 ( burned down by students ) RC Aklavik Anglican Indian Residential School ( All Saints Indian Residential School ) Shingle Point YT 1927 1934 ( moved to Aklavik due to overcrowding ) AN Baptist Indian Residential School ( Yukon Indian Residential School ) Whitehorse YT 1900 1968 BP Carcross Indian Residential School ( Forty Mile Boarding School ) Fortymile YT 1891 1910 ( moved to Carcross ) AN Carcross Indian Residential School ( Chooutla Indian Residential School ; Caribou Crossing Indian Residential School ) Carcross YT 1910 1969 AN St. Paul 's Indian Residential School ( St. Paul 's Hall ) Dawson YT 1920 1943 AN Yukon Hall ( residences for local day school students ) Whitehorse YT 1956 1965 AN See also ( edit ) Indigenous peoples in Canada First Nations Inuit Métis History ( show ) Paleo - Indians Pre-colonization Genetics Residential schools Indian hospitals Conflicts First Nations Inuit Politics ( show ) Crown and Indigenous peoples Treaty rights Health Policy Numbered Treaties Royal Commission Self - government Indian Act British Columbia Treaty Process Idle No More Lateral violence Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women Politics Organizations Case law Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Culture ( show ) Indigenous cultures Indigenous personalities Country food Music Demographics ( show ) Indian reserves AB FN Métis Atlantic CA BC MB ON QC SK Territories Pacific Coast Linguistics ( show ) Indigenous languages Inuit languages Indigenous English Dialects NAPA Aboriginal syllabics Inuit grammar Religions ( show ) Traditional beliefs Inuit mythology Index ( show ) Index of articles Indigenous First Nations Inuit Métis Stubs Wikiprojects ( show ) Portal Indigenous Canadian portal WikiProject Indigenous North Americans First Nations Commons Wiktionary Inuit Commons Wiktionary Métis Commons Wiktionary Aboriginal peoples in Canada portal Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission Kamloops Indian Residential School Lejac Residential School New Zealand Native schools Where the Spirit Lives - 1989 film about residential schools References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` List of residential schools '' . Indian Residential Schools Settlement - Official Court Website . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Residential Schools Assembly of First Nations . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Albert Grand Council Indian Residential School Virtual Museum '' . 2015 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mission and Justice Relationships ( Anglican Indian and Eskimo Residential Schools ) '' . Anglican Church of Canada . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/residential-school-case-update-1.3574080 Jump up ^ Alberni Indian Residential School at MemoryBC Jump up ^ Alberni Indian Residential School , The Children Remembered , United Church of Canada Archives Jump up ^ `` Parkland Crossing '' . parklandcrossing.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mount Elgin Industrial Institute Jump up ^ CBC News St. Anne 's Residential School survivors face off with Ottawa Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ After 1987 , the school was `` operated by the Cowessess First Nation as the Cowessess Community Education Centre . '' The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada , Volume 1 : Canada 's Residential Schools : The History , Part 2 , 1939 to 2000 ( PDF ) . Front Cover Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada . 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.jkcc.com/rcnuns.html Jump up ^ Lebret - Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Eleanor Brass , `` Indian School 's Fine Record '' , The Leader Post , July 8 , 1955 . Jump up ^ Weidlich , John ( 26 Mar 2016 ) . `` Smudge ceremony honours children in cemetery by old Regina Indian Industrial School '' . CBC News . External links ( edit ) Official Residential School Settlement website List of residential schools Indian Residential Schools - Assembly of First Nations Where are the children ; Healing the Legacy of Residential Schools Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_residential_schools_in_Canada&oldid=803935326 '' Categories : Residential schools in Canada Lists of schools in Canada Indigenous peoples in Canada - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 16 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first residential school opened in canada | [
"\n\nName\nLocation\nProvince/\nTerritory\nOpened\nClosed\nDenomination\n\n\nAssumption Indian Residential School (Hay Lakes Indian Residential School)\nHay Lakes\nAB\n1951\n1970\nRC\n\n\nBlue Quill's Indian Residential School (Hospice of St. Joseph / Lac la Biche Boarding School)\nLac la Biche\nAB\n1862\n1898 (moved to Blue Quill Indian Reserve 127, Saddle Lake)\nRC\n\n\nBlue Quill's Indian Residential School (Sacred Heart Indian Residential School / Saddle Lake Boarding School / Blue Quill's Boarding School)\nBlue Quill Indian Reserve 127, Saddle Lake\nAB\n1898\n1931 (moved to St. Paul)\nRC\n\n\nBlue Quill's Indian Residential School (St. Paul's Boarding School)\nSt. Paul\nAB\n1931\n1970 (became the first Native-administered school in Canada)\nRC\n\n\nConvent of Holy Angels Indian Residential School (Holy Angels Indian Residential School/ Our Lady of Victoria Indian Residential School)\nFort Chipewyan\nAB\n1902\n1974\nRC\n\n\nCrowfoot Indian Residential School\nCluny\nAB\n1909\n1968\nRC\n\n\nDunbow Industrial School (St. Joseph's Industrial School, High River Industrial School)\nHigh River\nAB\n1888\n1939\nRC\n\n\nEdmonton Industrial School\nSt. Albert\nAB\n1919\n1960\nMD\n\n\nErmineskin Indian Residential School\nHobbema\nAB\n1916\n1973\nRC\n\n\nFort Smith Indian Residential School (Breyant Hall)\nFort Smith\nAB\n1955\n1970\nRC\n\n\nImmaculate Conception Indian Residential School (Immaculate Conception Boarding School / Blood Indian Residential School)\nStand-Off\nAB\n1884\n1926\nRC\n\n\nImmaculate Conception Boarding School (Blood Indian Residential School / St. Mary's Mission Boarding School)\nStand-Off\nAB\n1911\n1975\nRC\n\n\nMcDougall Orphanage and Residential School (Morley Indian Residential School)\nMorley\nAB\n1886\n1949\nMD\n\n\nOld Sun's Boarding School (North Camp Residential School / White Eagle's Boarding School / Short Robe Boarding School)\nGleichen\nAB\n1894\n1912\nAN\n\n\nOld Sun's Boarding School (North Camp School / White Eagle's Boarding School / Short Robe Boarding School)\nGleichen\nAB\n1929\n1971\nAN\n\n\nPeigan Indian Residential School (Victoria Jubilee Home)\nBrocket\nAB\n1892\n1965\nAN\n\n\nRed Deer Industrial School\nRed Deer\nAB\n1889\n1944\nMD\n\n\nSarcee Indian Residential School\nCalgary\nAB\n1894\n1930\nAN\n\n\nSt. Albert's Indian Residential School\nSt. Albert\nAB\n1941\n1948\nRC\n\n\nSt. Andrew's Indian Residential School\nWhitefish Lake\nAB\n1895\n1950\nAN\n\n\nSt. Barnabas Indian Residential School\nSarcee\nAB\n1899 (new school built in 1912)\n1922\nAN\n\n\nSt. Bernard Indian Residential School (Grouard Indian Residential School)\nGrouard\nAB\n1939\n1962\nRC\n\n\nSt. Bruno Indian Residential School (Joussard Indian Residential School)\nJoussard\nAB\n1913\n1969\nRC\n\n\nSt. Cyprian's Indian Residential School\nBrocket\nAB\n1900 (new school built in 1926)\n1962\nAN\n\n\nSt. Francis Xavier Indian Residential School\nCalais\nAB\n1890\n1961\nRC\n\n\nSt. Henri Indian Residential School (Fort Vermilion Indian Residential School)\nFort Vermilion\nAB\n1900\n1968\nRC\n\n\nSt. John's Indian Residential School (Wabasca Residential School)\nWabasca\nAB\n1895 (new school built in 1949)\n1966\nAN\n\n\nSt. Martin Boarding School\nWabasca\nAB\n1901\n1973\nRC\n\n\nSt. Paul Des Métis Indian Residential School\nSt. Paul\nAB\n1898\n1905\nRC\n\n\nSt. Paul's Indian Residential School\nCardston\nAB\n1900\n1972\nAN\n\n\nSt. Peter's Indian Residential School (Lesser Slave Lake Indian Residential School)\nLesser Slave Lake\nAB\n1900\n1932\nAN\n\n\nSturgeon Lake Indian Residential School\nSturgeon Lake\nAB\n1907\n1957\nRC\n\n\nYouville Indian Residential School\nSt. Albert\nAB\n1892\n1948\nRC\n\n\nAlberni Indian Residential School\nPort Alberni\nBC\n1920 (burned in 1917, rebuilt in 1920;[6] burned again in 1937, rebuilt in 1939[7])\n1973\nUC\n\n\nAhousaht Indian Residential School\nAhousaht\nBC\n1901\n1950\nPB\n\n\nChristie Indian Residential School (Kakawis Indian Residential School)\nTofino (Meares Island)\nBC\n1900\n1973\nRC\n\n\nChristie Indian Residential School (New Christie Indian Residential School / Kakawis Indian Residential School)\nTofino, British Columbia (Meares Island)\nBC\n1974\n1983\nRC\n\n\nFriendly Cove Day School\nYuquot\nBC\n1930\n1964\nRC\n\n\nGreenville Mission Boys' Boarding School\nNass River\nBC\n1877\n?\nMD\n\n\nKamloops Indian Residential School\nKamloops\nBC\n1890\n1978\nRC\n\n\nKamloops Indian Residential School (St. Louis Mission Indian Residential School)\nKamloops\nBC\n1890\n1978\nRC\n\n\nKitimaat Indian Residential School (Elizabeth Long Memorial School for Girls)\nKitimaat\nBC\n1883\n?\nMD\n\n\nKootenay Indian Residential School (St. Eugene's Indian Residential School, St. Mary's Indian Residential School)\nCranbrook\nBC\n1898\n1970\nRC\n\n\nKuper Island Indian Residential School\nPenelakut Island\nBC\n1890\n1975\nRC\n\n\nLejac Indian Residential School\nFraser Lake\nBC\n1910 (new building in 1922)\n1976\nRC\n\n\nLower Post Indian Residential School\nLower Post\nBC\n1951\n1975\nRC\n\n\nMethodist Coqualeetza Institute\nChilliwack\nBC\n1886\n1937 (later became the Coqualeetza Hospital and is now the Coqualeetza Cultural Education Centre\nMD\n\n\nMetlakatla Indian Residential School (Metlakatla Indian Girls' School)\nMetlakatla\nBC\n1891\n1962\nOO\n\n\nPort Simpson Methodist Girls' School\nPort Simpson\nBC\n1863\n1950\nMD\n\n\nPresbyterian Coqualeetza Indian Residential School\nChilliwack\nBC\n1861\n1940\nPB\n\n\nRoman Catholic Coqualeetza Indian Residential School\nChilliwack\nBC\n1890\n1941\nRC\n\n\nSechelt Indian Residential School\nSechelt\nBC\n1912\n1975\nRC\n\n\nSt. Paul’s Indian Residential School\nNorth Vancouver\nBC\n1898\n1959\nRC\n\n\nSt. George's Indian Residential School (Lytton Indian Residential School)\nLytton\nBC\n1901 (new school built in 1928)\n1979\nAN\n\n\nSt. Mary's Mission Indian Residential School\nMission (Pekw'Xe:yles)\nBC\n1861\n1984\nRC\n\n\nSt. Michael's Indian Residential School (Alert Bay Indian Residential School)\nAlert Bay\nBC\n1929\n1975\nAN\n\n\nThomas Crosby Indian Residential School (Thomas Crosby Girls Home Indian Residential School)\nPort Simpson\nBC\n1879\n1950\nMD\n\n\nThomas Crosby Indian Residential School (Thomas Crosby Home for Boys Indian residential School)\nPort Simpson\nBC\n1879\n1950\nMD\n\n\nVictoria Catholic Convent School\nVictoria\nBC\n1863\n?\nRC\n\n\nWilliams Lake Indian Residential School (Williams Lake Industrial School)\nCariboo\nBC\n1890\n1981\nRC\n\n\nYale Indian Residential School\nYale\nBC\n1900\n?\nAN\n\n\nYuquot Indian Residential School\nYuquot\nBC\n1901\n1913\nRC\n\n\nAssiniboia Indian Residential School (Assiniboia Hostel)\nWinnipeg\nMB\n1958 (September 2)\n1973 (June 30)\nRC\n\n\nBirtle Indian Residential School\nBirtle\nMB\n1888 (December 3)\n1970\nPB\n\n\nBrandon Indian Residential School (Brandon Industrial School)\nBrandon\nMB\n1895 (May 23)\n1972 (June 30)\nMD\n\n\nCross Lake Indian Residential School (Norway House Roman Catholic Indian Residential School)\nCross Lake\nMB\n1915(March 9)\n1969(July 30)\nRC\n\n\nElkhorn Indian Residential School (Elkhorn Industrial School / Washakada Indian Residential School)\nElkhorn\nMB\n1888\n1919 (as CP Railway purchased land on which school was built)\nAN\n\n\nElkhorn Indian Residential School (Washakada Indian Residential School)\nElkhorn\nMB\n1925\n1949\nAN\n\n\nFort Alexander Indian Residential School\nPine Falls\nMB\n1905\n1970 (June)\nRC\n\n\nGuy Hill Indian Residential School\nThe Pas and Clearwater Lake\nMB\n1952 (Students were relocated from Sturgeon Landing, Saskatchewan to a temporary school in The Pas until a newly built school in Clearwater Lake in 1958)\n1979 (June 30)\nRC\n\n\nLake St. Martin Indian Residential School\nFisher River\nMB\n1874 (new school built in 1948)\n1963\nAN\n\n\nMacKay Indian Residential School\nThe Pas\nMB\n1915\n1933\nAN\n\n\nMacKay Indian Residential School\nDauphin\nMB\n1955\n1989[8]\nAN\n\n\nNorway House Methodist Indian Residential School\nNorway House\nMB\n1900\n1967(June 30)\nMD\n\n\nPine Creek Indian Residential School (Camperville Indian Residential School)\nCamperville\nMB\n1890\n1969 (August 31)\nRC\n\n\nPortage la Prairie Methodist Indian Residential School\nPortage la Prairie\nMB\n1891\n1975 (June 30)\nMD\n\n\nPortage la Prairie Presbyterian Indian Residential\nPortage la Prairie\nMB\n1895\n1950\nPB\n\n\nSandy Bay Indian Residential School\nSandy Bay Reserve\nMB\n1905\n1970 (June 30)\nRC\n\n\nSt. Boniface Industrial School\nSt. Boniface\nMB\n1891\n1909\nRC\n\n\nSt. Paul's Industrial School (St. Rupert's Land Industrial School)\nSelkirk\nMB\n1886\n1906\nAN\n\n\nWaterhen Indian Residential School\nWaterhen\nMB\n1890\n1900\nRC\n\n\nLockwood School*\nCartwright\nNL\n\n1964\nOO\n\n\nMakkovik Boarding School*\nMakkovik\nNL\n\n1960\nOO\n\n\nNain Boarding School*\nNain\nNL\n\n1973\nOO\n\n\nSt. Anthony's Orphanage*\nSt. Anthony\nNL\n\n1979\nOO\n\n\nYale School*\nNorth West River\nNL\n\n1980\nOO\n\n\nAklavik Anglican Indian Residential School (All Saints Indian Residential School)\nShingle Point\nNWT\n1927 (moved to Aklavik in 1934 due to overcrowding\n1959\nAN\n\n\nAklavik Catholic Indian Residential School (later Inuvik Indian Residential School)\nAklavik\nNWT\n1925 (relocated to Inuvik in 1959; Stringer Hall was Anglican Residence and Grollier Hall the RC residence)\nJune 1975 (Stringer Hall); June 30 1996 (Grollier Hall)\nRC\n\n\nFort McPherson Indian Residential School; (Including residence, Fleming Hall);\nFort McPherson\nNWT\n1898\n1970\nOO (non-denominational)\n\n\nFort Providence Indian Residential School (Providence Mission Indian Residential School)\nFort Providence\nNWT\n1867\n1953\nRC\n\n\nFort Resolution Indian Residential School\nFort Resolution\nNWT\n1867\n?\nRC\n\n\nFort Simpson Indian Residential School (Fort Simpson Boarding School, including residences Bompas Hall, Lapointe Hall, St. Margaret's Hall)\nFort Simpson\nNWT\n1920\n1970\nRC\n\n\nHay River Indian Residential School (St. Peter's Mission Indian Residential School)\nHay River\nNWT\n1898\n1949\nAN\n\n\nYellowknife Indian Residential School (including residence Akaitcho Hall, and Rocher River Day School)\nYellowknife\nNWT\n1948\n1970\nRC\n\n\nShubenacadie Indian Residential School\nShubenacadie\nNS\n1922\n1968\nRC\n\n\nChesterfield Inlet Indian Residential School (including residence: Turquetil)\nChesterfield Inlet\nNU\n1929\n1970\nRC\n\n\nFrobisher Bay Indian Residential School\nFrobisher Bay\nNU\n1965\n?\nRC\n\n\nAlbany Mission Indian Residential School (Fort Albany Residential School)\nFort Albany\nON\n1912\n1963\nRC\n\n\nAlexandra Industrial School for Girls\nToronto\nON\n1897\n?\nOO\n\n\nAlnwick Industrial School (in partnership with Mount Elgin Indian Residential School)\nAlderville\nON\n1838\n1966\nMD\n\n\nBishop Horden Memorial School (Moose Factory Indian Residential School; Moose Fort Indian Residential School)\nMoose Factory\nON\n1907\n1963\nAN\n\n\nCecilia Jeffrey Indian Residential School\nKenora\nON\n1900\n1966\nPB\n\n\nChapleau Indian Residential School (Saint John's Indian Residential School)\nChapleau\nON\n1907\n1950\nAN\n\n\nFort Frances Indian Residential School (St. Margaret's Indian Residential School)\nFort Frances\nON\n1902\n1974\nRC\n\n\nKenora Indian Residential School\nKenora\nON\n1949\n1963\nRC\n\n\nMcIntosh Indian Residential School\nKenora\nON\n1924\n1969\nRC\n\n\nMohawk Institute Residential School (Mohawk Manual Labour School; Mush Hole Indian Residential School)\nBrantford\nON\n1828\n1970\nAN\n\n\nMount Elgin Indian Residential School (in partnership with Alnwick)[9]\nMuncey Town\nON\n1848\n1948\nMD\n\n\nShingwauk Indian Residential School\nGarden River\nON\n1873\n1873 (burned down six days after opening)\nAN\n\n\nShingwauk Indian Residential School\nSault Ste. Marie\nON\n1873 (merged with Wawanosh to form a larger school in 1900)\n1971 (currently houses Algoma University)\nAN\n\n\nWawanosh School for Girls\nSault Ste Marie\nON\n1877\n1900 (merged with Shingwauk)\nAN\n\n\nSioux Lookout Indian Residential School (Pelican Lake Day School)\nSioux Lookout\nON\n1911\n1973\nAN\n\n\nSpanish Indian Residential Schools; St. Joseph Residential School 1916–1962 (girls school) still standing; St Charles Garnier College 1913–1958 (boys school)now demolished\nSpanish\nON\n1883\n1965\nRC\n\n\nSt. Anne's Indian Residential School[10]\nFort Albany\nON\n1936\n1964\nRC\n\n\nSt. Joseph's Indian Boarding School (Fort William Indian Residential School)\nFort William\nON\n1936\n1964 (demolished in 1966[11])\nRC\n\n\nSt. Mary's Indian Residential School\nKenora\nON\n1894\n1962\nRC\n\n\nWikwemikong Indian Residential School (Wikwemikong Day School)\nManitowaning\nON\n1840 (day school); 1879 (residential school)\n1963\nRC\n\n\nArmstrong Indian Residential School (Armstrong Residential School; Armstrong Home and School)\nArmstrong\nON\n1880\n1891\nRC\n\n\nAmos Indian Residential School (St. Marc's Indian Residential School)\nSt. Marc-de-Figuery (Amos)\nQC\n1948\n196\nRC\n\n\nFederal Hostel at George River\nKangirsualujjuaq\nQC\n?\n?\nOO (Non-Denominational)\n\n\nFederal Hostel at Great Whale River\nKuujjuarapik (Poste-de-la-Baleine)\nQC\n?\n?\nOO (Non-Denominational)\n\n\nFederal Hostel at Payne Bay\nKangirsuk (Bellin)\nQC\n?\n?\nOO (Non-Denominational)\n\n\nFederal Hostel at Port Harrison\nInukjuak\nQC\n?\n?\nOO (Non-Denominational)\n\n\nFort George Hostels\nFort George\nQC\n1975\n1978\nOO (Non-Denominational)\n\n\nSt. Philip's Indian Residential School\nFort George\nQC\n1933 (burned in 1943, rebuilt in 1944)\n1979\nAN\n\n\nFort George (St. Joseph's Mission, Residence Couture, Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Énfant-Jésus)\nFort George\nQC\n1936\n1952\nRC\n\n\nLa Tuque Indian Residential School\nLa Tuque\nQC\n1963\n1978\nAN\n\n\nPointe Bleue Indian Residential School\nMashteuiatsh\nQC\n1956\n1965\nRC\n\n\nSept-Iles Indian Residential School (Seven Islands, Notre Dame, Maliotenam)\nSept-Îles\nQC\n1952\n1967\nRC\n\n\nBattleford Industrial School\nBattleford\nSK\n1883\n1914\nAN\n\n\nBeauval Indian Residential School\nBeauval\nSK\n1895\n1983 (became Meadow Lake Tribal Council's Beauval Indian Education Centre which closed in 1995)\nRC\n\n\nCowesses Indian Residential School (Marieval Indian Residential School)\nMarieval\nSK\n1936\n1997[12]\nRC\n\n\nCrowstand Indian Residential School\nKamsack\nSK\n1888\n1916\nPB\n\n\nSt. Michael's Indian Residential School (Duck Lake Indian Residential School)\nDuck Lake\nSK\n1894\n1996\nRC\n\n\nEmmanuel College\nPrince Albert\nSK\n1879\n1923\nAN\n\n\nFile Hills Indian Residential School (File Hills Colony School)\nOkanese Reserve\nSK\n1889\n1949\nPB\n\n\nGordon Indian Residential School\nPunnichy\nSK\n1889 (new school built in 1911, burned down in 1929)\n1996\nAN\n\n\nGuy Hill Indian Residential School\nSturgeon Landing\nSK\n1926\n1952 (burned down September 4, 1952; students were relocated to temporary school in The Pas until a newly built school opened in Clearwater Lake in 1958)\nRC\n\n\nÎle-à-la-Crosse Indian Residential School\nÎle-à-la-Crosse\nSK\n1878\n1976 (the boarding school section)[13]\nRC\n\n\nLake La Ronge Mission Indian Residential School\nLa Ronge\nSK\n1914 (new school built in 1920)\n1947\nAN\n\n\nMuscowequan Indian Residential School\nLestock\nSK\n1932\n1981\nRC\n\n\nSt. Albans Indian Residential School\nPrince Albert\nSK\n?\n1951 (amalgamated with All Saints to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School)\nAN\n\n\nAll Saints Indian Residential School\nPrince Albert\nSK\n1865\n1951 (amalgamated with St. Albans to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School)\nAN\n\n\nPrince Albert Indian Residential School\nPrince Albert\nSK\n1951 (merger of All Saints and St. Albans)\n1964\nAN\n\n\nQu'Appelle Indian Residential School (Qu'Appelle Industrial School); Lebret Indian Residential School)\nLebret\nSK\n1884 (burned down in 1908\n1969 (Re-opened under the operations of the reserve in 1973, and renamed White Calf Collegiate, but closed in August 1998)[14]\nRC\n\n\nRegina Indian Residential School\nRegina\nSK\n1890\n1910,[15] demolished in 1948[16]\nPB\n\n\nRound Lake Indian Residential School\nWhitewood\nSK\n1886\n1950\nMD\n\n\nSt. Anthony's Indian Residential School (Onion Lake Catholic Indian Residential School)\nOnion Lake\nSK\n1891\n1968\nRC\n\n\nSt. Barnabas Indian Residential School (Onion Lake Indian Residential School)\nOnion Lake\nSK\n1893 (burned down in 1943)\n1951\nAN\n\n\nSt. Phillips Indian Residential School (Keeseekoose Day School)\nKamsack\nSK\n1899\n1965\nRC\n\n\nThunderchild Indian Residential School (Delmas Indian Residential School)\nDelmas\nSK\n1933\n1948 (burned down by students)\nRC\n\n\nAklavik Anglican Indian Residential School (All Saints Indian Residential School)\nShingle Point\nYT\n1927\n1934 (moved to Aklavik due to overcrowding)\nAN\n\n\nBaptist Indian Residential School (Yukon Indian Residential School)\nWhitehorse\nYT\n1900\n1968\nBP\n\n\nCarcross Indian Residential School (Forty Mile Boarding School)\nFortymile\nYT\n1891\n1910 (moved to Carcross)\nAN\n\n\nCarcross Indian Residential School (Chooutla Indian Residential School; Caribou Crossing Indian Residential School)\nCarcross\nYT\n1910\n1969\nAN\n\n\nSt. Paul's Indian Residential School (St. Paul's Hall)\nDawson\nYT\n1920\n1943\nAN\n\n\nYukon Hall (residences for local day school students)\nWhitehorse\nYT\n1956\n1965\nAN\n\n"
] | [
"Alnwick Industrial School (in partnership with Mount Elgin Indian Residential School)"
] |
-8433139502002163039 | Hydrosphere | Hydrosphere - wikipedia Hydrosphere The combined mass of water found on , under , and above the surface of a planet , minor planet or natural satellite The hydrosphere ( from Greek ὕδωρ hydōr , `` water '' and σφαῖρα sphaira , `` sphere '' ) is the combined mass of water found on , under , and above the surface of a planet , minor planet or natural satellite . It has been estimated that there are 1,386 million cubic kilometers of water on Earth . This includes water in liquid and frozen forms in groundwater , oceans , lakes and streams . Saltwater accounts for 97.5 % of this amount . Fresh water accounts for only 2.5 % . Of this fresh water , 68.9 % is in the form of ice and permanent snow cover in the Arctic , the Antarctic , and mountain glaciers . 30.8 % is in the form of fresh groundwater . Only 0.3 % of the fresh water on Earth is in easily accessible lakes , reservoirs and river systems . The total mass of the Earth 's hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 10 tonnes , which is about 0.023 % of Earth 's total mass . About 20 × 10 tonnes of this is in Earth 's atmosphere ( for practical purposes , 1 cubic meter of water weighs one tonne ) . Approximately 71 % of Earth 's surface , an area of some 361 million square kilometers ( 139.5 million square miles ) , is covered by ocean . The average salinity of Earth 's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water ( 3.5 % ) . Contents 1 Water cycle 2 Recharging reservoirs 3 Specific fresh water availability 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Water cycle ( edit ) Main article : Water cycle The water cycle refers to the transfer of water from one state or reservoir to another . Reservoirs include atmospheric moisture ( snow , rain and clouds ) , streams , oceans , rivers , lakes , groundwater , subterranean aquifers , polar ice caps and saturated soil . Solar energy , in the form of heat and light ( insolation ) , and gravity cause the transfer from one state to another over periods from hours to thousands of years . Most evaporation comes from the oceans and is returned to the earth as snow or rain . Sublimation refers to evaporation from snow and ice . Transpiration refers to the expiration of water through the minute pores or stomata of trees . Evapotranspiration is the term used by hydrologists in reference to the three processes together , transpiration , sublimation and evaporation . Marq de Villiers has described the hydrosphere as a closed system in which water exists . The hydrosphere is intricate , complex , interdependent , all - pervading and stable and `` seems purpose - built for regulating life . '' De Villiers claimed that , `` On earth , the total amount of water has almost certainly not changed since geological times : what we had then we still have . Water can be polluted , abused , and misused but it is neither created nor destroyed , it only migrates . There is no evidence that water vapor escapes into space . '' `` Every year the turnover of water on Earth involves 577,000 km of water . This is water that evaporates from the oceanic surface ( 502,800 km ) and from land ( 74,200 km ) . The same amount of water falls as atmospheric precipitation , 458,000 km on the ocean and 119,000 km on land . The difference between precipitation and evaporation from the land surface ( 119,000 - 74,200 = 44,800 km / year ) represents the total runoff of the Earth 's rivers ( 42,700 km / year ) and direct groundwater runoff to the ocean ( 2100 km / year ) . These are the principal sources of fresh water to support life necessities and man 's economic activities . '' Water is a basic necessity of life . Since 2 / 3 of the Earth is covered by water , the Earth is also called the blue planet and the watery planet . Hydrosphere plays an important role in the existence of the atmosphere in its present form . Oceans are important in this regard . When the Earth was formed it had only a very thin atmosphere rich in hydrogen and helium similar to the present atmosphere of Mercury . Later the gases hydrogen and helium were expelled from the atmosphere . The gases and water vapor released as the Earth cooled became its present atmosphere . Other gases and water vapor released by volcanoes also entered the atmosphere . As the Earth cooled the water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and fell as rain . The atmosphere cooled further as atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolved in to rain water . In turn this further caused the water vapor to condense and fall as rain . This rain water filled the depressions on the Earth 's surface and formed the oceans . It is estimated that this occurred about 4000 million years ago . The first life forms began in the oceans . These organisms did not breathe oxygen . Later , when cyanobacteria evolved , the process of conversion of carbon dioxide into food and oxygen began . As a result , Earth 's atmosphere has a distinctly different composition from that of other planets and allowed for life to evolve on Earth . Recharging reservoirs ( edit ) According to Igor A. Shiklomanov , it takes 2500 years for the complete recharge and replenishment of oceanic waters , 10,000 years for permafrost and ice , 1500 years for deep groundwater and mountainous glaciers , 17 years in lakes and 16 days in rivers . Specific fresh water availability ( edit ) `` Specific water availability is the residual ( after use ) per capita quantity of fresh water . '' Fresh water resources are unevenly distributed in terms of space and time and can go from floods to water shortages within months in the same area . In 1998 76 % of the total population had a specific water availability of less than 5.0 thousand m3 per year per capita . Already by 1998 , 35 % of the global population suffered `` very low or catastrophically low water supplies '' and Shiklomanov predicted that the situation would deteriorate in the twenty - first century with `` most of the Earth 's population will be living under the conditions of low or catastrophically low water supply '' by 2025 . There is only 2.5 % of fresh water in the hydrosphere and only 0.25 % of water is accessible for our use . See also ( edit ) Biosphere Cryosphere Earth 's atmosphere Lithosphere Ocean Pedosphere Water cycle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to planetary geologist , Ronald Greeley , `` Water is very common in the outer solar system . '' Europa holds more water than earth 's oceans . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ὕδωρ , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ σφαῖρα , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus ^ Jump up to : World Water Resources : A New Appraisal and Assessment for the 21st Century ( Report ) . UNESCO . 1998 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennish , Michael J. ( 2001 ) . Practical handbook of marine science . Marine science series ( 3rd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 2391 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Marq de Villiers ( 2003 ) . Water : The Fate of Our Most Precious Resource ( 2 ed . ) . Toronto , Ontario : McClelland & Stewart . p. 453 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 2641 - 6 . OCLC 43365804 . , revised 2003 Governor General 's Award ( 1999 ) External links ( edit ) Look up hydrosphere in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Ground Water - USGS Water Overviews Outline Data Model Properties States Liquid Ice Vapor Steam Forms Deuterium - depleted Semiheavy Heavy Tritiated Hydronium On Earth Cycle Distribution Hydrosphere Hydrology Hydrobiology Origin Pollution Resources management policy Supply Portal Category Commons Wiktionary Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Hydro tidal wave Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands Category agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrosphere&oldid=857112812 '' Categories : Aquatic ecology Hydrology Physical geography Global natural environment Water Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語 中文 ГӀалгӀай 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | hydrosphere is a part of the earth's surface covered by | [
"The hydrosphere (from Greek ὕδωρ hydōr, \"water\"[1] and σφαῖρα sphaira, \"sphere\"[2]) is the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, minor planet or natural satellite.\n"
] | [
"water"
] |
529101552565634891 | 2018 NFL Draft | 2018 NFL draft - wikipedia 2018 NFL draft Jump to : navigation , search 2018 NFL Draft General Information Date ( s ) April 26 -- 28 , 2018 Location AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas TV coverage ( US ) ESPN / ABC , ESPN2 , Fox / NFL Network Overview 256 total selections in 7 rounds First selection Baker Mayfield , QB Cleveland Browns Mr. Irrelevant Trey Quinn , WR Washington Redskins Most selections ( 12 ) Baltimore Ravens Fewest selections ( 4 ) Tennessee Titans ← 2017 NFL Drafts 2019 → The 2018 NFL Draft was the 83rd annual meeting of National Football League ( NFL ) franchises to select newly eligible players for the 2018 NFL season . The draft was held on April 26 -- 28 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , and was the first draft to take place in an NFL stadium and the first to be held in Texas , which won out in a fourteen city bid . In order to be eligible to enter the draft , players must be at least three years removed from high school . The deadline for underclassmen to declare for the draft was January 15 , 2018 . Five quarterbacks were selected in the first round for only the third time in the history of the draft ; the first since the 1999 NFL Draft . Also , a pair of siblings -- safety Terrell Edmunds and linebacker Tremaine Edmunds -- were both drafted in the first round , marking the first time brothers have been selected in the opening round of the same draft . Early entrants ( edit ) Main article : List of 2018 NFL Draft early entrants In order to be eligible to enter the draft , players must be at least three years removed from high school . The deadline for underclassmen to declare for the draft was January 15 , 2018 . The following is the breakdown of the 256 players selected by position : 39 Linebackers 33 Wide receivers 29 Cornerbacks 23 Defensive ends 20 Running backs 20 Defensive tackles 20 Offensive tackles 18 Safeties 14 Tight ends 13 Quarterbacks 10 Offensive guards 8 Centers 4 Punters 2 Placekickers 2 Fullbacks 1 Long snapper Player selections ( edit ) Main article : List of 2018 NFL Draft early entrants Jump to round : 2 3 4 5 6 7 * = compensatory selection † = Pro Bowler Positions key Center CB Cornerback DB Defensive back DE Defensive end DL Defensive lineman DT Defensive tackle FB Fullback FS Free safety Guard HB Halfback Placekicker KR Kick returner LB Linebacker LS Long snapper OT Offensive tackle OL Offensive lineman NT Nose tackle Punter PR Punt returner QB Quarterback RB Running back Safety SS Strong safety TB Tailback TE Tight end WR Wide receiver Rnd . Pick # NFL team Player Pos . College Conf . Notes Cleveland Browns Mayfield , Baker Baker Mayfield QB Oklahoma Big 12 2017 Heisman Trophy winner New York Giants Barkley , Saquon Saquon Barkley RB Penn State Big Ten New York Jets Darnold , Sam Sam Darnold QB USC Pac - 12 from Indianapolis Cleveland Browns Ward , Denzel Denzel Ward CB Ohio State Big Ten from Houston 5 Denver Broncos Chubb , Bradley Bradley Chubb DE NC State ACC 6 Indianapolis Colts Nelson , Quenton Quenton Nelson Notre Dame Ind . ( FBS ) from NY Jets 7 Buffalo Bills Allen , Josh Josh Allen QB Wyoming MW from Tampa Bay 8 Chicago Bears Smith , Roquan Roquan Smith LB Georgia SEC 9 San Francisco 49ers McGlinchey , Mike Mike McGlinchey OT Notre Dame Ind . ( FBS ) 10 Arizona Cardinals Rosen , Josh Josh Rosen QB UCLA Pac - 12 from Oakland 11 Miami Dolphins Fitzpatrick , Minkah Minkah Fitzpatrick Alabama SEC 12 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Vea , Vita Vita Vea DT Washington Pac - 12 from Cincinnati via Buffalo 13 Washington Redskins Payne , Da'Ron Da'Ron Payne DT Alabama SEC 14 New Orleans Saints Davenport , Marcus Marcus Davenport DE UTSA C - USA from Green Bay 15 Oakland Raiders Miller , Kolton Kolton Miller OT UCLA Pac - 12 from Arizona 16 Buffalo Bills Edmunds , Tremaine Tremaine Edmunds LB Virginia Tech ACC from Baltimore 17 Los Angeles Chargers James , Derwin Derwin James Florida State ACC 18 Green Bay Packers Alexander , Jaire Jaire Alexander CB Louisville ACC from Seattle 19 Dallas Cowboys Vander Esch , Leighton Leighton Vander Esch LB Boise State MW 20 Detroit Lions Ragnow , Frank Frank Ragnow Arkansas SEC 21 Cincinnati Bengals Price , Billy Billy Price Ohio State Big Ten from Buffalo 22 Tennessee Titans Evans , Rashaan Rashaan Evans LB Alabama SEC from Kansas City via Buffalo and Baltimore 23 New England Patriots Wynn , Isaiah Isaiah Wynn OT Georgia SEC from LA Rams 24 Carolina Panthers Moore , D.J. D.J. Moore WR Maryland Big Ten 25 Baltimore Ravens Hurst , Hayden Hayden Hurst TE South Carolina SEC from Tennessee 26 Atlanta Falcons Ridley , Calvin Calvin Ridley WR Alabama SEC 27 Seattle Seahawks Penny , Rashaad Rashaad Penny RB San Diego State MW from New Orleans via Green Bay 28 Pittsburgh Steelers Edmunds , Terrell Terrell Edmunds Virginia Tech ACC 29 Jacksonville Jaguars Bryan , Taven Taven Bryan DT Florida SEC 30 Minnesota Vikings Hughes , Mike Mike Hughes CB UCF The American 31 New England Patriots Michel , Sony Sony Michel RB Georgia SEC 32 Baltimore Ravens Jackson , Lamar Lamar Jackson QB Louisville ACC from Philadelphia 2016 Heisman Trophy winner 33 Cleveland Browns Corbett , Austin Austin Corbett Nevada MW 34 New York Giants Hernandez , Will Will Hernandez UTEP C - USA 35 Cleveland Browns Chubb , Nick Nick Chubb RB Georgia SEC from Houston 36 Indianapolis Colts Leonard , Darius Darius Leonard LB South Carolina State MEAC 37 Indianapolis Colts Smith , Braden Braden Smith Auburn SEC from NY Jets 38 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Jones , Ronald Ronald Jones RB USC Pac - 12 39 Chicago Bears Daniels , James James Daniels Iowa Big Ten 40 Denver Broncos Sutton , Courtland Courtland Sutton WR SMU The American 41 Tennessee Titans Landry , Harold Harold Landry LB Boston College ACC from Oakland 42 Miami Dolphins Gesicki , Mike Mike Gesicki TE Penn State Big Ten 43 Detroit Lions Johnson , Kerryon Kerryon Johnson RB Auburn SEC from San Francisco via New England 44 San Francisco 49ers Pettis , Dante Dante Pettis WR Washington Pac - 12 from Washington 45 Green Bay Packers Jackson , Josh Josh Jackson CB Iowa Big Ten 46 Kansas City Chiefs Speaks , Breeland Breeland Speaks DE Ole Miss SEC from Cincinnati 47 Arizona Cardinals Kirk , Christian Christian Kirk WR Texas A&M SEC 48 Los Angeles Chargers Nwosu , Uchenna Uchenna Nwosu LB USC Pac - 12 49 Philadelphia Eagles Goedert , Dallas Dallas Goedert TE South Dakota State MVFC from Seattle via NY Jets and Indianapolis 50 Dallas Cowboys Williams , Connor Connor Williams Texas Big 12 51 Chicago Bears Miller , Anthony Anthony Miller WR Memphis The American from Detroit via New England 52 Indianapolis Colts Turay , Kemoko Kemoko Turay DE Rutgers Big Ten from Baltimore via Philadelphia 53 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Stewart , M.J. M.J. Stewart CB North Carolina ACC from Buffalo 54 Cincinnati Bengals Bates , Jessie Jessie Bates Wake Forest ACC from Kansas City 55 Carolina Panthers Jackson , Donte Donte Jackson CB LSU SEC 56 New England Patriots Dawson , Duke Duke Dawson CB Florida SEC from LA Rams via Buffalo and Tampa Bay 57 Oakland Raiders Hall , P.J. P.J. Hall DT Sam Houston State Southland from Tennessee 58 Atlanta Falcons Oliver , Isaiah Isaiah Oliver CB Colorado Pac - 12 59 Washington Redskins Guice , Derrius Derrius Guice RB LSU SEC from New Orleans via San Francisco 60 Pittsburgh Steelers Washington , James James Washington WR Oklahoma State Big 12 2017 Fred Biletnikoff Award Winner 61 Jacksonville Jaguars Chark , DJ DJ Chark WR LSU SEC 62 Minnesota Vikings O'Neill , Brian Brian O'Neill OT Pittsburgh ACC 63 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Davis , Carlton Carlton Davis CB Auburn SEC from New England 64 Indianapolis Colts Lewis , Tyquan Tyquan Lewis DE Ohio State Big Ten from Philadelphia via Cleveland 65 Oakland Raiders Parker , Brandon Brandon Parker OT North Carolina A&T MEAC from Cleveland via Buffalo and Baltimore 66 New York Giants Carter , Lorenzo Lorenzo Carter LB Georgia SEC 67 Cleveland Browns Thomas , Chad Chad Thomas DE Miami ( FL ) ACC from Indianapolis 68 Houston Texans Reid , Justin Justin Reid Stanford Pac - 12 69 New York Giants Hill , B.J. B.J. Hill DT NC State ACC from Tampa Bay 70 San Francisco 49ers Warner , Fred Fred Warner LB BYU Ind . ( FBS ) from Chicago 71 Denver Broncos Freeman , Royce Royce Freeman RB Oregon Pac - 12 72 New York Jets Shepherd , Nathan Nathan Shepherd DT Fort Hays State MIAA ( D - II ) 73 Miami Dolphins Baker , Jerome Jerome Baker LB Ohio State Big Ten 74 Washington Redskins Christian , Geron Geron Christian OT Louisville ACC from San Francisco 75 Kansas City Chiefs Nnadi , Derrick Derrick Nnadi DT Florida State ACC from Oakland via Baltimore 76 Pittsburgh Steelers Rudolph , Mason Mason Rudolph QB Oklahoma State Big 12 from Green Bay via Seattle 77 Cincinnati Bengals Hubbard , Sam Sam Hubbard DE Ohio State Big Ten 78 Cincinnati Bengals Jefferson , Malik Malik Jefferson LB Texas Big 12 from Washington via Kansas City 79 Seattle Seahawks Green , Rasheem Rasheem Green DE USC Pac - 12 from Oakland via Arizona and Pittsburgh 80 Houston Texans Rankin , Martinas Martinas Rankin OT Mississippi State SEC from Seattle 81 Dallas Cowboys Gallup , Michael Michael Gallup WR Colorado State MW 82 Detroit Lions Walker , Tracy Tracy Walker Louisiana Sun Belt 83 Baltimore Ravens Brown , Orlando Orlando Brown OT Oklahoma Big 12 84 Los Angeles Chargers Jones , Justin Justin Jones DT NC State ACC 85 Carolina Panthers Gaulden , Rashaan Rashaan Gaulden CB Tennessee SEC from Buffalo 86 Baltimore Ravens Andrews , Mark Mark Andrews TE Oklahoma Big 12 from Kansas City 87 Oakland Raiders Key , Arden Arden Key DE LSU SEC from LA Rams 88 Green Bay Packers Burks , Oren Oren Burks LB Vanderbilt SEC from Carolina 89 Los Angeles Rams Noteboom , Joseph Joseph Noteboom OT TCU Big 12 from Tennessee via Oakland 90 Atlanta Falcons Senat , Deadrin Deadrin Senat DT South Florida The American 91 New Orleans Saints Smith , Tre'Quan Tre'Quan Smith WR UCF The American 92 Pittsburgh Steelers Okorafor , Chukwuma Chukwuma Okorafor OT Western Michigan MAC 93 Jacksonville Jaguars Harrison , Ronnie Ronnie Harrison Alabama SEC 94 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cappa , Alex Alex Cappa OT Humboldt State GNAC from Minnesota 95 San Francisco 49ers Moore , Tarvarius Tarvarius Moore Southern Miss C - USA from New England 96 Buffalo Bills Phillips , Harrison Harrison Phillips DT Stanford Pac - 12 from Philadelphia 3 * 97 Arizona Cardinals Cole , Mason Mason Cole Michigan Big Ten 3 * 98 Houston Texans Akins , Jordan Jordan Akins TE UCF The American 3 * 99 Denver Broncos Yiadom , Isaac Isaac Yiadom CB Boston College ACC 3 * 100 Kansas City Chiefs O'Daniel , Dorian Dorian O'Daniel LB Clemson ACC from Cincinnati 101 Carolina Panthers Thomas , Ian Ian Thomas TE Indiana Big Ten from Cleveland via Green Bay 102 Minnesota Vikings Holmes , Jalyn Jalyn Holmes DE Ohio State Big Ten from NY Giants via Tampa Bay 103 Houston Texans Coutee , Keke Keke Coutee WR Texas Tech Big 12 104 Indianapolis Colts Hines , Nyheim Nyheim Hines RB NC State ACC 105 Cleveland Browns Callaway , Antonio Antonio Callaway WR Florida SEC from Chicago via New England 106 Denver Broncos Jewell , Josey Josey Jewell LB Iowa Big Ten 107 New York Jets Herndon , Chris Chris Herndon TE Miami ( FL ) ACC 108 New York Giants Lauletta , Kyle Kyle Lauletta QB Richmond CAA from Tampa Bay 109 Washington Redskins Apke , Troy Troy Apke Penn State Big Ten from San Francisco via Denver 110 Oakland Raiders Nelson , Nick Nick Nelson CB Wisconsin Big Ten 111 Los Angeles Rams Allen , Brian Brian Allen Michigan State Big Ten From Miami 112 Cincinnati Bengals Walton , Mark Mark Walton RB Miami ( FL ) ACC 113 Denver Broncos Hamilton , DaeSean DaeSean Hamilton WR Penn State Big Ten from Washington 114 Detroit Lions Hand , Da'Shawn Da'Shawn Hand DE Alabama SEC from Green Bay via Cleveland and New England 115 Chicago Bears Iyiegbuniwe , Joel Joel Iyiegbuniwe LB Western Kentucky C - USA from Arizona 116 Dallas Cowboys Armstrong , Dorance Dorance Armstrong DE Kansas Big 12 117 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Whitehead , Jordan Jordan Whitehead Pittsburgh ACC from Detroit via New England 118 Baltimore Ravens Averett , Anthony Anthony Averett CB Alabama SEC 119 Los Angeles Chargers White , Kyzir Kyzir White West Virginia Big 12 120 Seattle Seahawks Dissly , Will Will Dissly TE Washington Pac - 12 121 Buffalo Bills Johnson , Taron Taron Johnson CB Weber State Big Sky 122 Baltimore Ravens Young , Kenny Kenny Young LB UCLA Pac - 12 from Kansas City 123 Miami Dolphins Smythe , Durham Durham Smythe TE Notre Dame Ind . ( FBS ) from Carolina via Cleveland 124 Kansas City Chiefs Watts , Armani Armani Watts Texas A&M SEC from LA Rams 125 Philadelphia Eagles Maddox , Avonte Avonte Maddox CB Pittsburgh ACC from Tennessee via Baltimore 126 Atlanta Falcons Smith , Ito Ito Smith RB Southern Miss C - USA 127 New Orleans Saints Leonard , Rick Rick Leonard OT Florida State ACC 128 San Francisco 49ers Street , Kentavius Kentavius Street DE NC State ACC from Pittsburgh 129 Jacksonville Jaguars Richardson , Will Will Richardson OT NC State ACC 130 Philadelphia Eagles Sweat , Josh Josh Sweat DE Florida State ACC from Minnesota 131 Miami Dolphins Ballage , Kalen Kalen Ballage RB Arizona State Pac - 12 from New England via Philadelphia 132 Baltimore Ravens Scott , Jaleel Jaleel Scott WR New Mexico State Sun Belt from Philadelphia 4 * 133 Green Bay Packers Moore , J'Mon J'Mon Moore WR Missouri SEC 4 * 134 Arizona Cardinals Edmonds , Chase Chase Edmonds RB Fordham Patriot 4 * 135 Los Angeles Rams Franklin - Myers , John John Franklin - Myers DE Stephen F. Austin Southland from NY Giants 4 * 136 Carolina Panthers Haynes , Marquis Marquis Haynes DE Ole Miss SEC from New England via LA Rams 4 * 137 Dallas Cowboys Schultz , Dalton Dalton Schultz TE Stanford Pac - 12 5 138 Green Bay Packers Madison , Cole Cole Madison Washington State Pac - 12 from Cleveland 5 139 New York Giants McIntosh , R.J. R.J. McIntosh DT Miami ( FL ) ACC 5 140 Oakland Raiders Hurst , Maurice Maurice Hurst DT Michigan Big Ten from Indianapolis 5 141 Seattle Seahawks Griffin , Shaquem Shaquem Griffin LB UCF The American from Houston 5 142 San Francisco 49ers Reed , D.J. D.J. Reed CB Kansas State Big 12 from Denver via Washington 5 143 New England Patriots Bentley , Ja'Whaun Ja'Whaun Bentley LB Purdue Big Ten from San Francisco via NY Jets 5 144 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Watson , Justin Justin Watson WR Penn Ivy 5 145 Chicago Bears Nichols , Bilal Bilal Nichols DT Delaware CAA 5 146 Seattle Seahawks Flowers , Tre Tre Flowers Oklahoma State Big 12 from Oakland 5 147 Los Angeles Rams Kiser , Micah Micah Kiser LB Virginia ACC from Miami via New Orleans and Green Bay 5 148 Pittsburgh Steelers Allen , Marcus Marcus Allen Penn State Big Ten from San Francisco 5 149 Seattle Seahawks Dickson , Michael Michael Dickson Texas Big 12 from Washington via Denver 5 150 Cleveland Browns Avery , Genard Genard Avery LB Memphis The American from Green Bay 5 151 Cincinnati Bengals Harris , Davontae Davontae Harris CB Illinois State MVFC 5 152 Tennessee Titans Cruikshank , Dane Dane Cruikshank CB Arizona Pac - 12 from Arizona via Oakland and Baltimore 5 153 Detroit Lions Crosby , Tyrell Tyrell Crosby OT Oregon Pac - 12 5 154 Buffalo Bills Neal , Siran Siran Neal CB Jacksonville State OVC from Baltimore 5 155 Los Angeles Chargers Quessenberry , Scott Scott Quessenberry UCLA Pac - 12 5 156 Denver Broncos Fumagalli , Troy Troy Fumagalli TE Wisconsin Big Ten from Seattle via Philadelphia and Seattle 5 157 Minnesota Vikings Conklin , Tyler Tyler Conklin TE Central Michigan MAC from Dallas via NY Jets 5 158 Cincinnati Bengals Brown , Andrew Andrew Brown DE Virginia ACC from Buffalo 5 159 Indianapolis Colts Fountain , Daurice Daurice Fountain WR Northern Iowa MVFC from Kansas City via Cleveland , New England , and Oakland 5 160 Los Angeles Rams Okoronkwo , Ogbonnia Ogbonnia Okoronkwo LB Oklahoma Big 12 from LA Rams via Denver 5 161 Carolina Panthers Carter Jr. , Jermaine Jermaine Carter Jr . LB Maryland Big Ten 5 162 Baltimore Ravens Lasley , Jordan Jordan Lasley WR UCLA Pac - 12 from Tennessee 5 163 Washington Redskins Settle , Tim Tim Settle DT Virginia Tech ACC from Atlanta via Denver 5 164 New Orleans Saints Jamerson , Natrell Natrell Jamerson Wisconsin Big Ten 5 165 Pittsburgh Steelers Samuels , Jaylen Jaylen Samuels FB NC State ACC 5 166 Buffalo Bills Teller , Wyatt Wyatt Teller Virginia Tech ACC from Jacksonville 5 167 Minnesota Vikings Carlson , Daniel Daniel Carlson Auburn SEC from Minnesota via NY Jets 5 168 Seattle Seahawks Jones , Jamarco Jamarco Jones OT Ohio State Big Ten from New England 5 169 Indianapolis Colts Wilkins , Jordan Jordan Wilkins RB Ole Miss SEC from Philadelphia 5 * 170 Cincinnati Bengals Phillips , Darius Darius Phillips CB Western Michigan MAC 5 * 171 Dallas Cowboys White , Mike Mike White QB Western Kentucky C - USA 5 * 172 Green Bay Packers Scott , JK JK Scott Alabama SEC 5 * 173 Oakland Raiders Townsend , Johnny Johnny Townsend Florida SEC from Dallas 5 * 174 Green Bay Packers Valdes - Scantling , Marquez Marquez Valdes - Scantling WR South Florida The American 6 175 Cleveland Browns Ratley , Damion Damion Ratley WR Texas A&M SEC 6 176 Los Angeles Rams Kelly , John John Kelly RB Tennessee SEC from NY Giants 6 177 Houston Texans Ejiofor , Duke Duke Ejiofor DE Wake Forest ACC 6 178 New England Patriots Sam , Christian Christian Sam LB Arizona State Pac - 12 from Indianapolis via Cleveland 6 179 New York Jets Nickerson , Parry Parry Nickerson CB Tulane The American 6 180 New York Jets Fatukasi , Folorunso Folorunso Fatukasi DT Connecticut The American from Tampa Bay via Minnesota 6 181 Chicago Bears Fitts , Kylie Kylie Fitts DE Utah Pac - 12 6 182 Arizona Cardinals Campbell , Chris Chris Campbell CB Penn State Big Ten from Denver 6 183 Denver Broncos Jones , Sam Sam Jones Arizona State Pac - 12 from Miami via LA Rams 6 184 San Francisco 49ers Harris , Marcell Marcell Harris Florida SEC 6 185 Indianapolis Colts Cain , Deon Deon Cain WR Clemson ACC from Oakland 6 186 Seattle Seahawks Martin , Jacob Jacob Martin LB Temple The American from Green Bay 6 187 Buffalo Bills McCloud , Ray - Ray Ray - Ray McCloud WR Clemson ACC from Cincinnati 6 188 Cleveland Browns Thomas , Simeon Simeon Thomas CB Louisiana Sun Belt from Washington 6 189 New Orleans Saints Moore , Kamrin Kamrin Moore CB Boston College ACC from Arizona 6 190 Baltimore Ravens Elliott , DeShon DeShon Elliott Texas Big 12 6 191 Los Angeles Chargers Cantrell , Dylan Dylan Cantrell WR Texas Tech Big 12 6 192 Los Angeles Rams Demby , Jamil Jamil Demby OT Maine CAA from Seattle via Oakland and Dallas 6 193 Dallas Cowboys Covington , Chris Chris Covington LB Indiana Big Ten 6 194 Atlanta Falcons Gage , Russell Russell Gage WR LSU SEC from Detroit via LA Rams 6 195 Los Angeles Rams Joseph , Sebastian Sebastian Joseph DT Rutgers Big Ten from Buffalo 6 196 Kansas City Chiefs Smith , Tremon Tremon Smith CB Central Arkansas Southland 6 197 Washington Redskins Hamilton , Shaun Dion Shaun Dion Hamilton LB Alabama SEC from Carolina via LA Rams 6 198 Kansas City Chiefs McKenzie , Kahlil Kahlil McKenzie DT Tennessee SEC from LA Rams via New England 6 199 Tennessee Titans Falk , Luke Luke Falk QB Washington State Pac - 12 6 200 Atlanta Falcons Oluokun , Foyesade Foyesade Oluokun Yale Ivy 6 201 New Orleans Saints Scott , Boston Boston Scott RB Louisiana Tech C - USA 6 202 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cichy , Jack Jack Cichy LB Wisconsin Big Ten from Pittsburgh via Cleveland and Pittsburgh 6 203 Jacksonville Jaguars Lee , Tanner Tanner Lee QB Nebraska Big Ten 6 204 New York Jets Cannon , Trenton Trenton Cannon RB Virginia State CIAA from Minnesota 6 205 Los Angeles Rams Young , Trevon Trevon Young DE Louisville ACC from New England via Cleveland and Washington 6 206 Philadelphia Eagles Pryor , Matt Matt Pryor OT TCU Big 12 6 * 207 Green Bay Packers St. Brown , Equanimeous Equanimeous St. Brown WR Notre Dame Ind . ( FBS ) 6 * 208 Dallas Cowboys Wilson Jr. , Cedrick Cedrick Wilson Jr . WR Boise State MW 6 * 209 Miami Dolphins Armstrong , Cornell Cornell Armstrong CB Southern Miss C - USA from Kansas City via LA Rams 6 * 210 New England Patriots Berrios , Braxton Braxton Berrios WR Miami ( FL ) ACC from Oakland 6 * 211 Houston Texans Thomas , Jordan Jordan Thomas TE Mississippi State SEC 6 * 212 Baltimore Ravens Senat , Greg Greg Senat OT Wagner NEC from Oakland 6 * 213 Minnesota Vikings Gossett , Colby Colby Gossett Appalachian State Sun Belt 6 * 214 Houston Texans Kalambayi , Peter Peter Kalambayi LB Stanford Pac - 12 6 * 215 Baltimore Ravens Bozeman , Bradley Bradley Bozeman Alabama SEC from Baltimore via Tennessee 6 * 216 Oakland Raiders Victor , Azeem Azeem Victor LB Washington Pac - 12 6 * 217 Denver Broncos Bierria , Keishawn Keishawn Bierria LB Washington Pac - 12 from Oakland via LA Rams 6 * 218 Minnesota Vikings Aruna , Ade Ade Aruna DE Tulane The American 7 219 New England Patriots Etling , Danny Danny Etling QB LSU SEC from Cleveland 7 220 Seattle Seahawks McGough , Alex Alex McGough QB Florida International C - USA from NY Giants via Pittsburgh 7 221 Indianapolis Colts Adams , Matthew Matthew Adams LB Houston The American 7 222 Houston Texans Kelly , Jermaine Jermaine Kelly CB San Jose State MW 7 223 San Francisco 49ers Taylor , Jullian Jullian Taylor DT Temple The American from Tampa Bay via Miami 7 224 Chicago Bears Wims , Javon Javon Wims WR Georgia SEC 7 225 Minnesota Vikings Downs , Devante Devante Downs LB California Pac - 12 from Denver via Minnesota and NY Jets 7 226 Denver Broncos Williams , David David Williams RB Arkansas SEC from NY Jets via Seattle 7 227 Miami Dolphins Poling , Quentin Quentin Poling LB Ohio MAC from San Francisco 7 228 Oakland Raiders Ateman , Marcell Marcell Ateman WR Oklahoma State Big 12 7 229 Miami Dolphins Sanders , Jason Jason Sanders New Mexico MW 7 230 Jacksonville Jaguars Jacobs , Leon Leon Jacobs OLB Wisconsin Big Ten from Cincinnati 7 231 Los Angeles Rams Howard , Travin Travin Howard LB TCU Big 12 from Washington 7 232 Green Bay Packers Looney , James James Looney DE California Pac - 12 7 233 Philadelphia Eagles Mailata , Jordan Jordan Mailata OT from Arizona via Kansas City and New England Australian rugby player drafted from South Sydney Rabbitohs of NRL 7 234 Carolina Panthers Smith , Andre Andre Smith ILB North Carolina ACC from LA Chargers via Buffalo 7 235 Indianapolis Colts Franklin , Zaire Zaire Franklin LB Syracuse ACC from Seattle via NY Jets 7 236 Dallas Cowboys Scarbrough , Bo Bo Scarbrough RB Alabama SEC 7 237 Detroit Lions Bawden , Nick Nick Bawden FB San Diego State MW 7 238 Baltimore Ravens Sieler , Zach Zach Sieler DE Ferris State GLIAC from Arizona via Baltimore 7 239 Green Bay Packers Bradley , Hunter Hunter Bradley LS Mississippi State SEC from Buffalo 7 240 San Francisco 49ers James , Richie Richie James WR Middle Tennessee C - USA from Kansas City 7 241 Washington Redskins Stroman , Greg Greg Stroman CB Virginia Tech ACC from LA Rams 7 242 Carolina Panthers Norton , Kendrick Kendrick Norton DT Miami ( FL ) ACC 7 243 New England Patriots Crossen , Keion Keion Crossen CB Western Carolina SoCon from Tennessee via Kansas City 7 244 Los Angeles Rams Lawler , Justin Justin Lawler DE SMU The American from Atlanta 7 245 New Orleans Saints Clapp , Will Will Clapp LSU SEC 7 246 Pittsburgh Steelers Frazier , Joshua Joshua Frazier DT Alabama SEC 7 247 Jacksonville Jaguars Cooke , Logan Logan Cooke Mississippi State SEC 7 248 Green Bay Packers Donnerson , Kendall Kendall Donnerson OLB Southeast Missouri State OVC from Seattle via Minnesota 7 249 Cincinnati Bengals Woodside , Logan Logan Woodside QB Toledo MAC from New England 7 250 New England Patriots Izzo , Ryan Ryan Izzo TE Florida State ACC from Philadelphia via Seattle , New England , Seattle , and Philadelphia 7 * 251 Los Angeles Chargers Jackson , Justin Justin Jackson RB Northwestern Big Ten 7 * 252 Cincinnati Bengals Taylor , Rod Rod Taylor Ole Miss SEC 7 * 253 Cincinnati Bengals Tate , Auden Auden Tate WR Florida State ACC 7 * 254 Arizona Cardinals Cunningham , Korey Korey Cunningham OT Cincinnati The American 7 * 255 Buffalo Bills Proehl , Austin Austin Proehl WR North Carolina ACC from Tampa Bay 7 * 256 Washington Redskins Quinn , Trey Trey Quinn WR SMU The American Mr. Irrelevant from Atlanta via LA Rams Trades ( edit ) In the explanations below , ( PD ) indicates trades completed prior to the start of the draft ( i.e. Pre-Draft ) , while ( D ) denotes trades that took place during the 2018 draft . Round one Jump up ^ No. 3 : Indianapolis → NY Jets ( PD ) . Indianapolis traded their first - round selection ( 3rd ) to the Jets in exchange for the Jets ' first - round selection ( 6th ) , two second - round selections ( 37th and 49th ) , and their second - round selection in 2019 . Jump up ^ No. 4 : Houston → Cleveland ( PD ) . Houston traded their first - round selection ( 4th ) and their first - round selection in 2017 ( 25th ) to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's first - round selection in 2017 ( 12th ) . With the trade , Houston selected Deshaun Watson . Jump up ^ No. 6 : NY Jets → Indianapolis ( PD ) . see No. 3 : Indianapolis → NY Jets . Jump up ^ No. 7 : Tampa Bay → Buffalo ( D ) . Tampa Bay traded their first - and seventh - round selections ( 7th and 255th ) to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo 's first - round selection ( 12th ) and two second - round selections ( 53rd and 56th ) . Jump up ^ No. 10 : Oakland → Arizona ( D ) . Oakland traded their first - round selection ( 10th ) to Arizona in exchange for Arizona 's first - , third - , and fifth - round selections ( 15th , 79th , and 152nd ) . Jump up ^ No. 12 : multiple trades : No. 12 : Cincinnati → Buffalo ( PD ) . Cincinnati traded their first - and sixth - round selections ( 12th and 187th ) to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo 's first - and fifth - round selection ( 21st and 158th ) and offensive tackle Cordy Glenn . No. 12 : Buffalo → Tampa Bay ( D ) . see No. 7 : Tampa Bay → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 14 : Green Bay → New Orleans ( D ) . Green Bay traded their first - round selection ( 14th ) to New Orleans in exchange for New Orleans 's first - and fifth - round selections ( 27th and 147th ) and a first - round selection in 2019 . Jump up ^ No. 15 : Arizona → Oakland ( D ) . see No. 10 : Oakland → Arizona . Jump up ^ No. 16 : Baltimore → Buffalo ( D ) . Baltimore traded their first - and fifth - round selections ( 16th and 154th ) to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo 's first and third round selections ( 22nd and 65th ) . Jump up ^ No. 18 : Seattle → Green Bay ( D ) . Seattle traded their first - and seventh - round selections ( 18th and 248th ) to Green Bay in exchange for Green Bay 's first - , third - , and sixth - round selections ( 27th , 76th , and 186th ) . Jump up ^ No. 21 : Buffalo → Cincinnati ( PD ) . see No. 12 : Cincinnati → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 22 : multiple trades : No. 22 : Kansas City → Buffalo ( PD ) . Kansas City traded their first - round selection ( 22nd ) as well as their first - and third - round selections in 2017 ( 27th and 91st ) to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo 's first - round selection in 2017 ( 10th ) . With the trade , Kansas City selected Patrick Mahomes II . No. 22 : Buffalo → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 16 : Baltimore → Buffalo . No. 22 : Baltimore → Tennessee ( D ) . Baltimore traded their first - and sixth - round selections ( 22nd and 215th ) to Tennessee in exchange for Tennessee 's first - and fourth - round selections ( 25th and 125th ) . Jump up ^ No. 23 : LA Rams → New England ( PD ) . The Rams traded their first - and sixth - round selections ( 23rd and 198th ) to New England in exchange for New England 's fourth - round selection ( 136th ) and wide receiver Brandin Cooks . Jump up ^ No. 25 : Tennessee → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 22 : Baltimore → Tennessee . Jump up ^ No. 27 : multiple trades : No. 27 : New Orleans → Green Bay ( D ) . see No. 14 : Green Bay → New Orleans . No. 27 : Green Bay → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 18 : Seattle → Green Bay . Jump up ^ No. 32 : Philadelphia → Baltimore ( D ) . Philadelphia traded their first - and fourth - round selections ( 32nd and 132nd ) to Baltimore in exchange for Baltimore 's second - and fourth - round selections ( 52nd and 125th ) and a second - round selection in 2019 . Round two Jump up ^ No. 35 : Houston → Cleveland ( PD ) . Houston traded their second - round selection ( 35th ) , their sixth - round selection in 2017 ( 188th ) , and quarterback Brock Osweiler to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's fourth - round selection in 2017 ( 142nd ) . Jump up ^ No. 37 : NY Jets → Indianapolis ( PD ) . see No. 3 : Indianapolis → NY Jets . Jump up ^ No. 41 : Oakland → Tennessee ( D ) . Oakland traded their second - round selection ( 41st ) to Tennessee in exchange for Tennessee 's second - and third - round selection ( 57th and 89th ) . Jump up ^ No. 43 : multiple trades : No. 43 : San Francisco → New England ( PD ) . San Francisco traded their second - round selection ( 43rd ) to New England in exchange for quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo . No. 43 : New England → Detroit ( D ) . New England traded a second - round selection ( 43rd ) to Detroit in exchange for Detroit 's second - and fourth - round selections ( 51st and 117th ) Jump up ^ No. 44 : Washington → San Francisco ( D ) . Washington traded their second - and fifth - round selection ( 44th and 142nd ) to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's second - and third - round selection ( 59th and 74th ) . Jump up ^ No. 46 : Cincinnati → Kansas City ( D ) . Cincinnati traded their second - and fifth - round selection ( 46th and 100th ) to Kansas City in exchange for Kansas City 's second - and third - round selection ( 54th and 78th ) . Jump up ^ No. 49 : multiple trades : No. 49 : Seattle → NY Jets ( PD ) . Seattle traded their second - and seventh - round selections ( 49th and 235th ) , as well as wide receiver Jermaine Kearse to the Jets in exchange for the Jets seventh - round selection ( 226th ) and defensive end Sheldon Richardson . No. 49 : NY Jets → Indianapolis ( PD ) . see No. 3 : Indianapolis → NY Jets . No. 49 : Indianapolis → Philadelphia ( D ) . Indianapolis traded their second - round selection ( 49th to the Philadelphia in exchange for the Philadelphia 's second - and fifth - round selections ( 52nd and 169th ) . Jump up ^ No. 51 : multiple trades : No. 51 : Detroit → New England ( D ) . see No. 43 : New England → Detroit . No. 51 : New England → Chicago ( D ) . New England traded a second - round selection ( 51st ) to Chicago in exchange for Chicago 's fourth - round selection ( 105th ) and second - round selection in 2019 . Jump up ^ No. 52 : multiple trades : No. 52 : Baltimore → Philadelphia ( D ) . see No. 32 : Philadelphia → Baltimore . No. 52 : Philadelphia → Indianapolis ( D ) . see No. 49 : Indianapolis → Philadelphia . Jump up ^ No. 53 : Buffalo → Tampa Bay ( D ) . see No. 7 : Tampa Bay → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 54 : Kansas City → Cincinnati ( D ) . see No. 46 : Cincinnati → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 56 : multiple trades : No. 56 : Los Angeles Rams → Buffalo ( PD ) . The Rams traded their second - round selection ( 56th ) and cornerback E.J. Gaines to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo 's sixth - round selection ( 195th ) and wide receiver Sammy Watkins . No. 56 : Buffalo → Tampa Bay ( D ) . see No. 7 : Tampa Bay → Buffalo . No. 56 : Tampa Bay → New England ( D ) . Tampa Bay traded this second - round selection ( 56th ) to New England in exchange for New England 's second - and fourth - round selections ( 63rd and 117th ) . Jump up ^ No. 57 : Tennessee → Oakland ( D ) . see No. 41 : Oakland → Tennessee . Jump up ^ No. 59 : multiple trades : No. 59 : New Orleans → San Francisco ( PD ) . New Orleans traded their second - round selection ( 59th ) as well as a seventh - round selection in 2017 ( 229th ) to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's third - round selection in 2017 ( 67th ) . No. 59 : San Francisco → Washington ( PD ) . see No. 44 : Washington → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 63 : New England → Tampa Bay ( D ) . see No. 56 : Tampa Bay → New England . Jump up ^ No. 64 : multiple trades : No. 64 : Philadelphia → Cleveland ( PD ) . Philadelphia traded their second - round selection ( 64th ) as well as a first - , third - , and fourth - round selections in 2016 ( 8th , 77th , and 100th ) and their first - round selection in 2017 to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's first - round selection in 2016 ( 2nd ) and a fourth - round selection in 2017 . No. 64 : Cleveland → Indianapolis ( D ) . Cleveland traded their second - round selection ( 64th ) to Indianapolis in exchange for Indianpolis ' third - and sixth - round selection ( 67th and 178th ) . Round three Jump up ^ No. 65 : multiple trades : No. 65 : Cleveland → Buffalo ( PD ) . Cleveland traded their third - round selection ( 65th ) to Buffalo in exchange for quarterback Tyrod Taylor . No. 65 : Buffalo → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 16 : Baltimore → Buffalo . No. 65 : Baltimore → Oakland ( D ) . Baltimore traded this third - round selection ( 65th ) to Oakland in exchange for Oakland 's third - , fifth - , and sixth - round selections ( 75th , 152nd , and 212th ) . Jump up ^ No. 67 : Indianapolis → Cleveland ( D ) . see No. 64 : Cleveland → Indianapolis . Jump up ^ No. 69 : Tampa Bay → NY Giants ( PD ) . Tampa Bay traded their third - and fourth - round selections ( 69th and 108th ) to the Giants in exchange for the Giants ' fourth - round selection ( 102nd ) and defensive end Jason Pierre - Paul . Jump up ^ No. 70 : Chicago → San Francisco ( PD ) . Chicago traded their third - round selection ( 70th ) as well as their first - , third - , and fourth - round selections in 2017 ( 3rd , 67th , and 111th ) to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's first - round selection in 2017 ( 2nd ) . Jump up ^ No. 74 : San Francisco → Washington ( PD ) . see No. 44 : Washington → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 75 : multiple trades : No. 75 : Oakland → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 65 : Baltimore → Oakland . No. 75 : Baltimore → Kansas City ( D ) . Baltimore traded their third - round selection ( 75th ) to Kansas City in exchange for Kansas City 's third - and fourth - round selection ( 86th and 122nd ) . Jump up ^ No. 76 : multiple trades : No. 76 : Green Bay → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 18 : Seattle → Green Bay . No. 76 : Seattle → Pittsburgh ( D ) . Seattle traded this third - round selection ( 76th ) to Pittsburgh in exchange for Pittsburgh 's third - and seventh - round selection ( 79th and 220th ) . Jump up ^ No. 78 : multiple trades : No. 78 : Washington → Kansas City ( PD ) . The Redskins traded their third - round selection ( 78th ) and cornerback Kendall Fuller to the Chiefs in exchange for quarterback Alex Smith . No. 78 : Kansas City → Cincinnati ( D ) . see No. 46 : Cincinnati → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 79 : multiple trades : No. 79 : Arizona → Oakland ( D ) . see No. 10 : Oakland → Arizona . No. 79 : Oakland → Pittsburgh ( D ) . Oakland traded a third - round selection ( 79th to Pittsburgh in exchange for wide receiver Martavis Bryant . No. 79 : Pittsburgh → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 76 : Seattle → Pittsburgh . Jump up ^ No. 80 : Seattle → Houston ( PD ) . Seattle traded their third - round selection ( 80th ) as well as a second - round selection in 2019 to Houston in exchange for Houston 's fifth - round selection ( 141st ) and offensive tackle Duane Brown . This trade originally included cornerback Jeremy Lane but was revised after Lane failed his physical . Jump up ^ No. 85 : Buffalo → Carolina ( PD ) . Buffalo traded their third - round selection ( 85th ) as well as their 2018 seventh - round selection ( previously acquired from the LA Chargers ) to Carolina in exchange for wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin . Jump up ^ No. 86 : Kansas City → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 75 : Baltimore → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 87 : LA Rams → Oakland ( D ) . The Rams traded their third - round selection ( 87th ) to Oakland in exchange for Oakland 's third - and seventh - round selections ( 89th and 217th ) . Jump up ^ No. 88 : Carolina → Green Bay ( D ) . Carolina traded their third - round selection ( 88th ) to Green Bay in exchange for Green Bay 's fourth - and fifth - round selections ( 101st and 147th ) . Jump up ^ No. 89 : multiple trades : No. 89 : Tennessee → Oakland ( D ) . see No. 41 : Oakland → Tennessee . No. 89 : Oakland → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 87 : LA Rams → Oakland . Jump up ^ No. 94 : Minnesota → Tampa Bay ( D ) . Minnesota traded their third - round selection ( 94th ) to Tampa Bay in exchange for Tampa Bay 's fourth - and sixth - round selections ( 102nd and 180th ) . Jump up ^ No. 95 : New England → San Francisco ( D ) . New England traded their third - round selection ( 95th ) to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's fifth - round selection ( 143rd ) and offensive tackle Trent Brown . Jump up ^ No. 96 : Philadelphia → Buffalo ( PD ) . Philadelphia traded their third - round selection ( 96th ) and wide receiver Jordan Matthews to Buffalo in exchange for cornerback Ronald Darby . Jump up ^ No. 100 : Cincinnati → Kansas City ( D ) . see No. 46 : Cincinnati → Kansas City . Round four Jump up ^ No. 101 : multiple trades : No. 101 : Cleveland → Green Bay ( PD ) . Cleveland traded their fourth - and fifth - round selections ( 101st and 138th ) , and quarterback DeShone Kizer to Green Bay in exchange for Green Bay 's fourth - and fifth - round selections ( 114th and 150th ) , and cornerback Damarious Randall . No. 101 : Green Bay → Carolina ( D ) . see No. 88 : Carolina → Green Bay . Jump up ^ No. 102 : multiple trades : No. 102 : NY Giants → Tampa Bay ( PD ) . see No. 69 : Tampa Bay → NY Giants . No. 102 : Tampa Bay → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 94 : Minnesota → Tampa Bay . Jump up ^ No. 105 : multiple trades : No. 105 : Chicago → New England ( D ) . see No. 51 : New England → Chicago . No. 105 : New England → Cleveland ( D ) . New England traded their fourth - round selection ( 105th ) to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's fourth - and sixth - round selections ( 114th and 178th ) . Jump up ^ No. 108 : Tampa Bay → NY Giants ( PD ) . see No. 69 : Tampa Bay → NY Giants . Jump up ^ No. 109 : multiple trades : No. 109 : San Francisco → Denver ( PD ) . San Francisco traded their fourth - round selection ( 109th ) to Denver in exchange for running back Kapri Bibbs and their fifth - round selection in 2017 ( 177th ) . No. 109 : Denver → Washington ( PD ) . Denver traded a fourth - and two fifth - round selections ( 109th , 142nd , and 163rd ) to Washington in exchange for Washington 's fourth - and fifth - round selections ( 113th and 149th ) and safety Su'a Cravens . Washington will also receive Denver 's sixth - round selection in 2020 if Cravens appears in a playoff game with the Broncos . Jump up ^ No. 111 : Miami → LA Rams ( PD ) . The Dolphins traded their fourth - and sixth - round selections ( 111th and 183rd ) to LA Rams in exchange for Robert Quinn and a sixth - round selection ( 209th ) . Jump up ^ No. 113 : Washington → Denver ( PD ) . see No. 109 : Denver → Washington . Jump up ^ No. 114 : multiple trades : No. 114 : Green Bay → Cleveland ( PD ) . see No. 101 : Cleveland → Green Bay . No. 114 : Cleveland → New England ( D ) . see No. 105 : New England → Cleveland . No. 114 : New England → Detroit ( D ) . New England traded a fourth - round selection ( 114th ) to Detroit in exchange for Detroit 's third - round selection in 2019 . Jump up ^ No. 115 : Arizona → Chicago ( PD ) . Arizona traded their fourth - round selection ( 115th ) as well as their second - , fourth - , and sixth - round selections in 2017 ( 45th , 119th , 197th ) to Chicago in exchange for Chicago 's second - round selection in 2017 ( 36th ) . Jump up ^ No. 117 : multiple trades : No. 117 : Detroit → New England ( D ) . see No. 43 : New England → Detroit . No. 117 : New England → Tampa Bay ( D ) . see No. 56 : Tampa Bay → New England . Jump up ^ No. 122 : Kansas City → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 75 : Baltimore → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 123 : multiple trades : No. 123 : Carolina → Cleveland ( PD ) . Carolina traded their fourth - round selection and punter Kasey Redfern to Cleveland in exchange for punter Andy Lee and Cleveland 's 2017 seventh - round selection in a late August 2016 trade . No. 123 : Cleveland → Miami ( PD ) . Cleveland traded this fourth - round selection to Miami in exchange for wide receiver Jarvis Landry in 2018 . Jump up ^ No. 124 : LA Rams → Kansas City ( PD ) . The Rams traded their fourth - round selection ( 124th ) and second - round selection in 2019 to Kansas City in exchange for Kansas City 's sixth - round selection ( 209th ) and cornerback Marcus Peters . Jump up ^ No. 125 : multiple trades : No. 125 : Tennessee → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 22 : Baltimore → Tennessee . No. 125 : Baltimore → Philadelphia ( D ) . see No. 32 : Philadelphia → Baltimore . Jump up ^ No. 128 : Pittsburgh → San Francisco ( PD ) . Pittsburgh traded their fourth - round selection ( 128th ) to San Francisco in exchange for tight end Vance McDonald and San Francisco 's fifth - round selection ( 148th ) . Jump up ^ No. 130 : Minnesota → Philadelphia ( PD ) . Minnesota traded their fourth - round selection ( 130th ) as well as a their first - round selection in 2017 to Philadelphia in exchange for quarterback Sam Bradford . Jump up ^ No. 131 : multiple trades : No. 131 : New England → Philadelphia ( PD ) . New England traded their fourth - round selection to Philadelphia in exchange for cornerback Eric Rowe . The fourth - round selection would have become a third - round selection if Rowe had played more than 50 percent of the defensive snaps in 2016 or 2017 , but he did not . No. 131 : Philadelphia → Miami ( PD ) . Philadelphia traded this fourth - round selection to Miami in exchange for running back Jay Ajayi . Jump up ^ No. 132 : Philadelphia → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 32 : Philadelphia → Baltimore . Jump up ^ No. 135 : NY Giants → LA Rams ( PD ) . The Giants traded their fourth - and sixth - round selections ( 135th and 176th ) to the Rams in exchange for the Rams ' seventh - round selection in 2019 and linebacker Alec Ogletree . Jump up ^ No. 136 : multiple trades : No. 136 : New England → LA Rams ( PD ) . see No. 23 : LA Rams → New England . No. 136 : LA Rams → Carolina ( D ) . The Rams traded their fourth - round selections ( 136th ) to Carolina in exchange for the Carolina 's fifth - and sixth - round selections ( 147th and 197th ) . Round five Jump up ^ No. 138 : Cleveland → Green Bay ( PD ) . see No. 101 : Cleveland → Green Bay . Jump up ^ No. 140 : Indianapolis → Oakland ( D ) . Indianapolis traded their fifth - round selection ( 140th ) to Oakland in exchange for the Oakland 's fifth - and sixth - round selections ( 159th and 185th ) . Jump up ^ No. 141 : Houston → Seattle ( PD ) . see No. 80 : Seattle → Houston . Jump up ^ No. 142 : multiple trades : No. 142 : Denver → Washington ( PD ) . see No. 109 : Denver → Washington . No. 142 : Washington → San Francisco ( PD ) . see No. 44 : Washington → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 143 : multiple trades : No. 143 : New York Jets → San Francisco ( PD ) . The Jets traded their fifth - round selection ( 143rd ) to San Francisco in exchange for cornerback Rashard Robinson . No. 143 : San Francisco → New England ( D ) . see No. 95 : New England → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 146 : Oakland → Seattle ( PD ) . Oakland traded their fifth - round selection ( 146th ) to Seattle in exchange for running back Marshawn Lynch and Seattle 's sixth - round selection ( 192nd ) . Jump up ^ No. 147 : multiple trades : No. 147 : Miami → New Orleans ( PD ) . Miami traded their fifth - round selection ( 147th ) to New Orleans in exchange for linebacker Stephone Anthony . No. 147 : New Orleans → Green Bay ( D ) . see No. 14 : Green Bay → New Orleans . No. 147 : Green Bay → Carolina ( D ) . see No. 88 : Carolina → Green Bay . No. 147 : Carolina → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 136 : LA Rams → Carolina . Jump up ^ No. 148 : San Francisco → Pittsburgh ( PD ) . see No. 128 : Pittsburgh → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 149 : multiple trades : No. 149 : Washington → Denver ( PD ) . see No. 109 : Denver → Washington . No. 149 : Denver → Seattle ( D ) . Denver traded their fifth - round selection ( 149th ) to Seattle in exchange for Seattle 's fifth - and seventh - round selections ( 156th and 226th ) . Jump up ^ No. 150 : Green Bay → Cleveland ( PD ) . see No. 101 : Cleveland → Green Bay . Jump up ^ No. 152 : multiple trades : No. 152 : Arizona → Oakland ( D ) . see No. 10 : Oakland → Arizona . No. 152 : Oakland → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 65 : Baltimore → Oakland . No. 152 : Baltimore → Tennessee ( D ) . Baltimore traded their fifth - round selection ( 152nd ) to Tennessee in exchange for Tennessee 's fifth - and sixth - round selections ( 162nd and 215th ) Jump up ^ No. 154 : Baltimore → Buffalo ( D ) . see No. 16 : Baltimore → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 156 : multiple trades : No. 156 : Seattle → Philadelphia ( PD ) Seattle traded a fifth - round selection ( 156th ) to Philadelphia in exchange for offensive tackle Matt Tobin and Philadelphia 's seventh - round selection ( 250th ) . No. 156 : Philadelphia → Seattle ( PD ) Philadelphia traded a fifth - round selection ( 156th ) and wide receiver Marcus Johnson to Seattle in exchange for defensive end Michael Bennett and Seattle 's seventh - round selection ( 250th ) . No. 156 : Seattle → Denver ( D ) . see No. 149 : Denver → Seattle . Jump up ^ No. 157 : multiple trades : No. 157 : Dallas → NY Jets ( PD ) . Dallas traded their fifth - round selection ( 157th ) to the Jets in exchange for the Jets ' sixth - round selection in 2017 ( 191st ) . No. 157 : NY Jets → Minnesota ( D ) . The Jets traded their fifth - round selection ( 157th ) to the Minnesota in exchange for the Minnesota 's fifth - and seventh - round selections ( 167th and 225th ) . Jump up ^ No. 158 : Buffalo → Cincinnati ( PD ) . see No. 12 : Cincinnati → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 159 : multiple trades : No. 159 : Kansas City → Cleveland ( PD ) . Kansas City traded their fifth - round selection ( 159th ) to Cleveland in exchange for offensive tackle Cameron Erving . No. 159 : Cleveland → New England ( PD ) . Cleveland traded a fifth - round selection ( 159th ) and defensive tackle Danny Shelton to New England in exchange for New England 's third - round selection in 2019 . No. 159 : New England → Oakland ( PD ) . New England traded a fifth - round selection ( 159th ) to Oakland in exchange for Oakland 's sixth - round selection ( 210th ) and wide receiver Cordarrelle Patterson . No. 159 : Oakland → Indianapolis ( D ) . see No. 140 : Indianapolis → Oakland . Jump up ^ No. 160 : multiple trades : No. 160 : LA Rams → Denver ( PD ) . The Rams traded their fifth - round selection ( 160th ) to Denver in exchange for cornerback Aqib Talib . No. 160 : Denver → LA Rams ( D ) . Denver traded their fifth - round selection ( 160th ) to the Rams in exchange for the Rams ' two sixth - round selections ( 183th and 217th ) . Jump up ^ No. 162 : Tennessee → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 152 : Baltimore → Tennessee . Jump up ^ No. 163 : multiple trades : No. 163 : Atlanta → Denver ( PD ) . Atlanta traded their fifth - round selection ( 163rd ) to Denver in exchange for offensive tackle Ty Sambrailo . No. 163 : Denver → Washington ( PD ) . see No. 109 : Denver → Washington . Jump up ^ No. 166 : Jacksonville → Buffalo ( PD ) Jacksonville traded their sixth - round selection to Buffalo in exchange for defensive tackle Marcell Dareus . This pick became a fifth - rounds selection ( 166th ) after Dareus remained on Jacksonville 's roster for the remainder of the 2017 season and the Jaguars made the playoffs . Jump up ^ No. 167 : multiple trades : No. 167 : Minnesota → NY Jets ( D ) . see No. 157 : NY Jets → Minnesota . No. 167 : NY Jets → Minnesota ( D ) The Jets traded their fifth - and seventh - round selections ( 167th and 225th ) to Minnesota in exchange for Minnesota 's two sixth - round selections ( 180th and 204th ) . Jump up ^ No. 168 : New England → Seattle ( PD ) . New England traded their fifth - and seventh - round selections ( 168th and 250th ) to Seattle in exchange for defensive end Cassius Marsh . Jump up ^ No. 169 : Philadelphia → Indianapolis ( D ) . see No. 49 : Indianapolis → Philadelphia . Jump up ^ No. 173 : Dallas → Oakland ( PD ) . Dallas traded a fifth - round selection ( 173rd ) to Oakland in exchange for Oakland 's sixth - round selection ( 192nd ) and fullback Jamize Olawale . Round six Jump up ^ No. 176 : NY Giants → LA Rams ( PD ) . see No. 135 : NY Giants → LA Rams . Jump up ^ No. 178 : Indianapolis → Cleveland ( D ) . see No. 64 : Cleveland → Indianapolis . No. 178 : Cleveland → New England ( D ) . see No. 105 : New England → Cleveland . Jump up ^ No. 180 : multiple trades : No. 180 : Tampa Bay → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 94 : Minnesota → Tampa Bay . No. 180 : Minnesota → NY Jets ( D ) . see No. 167 : NY Jets → Minnesota . Jump up ^ No. 182 : Denver → Arizona ( PD ) . Denver traded their sixth - round selection ( 182nd ) to Arizona in exchange for offensive tackle Jared Veldheer . Jump up ^ No. 183 : multiple trades : No. 183 : Miami → LA Rams ( PD ) . see No. 111 : Miami → LA Rams . No. 183 : LA Rams → Denver ( D ) . see No. 160 : Denver → LA Rams . Jump up ^ No. 185 : Oakland → Indianapolis ( D ) . see No. 140 : Indianapolis → Oakland . Jump up ^ No. 186 : Green Bay → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 18 : Seattle → Green Bay . Jump up ^ No. 187 : Cincinnati → Buffalo ( PD ) . see No. 12 : Cincinnati → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 188 : Washington → Cleveland ( PD ) . Washington traded their sixth - round selection ( 188th ) to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's sixth - round selection ( 205th ) and quarterback Kevin Hogan . Jump up ^ No. 189 : Arizona → New Orleans ( PD ) . Arizona traded their sixth - round selection ( 189th ) to New Orleans in exchange for running back Adrian Peterson . Jump up ^ No. 192 : multiple trades : No. 192 : Seattle → Oakland ( PD ) . see No. 146 : Oakland → Seattle . No. 192 : Oakland → Dallas ( PD ) . see No. 173 : Dallas → Oakland . No. 192 : Dallas → LA Rams ( D ) . Dallas traded their sixth - round selection ( 189th ) to the Rams in exchange for wide receiver Tavon Austin . Jump up ^ No. 194 : multiple trades : No. 194 : Detroit → LA Rams ( PD ) . Detroit traded their sixth - round selection ( 194th ) to the Rams in exchange for offensive tackle Greg Robinson . No. 194 : LA Rams → Atlanta ( D ) . The Rams traded their sixth - round selection ( 194th ) to Atlanta in exchange for Atlanta 's two seventh - round selections ( 244th and 256th . ) Jump up ^ No. 195 : Buffalo → Los Angeles Rams ( PD ) . see No. 56 : Los Angeles Rams → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 197 : multiple trades : No. 197 : Carolina → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 136 : LA Rams → Carolina . No. 197 : LA Rams → Washington ( D ) . The Rams traded their sixth - and seventh - round selections ( 197th and 256th ) to Washington in exchange for Washington 's sixth - and seventh - round selections ( 205th and 231st ) . Jump up ^ No. 198 : multiple trades : No. 198 : LA Rams → New England ( PD ) . see No. 23 : LA Rams → New England . No. 198 : New England → Kansas City ( D ) . New England traded their sixth - round selection ( 198th ) to Kansas City in exchange for Kansas City 's two seventh - round selections ( 233th and 243rd ) . Jump up ^ No. 202 : multiple trades : No. 202 : Pittsburgh → Cleveland ( PD ) . Pittsburgh traded their sixth - round selection ( 202nd ) to Cleveland in exchange for cornerback Justin Gilbert . No. 202 : Cleveland → Pittsburgh ( PD ) . Cleveland traded this sixth - round selection back to Pittsburgh in exchange for wide receiver Sammie Coates and Pittsburgh 's seventh - round selection in 2019 . No. 202 : Pittsburgh → Tampa Bay ( PD ) . Pittsburgh then traded their sixth - round selection to Tampa Bay in exchange for free safety J.J. Wilcox and Tampa Bay 's seventh - round selection in 2019 . Jump up ^ No. 204 : Minnesota → NY Jets ( D ) . see No. 167 : NY Jets → Minnesota . Jump up ^ No. 205 : multiple trades : No. 205 : New England → Cleveland ( PD ) . New England traded their sixth - round selection ( 205th ) to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's seventh - round selection ( 219th ) and cornerback Jason McCourty . No. 205 : Cleveland → Washington ( PD ) . see No. 188 : Washington → Cleveland . No. 205 : Washington → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 197 : LA Rams → Washington . Jump up ^ No. 209 : multiple trades : No. 209 : Kansas City → LA Rams ( PD ) . see No. 124 : LA Rams → Kansas City . No. 209 : LA Rams → Miami ( PD ) . see No. 111 : Miami → LA Rams . Jump up ^ No. 210 : Oakland → New England ( PD ) . see No. 159 : New England → Oakland . Jump up ^ No. 212 : Oakland → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 65 : Baltimore → Oakland . Jump up ^ No. 215 : multiple trades : No. 215 : Baltimore → Tennessee ( D ) . see No. 22 : Baltimore → Tennessee . No. 215 : Tennessee → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 152 : Baltimore → Tennessee . Jump up ^ No. 217 : multiple trades : No. 217 : Oakland → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 87 : LA Rams → Oakland . No. 217 : LA Rams → Denver ( D ) . see No. 160 : Denver → LA Rams . Round seven Jump up ^ No. 219 : Cleveland → New England ( PD ) . see No. 205 : New England → Cleveland . Jump up ^ No. 220 : multiple trades : No. 220 : NY Giants → Pittsburgh ( PD ) . The Giants traded their seventh - round selection ( 220th ) to Pittsburgh in exchange for cornerback Ross Cockrell . No. 79 : Pittsburgh → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 76 : Seattle → Pittsburgh . Jump up ^ No. 223 : multiple trades : No. 223 : Tampa Bay → Miami ( PD ) . Tampa Bay traded their seventh - round selection ( 223rd ) as well as their seventh - round selection in 2017 ( 237th ) to Miami in exchange for Miami 's seventh - round selection in 2017 ( 223rd ) . No. 223 : Miami → San Fracisco ( PD ) . Miami traded this seventh - round selection ( 223rd ) to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's seventh - round selection ( 227th ) and center Daniel Kilgore . Jump up ^ No. 225 : multiple trades : No. 225 : Denver → Minnesota ( PD ) . Denver traded their seventh - round selection ( 225th ) and quarterback Trevor Siemian to Minnesota in exchange for Minnesota 's fifth - round selection in 2019 . No. 225 : Minnesota → NY Jets ( D ) . see No. 157 : NY Jets → Minnesota . No. 225 : NY Jets → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 167 : NY Jets → Minnesota . Jump up ^ No. 226 : multiple trades : No. 226 : New York Jets → Seattle ( PD ) . see No. 49 : Seattle → New York Jets . No. 226 : Seattle → Denver ( D ) . see No. 149 : Denver → Seattle . Jump up ^ No. 227 : San Francisco → Miami ( PD ) . see No. 223 : Miami → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 230 : Cincinnati → Jacksonville ( PD ) . Cincinnati traded a conditional selection to Jacksonville in exchange for defensive end Chris Smith . The conditions were that the Jaguars would acquire the Bengals ' seventh - round selection if Smith was on the Bengals ' active roster for at least 6 games during the 2017 season , which he was . Jump up ^ No. 231 : Washington → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 197 : LA Rams → Washington . Jump up ^ No. 233 : multiple trades : No. 233 : Arizona → Kansas City ( PD ) . Arizona traded their seventh - round selection ( 233rd ) to Kansas City in exchange for cornerback Marcus Cooper . No. 233 : Kansas City → New England ( D ) . see No. 198 : New England → Kansas City . No. 233 : New England → Philadelphia ( D ) . New England traded their seventh - round selection ( 233rd ) to Philadelphia in exchange for Philadelphia 's seventh - round selection ( 250th ) and their seventh - round selection in 2019 . Jump up ^ No. 234 : multiple trades : No. 234 : LA Chargers → Buffalo ( PD ) . The Chargers traded their seventh - round selection ( 234rd ) to Buffalo in exchange for quarterback Cardale Jones . No. 234 : Buffalo → Carolina ( PD ) . see No. 85 : Buffalo → Carolina . Jump up ^ No. 235 : multiple trades : No. 235 : Seattle → New York Jets ( PD ) . see No. 49 : Seattle → New York Jets . No. 235 : New York Jets → Indianapolis ( D ) . The Jets traded their seventh - round selection ( 235th ) to Indianapolis in exchange for defensive end Henry Anderson . Jump up ^ No. 238 : Baltimore → Arizona ( PD ) . Baltimore traded a seventh - round selection ( 238th ) to Arizona in exchange for center Tony Bergstrom . Jump up ^ No. 239 : Buffalo → Green Bay ( PD ) . Buffalo traded their seventh - round selection ( 239th ) to Green Bay in exchange for linebacker Lerentee McCray . Jump up ^ No. 240 : Kansas City → San Francisco ( PD ) . Kansas City traded their seventh - round selection ( 240th ) to San Francisco in exchange for cornerback Kenneth Acker . Jump up ^ No. 241 : Los Angeles Rams → Washington ( PD ) . The Rams traded their seventh - round selection ( 241st ) to Washington in exchange for tight end Derek Carrier . Jump up ^ No. 243 : multiple trades : No. 243 : Tennessee → Kansas City ( PD ) . Tennessee traded their seventh - round selection ( 243th ) to Kansas City in exchange for defensive lineman David King . No. 233 : Kansas City → New England ( D ) . see No. 198 : New England → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 244 : Atlanta → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 194 : LA Rams → Atlanta . Jump up ^ No. 248 : multiple trades : No. 248 : Minnesota → Seattle ( PD ) . Minnesota traded their seventh - round selection ( 248th ) to Seattle in exchange for cornerback Tramaine Brock . No. 248 : Seattle → Green Bay ( D ) . see No. 18 : Seattle → Green Bay . Jump up ^ No. 249 : New England → Cincinnati ( PD ) . New England traded their seventh - round selection ( 249th ) to Cincinnati in exchange for linebacker Marquis Flowers . Jump up ^ No. 250 : multiple trades : No. 250 : Philadelphia → Seattle ( PD ) . see No. 156 : Seattle → Philadelphia . No. 250 : Seattle → New England ( PD ) . Seattle traded this seventh - round pick to New England in exchange for cornerback Justin Coleman . No. 250 : New England → Seattle ( PD ) see No. 168 : New England → Seattle . No. 250 : Seattle → Philadelphia ( PD ) . see No. 156 : Seattle → Philadelphia . No. 250 : Philadelphia → New England ( D ) see No. 233 : New England → Philadelphia . Jump up ^ No. 255 : Tampa Bay → Buffalo ( D ) . see No. 7 : Tampa Bay → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 256 : multiple trades : No. 256 : Atlanta → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 194 : LA Rams → Atlanta . No. 256 : LA Rams → Washington ( D ) . see No. 197 : LA Rams → Washington . Media coverage ( edit ) Coverage of the draft was broadcast NFL Network and ESPN , with Fox also simulcasting NFL Network 's coverage of the first two rounds ( serving as a prelude for Fox 's acquisition of Thursday Night Football for the 2018 season ) . ESPN aired coverage of the last four rounds on ABC , and aired secondary broadcasts of the first round on ESPN2 ( featuring the panel of ESPN 's College GameDay , which also broadcast a special edition from outside AT&T Stadium as a pre-show for ESPN 's coverage ) and in Spanish on ESPN Deportes . Telecasts of the first round across all three broadcasters ( which included the expansion of coverage to broadcast television ) drew a combined Nielsen overnight household rating of 8.4 , and total viewership of 11.214 million , making it the most - watched opening round since 2014 . ESPN drew the largest single audience , with 5.336 million viewers , while Fox and NFL Network had a combined viewership of 5.74 million across both channels ( 3.776 and 2.005 million individually ) . Summary ( edit ) Selections by college athletic conference ( edit ) Conference Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Total NCAA Division I FBS football conferences AAC 0 5 18 ACC 6 7 9 6 6 7 45 Big 12 5 20 Big Ten 5 7 7 5 33 C - USA 10 Ind . ( FBS ) 0 0 0 5 MAC 0 0 0 0 5 MW 0 0 9 Pac - 12 5 7 30 SEC 10 10 6 6 8 9 53 Sun Belt 0 0 0 0 NCAA Division I FCS football conferences Big Sky 0 0 0 0 0 0 CAA 0 0 0 0 IVY 0 0 0 0 0 MEAC 0 0 0 0 0 MVFC 0 0 0 0 0 NEC 0 0 0 0 0 0 OVC 0 0 0 0 0 Patriot 0 0 0 0 0 0 SoCon 0 0 0 0 0 0 Southland 0 0 0 0 Non-Division I football conferences CIAA ( DII ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLIAC ( DII ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 GNAC ( DII ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIAA ( DII ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Non-College Selections NRL 0 0 0 0 0 0 Schools with multiple draft selections ( edit ) Selections Schools 12 Alabama 7 LSU , NC State , Ohio State 6 Florida State , Georgia , Miami ( FL ) , Penn State 5 Florida , UCLA , Virginia Tech , Washington , Wisconsin Auburn , Louisville , Mississippi State , Notre Dame , Oklahoma , Oklahoma State , Ole Miss , Stanford , Texas , UCF , USC Arizona State , Boston College , Clemson , Iowa , North Carolina , Pittsburgh , SMU , Southern Miss , TCU , Tennessee , Texas A&M Arkansas , Boise State , California , Indiana , Louisiana , Maryland , Memphis , Michigan , Oregon , Rutgers , San Diego State , South Florida , Temple , Texas Tech , Tulane , Virginia , Wake Forest , Washington State , Western Kentucky , Western Michigan Selections by position ( edit ) Position Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Total Center 8 Cornerback 6 5 6 29 Defensive end 7 23 Defensive tackle 6 0 20 Fullback 0 0 0 0 0 Guard 0 0 10 Kicker 0 0 0 0 0 Linebacker 6 6 8 8 39 Long snapper 0 0 0 0 0 0 Offensive tackle 7 20 Punter 0 0 0 0 0 Quarterback 5 0 13 Running back 5 20 Safety 0 18 Tight end 5 14 Wide receiver 6 5 8 6 33 Position Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Total Offense 17 18 14 19 14 20 18 120 Defense 15 14 22 18 19 24 17 129 Special teams 0 0 0 0 0 7 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Players are identified as Pro Bowlers if they were selected for the Pro Bowl at any time in their career . References ( edit ) Trade references ^ Jump up to : Cimini , Rich ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` Jets move up to No. 3 pick , ship No. 6 , three second - rounders to Colts '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 NFL Draft trade tracker : Details of all the moves '' . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 NFL Draft trade tracker : Details of all the moves '' . NFL.com. April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bouda , Nate ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Bills Trading LT Cordy Glenn To Bengals '' . NFLTradeRumors.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reiss , Mike ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Brandin Cooks dashes to Rams as part of big trade with Patriots '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shefter , Adam ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Texans trade Brock Osweiler , 2018 second - round pick to Browns '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots deal QB Jimmy Garoppolo to 49ers for 2018 draft pick '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seahawks trade WR Jermaine Kearse for Sheldon Richardson '' . ESPN . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sessler , Marc ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Bills trade Sammy Watkins to Rams , acquire Matthews '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Eagles acquire No. 2 overall draft pick from Browns '' . NFL.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Josh ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Report : Browns trade for QB Tyrod Taylor '' . 247Sports.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giants trade Jason Pierre - Paul , 4th - rounder to Bucs for picks in 3rd , 4th '' . ESPN.com . March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Alec ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Report : Alex Smith , Redskins Agree to New 4 - Year Contract After Chiefs Trade '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Steelers trade Martavis Bryant to Raiders , get third - round pick in 2018 NFL Draft '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Henderson , Brady ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Seahawks - Texans trade amended after CB Jeremy Lane fails physical '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rodak , Mike ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Bills acquire WR Kelvin Benjamin in trade with Panthers '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Florjancic , Matthew ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` It 's official ! Cleveland Browns add Jarvis Landry , Tyrod Taylor , Damarious Randall in trades '' . wkyc.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broncos trade for Redskins safety Su'a Cravens '' . kdvr.com . March 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` L.A. Rams to trade Robert Quinn to Miami Dolphins '' . NFL.com . March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers trade for Browns punter Andy Lee '' . Panthers.com . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thorman , Joel ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Marcus Peters trade details are out and it does n't look any better for the Chiefs '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Varley , Teresa ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Steelers trade for McDonald '' . Steelers.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Vikings trade for Eagles QB Sam Bradford '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reports : Eagles trade CB Eric Rowe to Patriots '' . SI.com . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gowton , Brandon Lee . `` Jay Ajayi Trade : Eagles acquire Dolphins running back in exchange for draft pick '' . www.bleedinggreennation.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . https://twitter.com/RapSheet/status/925355940462907392 ^ Jump up to : Patra , Kevin ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Rams to trade Alec Ogletree to Giants for two picks '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rashard Robinson trade took Todd Bowles by surprise '' . November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , John ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Seahawks Trade Marshawn Lynch To Raiders '' . Seahawks.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saints trade Stephone Anthony to Dolphins for 2018 pick '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Seahawks acquire Matt Tobin from Eagles in trade '' . NFL.com . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seahawks trading DE Michael Bennett to Eagles '' . NFL.com . March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Browns trade former first - round pick Cam Erving to Chiefs '' . USAToday.com . August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Browns agree to trade Danny Shelton to Patriots '' . NFL.com . March 10 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL announces details of Cordarrelle Patterson trade ; Patriots to receive 210th overall draft pick '' . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Broncos agree to trade Aqib Talib to Rams '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Broncos trade tackle Ty Sambrailo to Falcons for future draft pick '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Two - time Pro Bowler Marcell Dareus goes from Bills to Jaguars in surprising trade '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reiss , Mike ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots deal 2 late - rounders to bolster edge with Seahawks ' Cassius Marsh '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patra , Kevin ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Raiders trading FB Jamize Olawale to Dallas Cowboys '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Broncos acquire T Jared Veldheer in trade with Cardinals '' . DenverBroncos.com . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Edward ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Cleveland Browns trade QB Kevin Hogan to Redskins '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Weinfuss , Josh ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Cardinals trade for Adrian Peterson , cut Chris Johnson '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Michael ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` OT Greg Robinson traded to Lions '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Browns trade Justin Gilbert to Pittsburgh Steelers '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Steelers trade Coates to Browns '' . Steelers.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Steelers trade for Wilcox '' . Steelers.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Browns trade veteran CB Jason McCourty to Patriots '' . NFL.com . March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers trade Cockrell to Giants '' . Steelers.com . September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 49ers trade center Daniel Kilgore to Dolphins '' . Sacramento Bee . March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trevor Siemian Trade : Final details , including draft picks '' . DailyNorseman.com . March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Jaguars trade pass - rusher Chris Smith to Bengals '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jay ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Jags acquire Bengals ' 2018 seventh - round pick from Chris Smith trade '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cardinals acquire CB Marcus Cooper from Chiefs '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Bills trade Cardale Jones to Chargers for draft pick '' . NFL.com . August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Ethan . `` Jets Acquire DE Henry Anderson from Colts '' . NYJets.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Ravens release former OL starter Jeremy Zuttah '' . espn.com . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Ryan ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Packers deal McCray to Bills for draft pick '' . PackersNews.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosinski , Bobby ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` 49ers trade CB Kenneth Acker to Chiefs for seventh - round pick '' . ESPNCharlotte.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Rams acquire TE Derek Carrier from Redskins for draft pick '' . Rams Wire . USA Today . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Jim ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Titans Trade for Chiefs DL David King '' . TitansOnline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Brady ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Source : CB Tramaine Brock to Vikings ; Seahawks get 7th - round pick '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Bengals trade Marquis Flowers to Patriots for seventh - round pick '' . ProFootballTalk.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yates , Field ; Reiss , Mike ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots trade CB Justin Coleman to Seahawks for late - round pick '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . General references Jump up ^ `` NFL expanding television coverage for 2018 NFL Draft '' . National Football League . March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Draper , Kevin ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Fox to Broadcast N.F.L. Draft for First Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philly tried , but Dallas will host the 2018 NFL draft '' . philly.com . October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dallas selected as host of 2018 NFL Draft '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas , AT&T Stadium chosen as site of 2018 NFL draft '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 National Football League Important Dates '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NFL draft Round 1 recap , analysis : Ravens take Lamar Jackson ; Bills trade up for Josh Allen ; Browns take Baker Mayfield No. 1 '' . The Washington Post . April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Terrell and Tremaine Edmunds are first brothers drafted in first round '' . ESPN.com. April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tracking underclassmen intentions for 2018 NFL Draft '' . NFL.com . November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live From the NFL Draft : College GameDay Joins the Party for ESPN in Arlington '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fox , ESPN expand coverage of NFL draft '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fox bringing out its best to steal NFL draft viewers from ESPN '' . New York Post . March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft draws best TV ratings since ' Johnny Football ' in 2014 '' . Sporting News . 2018 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN tops Fox and NFL Network in the great NFL Draft ratings battle of 2018 '' . Awful Announcing. 2018 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . NFL Drafts Early era ( 1936 -- 1959 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 AFL and NFL era ( 1960 -- 1966 ) AFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 NFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Common draft ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 1967 1968 1969 Modern era ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 Expansion drafts 1960 1961 1966 1967 1976 1995 1999 2002 Others 1950 AAFC dispersal draft 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL players See also List of first overall National Football League draft picks Mr. Irrelevant List of NFL supplemental draft picks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NFL_Draft&oldid=843409668 '' Categories : National Football League Draft 2018 in sports in Texas 2018 National Football League season 21st century in Arlington , Texas American football in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex April 2018 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Fulfulde Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many draft picks are in the nfl draft | [
"\n2018 NFL Draft\n\n\n\n\nGeneral Information\n\n\nDate(s)\nApril 26–28, 2018\n\n\nLocation\nAT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\n\n\nTV coverage (US)\nESPN/ABC, ESPN2, Fox/NFL Network[1][2]\n\n\nOverview\n\n\n256 total selections in 7 rounds\n\n\nFirst selection\nBaker Mayfield, QB\nCleveland Browns\n\n\nMr. Irrelevant\nTrey Quinn, WR\nWashington Redskins\n\n\nMost selections (12)\nBaltimore Ravens\n\n\nFewest selections (4)\nTennessee Titans\n\n\n\n\n← 2017\nNFL Drafts\n2019 →\n\n\n\n"
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4530981868518913024 | History of Australia (1788–1850) | History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) - Wikipedia History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Settlement of Australia '' redirects here . For the initial settlement of Australia by indigenous Australians , see History of Australian Aboriginals § Origins . Part of a series on the History of Australia Chronological Prehistory European exploration ( sea ) European exploration ( land ) 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 1945 -- present Timeline By topic Constitution Diplomacy Economy Federation Immigration Indigenous people Military Monarchy Rail transport By region State / Territory Capital ACT Canberra New South Wales Sydney Northern Territory Darwin Queensland Brisbane South Australia Adelaide Tasmania Hobart Victoria Melbourne Western Australia Perth Australia portal The history of Australia from 1788 -- 1850 covers the early colonial period of Australia 's history , from the arrival in 1788 of the First Fleet of British ships at Sydney , New South Wales , who established the penal colony , the scientific exploration of the continent and later , establishment of other Australian colonies and the beginnings of representative democratic government . European colonisation would have a devastating effect on the pre-existing population of Indigenous Australians , and debate continues in the 21st century as to whether the colonisation process represented settlement , invasion , or a mixture of both . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonisation 1.1 Convicts and free settlers 2 Exploration 3 Growth of free settlement 3.1 Timeline 4 Economy and trade 5 Religion , education , and culture 6 Aboriginal resistance 7 Representations in literature and film 8 See also 9 Further reading 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 External links Colonisation ( edit ) See also : Convicts in Australia The continent of Australia ( then known as New Holland ) in a 1796 map , which was incorporated within Asia or the ' Eastern world ' . It is commonly reported that the colonisation of Australia was driven by the need to address overcrowding in the British prison system , and the fact of the British losing the United States from the American Revolution ; however , it was simply not economically viable to transport convicts halfway around the world for this reason alone . Many convicts were either skilled tradesmen or farmers who had been convicted for trivial crimes and were sentenced to seven years transportation , the time required to set up the infrastructure for the new colony . Convicts were often given pardons prior to or on completion of their sentences and were allocated parcels of land to farm . Sir Joseph Banks , the eminent scientist who had accompanied Lieutenant James Cook on his 1770 voyage , recommended Botany Bay as a suitable site . Banks accepted an offer of assistance made by the American Loyalist James Matra in July 1783 . Matra had visited Botany Bay with Banks in 1770 as a junior officer on the Endeavour commanded by James Cook . Under Banks 's guidance , he rapidly produced `` A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales '' ( 24 August 1783 ) , with a fully developed set of reasons for a colony composed of American Loyalists , Chinese and South Sea Islanders ( but not convicts ) . Following an interview with Secretary of State Lord Sydney in March 1784 , Matra amended his proposal to include convicts as settlers . Matra 's plan can be seen to have `` provided the original blueprint for settlement in New South Wales '' . A cabinet memorandum December 1784 shows the Government had Matra 's plan in mind when considering the creation of a settlement in New South Wales . The London Chronicle of 12 October 1786 said : `` Mr. Matra , an Officer of the Treasury , who , sailing with Capt . Cook , had an opportunity of visiting Botany Bay , is the Gentleman who suggested the plan to Government of transporting convicts to that island '' . The Government also incorporated into the colonisation plan the project for settling Norfolk Island , with its attractions of timber and flax , proposed by Banks 's Royal Society colleagues , Sir John Call and Sir George Young . On 13 May 1787 , the First Fleet of 11 ships and about 1,530 people ( 736 convicts , 17 convicts ' children , 211 marines , 27 marines ' wives , 14 marines ' children and about 300 officers and others ) under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip set sail for Botany Bay . The Fleet of 11 vessels consisted of over a thousand settlers , including 778 convicts ( 192 women and 586 men ) . A few days after arrival at Botany Bay the fleet moved to the more suitable Port Jackson where a settlement was established at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788 . This date later became Australia 's national day , Australia Day . The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney . Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour , which Philip famously described as : `` being with out exception the finest Harbour in the World ( ... ) Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security . '' Phillip named the settlement after the Home Secretary , Thomas Townshend , 1st Baron Sydney ( Viscount Sydney from 1789 ) . The only people at the flag raising ceremony and the formal taking of possession of the land in the name of King George III were Phillip and a few dozen marines and officers from the Supply , the rest of the ship 's company and the convicts witnessing it from on board ship . The remaining ships of the Fleet were unable to leave Botany Bay until later on 26 January because of a tremendous gale . The new colony was formally proclaimed as the Colony of New South Wales on 7 February . A map of Sydney from 1789 On 24 January 1788 a French expedition of two ships led by Admiral Jean - François de La Pérouse had arrived off Botany Bay , on the latest leg of a three - year voyage that had taken them from Brest , around Cape Horn , up the coast from Chile to California , north - west to Kamchatka , south - east to Easter Island , north - west to Macao , and on to the Philippines , the Friendly Isles , Hawaii and Norfolk Island . Though amicably received , the French expedition was a troublesome matter for the British , as it showed the interest of France in the new land . Nevertheless , on 2 February Lieutenant King , at Phillip 's request , paid a courtesy call on the French and offered them any assistance they may need . The French made the same offer to the British , as they were much better provisioned than the British and had enough supplies to last three years . Neither of these offers was accepted . On 10 March the French expedition , having taken on water and wood , left Botany Bay , never to be seen again . Phillip and La Pérouse never met . La Pérouse is remembered in a Sydney suburb of that name . Various other French geographical names along the Australian coast also date from this expedition . Governor Phillip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony . Phillip 's personal intent was to establish harmonious relations with local Aboriginal people and try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of the colony . Phillip and several of his officers -- most notably Watkin Tench -- left behind journals and accounts of which tell of immense hardships during the first years of settlement . Often Phillip 's officers despaired for the future of New South Wales . Early efforts at agriculture were fraught and supplies from overseas were few and far between . Between 1788 and 1792 about 3546 male and 766 female convicts were landed at Sydney -- many `` professional criminals '' with few of the skills required for the establishment of a colony . Many new arrivals were also sick or unfit for work and the conditions of healthy convicts only deteriorated with hard labour and poor sustenance in the settlement . The food situation reached crisis point in 1790 and the Second Fleet which finally arrived in June 1790 had lost a quarter of its `` passengers '' through sickness , while the condition of the convicts of the Third Fleet appalled Phillip . From 1791 however , the more regular arrival of ships and the beginnings of trade lessened the feeling of isolation and improved supplies . In 1792 , two French ships , La Recherche and L'Espérance anchored in a harbour near Tasmania 's southernmost point they called Recherche Bay . This was at a time when Britain and France were trying to be the first to discover and colonise Australia . The expedition carried scientists and cartographers , gardeners , artists and hydrographers who , variously , planted , identified , mapped , marked , recorded and documented the environment and the people of the new lands that they encountered at the behest of the fledgling Société D'Histoire Naturelle . White settlement began with a consignment of English convicts , guarded by a detachment of the Royal Marines , a number of whom subsequently stayed in the colony as settlers . Their view of the colony and their place in it was eloquently stated by Captain David Collins : `` From the disposition to crimes and the incorrigible character of the major part of the colonists , an odium was , from the first , illiberally thrown upon the settlement ; and the word `` Botany Bay '' became a term of reproach that was indiscriminately cast upon every one who resided in New South Wales . But let the reproach light upon those who have used it as such ... if the honour of having deserved well of one 's country be attainable by sacrificing good name , domestic comforts , and dearest connections in her service , the officers of this settlement have justly merited that distinction `` . Convicts and free settlers ( edit ) When the Bellona transport came to anchor in Sydney Cove on 16 January 1793 , she brought with her the first immigrant free settlers . They were : Thomas Rose , a farmer from Dorset , his wife and four children ; he was allowed a grant of 120 acres ; Frederic Meredith , who had formerly been at Sydney with HMS Sirius ; Thomas Webb ( who had also been formerly at Sydney with the Sirius ) , his wife , and his nephew , Joseph Webb ; Edward Powell , who had formerly been at Sydney with the Juliana transport , and who married a free woman after his arrival . Thomas Webb and Edward Powell each received a grant of 80 acres ; and Joseph Webb and Frederic Meredith received 60 acres each . The conditions they had come out under were that they should be provided with a free passage , be furnished with agricultural tools and implements by the Government , have two years ' provisions , and have grants of land free of expense . They were likewise to have the labour of a certain number of convicts , who were also to be provided with two years ' rations and one year 's clothing from the public stores . The land assigned to them was some miles to the westward of Sydney , at a place named by the settlers , `` Liberty Plains '' . It is now the area covered mainly by the suburbs of Strathfield and Homebush . One in three convicts transported after 1798 was Irish , about a fifth of whom were transported in connection with the political and agrarian disturbances common in Ireland at the time . While the settlers were reasonably well - equipped , little consideration had been given to the skills required to make the colony self - supporting -- few of the first wave convicts had farming or trade experience ( nor the soldiers ) , and the lack of understanding of Australia 's seasonal patterns saw initial attempts at farming fail , leaving only what animals and birds the soldiers were able to shoot . The colony nearly starved , and Phillip was forced to send a ship to Batavia ( Jakarta ) for supplies . Some relief arrived with the Second Fleet in 1790 , but life was extremely hard for the first few years of the colony . A historical map of Australia and New Zealand 1788 -- 1911 Convicts were usually sentenced to seven or fourteen years ' penal servitude , or `` for the term of their natural lives '' . Often these sentences had been commuted from the death sentence , which was technically the punishment for a wide variety of crimes . Upon arrival in a penal colony , convicts would be assigned to various kinds of work . Those with trades were given tasks to fit their skills ( stonemasons , for example , were in very high demand ) while the unskilled were assigned to work gangs to build roads and do other such tasks . Female convicts were usually assigned as domestic servants to the free settlers , many being forced into prostitution . Where possible , convicts were assigned to free settlers who would be responsible for feeding and disciplining them ; in return for this , the settlers were granted land . This system reduced the workload on the central administration . Those convicts who were n't assigned to settlers were housed at barracks such as the Hyde Park Barracks or the Parramatta female factory . Convict discipline was harsh ; convicts who would not work or who disobeyed orders were punished by flogging , being put in stricter confinement ( e.g. leg - irons ) , or being transported to a stricter penal colony . The penal colonies at Port Arthur and Moreton Bay , for instance , were stricter than the one at Sydney , and the one at Norfolk Island was strictest of all . Convicts were assigned to work gangs to build roads , buildings , and the like . Female convicts , who made up 20 % of the convict population , were usually assigned as domestic help to soldiers . Those convicts who behaved were eventually issued with ticket of leave , which allowed them a certain degree of freedom . Those who saw out their full sentences or were granted a pardon usually remained in Australia as free settlers , and were able to take on convict servants themselves . In 1789 former convict James Ruse produced the first successful wheat harvest in NSW . He repeated this success in 1790 and , because of the pressing need for food production in the colony , was rewarded by Governor Phillip with the first land grant made in New South Wales . Ruse 's 30 acre grant at Rose Hill , near Parramatta , was aptly named ' Experiment Farm ' . This was the colony 's first successful farming enterprise , and Ruse was soon joined by others . The colony began to grow enough food to support itself , and the standard of living for the residents gradually improved . The Castle Hill convict rebellion of 1804 In 1804 the Castle Hill convict rebellion was led by around 200 escaped , mostly Irish convicts , although it was broken up quickly by the New South Wales Corps . On 26 January 1808 , there was a military rebellion against Governor Bligh led by John Macarthur . Following this , Governor Lachlan Macquarie was given a mandate to restore government and discipline in the colony . When he arrived in 1810 , he forcibly deported the NSW Corps and brought the 73rd regiment to replace them . 13 May 1787 -- The 11 ships of the First Fleet leave Portsmouth under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip . Different accounts give varying numbers of passengers but the fleet consisted of at least 1,350 persons of whom 780 were convicts and 570 were free men , women and children and the number included four companies of marines . About 20 % of the convicts were women and the oldest convict was 82 . About 50 % of the convicts had been tried in Middlesex and most of the rest were tried in the county assizes of Devon , Kent and Sussex 18 January 1788 -- The First Fleet arrived in Botany Bay but the landing party was not impressed with the site , and moved the fleet to Port Jackson , landing in Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788 ( now celebrated as Australia Day ) April 1789 -- A suspicious outbreak of smallpox decimates local tribes . Research by Michael J Bennett published in 2009 , corroborated independently by Christopher Warren in 2013 , demonstrates this outbreak was most likely deliberate . 1790 -- the Second Fleet of convicts arrives in Sydney Cove . 1791 -- Third Fleet of convicts arrives 1793 -- January : the first free settlers arrive in NSW . 1793 -- March -- April : visit of the expedition led by Alessandro Malaspina . 1825 - May : Founding of Brisbane 14 June 1825 -- the colony of Van Diemen 's Land is established in its own right ; its name is officially changed to Tasmania on 1 January 1856 . The first settlement was made at Risdon , Tasmania on 11 September 1803 when Lieut John Bowen landed with about 50 settlers , crew , soldiers and convicts . The site proved unsuitable and was abandoned in August 1804 . Lieut - Col David Collins finally established a successful settlement at Hobart in February 1804 with a party of about 260 people , including 178 convicts . ( Collins had previously attempted a settlement in Victoria . ) Convict ships were sent from England directly to the colony from 1812 to 1853 and over the 50 years from 1803 -- 1853 around 67,000 convicts were transported to Tasmania . About 14,492 were Irish but many of them had been sentenced in English and Scottish courts . Some were also tried locally in other Australian colonies . The Indefatigable brought the first convicts direct from England on 19 October 1812 and by 1820 there were about 2,500 convicts in the colony . By the end of 1833 the number had increased to 14,900 convicts of whom 1864 were females . About 1,448 held ticket of leave , 6,573 were assigned to settlers and 275 were recorded as `` absconded or missing '' . In 1835 there were over 800 convicts working in chain - gangs at the penal station at Port Arthur which operated from 1830 to 1877 . Convicts were transferred to Van Diemen 's Land from Sydney and , in later years , from 1841 to 1847 , from Melbourne . Between 1826 and 1840 , there were at least 19 ship loads of convicts sent from Van Diemen 's Land to Norfolk Island and at other times they were sent from Norfolk Island to Van Diemen 's Land . 21 January 1827 -- Western Australia was established when a small British settlement was established at King George 's Sound ( Albany ) by Major Edmund Lockyer who was to provide a deterrent to the French presence in the area . On 18 June 1829 the new Swan River Colony was officially proclaimed with Captain James Stirling as the first Governor . Except for the settlement at King George 's Sound , the colony was never really a part of NSW . King George 's Sound was handed over in 1831 . In 1849 the colony was proclaimed a British penal settlement and the first convicts arrived in 1850 . Rottnest Island , off the coast of Perth , became the colony 's convict settlement in 1838 and was used for local colonial offenders . Around 9,720 British convicts were sent directly to the colony in 43 ships between 1850 and 1868 . The convicts were sought by local settlers because of the shortage of labour needed to develop the region . On 9 January 1868 , Australia 's last convict ship , the Hougoumont brought its final cargo of 269 convicts . Convicts sent to Western Australia were sentenced to terms of 6 , 7 , 10 , 14 and 15 years and some reports suggest that their literacy rate was around 75 % as opposed to 50 % for those sent to NSW and Tasmania . About a third of the convicts left the Swan River Colony after serving their time . 1835 -- the Proclamation of Governor Bourke , issued by the Colonial Office and sent to the Governor with Despatch 99 of 10 October 1835 , implements the doctrine of terra nullius upon which British settlement was based . Reinforcing the British assertion that the land belonged to no one prior to the British Crown taking possession of it , it effectively quashes pre-existing treaties with Aboriginal peoples ( e.g. that signed by John Batman ) . Its publication in the Colony means that from then on , all people found occupying land without the authority of the government would be considered illegal trespassers . Aboriginal people therefore could not sell or assign the land , nor could an individual person acquire it , other than through distribution by the Crown . 28 December 1836 -- the British province of South Australia was established . In 1842 it became a crown colony and on 22 July 1861 its area was extended westwards to its present boundary and more area was taken from New South Wales . South Australia was never a British convict colony and between 1836 -- 1840 about 13,400 immigrants arrived in the area . 24,900 more arrived between 1841 -- 1850 . Some escaped convicts did settle in the area and no doubt a number of ex-convicts moved there from other colonies . On 4 January 1837 Governor Hindmarsh proclaimed that any offenders convicted in South Australia , and being under sentence of transportation , were to be transported to either New South Wales or Van Diemens Land , by the first opportunity . 1841 -- New Zealand is separated from New South Wales 1851 -- Victoria is separated from New South Wales ( formerly known as the Port Phillip District of NSW ) . Apart from castaways and runaway convicts in the 1790s , the first attempt at settlement was made on 13 October 1803 by Lieut . David Collins and his party of soldiers and convicts . Harsh conditions convinced him to abandon the settlement in January 1804 . He moved on to Tasmania and it was not until the Henty brothers landed in Portland Bay on 19 November 1834 and John Batman settled on the site of Melbourne that the Port Phillip District was officially sanctioned on 10 April 1837 . The first immigrant ships arrived at Port Phillip in 1839 . Apart from those involved in early attempts at settlement in 1803 and 1826 , the only convicts sent directly to Victoria from Britain were about 1,750 convicts known as the `` Exiles '' and they arrived between 1844 -- 1849 . They were sometimes called the `` Pentonvillians '' because most of them came from Pentonville Probationary Prison in England . Many ex-convicts and convicts on Tickets of Leave and Conditional Pardons also moved to Port Phillip from Van Diemen 's Land . 10 December 1859 -- Queensland is separated from New South Wales . In 1824 the explorer Lieut . John Oxley took a party of 30 convicts and established a penal colony at Redcliffe . Known as the Moreton Bay Settlement , this later moved to the site now called Brisbane . The name Brisbane Town was in use by 1825 and the main inhabitants in the area were the convicts of the Moreton Bay Penal Station until it was closed in 1839 . Around 2,280 convicts were sent to the settlement between 1824 -- 1839 and at the end of 1836 the convict population numbered 337 . The first free settlers moved to the district in 1838 and others followed in 1840 . 23 December 1862 -- the area of Queensland is increased . 1863 -- control of the Northern Territory is granted to the Province ( later State ) of South Australia . In 1825 the area occupied today by Northern Territory was incorporated into the colony of New South Wales . It was first settled by Europeans in 1824 at Fort Dundas , Port Essington . Its capital city , Darwin was established in 1869 and was originally known as Palmerston . On 1 January 1911 , the Northern Territory as we know it today was separated from South Australia and became part of the Commonwealth of Australia . 1 January 1901 -- the Federation of Australian States to form the Commonwealth of Australia . 1911 -- The Federal Capital Territory is established . Exploration ( edit ) Main article : European exploration of Australia Matthew Flinders led the first successful circumnavigation of Australia in 1801 -- 2 . In October 1795 George Bass and Matthew Flinders , accompanied by William Martin sailed the boat Tom Thumb out of Port Jackson to Botany Bay and explored the Georges River further upstream than had been done previously by the colonists . Their reports on their return led to the settlement of Banks ' Town . In March 1796 the same party embarked on a second voyage in a similar small boat , which they also called the Tom Thumb . During this trip they travelled as far down the coast as Lake Illawarra , which they called Tom Thumb Lagoon . They discovered and explored Port Hacking . In 1798 -- 99 , Bass and Flinders set out in a sloop and circumnavigated Tasmania , thus proving it to be an island . Aboriginal guides and assistance in the European exploration of the colony were common and often vital to the success of missions . In 1801 -- 02 Matthew Flinders in The Investigator lead the first circumnavigation of Australia . Aboard ship was the Aboriginal explorer Bungaree , of the Sydney district , who became the first person born on the Australian continent to circumnavigate the Australian continent . Previously , the famous Bennelong and a companion had become the first people born in the area of New South Wales to sail for Europe , when , in 1792 they accompanied Governor Phillip to England and were presented to King George III . In 1813 , Gregory Blaxland , William Lawson and William Wentworth succeeded in crossing the formidable barrier of forested gulleys and sheer cliffs presented by the Blue Mountains , west of Sydney , by following the ridges instead of looking for a route through the valleys . At Mount Blaxland they looked out over `` enough grass to support the stock of the colony for thirty years '' , and expansion of the British settlement into the interior could begin . In 1824 the Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane , commissioned Hamilton Hume and former Royal Navy Captain William Hovell to lead an expedition to find new grazing land in the south of the colony , and also to find an answer to the mystery of where New South Wales 's western rivers flowed . Over 16 weeks in 1824 -- 25 , Hume and Hovell journeyed to Port Phillip and back . They made many important discoveries including the Murray River ( which they named the Hume ) , many of its tributaries , and good agricultural and grazing lands between Gunning , New South Wales and Corio Bay , Victoria . Charles Sturt led an expedition along the Macquarie River in 1828 and discovered the Darling River . A theory had developed that the inland rivers of New South Wales were draining into an inland sea . Leading a second expedition in 1829 , Sturt followed the Murrumbidgee River into a ' broad and noble river ' , the Murray River , which he named after Sir George Murray , secretary of state for the colonies . His party then followed this river to its junction with the Darling River , facing two threatening encounters with local Aboriginal people along the way . Sturt continued down river on to Lake Alexandrina , where the Murray meets the sea in South Australia . Suffering greatly , the party had to then row back upstream hundreds of kilometres for the return journey . Surveyor General Sir Thomas Mitchell conducted a series of expeditions from the 1830s to ' fill in the gaps ' left by these previous expeditions . He was meticulous in seeking to record the original Aboriginal place names around the colony , for which reason the majority of place names to this day retain their Aboriginal titles . The Polish scientist / explorer Count Paul Edmund Strzelecki conducted surveying work in the Australian Alps in 1839 and became the first European to ascend Australia 's highest peak , which he named Mount Kosciuszko in honour of the Polish patriot Tadeusz Kosciuszko . Growth of free settlement ( edit ) Australian colonies in 1846 Traditional Aboriginal society had been governed by councils of elders and a corporate decision - making process , but the first European - style governments established after 1788 were autocratic and run by appointed governors -- although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception , thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists . Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies . The Second Fleet in 1790 brought to Sydney two men who were to play important roles in the colony 's future . One was D'Arcy Wentworth , whose son , William Charles , went on to be an explorer , to found Australia 's first newspaper and to become a leader of the movement to abolish convict transportation and establish representative government . The other was John Macarthur , a Scottish army officer and founder of the Australian wool industry , which laid the foundations of Australia 's future prosperity . Macarthur was a turbulent element : in 1808 he was one of the leaders of the Rum Rebellion against the governor , William Bligh . From about 1815 the colony , under the governorship of Lachlan Macquarie , began to grow rapidly as free settlers arrived and new lands were opened up for farming . Despite the long and arduous sea voyage , settlers were attracted by the prospect of making a new life on virtually free Crown land . From the late 1820s settlement was only authorised in the limits of location , known as the Nineteen Counties . Many settlers occupied land without authority and beyond these authorised settlement limits : they were known as squatters and became the basis of a powerful landowning class . As a result of opposition from the labouring and artisan classes , transportation of convicts to Sydney ended in 1840 , although it continued in the smaller colonies of Van Diemen 's Land ( first settled in 1803 , later renamed Tasmania ) and Moreton Bay ( founded 1824 , and later renamed Queensland ) for a few years more . The Swan River Settlement ( as Western Australia was originally known ) , centred on Perth , was founded in 1829 . The colony suffered from a long - term shortage of labour , and by 1850 local capitalists had succeeded in persuading London to send convicts . ( Transportation did not end until 1868 . ) New Zealand was part of New South Wales until 1840 when it became a separate colony . The first governments established after 1788 were autocratic and each colony was governed by a British Governor , appointed by the British monarch . There was considerable unhappiness with the way some of the colonies were run . In most cases the administration of the early colonies was carried out by the British military . The New South Wales Corps , which was in charge of New South Wales , became known as the `` Rum Corps '' , due to its stranglehold on the distribution of rum , which was used as a makeshift currency at the time . In New South Wales this led to the `` Rum Rebellion '' . Although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception , thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists . Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies . The oldest legislative body in Australia , the New South Wales Legislative Council , was created in 1825 as an appointed body to advise the Governor of New South Wales . William Wentworth established the Australian Patriotic Association ( Australia 's first political party ) in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales . The reformist attorney general , John Plunkett , sought to apply Enlightenment principles to governance in the colony , pursuing the establishment of equality before the law , first by extending jury rights to emancipists , then by extending legal protections to convicts , assigned servants and Aborigines . Plunkett twice charged the colonist perpetrators of the Myall Creek massacre of Aborigines with murder , resulting in a conviction and his landmark Church Act of 1836 disestablished the Church of England and established legal equality between Anglicans , Catholics , Presbyterians and later Methodists . In 1840 , the Adelaide City Council and the Sydney City Council were established . Men who possessed 1000 pounds worth of property were able to stand for election and wealthy landowners were permitted up to four votes each in elections . Australia 's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843 , again with voting rights ( for males only ) tied to property ownership or financial capacity . Voter rights were extended further in New South Wales in 1850 and elections for legislative councils were held in the colonies of Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania . By the mid-19th century , there was a strong desire for representative and responsible government in the colonies of Australia , later fed by the democratic spirit of the goldfields and the ideas of the great reform movements sweeping Europe , the United States and the British Empire . The end of convict transportation accelerated reform in the 1840s and 1850s . The Australian Colonies Government Act ( 1850 ) was a landmark development which granted representative constitutions to New South Wales , Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments -- though the constitutions generally maintained the role of the colonial upper houses as representative of social and economic `` interests '' and all established constitutional monarchies with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state . Timeline ( edit ) 1788 -- New South Wales , according to Arthur Phillip 's amended Commission dated 25 April 1787 , includes `` all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean '' and running westward to the 135th meridian east . These islands included the current islands of New Zealand , which was administered as part of New South Wales . 1824 -- Brisbane is founded 1825 -- New South Wales 's western border is extended to 129 ° E. In the same year , Van Diemen 's Land is proclaimed . 1829 -- Swan River Colony is declared by Charles Fremantle for Britain . 1832 -- Swan River Colony has its name changed to Western Australia . 1836 -- South Australia is proclaimed with its western border at 132 ° E . 1840 -- New Zealand is proclaimed . 1846 -- The colony of North Australia was proclaimed by Letters Patent on 17 February . This was all of New South Wales north of 26 ° S. Although revoked in December 1846 , the colony did formally exist . Economy and trade ( edit ) Ships importing resources from India played a vital role in establishing Sydney . The colonies relied heavily on imports from England for survival . The official currency of the colonies was the British pound , but the unofficial currency and most readily accepted trade good was rum . During this period Australian businessmen began to prosper . For example , the partnership of Berry and Wollstonecraft made enormous profits by means of land grants , convict labour , and exporting native cedar back to England . Religion , education , and culture ( edit ) Lithograph of St James ' Church , Sydney c. 1836 by Robert Russell . The church , designed by Francis Greenway , still stands . Since time immemorial in Australia , indigenous people had performed the rites and rituals of the animist religion of the Dreamtime . The permanent presence of Christianity in Australia however , came with the arrival of the First Fleet of British convict ships at Sydney in 1788 . As a British colony , the predominant Christian denomination was the Church of England , but one - tenth of all the convicts who came to Australia on the First Fleet were Catholic , and at least half of them were born in Ireland . A small proportion of British marines were also Catholic . Some of the Irish convicts had been Transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion in Ireland , so the authorities were suspicious of the minority religion for the first three decades of settlement . It was therefore the crew of the French explorer La Pérouse who conducted the first Catholic ceremony on Australian soil in 1788 -- the burial of Father Louis Receveur , a Franciscan monk , who died while the ships were at anchor at Botany Bay , while on a mission to explore the Pacific . In early colonial times , Church of England clergy worked closely with the governors . Richard Johnson , Anglican chaplain to the First Fleet , was charged by the governor , Arthur Phillip , with improving `` public morality '' in the colony , but he was also heavily involved in health and education . The Reverend Samuel Marsden ( 1765 -- 1838 ) had magisterial duties , and so was equated with the authorities by the convicts . He became known as the ' floging parson ' for the severity of his punishments Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Protestant . The first Catholic priest colonists arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800 -- James Harold , James Dixon , and Peter O'Neill , who had been convicted for ' complicity ' in the Irish 1798 Rebellion . Fr Dixon was conditionally emancipated and permitted to celebrate Mass . On 15 May 1803 , in vestments made from curtains and with a chalice made of tin he conducted the first Catholic Mass in New South Wales . The Irish led Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 alarmed the British authorities and Dixon 's permission to celebrate Mass was revoked . Fr Jeremiah Flynn , an Irish Cistercian , was appointed as Prefect Apostolic of New Holland , and set out from Britain for the colony , uninvited . Watched by authorities , Flynn secretly performed priestly duties before being arrested and deported to London . Reaction to the affair in Britain led to two further priests being allowed to travel to the Colony in 1820 -- John Joseph Therry and Philip Connolly . The foundation stone for the first St Mary 's Cathedral , Sydney was laid on 29 October 1821 by Governor Lachlan Macquarie . The absence of a Catholic mission in Australia before 1818 reflected the legal disabilities of Catholics in Britain and the difficult position of Ireland within the British Empire . The government therefore endorsed the English Benedictines to lead the early Church in the Colony . The Church of England lost its legal privileges in the Colony of New South Wales by the Church Act of 1836 . Drafted by the reformist attorney - general John Plunkett , the Act established legal equality for Anglicans , Catholics and Presbyterians and was later extended to Methodists . Catholic missionary William Ullathorne criticised the convict system , publishing a pamphlet , The Horrors of Transportation Briefly Unfolded to the People , in Britain in 1837 . Laywoman Caroline Chisolm did ecumenical work to alleviate the suffering of female migrants . Watkin Tench , captain of the marines on the First Fleet and author of seminal works of Australian literature . Initially , education was informal , primarily occurring in the home . At the instigation of the then British Prime Minister , the Duke of Wellington , and with the patronage of King William IV , Australia 's oldest surviving independent school , The King 's School , Parramatta , was founded in 1831 as part of an effort to establish grammar schools in the colony . By 1833 , there were around ten Catholic schools in the Australian colonies . Today one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools . Sydney 's first Catholic Bishop , John Bede Polding requested a community of nuns be sent to the colony and five Irish Sisters of Charity arrived in 1838 to set about pastoral care of convict women and work in schools and hospitals before going on to found their own schools and hospitals . At Polding 's request , the Christian Brothers arrived in Sydney in 1843 to assist in schools . Establishing themselves first at Sevenhill , in South Australia in 1848 , the Jesuits were the first religious order of priests to enter and establish houses in South Australia , Victoria , Queensland and the Northern Territory -- where they established schools and missions . Some Australian folksongs date to this period . Among the first true works of Australian literature produced over this period was the accounts of the settlement of Sydney by Watkin Tench , a captain of the marines on the First Fleet to arrive in 1788 . In 1819 , poet , explorer , journalist and politician William Wentworth published the first book written by an Australian : A Statistical , Historical , and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales and Its Dependent Settlements in Van Diemen 's Land , With a Particular Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America , in which he advocated an elected assembly for New South Wales , trial by jury and settlement of Australia by free emigrants rather than convicts . In 1838 The Guardian : a tale by Anna Maria Bunn was published in Sydney . It was the first Australian novel printed and published in mainland Australia and the first Australian novel written by a woman . It is a Gothic romance . European traditions of Australian theatre also came with the First Fleet , with the first production being performed in 1789 by convicts : The Recruiting Officer by George Farquhar . Two centuries later , the extraordinary circumstances of the foundations of Australian theatre were recounted in Our Country 's Good by Timberlake Wertenbaker : the participants were prisoners watched by sadistic guards and the leading lady was under threat of the death penalty . The play is based on Thomas Keneally 's novel The Playmaker . The Theatre Royal , Hobart , opened in 1837 and it remains the oldest theatre in Australia . The Melbourne Athenaeum is one of the oldest public institutions in Australia , founded in 1839 and it served as library , school of arts and dance hall ( and later became Australia 's first cinema , screening The Story of the Kelly Gang , the world 's first feature film in 1906 ) . The Queen 's Theatre , Adelaide opened with Shakespeare in 1841 and is today the oldest theatre on the mainland . Aboriginal resistance ( edit ) See also : Australian Frontier Wars and History of Indigenous Australians Aboriginal reactions to the sudden arrival of British settlers were varied , but often hostile when the presence of the colonisers led to competition over resources , and to the occupation by the British of Aboriginal lands . European diseases decimated Aboriginal populations , and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources led to starvation . By contrast with New Zealand , where the Treaty of Waitangi was seen to legitimise British settlement , no treaty was signed with Aborigines , who never authorised British colonisation . According to the historian Geoffrey Blainey , in Australia during the colonial period : `` In a thousand isolated places there were occasional shootings and spearings . Even worse , smallpox , measles , influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally , demoralisation '' . Since the 1980s , the use of the word `` invasion '' to describe the British colonisation of Australia has been highly controversial . According to Australian Henry Reynolds however , government officials and ordinary settlers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries frequently used words such as `` invasion '' and `` warfare '' to describe their presence and relations with Indigenous Australians . In his book The Other Side of the Frontier , Reynolds described in detail armed resistance by Aboriginal people to white encroachments by means of guerilla warfare , beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing into the early twentieth . Statue of Yagan on Heirisson Island In the early years of colonisation , David Collins , the senior legal officer in the Sydney settlement , wrote of local Aborigines : While they entertain the idea of our having dispossessed them of their residences , they must always consider us as enemies ; and upon this principle they ( have ) made a point of attacking the white people whenever opportunity and safety concurred . In 1847 , Western Australian barrister E.W. Landor stated : `` We have seized upon the country , and shot down the inhabitants , until the survivors have found it expedient to submit to our rule . We have acted as Julius Caesar did when he took possession of Britain . '' In most cases , Reynolds says , Aborigines initially resisted British presence . In a letter to the Launceston Advertiser in 1831 , a settler wrote : We are at war with them : they look upon us as enemies -- as invaders -- as oppressors and persecutors -- they resist our invasion . They have never been subdued , therefore they are not rebellious subjects , but an injured nation , defending in their own way , their rightful possessions which have been torn from them by force . Reynolds quotes numerous writings by settlers who , in the first half of the nineteenth century , described themselves as living in fear and even in terror due to attacks by Aborigines determined to kill them or drive them off their lands . He argues that Aboriginal resistance was , in some cases at least , temporarily effective ; the Aboriginal killings of men , sheep and cattle , and burning of white homes and crops , drove some settlers to ruin . Aboriginal resistance continued well beyond the middle of the nineteenth century , and in 1881 the editor of The Queenslander wrote : During the last four or five years the human life and property destroyed by the aborigines in the North total up to a serious amount . ( ... ) ( S ) ettlement on the land , and the development of the mineral and other resources on the country , have been in a great degree prohibited by the hostility of the blacks , which still continues with undiminished spirit . Reynolds argues that continuous Aboriginal resistance for well over a century belies the `` myth '' of peaceful settlement in Australia . Settlers in turn often reacted to Aboriginal resistance with great violence , resulting in numerous indiscriminate massacres by whites of Aboriginal men , women and children . Among the most famous massacres of the early nineteenth century were the Pinjarra massacre and the Myall Creek massacre . Famous Aborigines who resisted British colonisation in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries include Pemulwuy and Yagan . In Tasmania , the `` Black War '' was fought in the first half of the nineteenth century . Representations in literature and film ( edit ) Marcus Clarke 's 1874 novel , For the Term of his Natural Life , and the 1983 television adaptation of the novel . Eleanor Dark 's 1947 Timeless Land trilogy , which spans the colonisation from 1788 -- 1811 . The 1980s television drama , The Timeless Land , was based on this trilogy . D. Manning Richards . Destiny in Sydney : An epic novel of convicts , Aborigines , and Chinese embroiled in the birth of Sydney , Australia . First book in Sydney series . Washington DC : Aries Books , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9845410 - 0 - 3 See also ( edit ) Europeans in Oceania European Australian Journals of the First Fleet History of Australia : History of Australia ( 1851 -- 1900 ) Further reading ( edit ) Lepailleur , François - Maurice . 1980 . Land of a Thousand Sorrows . The Australian Prison Journal 1840 -- 1842 , of the Exiled Canadien Patriote , François - Maurice Lepailleur . Trans . and edited by F. Murray Greenwood . University of British Columbia Press , Vancouver . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0123 - 9 . Duyker , Edward & Maryse. 2001 . Voyage to Australia and the Pacific 1791 -- 1793 . Melbourne University Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84932 - 6 . Duyker , Edward & Maryse. 2003 . Citizen Labillardière -- A Naturalist 's Life in Revolution and Exploration . The Miegunyah Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 85010 - 3 . Horner , Frank . 1995 . Looking for La Pérouse . Melbourne University Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84451 - 0 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example the UK Act New South Wales Judicature Act 1823 made specific provision for administration of justice of New Zealand by the New South Wales Courts ; stating `` And be it further enacted that the said supreme courts in New South Wales and Van Diemen 's Land respectively shall and may inquire of hear and determine all treasons piracies felonies robberies murders conspiracies and other offences of what nature or kind soever committed or that shall be committed upon the sea or in any haven river creek or place where the admiral or admirals have power authority or jurisdiction or committed or that shall be committed in the islands of New Zealand '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alan Frost , `` A Fit of Absence of Mind ? The decision to colonise Botany Bay , 1779 -- 1786 '' , Botany Bay Mirages : Illusions of Convict Beginnings , Melbourne University Press , 1994 , pp. 98 -- 109 . Jump up ^ John Gascoigne , Science in the Service of Empire : Joseph Banks , the British State and the Uses of Science in the Age of Revolution , Melbourne , Cambridge University Press , 1998 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Harold B. Carter , `` Banks , Cook and the Century Natural History Tradition '' , in Tony Delamotte and Carl Bridge ( eds . ) , Interpreting Australia : British Perceptions of Australia since 1788 , London , Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies , 1988 , pp. 4 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Matra to Fox , 2 April 1784 . British Library , Add . Ms 47568 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Atkinson , `` The first plans for governing New South Wales , 1786 -- 87 '' , Australian Historical Studies , vol. 24 , no. 94 , April 1990 , pp. 22 -- 40 , p. 31. , dated and photoduplicated in Alan Frost , `` Historians , Handling Documents , Transgressions and Transportable Offences '' , Australian Historical Studies , vol. 25 , no. 98 , Oct. 1992 , pp. 192 -- 213 , pp. 208 -- 9 . Jump up ^ ' Memo. of matters to be brought before Cabinet ' , State Library of New South Wales , Dixon Library Add . MS Q522 Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` Norfolk Island : Phantasy and Reality , 1770 -- 1814 '' , The Great Circle , vol. 25 , no. 2 , 2003 , pp. 20 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Alan Frost , The First Fleet : The Real Story , Melbourne , Black Inc. , 2011 . Jump up ^ Horne , Donald ( 1972 ) . The Australian People : Biography of a Nation . Sydney , NSW : Angus and Robertson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 207 - 12496 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rosalind Miles ( 2001 ) Who Cooked the Last Supper : The Women 's History of the World Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80695 - 5 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter Hill ( 2008 ) p. 141 - 150 Jump up ^ Arthur Phillip State Library of New South Wales , p. 1 / 4 p. 2 / 4 p. 3 / 4 p. 4 / 4 . Sl.nsw.gov.au ( 9 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 16 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : David Hill , 1788 : The Brutal Truth of the First Fleet Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` The Territorial Boundaries of New South Wales in 1788 '' , The Great Circle , vol. 3 , no. 2 , 1981 , pp. 70 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` What brought Lapérouse to Botany Bay ? '' , Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society , vol. 85 , pt. 2 , December 1999 , pp. 140 -- 147 . At : www.articlearchives.com/asia/northern-asia-russia/1659966-1.html Jump up ^ Biography -- Arthur Phillip -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ David Collins , An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales , London , Vol. I , 1798 , p. 502 Jump up ^ Anne Summers ( 1975 ) . Damned Whores and God 's Police . Ringwood , Victoria . pp. 270 -- 274 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 021832 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` First Farms '' . Discover Collections . State Library of New South Wales . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bennett Michael J ( 2009 ) . `` Smallpox and Cowpox Under the Southern Cross : The Smallpox Epidemic of 1789 and the Advent of Vaccination in Colonial Australia '' . Bulletin of the History of Medicine . 83 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 62 . doi : 10.1353 / bhm. 0.0167 . Jump up ^ Warren Christopher ( 2013 ) . `` Smallpox at Sydney Cove -- Who , When , Why '' . Journal of Australian Studies . doi : 10.1080 / 14443058.2013. 849750 . Jump up ^ Governor Bourke 's 1835 Proclamation of Terra Nullius Australia 's migration history timeline NSW Migration Heritage Centre . Migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/31749645 SA Colonial Gazette and Register Jump up ^ Timeline source Jump up ^ Scott , Ernest ( 1914 ) . The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders , RN . Sydney : Angus & Robertson . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Flinders , Matthew . Narrative of expeditions along the coast of New South Wales , for the further discovery of its harbours from the year 1795 to 1799 . ^ Jump up to : Biography -- George Bass -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- Gregory Blaxland -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Hume , Stuart H ... ( 17 August 1960 ) Biography -- Hamilton Hume -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- Charles Sturt -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Archived 29 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Suttor , T.L. `` Plunkett , John Hubert ( 1802 -- 1869 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Australia 's major electoral developments Timeline : 1788 -- 1899 -- Australian Electoral Commission . Aec.gov.au ( 28 January 2011 ) . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ The Right to Vote in Australia -- Australian Electoral Commission . Aec.gov.au ( 28 January 2011 ) . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ ( dfat.gov.au dfat.gov.au ) ^ Jump up to : The Catholic Community in Australia Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Catholic Australia . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard ( 1753 ? -- 1827 ) Biographical Entry -- Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Jump up ^ Marsden , Samuel ( 1765 -- 1838 ) Biographical Entry -- Australian Dictionary of Biography Online ^ Jump up to : Catholic Encyclopedia : Australia . Newadvent.org . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- John Bede Polding -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John Hubert ( 1802 -- 1869 ) Biographical Entry -- Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Jump up ^ Biography -- William Bernard Ullathorne -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Welcome -- Brief history of The King 's School -- The King 's School Archived 18 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Kings.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 4102.0 -- Australian Social Trends , 2006 . Abs.gov.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ St Vincent 's Hospital , history and tradition , sesquicentenary -- sth.stvincents.com.au . Stvincents.com.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Hasluck , Alexandra ( 1967 ) . `` Yagan ( -- 1833 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Turcotte , Gerry ( 1998 ) . `` Australian Gothic '' ( PDF , 12 pages ) . Faculty of Arts -- Papers . University of Wollongong . Retrieved 9 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Our Country 's Good : The Recruiting Officer . Olioweb.me.uk . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 18 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived 17 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Queen 's Theatre Archived 21 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... History.sa.gov.au ( 1 July 2010 ) . Retrieved on 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey , A Very Short History of the World , Penguin Books , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 300559 - 9 Jump up ^ Reynolds , Henry , The Other Side of the Frontier : Aboriginal resistance to the European invasion of Australia , 1981 , ISBN 0 - 86840 - 892 - 1 Jump up ^ quoted in Reynolds ( 1999 ) , p. 165 Jump up ^ ( Reynolds 1999 , p. 163 ) Jump up ^ ( Reynolds 1999 , p. 148 ) Jump up ^ ( Reynolds 1999 , pp. 140 -- 141 ) Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1999 ) , Chapter 9 : `` The Killing Times '' , pp. 117 -- 133 Bibliography ( edit ) Reynolds , Henry ( 1999 ) . Why Were n't We Told ? . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027842 - 7 . External links ( edit ) U.S. State Department Background Note : Australia Australian Broadcasting Corporation Hindsight Story : The French Connection History and ideas , National Museum of Australia The Australian History page at Project Gutenberg of Australia British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . 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202444664133669779 | List of Major League Baseball no-hitters | List of Major League Baseball no - hitters - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball no - hitters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of no - hitters in Major League Baseball history . In addition , all no - hitters that were broken up in extra innings or were in shortened games are listed , although they are not currently considered official no - hitters . ( Prior to 1991 , a performance in which no hits were surrendered through nine innings or in a shortened game was considered an official no - hit game . ) The names of those pitchers who threw a perfect game no - hitter are italicized . For combined no - hitters by two or more pitchers on the same team , each is listed with his number of innings pitched . Games which were part of a doubleheader are noted as either the first game or second game . The most recent no - hitter was pitched by James Paxton of the Seattle Mariners on May 8 , 2018 . An official no - hit game occurs when a pitcher ( or pitchers ) allows no hits during the entire course of a game , which consists of at least nine innings thrown by the pitcher ( s ) . In a no - hit game , a batter may still reach base via a walk , an error , a fielder 's choice , an intentional walk , a hit by pitch , a passed ball or wild pitch on strike three , or catcher 's interference . Also , due to these methods of reaching base , it is possible for a team to score runs without getting any hits . While the vast majority of no - hitters are shutouts , no - hit teams have managed to score runs in their respective games a number of times . Five times a team has been no - hit and still won the game : two notable victories occurred when the Cincinnati Reds defeated the Houston Colt . 45s ( now called the Houston Astros ) 1 -- 0 on April 23 , 1964 even though they were no - hit by Houston starter Ken Johnson , and the Detroit Tigers defeated the Baltimore Orioles 2 -- 1 on April 30 , 1967 even though they were no - hit by Baltimore starter Steve Barber and reliever Stu Miller . In another four games , the home team won despite gaining no hits through eight innings , but these are near no - hitters under the 1991 rule that nine no - hit innings must be completed in order for a no - hitter to be credited . The pitcher who holds the record for the shortest time between no - hitters is Johnny Vander Meer , the only pitcher in history to throw no - hitters in consecutive starts , while playing for the Cincinnati Reds in 1938 . Besides Vander Meer , Allie Reynolds ( in 1951 ) , Virgil Trucks ( in 1952 ) , Nolan Ryan ( in 1973 ) , and Max Scherzer ( in 2015 ) are the only other major leaguers to throw two no - hitters in the same regular season . Jim Maloney technically threw two no - hitters in the 1965 season , but his first one ended after he allowed a home run in the top of the 11th inning . According to the rules interpretation of the time , this was considered a no - hitter . Later that season , Maloney once again took a no - hitter into extra innings , but this time he managed to preserve the no - hitter after the Reds scored in the top half of the tenth , becoming the first pitcher to throw a complete game extra inning no - hitter since Fred Toney in 1917 . Roy Halladay threw two no - hitters in 2010 : a perfect game during the regular season and a no - hitter in the 2010 National League Division Series . He is the only major leaguer to have thrown no - hitters in regular season and postseason play . The first black pitcher to toss a no - hitter was Sam Jones who did it for the Chicago Cubs in 1955 . The first Latin pitcher to throw one was San Francisco Giant Juan Marichal in 1963 . The first Asian pitcher to throw one was Los Angeles Dodger Hideo Nomo in 1996 . Through May 8 , 2018 , there have been 299 no - hitters officially recognized by Major League Baseball , 256 of them in the modern era ( starting in 1901 , with the formation of the American League ) . Joe Borden 's no - hitter in 1875 is also noted , but is not recognized by Major League Baseball ( see note in the chart ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regulation no - hitters 2 No - hitters by team 3 Near no - hitters 3.1 Regulation no - hit losses ending in the middle of the ninth 3.1. 1 Interleague play 3.1. 2 American League 3.1. 3 Players ' League 3.2 Shortened games 3.2. 1 National League 3.2. 2 American League 3.2. 3 American Association 3.2. 4 Union Association 3.3 Nine - inning no - hitters broken up in extra innings 3.3. 1 National League 3.3. 2 American League 4 Notes 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 External links Regulation no - hitters ( edit ) Key Italics Perfect game RS Runs scored RA Runs allowed NL National League AL American League FL Federal League PL Players ' League UA Union Association AA American Association NA National Association WS World Series Inter Interleague play IP Innings pitched Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Denotes player who is still active No - hitters # Date Pitcher Team RS Opponent RA League Catcher Notes N / A 000000001875 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1875 Borden , Joe Joe Borden Philadelphia White Stockings Chicago White Stockings 0 NA Snyder , Pop Pop Snyder 000000001876 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1876 Bradley , George George Bradley St. Louis Brown Stockings Hartford Dark Blues 0 NL Clapp , John John Clapp 000000001880 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1880 Richmond , Lee Lee Richmond Worcester Worcesters Cleveland Blues 0 NL Bennett , Charlie Charlie Bennett 000000001880 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 1880 Ward , John Montgomery John Montgomery Ward Providence Grays 5 Buffalo Bisons 0 NL Gross , Emil Emil Gross 000000001880 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1880 Corcoran , Larry Larry Corcoran ( 1 ) Chicago White Stockings 6 Boston Red Caps 0 NL Flint , Silver Silver Flint ( ? IP ) ( 1 ) King Kelly ( ? IP ) ( 1 ) 5 000000001880 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1880 Galvin , Pud Pud Galvin ( 1 ) Buffalo Bisons Worcester Worcesters 0 NL Rowe , Jack Jack Rowe ( 1 ) 6 000000001882 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1882 Mullane , Tony Tony Mullane Louisville Eclipse Cincinnati Red Stockings 0 AA Sullivan , Dan Dan Sullivan ( 1 ) 7 000000001882 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1882 Hecker , Guy Guy Hecker Louisville Eclipse Pittsburgh Alleghenys AA Sullivan , Dan Dan Sullivan ( 2 ) 8 000000001882 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1882 Corcoran , Larry Larry Corcoran ( 2 ) Chicago White Stockings 5 Worcester Worcesters 0 NL Flint , Silver Silver Flint ( 2 ) 9 000000001883 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1883 Radbourn , Charles Charles Radbourn Providence Grays 8 Cleveland Blues 0 NL Gilligan , Barney Barney Gilligan 10 000000001883 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 1883 Daily , Hugh Hugh Daily Cleveland Blues Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Bushong , Doc Doc Bushong 11 000000001884 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1884 Atkinson , Al Al Atkinson ( 1 ) Philadelphia Athletics 10 Pittsburgh Alleghenys AA Milligan , Jocko Jocko Milligan 12 000000001884 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1884 Morris , Ed Ed Morris Columbus Buckeyes 5 Pittsburgh Alleghenys 0 AA Kemmler , Rudy Rudy Kemmler ( 1 ) 13 000000001884 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1884 Mountain , Frank Frank Mountain Columbus Buckeyes 12 Washington Nationals 0 AA Kemmler , Rudy Rudy Kemmler ( 2 ) 14 000000001884 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 1884 Corcoran , Larry Larry Corcoran ( 3 ) Chicago White Stockings 6 Providence Grays 0 NL Kelly , King King Kelly ( 2 ) 15 000000001884 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1884 Galvin , Pud Pud Galvin ( 2 ) Buffalo Bisons 18 Detroit Wolverines 0 NL Rowe , Jack Jack Rowe ( 2 ) 16 000000001884 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1884 Burns , Dick Dick Burns Cincinnati Outlaw Reds Kansas City Unions UA Crotty , Joe Joe Crotty 17 000000001884 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1884 Cushman , Ed Ed Cushman Milwaukee Brewers 5 Washington Nationals 0 UA Broughton , Cal Cal Broughton 18 000000001884 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1884 Kimber , Sam Sam Kimber Brooklyn Atlantics 0 Toledo Blue Stockings 0 AA Corcoran , Jack Jack Corcoran 19 000000001885 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 1885 Clarkson , John John Clarkson Chicago White Stockings Providence Grays 0 NL Flint , Silver Silver Flint ( 3 ) 20 000000001885 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1885 Ferguson , Charlie Charlie Ferguson Philadelphia Phillies Providence Grays 0 NL Ganzel , Charlie Charlie Ganzel ( 1 ) 21 000000001886 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1886 Atkinson , Al Al Atkinson ( 2 ) Philadelphia Athletics New York Metropolitans AA O'Brien , Jack Jack O'Brien 22 000000001886 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1886 Terry , Adonis Adonis Terry ( 1 ) Brooklyn Grays St. Louis Browns 0 AA Peoples , Jimmy Jimmy Peoples ( 1 ) 23 000000001886 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 1886 Kilroy , Matt Matt Kilroy Baltimore Orioles 6 Pittsburgh Alleghenys 0 AA Dolan , Tom Tom Dolan 24 000000001888 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1888 Terry , Adonis Adonis Terry ( 2 ) Brooklyn Bridegrooms Louisville Colonels 0 AA Peoples , Jimmy Jimmy Peoples ( 2 ) 25 000000001888 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1888 Porter , Henry Henry Porter Kansas City Cowboys Baltimore Orioles 0 AA Daniels , Law Law Daniels 26 000000001888 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1888 Seward , Ed Ed Seward Philadelphia Athletics 12 Cincinnati Red Stockings AA Robinson , Wilbert Wilbert Robinson ( 1 ) 27 000000001888 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1888 Weyhing , Gus Gus Weyhing Philadelphia Athletics Kansas City Cowboys 0 AA Townsend , George George Townsend 28 000000001890 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1890 Titcomb , Ledell Ledell Titcomb Rochester Broncos 7 Syracuse Stars 0 AA Grim , John John Grim 29 000000001891 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1891 Lovett , Tom Tom Lovett Brooklyn Grooms New York Giants 0 NL Daily , Con Con Daily 30 000000001891 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1891 Rusie , Amos Amos Rusie New York Giants 6 Brooklyn Grooms 0 NL Buckley , Dick Dick Buckley 31 000000001891 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1891 Breitenstein , Ted Ted Breitenstein ( 1 ) St. Louis Browns 8 Louisville Colonels 0 AA Munyan , John John Munyan 32 000000001892 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1892 Stivetts , Jack Jack Stivetts Boston Beaneaters 11 Brooklyn Grooms 0 NL Ganzel , Charlie Charlie Ganzel ( 2 ) 33 000000001892 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 , 1892 Sanders , Ben Ben Sanders Louisville Colonels 6 Baltimore Orioles NL Merritt , Bill Bill Merritt 34 000000001892 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1892 Jones , Bumpus Bumpus Jones Cincinnati Reds 7 Pittsburgh Pirates NL Vaughn , Farmer Farmer Vaughn 35 000000001893 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1893 Hawke , Bill Bill Hawke Baltimore Orioles 5 Washington Senators 0 NL Robinson , Wilbert Wilbert Robinson ( 2 ) 36 000000001897 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1897 Young , Cy Cy Young ( 1 ) Cleveland Spiders 6 Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Zimmer , Chief Chief Zimmer ( 1 ) 37 000000001898 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1898 Breitenstein , Ted Ted Breitenstein ( 2 ) Cincinnati Reds 11 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL Peitz , Heinie Heinie Peitz ( 1 ) 38 000000001898 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1898 Hughes , Jay Jay Hughes Baltimore Orioles 8 Boston Beaneaters 0 NL Clarke , Boileryard Boileryard Clarke 39 000000001898 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1898 Donahue , Red Red Donahue Philadelphia Phillies 5 Boston Beaneaters 0 NL McFarland , Ed Ed McFarland ( 1 ) 40 000000001898 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1898 Thornton , Walter Walter Thornton Chicago Orphans Brooklyn Bridegrooms 0 NL Donahue , Tim Tim Donahue 41 000000001899 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1899 Phillippe , Deacon Deacon Phillippe Louisville Colonels 7 New York Giants 0 NL Kittridge , Malachi Malachi Kittridge 42 000000001899 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 1899 Willis , Vic Vic Willis Boston Beaneaters 7 Washington Senators NL Bergen , Marty Marty Bergen 43 000000001900 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1900 Hahn , Noodles Noodles Hahn Cincinnati Reds Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Peitz , Heinie Heinie Peitz ( 2 ) 44 000000001901 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1901 Mathewson , Christy Christy Mathewson ( 1 ) New York Giants 5 St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Warner , Jack Jack Warner 45 000000001902 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1902 Callahan , Nixey Nixey Callahan Chicago White Sox Detroit Tigers 0 AL McFarland , Ed Ed McFarland ( 2 ) 46 000000001903 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1903 Fraser , Chick Chick Fraser Philadelphia Phillies 10 Chicago Cubs 0 NL Zimmer , Chief Chief Zimmer ( 2 ) 47 000000001904 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1904 Young , Cy Cy Young ( 2 ) Boston Americans Philadelphia Athletics 0 AL Criger , Lou Lou Criger ( 1 ) 48 000000001904 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1904 Tannehill , Jesse Jesse Tannehill Boston Americans 6 Chicago White Sox 0 AL Farrell , Duke Duke Farrell 49 000000001905 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1905 Mathewson , Christy Christy Mathewson ( 2 ) New York Giants Chicago Cubs 0 NL Bowerman , Frank Frank Bowerman 50 000000001905 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 , 1905 Henley , Weldon Weldon Henley Philadelphia Athletics 6 St. Louis Browns 0 AL Barton , Harry Harry Barton 51 000000001905 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1905 Smith , Frank Frank Smith ( 1 ) Chicago White Sox 15 Detroit Tigers 0 AL McFarland , Ed Ed McFarland ( 3 ) 52 000000001905 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1905 Dinneen , Bill Bill Dinneen Boston Americans Chicago White Sox 0 AL Criger , Lou Lou Criger ( 2 ) 53 000000001906 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1906 Lush , Johnny Johnny Lush Philadelphia Phillies 6 Brooklyn Superbas 0 NL Dooin , Red Red Dooin 54 000000001906 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1906 Eason , Mal Mal Eason Brooklyn Superbas St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Ritter , Lew Lew Ritter 55 000000001907 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1907 Pfeffer , Big Jeff Big Jeff Pfeffer Boston Doves 6 Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Brown , Sam Sam Brown 56 000000001907 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1907 Maddox , Nick Nick Maddox Pittsburgh Pirates Brooklyn Superbas NL Gibson , George George Gibson 57 000000001908 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1908 Young , Cy Cy Young ( 3 ) Boston Red Sox 8 New York Highlanders 0 AL Criger , Lou Lou Criger ( 3 ) 58 000000001908 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1908 Wiltse , Hooks Hooks Wiltse New York Giants Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Bresnahan , Roger Roger Bresnahan 59 000000001908 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 1908 Rucker , Nap Nap Rucker Brooklyn Superbas 6 Boston Doves 0 NL Bergen , Bill Bill Bergen 60 000000001908 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1908 Rhoads , Bob Bob Rhoads Cleveland Naps Boston Red Sox AL Bemis , Harry Harry Bemis 61 000000001908 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1908 Smith , Frank Frank Smith ( 2 ) Chicago White Sox Philadelphia Athletics 0 AL Sullivan , Billy Billy Sullivan 62 000000001908 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1908 Joss , Addie Addie Joss ( 1 ) Cleveland Naps Chicago White Sox 0 AL Clarke , Nig Nig Clarke ( 1 ) 63 000000001910 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1910 Joss , Addie Addie Joss ( 2 ) Cleveland Naps Chicago White Sox 0 AL Clarke , Nig Nig Clarke ( 2 ) 64 000000001910 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1910 Bender , Chief Chief Bender Philadelphia Athletics Cleveland Naps 0 AL Thomas , Ira Ira Thomas 65 000000001911 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1911 Wood , Smoky Joe Smoky Joe Wood Boston Red Sox 5 St. Louis Browns 0 AL Carrigan , Bill Bill Carrigan ( 1 ) 66 000000001911 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 1911 Walsh , Ed Ed Walsh Chicago White Sox 5 Boston Red Sox 0 AL Block , Bruno Bruno Block 67 000000001912 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1912 Mullin , George George Mullin Detroit Tigers 7 St. Louis Browns 0 AL Stanage , Oscar Oscar Stanage 68 000000001912 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1912 Hamilton , Earl Earl Hamilton St. Louis Browns 5 Detroit Tigers AL Alexander , Walt Walt Alexander 69 000000001912 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1912 Tesreau , Jeff Jeff Tesreau New York Giants Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Wilson , Art Art Wilson ( 1 ) 70 000000001914 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1914 Benz , Joe Joe Benz Chicago White Sox 6 Cleveland Naps AL Schalk , Ray Ray Schalk ( 1 ) 71 000000001914 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1914 Davis , Iron Iron Davis Boston Braves 7 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Gowdy , Hank Hank Gowdy 72 000000001914 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1914 Lafitte , Ed Ed Lafitte Brooklyn Tip - Tops 6 Kansas City Packers FL Owens , Yip Yip Owens 73 000000001915 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1915 Marquard , Rube Rube Marquard New York Giants Brooklyn Robins 0 NL Meyers , Chief Chief Meyers 74 000000001915 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1915 Allen , Frank Frank Allen Pittsburgh Rebels St. Louis Terriers 0 FL Berry , Claude Claude Berry 75 000000001915 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1915 Hendrix , Claude Claude Hendrix Chicago Chi - Feds / Whales 10 Pittsburgh Rebels 0 FL Wilson , Art Art Wilson ( 2 ) 76 000000001915 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1915 Main , Alex Alex Main Kansas City Packers 5 Buffalo Buffeds / Blues 0 FL Easterly , Ted Ted Easterly 77 000000001915 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1915 Lavender , Jimmy Jimmy Lavender Chicago Cubs New York Giants 0 NL Archer , Jimmy Jimmy Archer 78 000000001915 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 1915 Davenport , Dave Dave Davenport St. Louis Terriers Chicago Chi - Feds / Whales 0 FL Hartley , Grover Grover Hartley 79 000000001916 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1916 Hughes , Tom L. Tom L. Hughes Boston Braves Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL Tragesser , Walt Walt Tragesser 80 000000001916 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 1916 Foster , Rube Rube Foster Boston Red Sox New York Yankees 0 AL Carrigan , Bill Bill Carrigan ( 2 ) 81 000000001916 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1916 Bush , Bullet Joe Bullet Joe Bush Philadelphia Athletics 5 Cleveland Indians 0 AL Picinich , Val Val Picinich ( 1 ) 82 000000001916 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1916 Leonard , Dutch Dutch Leonard ( 1 ) Boston Red Sox St. Louis Browns 0 AL Carrigan , Bill Bill Carrigan ( 3 ) 83 000000001917 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1917 Cicotte , Eddie Eddie Cicotte Chicago White Sox 11 St. Louis Browns 0 AL Schalk , Ray Ray Schalk ( 2 ) 84 000000001917 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1917 Mogridge , George George Mogridge New York Yankees Boston Red Sox AL Nunamaker , Les Les Nunamaker 85 000000001917 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 1917 Toney , Fred Fred Toney Cincinnati Reds Chicago Cubs 0 NL Huhn , Emil Emil Huhn 86 000000001917 - 05 - 05 - 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04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1922 Robertson , Charlie Charlie Robertson Chicago White Sox Detroit Tigers 0 AL Schalk , Ray Ray Schalk ( 3 ) 94 000000001922 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1922 Barnes , Jesse Jesse Barnes New York Giants 6 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Smith , Earl Earl Smith 95 000000001923 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1923 Jones , Sad Sam Sad Sam Jones New York Yankees Philadelphia Athletics 0 AL Hofmann , Fred Fred Hofmann 96 000000001923 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 1923 Ehmke , Howard Howard Ehmke Boston Red Sox Philadelphia Athletics 0 AL Picinich , Val Val Picinich ( 3 ) 97 000000001924 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 , 1924 Haines , Jesse Jesse Haines St. Louis Cardinals 5 Boston Braves 0 NL González , Mike Mike González 98 000000001925 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 1925 Vance , Dazzy Dazzy Vance Brooklyn Robins 10 Philadelphia Phillies NL DeBerry , Hank Hank DeBerry 99 000000001926 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1926 Lyons , Ted Ted Lyons Chicago White Sox 6 Boston Red Sox 0 AL Grabowski , Johnny Johnny Grabowski 100 000000001929 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1929 Hubbell , Carl Carl Hubbell New York Giants 11 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL Bob O'Farrell 101 000000001931 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1931 Ferrell , Wes Wes Ferrell Cleveland Indians 9 St. Louis Browns 0 AL Sewell , Luke Luke Sewell ( 1 ) 102 000000001931 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 1931 Burke , Bobby Bobby Burke Washington Senators 5 Boston Red Sox 0 AL Spencer , Roy Roy Spencer 103 000000001934 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1934 Dean , Paul Paul Dean St. Louis Cardinals Brooklyn Dodgers 0 NL DeLancey , Bill Bill DeLancey 104 000000001935 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1935 Kennedy , Vern Vern Kennedy Chicago White Sox 5 Cleveland Indians 0 AL Sewell , Luke Luke Sewell ( 2 ) 105 000000001937 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1937 Dietrich , Bill Bill Dietrich Chicago White Sox 8 St. Louis Browns 0 AL Sewell , Luke Luke Sewell ( 3 ) 106 000000001938 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 1938 Vander Meer , Johnny Johnny Vander Meer ( 1 ) Cincinnati Reds Boston Bees 0 NL Lombardi , Ernie Ernie Lombardi ( 1 ) 107 000000001938 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1938 Vander Meer , Johnny Johnny Vander Meer ( 2 ) Cincinnati Reds 6 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 NL Lombardi , Ernie Ernie Lombardi ( 2 ) 108 000000001938 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 1938 Pearson , Monte Monte Pearson New York Yankees 13 Cleveland Indians 0 AL Glenn , Joe Joe Glenn 109 000000001940 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1940 Feller , Bob Bob Feller ( 1 ) Cleveland Indians Chicago White Sox 0 AL Hemsley , Rollie Rollie Hemsley 110 000000001940 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1940 Carleton , Tex Tex Carleton Brooklyn Dodgers Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Herman Franks 111 000000001941 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1941 Warneke , Lon Lon Warneke St. Louis Cardinals Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Cooper , Walker Walker Cooper ( 1 ) 112 000000001944 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1944 Tobin , Jim Jim Tobin Boston Braves Brooklyn Dodgers 0 NL Masi , Phil Phil Masi 113 000000001944 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1944 Shoun , Clyde Clyde Shoun Cincinnati Reds Boston Braves 0 NL Mueller , Ray Ray Mueller 114 000000001945 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1945 Fowler , Dick Dick Fowler Philadelphia Athletics St. Louis Browns 0 AL Rosar , Buddy Buddy Rosar ( 1 ) 115 000000001946 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1946 Head , Ed Ed Head Brooklyn Dodgers 5 Boston Braves 0 NL Anderson , Ferrell Ferrell Anderson 116 000000001946 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1946 Feller , Bob Bob Feller ( 2 ) Cleveland Indians New York Yankees 0 AL Hayes , Frankie Frankie Hayes 117 000000001947 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 1947 Blackwell , Ewell Ewell Blackwell Cincinnati Reds 6 Boston Braves 0 NL Lamanno , Ray Ray Lamanno 118 000000001947 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1947 Black , Don Don Black Cleveland Indians Philadelphia Athletics 0 AL Hegan , Jim Jim Hegan ( 1 ) 119 000000001947 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 1947 McCahan , Bill Bill McCahan Philadelphia Athletics Washington Senators 0 AL Rosar , Buddy Buddy Rosar ( 2 ) 120 000000001948 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1948 Lemon , Bob Bob Lemon Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers 0 AL Hegan , Jim Jim Hegan ( 2 ) 121 000000001948 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1948 Barney , Rex Rex Barney Brooklyn Dodgers New York Giants 0 NL Edwards , Bruce Bruce Edwards 122 000000001950 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1950 Bickford , Vern Vern Bickford Boston Braves 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 NL Cooper , Walker Walker Cooper ( 2 ) 123 000000001951 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1951 Chambers , Cliff Cliff Chambers Pittsburgh Pirates Boston Braves 0 NL Fitz Gerald , Ed Ed Fitz Gerald 124 000000001951 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1951 Feller , Bob Bob Feller ( 3 ) Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers AL Hegan , Jim Jim Hegan ( 3 ) 125 000000001951 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1951 Reynolds , Allie Allie Reynolds ( 1 ) New York Yankees Cleveland Indians 0 AL Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra ( 1 ) 126 000000001951 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1951 Reynolds , Allie Allie Reynolds ( 2 ) New York Yankees 8 Boston Red Sox 0 AL Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra ( 2 ) 127 000000001952 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1952 Trucks , Virgil Virgil Trucks ( 1 ) Detroit Tigers Washington Senators 0 AL Ginsberg , Joe Joe Ginsberg 128 000000001952 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 1952 Erskine , Carl Carl Erskine ( 1 ) Brooklyn Dodgers 5 Chicago Cubs 0 NL Campanella , Roy Roy Campanella ( 1 ) 129 000000001952 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 1952 Trucks , Virgil Virgil Trucks ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers New York Yankees 0 AL Batts , Matt Matt Batts 130 000000001953 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1953 Holloman , Bobo Bobo Holloman St. Louis Browns 6 Philadelphia Athletics 0 AL Moss , Les Les Moss 131 000000001954 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1954 Wilson , Jim Jim Wilson Milwaukee Braves Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Crandall , Del Del Crandall ( 1 ) 132 000000001955 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1955 Jones , Sam Sam Jones Chicago Cubs Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL McCullough , Clyde Clyde McCullough 133 000000001956 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1956 Erskine , Carl Carl Erskine ( 2 ) Brooklyn Dodgers New York Giants 0 NL Campanella , Roy Roy Campanella ( 2 ) 134 000000001956 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1956 Parnell , Mel Mel Parnell Boston Red Sox Chicago White Sox 0 AL White , Sammy Sammy White 135 000000001956 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1956 Maglie , Sal Sal Maglie Brooklyn Dodgers 5 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Campanella , Roy Roy Campanella ( 3 ) 136 000000001956 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1956 Larsen , Don Don Larsen New York Yankees ( AL ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( NL ) 0 WS Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra ( 3 ) 137 000000001957 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1957 Keegan , Bob Bob Keegan Chicago White Sox 6 Washington Senators 0 AL Lollar , Sherm Sherm Lollar 138 000000001958 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1958 Bunning , Jim Jim Bunning ( 1 ) Detroit Tigers Boston Red Sox 0 AL Wilson , Red Red Wilson 139 000000001958 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1958 Wilhelm , Hoyt Hoyt Wilhelm Baltimore Orioles New York Yankees 0 AL Triandos , Gus Gus Triandos ( 1 ) 140 000000001960 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1960 Cardwell , Don Don Cardwell Chicago Cubs St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Rice , Del Del Rice 141 000000001960 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1960 Burdette , Lew Lew Burdette Milwaukee Braves Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Crandall , Del Del Crandall ( 2 ) 142 000000001960 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1960 Spahn , Warren Warren Spahn ( 1 ) Milwaukee Braves Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Crandall , Del Del Crandall ( 3 ) 143 000000001961 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1961 Spahn , Warren Warren Spahn ( 2 ) Milwaukee Braves San Francisco Giants 0 NL Lau , Charley Charley Lau 144 000000001962 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1962 Belinsky , Bo Bo Belinsky Los Angeles Angels Baltimore Orioles 0 AL Rodgers , Buck Buck Rodgers 145 000000001962 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 1962 Wilson , Earl Earl Wilson Boston Red Sox Los Angeles Angels 0 AL Tillman , Bob Bob Tillman ( 1 ) 146 000000001962 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1962 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax ( 1 ) Los Angeles Dodgers 5 New York Mets 0 NL Roseboro , Johnny Johnny Roseboro ( 1 ) 147 000000001962 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1962 Monbouquette , Bill Bill Monbouquette Boston Red Sox Chicago White Sox 0 AL Pagliaroni , Jim Jim Pagliaroni ( 1 ) 148 000000001962 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1962 Kralick , Jack Jack Kralick Minnesota Twins Kansas City Athletics 0 AL Battey , Earl Earl Battey 149 000000001963 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1963 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax ( 2 ) Los Angeles Dodgers 8 San Francisco Giants 0 NL Roseboro , Johnny Johnny Roseboro ( 2 ) 150 000000001963 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1963 Nottebart , Don Don Nottebart Houston Colt . 45s Philadelphia Phillies NL Bateman , John John Bateman ( 1 ) 151 000000001963 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1963 Marichal , Juan Juan Marichal San Francisco Giants Houston Colt . 45s 0 NL Bailey , Ed Ed Bailey 152 000000001964 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1964 Johnson , Ken Ken Johnson Houston Colt . 45s 0 Cincinnati Reds NL Grote , Jerry Jerry Grote 153 000000001964 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1964 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax ( 3 ) Los Angeles Dodgers Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Camilli , Doug Doug Camilli 154 000000001964 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 1964 Bunning , Jim Jim Bunning ( 2 ) Philadelphia Phillies 6 New York Mets 0 NL Triandos , Gus Gus Triandos ( 2 ) 155 000000001965 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1965 Maloney , Jim Jim Maloney ( 1 ) Cincinnati Reds Chicago Cubs 0 NL Edwards , Johnny Johnny Edwards ( 1 ) 156 000000001965 - 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J.C. Martin 163 000000001968 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1968 Phoebus , Tom Tom Phoebus Baltimore Orioles 6 Boston Red Sox 0 AL Blefary , Curt Curt Blefary 164 000000001968 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1968 Hunter , Catfish Catfish Hunter Oakland Athletics Minnesota Twins 0 AL Pagliaroni , Jim Jim Pagliaroni ( 2 ) 165 000000001968 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1968 Culver , George George Culver Cincinnati Reds 6 Philadelphia Phillies NL Pat Corrales 166 000000001968 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1968 Perry , Gaylord Gaylord Perry San Francisco Giants St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Dick Dietz 167 000000001968 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1968 Washburn , Ray Ray Washburn St. Louis Cardinals San Francisco Giants 0 NL Edwards , Johnny Johnny Edwards ( 2 ) 168 000000001969 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1969 Stoneman , Bill Bill Stoneman ( 1 ) Montreal Expos 7 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Bateman , John John Bateman ( 2 ) 169 000000001969 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1969 Maloney , Jim Jim Maloney ( 2 ) Cincinnati Reds 10 Houston Astros 0 NL Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench 170 000000001969 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1969 Wilson , Don Don Wilson ( 2 ) Houston Astros Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Bryant , Don Don Bryant 171 000000001969 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 1969 Palmer , Jim Jim Palmer Baltimore Orioles 8 Oakland Athletics 0 AL Hendricks , Ellie Ellie Hendricks 172 000000001969 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1969 Holtzman , Ken Ken Holtzman ( 1 ) Chicago Cubs Atlanta Braves 0 NL Heath , Bill Bill Heath ( 7 ⁄ IP ) Gene Oliver ( 1 ⁄ IP ) 173 000000001969 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1969 Moose , Bob Bob Moose Pittsburgh Pirates New York Mets 0 NL Manny Sanguillén 174 000000001970 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1970 Ellis , Dock Dock Ellis Pittsburgh Pirates San Diego Padres 0 NL Jerry May 175 000000001970 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1970 Wright , Clyde Clyde Wright California Angels Oakland Athletics 0 AL Azcue , Joe Joe Azcue ( 2 ) 176 000000001970 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1970 Singer , Bill Bill Singer Los Angeles Dodgers 5 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Torborg , Jeff Jeff Torborg ( 2 ) 177 000000001970 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1970 Blue , Vida Vida Blue ( 1 ) Oakland Athletics 6 Minnesota Twins 0 AL Tenace , Gene Gene Tenace ( 1 ) 178 000000001971 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 1971 Holtzman , Ken Ken Holtzman ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Breeden , Danny Danny Breeden 179 000000001971 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1971 Wise , Rick Rick Wise Philadelphia Phillies Cincinnati Reds 0 NL McCarver , Tim Tim McCarver ( 1 ) 180 000000001971 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1971 Gibson , Bob Bob Gibson St. Louis Cardinals 11 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL Simmons , Ted Ted Simmons ( 1 ) 181 000000001972 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1972 Hooton , Burt Burt Hooton Chicago Cubs Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Hundley , Randy Randy Hundley ( 1 ) 182 000000001972 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 1972 Pappas , Milt Milt Pappas Chicago Cubs 8 San Diego Padres 0 NL Hundley , Randy Randy Hundley ( 2 ) 183 000000001972 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1972 Stoneman , Bill Bill Stoneman ( 2 ) Montreal Expos 7 New York Mets 0 NL McCarver , Tim Tim McCarver ( 2 ) 184 000000001973 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1973 Busby , Steve Steve Busby ( 1 ) Kansas City Royals Detroit Tigers 0 AL Healy , Fran Fran Healy ( 1 ) 185 000000001973 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1973 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan ( 1 ) California Angels Kansas City Royals 0 AL Torborg , Jeff Jeff Torborg ( 3 ) 186 000000001973 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1973 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan ( 2 ) California Angels 6 Detroit Tigers 0 AL Kusnyer , Art Art Kusnyer 187 000000001973 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 1973 Bibby , Jim Jim Bibby Texas Rangers 6 Oakland Athletics 0 AL Billings , Dick Dick Billings 188 000000001973 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 1973 Niekro , Phil Phil Niekro Atlanta Braves 9 San Diego Padres 0 NL Paul Casanova 189 000000001974 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 1974 Busby , Steve Steve Busby ( 2 ) Kansas City Royals Milwaukee Brewers 0 AL Healy , Fran Fran Healy ( 2 ) 190 000000001974 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 1974 Bosman , Dick Dick Bosman Cleveland Indians Oakland Athletics 0 AL Ellis , John John Ellis 191 000000001974 - 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08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1976 Candelaria , John John Candelaria Pittsburgh Pirates Los Angeles Dodgers 0 NL Dyer , Duffy Duffy Dyer 198 000000001976 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1976 Montefusco , John John Montefusco San Francisco Giants 9 Atlanta Braves 0 NL Alexander , Gary Gary Alexander 199 000000001977 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1977 Colborn , Jim Jim Colborn Kansas City Royals 6 Texas Rangers 0 AL Porter , Darrell Darrell Porter ( 1 ) 200 000000001977 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 1977 Eckersley , Dennis Dennis Eckersley Cleveland Indians California Angels 0 AL Fosse , Ray Ray Fosse ( 2 ) 201 000000001977 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1977 Blyleven , Bert Bert Blyleven Texas Rangers 6 California Angels 0 AL Sundberg , Jim Jim Sundberg 202 000000001978 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1978 Forsch , Bob Bob Forsch ( 1 ) St. Louis Cardinals 5 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Simmons , Ted Ted Simmons ( 2 ) 203 000000001978 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1978 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver Cincinnati Reds St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Werner , Don Don Werner 204 000000001979 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1979 Forsch , Ken Ken Forsch Houston Astros 6 Atlanta Braves 0 NL Ashby , Alan Alan Ashby ( 1 ) 205 000000001980 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 1980 Reuss , Jerry Jerry Reuss Los Angeles Dodgers 8 San Francisco Giants 0 NL Yeager , Steve Steve Yeager 206 000000001981 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1981 Lea , Charlie Charlie Lea Montreal Expos San Francisco Giants 0 NL Carter , Gary Gary Carter 207 000000001981 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1981 Barker , Len Len Barker Cleveland Indians Toronto Blue Jays 0 AL Hassey , Ron Ron Hassey ( 1 ) 208 000000001981 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1981 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan ( 5 ) Houston Astros 5 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 NL Ashby , Alan Alan Ashby ( 2 ) 209 000000001983 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1983 Righetti , Dave Dave Righetti New York Yankees Boston Red Sox 0 AL Wynegar , Butch Butch Wynegar 210 000000001983 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1983 Forsch , Bob Bob Forsch ( 2 ) St. Louis Cardinals Montreal Expos 0 NL Porter , Darrell Darrell Porter ( 2 ) 211 000000001983 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1983 Warren , Mike Mike Warren Oakland Athletics Chicago White Sox 0 AL Heath , Mike Mike Heath 212 000000001984 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1984 Morris , Jack Jack Morris Detroit Tigers Chicago White Sox 0 AL Parrish , Lance Lance Parrish ( 1 ) 213 000000001984 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1984 Witt , Mike Mike Witt ( 1 ) California Angels Texas Rangers 0 AL Boone , Bob Bob Boone 214 000000001986 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1986 Cowley , Joe Joe Cowley Chicago White Sox 7 California Angels AL Karkovice , Ron Ron Karkovice ( 1 ) 215 000000001986 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1986 Scott , Mike Mike Scott Houston Astros San Francisco Giants 0 NL Ashby , Alan Alan Ashby ( 3 ) 216 000000001987 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1987 Nieves , Juan Juan Nieves Milwaukee Brewers 7 Baltimore Orioles 0 AL Schroeder , Bill Bill Schroeder 217 000000001988 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1988 Browning , Tom Tom Browning Cincinnati Reds Los Angeles Dodgers 0 NL Reed , Jeff Jeff Reed 218 000000001990 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1990 Langston , Mark Mark Langston ( 7 IP ) Mike Witt ( 2 ) ( 2 IP ) California Angels Seattle Mariners 0 AL Parrish , Lance Lance Parrish ( 2 ) 219 000000001990 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1990 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson ( 1 ) Seattle Mariners Detroit Tigers 0 AL Bradley , Scott Scott Bradley 220 000000001990 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 1990 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan ( 6 ) Texas Rangers 5 Oakland Athletics 0 AL Russell , John John Russell 221 000000001990 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1990 Stewart , Dave Dave Stewart Oakland Athletics 5 Toronto Blue Jays 0 AL Steinbach , Terry Terry Steinbach ( 1 ) 222 000000001990 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1990 Valenzuela , Fernando Fernando Valenzuela Los Angeles Dodgers 6 St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Scioscia , Mike Mike Scioscia ( 1 ) 223 000000001990 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1990 Mulholland , Terry Terry Mulholland Philadelphia Phillies 6 San Francisco Giants 0 NL Daulton , Darren Darren Daulton 224 000000001990 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 1990 Stieb , Dave Dave Stieb Toronto Blue Jays Cleveland Indians 0 AL Borders , Pat Pat Borders 225 000000001991 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1991 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan ( 7 ) Texas Rangers Toronto Blue Jays 0 AL Stanley , Mike Mike Stanley 226 000000001991 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 1991 Greene , Tommy Tommy Greene Philadelphia Phillies Montreal Expos 0 NL Fletcher , Darrin Darrin Fletcher 227 000000001991 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1991 Milacki , Bob Bob Milacki ( 6 IP ) Mike Flanagan ( 1 IP ) Mark Williamson ( 1 IP ) Gregg Olson ( 1 IP ) Baltimore Orioles Oakland Athletics 0 AL Hoiles , Chris Chris Hoiles 228 000000001991 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1991 Martínez , Dennis Dennis Martínez Montreal Expos Los Angeles Dodgers 0 NL Hassey , Ron Ron Hassey ( 2 ) 229 000000001991 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1991 Álvarez , Wilson Wilson Álvarez Chicago White Sox 7 Baltimore Orioles 0 AL Karkovice , Ron Ron Karkovice ( 2 ) 230 000000001991 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1991 Saberhagen , Bret Bret Saberhagen Kansas City Royals 7 Chicago White Sox 0 AL Mayne , Brent Brent Mayne 231 000000001991 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1991 Mercker , Kent Kent Mercker ( 1 ) ( 6 IP ) Mark Wohlers ( 2 IP ) Alejandro Peña ( 1 IP ) Atlanta Braves San Diego Padres 0 NL Olson , Greg Greg Olson 232 000000001992 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1992 Gross , Kevin Kevin Gross Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants 0 NL Scioscia , Mike Mike Scioscia ( 2 ) 233 000000001993 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1993 Bosio , Chris Chris Bosio Seattle Mariners Boston Red Sox 0 AL Valle , Dave Dave Valle 234 000000001993 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1993 Abbott , Jim Jim Abbott New York Yankees Cleveland Indians 0 AL Nokes , Matt Matt Nokes 235 000000001993 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 1993 Kile , Darryl Darryl Kile Houston Astros 7 New York Mets NL Servais , Scott Scott Servais ( 1 ) 236 000000001994 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 1994 Mercker , Kent Kent Mercker ( 2 ) Atlanta Braves 6 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 NL Lopez , Javy Javy Lopez 237 000000001994 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1994 Erickson , Scott Scott Erickson Minnesota Twins 6 Milwaukee Brewers 0 AL Walbeck , Matt Matt Walbeck 238 000000001994 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1994 Rogers , Kenny Kenny Rogers Texas Rangers California Angels 0 AL Rodríguez , Iván Iván Rodríguez ( 1 ) 239 000000001995 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1995 Martínez , Ramón Ramón Martínez Los Angeles Dodgers 7 Florida Marlins 0 NL Piazza , Mike Mike Piazza ( 1 ) 240 000000001996 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1996 Leiter , Al Al Leiter Florida Marlins 11 Colorado Rockies 0 NL Johnson , Charles Charles Johnson ( 1 ) 241 000000001996 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1996 Gooden , Dwight Dwight Gooden New York Yankees Seattle Mariners 0 AL Girardi , Joe Joe Girardi ( 1 ) 242 000000001996 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1996 Nomo , Hideo Hideo Nomo ( 1 ) Los Angeles Dodgers 9 Colorado Rockies 0 NL Piazza , Mike Mike Piazza ( 2 ) 243 000000001997 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 1997 Brown , Kevin Kevin Brown Florida Marlins 9 San Francisco Giants 0 NL Johnson , Charles Charles Johnson ( 2 ) 244 000000001997 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1997 Córdova , Francisco Francisco Córdova ( 9 IP ) Ricardo Rincón ( 1 IP ) Pittsburgh Pirates Houston Astros 0 NL Jason Kendall 245 000000001998 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1998 Wells , David David Wells New York Yankees Minnesota Twins 0 AL Posada , Jorge Jorge Posada 246 000000001999 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1999 Jiménez , José José Jiménez St. Louis Cardinals Arizona Diamondbacks 0 NL Castillo , Alberto Alberto Castillo 247 000000001999 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 1999 Cone , David David Cone New York Yankees ( AL ) 6 Montreal Expos ( NL ) 0 Inter Girardi , Joe Joe Girardi ( 2 ) 248 000000001999 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1999 Milton , Eric Eric Milton Minnesota Twins 7 Anaheim Angels 0 AL Steinbach , Terry Terry Steinbach ( 2 ) 249 000000002001 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2001 Nomo , Hideo Hideo Nomo ( 2 ) Boston Red Sox Baltimore Orioles 0 AL Varitek , Jason Jason Varitek ( 1 ) 250 000000002001 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2001 Burnett , A.J. A.J. Burnett Florida Marlins San Diego Padres 0 NL Johnson , Charles Charles Johnson ( 3 ) 251 000000002001 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2001 Smith , Bud Bud Smith St. Louis Cardinals San Diego Padres 0 NL Marrero , Eli Eli Marrero 252 000000002002 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2002 Lowe , Derek Derek Lowe Boston Red Sox 10 Tampa Bay Devil Rays 0 AL Varitek , Jason Jason Varitek ( 2 ) 253 000000002003 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2003 Millwood , Kevin Kevin Millwood ( 1 ) Philadelphia Phillies San Francisco Giants 0 NL Lieberthal , Mike Mike Lieberthal 254 000000002003 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 2003 Oswalt , Roy Roy Oswalt ( 1 IP ) Pete Munro ( 2 ⁄ IP ) Kirk Saarloos ( 1 ⁄ IP ) Brad Lidge ( 2 IP ) Octavio Dotel ( 1 IP ) Billy Wagner ( 1 IP ) Houston Astros ( NL ) 8 New York Yankees ( AL ) 0 Inter Ausmus , Brad Brad Ausmus 255 000000002004 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2004 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson ( 2 ) Arizona Diamondbacks Atlanta Braves 0 NL Hammock , Robby Robby Hammock 256 000000002006 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2006 Sánchez , Aníbal Aníbal Sánchez Florida Marlins Arizona Diamondbacks 0 NL Olivo , Miguel Miguel Olivo ( 1 ) 257 000000002007 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 2007 Buehrle , Mark Mark Buehrle ( 1 ) Chicago White Sox 6 Texas Rangers 0 AL Pierzynski , A.J. A.J. Pierzynski ( 1 ) 258 000000002007 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2007 Verlander , Justin Justin Verlander ( 1 ) Detroit Tigers ( AL ) Milwaukee Brewers ( NL ) 0 Inter Rodríguez , Iván Iván Rodríguez ( 2 ) 259 000000002007 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2007 Buchholz , Clay Clay Buchholz Boston Red Sox 10 Baltimore Orioles 0 AL Varitek , Jason Jason Varitek ( 3 ) 260 000000002008 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2008 Lester , Jon Jon Lester Boston Red Sox 7 Kansas City Royals 0 AL Varitek , Jason Jason Varitek ( 4 ) 261 000000002008 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2008 Zambrano , Carlos Carlos Zambrano Chicago Cubs 5 Houston Astros 0 NL Soto , Geovany Geovany Soto 262 000000002009 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 2009 Sánchez , Jonathan Jonathan Sánchez San Francisco Giants 8 San Diego Padres 0 NL Whiteside , Eli Eli Whiteside 263 000000002009 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 2009 Buehrle , Mark Mark Buehrle ( 2 ) Chicago White Sox 5 Tampa Bay Rays 0 AL Castro , Ramón Ramón Castro 264 000000002010 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2010 Jiménez , Ubaldo Ubaldo Jiménez Colorado Rockies Atlanta Braves 0 NL Olivo , Miguel Miguel Olivo ( 2 ) 265 000000002010 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2010 Braden , Dallas Dallas Braden Oakland Athletics Tampa Bay Rays 0 AL Powell , Landon Landon Powell 266 000000002010 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2010 Halladay , Roy Roy Halladay ( 1 ) Philadelphia Phillies Florida Marlins 0 NL Ruiz , Carlos Carlos Ruiz ( 1 ) 267 000000002010 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2010 Jackson , Edwin Edwin Jackson Arizona Diamondbacks ( NL ) Tampa Bay Rays ( AL ) 0 Inter Montero , Miguel Miguel Montero ( 1 ) 268 000000002010 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2010 Garza , Matt Matt Garza Tampa Bay Rays 5 Detroit Tigers 0 AL Shoppach , Kelly Kelly Shoppach 269 000000002010 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2010 Halladay , Roy Roy Halladay ( 2 ) Philadelphia Phillies Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Ruiz , Carlos Carlos Ruiz ( 2 ) 270 000000002011 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2011 Liriano , Francisco Francisco Liriano Minnesota Twins Chicago White Sox 0 AL Butera , Drew Drew Butera ( 1 ) 271 000000002011 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 2011 Verlander , Justin Justin Verlander ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers 9 Toronto Blue Jays 0 AL Avila , Alex Alex Avila 272 000000002011 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2011 Santana , Ervin Ervin Santana Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Cleveland Indians AL Wilson , Bobby Bobby Wilson 273 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2012 Humber , Philip Philip Humber Chicago White Sox Seattle Mariners 0 AL Pierzynski , A.J. A.J. Pierzynski ( 2 ) 274 000000002012 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2012 Weaver , Jered Jered Weaver Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 9 Minnesota Twins 0 AL Iannetta , Chris Chris Iannetta 275 000000002012 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2012 Santana , Johan Johan Santana New York Mets 8 St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Thole , Josh Josh Thole 276 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 2012 Millwood , Kevin Kevin Millwood ( 2 ) ( 6 IP ) Charlie Furbush ( ⁄ IP ) Stephen Pryor ( ⁄ IP ) Lucas Luetge ( ⁄ IP ) Brandon League ( ⁄ IP ) Tom Wilhelmsen ( 1 IP ) Seattle Mariners ( AL ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) 0 Inter Montero , Jesús Jesús Montero 277 000000002012 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2012 Cain , Matt Matt Cain San Francisco Giants 10 Houston Astros 0 NL Posey , Buster Buster Posey ( 1 ) 278 000000002012 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2012 Hernández , Félix Félix Hernández Seattle Mariners Tampa Bay Rays 0 AL Jaso , John John Jaso 279 000000002012 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2012 Bailey , Homer Homer Bailey ( 1 ) Cincinnati Reds Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL Hanigan , Ryan Ryan Hanigan ( 1 ) 280 000000002013 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 2013 Bailey , Homer Homer Bailey ( 2 ) Cincinnati Reds San Francisco Giants 0 NL Hanigan , Ryan Ryan Hanigan ( 2 ) 281 000000002013 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2013 Lincecum , Tim Tim Lincecum ( 1 ) San Francisco Giants 9 San Diego Padres 0 NL Posey , Buster Buster Posey ( 2 ) 282 000000002013 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2013 Álvarez , Henderson Henderson Álvarez Miami Marlins ( NL ) Detroit Tigers ( AL ) 0 Inter Hill , Koyie Koyie Hill 283 000000002014 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2014 Beckett , Josh Josh Beckett Los Angeles Dodgers 6 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Butera , Drew Drew Butera ( 2 ) 284 000000002014 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 2014 Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw Los Angeles Dodgers 8 Colorado Rockies 0 NL Ellis , A.J. A.J. Ellis 285 000000002014 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2014 Lincecum , Tim Tim Lincecum ( 2 ) San Francisco Giants San Diego Padres 0 NL Sánchez , Héctor Héctor Sánchez 286 000000002014 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2014 Hamels , Cole Cole Hamels ( 1 ) ( 6 IP ) Jake Diekman ( 1 IP ) Ken Giles ( 1 IP ) Jonathan Papelbon ( 1 IP ) Philadelphia Phillies 7 Atlanta Braves 0 NL Ruiz , Carlos Carlos Ruiz ( 3 ) 287 000000002014 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2014 Zimmermann , Jordan Jordan Zimmermann Washington Nationals Miami Marlins 0 NL Ramos , Wilson Wilson Ramos ( 1 ) 288 000000002015 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2015 Heston , Chris Chris Heston San Francisco Giants 5 New York Mets 0 NL Posey , Buster Buster Posey ( 3 ) 289 000000002015 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 2015 Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer ( 1 ) Washington Nationals 6 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL Ramos , Wilson Wilson Ramos ( 2 ) 290 000000002015 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2015 Hamels , Cole Cole Hamels ( 2 ) Philadelphia Phillies 5 Chicago Cubs 0 NL Ruiz , Carlos Carlos Ruiz ( 4 ) 291 000000002015 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 2015 Iwakuma , Hisashi Hisashi Iwakuma Seattle Mariners Baltimore Orioles 0 AL Sucre , Jesús Jesús Sucre 292 000000002015 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2015 Fiers , Mike Mike Fiers Houston Astros ( AL ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) 0 Inter Castro , Jason Jason Castro 293 000000002015 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2015 Arrieta , Jake Jake Arrieta ( 1 ) Chicago Cubs Los Angeles Dodgers 0 NL Montero , Miguel Miguel Montero ( 2 ) 294 000000002015 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2015 Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer ( 2 ) Washington Nationals New York Mets 0 NL Ramos , Wilson Wilson Ramos ( 3 ) 295 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Arrieta , Jake Jake Arrieta ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs 16 Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Ross , David David Ross 296 000000002017 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 2017 Vólquez , Edinson Edinson Vólquez Miami Marlins Arizona Diamondbacks 0 NL Realmuto , J.T. J.T. Realmuto 297 000000002018 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2018 Manaea , Sean Sean Manaea Oakland Athletics Boston Red Sox 0 AL Lucroy , Jonathan Jonathan Lucroy 298 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2018 Buehler , Walker Walker Buehler ( 6 IP ) Tony Cingrani ( 1 IP ) Yimi García ( 1 IP ) Adam Liberatore ( 1 IP ) Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres 0 NL Grandal , Yasmani Yasmani Grandal 299 000000002018 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2018 Paxton , James James Paxton Seattle Mariners 5 Toronto Blue Jays 0 AL Zunino , Mike Mike Zunino No - hitters by team ( edit ) No - Hitters Team 26 Los Angeles Dodgers 18 Boston Red Sox 18 Chicago White Sox 17 San Francisco Giants 16 Cincinnati Reds 15 Chicago Cubs 14 Atlanta Braves 14 Cleveland Indians 13 Philadelphia Phillies 12 Oakland Athletics 11 Houston Astros 11 New York Yankees 10 Los Angeles Angels 9 St. Louis Cardinals 7 Detroit Tigers 7 Washington Nationals 6 Pittsburgh Pirates 6 Miami Marlins 6 Seattle Mariners 5 Baltimore Orioles ( modern ) 5 Minnesota Twins 5 Texas Rangers Kansas City Royals Louisville Colonels Philadelphia Athletics Baltimore Orioles ( old ) Arizona Diamondbacks Buffalo Bisons Columbus Buckeyes Providence Grays Brooklyn Tip - Tops Chicago Chi - Feds / Whales Cincinnati Outlaw Reds Cleveland Blues Cleveland Spiders Colorado Rockies Kansas City Cowboys Kansas City Packers Milwaukee Brewers ( old ) Milwaukee Brewers ( modern ) New York Mets Pittsburgh Rebels Rochester Broncos Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Italics indicate defunct team . The San Diego Padres are the only modern team who have never had a no - hitter . Near no - hitters ( edit ) Regulation games in which a pitcher or staff pitches less than nine full innings , or in which a hit is allowed in extra innings , do not qualify as no - hitters . However , before the rules were tightened in 1991 , such games did count as official no - hitters . Regulation no - hit losses ending in the middle of the ninth ( edit ) Due to the fact that the home team does not bat in the bottom of the ninth inning if they are leading after the top , a visiting pitcher ( or pitchers ) may complete a full game without allowing a hit but not be credited with an official no - hitter . If the visiting team allows a sufficient amount of runs for the home team to win after the top of the ninth , whether by walks , errors , or anything else not involving hits , the pitcher ( s ) will not be credited with an official no - hitter because they only pitched 8 innings ( though such no - hitters were counted before 1991 ) . This has happened only four times in major - league history . Interleague play ( edit ) June 28 , 2008 -- Jered Weaver ( 6 inn . ) and José Arredondo ( 2 inn . ) , Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 0 , Los Angeles Dodgers 1 American League ( edit ) July 1 , 1990 -- Andy Hawkins , New York Yankees 0 Chicago White Sox 4 April 12 , 1992 -- Matt Young , Boston Red Sox 1 Cleveland Indians 2 Players ' League ( edit ) June 21 , 1890 -- Silver King , Chicago Pirates 0 Brooklyn Ward 's Wonders 1 Shortened games ( edit ) Under certain circumstances , if a game can not continue because of the weather , darkness , or any other reason , but if at least 5 innings have been completed , the game can count as an officially completed game . No - hitters pitched under such circumstances were counted before 1991 , but no longer count as official no - hitters because 9 innings were not completed . Pitchers listed in bold signify the pitcher was pitching a perfect game until the game was shortened . These games do not count as official perfect games . National League ( edit ) October 1 , 1884 ( 6 innings ) -- Charlie Getzein , Detroit Wolverines 1 Philadelphia Phillies 0 October 7 , 1885 ( first game ; 5 innings ) -- Dupee Shaw , Providence Grays 4 Buffalo Bisons 0 June 21 , 1888 ( 6 innings ) -- George Van Haltren , Chicago White Stockings 1 Pittsburgh Alleghenys 0 September 27 , 1888 ( 7 innings ) -- Ed Crane , New York Giants 3 Washington Nationals 0 October 15 , 1892 ( second game ; 5 innings ) -- Jack Stivetts , Boston Braves 4 Washington Senators 0 September 23 , 1893 ( second game ; 7 innings ) -- Elton Chamberlain , Cincinnati Reds 6 Boston Beaneaters 0 June 2 , 1894 ( 6 innings ) -- Ed Stein , Brooklyn Grooms 1 Chicago White Stockings 0 September 14 , 1903 ( second game ; 5 innings ) -- Red Ames ( first major league game ) , New York Giants 5 St. Louis Cardinals 0 August 24 , 1906 ( second game ; 7 innings ) -- Jake Weimer , Cincinnati Reds 1 Brooklyn Superbas 0 September 24 , 1906 ( second game ; 7 innings ) -- Stoney McGlynn , St. Louis Cardinals 1 Brooklyn Superbas 1 September 26 , 1906 ( second game ; 6 innings ) -- Lefty Leifield , Pittsburgh Pirates 8 Philadelphia Phillies 0 August 11 , 1907 ( second game ; 7 innings ) -- Ed Karger , St. Louis Cardinals 4 Boston Doves 0 August 23 , 1907 ( second game ; 5 innings ) -- Howie Camnitz , Pittsburgh Pirates 1 New York Giants 0 August 6 , 1908 ( 6 innings ) -- Johnny Lush , St. Louis Cardinals 2 Brooklyn Superbas 0 July 31 , 1910 ( second game ; 7 innings ) -- King Cole , Chicago Cubs 4 St. Louis Cardinals 0 August 27 , 1937 ( 8 innings ) -- Fred Frankhouse , Brooklyn Dodgers 5 Cincinnati Reds 0 June 22 , 1944 ( second game ; 5 innings ) -- Jim Tobin , Boston Braves 7 Philadelphia Phillies 0 June 12 , 1959 ( 5 innings ) -- Mike McCormick , San Francisco Giants 3 Philadelphia Phillies 0 ( McCormick allowed a single in the sixth inning , but as rain ended the game before the inning was completed , the game officially ended after five innings . ) September 26 , 1959 ( 7 innings ) -- Sam Jones , San Francisco Giants 4 St. Louis Cardinals 0 April 21 , 1984 ( second game ; 5 innings ) -- David Palmer , Montreal Expos 4 St. Louis Cardinals 0 September 24 , 1988 ( 5 innings ) -- Pascual Pérez , Montreal Expos 1 Philadelphia Phillies 0 American League ( edit ) August 15 , 1905 ( 5 innings ) -- Rube Waddell , Philadelphia Athletics 2 St. Louis Browns 0 May 26 , 1907 ( 5 innings ) -- Ed Walsh , Chicago White Sox 8 New York Highlanders 1 October 5 , 1907 ( second game ; 5 innings ) -- Rube Vickers , Philadelphia Athletics 4 Washington Senators 0 August 20 , 1912 ( second game ; 6 innings ) -- Carl Cashion , Washington Senators 2 Cleveland Naps 0 August 25 , 1924 ( 7 innings ) -- Walter Johnson , Washington Senators 2 St. Louis Browns 0 August 5 , 1940 ( second game ; 6 innings ) -- John Whitehead , St. Louis Browns 4 Detroit Tigers 0 August 6 , 1967 ( 5 innings ) -- Dean Chance , Minnesota Twins 2 Boston Red Sox 0 July 12 , 1990 ( 6 innings ) -- Mélido Pérez , Chicago White Sox 8 New York Yankees 0 October 1 , 2006 ( 5 innings ) -- Devern Hansack , Boston Red Sox 9 Baltimore Orioles 0 American Association ( edit ) May 6 , 1884 ( 6 innings ) -- Larry McKeon , Indianapolis Hoosiers 0 Cincinnati Red Stockings 0 July 29 , 1889 ( second game ; 7 innings ) -- Matt Kilroy , Baltimore Orioles 0 St. Louis Browns 0 September 23 , 1890 ( 7 innings ) -- George Nicol , St. Louis Browns 21 Philadelphia Athletics 2 October 12 , 1890 ( 8 innings ) -- Hank Gastright , Columbus Solons 6 Toledo Maumees 0 Union Association ( edit ) August 21 , 1884 ( 8 innings ) -- Charlie Geggus , Washington Nationals 12 Wilmington Quicksteps 1 September 28 , 1884 -- Ed Cushman , Milwaukee Brewers 5 , Washington Nationals 0 October 5 , 1884 ( 5 innings ) -- Charlie Sweeney ( 2 inn . ) and Henry Boyle ( 3 inn . ) , St. Louis Maroons 0 St. Paul Saints 1 Nine - inning no - hitters broken up in extra innings ( edit ) No - hitters were formerly counted even if hits were allowed in extra innings , but not after the rules were tightened in 1991 . Pitchers listed in bold signify the pitcher was pitching a perfect game through nine innings . National League ( edit ) June 11 , 1904 ( 12 innings ) -- Bob Wicker , Chicago Cubs 1 New York Giants 0 ( surrendered single with one out in 10th ; only hit allowed ) August 1 , 1906 ( 13 innings ) -- Harry McIntire , Brooklyn Superbas 0 Pittsburgh Pirates 1 ( surrendered single with two out in 11th ; allowed three more hits ) April 15 , 1909 ( 13 innings ; Opening Day ) -- Red Ames , New York Giants 0 Brooklyn Superbas 3 ( surrendered single with one out in 10th ; allowed six more hits ) May 2 , 1917 ( 10 innings ) -- Hippo Vaughn , Chicago Cubs 0 Cincinnati Reds 1 ( surrendered single with one out in 10th ; allowed one more hit ; known as `` Double No - Hitter '' prior to MLB rule change since opposing pitcher threw 10 - inning no - hitter -- see entry above for Fred Toney ) May 26 , 1956 ( 11 innings ) -- Johnny Klippstein ( 7 inn . ) , Hersh Freeman ( 1 inn . ) and Joe Black ( 3 inn . ) , Cincinnati Reds 1 Milwaukee Braves 2 ( Black surrendered double with two out in 10th ; allowed two more hits ) May 26 , 1959 ( 13 innings ) -- Harvey Haddix , Pittsburgh Pirates 0 Milwaukee Braves 1 ( Haddix pitched 12 perfect innings ; first baserunner was leadoff hitter in 13th , who reached on an error ; followed by sacrifice bunt , intentional walk , and game - ending hit which was ruled a 1 - run double rather than a 3 - run home run due to a baserunning mistake ) June 14 , 1965 ( 11 innings ) -- Jim Maloney , Cincinnati Reds 0 New York Mets 1 ( surrendered leadoff home run in 11th ; allowed one more hit ) July 26 , 1991 ( 10 innings ) -- Mark Gardner ( 9 inn . ) and Jeff Fassero ( 0 inn . ) , Montreal Expos 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 1 ( Gardner surrendered leadoff single in 10th and allowed one more hit before being replaced ; Fassero allowed one hit ; Gardner charged with loss ) June 3 , 1995 ( 10 innings ) -- Pedro Martínez ( 9 inn . ) and Mel Rojas ( 1 inn . ) , Montreal Expos 1 San Diego Padres 0 ( Martinez pitched 9 perfect innings ; first San Diego baserunner was from leadoff double surrendered by Martínez in 10th ; Rojas relieved him and retired next three batters ) August 23 , 2017 ( 10 innings ) -- Rich Hill , Los Angeles Dodgers 0 Pittsburgh Pirates 1 ( Hill threw 9 no - hit innings and was perfect into the 9th before first baserunner reached on error ; surrendered walk - off home run leading off the 10th inning ) American League ( edit ) May 9 , 1901 ( 10 innings ) -- Earl Moore , Cleveland Blues 2 Chicago White Sox 4 ( surrendered leadoff single in 10th ; allowed one more hit ) August 30 , 1910 ( second game ; 11 innings ) -- Tom Hughes , New York Highlanders 0 Cleveland Naps 5 ( surrendered single with one out in 10th ; allowed six more hits ) May 14 , 1914 ( 10 innings ) -- Jim Scott , Chicago White Sox 0 Washington Senators 1 ( surrendered leadoff single in 10th ; allowed one more hit ) September 18 , 1934 ( 10 innings ) -- Bobo Newsom , St. Louis Browns 1 Boston Red Sox 2 ( surrendered single with two out in 10th ; only hit allowed ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Major League Baseball seasons since 1901 without a no - hitter pitched are 1909 , 1913 , 1921 , 1927 -- 1928 , 1932 -- 1933 , 1936 , 1939 , 1942 -- 1943 , 1949 , 1959 , 1982 , 1985 , 1989 , 2000 and 2005 . Jump up ^ National Association not recognized as a `` major '' league by Major League Baseball Jump up ^ 10 innings Jump up ^ First career start . First game of a doubleheader on the final day of the season . Jump up ^ First career game . Jump up ^ First no - hitter at modern pitching distance of 60'6 `` . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First of two no - hitters on the same day . Jump up ^ Second of two no - hitters on the same day . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Only baserunners came on errors by Bill Dahlen and Billy Gilbert . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ The Phillies would not have another no - hitter until Jim Bunning 's perfect game in 1964 . Jump up ^ Eason was the losing pitcher in the previous no - hitter , a feat not duplicated until 2013 . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader. 10 innings , only baserunner was on a Hit by pitch with 2 outs in the ninth . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ To date , Joss is one of only two pitchers in modern history to no - hit the same team twice . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ 10 innings ; See Double No - Hitter Jump up ^ The same teams , in the same park , on the next day as the previous no - hitter , but the second game of a doubleheader . The White Sox went on to win the 1917 World Series -- to date , the only time a team won a World Series after being no - hit twice in the same season . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Ruth and Thomas were ejected for arguing balls and strikes after walking the first batter , who was then caught stealing . Shore retired the next 26 in a row for a no - hitter completely in relief . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Only baserunner came on Bucky Harris ' error leading off the 7th . Jump up ^ Jones did not strike out a batter the entire game . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Also hit a home run Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . In the first game , Paul 's brother Dizzy had a no - hitter for 8 innings but finished with a 3 - hit shutout . First no - hitter in 1140 days , the longest gap between no - hitters in the modern era as measured by days . Jump up ^ First no - hitter ever thrown at Comiskey Park . Jump up ^ First of two no - hitters in back - to - back starts . Jump up ^ Second of two no - hitters in back - to - back starts . First - ever night game at Ebbets Field Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Opening Day Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Against the Brooklyn Dodgers four days later , Blackwell nearly duplicated Vander Meer 's double no - hit feat but had this bid broken up in the ninth . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Only baserunner came on Ferris Fain 's error with one out in the 2nd . McCahan had been the losing pitcher in Black 's no - hitter earlier in the season . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . The win gave the Yankees a share of the 1951 pennant , which they clinched outright in the second game . Jump up ^ Trucks pitched two no - hitters in 1952 but went 5 - 19 . Jump up ^ First major league start ; Holloman would win only two more Major League games . Jump up ^ First no - hitter by black pitcher . Jump up ^ Game 5 of the 1956 World Series ; the first of two postseason no - hitters . First perfect game in the majors since 1922 . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Wilhelm had pitched primarily in relief prior to this season ; this was only his ninth career start . The Yankees would go on to win the World Series . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . First start after being traded by Phillies to Cubs . Jump up ^ Burdette scored the game 's only run . Jump up ^ First of ten no - hitters at Dodger Stadium as of the start of the 2011 season . Belinsky 's gem was also the first in Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim history , and the first since major league baseball came to California with the Giants and Dodgers in 1958 . Jump up ^ Wilson also hit a home run . Jump up ^ First no hitter by a Dodgers pitcher at Dodger Stadium ( see Bo Belinsky 's entry above ) and the first in team history since the move from Brooklyn in 1958 . Jump up ^ Only baserunner was a walk in the 9th . Jump up ^ Marichal was the losing pitcher in Koufax 's no - hitter earlier in the season Jump up ^ 9 - inning home loss Jump up ^ Koufax faced the minimum 27 batters ( the only baserunner was caught stealing ) . Jump up ^ Father 's Day . First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ 10 innings Jump up ^ Dodgers only managed 2 baserunners and one hit , setting records for fewest baserunners and hits in a game by both teams combined . The last no - hitter thrown against the Cubs until July 25 , 2015 . As of 2011 , first of only two perfect games at Dodger Stadium -- the other was pitched by Dennis Martínez in 1991 . Jump up ^ On the same day , the Red Sox fired Pinky Higgins as their general manager . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader. 9 - inning home loss . Jump up ^ First no - hitter on artificial turf and in a domed stadium . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Hunter also batted in three of Oakland 's four runs . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ The next day in the same park , the Cardinals no - hit the Giants . Jump up ^ The previous day in the same park , the Giants no - hit the Cardinals . Jump up ^ Stoneman 's fifth career start ; ninth game in Expos franchise history . Sets a record for the earliest no - hitter recorded in a franchise 's history . Jump up ^ First game of a two - game series , in which both were no - hitters . Jump up ^ Second game of a two - game series , in which both were no - hitters . Jump up ^ Palmer came off the disabled list four days earlier . Home plate umpire Lou DiMuro 's son Mike was umpire for Roy Halladay 's 2010 perfect game . Jump up ^ Holtzman did not strike out a batter the entire game . Jump up ^ The Mets would go on to win the 1969 World Series . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Ellis later claimed to have been under the influence of LSD . Jump up ^ In a pre-game ceremony , Wright had been inducted into the NAIA Hall of Fame . Jump up ^ All four no - hitters of 1970 had been pitched in California . Jump up ^ Holtzman scored the game 's only run . Jump up ^ Also hit 2 home runs . Jump up ^ First no - hitter in Pittsburgh in 64 years . Jump up ^ Walk with 2 outs in 9th inning only baserunner for Padres Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . First no - hitter pitched in a regular - season game in Canada . Stoneman also pitched the first one in Montreal on April 17 , 1969 . Jump up ^ First no - hitter by a pitcher who did not come to bat the entire game , under the American League 's new designated hitter rule . Jump up ^ Pitched seven innings of no - hit ball in next start . Closest to tying Vander Meer 's back - to - back no - hitters since Ewell Blackwell in 1947 . Ryan 's 17 strikeouts set a record for a no - hitter , tied in 2015 by Max Scherzer . He also became the fourth pitcher to throw two no - hitters in the same season . Jump up ^ Bosman 's own fielding error with 2 outs in the 4th allowed Oakland 's only baserunner ( Sal Bando ) . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Final day of the regular season . Jump up ^ First no hitter thrown against the Expos , and the third the Expos had participated in ( the other 2 were by Bill Stoneman in April 1969 and October 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Game was televised on ABC . Jump up ^ First no - hitter at Busch Memorial Stadium . Jump up ^ Seaver had two previous bids broken up in the ninth , including a perfect game bid in 1969 while pitching for the Mets . Jump up ^ Bob and Ken Forsch are the only set of brothers to have thrown no - hitters . Jump up ^ Only baserunner came on Bill Russell 's error with 2 outs in the 1st inning Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Third no - hitter in Expos history . Only no hitter thrown by an Expos pitcher at Olympic Stadium . Previous 2 were one in Philadelphia and one also in Montreal , but at Jarry Park ( Bill Stoneman in 1969 and 1972 ) . Jump up ^ First no hitter thrown against the Blue Jays -- the first no - hitter by a Toronto pitcher would also be played in Cleveland , see the entry for Dave Stieb 's 1990 no hitter . Jump up ^ Broke Sandy Koufax 's old record of no - hitters . The Dodgers would go on to win the 1981 World Series . Jump up ^ First no - hitter for the Yankees since Don Larsen 's perfect game . Jump up ^ Game was televised on NBC . Fourth game of Tigers 1984 season . Detroit would start 9 - 0 and were 35 - 5 after 40 games . Went on to win 1984 World Series over San Diego Padres . Jump up ^ Final day of the regular season . Jump up ^ Last win of his career . Jump up ^ Houston clinched the NL West title in this game . Jump up ^ The start of the game was delayed two and a half hours by rain . Browning 's teammate Ron Robinson lost a perfect game with two outs in the ninth inning earlier in the season . The Dodgers would go on to win the 1988 World Series . Jump up ^ First of two no - hitters thrown on the same day . First no - hitter against the Blue Jays in Toronto Jump up ^ Second of two no - hitters thrown on the same day . Jump up ^ Only baserunner came on third baseman Charlie Hayes 's error leading off the 7th . Hayes would later make a spectacular catch to end the game . Mulholland faced the minimum 27 batters . Jump up ^ Stieb lost three potential no - hitters in the ninth inning over the previous 2 years , including one that would have been a perfect game . Jump up ^ Ryan 's 7th and last no - hitter . At 44 , Ryan is the oldest pitcher to throw a no - hitter . Jump up ^ Second no - hitter thrown at Olympic Stadium in Montreal and the fourth one all time in Canada Jump up ^ The Oakland Athletics currently hold the longest streak the majors of not being no - hit . This was the last time it occurred . Jump up ^ Hassey becomes the first catcher of two Major League perfect games . Fourth and final no hitter in Montreal Expos history and the only perfect game . Also the only no hitter in Expos history thrown outside Montreal . Jump up ^ Second career start ; second career game ; first game with White Sox Jump up ^ Bosio walked the first two batters of the game , then retired 27 in a row . Jump up ^ Abbott was born without a right hand . Jump up ^ The Mets scored a run in the fourth inning on a walk , a wild pitch , and an error . Jump up ^ Preserved by a diving catch in the ninth inning by rookie center fielder Rusty Greer . Jump up ^ Only baserunner came on a walk with two outs in the eighth inning . Jump up ^ First no - hitter in Marlins history . Jump up ^ Gooden became the first right - handed pitcher to throw a no - hitter at Yankee Stadium since Don Larsen 40 years earlier . Jump up ^ First no - hitter thrown at Coors Field . First Japanese pitcher to record no - hitter . Jump up ^ Only baserunner was a hit by pitch with two outs in the 8th . Jump up ^ 10 innings . Pinch - hitter Mark Smith hit a walk - off 3 - run home run with two outs in the bottom of the tenth inning to secure the no - hitter . Jump up ^ Wells claims to have been hung over . Jump up ^ Ten days later , Jiménez again shut out the Diamondbacks 1 - 0 , allowing only two hits . Randy Johnson was the losing pitcher in both games . First no hitter at Chase Field , then Bank One Ballpark . Jump up ^ First no - hitter / perfect game in regular - season interleague play . Pitched on Yogi Berra Day at Yankee Stadium , with Berra and Don Larsen in attendance . Jump up ^ Nomo 's first start with Red Sox . Second game of the season . Earliest ( on calendar ) no - hitter . First no - hitter at Camden Yards . Jump up ^ 7 strikeouts and 9 walks , most ever in a no - hitter . Jump up ^ On Phillie Phanatic 's birthday and their last season at Veterans Stadium . Occurred during the 2003 NFL Draft . ESPN broke away from covering the draft to air the ninth inning . Jump up ^ Oswalt left with an injury in the second inning . Originally held the record for most pitchers used in a combined no - hitter , which was tied on June 8 , 2012 when the Mariners no - hit the Dodgers . First interleague no - hitter thrown by away team . First no - hitter thrown by an NL team against an AL team . First official no - hitter against the Yankees in 44 years , a then - Major League record . Jump up ^ Previous no - hitter almost fourteen years earlier . Jump up ^ Diamondbacks are most recent team to perform a no - hitter then suffer the following one . First MLB no - hitter in 6,364 games , the longest gap between no - hitters in history as measured by games played . Randy Johnson , most recent pitcher to throw a no - hitter at the time , took a no - hitter into the seventh inning the same day . Jump up ^ Buehrle faced the minimum 27 batters . The only baserunner was picked off of first base . Jump up ^ First no - hitter at Comerica Park . Jump up ^ Second career game for Buchholz Jump up ^ First time since the 1974 California Angels that one team had last two no hitters in the majors . Varitek sets the record for most no - hitters caught . Jump up ^ Played at Miller Park in Milwaukee because of Hurricane Ike , making it the first no - hitter at a neutral site . Jump up ^ Only baserunner came on Juan Uribe 's error with one out in the 8th . Sánchez was 2 - 8 on the season with a 5.30 ERA at the time and had recently been demoted to the bullpen . Jump up ^ Umpire Eric Cooper called both of Buehrle 's no - hitters . In the ninth , new center fielder DeWayne Wise leapt over the wall to take a potential home run away from Gabe Kapler . Buehrle retired first 17 batters in his next start to set the record for consecutive batters retired at 45 , spanning three starts . Jump up ^ First no - hitter in Rockies franchise history . Jump up ^ Second perfect game in 12 months . This game was also held on Mother 's Day . It was the second perfect game in Oakland Athletics history . Jump up ^ Shortest span between perfect games ( 20 days ) . Home plate umpire Mike DiMuro 's father , Lou , was umpire for Jim Palmer 's 1969 no - hitter . Jump up ^ Jackson walked eight and hit a batter on 149 pitches , the most ever for a no - hitter in MLB history . The Rays became the first team since the 2001 Padres to be no - hit twice in a season , and the first team in history to be no - hit three times within a one - year span . Jump up ^ Garza faced the minimum 27 batters ( only baserunner allowed was retired on a double play ) . Opposing starter Max Scherzer threw 5 ⁄ no - hit innings . The Rays are the first team since 1991 to pitch a no - hitter and be no - hit in the same season , and the first since 1956 to be involved in three no - hitters in one season . Game televised nationally on ESPN . Jump up ^ Game 1 of the 2010 NLDS . Second no - hitter in postseason history , after Don Larsen 's perfect game in the 1956 World Series . Halladay became the fifth pitcher to pitch two no - hitters in the same year , and the first one to do it with a perfect game . One batter reached base . Jump up ^ First complete game of Liriano 's career , in 95 starts . His ERA prior to the game was 9.13 . Jump up ^ Verlander faced the minimum 27 batters . Jump up ^ Perfect game and Humber 's first career complete game Jump up ^ First no - hitter in Mets history and the first no - hitter thrown at Citi Field . A ball hit by St. Louis ' Carlos Beltrán was controversially ruled foul by the third base umpire , preserving the no - hitter in the 6th inning . Jump up ^ Millwood left with an injury after the sixth inning . Tied record for most pitchers used in a combined no - hitter . For Pryor , it was his first career victory . Jump up ^ First perfect game in Giants history Jump up ^ First perfect game in Mariners history Jump up ^ Bailey is the first pitcher since Nolan Ryan in 1974 - 75 to have thrown the Major Leagues ' last two no - hitters . Jump up ^ First no - hitter ever thrown in San Diego 's Petco Park . Lincecum was the losing pitcher in Bailey 's no - hitter 11 days earlier . Jump up ^ 5th no - hitter in Marlins history , and the first ever thrown at Marlins Park . The Marlins scored the winning run in the bottom of the ninth on a wild pitch , with Álvarez standing in the on - deck circle . It was the first no - hitter to end in walk - off fashion since Cordova / Rincon in 1997 . It was also the first no hitter thrown on the last day of the regular season since Mike Witt 's perfect game on September 30 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Twenty - fourth no - hitter in Dodgers franchise history and the second thrown at Citizens Bank Park . Beckett fanned six and walked three on his one hundred twenty eight pitch outing . In the ninth inning , he struck out Chase Utley to secure the victory . Jump up ^ Rockies ' only baserunner came on a throwing error in the seventh . Kershaw became the first MLB pitcher ever with 15 strikeouts without allowing a single hit or walk . It was also the 3rd no - hitter by a reigning Cy Young Award winner , following Sandy Koufax ( 1963 CY , 1964 NH ) and Bob Gibson ( 1970 CY , 1971 NH ) . Jump up ^ Lincecum 's second no - hitter in less than a year . Lincecum became the second pitcher all - time , after Addie Joss , to no - hit the same team twice . Jump up ^ Hamels threw 108 pitches in 6 innings . Jump up ^ First no - hitter for the Washington Nationals since the team moved to Washington , and the first by any Washington pitcher since Bobby Burke in 1931 . This was the final game for both teams for the 2014 season , and it was the second year in a row in which a no - hitter had been thrown on the final day of the regular season . Henderson Álvarez , who had thrown Miami 's no - hitter on the final day of the 2013 season , was the losing pitcher in this game . Jump up ^ Seventeenth no - hitter in Giants franchise history , and the second no - hitter thrown at Citi Field . Heston was the 22nd rookie pitcher to throw a no - hitter . He did not walk a batter , but he hit three of them , joining Wiltse in 1908 and Brown in 1997 as no - hitter pitchers whose only baserunners came on hit batsmen . Heston 's is the first such game to feature more than one hit by pitch . Jump up ^ Scherzer was perfect through 8 2 / 3 innings when he hit pinch - hitter José Tábata to allow the Pirates ' only baserunner of the game . Fourth no - hitter pitcher after Wiltse , Brown , and Heston to only allow their baserunners on hit batsmen , and the second after Wiltse to lose a perfect game with two outs in the ninth inning on a hit batsman . Scherzer threw a one - hitter , having been perfect for 6 innings , in his previous start , and was perfect through 5 in his next start after this no - hitter . Jump up ^ Fifth pitcher , after Blue , Witt , Mercker , and Millwood , to pitch a complete game no - hitter as well as contribute to a combined no - hitter . Kris Bryant flew out to Odubel Herrera , who tripped after losing the ball in the sun , on a full count for the final out . This was also the first time that the Cubs were no - hit since Sandy Koufax 's perfect game in 1965 , and the first no - hitter thrown at Wrigley Field since 1972 . Jump up ^ Second Japanese pitcher to throw a Major League no - hitter , after Hideo Nomo . First no - hitter in an American League game since teammate Félix Hernández 's perfect game almost exactly three years prior , breaking a string of 12 consecutive NL no - hitters . Jump up ^ Eleventh no - hitter in Astros history , and the first no - hitter for the Astros as an American League team . This was also the first complete - game no - hitter by an Astros pitcher in 22 years . Jump up ^ Dodgers no - hit for the second time in 9 days ; this is the shortest interval since the 1923 Philadelphia Athletics and the first time a team were no - hit twice in one calendar month since the 1971 Cincinnati Reds . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Scherzer 's second no - hitter of the season ; both of which also featured no walks . Scherzer was perfect through 5 innings before an error by 3B Yunel Escobar . Scherzer 's 17 strikeouts tied Nolan Ryan 's record for most in a no - hitter and included 9 straight . Second highest game score ever for a nine - inning game , with 104 , following Kerry Wood 's 1998 one - hit complete - game shutout . Scherzer becomes the fifth pitcher to throw two no - hitters in the same season . Jump up ^ Fifteenth no - hitter in Cubs history . Most run support in a no - hitter since 1884 . First regular season no - hitter against the Reds since 1971 . Fourth no - hitter thrown by a reigning Cy Young Award winner . Jump up ^ Sixth no - hitter in Marlins history . Vólquez faced the minimum 27 batters . Thrown on the birthday of Vólquez 's friend and teammate Yordano Ventura , who had died in a car crash the previous January . Jump up ^ Twelfth no - hitter in Athletics history and the first - no hitter since Dallas Braden 's perfect game in 2010 . Red Sox no - hit for the first time since 1993 . Jump up ^ Game played in Monterrey , Mexico . First no - hitter thrown outside the United States or Canada . Second no - hitter thrown at a neutral site . Buehler 's third career start . Buehler threw 93 pitches in 6 innings . Jump up ^ Sixth no - hitter in Mariners history . Second no - hitter thrown by a Canadian pitcher , first since 1945 ( Dick Fowler ) , and first by a Canadian pitcher in Canada . Bibliography ( edit ) Wilbert , Warren ; William Hageman ( 1997 ) . Chicago Cubs : Seasons at the Summit , the 50 Greatest Individual Seasons . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1571671102 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Official Site of Major League Baseball : Official info : Rules , Regulations and Statistics Jump up ^ http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/de00e781 ^ Jump up to : `` Catchers Who Caught No Hitters '' . bb_catchers.tripod.com . Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley 's No - Hitter '' . St. Louis Globe - Democrat . July 16 , 1876 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Richmond Perfect Game Box Score '' . baseball-almanac.com . Hosting 4 Less . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Ward Perfect Game Box Score '' . baseball-almanac.com . Hosting 4 Less . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The National Game '' . The Sun ( New York ) . October 5 , 1884 . Jump up ^ Wilbert , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Pulling Up To Chicago '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 30 , 1885 . Jump up ^ `` Won In The Last Inning '' . The Sun ( New York ) . May 2 , 1886 . Jump up ^ `` In The Base Ball Field '' . The Sun ( New York ) . July 25 , 1886 . Jump up ^ `` A Big Day For Terry '' . The Sun ( New York ) . May 28 , 1888 . Jump up ^ `` The Game of His Life '' . St. Paul Daily Globe . July 27 , 1888 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic 4 ; Kansas City 0 '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 1 , 1888 . Jump up ^ `` Rochester 7 ; Syracuse 0 '' . The Sun ( New York ) . September 16 , 1890 . Jump up ^ `` Not Even A Base Hit '' . The Sun ( New York ) . June 23 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` Not A Single Hit Off Rusie '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 1 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` Only A Few More Games '' . The Sun ( New York ) . October 5 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` Boston 11 ; Brooklyn 0 '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 7 , 1892 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville 6 ; Baltimore 2 '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 23 , 1892 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati 7 ; Pittsburgh 1 '' . The Sun ( New York ) . October 16 , 1892 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore 5 ; Washington 0 '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 17 , 1893 . Jump up ^ `` The National League '' . The Houston daily post . September 19 , 1897 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Remarkable Games '' . St. Paul Globe . April 23 , 1898 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . St. Paul Globe . July 9 , 1898 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . St. Paul Globe . August 22 , 1898 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . St. Paul Globe . May 26 , 1899 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . St. Paul Globe . August 8 , 1899 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hahn Was Effective '' . St. Paul Globe . July 13 , 1900 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Could n't Hit Matty '' . St. Paul Globe . July 16 , 1901 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American League '' . St. Paul Globe . September 21 , 1902 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No Hit Game For Fraser '' . St. Paul Globe . September 19 , 1903 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cy Young Perfect Game Box Score '' . baseball-almanac.com . Hosting 4 Less . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tannehill Makes Record '' . St. Paul Globe . August 18 , 1904 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M'Graw Put Matty In To Beat The Cubs '' . The Evening World . July 13 , 1905 . Jump up ^ `` Howell Beat `` Rube '' `` . The St. Louis Republic . July 23 , 1905 . Jump up ^ `` Notes of the Game '' . The St. Louis Republic . September 7 , 1905 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . The Minneapolis Journal . May 2 , 1906 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . The Minneapolis Journal . July 21 , 1906 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . The Salt Lake Herald . May 9 , 1907 . Jump up ^ `` No Hits Made Off Maddox '' . Washington Herald . September 21 , 1907 . Jump up ^ `` Highlanders Shut Out '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . July 1 , 1908 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . San Francisco Call . July 5 , 1908 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . San Francisco Call . September 6 , 1908 . Jump up ^ `` Cellar Champs Beat Leaders '' . Los Angeles Herald . September 19 , 1908 . Jump up ^ `` Close Shave For Detroits '' . The Sun ( New York ) . September 21 , 1908 . Jump up ^ `` Addie Joss Perfect Game Box Score '' . baseball-almanac.com . Hosting 4 Less . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Blanks Sox '' . The Salt Lake Herald - Republican . April 21 , 1910 . Jump up ^ `` Naps Fail To Hit Big Chief Bender '' . San Francisco Call . May 13 , 1910 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Breaks Even '' . San Francisco Call . July 30 , 1911 . Jump up ^ `` Walsh Tosses No Hit No Run Game '' . San Francisco Call . August 28 , 1911 . Jump up ^ `` Wood 's String of Victories Broken '' . San Francisco Call . July 5 , 1912 . Jump up ^ `` Senators Yank One From Yanks '' . San Francisco Call . August 31 , 1912 . Jump up ^ `` Tesreau Enters Hall Of Fame '' . San Francisco Call . September 7 , 1912 . Jump up ^ `` Benz Pitches No Hit Game '' . The Sun ( New York ) . June 1 , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Braves Advance Step More '' . Omaha Bee . September 10 , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Wins Two '' . Washington Herald . September 20 , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Marquard Stars In No Hit Performance '' . Washington Times . April 16 , 1915 . Jump up ^ `` Pitches No Hit Games '' . Washington Herald . April 25 , 1915 . Jump up ^ `` At Pittsburgh '' . The Sun ( New York ) . May 16 , 1915 . Jump up ^ `` Not A Run Or Hit Off Main '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 17 , 1915 . Jump up ^ `` Nary A Hit Can Giants Get Off Jim Lavender '' . The Sun ( New York ) . September 1 , 1915 . Jump up ^ `` Federal League '' . The Sun ( New York ) . September 8 , 1915 . Jump up ^ `` George Foster throws first no - hitter at Fenway Park '' . Globe ( Boston ) . June 22 , 1916 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Leonard throws Fenway 's 2d no - hitter of the year '' . Globe ( Boston ) . August 31 , 1916 . Jump up ^ Caple , Jim . `` Classic Box Score : June 23 , 1917 '' . espn.go.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` No Mas Presents : Dock Ellis & The LSD No - No by James Blagden '' . YouTube . 2009 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mark Feinsand ( March 1 , 2003 ) . `` Book ' em , David : Wells explains '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals 4 , Padres 0 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks vs. Tampa Bay Rays -- Recap -- June 25 , 2010 '' . Scores.espn.go.com. 2010 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ American League No Hitters by Baseball Almanac . Jump up ^ The Chronology -- 1890 BaseballLibrary.com Archived 2008 - 05 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` No Hitters Chronologically '' . Retrosheet.org . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Teams MiLB.com History '' . Milb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Baseball portal List at ESPN.com ( omits Federal League no - hitters ) List at MLB.com ( omits all defunct leagues ) List at Retrosheet ( includes 1875 National Association no - hitter ) Most strikeouts in a no - hitter since 1957 List of Major League Baseball no - hitters by franchise American League East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_no-hitters&oldid=841975582 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Lists of Major League Baseball no - hitters by franchise Major League Baseball statistics Baseball pitching Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many mlb no hitters have there been | [
"Through May 8, 2018, there have been 299 no-hitters officially recognized by Major League Baseball, 256 of them in the modern era (starting in 1901, with the formation of the American League). Joe Borden's no-hitter in 1875 is also noted, but is not recognized by Major League Baseball (see note in the chart).[notes 1]"
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3419877962358683913 | Yeast in winemaking | Yeast in winemaking - wikipedia Yeast in winemaking Jump to : navigation , search The process of fermentation at work on Pinot noir . As yeast consume the sugar in the must it releases alcohol and carbon dioxide ( seen here as the foaming bubbles ) as byproducts . The role of yeast in winemaking is the most important element that distinguishes wine from grape juice . In the absence of oxygen , yeast converts the sugars of wine grapes into alcohol and carbon dioxide through the process of fermentation . The more sugars in the grapes , the higher the potential alcohol level of the wine if the yeast are allowed to carry out fermentation to dryness . Sometimes winemakers will stop fermentation early in order to leave some residual sugars and sweetness in the wine such as with dessert wines . This can be achieved by dropping fermentation temperatures to the point where the yeast are inactive , sterile filtering the wine to remove the yeast or fortification with brandy or neutral spirits to kill off the yeast cells . If fermentation is unintentionally stopped , such as when the yeasts become exhausted of available nutrients and the wine has not yet reached dryness , this is considered a stuck fermentation . The most common yeast associated with winemaking is Saccharomyces cerevisiae which has been favored due to its predictable and vigorous fermentation capabilities , tolerance of relatively high levels of alcohol and sulfur dioxide as well as its ability to thrive in normal wine pH between 2.8 and 4 . Despite its widespread use which often includes deliberate inoculation from cultured stock , S. cerevisiae is rarely the only yeast species involved in a fermentation . Grapes brought in from harvest are usually teeming with a variety of `` wild yeast '' from the Kloeckera and Candida genera . These yeasts often begin the fermentation process almost as soon as the grapes are picked when the weight of the clusters in the harvest bins begin to crush the grapes , releasing the sugar - rich must . While additions of sulfur dioxide ( often added at the crusher ) may limit some of the wild yeast activities , these yeasts will usually die out once the alcohol level reaches about 15 % due to the toxicity of alcohol on the yeast cells physiology while the more alcohol tolerant Saccharomyces species take over . In addition to S. cerevisiae , Saccharomyces bayanus is a species of yeast that can tolerate alcohol levels of 17 -- 20 % and is often used in fortified wine production such as ports and varieties such as Zinfandel and Syrah harvested at high Brix sugar levels . Another common yeast involved in wine production is Brettanomyces whose presence in a wine may be viewed by different winemakers as either a wine fault or in limited quantities as an added note of complexity . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Role in winemaking 2.1 Other compounds in wine produced by yeast 2.2 Lees 2.3 Secondary fermentation 3 Types of yeasts used in winemaking 3.1 Saccharomyces 3.2 Influences of different strains on fermentation 4 Wild yeasts and natural fermentation 5 Inoculated yeast 5.1 Re-hydrating freeze dried yeast cultures 6 Nutritional needs of wine yeast 6.1 The role of oxygen 7 Wine faults related to yeast 7.1 Brettanomyces 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) French scientist Louis Pasteur discovered the connection between microscopic yeast and the process of fermentation . For most of the history of wine , winemakers did not know the mechanism that somehow converted sugary grape juice into alcoholic wine . They could observe the fermentation process which was often described as `` boiling '' , `` seething '' or the wine being `` troubled '' due to release of carbon dioxide that gave the wine a frothy , bubbling appearance . This history is preserved in the etymology of the word `` yeast '' itself which essentially means `` to boil '' . In the mid-19th century , the French scientist Louis Pasteur was tasked by the French government to study what made some wines spoil . His work , which would later lead to Pasteur being considered one of the `` Fathers of Microbiology '' , would uncover the connection between microscopic yeast cells and the process of the fermentation . It was Pasteur who discovered that yeast converted sugars in the must into alcohol and carbon dioxide , though the exact mechanisms of how the yeast would accomplish this task was not discovered till the 20th century with the Embden -- Meyerhof -- Parnas pathway . The yeast species commonly known as Saccharomyces cerevisiae was first identified in late 19th century enology text as Saccharomyces ellipsoideus due to the elliptical ( as opposed to circular ) shape of the cells . Throughout the 20th century , more than 700 different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were identified . The difference between the vast majority of these strains are mostly minor , though individual winemakers will develop a preference for particular strains when making certain wines or working with particular grape varieties . Some of these difference include the `` vigor '' or speed of fermentation , temperature tolerance , the production of volatile sulfur compounds ( such as hydrogen sulfide ) and other compounds that may influence the aroma of the wine . Role in winemaking ( edit ) In the absence of oxygen , yeast cells will take the pyruvate produced by glycolysis and reduce it into acetaldehyde which is further reduced into ethanol `` recharging '' the NAD+ co-enzymes that is needed for various metabolic processes of the yeast . See also : Fermentation ( biochemistry ) and Fermentation ( wine ) The primary role of yeast is to convert the sugars present ( namely glucose ) in the grape must into alcohol . The yeast accomplishes this by utilizing glucose through a series of metabolic pathways that , in the presence of oxygen , produces not only large amounts of energy for the cell but also many different intermediates that the cell needs to function . In the absence of oxygen ( and sometimes even in the presence oxygen ) , the cell will continue some metabolic functions ( such as glycolysis ) but will rely on other pathways such as reduction of acetaldehyde into ethanol ( fermentation ) to `` recharge '' the co-enzymes needed to keep metabolism going . It is through this process of fermentation that ethanol is released by the yeast cells as a waste product . Eventually , if the yeast cells are healthy and fermentation is allowed to run to the completion , all fermentable sugars will be used up by the yeast with only the unfermentable pentose leaving behind a negligible amount of residual sugar . Other compounds in wine produced by yeast ( edit ) If a Chardonnay has too much `` buttery '' diacetyl notes , winemakers may add fresh yeast to the wine to consume the diacetyl and reduce it to the more neutral - smelling fusel oil 2 , 3 - Butanediol . While the production of alcohol is the most noteworthy by - product of yeast metabolism from a winemaking perspective , there are a number of other products that yeast produce that can be also influence the resulting wine . This includes glycerol which is produced when an intermediate of the glycolysis cycle ( dihydroxyacetone ) is reduced to `` recharge '' the NADH enzyme needed to continue other metabolic activities . This is usually produced early in the fermentation process before the mechanisms to reduce acetaldehyde into ethanol to recharge NADH becomes the cell 's primary means of maintaining redox balance . As glycerol contributes increased body and a slightly sweet taste without increasing the alcohol level of the wine , some winemakers try to intentionally favor conditions that would promote glycerol production in wine . This includes selecting yeast strains that favor glycerol production ( or allowing some wild yeast like Kloeckera and Metschnikowia to ferment ) , increased oxygen exposure and aeration as well as fermenting at higher temperatures . Glycerol production is also encouraged if most available acetaldehyde is made unavailable by binding with bisulfite molecules in the wine , but it would take a substantial amount of sulfur dioxide addition ( far beyond legal limits ) to prolong glycerol production beyond just these very nascent stages of fermentation . Other by - products of yeast include : Methanol -- Caused by the demethylation of pectins in the must by enzymes of the yeast . More commonly found in red wines than white but only in very small amounts between 20 -- 200 mg / L . Fusel oils -- Formed by the decomposition of amino acids by the yeast . This includes 2 , 3 - Butanediol which is formed by yeast - consuming diacetyl , the compound that gives Chardonnay and other wines a `` buttery '' aroma , reducing it first to acetoin and then to the more neutral - smelling 2 , 3 - Butanediol . Many beer and winemakers who have a wine with too much `` butteriness '' will often `` pitch '' fresh yeast cultures into the no longer fermenting tank so that the yeast will consume the diacetyl and reduce the aroma . Succinic acid -- Like glycerol , this is often formed early in fermentation . Usually found in concentrations of 500 -- 1200 mg / L , it is a minor acid in the overall acidity of wine . Acetic acid -- Considered a main component of volatile acidity that can make a wine taste unbalanced and overly acidic . While acetic acid is the main volatile acid produced by yeast , trace amounts of butyric , formic and propionic acids can also be formed depending on the yeast strain . Most countries have wine laws setting the legal limit of volatile acidity , usually expressed as acetic acid , to 1200 -- 2000 mg / L. Acetic acid can also lead to the development of the wine fault ethyl acetate which is characterized by a `` nail polish remover '' smell . However , small amounts of acetic acid are actually beneficial for the yeast as they use them to synthesis lipids in the cell membrane . The distinctive `` aldehydic '' notes of Sherry wines are caused by special yeast native to the Jerez wine region . Acetaldehyde -- While most of the acetaldehyde produce gets reduced to ethanol or is bound by sulfur dioxide , concentrations between 50 -- 100 mg / L can remain in the wine . The flor yeast strains that produce the Spanish wine Sherry will produce higher amounts that contributes to the characterized `` aldehydic '' aromas of Sherries . In the presence of oxygen , yeast can convert some of the ethanol presence in the wine back into acetaldehyde creating oxidized aromas . Hydrogen sulfide -- Often produced by yeast during fermentation because of a nitrogen deficiency in the must . This can be done by a reduction of sulfates or sulfites available in the must or by the decomposition of dead yeast cells by other yeast that releases sulfur - containing amino acids that are further broken down by the yeast . The latter often happens with wines that sit in contact with their lees for long periods of time between rackings . In the presence of alcohol , hydrogen sulfide can react with ethanol to form ethyl mercaptans and disulfides that contribute to off aromas and wine faults . Some commercial yeast strains , such as Montrachet 522 are known to produce higher levels of hydrogen sulfides than other strains , particularly if the must has some nutrient deficiencies . Pyruvic acid -- Along with acetaldehyde , this compound can react with anthocyanins extracted from contact with grape skins to create a more stable color pigment ( pyranoanthocyanin ) that can enhance the color of some red wines . Various esters , ketones , lactones , phenols and acetals . Lees ( edit ) The lees left over from the secondary fermentation of sparkling wine can be seen on the bottom side of this bottle being inspected . Eventually this wine will go through riddling to collect the lees in the neck , where it will be removed prior to corking . When yeast cells die , they sink to the bottom of the fermentation vessel where they combine with insoluble tartrates , grape seeds , skin and pulp fragments to form the lees . During fermentation , the first significant racking which removes the bulk of dead yeast cells is often referred to as the gross lees as opposed to the less coarse fine lees that come as the wine continues to settle and age . During the time that the wine spends in contact with the lees , a number of changes can impact the wine due to both the autolysis ( or self - metabolize ) of the dead yeast cells as well as the reductive conditions that can develop if the lees are not aerated or stirred ( a process that the French call bâtonnage ) . The length of time that a wine spends on its lees ( called sur lie ) will depend on the winemaking style and type of wine . The process of leaving the wine to spend some contact with the lees has a long history in winemaking , being known to the Ancient Romans and described by Cato the Elder in the 2nd century BC . Today the practice is widely associated with any red wines that are barrel fermented , Muscadet , sparkling wine Champagne as well as Chardonnay produced in many wine regions across the globe . Typically when wines are left in contact with their lees , they are regularly stirred in order to release the mannoproteins , polysaccharides and other compounds that were present in the yeast cell walls and membranes . This stirring also helps avoid the development of reductive sulfur compounds like mercaptans and hydrogen sulfide that can appear if the lees layer is more than 10 cm ( 4 inches ) thick and undisturbed for more than a week . Most of the benefits associated with lees contact deals with the influence on the wine of the mannoproteins released during the autolysis of the yeast cells . Composed primarily of mannose and proteins , with some glucose , mannoproteins are often bound in the cell wall of yeast with hydrophobic aroma compounds that become volatilized as the cell wall breaks down . Not only does the release of mannoproteins impart sensory changes in the wine but they can contribute to tartrate and protein stability , help enhance the body and mouthfeel of the wine as well as decrease the perception of bitterness and astringency of tannins . Secondary fermentation ( edit ) Main article : Sparkling wine production The production of Champagne and many sparkling wines requires a second fermentation to occur in the bottle in order to produce the carbonation necessary for the style . A small amount of sugared liquid is added to individual bottles , and the yeast is allowed to convert this to more alcohol and carbon dioxide . The lees are then ricked into the neck of the bottle , frozen , and expelled via pressure of the carbonated wine . Types of yeasts used in winemaking ( edit ) Film yeast on the surface of wine in a barrel of Vin jaune from the Jura wine region of France . Yeast taxonomy includes classification of yeast species depending on the presence or absence of a sexual phase . Therefore , some winemaking yeasts are classified by their asexual anamorph ( or `` imperfect '' form ) while others may be classified by their sexual teleomorph ( or `` perfect '' form ) . A common example of this is Brettanomyces ( or `` Brett '' ) that is usually referenced in wine and viticulture text under its asexual classification though some scientific and winemaking texts may describe specific species ( such as Dekkera bruxellensis ) under its sporulating sexual classification of Dekkera . Unless otherwise noted , this article will commonly refer to the asexual form of wine yeast . The most common yeast generally associated with winemaking is Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is also used in bread making and brewing . Other genera of yeast that can be involved in winemaking ( either beneficially or as the cause of potential wine faults ) include : Brettanomyces ( Teleomorph Dekkera ) Candida ( Teleomorphs for different species from several genera including Pichia , Metschnikowia , Issatchenkia , Torulaspora and Kluyveromyces ) Kloeckera ( Teleomorph Hanseniaspora ) , usually the most common `` wild yeast '' found in the vineyard . Some species are known as `` killer yeast '' that produce inhibitory levels of ethyl acetate and acetic acid that can kill off sensitive strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomycodes Schizosaccharomyces , the only wine yeast that reproduced by fission whereas most wine yeast reproduce by budding . Zygosaccharomyces , very alcohol - tolerant and can grow in wines up to 18 % v / v. Additionally this yeast can survive in extremely high sugar levels ( as much as 60 % w / w or 60 Brix ) and is very resistant to sulfur dioxide . Aureobasidium , particularly the `` black yeast '' species of Aureobasidium pullulans found in moist cellars that can contaminate aging wine in barrels . Saccharomyces ( edit ) Saccharomyces cerevisiae as seen under a Differential Interference Contrast ( DIC ) microscope . The yeast genus Saccharomyces ( sugar mold ) is favored for winemaking ( for both grapes as well as other fruit wines in addition also to being used in brewing and breadmaking ) because of the generally reliable and positive attributes it can bring to the wine . These yeasts will usually readily ferment glucose , sucrose and raffinose and metabolize glucose , sucrose , raffinose , maltose and ethanol . However , Saccharomyces can not ferment or utilize pentoses ( such as arabinose ) which is usually present in small amount in wines as residual sugars . In addition to Saccharomyces cerevisiae , other species within the genus Saccharomyces that are involved with winemaking include : Saccharomyces bayanus Saccharomyces beticus Saccharomyces fermentati Saccharomyces paradoxus Saccharomyces pastorianus Saccharomyces uvarum Influences of different strains on fermentation ( edit ) While some strains of yeast may influence the sensory characteristics and aromas of young wine , these differences seem to fade as the wine ages . In 1996 , Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first single - celled , eukaryotic organism to have its entire genome sequenced . This sequencing helped confirm the nearly century of work by mycologists and enologists in identifying different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are used in beer , bread and winemaking . Today there are several hundred different strains of S. cerevisiae identified . Not all of the strains are suitable for winemaking and even among the strains that are , there is debate among winemakers and scientists about the actual magnitude of differences between the various strains and their potential impact on the wine . Even among strains that have demonstrated distinctive difference when compared among young wines , these differences seem to fade and become less distinctive as the wines age . Some distinct difference among various strains include the production of certain `` off - flavor '' and aromas that may be temporary ( but producing a `` stinky fermentation '' ) or could stay with the wine and either have to be dealt with through other winemaking means ( such as the presence of volatile sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide ) or leave a faulty wine . Another difference includes the `` vigor '' or speed of fermentation ( which can also be influenced by other factors beyond yeast selection ) with some yeast strains having the tendency to do `` fast ferments '' while others may take longer to get going . Another less measurable difference that are subject to more debate and questions of winemakers preference is the influence of strain selection on the varietal flavors of certainly grape varieties such as Sauvignon blanc and Sémillon . It is believed that these wines can be influenced by thiols produced by the hydrolysis of certain cysteine - linked compounds by enzymes that are more prevalent in particular strains . Other aromatic varieties such as Gewürztraminer , Riesling and Muscat may also be influenced by yeast strains containing high levels of glycosidases enzymes that can modify monoterpenes . Similarly , though potentially to a much smaller extent , other varieties could be influenced by hydrolytic enzymes working on aliphatics , norisoprenoids , and benzene derivatives such as polyphenols in the must . In sparkling wine production some winemakers select strains ( such as one known as Épernay named after the town in the Champagne wine region of France and California Champagne , also known as UC - Davis strain 505 ) that are known to flocculate well , allowing the dead yeast cells to be removed easily by riddling and disgorgement . In Sherry production , the surface film of yeast known as flor used to make the distinctive style of fino and manzanilla sherries comes from different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , though the commercial flor yeast available for inoculation is often from different species of Saccharomyces , Saccharomyces beticus , Saccharomyces fermentati and Saccharomyces bayanus . Wild yeasts and natural fermentation ( edit ) Fruit flies are a common vector that transports ambient or `` wild '' yeast strains within wineries . In winemaking , the term `` wild yeast '' has multiple meanings . In its most basic context , it refers to yeast that has not been introduced to the must by intentional inoculation of a cultured strain . Instead , these `` wild yeasts '' often come into contact with the must through their presence on harvest equipment , transport bins , the surface winemaking equipment and as part of the natural flora of a winery . Very often these are strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that have taken residence in these places over the years , sometimes being previously introduced by inoculation of prior vintages . In this context , these wild yeasts are often referred to as ambient , indigenous or natural yeast as opposed to inoculated , selected or cultured yeast . Wineries that often solely rely on these `` in - house '' strains will sometimes market their wines as being the product of wild or natural fermentations . The ( c. 304 ) Nanfang Caomu Zhuang has the earliest description of winemaking using `` herb ferment '' ( cǎoqū 草 麴 ) wild yeast with rice and various herbs , including the poisonous Gelsemium elegans ( yěgé 冶 葛 ) . Another use of the term `` wild yeast '' refers to the non-Saccharomyces genera of yeasts that are present in the vineyard , on the surface of grapevines and of the grapes themselves . Anywhere from 160 to 100,000 colony forming units of wild yeasts per berry could exist in a typical vineyard . These yeasts can be carried by air currents , birds and insects through the vineyard and even into the winery ( such as by fruit flies ) . The most common wild yeasts found in the vineyard are from the genera Kloeckera , Candida and Pichia with the species Kloeckera apiculata being the most dominant species by far . Saccharomyces cerevisiae , itself , is actually quite rarely found in the vineyard or on the surface freshly harvested wine grapes unless the winery frequently reintroduced winery waste ( such as lees and pomace ) into the vineyard . Unlike the `` ambient '' Saccharomyces wild yeast , these genera of wild yeasts have very low tolerance to both alcohol and sulfur dioxide . They are capable of starting a fermentation and often begin this process as early as the harvest bin when clusters of grapes get slightly crushed under their own weight . Some winemakers will try to `` knock out '' these yeasts with doses of sulfur dioxide , most often at the crusher before the grapes are pressed or allowed to macerate with skin contact . Other winemakers may allow the wild yeasts to continue fermenting until they succumb to the toxicity of the alcohol they produce which is often between 3 -- 5 % alcohol by volume and then letting either inoculated or `` ambient '' Saccharomyces strains finish the fermentation . Wineries that wish to cultivate an `` in - house '' ambient yeast strain will often recycle the leftover pomace of previous vintages as compost in the vineyard . The use of both `` ambient '' and non-Saccharomyces wild yeasts carries both potential benefits and risk . Some winemakers feel that the use of resident / indigenous yeast helps contribute to the unique expression of terroir in the wine . In wine regions such as Bordeaux , classified and highly regarded estates will often tout the quality of their resident `` chateau '' strains . To this extent , wineries will often take the leftover pomace and lees from winemaking and return them to the vineyard to be used as compost in order to encourage the sustained presence of favorable strains . But compared to inoculated yeast , these ambient yeasts hold the risk of having a more unpredictable fermentation . Not only could this unpredictability include the presence of off - flavors / aromas and higher volatile acidity but also the potential for a stuck fermentation if the indigenous yeast strains are not vigorous enough to fully convert all the sugars . It is virtually inevitable that non-Saccharomyces wild yeast will have a role in beginning the fermentation of virtually every wine but for the wineries that choose to allow these yeasts to continue fermenting versus minimizing their influence do so with the intent of enhancing complexity through bio-diversity . While these non-Saccharomyces ferment glucose and fructose into alcohol , they also have the potential to create other intermediates that could influence the aroma and flavor profile of the wine . Some of these intermediates could be positive , such as phenylethanol , which can impart a rose - like aroma . However , as with ambient yeasts , the products of these yeasts can be very unpredictable -- especially in terms of the types of flavors and aromas that these yeasts can produce . Inoculated yeast ( edit ) Some winemakers favor the use of freeze - dried cultured yeast ( left ) and yeast nutrients ( right ) because of their relative predictability in beginning and completing a fermentation . When winemakers select a cultured yeast strain , it is largely done because the winemaker wants a predictable fermentation taken to completion by a strain that has a track record of dependability . Among the particular considerations that are often important to winemakers is a yeast 's tendency to : Quickly begin fermentation , out - competing other `` wild yeasts '' for nutrients in the must Completely utilize all fermentable sugars with a predictable sugar - to - alcohol conversion rate Have an alcohol - tolerance up to 15 % or even higher depending on the winemaking style Have a high sulfur dioxide tolerance but low production of sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide or dimethyl sulfide Produce a minimum amount of residual pyruvate , acetic acid and acetaldehyde Produce minimum foaming during fermentation which may create difficulties for cap management during maceration or cause bungs to pop out during barrel fermentation . Have high levels of flocculation and lees compaction that makes racking , fining and filtering of the wine easier . Inoculated ( or pure cultured ) yeasts are strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that have been identified and plated from wineries across the world ( including notable producers from well - known wine regions such as Bordeaux , Burgundy , Napa Valley and the Barossa Valley ) . These strains are tested in laboratories to determine a strain 's vigor , sulfur dioxide and alcohol tolerance , production levels of acetic acid and sulfur compounds , ability to re-ferment ( positive for sparkling wine but a negative attribute for sweet late - harvest wines ) , development of surface film on the wine ( positive for some Sherry styles but a negative attribute for many other wines ) , enhancement of a wine 's color or certain varietal characteristics by enzymes in the yeast cells and other metabolic products produced by the yeast , foaming and flocculation tendencies , yeasticidal properties ( a trait known as `` Killer yeast '' ) and tolerance for nutritional deficiencies in a must that may lead to a stuck fermentation . Re-hydrating freeze dried yeast cultures ( edit ) Preparing a yeast starter culture and gradually cooling the culture down to the must temperature by adding some wine . Pure culture yeasts that are grown in a lab are often freeze dried and packaged for commercial use . Prior to their addition into must , these yeasts need to be re-hydrated in `` starter cultures '' that must be carefully monitored ( particularly in regards to temperature ) to insure that the yeast cells are not killed off by cold shock . Ideally winemakers want to add enough inoculum to have a viable cell population density of 5 million cells per milliliter . The exact amount of freeze - dried culture varies by manufacturer and strain of yeast but it is often around 1 gram per gallon ( or 25 grams per 100 liters ) . Wines that could have potentially problematic fermentation ( such as high sugar level late harvest or botryized wines ) may have more yeast added . Similarly , re-hydration procedures will also vary depending on the manufacturer and winery . Yeast is often inoculated in a volume of water or grape must that is 5 -- 10 times the weight of the dry yeast . This liquid is often brought to temperature of 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) prior to the introduction of the yeast ( though some yeast strains may need temperatures below 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) ) to allow the cells to disperse easily rather than clump and sink to the bottom of the container . The heat activation also allows the cells to quickly reestablish their membrane barrier before soluble cytoplasmic components escape the cell . Re-hydration at lower temperatures can greatly reduce the viability of the yeast with up to 60 % cell death if the yeast is re-hydrated at 15 ° C ( 60 ° F ) . The culture is then stirred and aerated to incorporate oxygen into the culture which the yeast uses in the synthesis of needed survival factors . The temperature of the starter culture is then slowly reduced , often by the graduated addition of must to get within 5 -- 10 ° C ( 41 -- 50 ° F ) of the must that the culture will be added to . This is done to avoid the sudden cold shock that the yeast cells may experience if the starter culture was added directly to the must itself which can kill up to 60 % of the culture . Additionally , surviving cells exposed to cold shock tend to see an increase in hydrogen sulfide production . Nutritional needs of wine yeast ( edit ) Diammonium phosphate ( or DAP ) is a common additive that provides two necessary nutrients for yeast to have a healthy and sustained fermentation -- nitrogen and phosphate . In order to successfully complete a fermentation with minimum to no negative attributes being added to the wine , yeast needs to have the full assortment of its nutritional needs met . These include not only an available energy source ( carbon in the form of sugars such as glucose ) and yeast assimilable nitrogen ( ammonia and amino acids or YAN ) but also minerals ( such as magnesium ) and vitamins ( such as thiamin and riboflavin ) that serve as important growth and survival factors . Among the other nutritional needs of wine yeast : Phosphate -- used for the production of nucleic acids , phospholipids ( an important component of the cell membrane ) and ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate which the cell uses for transferring energy for metabolism ) . Potassium -- important for the uptake and utilization of phosphate Biotin -- involved in the synthesis of proteins , fatty acids and nucleic acids . Pantothenic acid -- involved in the metabolism of sugars and lipids . A deficiency of this vitamin could lead into increase hydrogen sulfide production with off - aromas in the resulting wine . Nicotinic acid -- involved in the synthesis of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD+ ) , a co-enzyme that is important in maintaining the redox balance of the cell as well as in the process of ethanol fermentation itself . Inositol -- involved with the secondary messenger molecules that facilitate cell division . Trace amounts of calcium , chlorine , copper , iron , manganese and zinc for healthy cell function . One traditional way of providing nutrients for the yeast is the ripasso method where the leftover grape skins and pomace ( pictured ) from a previous fermentation is added to a newly fermenting wine . Many of these nutrients are available in the must and skins of the grapes themselves but sometimes are supplemented by winemakers with additions such as diammonium phosphate ( DAP ) , freeze - dried micro-nutrients ( such as Go - Ferm and Ferm - K ) and even the remnant of dead or extracted yeast cells such that the fermenting yeast can break down to mine for available nitrogen and nutrients . One historical winemaking tradition that is still practiced in some Italian wine regions is the ripasso method of adding the leftover pomace from the pressing of other wines into a newly fermenting batch of wine as an additional food source for the yeast . Saccharomyces cerevisiae can assimilate nitrogen from both inorganic ( ammonia and ammonium ) and organic forms ( amino acids , particularly arginine ) . As yeast cells die , enzymes within the cells begin autolyzing by breaking down the cell , including the amino acids . This autolysis of the cell provides an available nitrogen source for the still - fermenting and viable yeast cells . However , this autolysis can also release sulfur - link compounds ( such as the breakdown of amino acid cysteine ) which can combine with other molecules and react with alcohol to create volatile thiols that can contribute to a `` stinky fermentation '' or later development into various wine faults . The role of oxygen ( edit ) Yeasts are facultative anaerobes meaning that they can exist in both the presence and absence of oxygen . While fermentation is traditionally thought of as an anaerobic process done in the absence of oxygen , early exposure of the yeast to oxygen can be a vital component in the successful completion of that fermentation . This is because oxygen is important in the synthesis of cell `` survival factors '' such as ergosterol and lanosterol . These sterols are important in maintaining the selective permeability of the yeast cell membrane which becomes critical as the yeast becomes exposed to increasing osmotic pressure and levels of alcohol in the wine . As a waste product of its own metabolism , alcohol is actually very toxic to yeast cells . Yeast with weak survival factors and lacking sterols may succumb to these conditions before fermenting a wine to complete dryness , leaving a stuck fermentation . Cultured yeasts that are freeze - dried and available for inoculation of wine must are deliberately grown in commercial labs in high oxygen / low sugar conditions that favor the development of these survival factors . One of the reasons that some winemakers prefer using inoculated yeast is the predictability of fermentation due to the high level of survival factors that cultured yeast are assured of having without necessarily needing to expose the wine to additional levels of oxygen . Winemakers using `` ambient '' yeasts that are resident in their winery may not have this same assurance of survival factors and may need to compensate with other winemaking techniques . Wild non-Saccharomyces yeasts often need a much greater exposure to oxygen in order to build up survival factors which is why many of these yeasts are often found living oxidatively as `` film yeast '' on the surface of wines in tanks or barrels . Wine faults related to yeast ( edit ) Film yeast like Candida ( pictured ) and Pichia can cover the surface of a wine with a film layer that not only consumed most of the free sulfur dioxide available to protect the wine but also produces high levels of acetic acid that will contribute to volatile acidity in a wine . Either directly or indirectly , wine yeast can be a culprit behind a wide variety of wine faults . These can include the presence of `` off flavors '' and aromas that can be the by - product of some `` wild yeast '' fermentation such as those by species within the genera of Kloeckera and Candida . Even the common wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be behind some wine faults with some strains of the yeast known to produce higher than ideal levels of acetic acid , acetaldehyde and volatile sulfur compounds such as thiols . Also any yeast can have a low tolerance to nutritional deficiencies , temperature fluctuation or extremes and excessive or low sugar levels that may lead to a stuck fermentation . In the presence of oxygen several species of Candida and Pichia can create a film surface on top of the wine in the tank of barrel . Allowed to go unchecked , these yeasts can rapidly deplete the available free sulfur compounds that keeps a wine protected from oxidation and other microbial attack . The presence of these yeasts is often identified by elevated levels of volatile acidity , particularly acetic acid . Some strains of Pichia will metabolize acetic acid ( as well as ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate that may also be produced ) with the side - effect of substantially decreasing the titratable acidity and shifting the pH of wine upwards to levels that make the wine prone to attack by other spoilage microbes . Commonly called `` film yeast '' , these yeasts are distinguished from the flor sherry yeast that are usually welcomed by winemakers in producing the delicate fino - style wines . Growth of many unfavorable wild yeasts is generally slowed at lower cellar temperatures , so many winemakers who wish to inhibit the activities of these yeasts before the more favorable Saccharomyces yeast kick in , will often chill their must , such as the practice of `` cold soaking '' the must during a pre-fermentation maceration at temperatures between 4 -- 15 ° C ( 39 -- 50 ° F ) . Though some species , such as Brettanomyces , will not be inhibited and may even thrive during an extended period of cold soaking . Brettanomyces ( edit ) While some wine regions view the influence of Brettanomyces on the wine , in limited amounts , as added complexity , many winemakers view the presence of Brettanomyces species such as Brettanomyces bruxellensis ( pictured ) in their wineries as a negative influence that needs to be controlled . The wine yeast Brettanomyces ( or `` Brett '' ) produces very distinctive aroma compounds , 4 - Ethylphenol ( 4 - EP ) and 4 - Ethylguaiacol ( 4 - EG ) , that can have a wine being described as smelling like a `` barnyard '' , `` wet saddle '' or `` band - aid '' . To some winemakers and with some wine styles ( such as Pinot noir from Burgundy ) , a limited amount of these compounds could be considered a positive attribute that adds to the complexity of wine . To other winemakers and with other wine styles ( such as Riesling from the Mosel ) , the presence of any Brett will be considered a fault . Fruit flies are common vector in the transfer of Brettanomyces between tanks and even nearby wineries . As a fermentation yeast , Brettanomyces can usually ferment a wine up to 10 - 11 % alcohol levels before they die out . Sometimes Brettanomyces already present in a wine that has been inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae will out compete the Saccharomyces strain for nutrients and even inhibit it due to the high levels of acetic acid , decanoic acid and octanoic acid that many strains of Brettanomyces can produce . Once Brett is in a winery , it is very difficult to control even with strict hygiene and the discarding of barrels and equipment that has previously come into contact with `` Bretty '' wine . This is because many species of Brettanomyces can use a wide variety of carbon sources in wine and grape must , including ethanol , for metabolism . Additionally , Brett can produce a wide range of by - products that could influence the wine beyond just the 4 - EP and 4 - EG compounds previously discussed . Many of these compounds , such as the `` footprints '' of the 4 - EP and 4 - EG , will still remain in the wine even after yeast cells die and are removed by racking and sterile filtration . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jeff Cox `` From Vines to Wines : The Complete Guide to Growing Grapes and Making Your Own Wine '' pgs 133 -- 136 Storey Publishing 1999 ISBN 1 - 58017 - 105 - 2 ^ Jump up to : D. Bird `` Understanding Wine Technology '' pg 67 -- 73 DBQA Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 891267 - 91 - 4 ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pgs 778 -- 780 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0198609906 ^ Jump up to : K. Fugelsang , C. Edwards Wine Microbiology Second Edition pgs 3 -- 28 Springer Science and Business Media , New York ( 2010 ) ISBN 0387333495 ^ Jump up to : B. Zoecklein , K. Fugelsang , B. Gump , F. Nury Wine Analysis and Production pgs 281 -- 290 Kluwer Academic Publishers , New York ( 1999 ) ISBN 0834217015 Jump up ^ Douglas Harper `` Yeast '' Online Etymology Dictionary Accessed : May 31st , 2012 Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pgs 267 & 508 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0198609906 ^ Jump up to : B. Zoecklein , K. Fugelsang , B. Gump , F. Nury Wine Analysis and Production pgs 97 - 114 Kluwer Academic Publishers , New York ( 1999 ) ISBN 0834217015 ^ Jump up to : Dr. Yair Margalit , Winery Technology & Operations A Handbook for Small Wineries pgs 67 -- 74 The Wine Appreciation Guild ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 932664 - 66 - 0 Jump up ^ Brewing Science `` Diacetyl : Homebrew Science '' Brew Magazine November , 2002 ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pgs 398 -- 399 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0198609906 Jump up ^ Joseph Needham and Huang Hsing - Tsung ( 2000 ) , Science and Civilisation in China , Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology , Part 5 : Fermentations and Food Science , Cambridge University Press , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Li Hui - Lin ( 1979 ) , Nan - fang ts'ao - mu chuang : a fourth century flora of Southeast Asia , The Chinese University Press , p. 59 . Jump up ^ M. Baldy The University Wine Course pg 80 The Wine Appreciation Guild Third Edition 2009 ISBN 0 - 932664 - 69 - 5 External links ( edit ) P. Romano , C. Fiore , M. Paraggio , M. Caruso , A. Capece `` Function of yeast species and strains in wine flavour '' International Journal of Food Microbiology 86 ( 2003 ) 169 -- 180 ( hide ) Winemaking Harvest Late harvest wine Noble rot Vintage Pressing Deacidification Destemming Chaptalization Pigeage Wine press Fermentation Carbonic maceration Maceration Malolactic fermentation Sparkling wine production Sugars in wine Süssreserve Traditional method Yeast assimilable nitrogen Yeast in winemaking Aging Oak Solera Storage of wine Bottling Alternative wine closure Bung Clarification and stabilization of wine Cork Muselet Screw cap Ullage Wine bottle History Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Bordeaux Champagne Chianti French Middle East Oldest prehistoric winery Phoenicians Portuguese Rioja Sherry South African Wine press See also Glossary of viticulture terms Glossary of wine terms Glossary of winemaking terms Oenology Viticulture Wine Wine chemistry Wine glass Drink portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeast_in_winemaking&oldid=839690187 '' Categories : Winemaking Saccharomycetes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 02 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the yeast in wine come from (in traditional winemaking) | [
"The most common yeast associated with winemaking is Saccharomyces cerevisiae which has been favored due to its predictable and vigorous fermentation capabilities, tolerance of relatively high levels of alcohol and sulfur dioxide as well as its ability to thrive in normal wine pH between 2.8 and 4. Despite its widespread use which often includes deliberate inoculation from cultured stock, S.cerevisiae is rarely the only yeast species involved in a fermentation. Grapes brought in from harvest are usually teeming with a variety of \"wild yeast\" from the Kloeckera and Candida genera. These yeasts often begin the fermentation process almost as soon as the grapes are picked when the weight of the clusters in the harvest bins begin to crush the grapes, releasing the sugar-rich must.[4] While additions of sulfur dioxide (often added at the crusher) may limit some of the wild yeast activities, these yeasts will usually die out once the alcohol level reaches about 15% due to the toxicity of alcohol on the yeast cells physiology while the more alcohol tolerant Saccharomyces species take over. In addition to S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus is a species of yeast that can tolerate alcohol levels of 17–20% and is often used in fortified wine production such as ports and varieties such as Zinfandel and Syrah harvested at high Brix sugar levels. Another common yeast involved in wine production is Brettanomyces whose presence in a wine may be viewed by different winemakers as either a wine fault or in limited quantities as an added note of complexity.[5]"
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8155113835055235617 | List of African-American United States Senators | List of African - American United States Senators - wikipedia List of African - American United States Senators Jump to : navigation , search The official senate portrait of Barack Obama , the fifth African - American United States Senator , who later became the first African - American President States currently represented by an African - American Senator States formerly represented by an African - American Senator The United States Senate has had ten African - American elected or appointed office holders . The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral United States Congress , which is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States . The U.S. Census Bureau defines African Americans as citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa . The term is generally used for Americans with at least partial ancestry in any of the original peoples of sub-Saharan Africa . During the founding of the federal government , African Americans were consigned to a status of second - class citizenship or enslaved . No African American served in federal elective office before the ratification in 1870 of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen 's race , color , or previous condition of servitude . Of the ten senators , six were popularly elected ( including one that previously had been appointed by his state 's governor ) , two were elected by the state legislature prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913 ( which provides for the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people of each state ) , and two were appointed by a state Governor . The 113th United States Congress ( 2013 -- 15 ) marked the first time that two African Americans served concurrently in the Senate . The first two African - American senators represented the state of Mississippi during the Reconstruction Era , following the American Civil War . Hiram Rhodes Revels , the first African American to serve , was elected by the Mississippi State Legislature to succeed Albert G. Brown , who resigned during the Civil War . Some Democratic members of the United States Senate opposed his being seated based on the court case Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) by the Supreme Court of the United States , claiming that Revels did not meet the citizenship requirement , but the majority of Senators voted to seat him . The Mississippi state legislature elected Blanche Bruce in 1875 , but Republicans lost power of the Mississippi state legislature in 1876 . Bruce was not elected to a second term in 1881 . In 1890 the Democratic - dominated state legislature passed a new constitution disfranchising most black voters . Every other Southern state also passed disfranchising constitutions by 1908 , excluding African Americans from the political system in the entire former Confederacy . This situation persisted into the 1960s until after federal enforcement of constitutional rights under the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . The next black United States Senator , Edward Brooke of Massachusetts , took office in 1967 . He was the first African American to be elected by popular vote after the ratification in 1913 of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , rather than to be elected by a state legislature . The Seventeenth Amendment established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote . Carol Moseley Braun and Barack Obama were both elected by the voters of Illinois , entering the Senate in 1993 and 2005 , respectively . Carol Moseley Braun is the first African - American woman to be elected - or appointed - to the Senate after the ratification in 1920 of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex . While serving in the Senate , Obama became the first African American to be elected to the office of President of the United States . Roland Burris , also an African American , was appointed to fill the remainder of the Senate term of President - elect Obama . The next two black Senators , Tim Scott of South Carolina and Mo Cowan of Massachusetts , were both appointed by governors to fill the terms of Jim DeMint and John Kerry , respectively , who had resigned their positions . On October 16 , 2013 , citizens of New Jersey elected Cory Booker in a special election to fill the seat of the late Senator Frank R. Lautenberg . Sworn into office on October 31 , 2013 , he is the first African - American Senator to be elected since Barack Obama in 2004 and the first to represent the state of New Jersey , later securing a full 6 - year term in the 2014 mid-term elections . Senator Tim Scott retained his seat in a special election in 2014 , also securing a full 6 - year term in 2016 . On January 3 , 2017 , Senators Scott and Booker were joined in the Senate by Kamala Harris of California , who was elected on November 8 , 2016 . Senator Harris is the second African - American woman to serve in the U.S. Senate . As of 3 January 2017 , there have been 1,970 members of the United States Senate , but only ten have been African American . While 58 nationwide organizations exist to elect women to the United States Congress , including EMILY 's List and the Susan B. Anthony List , no organization has been formed to elect African Americans to the United States Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of African - American Senators of the United States 2 African Americans elected to the United States Senate , but not seated 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links List of African - American Senators of the United States ( edit ) Political parties Democratic Republican Senator State Took office Left office Party Congress Ref . Note Hiram Rhodes Revels ( 1827 -- 1901 ) Mississippi 000000001870 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1870 000000001871 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1871 Republican 41st ( 1869 -- 1871 ) Blanche Bruce ( 1841 -- 1898 ) Mississippi 000000001875 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1875 000000001881 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1881 Republican 44th ( 1875 -- 1877 ) 45th ( 1877 -- 1879 ) 46th ( 1879 -- 1881 ) Edward Brooke ( 1919 -- 2015 ) Massachusetts 000000001967 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1967 000000001979 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1979 Republican 90th ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 91st ( 1969 -- 1971 ) 92nd ( 1971 -- 1973 ) 93rd ( 1973 -- 1975 ) 94th ( 1975 -- 1977 ) 95th ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Carol Moseley Braun ( born 1947 ) Illinois 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 000000001999 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1999 Democratic 103rd ( 1993 -- 1995 ) 104th ( 1995 -- 1997 ) 105th ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Barack Obama ( born 1961 ) Illinois 000000002005 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2005 000000002008 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2008 Democratic 109th ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 110th ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Roland Burris ( born 1937 ) Illinois 000000002009 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 2009 000000002010 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2010 Democratic 111th ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Tim Scott ( born 1965 ) South Carolina 000000002013 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2013 Incumbent Republican 112th ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 113th ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 114th ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 115th ( 2017 -- 2019 ) Mo Cowan ( born 1969 ) Massachusetts 000000002013 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2013 000000002013 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 2013 Democratic 113th ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Cory Booker ( born 1969 ) New Jersey 000000002013 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2013 Incumbent Democratic 113th ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 114th ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 115th ( 2017 -- 2019 ) Kamala Harris ( born 1964 ) California 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 Incumbent Democratic 115th ( 2017 -- 2019 ) African Americans elected to the United States Senate , but not seated ( edit ) Political party Republican Senator State Party Congress Ref . Note P.B.S. Pinchback ( 1837 -- 1921 ) Louisiana Republican 44th ( 1875 -- 1877 ) See also ( edit ) Federal government Government of the United States portal African Americans portal African Americans in the United States Congress List of African - American United States Representatives Congressional Black Caucus Congressional Black Caucus Foundation List of African - American United States Cabinet Secretaries State and local government African - American officeholders in the United States , 1789 - 1866 List of African - American U.S. state firsts List of first African - American mayors Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Retired from office . Elected to complete an unfinished term after Mississippi was readmitted into the Union on February 23 , 1870 . First African American to serve in the United States Senate and Congress . First African American to serve in Congress from Mississippi . Jump up ^ Retired from office . First African American to serve a full six - year term as a United States Senator . The only Senator to be a former slave . Jump up ^ Lost office during reelection . First African American elected to the Senate by direct election . First African American to serve in Congress from Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Lost office during reelection . First African - American female and African - American Democrat to serve in the United States Senate . Jump up ^ Resigned from office following election to the presidency of the United States . First African - American President of the United States . Jump up ^ Appointed by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of President - elect Barack Obama . Not a candidate during special election following his appointment . First African American to succeed another African American in the Senate . Jump up ^ Appointed by South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Jim DeMint . First African American to serve in both chambers of the United States Congress . Jump up ^ Appointed by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of John Kerry . Not a candidate during special election following his appointment . First African - American Senator appointed by an African - American Governor . The first African American to serve alongside another African - American Senator - Tim Scott . Jump up ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of Frank Lautenberg . First African American to be elected to the Senate by special election . Jump up ^ First African American to serve in the Senate from California . Jump up ^ Denied seat due to a contested election that involved William L. McMillen . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wiersema , Alisa ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Reconstruction and Beyond : The 8 African - American Senators '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Population : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Time Line of African American History , 1881 - 1900 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved October 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` For the First Time Ever , We 'll Have Two Black Senators Serving at the Same Time '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obama , Barack , ( 1961 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burris , Roland , ( 1937 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Walshe , Shushannah ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Cory Booker Wins Race for US Senate Seat in New Jersey '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Willon , Phil ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Kamala Harris is Elected California 's New U.S. Senator '' . LA Times . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senators of the United States : 1789 - present '' ( PDF ) . Senate Historical Office . April 17 , 2015 . p. 90 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic Diversity in the Senate '' . Senate Historical Office . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Desjardins , Lisa ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` No African - American senators likely in near future '' . CNN.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Terkel , Amanda ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` Senate Likely To Remain Without Black Members For Years '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revels , Hiram Rhodes , ( 1827 -- 1901 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First African American Senator '' . Historical Minutes Essays , 1878 -- 1920 . Senate Historical Office . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce , Blanche Kelso , ( 1841 - 1898 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Slave Presides over Senate '' . Historical Minutes Essays , 1878 -- 1920 . Senate Historical Office . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooke , Edward William , III , ( 1919 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moseley Braun , Carol , ( 1947 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carol Moseley Braun '' . Senate Historical Office . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama '' . Senate Historical Office . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scott , Tim , ( 1965 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ; Cillizza , Chris ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Nikki Haley appoints Rep. Tim Scott to Senate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cowan , William ( Mo ) , ( 1969 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Frank ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` William ' Mo ' Cowan is Governor Deval Patrick 's pick to serve as interim US senator '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Booker , Cory Anthony , ( 1969 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giambusso , David ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Cory Booker planning to be sworn in to Senate on Halloween '' . The Star - Ledger . NJ.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Office of the Historian . `` ' Crafting an Identity , ' Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood '' . Office of the Clerk , House of Representatives of the United States . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Christopher , Maurine ( 1971 ) . America 's Black Congressmen . Thomas Y . Crowell Company . ISBN 9780690085853 . Clay , William L. ( 1992 ) . Just Permanent Interests : Black Americans in Congress , 1870 -- 1991 . Amistad Press . ISBN 1 - 56743 - 000 - 7 . Dray , Philip ( 2008 ) . Capitol Men : The Epic Story of Reconstruction Through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 56370 - 8 . Foner , Eric ( 1996 ) . Freedom 's Lawmakers : A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction . LSU Press . ISBN 9780807120828 . Freedman , Eric ; Jones , Stephen A. ( 2008 ) . African Americans In Congress : A Documentary History . CQ Press . ISBN 9780872893856 . Gill , LaVerne McCain ( 1997 ) . African American Women in Congress : Forming and Transforming History . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 9780813523538 . Hahn , Steven ( 2005 ) . A Nation Under Our Feet : Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674017658 . Haskins , James ( 1999 ) . Distinguished African American Political and Governmental Leaders . Oryx Press . ISBN 9781573561266 . Lynch , Matthew ( 2012 ) . Before Obama : A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313397929 . Middleton , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Black Congressmen During Reconstruction : A Documentary Sourcebook . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780313322815 . Rabinowitz , Howard N. , ed. ( 1982 ) . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 9780252009723 . Walton , Jr. , Hanes ; Puckett , Sherman C. ; Deskins , Jr. , Donald R. ( 2012 ) . The African American Electorate : A Statistical History . Congressional Quarterly Press . ISBN 9780872895089 . Wasniewski , Matthew , ed. ( 2008 ) . Black Americans in Congress , 1870 - 2007 . United States Government Printing Office . ISBN 9780160801945 . The website , Black Americans in Congress maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives , serves as an ongoing supplement to the book . To download a free copy of the entire publication or a specific portion of the publication , see H. Doc . 108 - 224 - Black Americans in Congress 1870 - 2007 . Made available by the United States Government Printing Office ( GPO ) . External links ( edit ) African American Members of the United States Congress : 1870 -- 2012 A 66 - page history produced by the Congressional Research Service , a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 - Present Perform search of desired Representative or Delegate by last name , first name , position , state , party , by year or congress . Black Americans in Congress , 1870 -- 2007 A C - SPAN video with Matt Wasniewski , historian of the United States House of Representatives , as the presenter . He discusses the history of African Americans in Congress from 1870 to 2007 . The video is 164 minutes in length . Black Americans in Congress Maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . The website serves as an ongoing supplement to the book , Black Americans in Congress , 1870 - 2007 . Major African American Office Holders Since 1641 Includes a listing for the United States Senate . Maintained by Blackpast.org . 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American politics Officeholders Federal African Americans in the United States Congress House Senate Congressional Black Caucus Congressional Black Caucus Foundation Cabinet Secretaries State and local Governors and lieutenant - governors Mayors National Conference of Black Mayors Statewide and local firsts National Black Caucus of State Legislators Speakers and presidents of state legislatures General Officeholders 1789 - 1866 During Reconstruction African - American women in politics Candidates Candidates for President List Political movements Pan-Africanism Nationalism Black Power Black fist Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism in the United States Populism Leftism Black feminism Womanism Garveyism Republicans District of Columbia statehood movement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_Senators&oldid=831360597 '' Categories : African - American politicians African - American United States Senators Political history of the United States Lists of United States Senators Lists of African - American people Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 05 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first african american elected to the united states senate | [
"The first two African-American senators represented the state of Mississippi during the Reconstruction Era, following the American Civil War. Hiram Rhodes Revels, the first African American to serve, was elected by the Mississippi State Legislature to succeed Albert G. Brown, who resigned during the Civil War. Some Democratic members of the United States Senate opposed his being seated based on the court case Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) by the Supreme Court of the United States, claiming that Revels did not meet the citizenship requirement, but the majority of Senators voted to seat him.[1] The Mississippi state legislature elected Blanche Bruce in 1875, but Republicans lost power of the Mississippi state legislature in 1876. Bruce was not elected to a second term in 1881.[1] In 1890 the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution disfranchising most black voters. Every other Southern state also passed disfranchising constitutions by 1908, excluding African Americans from the political system in the entire former Confederacy. This situation persisted into the 1960s until after federal enforcement of constitutional rights under the Voting Rights Act of 1965."
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"Hiram Rhodes Revels"
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428471842914632451 | Deed of trust (real estate) | Deed of trust ( real estate ) - wikipedia Deed of trust ( real estate ) Jump to : navigation , search In real estate in the United States , a deed of trust or trust deed is a deed wherein legal title in real property is transferred to a trustee , which holds it as security for a loan ( debt ) between a borrower and lender . The equitable title remains with the borrower . The borrower is referred to as the trustor , while the lender is referred to as the beneficiary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Power of sale and trustee 's sale 3 Terminology 4 References Overview ( edit ) Transactions involving deeds of trust are normally structured , at least in theory , so that the lender / beneficiary gives the borrower / trustor the money to buy the property ; the borrower / trustor tenders the money to the seller ; the seller executes a grant deed giving the property to the borrower / trustor ; and the borrower / trustor immediately executes a deed of trust giving the property to the trustee to be held in trust for the lender / beneficiary . In reality , an escrow holder is always used so that the transaction does not close until the escrow holder has the funds , grant deed , and deed of trust in their possession , so that the transaction can be easily rescinded if one party is unable to complete its part of the deal . Deeds of trust differ from mortgages in that deeds of trust always involve at least three parties , where the third party holds the legal title , while in the context of mortgages , the mortgagor gives legal title directly to the mortgagee . In either case , equitable title remains with the borrower . Both mortgages and deeds of trust are essentially security instruments in the form of conveyances ; that is , they appear to provide on their face for absolute conveyances of legal title , but it is implicitly understood that the borrower is retaining equitable title and the conveyance is intended to merely create a security interest . This confusing situation is a legacy of the archaic ( and now - obsolete ) common law requirement of livery of seisin , under which English common law courts had refused to enforce shifting fees or springing freehold interests ( that is , a gage for years that was supposed to automatically expand to fee simple title if the underlying debt was not repaid ) . A deed of trust is normally recorded with the recorder or county clerk for the county where the property is located as evidence of and security for the debt . The act of recording provides constructive notice to the world that the property has been encumbered . When the debt is fully paid , the beneficiary is required by law to promptly direct the trustee to transfer the property back to the trustor by reconveyance , thus releasing the security for the debt . Deeds of trust are the most common instrument used in the financing of real estate purchases in Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , the District of Columbia , Idaho , Maryland , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , North Carolina , Oregon , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Virginia , Washington , and West Virginia , whereas most other states use mortgages . Besides purchases , deeds of trust can also be used for loans made for other kinds of purposes where real estate is merely offered as collateral , and are also used to secure performance of contracts other than loans . Power of sale and trustee 's sale ( edit ) A deed of trust has a crucial advantage over a mortgage from the lender 's point of view . If the borrower defaults on the loan , the trustee has the power to foreclose on the property on behalf of the beneficiary . In most U.S. states , a deed of trust ( but not a mortgage ) can contain a special `` power of sale '' clause that permits the trustee to exercise these powers . Here is the standard conveyance clause from a Freddie Mac `` uniform instrument '' : `` Borrower irrevocably grants and conveys to Trustee , in trust , with power of sale , the following described property ... '' In the states that enforce `` power of sale '' clauses , the courts have uniformly held that by executing a deed of trust with a `` power of sale '' clause , the owner has authorized the trustee to conduct a nonjudicial foreclosure in the event of default . That is , unlike a mortgage , the lender need not sue the borrower in a state court ; instead , the lender / beneficiary merely directs the trustee to mail ( or serve , publish , or record ) certain notices required by law , culminating in a `` trustee 's sale '' at which the trustee auctions the property to the highest bidder . The borrower 's equitable title normally terminates automatically by operation of law ( under applicable statutes or case law ) at the trustee 's sale . The trustee then issues a deed conveying the legal and equitable title to the property in fee simple to the highest bidder . In turn , the successful bidder records the deed and becomes the owner of record . Thus , the advantage of deeds of trust is that the lender can recover the value of the collateral for the loan much more quickly , and without the expense and uncertainty of suing the borrower , which is why lenders overwhelmingly prefer such deeds to mortgages . While true mortgages ( limited to judicial foreclosure ) remain available in every state that enforces `` power of sale '' clauses , they are quite rare . Any prospective borrower who specifically asks for a true mortgage from a commercial lender in such a state necessarily brings his or her creditworthiness into question ( since if they were confident in their own ability to repay the loan , they would not need to make such a request ) , and any rational lender willing to extend credit to less creditworthy borrowers will insist on harsher terms , including the use of a deed of trust with a `` power of sale '' clause . The time periods for the `` trustee 's sale '' or `` power of sale '' foreclosure process vary dramatically between jurisdictions . Some states have very short timelines . For example , in Virginia , it can be as short as two weeks . In California , a nonjudicial foreclosure takes a minimum of approximately 112 days from start to finish . The process starts only when the lender or trustee records a `` notice of default '' no matter how long the loan payments have been unpaid . For certain home loans made between 2003 and 2007 , because of current economic conditions , California law was amended to add a temporary additional 60 days to the process . Terminology ( edit ) Historically , some of these documents were titled `` deeds of trust '' and others were titled `` trust deeds , '' and U.S. case law prior to about 1990 tends to reflect both usages . Due to the rise of real estate securitization in the 1990s and the shift from `` lend to hold '' to `` lend to securitize , '' the majority of residential real estate transactions are now completed with uniform security instruments which are consistently described as `` deeds of trust '' so as to avoid confusion with true trusts or true deeds ( i.e. , true conveyances rather than security interests in the form of conveyances ) . Thus , the more precise term of art `` deed of trust '' has become predominant in the case law since then . Though a mortgage is technically an entirely different legal instrument ( as noted above ) , deeds of trust are frequently called mortgages in the real estate loan business due to the functional similarity between deeds of trust and mortgages . Although a deed of trust usually states that the borrower is making an `` irrevocable '' transfer to the trustee , it is common in many jurisdictions for borrowers to obtain second and third mortgages or trust deeds that make similar transfers to additional trustees ( that is , of a property they already conveyed to the trustee on their first deed of trust ) . As with mortgages , deeds of trust are subject to the rule `` first in time , first in right , '' meaning that the beneficiary of the first recorded deed of trust may foreclose and wipe out all junior deeds of trust recorded later in time . If this happens , the junior debt still exists , but may become unsecured . If the debtor has sufficient senior secured claims upon his assets , lacks equity , or is otherwise insolvent , the junior liens may be wiped out completely in bankruptcy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dupee v. Rose , 10 Utah 305 , 37 Pac. 567 ( 1894 ) . This case mentions the difference between three - party deeds of trust and two - party mortgages . Jump up ^ In re Michigan Avenue National Bank , 2 B.R. 171 , 174 - 80 ( Bankr . N.D. Ill . 1980 ) . This opinion by bankruptcy judge Richard L. Merrick explains the evolution of the common law of security interests in real property . Jump up ^ Pacific Trust Co . TTEE v. Fidelity Federal Sav . & Loan Ass'n , 184 Cal . App . 3d 817 , 229 Cal . Rptr. 269 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Bartold v. Glendale Federal Bank , 81 Cal . App . 4th 816 , 97 Cal . Rptr . 2d 226 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Examples are available at Freddie Mac Single - Family Uniform Instruments . Jump up ^ Apao v. Bank of New York ) , 324 F. 3d 1091 ( 9th Cir. 2003 ) ; Bryant v. Jefferson Federal Sav . & Loan Ass'n , 509 F. 2d 511 ( D.C. Cir. 1974 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deed_of_trust_(real_estate)&oldid=727551574 '' Categories : Mortgage industry of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2016 , at 18 : 42 . About Wikipedia | what is a deed of trust on a house | [
"In real estate in the United States, a deed of trust or trust deed is a deed wherein legal title in real property is transferred to a trustee, which holds it as security for a loan (debt) between a borrower and lender. The equitable title remains with the borrower. The borrower is referred to as the trustor, while the lender is referred to as the beneficiary."
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"legal title in real property is transferred to a trustee"
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1349908433520047350 | Alastair Cook | Alastair Cook - wikipedia Alastair Cook Jump to : navigation , search For the journalist and broadcaster , see Alistair Cooke . For the historian and politician , see Alistair Cooke , Baron Lexden . Alastair Cook Alastair Cook in 2016 Full name Alastair Nathan Cook ( 1984 - 12 - 25 ) 25 December 1984 ( age 32 ) Gloucester , Gloucestershire , England Nickname Cookie , Chef Height 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Batting Left - handed Bowling Right - arm medium Role Opening batsman International information National side England Test debut ( cap 630 ) 1 March 2006 v India Last Test 7 September 2017 v West Indies ODI debut ( cap 196 ) 28 June 2006 v Sri Lanka Last ODI 16 December 2014 v Sri Lanka ODI shirt no . 26 Domestic team information Years Team 2002 Bedfordshire 2003 Essex Cricket Board 2003 -- present Essex ( squad no . 26 ) 2004 -- 2007 MCC Career statistics Competition Test ODI FC LA Matches 147 92 266 159 Runs scored 11,629 3,204 21,047 5,840 Batting average 46.33 36.40 48.16 40.00 100s / 50s 31 / 55 5 / 19 60 / 100 12 / 34 Top score 294 137 294 137 Balls bowled 18 -- 282 18 Wickets -- 7 0 Bowling average 7.00 -- 30.14 -- 5 wickets in innings 0 -- 0 -- 10 wickets in match 0 n / a 0 n / a Best bowling 1 / 6 -- 3 / 13 -- Catches / stumpings 153 / -- 36 / -- 277 / -- 66 / -- Source : Cricinfo , 9 September 2017 Alastair Nathan Cook , CBE ( born 25 December 1984 ) is an English cricketer . A left - handed opening batsman , he is a former captain of the England Test and ODI teams . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most successful batsmen ever to play for England , and one of the most prolific batsmen of the modern era . Cook played for Essex 's Academy and made his debut for the first XI in 2003 . He played in a variety of England 's youth teams from 2000 until his call up to the Test side in 2006 . He normally fields at first slip . While touring in the West Indies with the ECB National Academy , Cook was called up to the England national team in India as a last - minute replacement for Marcus Trescothick and debuted with a century . He made his debut at the age of 21 and went on to score 1,000 runs in his maiden year and become the youngest Englishman to reach 1,500 , 2,000 , 3,000 , 4,000 , 5,000 and 10,000 Test runs , making centuries in his first Test matches against India , Pakistan , the West Indies and Bangladesh . Despite Cook 's run scoring exploits in his early Test career , he came under criticism throughout 2008 for a lack of centuries ; he replied in 2009 with two centuries , as well as a score of 95 against Australia to help seal England 's first victory against them at Lord 's since 1934 . He took seven catches in the series , including the final wicket , to win the 2009 Ashes series . After deputising as Test captain in 2010 and then taking ODI captaincy full - time , Cook went on to play another pivotal role in retaining the 2010 - 11 Ashes series , breaking records by scoring the second highest number of runs in a Test series by an Englishman , including his maiden first - class double - hundred and two further hundreds , and batting for over 35 hours during the series . He was appointed captain of the Test team after fellow opener Andrew Strauss 's retirement on 29 August 2012 . Cook captained England to its first Test series victory on Indian soil since 1984 -- 85 . During the tour he broke the record for most Test centuries for England , 23 and became the first captain to score a century in each of his first five Tests in charge . On 28 December 2013 , Alastair Cook became the youngest player to complete 8,000 Test runs , 21 days younger than Sachin Tendulkar . Cook was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2011 Birthday Honours and Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to cricket . On 30 May 2015 , Cook became the leading run - scorer in Test matches for England , surpassing Graham Gooch ( 8900 ) . In the second Test against New Zealand at Headingley , he also scored his 9000th Test run , the first English batsman to do so . As a player , Cook is the first England cricketer to be involved in 50 Test victories . The only other England player to have achieved this is opening bowler James Anderson . Exactly a year later , on 30 May 2016 in the second Test against Sri Lanka at Riverside , Cook became the youngest man ( and the first Englishman ) to reach 10,000 runs in Test cricket . On 20 October 2016 , when he played against Bangladesh , Cook became the most capped English player . On 16 December 2016 , in the fifth and final Test against India in Chennai , he became the youngest player to complete 11,000 Test runs ( 10th batsman overall and the only Englishman ) , achieving the feat aged 31 years and 357 days . After the conclusion of England 's tour of the subcontinent in Bangladesh and India , Cook stepped down as Test captain , having captained the team in an English record of 59 Tests . He also holds the record of leading England in the most number of ODIs , 69 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Playing career 2.1 County cricket 2.1. 1 Debut ( 2003 -- 2005 ) 2.1. 2 Essex and England ( 2006 -- present ) 3 England Youth 4 England 4.1 2006 : India and Sri Lanka 4.2 2006 : Pakistan and Australia 4.3 2007 : West Indies , India and Sri Lanka 4.4 2008 : New Zealand , South Africa and India 4.5 2009 : West Indies and Australia 4.6 2009 -- 10 : South Africa and Bangladesh 4.7 2010 -- 11 : Pakistan and Australia 4.8 2011 : World Cup , Sri Lanka and India 4.9 2012 : Pakistan , Sri Lanka and West Indies 4.10 2012 -- 13 : South Africa and India 4.11 2013 : New Zealand and Champions Trophy 4.12 2013 -- 14 : Back to Back Ashes Series 4.13 2014 : Sri Lanka and India 4.14 2015 : West Indies and New Zealand 4.15 2015 Ashes 4.16 2015 Pakistan 4.17 2015 / 16 South Africa 4.18 2016 Sri Lanka 4.19 2016 Pakistan 4.20 2016 Bangladesh 4.21 2016 India 4.22 2017 South Africa 5 Outside cricket 6 Achievements 6.1 Test cricket 6.1. 1 Performance against each opponent 6.1. 2 Records 6.2 International recognition 7 International Awards 7.1 Test Cricket 7.1. 1 Man of the series awards 7.1. 2 Man of the match awards 7.2 One - Day International Cricket 7.2. 1 Man of the series awards 7.2. 2 Man of the Match awards 8 References 9 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Born in Gloucester , Alastair Cook is one of several players of mixed Anglo - Welsh heritage to play for England ; his mother Stephanie is a teacher from Swansea , while his father Graham worked as a telecommunications engineer as well as being a village cricketer . Cook is a keen musician : by the age of eight he was learning the clarinet and joined St Paul 's Cathedral School in London , an independent school connected to the cathedral , as a chorister , where he boarded under a rigorous schedule of rehearsals . Cook later claimed the amount of focus and concentration required to keep practising while undergoing regular school hours helped with his batting . As a boy , his family lived in Wickham Bishops in Essex . During his summer holidays , he would play cricket for nearby Maldon Cricket Club , and by the age of 11 he was already playing for their adult side in the Third XI . He played sporadically for them over seven years , with an average of 168 in his final year at a club of which he is now an honorary life member . Cook 's musical flair led to him being granted a scholarship to Bedford School , an independent school for boys in the county town of Bedford , when he was 13 , also as a boarder . He `` sang like an angel and played the clarinet to grade eight '' . While being educated in Bedford , he also learned to play piano and saxophone . However , music was soon eclipsed when the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) came to play against the Bedford XI . The visiting side were a man short and drafted the 14 - year - old new boy to play against his school ; Cook scored a century . Over the next four years , he hit 17 centuries and two double - hundreds , to total 4,396 runs at an average of 87.90 , captaining the cricket team in his final year under coach Jeremy ' Boris ' Farrell , as well as being president of the music society . He also gained three A-Levels and nine GCSEs in his time there . In his final year at Bedford , in 2003 , he scored 1,287 runs for the school , including two unbeaten double - hundreds , averaging 160.87 to take the school record . After his international success , Cook returned for an Old Boys match at Bedford in 2008 , playing for the HM Ultimate XI . Playing career ( edit ) County cricket ( edit ) Debut ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) Having already been a member of the Essex Academy since the age of 16 , Cook was given his first - class debut for Essex coming straight out of school at the end of the 2003 season against Nottinghamshire ; put in to field he aided the first dismissal with a catch before falling short at 13 runs in his first innings but pushing Essex to a nine wicket victory with 69 not out in the second . Despite relegation being assured to Essex , Cook still battled away with an opening stand of 122 opposite Will Jefferson in the second innings of his second match , against Warwickshire . In the six innings he participated in , he quickly racked up three half centuries at an average of 47.80 . Having secured his place as opener in the county team , he made his maiden first - class century against Leicestershire in May 2004 with 126 opposite Jefferson 's 128 for a 265 opening stand , Essex 's third highest but failed to secure promotion for the team . His exploits in his single season gained him enough attention to be brought in as the opening batsman for the MCC in 2005 season 's opener against County Champions Warwickshire . With a century in the first innings and a near attempt at 97 in the second , Cook helped secure victory in a match destined for a draw . The season opener would not be Cook 's only highlight for the year , as the Ashes approached Australia were touring the counties and in a two - day match which did not count towards his first - class statistics , Cook scored a double century went on to take the first wicket of Justin Langer with a catch in the drawn match days after being awarded PCA Young Cricketer of the Year . A further highlight of the season saw Cook help Essex to score one of Durham 's two defeats of the season , scoring 107 of Essex 's 245 before taking his maiden first - class wicket , before taking another two , with his off - spin . Cook played in every first - class match for Essex and also helped them clinch the Totesport League Title for the first time in 20 years . The end of the season saw Cook finish with an average of 48.03 in the County Championship , hitting four centuries . Essex and England ( 2006 -- present ) ( edit ) Cook playing for Essex in 2010 After his England call up , Cook 's appearances at Essex significantly reduced . In the County Championship he appeared in only three matches , making two hundreds and another two fifties in his five innings , topping the season averages with an inflated 141.3 . Similarly in the Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy he appeared only three times and again topped the batting averages , only being out once with a top score of 91 and average of 148 . He scored less favourably in his one Twenty20 Cup appearance , scoring only nine runs . In the 2007 season , for Essex alone his first - class average was only 58.8 from three appearances , making two hundreds but countering this with one duck and he made a similar century / duck appearance in the ( formerly C&G ) Friends Provident Trophy during his 5 matches averaging 38.4 . The back to back Totesport / Pro40 champions saw Cook make only one appearance in that competition , scoring 81 not out , before being relegated . They won Division Two and were promoted the following season , though Cook only provided 11 runs in one innings during the tournament . Despite his international commitments Cook managed to participate in at least one match of each tournament averaging only 36.16 in three County Championship matches and a disappointing 15 in his one Twenty20 match . Given time off the South Africa One - Day series , Cook favoured better in the FP Trophy with 45.3 from 3 matches including contributing the second highest in the final at Lord 's to seal the trophy . The 2009 English season featured an early Test series against the West Indies where , despite being in the Test team , Cook joined Essex in a tour match . He scored 76 not out in the second innings before the match was rained off , stopping Essex pressing for victory . Before the Test series he helped Essex force the follow on against Kent in the County Championship but faltered with his team , scoring only 4 in the second innings to lose by 192 runs . After the Test series , Cook was omitted from the one day side leaving him free to play for Essex . He joined them in their bid to defend their Friends Provident Trophy matching Varun Chopra 's 65 in a 124 run partnership against Lancashire to gain a place in the semi-final . He and his team could not recreate that magic for the semi-final , at the same location against the same team three days later , after being caught from a fine running catch by Sajid Mahmood , seeing the team lose by 67 runs . Having been knocked out of the FP Trophy , the team turned to the Twenty20 Cup . Making only his fourth appearance in the tournament since 2005 , Cook smashed 80 off 56 balls in a vain effort against Kent that was rained off . While his England partner Bopara shone against Sussex , Cook only scored one but made up for this with a 60 run partnership with Bopara days later to put Essex top of the table . Despite averaging 49 from these four games , Cook felt he was a long way from the international squad . In his last performance before joining with the Ashes squad , Cook scored a 57 ball century , carrying his bat through the innings as they crushed Surrey but without Cook and Bopara , the team were knocked out after two successive losses . England youth ( edit ) Cook had his first taste of international cricket playing the U15 World Cup in 2000 . Three years later Cook was called up to the England Under - 19 team for their tour of South Africa . After it was decided Samit Patel had enough responsibility batting and bowling , Cook was appointed captain of the team the following year , 2004 . His first call of duty was the U19 World Cup in the West Indies where he guided England through the group stages and on past the Super League stage , including an unbeaten century - each partnership with Patel against New Zealand , and continued a 100 % win record with 87 over eventual winners Pakistan before falling short in the semi-final against the West Indies . He went on from there to captain them in a U19 Test win over Bangladesh before taking the One - Day series too . His career with the Under 19 team was cut short when Kevin Pietersen was called up to replace Andrew Flintoff in the main team , leaving a spot in England A tour of Sri Lanka for Cook . After the 2005 domestic season he was part of the intake for the ECB National Academy , but this was interrupted as he flew to Pakistan to cover the squad for Michael Vaughan 's knee injury . After not being used in the first XI he travelled back with the Academy to the West Indies in the new year scoring 101 in a two - day match against Antigua before youth cricket came to an abrupt halt for Cook . England ( edit ) 2006 : India and Sri Lanka ( edit ) Cook was included in the ECB National Academy in the winter of 2005 -- 06 . The Academy 's tour of the West Indies was cut short on 24 February for Cook who only appeared in the first innings , scoring only 6 , before being called up , alongside James Anderson and Owais Shah , to the England tour of India to replace captain Michael Vaughan , who was suffering from a knee injury , and opener Marcus Trescothick , who was suffering from stress . Unlike Shah and Anderson , Cook was welcomed straight into the England XI and made his Test debut aged 21 , days after he had flown in from the West Indies . He made an instant impact , opening with Andrew Strauss and scoring a half century in the first innings before being bowled just before tea on the first day for 60 runs from 160 balls being the second top scorer after 134 from Paul Collingwood . The second innings would prove to cement him in cricket history as he went on to score 104 not out before England declared , making him the sixteenth Englishman to score a century on his debut Test and an even more exclusive list of five to score 100 and 50 in their first Test . His hundred was also the 3,000 th century in Test cricket . Despite being known for a patient style of play , an impending declaration forced Cook to play quickly to bring up the century ; regardless , the match was drawn . After a mediocre outing in the losing second Test , scoring 17 and 2 , he missed the Third Test due to a stomach illness and was omitted from the one - day series . Returning home , Cook was again selected for the first XI during Sri Lanka 's tour . For his debut match at Lord 's , Cook was shuffled down to third to make way for the returning Trescothick . However , he still walked to the crease alongside his teammate as Strauss fell at the stroke of lunch . Cook and Trescothick put on 127 in their partnership as Trescothick made a century while Cook later stumbled just before at 89 ; there was no second innings as England enforced the follow - on but were one wicket away from victory , with Cook being targeted among others for two significant dropped catches . Cook 's first taste of victory came in the second Test , guiding the team past the target of 78 in the second innings with an unbeaten 34 alongside Andrew Flintoff furthering the reputation of his calm , meticulous style of play against the dangerous spin of Muttiah Muralitharan who took 4 -- 29 . Although not initially selected for the one - day series , Cook made his limited overs debut in the fourth match scoring 39 from 38 balls in a bright spot of an otherwise dour England performance hampered by injuries . Cook in catching practice during the 2006 -- 07 Ashes tour 2006 : Pakistan and Australia ( edit ) At the start of the following series against Pakistan , Cook recorded his second Test century , gaining him a spot on the boards at Lord 's alongside Ian Bell and Collingwood . He and Bell both recorded back to back centuries by the following Test at Old Trafford as well as Cook scoring his then - career best 127 in an innings defeat over Pakistan . In what now seemed a pattern , Cook 's century came up while partnering with Collingwood as with his previous two . In the controversial forfeited Test , sometimes called Ovalgate , Cook contributed a first innings top score of 40 and second best 83 before Pakistan refused to return to the field . This score secured Cook 's tally of runs , 403 , as the second highest scorer for England and third overall in the series . Once again Cook was overlooked in the one day series . At the end of the season he was again awarded the Young Player of the Year award as well as being shortlisted for ICC Emerging Player of the Year . As well as the one day series against Pakistan , Cook was overlooked for the 2006 Champions Trophy squad . However , he was named for the 2006 -- 07 Ashes series touring party and when Trescothick pulled out once again due to stress , Cook re-earned a spot as an opener for the foreseeable future . In the disastrous 5 Test whitewash , Cook failed to impress in the first two Tests , but during a two - day warm - up he retired with a century and afterwards remained adamant that he and England would make a turn around in the series . With England desperately chasing 577 runs , or a draw to not lose the Ashes , Cook stayed at the crease for over six hours , lasting almost all of the fourth day to earn his maiden Ashes century ( 119 ) before being caught behind off Glenn McGrath just shy of three overs before the close of play . This was his fourth Test century before turning 22 , no England player had scored more than two by the same age . With only three other batsmen scoring double figures , England lost the Test and the Ashes and despite only having an average of 27.6 runs , Cook scored one of only three English centuries on the tour and also on 28 December 2006 in Melbourne , Cook scored his thousandth Test run , the second cricketer to do this in their maiden year , after Mark Taylor . 2007 : West Indies , India and Sri Lanka ( edit ) Cook 's results in international matches Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Test 135 57 41 36 0 -- ODI 92 44 44 - T20I -- - - After being omitted for the Twenty20 International against Australia and the 2007 World Cup , Cook found himself once again in favour for the home series against West Indies . Starting at Lord 's , Cook found himself among four centurions in the opening innings with Collingwood opposite him once again , being one of only five Englishmen to hit as many centuries in 15 Tests and recorded another half century in the following innings to win his first Man of The Match award . After another half century in the second Test , Cook recorded another half century / century combination in the two innings at Old Trafford , his first innings sixty equating to the team 's win margin . Cook was selected for his first Twenty20 International against the West Indies , in a losing effort where he scored 15 runs from 16 balls . This was followed by a disappointing one - day series for Cook , and England , who averaged 22 in 3 matches . The following home series against India saw Cook continue his fine Test form despite England not winning a Test . He was the third highest scoring Englishman with an average of 37 . In the first Test , Cook made scores of 36 and 17 as the match ended in a draw . During the first day of the second Test at Trent Bridge , Cook became the youngest English player to rack up 1,500 Test runs eclipsing the record held by David Gower . In the first innings of the third Test , Cook made his biggest score of the series , 61 and followed this up with 43 in the second innings to help England secure a draw . Cook played in six of the seven ensuing one - day matches , scoring his maiden ODI century in the first match alongside Ian Bell 's 126 not out guiding England to a 104 win victory that propped up England 's first one - day series victory since 2005 . After two ducks , Cook was dropped in the final , decisive match . After being omitted from the World Twenty20 Cook rejoined England in Sri Lanka making an outstanding contribution in both forms of the game . Starting with another ODI series victory , Cook battled with a stomach virus to top score 47 in a losing match and went on to be the second highest scoring batsmen in the series behind Chamara Silva with 155 . Cook also picked up his first ODI Man of The Match award in the fourth game after scoring 80 to help England win by five wickets . After an unsuccessful first Test , Cook went on to be the top scoring Test batsmen for England too , scoring two half centuries in the second Test and 118 in the third match , at an average of 46 . Up until this tour , Cook had held a strange record of having more Test centuries than half centuries but this century marked his last until March 2009 and Cook came under increasing criticism for his lack of ability to convert fifties to hundreds at the top of the order , yet maintained an average in the low forties . 2008 : New Zealand , South Africa and India ( edit ) England 's tour of the antipodes continued with the tour of New Zealand and Cook made a great start in the warm up matches , making a half century followed by an unbeaten 138 the following day in limited overs matches . His style was still considered too slow for the following two Twenty20 Internationals and he failed to continue his form in the first ODI where he fell for 11 as part of an England collapse . The second match saw a similar collapse by England where Cook 's 52 was the only real contribution until he was run out by fellow Essexian Ravi Bopara . The fourth one day match saw Cook and Phil Mustard prop up the innings with an opening stand of 158 before both being dismissed in successive balls , leading to a tied match . Although normally known for his slow but focussed repose with the bat , the first Test against New Zealand gave Cook a chance making three sharp catches in the first innings and mirroring his efforts with three even more spectacular catches in the second innings , the first two off Ryan Sidebottom who then went on to make a hat - trick with a final LBW , the match itself saw England collapse in the second innings for 110 with Cook being the only other player besides Ian Bell to make it into double figures . Incidentally , Cook 's other catch in the second innings was also off Sidebottom to dismiss New Zealand captain Daniel Vettori , a feat the pair reproduced in the second innings of the second Test and again in the first innings of the third Test . His batting meanwhile began its long road of decline scoring no more than sixty in the two Tests and falling for only two runs in the final match , though in the second Test he did secure another English record being the youngest Englishman at just over 23 years , to score 2,000 Test runs -- again eclipsing Gower ; two days later he recorded his first Test six after 2047 runs , including 233 boundaries , after an accidental top edge and ruined his chances of beating Vijay Manjrekar 's 2,308 record . Back home in England Cook failed to reproduce his legacy of Lord 's centuries . Scoring 61 in the only England innings of the first Test which was his only score over fifty from the four innings in England 's successful series . His poor form in the long format led to him being omitted for the Twenty20 series and all but the final one - day match . Cook bowled his first Test over against South Africa at Lord 's With a year to go before the 2009 Ashes , it was imperative for Cook to cement his position as opener in the home series against South Africa . Again , at Lord 's , Cook made his way comfortably to a half - century before being dismissed for 60 . A high team score , together with a benevolent wicket , saw the fifth day bring Cook 's first Test over as a bowler : he conceded just one run . Cook fell in one innings of each Test between fifty and a hundred , amassing the considerable average of 47 for the series . Once again Cook found himself omitted from the Twenty20 and one - day team both for the home series against South Africa as well as the majority of the away series in India , where a string of poor England performances saw him called up for the fifth and ultimately the final match after the terrorist attacks in Mumbai . When the Tests arrived , Cook continued to notch a half - century in one innings of each match , but was outshone by opening partner Strauss 's centuries . 2009 : West Indies and Australia ( edit ) After India , England toured the West Indies under the new captaincy of Andrew Strauss after Pietersen 's brief tenure ended in controversy . Cook was shown still to have the selectors ' confidence despite his lack of centuries when he was given the unofficial vice-captaincy before the tour began . The title gave him a boost : he went on to score two fifties in the first warm - up match , retiring out in the second innings but contrasted that with a duck in the next tour match . Similarly , in the First Test he scored four and another duck . After the third Test was abandoned due to the poor quality of the surface , Cook was again beleaguered by his perennial problem : he scored two half centuries against opening partner Strauss 's 169 . He seemed to have put it behind him in the first innings of the next Test , however , as he and Strauss put on a record opening stand of 229 . Strauss was bowled first for 169 as Cook reached the nineties but fell shortly thereafter for 94 . After two days ' batting on a benign pitch , the West Indies declared on 749 for nine in response to England 's 600 for six . Put back in with one day to spare , Strauss fell for 33 , but , after 38 innings ' and fifteen months ' waiting , Cook finally arrived at his eighth Test century , and went on to pass his highest score with an unbeaten 139 before play ended in a draw . During this innings , Cook also became the youngest Englishman to pass 3,000 Test runs . England returned home , only to face the West Indies once more . The Second Test took the sides to the Riverside in Durham where , on a benign surface , Cook battled through the first day . After Strauss fell in the morning session , Cook began a partnership with Ravi Bopara , who had recently been promoted to third in the batting order . Over the first day , the two navigated a slow partnership , both strike rates remaining under 55 , but , once Cook reached his ninth Test century , Bopara matched it with his own , culminating in a 213 - run partnership at Bopara 's fall in the closing overs of the day ; Cook ended unbeaten on 126 . After the second day of play was completely washed out , Cook recorded his first Test 150 and subsequently his then highest score of 160 . Omitted from the World Twenty20 competition , Cook returned to Essex for two moderate county matches but impressive Twenty20 games . Despite being the only Englishman to score a century , or even more than 50 , in the first innings of England 's warm up match against Warwickshire , in the first Ashes Test at Cardiff , Cook was the lowest scoring recognised batsman , scoring 10 and 6 -- caught in the gully in the first innings , and trapped LBW by Mitchell Johnson in the second . Cook bounced back in the second Test at Lord 's , batting through to the afternoon session , as he and his captain Andrew Strauss ( who scored 161 ) set the record for the highest opening English partnership at Lord 's with 196 , Cook initially scored faster than Strauss but fell short of another Lord 's century , trapped again by Johnson for 95 . This partnership , along with Strauss ' anchoring throughout the innings , led England to a total of 425 and enabled them to gain a 210 - run first - innings lead , aided by three catches from Cook off James Anderson and Stuart Broad . Batting quickly in the second innings to force victory , Cook scored 32 from 54 balls before again falling LBW but providing enough for England to cement their first victory over Australia at Lord 's since 1934 and second since 1896 . After this high , the series took a severe downturn for Cook as his only appearance in the third Test was a duck . With no second innings to redeem himself , pressure began to mount on Cook for the fourth Test at Headingley where he anchored himself through half the team before being dismissed half - way through the first innings for only 30 , a score which would only be topped by wicket - keeper Matt Prior as England collapsed to Australia 's seam attack , bowled out for 102 . Though the team batted better in the second innings Cook again was the fifth man out for another 30 as England succumbed to an innings defeat , with Australia levelling the series needing only to draw at the Oval to retain the Ashes . During the fortnight break Cook was among a quintet of players released into the County Championship to increase their form alongside . In the first - class match against Middlesex both he and Bopara failed in the first innings , with scores of 4 and 1 , but Cook top scored in the second innings with 64 to push Essex towards victory . Of the five released , Cook was among three picked for the final and decisive Oval Test and did n't start well being dismissed with only 12 runs on the board , ten of them his . However , in the field Cook was part of Australia 's first innings collapse , taking two catches off Graeme Swann to dismiss the top scoring opener Simon Katich and the penultimate wicket of Stuart Clark . Working with a 172 run lead on the second evening , Strauss and Cook 's steady partnership was ended prematurely with Cook dismissed for 9 in his final innings of the series . Despite this Cook ended the series on something of a high in his fielding position at short leg , taking a catch off Steve Harmison 's second wicket in two balls for the penultimate wicket and then taking the winning catch of a leading edge from the defiant Michael Hussey for 121 off Swann to seal the Ashes victory . 2009 -- 10 : South Africa and Bangladesh ( edit ) Cook made his return to international Twenty20 cricket during the tour of South Africa in 2009 -- 10 . After scoring 11 runs in the first match , Cook was handed the captaincy after Paul Collingwood picked up an injury prior to the second match but led them to an 84 run loss after posting only 26 . In the second Test he scored a patient 118 after being saved by a third umpire referral at 64 . This , along with a century from Ian Bell , gave England their only Test win of the drawn series with an innings margin . Despite a meagre performance in the rest of the series , it was quickly announced that England 's 2010 tour against Bangladesh would see Strauss rested , with Cook taking on the captaincy role in the Test and One - Day teams as , what national selector Geoff Miller , `` an audition for future engagements '' . In his first Test as captain in Chittagong , Cook led the team to a win , despite a strong rearguard from Bangladesh , with the top score in both innings . Scoring a century in the first , in the second innings he accumulated 4,000 Test which coincided with teammate Collingwood achieving the same . At 25 years , 79 days Cook became the youngest Englishman to reach this amount and the second youngest worldwide after Indian veteran Sachin Tendulkar who was 24 years , 224 days old . In the second Test , Cook scored the winning runs in a nine wicket win , having scored another century . By virtue of being captain , Cook returned to England 's ODI squad for the first time since 2008 and led the team as an opening batsmen to a three win whitewash with respectable scores . After England 's successful tour of Bangladesh , Bangladesh came to tour England with Strauss returning as captain and Cook being omitted once more for the short format . Cook was unable to reproduce the good from he showed as captain , making scores of seven and 23 in the first Test before being dismissed for 29 in the second Test between the two sides . 2010 -- 11 : Pakistan and Australia ( edit ) Later in the summer Pakistan toured England also . In the first Test Cook was unimpressive , making scores of 8 and twelve , although England went on to win the match by 354 runs . Cook 's form did not improve in the next match where he made scores of 17 and four . It took until the fifth Test of the summer and the third Test against Pakistan for Cook to pass 50 , scoring 110 in a losing cause against Pakistan . Before then , he had come in for much scrutiny , especially regarding his technique outside off - stump , and many considered his place to be under - threat . His timely century secured his place for the last Test , although he only scored 10 in an innings win by England , further putting his place into question heading into the winter tour of Australia . Cook and his fellow England teammates celebrate in the field as Chris Tremlett takes the winning wicket in the 2010 - 11 Ashes series . Although there were still concerns about Cook 's form and technique ahead of the 2010 - 11 Ashes series , Cook answered his critics in the best way possible . Following a century in one of the warm - up games , Cook opened his series account with 67 as England won the toss and batted at the Gabba in Brisbane . After surrendering a first - innings deficit of 221 , Cook fought back with fellow - opener Strauss and Jonathan Trott . Strauss scored 110 as England scored 188 for the first wicket . With this partnership , Cook and Strauss became England 's highest scoring opening partners across their four years together , beating an eighty - year - old record set by Jack Hobbs and Herbert Sutcliffe ; albeit taking 44 more innings to do so . Cook was joined by Trott and they scored an unbeaten partnership of 329 ; Cook recorded his first double - century in first class cricket , finishing on 235 not out , and Trott scored 135 not out before England declared on 517 -- 1 . Cook 's 235 * overtook Don Bradman 's record score at the ground and several other records were set in that innings . In the second Test at Adelaide , Cook scored another century , his 15th , which saw him match Bradman in scoring 15 centuries before his 26th birthday . Cook broke Wally Hammond 's record of runs scored without being out and Nasser Hussain 's record of most minutes at the crease without being out , before being caught behind off an inside edge for 148 after over 1,000 minutes of being at the crease . Cook , along with his teammates in a losing effort , performed poorly in the third Test but contributed to an innings victory in the fourth , becoming the series ' leading run scorer after scoring 82 . In the fifth and final Test , Cook twice survived being given out by debutant Michael Beer , the first from a no ball and the second ( at 99 runs ) after the third umpire confirmed the onfield decision that the ball had not carried . Eventually caught by Michael Hussey , his score of 189 saw him reach 5,000 Test runs in his career while in the series alone he amounted over 36 hours at the crease , a world record in a five Test series and an English record even including six Test series , as well as scoring 766 runs to become England 's second highest series scorer behind 906 by Wally Hammond 80 years previous . At the end of the final Test , Cook was presented with both the Man of the Match and Man of the Series awards . Cook in the 2010 -- 11 Ashes series No . Venue 1st Inns 2nd Inns Match Result Brisbane 67 235 * Match drawn Adelaide 148 England won by inns & 71 runs Perth 32 13 Australia won by 267 runs Melbourne 82 England won by inns & 157 runs 5 Sydney 189 England won by inns & 83 runs Total 766 runs , ave. 127.66 , 3 centuries , 2 fifties 2011 : World Cup , Sri Lanka and India ( edit ) Following England 's quarter - final departure from the 2011 World Cup , Andrew Strauss resigned the ODI captaincy and Cook was named his successor , despite not having featured in an ODI since leading the side in Bangladesh . In addition to Cook 's promotion , seam bowler Stuart Broad was named captain of the Twenty20 side and England went into the home series with Sri Lanka with different captains for each format of the game . In the Test series against Sri Lanka Cook made 133 in the first Test of the series to help England take a 1 -- 0 lead . His good form continues into the next match where he made scores of 96 and 106 . In the final match of the series Cook made 55 in his only innings of the match , meaning he had scored two centuries and two half centuries in his four innings . Cook 's first game as full - time captain against Sri Lanka at the Oval saw England victorious by 110 runs . England went on to win the series 3 -- 2 , with Cook top scoring for England in the series with 298 runs in five matches . This performance also led to an ODI player of the series award . Cook was expected to be a key player when England met India , with the series winners taking over the world number one spot . Although Cook failed to make a significant score in the first game , England won the match to go 1 -- 0 up . Cook only scored seven runs in the entire match in the next game , although England again won to go 2 -- 0 up . In the third match of the series Cook hit a brilliant 294 to help England win the game by an innings and clinch the World 's number one spot . In the final match of the series he made 34 as England won the series 4 -- 0 . In the second ODI Cook made an unbeaten 80 to help guide England to victory . After making scores of 23 and 12 in the next two matches , Cook finished off the series in good form , making 50 in the final game as England won by six wickets . England then travelled to India for a limited overs series overseas . Cook scored 60 in the first match but England lost by 126 runs . He scored just 13 runs in the next three games , which included being dismissed for a duck . In the final match of the series he returned to form , making 60 . However , England again lost and suffered a 5 -- 0 series defeat . 2012 : Pakistan , Sri Lanka and West Indies ( edit ) In the winter of 2012 , England struggled in Test matches in the sub continent . They were beaten by Pakistan in the first match of the series , with Cook being dismissed for single figures in both innings . He made 94 in the next game , the only time he passed 50 in the tour , but it was not enough to prevent England losing the match and going 2 -- 0 down . Cook was out cheaply in the first innings as England were again bowled out for less than 200 , and although he made 49 in the next innings it was n't enough to prevent another England defeat . In the first Test against Sri Lanka England 's form showed no sign of improving and they lost the first match of the series , with Cook being dismissed for a duck in the first innings . With the pressure on England going into the final match of the two Test series , Cook returned to his best , making 94 in the first innings before hitting an unbeaten 49 to help England level the series at 1 -- 1 . Back at home against the West Indies , Cook continued to perform well , hitting a half century in the first match of the series . England went on to win the match by five wickets . They also won the next match of the series , with Cook performing well and making an unbeaten 43 in England 's second innings to help guide them to victory . The final match of the series ended in a draw . After being dismissed for a duck in the first ODI , Cook made a superb 112 in the second to help England win the match by 8 wickets . 2012 -- 13 : South Africa and India ( edit ) England struggled in the three match series against South Africa , eventually losing the series 2 -- 0 . Cook started the series well , making yet another century in the first innings of the first match between the two sides . However , he was dismissed for a duck in the second innings as South Africa took a 1 -- 0 lead . The next match ended in a draw , with Cook making decent contributions , despite failing to pass fifty . The third match was over shadowed when Kevin Pietersen was dropped following an argument with senior England players . Cook scored just ten runs in the match as England lost to lose the series 2 -- 0 and lose their spot at the top of the Test rankings . Cook had an unsuccessful ODI series , the only 50 he made coming in the final match of the series . England lost the match and series finished 2 -- 2 . Cook batting during the third Test during the 2013 Ashes in England . England won the series 3 -- 0 ; it was Cook 's first Ashes series as captain . On 29 August 2012 , Cook became England 's Test captain after previous Test captain Andrew Strauss retired from all forms of cricket . Cook , who captained England in Bangladesh for two Tests in a previous series , took charge of England for the Test series against India in the winter of 2012 . In each of the first three Tests -- the first a defeat and the second a ten - wicket victory -- he scored a century . This , together with a century in each of the aforementioned two Tests in Bangladesh , gave Cook five centuries in five Tests as captain , a record number . His scores on the tour also included 119 and 97 in the warm - up matches . The ten - wicket victory in the second Test was lauded by the media as one of England 's greatest victories , and Cook 's run of hundreds brought him level with the English Test record for most centuries . On 6 December 2012 , Cook became England 's leading scorer of centuries after making a hundred against India in Kolkata . On 7 December 2012 he captained England to its first Test series victory on Indian soil since 1984 -- 85 , as well as overtaking Mike Gatting as England 's highest ever run scorer in India Cook continued his impressive form in the ODI series , scoring 75 in the first match , which helped England win the game . Cook was less impressive in the next two games as India took a lead in the series after winning both games . Cook made 74 in the fourth game but England still lost and India took an unassailable 3 -- 1 series lead . England won the last game meaning the series had finished 3 -- 2 to India , meaning the tour was seen as a success and the transition from Strauss to Cook was seen as a smooth one . 2013 : New Zealand and Champions Trophy ( edit ) After the tour of India , Cook led England in New Zealand . In the second ODI , Cook hit 78 to guide England to victory and level the series 1 -- 1 . England clinched the series by winning the decider , in which Cook made 46 to secure the series for England . In the first Test match , Cook made a century to help England battle to a draw after a poor showing in the first innings . Cook was not at his best in the final two games of the two , although the nature of the wickets meant that the batsmen found it easy to score runs , and so the series ended 0 -- 0 . Despite the pitches , many had expected England to win the series and the draw was seen as a disappointment . Cook led England in the 2013 Champions trophy , and they won their first game against Australia . It was also Cook 's first game as captain against Australia . Cook made 59 against Sri Lanka , but England lost the game meaning they were not assured of their place in the next round . Cook top scored with 64 as England narrowly beat New Zealand to book their place in the semi final . After beating South Africa in the semi finals , England played India in the final in what turned out to be a rain affected match . Despite restricting India to 129 in 20 overs , England lost the match by 5 runs , leaving them as runners up . In the first Test against New Zealand on home soil , Cook got made good starts in both innings but was unable to convert these scores past fifty . Despite this England won the Test match . In the second match , Cook returned to form , making 130 and leading England to a 2 -- 0 series win . This meant that England remained undefeated in Test series under Cook , winning two and drawing one . Cook played in the ODI series , despite calls for him to be rested ahead of the Ashes . He made scores of 30 , 34 and 0 in the three match series , with England losing 2 -- 1 . 2013 -- 14 : back to back Ashes series ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 2013 home Ashes series marked Cook 's first Ashes series as captain . England went into the series as strong favourites , with Australia recently having parted company with their coach . England won the first Test , with Cook making 50 in England 's second innings to help them set Australia a competitive target to win the game . They were bowled out for 296 , meaning England won the match by 14 runs . Although Cook only managed 20 runs in the next match , England cruised to victory , winning by 347 runs . The third match ended in a draw , with Cook scoring 62 in the first innings , but being dismissed for a duck in the second . The fourth Test saw England win the series after winning the match and taking a 3 -- 0 series lead . The final match ended in a draw , with Cook failing to pass fifty in either of his innings . Despite this , Cook was generally praised for the way he had led the side . In the ODI series , Cook and Flower decided to rest several of England 's Test players to ensure they were fit for the series in Australia . Cook himself played no part in the series , being replaced in the side by Michael Carberry . England and Cook suffered a complete whitewash when they travelled to Australia for the 2013 -- 14 Ashes series . They were heavily defeated in the first Test , losing by 381 runs . Cook top - scored in England 's second innings with 65 but it was n't enough as England slumped to defeat . The second match saw a similar humiliation as England lost by 218 runs . England surrendered the urn after losing the third Test , giving Australia a 3 -- 0 series lead . Cook made 72 in the first innings but was dismissed for a duck in the second as England lost their third straight match by over 100 runs . The fourth Test saw Cook make another 50 , but it was n't enough to prevent another heavy defeat . England lost the final match and the series 5 -- 0 , with questions being asked of Cook 's captaincy . Cook captained England in the ODI series but was unable to make a big contribution as England went 2 -- 0 down . Cook scored 35 in the third match as England finally won their first game of the tour . However , they went on to lose the series 4 -- 1 . Upon returning from Australia , Andy Flower resigned but Cook vowed to continue as captain and was later backed by the ECB to help to mould a new England team . 2014 : Sri Lanka and India ( edit ) Cook continued in his role as captain for the home series against Sri Lanka . In the first ODI of the series he made just 11 runs . He followed this up with an unbeaten 30 in the third match and guided England to a ten wicket victory . He was out for just one in the next match as Sri Lanka levelled the series at 2 -- 2 . In the deciding match Cook made 56 , his first half century of the summer , although it was not enough to prevent England losing the series 3 -- 2 . Cook continued to struggle for form in the Test series against Sri Lanka , scoring 17 and 28 as England drew the game . Cook was also criticised for not declaring earlier and not giving his bowlers enough time to win the game . England lost the next match , with Cook again failing to pass fifty in either innings , with his high score in the match being 33 in the second innings . Alastair Cook Batting for Essex CCC in 2014 Cook went into the Test series against India under pressure following the defeat to Sri Lanka . In the first Test he scored just five runs . However , as the match edged towards a draw , he collected his maiden Test wicket of Ishant Sharma when he was bowling medium pace . Cook 's poor form continued in the second Test when he made scores of 10 and 22 as England lost the game to go 1 -- 0 down in the series . On 27 July , in the third Test against India at the Rose Bowl , Cook scored 95 in the first innings which showed that he was getting back in form with confidence before getting out to Ravindra Jadeja . He then went on to score 70 not out in second innings before declaring as England won the match to level the series . Although he only made 17 in the next match , his captaincy was praised as England won the game by an innings to take a 2 -- 1 series lead . Cook made 79 in the final match of the series , which England again won to seal the series 3 -- 1 . Following the win , Cook revealed he had considered his position as captain but was convinced by his wife to continue . After the first match of the ODI series was rained off , Cook made 19 in the second ODI as England suffered a defeat . They went 2 -- 0 down in the series after losing the next game , although Cook batted well , making 44 . He made just 9 in the next match as India clinched the series 3 -- 0 . Following the defeat questions were asked over Cook 's role in the ODI team . However , the team bounced back to win the final game of the series in convincing fashion , with Cook making 46 . Cook captained England for the ODI tour of Sri Lanka . However , he did not perform well in the first two matches , making scores of 10 and 22 as England lost both games . England won the third match , with Cook making 34 , although he was later banned for the next game due to a slow over rate . In the fifth match he scored 20 , as England won to keep the series alive . However , they lost the last two games , with Cook making scores of 1 and 32 . The 5 -- 2 series defeat lead to questions over Cook 's leadership of the team . On 19 December 2014 , Cook was removed as one - day captain , and replaced by Eoin Morgan . This was primarily due to his poor form in ODI cricket . 2015 : West Indies and New Zealand ( edit ) Cook continued his captaincy of the Test team , having not scored a century since May 2013 . In the first Test of the three - Test series , Cook registered scores of only 11 and 13 , in an otherwise strong performance from England . The match finished in a draw . Cook took advantage of favourable batting conditions in the following Test , making 76 in an opening partnership of 125 in England 's first innings with Jonathan Trott . It was England 's first century opening partnership since March 2013 , and Cook 's innings took him past Alec Stewart to become England 's second - highest run - scorer in Tests . In the second innings , Cook made 59 * in a comfortable run chase to win the Test by nine wickets and help England to secure 1 -- 0 lead in the three match series . In the third Test in Barbados , Cook scored 105 in England 's first innings , his first Test century in almost two years . However he made only 4 in the second innings , as England slumped to 123 all out . West Indies comfortably chased the runs they needed to gain a victory , making the final result for the series 1 -- 1 . The English team then welcomed the Black Caps in May , with the first Test of the two - match series at Lord 's . In the first Test , Cook continued his resurgence with his 27th century in Tests , scoring 162 in the second innings as England ultimately made 478 all out . England went on to win the game by 124 runs to go 1 -- 0 up in the series . Cook continued his good form in the second Test . He made 75 in England 's first innings as they posted 350 to equal New Zealand 's first innings score . New Zealand were able to build up a big lead in their second innings , and although Cook made 56 in the final innings in the match , England lost the match by 199 runs and the series finished tied at 1 -- 1 . During the second Test , he became England 's leading run scorer in Test matches , as well as the first England player to score 9,000 runs in Tests and the first to score 1,000 Test runs against five different nations . 2015 Ashes ( edit ) Cook captained England in the 2015 Ashes series , and although England won the first game , Cook could only manage scores of 20 in the first innings and 12 in the second . England lost the second Test by 405 runs , but Cook was one of the few England batsman to show any resistance , scoring 96 in England 's first innings . With the series level Cook made 34 in England 's first innings of the third Test and England went on to win the game by eight wickets . England won the fourth Test by an innings and 78 runs , meaning Cook only needed to bat once , scoring 43 in England 's first innings . With the Ashes won , Cook was praised for his captaincy and he gave an emotional interview following the victory . England lost the final match of the series , but Cook was again one of few England batsmen to show any resistance with the bat as he scored 85 in their second innings . Despite the loss , England won the series 3 -- 2 and Cook celebrated his second Ashes win as captain . 2015 Pakistan ( edit ) Cook scored his third double - century and 28th Test ton ( 263 ) against Pakistan in first Test at Abu Dhabi in October 2015 in 836 minutes : the longest innings by an Englishman and 3rd longest of all time , facing 528 balls . In doing so he also became the all - time highest non-Asian run scorer in Asia , overtaking Jacques Kallis ' 2,039 runs . Despite Cook 's brilliant innings , England were unable to force a victory , running out of time after bad light stopped play . In the second Test Cook scored 65 in the first innings as England posted 242 . With England chasing down a big target to win in the second innings , Cook could only manage 10 and Pakistan won the match by 127 runs . England need to win the third Test to have any chance of winning the series and despite taking a first innings lead which Cook contributed 49 to , Pakistan batted well in the second innings and England were dismissed for 256 in their second innings , meaning the lost the series 2 -- 0 , despite Cook scoring 63 . 2015 / 16 South Africa ( edit ) In the Test series against South Africa , Cook made a duck in the first innings of the first Test , but England recovered to post 303 . England went on to win the game by 241 runs thanks to a strong bowling performance . In the second Test Cook again failed to make a major impression , scoring just 35 runs in the entire match in what proved to be a high scoring draw . Cook started to show some form in the third Test . He scored 43 in England 's second innings total of 74 -- 3 , as England won the game by seven wickets after dismissing South Africa for just 83 in their second innings . In the final Test of the series , which England had already won , Cook made 76 in the first innings . However , England collapsed in the second innings and only made 101 , with Cook being dismissed for five . Despite this , England won the series 2 -- 1 with Cook captaining England to the historic victory . 2016 Sri Lanka ( edit ) In the first Test against Sri Lanka , Cook could only make 16 but England went on to win the match by an innings and 88 runs . In the second Test , left handed batsman created history on 30 May 2016 in the second Test against Sri Lanka to become the youngest batsman to score 10000 Test runs beating Sachin Tendulkar 's 11 - year - old record . The 31 - year - old broke the record on the fourth day of the second Test match against Sri Lanka at Chester Le Street . He became the 12th international cricketer to reach the landmark and the first Englishman . He scored 47 in England 's second innings to help England to a convincing nine wicket victory . In the first innings of the third Test , he scored 85 to help England to 416 . He came in down the order for England 's second innings after being injured in the field and made an unbeaten 49 . Rain on the final day meant the match finished in a draw , with England winning the series 2 -- 0 . 2016 Pakistan ( edit ) Cook broke India great Sunil Gavaskar 's record of 9,607 for the most runs as a Test opener while making 81 against Pakistan in the first Test at Lord 's . However , Cook could only make eight in the second innings and England lost the opening Test by 75 runs . On 22 July 2016 , Alastair Cook equalled Don Bradman 's record of having hit 29 Test centuries when he scored 105 on the opening day of the 2nd Test against Pakistan at Old Trafford . He chose not to enforce the follow - on when England were far ahead in the second Test -- but was vindicated by an England victory , with Cook scoring an unbeaten 76 in England 's second innings . In the third Test he made scores of 45 and 66 and England won by 141 runs to go 2 -- 1 up in the series . However , England lost the final match , with Cook scoring 35 in the first innings before making seven in the second innings as England lost by 10 wickets and the series ended in a 2 -- 2 tie . 2016 Bangladesh ( edit ) In the first Test against Bangladesh , Cook scored 4 in the first innings and then made 12 in the second . Despite his low scores , England won by 21 runs . In the second Test Cook made 14 in the first innings , and although he made 59 in the second , England were bowled out for 164 to lose the match by 108 runs and draw the series 1 -- 1 . 2016 India ( edit ) In the first Test against India Cook made 21 in the first innings before making 130 in England 's second innings total of 260 / 3 , although England were unable to force a victory , with the match ending in a draw . In the second Test he made 2 in the first innings , before going on to score 54 in England 's second innings total of 158 , as England lost by 246 runs . In the third Test , Cook made 27 in the first innings before making 12 in the second innings , as England lost the match by eight wickets . In the fourth Test Cook made 46 in England 's first innings total of 400 , but was out for 18 in the second innings as England were bowled out for 195 and lost the match by an innings and 36 runs . In the final Test , Cook made 10 in the first innings as England scored 477 , but India gained a first innings lead after scoring 759 / 7 . Cook made 49 in England 's second innings as they were dismissed for 207 to lose by an innings and 75 runs . A month and half after the end of the series , Cook stood down as Test captain , having captained the team in an English record of 59 Tests . 2017 South Africa ( edit ) The first Test at Lord 's was Cook 's first under the new captain , Joe Root . Cook did n't score a century in the series but was reliable with three 50s . England won the 4 Test series 3 -- 1 with the only loss at Trent Bridge . Cook 's top scored in the second innings there with 42 , with no other England batsmen offering much resistance . Outside cricket ( edit ) Cook has written a column in The Daily Telegraph and Metro . He used his skill with the saxophone to contribute to Freefonix , a CBBC animated series with music - based adventures . Cook has donated his time to various charities including taking part in The Great City Race for Breakthrough Breast Cancer and modelled naked alongside fellow cricketers James Anderson and Stuart Broad to help raise awareness for testicular cancer on behalf of the Everyman Campaign . Alastair is an active patron of the David Randall Foundation , a charity that carries the name of his childhood friend and opening partner at Maldon CC & Essex age group sides . Much of the proceeds from his 2014 Benefit Year went to this charity . In December 2011 Cook married Alice Hunt , whom he had known since childhood . The couple 's daughter Elsie was born on 3 April 2014 . On 13 October 2016 he was allowed to miss a tour game in Bangladesh to be present at the birth of the second child , Isabelle . Cook helps maintain a farm near Leighton Buzzard , and has described farming and cricket as the two passions in his life , stating that `` They are both my passions and not many people can say what they do for their job or their life is what they love doing all the time '' . Cook is a fan of hunting and deer stalking . Cook and Anderson have taken part in an exhibition darts series against James Anderson , with Cook winning both 1 - Leg shootouts , and leads the series 2 -- 0 . Achievements ( edit ) Main article : List of international cricket centuries by Alastair Cook Test cricket ( edit ) An innings - by - innings breakdown of Cook 's Test match batting career , showing runs scored ( blue and orange bars ) and career batting average ( red line ) . Orange signifies not out . An image showing a 10 innings moving average is also available . Both are current as at 24 January 2012 . Performance against each opponent ( edit ) As of 24 July 2017 : Opponent Matches Innings Not out Runs High Score 100 50 Average Australia 30 55 2,177 235 * 11 39.20 Bangladesh 6 11 490 173 49.00 India 25 45 2,104 294 6 8 50.09 New Zealand 13 23 0 1,024 162 44.52 Pakistan 18 33 1,602 263 5 7 50.06 South Africa 17 32 0 1,112 118 8 34.75 Sri Lanka 16 28 1,290 133 7 53.75 West Indies 18 31 5 1,678 243 6 8 64.54 TOTAL 145 262 15 11,568 294 31 55 46.83 Records ( edit ) March 2006 : Sixteenth Englishman to score a century on his debut , fifth to combine it with a half century . December 2006 : Only Englishman to score 4 centuries before his 22nd birthday . May 2007 : Only Englishman ( second worldwide ) to score 1,000 runs in maiden year . December 2007 : Only Englishman to score 7 centuries before his 23rd birthday . February 2009 : England 's record opening stand against West Indies ( 229 with Andrew Strauss ) . November 2010 : England 's record partnership in Australia , world record partnership and innings at the Gabba ( 329 with Jonathan Trott , 235 not out ) . December 2010 : England 's record for runs scored and time spent at the crease between dismissals ( 383 runs in 1,053 minutes ) . January 2011 : World record for time spent batting in a five Test series , second most series runs by an Englishman ( 2,171 minutes ( 36 hours ) , 766 runs ) . December 2012 : Most Test centuries for England ( broke the record at 23 centuries ) . December 2012 : First captain worldwide to score a century in first five Tests . December 2012 : England 's highest run scorer in India ( 866 runs ) . May 2015 : Most Test runs for England ( broke the record at 8,901 runs ) . August 2015 : First England cricketer to be involved in 50 Test wins . October 2015 : Longest England Test innings ( 836 minutes ) , third longest of all time . October 2015 : Became the all - time highest non-Asian run scorer in Asia . October 2016 : England 's most capped player in Tests , surpassing Alec Stewart 's record of 134 . November 2016 : England 's most capped Test captain , surpassing Mike Atherton 's record of 54 . November 2016 : Most Test centuries by England skipper , surpassing Graham Gooch 's record of 11 . Youngest Englishman to score 2,000 , 3,000 , 4,000 , 5,000 and 6,000 Test runs . Youngest player ( from any country ) to score 7,000 , 8,000 , 9,000 , 10,000 and 11,000 runs in Test cricket . International recognition ( edit ) 2003 NBC Denis Compton Award NBC Denis Compton Award 2005 NBC Denis Compton Award CWC Young Cricketer of the Year PCA Young Cricketer of the Year 2006 NBC Denis Compton Award PCA Young Cricketer of the Year 2011 Freedom of the City of London Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) ICC Test Player of The Year ICC World Test XI Opening Batsmen 2012 Wisden Cricketer of the Year ICC World Test XI opening batsman ICC World ODI XI opening batsman 2013 ICC World Test XI captain 2016 Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) International awards ( edit ) Test cricket ( edit ) Man of the series awards ( edit ) # Series Season Series Performance Result The Ashes 2010 -- 11 2010 / 11 766 runs . 5 ct. ( 5 Matches ) England won the series 3 -- 1 . England in India 2012 / 13 562 runs . 2 ct. ( 4 Matches ) England won the series 2 -- 1 . New Zealand in England 2015 309 runs . ( 2 Matches ) Drawn . Man of the match awards ( edit ) In this table Ct. , refers to the Catches # Series Season Match Performance Result 1st Test -- West Indies in England Test Series 2007 1st Innings -- 105 ( 196 balls , 10x4 ) ; 1 ct . 2nd Innings -- 65 ( 125 balls , 8x4 ) Drawn . 1st Test -- The Ashes 2010 Test Series 2010 / 11 1st Innings -- 67 ( 169 balls , 6x4 ) , 2 ct. ; 0 / 2 . 2nd Innings -- 235 * ( 428 balls , 26x4 ) . Drawn . 5th Test -- The Ashes 2010 Test Series 2010 / 11 1st Innings -- 189 ( 342 balls , 16x4 ) . 2nd Innings -- DNB . England won by an innings and 83 runs . 3rd Test -- India in England Test Series 2011 1st Innings -- 294 ( 545 balls , 33x4 ) ; 1 ct . 2nd Innings -- DNB . England won by an innings and 242 runs . 5 3rd Test -- England in India Test Series 2012 / 13 1st Innings -- 190 ( 377 balls , 23x4 , 2x6 ) ; 1 ct . 2nd Innings -- 1 ( 4 balls ) ; 1 ct . England won by 7 wickets . 6 1st Test -- England vs Pakistan in UAE Test Series 2015 / 16 1st Innings -- 1 ct. 263 ( 528 balls , 18x4 ) 2nd Innings -- DNB Match Drawn . 7 1st Test -- West Indies in England Test Series 2017 1st Innings -- 2 ct. 243 ( 407 balls , 33x4 ) 2nd Innings -- DNB England won by an innings and 209 runs . One - Day International Cricket ( edit ) Man of the series awards ( edit ) # Series Season Series Performance Result Sri Lanka in England 2011 298 runs , 2 ct. ( 5 Matches ) England Won the series 3 -- 2 . England vs Pakistan in UAE 2011 / 12 323 runs , 1 ct. ( 4 Matches ) England Won the series 4 -- 0 . Man of the Match awards ( edit ) # Opponent Venue Date Match Performance Result Sri Lanka R Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 10 October 2007 80 ( 123 balls , 6x4 ) England won by 5 wickets . Sri Lanka Trent Bridge , Nottingham 6 July 2011 95 * ( 75 balls , 16x4 ) England won by 10 wickets . India The Rose Bowl , Southampton 6 September 2011 80 * ( 63 balls , 5x4 , 1x6 ) England won by 7 wickets . Pakistan Sheikh Zayed Stadium , Abu Dhabi 13 February 2012 137 ( 142 balls , 14x4 ) ; 1 ct . England won by 130 runs . 5 Pakistan Sheikh Zayed Stadium , Abu Dhabi 15 February 2012 102 ( 121 balls , 10x4 ) England won by 20 runs . 6 West Indies The Oval , London 19 June 2012 112 ( 120 balls , 13x4 , 1x6 ) England won by 8 wickets . 7 New Zealand Sophia Gardens , Cardiff 16 June 2013 64 ( 47 balls , 4x4 , 2x6 ) England won by 10 runs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cook and Broad honoured England and Wales Cricket Board ( ECB ) -- The Official Website of the ECB '' . www.ecb.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` We 'll remember Cook for his love of cricket '' . Jump up ^ Brett , Oliver ( 9 June 2007 ) . `` Cook hundred keeps England on top '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 24 August 2007 . Retrieved 26 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pringle , Derek ( 5 January 2011 ) . `` Alastair Cook tames Australia in their own back yard and nurdles his way into English folklore '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` England end 28 - year drought with 2 -- 1 win '' . Wisden India . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` India v England : record - breaker Alastair Cook scores 23rd Test century to put tourists firmly in control of third Test '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes : Alastair Cook reaches milestone as England extend lead at Melbourne Cricket Ground Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . Dnaindia.com. 2013 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Selvey . `` Ashes 2013 -- 14 : Alastair Cook joins 8,000 - run club faster than Tendulkar Sport '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` No. 59808 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 11 June 2011 . p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andrew Strauss and Alastair Cook lead Birthday Honours list '' . BBC . 10 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No. 61608 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 11 June 2016 . p . B8 . Jump up ^ `` Alastair Cook : Captain becomes England 's leading Test run scorer '' . BBC . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alastair Cook breaks Sachin Tendulkar 's record to become youngest player to reach 10000 Test runs '' . SportsCafe.in. 2016 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Alastair Cook : England captain passes 10,000 Test runs -- youngest in history '' . 30 May 2016 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Bangladesh , 1st Test : Bangladesh v England at Chittagong , Oct 20 , 2016 '' . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` England Test captain Alastair Cook steps down '' . ecb.co.uk . ecb.co.uk. 2017 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cook joins up with the Taffia '' . Wales Online . 8 October 2006 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Roper , Matt ( 7 January 2011 ) . `` Alastair Cook : The choirboy who slayed the Aussies '' . Daily Mirror . UK . Archived from the original on 2 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilde , Simon ( 11 November 2007 ) . `` Like father , like son for Broads '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fay , Stephen ( 16 April 2006 ) . `` The clamour grows throughout the land : pick Cook now '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 1 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Simon ( 26 January 2008 ) . `` Alastair Cook hits right pitch at BBC '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Alastair Cook , Starting Out -- My Story So Far ( autobiography ) , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Andy ( 30 November 2010 ) . `` The Ashes 2010 : Alastair Cook was a natural at 13 , says Derek Randall '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` England 's guardian joins 10K club '' . ^ Jump up to : Llewellyn , David ( 10 November 2005 ) . `` Cook 's cup runs over with youthful zest and talent '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket at Bedford '' . Bedford School . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ECB profile '' . England and Wales Cricket Board . Retrieved 28 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Essex v Nottinghamshire in 2003 '' . Cricket Archive . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Fay , Stephen ( 14 September 2003 ) . `` Essex must wait for Cook to rescue them from the old pros ' stew '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Lyles , Christopher ( 14 September 2003 ) . `` Young guns blaze resistance for Essex '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Brett ( 4 February 2004 ) . `` Essex boys in the spotlight '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Essex v Leicestershire in 2004 '' . Cricket Archive . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bears beaten by magnificent MCC '' . BBC . 11 April 2005 . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tour match : Essex v Australians at Chelmsford , 3 -- 4 Sep 2005 '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Gough , Martin ( 27 September 2005 ) . `` Cook gives glimpse of future '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cook called up as cover for Vaughan '' . Cricinfo. 9 November 2005 . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` County Championship Division Two , 2006 Highest Batting Averages '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Newman , Paul ( 2013 - 06 - 23 ) . `` India win Champions Trophy after beating England by five runs at Edgbaston Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Samson , Pete ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) . `` England lose ODI series as Buttler is controversially run out Other Sport UFC , Golf , Cricket , Tennis & More '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Stephen Brenkley ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) . `` England v Sri Lanka report : England lose incredible Test on penultimate ball of the series -- Cricket -- Sport '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Alastair Cook removed as England one - day captain '' . BBC Sport. 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` England v Pakistan : Alastair Cook moves level with Donald Bradman with 29th Test century '' . Jump up ^ `` England 's Don ! Alastair Cook level with Sir Bradman with 29th Test century '' . Jump up ^ Hoult , Nick ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` England v Pakistan : Alastair Cook hits back at critics in follow - on row '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook , Alastair ( 23 November 2010 ) . `` Alastair Cook ready to guide England to Ashes glory in Australia '' . metro.co.uk . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England cricket star Alastair Cook sets the pace for the 2008 Standard Chartered Great City Race '' ( PDF ) . City Race. 1 May 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 March 2009 . Retrieved 4 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stuart Broad , James Anderson and Alastair Cook naked -- for charity mate '' . The Village Cricketer. 9 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alastair Cook 's wedding with a difference '' . BBC Sport. 1 January 2012 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alastair Cook marks first ton for five months with baby celebration '' . Guardian . 14 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Victoria Ward ( 20 March 2016 ) . `` Alastair Cook describes how farming and cricket are his two big passions '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` International cricket star Alastair Cook goes deer stalking '' . Shooting UK . Shooting UK . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ ecb.co.uk ( 2014 - 12 - 23 ) , Alastair Cook v James Anderson -- cricket meets darts , Alexandra Palace , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 Jump up ^ ecb.co.uk ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) , Alastair Cook v James Anderson -- Darts Rematch , Winter Gardens , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / AN Cook / Test matches '' . ESPN . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Howstat . `` Alastair N Cook -- Test Cricket '' . Howstat Computing Services . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / AN Cook / Test matches '' . ESPN CricInfo . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / AN Cook / Test matches '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Frindall , Bill ( 11 August 2006 ) . `` Stump the Bearded Wonder No 128 '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Viner , Brian ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` Alastair Cook : ' We do n't want an attitude of `` let 's do our two weeks and get out of here '' ' `` . The Independent . UK . Archived from the original on 21 February 2009 . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` India v England in numbers '' . BBC . 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alastair Cook is England 's all - time leading Test run scorer '' . Sky Sports . 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ ESPNcricinfo Staff ( 29 December 2010 ) . `` Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Batting records-Most Test wins '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 8 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Etheridge , John ( 4 January 2011 ) . `` Cook is better than Pietersen '' . The Sun . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alastair Cook : England captain scores 10,000 Test runs -- youngest in history '' . BBC . 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The NBC Denis Compton Awards '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flintoff named Player of the Year ... again '' . Cricinfo. 27 September 2005 . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cook 's latest honour close to home '' . England and Wales Cricket Board . 13 January 2011 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Trott beats Alastair Cook , Tendulkar and Amla to cricket award '' . BBC . 12 September 2011 . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Nick , Hoult ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Alastair Cook named one of Wisden 's cricketers of the year alongside Tim Bresnan , Glen Chapple , Alan Richardson and Kumar Sangakkara '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Sport , Telegraph ( 30 August 2012 ) . `` New England captain Alastair Cook named in ICC team - of - year '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni named captain of ICC ODI team , Kohli , Gambhir in XI '' . Hindustan Times . 14 September 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alastair Cook & James Anderson on ICC cricketer award shortlist '' . BBC . 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's Birthday Honours 2016 '' . GOV.UK . Cabinet Office . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of India , 2012 / 13 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of England , 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England and Ireland , 2007 -- Scorecard of 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 -- Scorecard of 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 -- Scorecard of 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of England , 2011 -- Scorecard of 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of India , 2012 / 13 -- Scorecard of 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan v England Test Series , 2015 -- 16 -- Scorecard of 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies in England Test Series , 2017 -- Scorecard of 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of England and Scotland , 2011 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of United Arab Emirates , 2011 / 12 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Sri Lanka , 2007 / 08 -- Scorecard of 4th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of England and Scotland , 2011 -- Scorecard of 4th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of England , 2011 -- Scorecard of 2nd match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of United Arab Emirates , 2011 / 12 -- Scorecard of 1st match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of United Arab Emirates , 2011 / 12 -- Scorecard of 2nd match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Ireland , 2011 -- Scorecard of 2nd match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Champions Trophy , 2013 -- Scorecard of 11th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alastair Cook . Alastair Cook at ESPNcricinfo Alastair Cook 's profile page on Wisden Alastair Cook at CricketArchive ( subscription required ) England Test cricket captains 1876 / 77 : Lillywhite 1878 / 79 -- 1884 : Harris 1881 / 82 : Shaw 1882 ; 1884 : Hornby 1882 / 83 : Bligh 1884 / 85 -- 1886 / 87 : Shrewsbury 1886 ; 1888 : Steel 1887 / 88 -- 1891 / 92 : Read 1888 -- 1896 ; 1899 : Grace 1888 / 89 : C.A. Smith 1888 / 89 : Bowden 1893 ; 1894 / 95 -- 1897 / 98 : Stoddart 1895 / 96 : O'Brien 1895 / 96 -- 1898 / 99 : Hawke 1897 / 98 ; 1899 -- 1909 : MacLaren 1903 / 04 -- 1905 / 06 : Warner 1905 : Jackson 1907 : Foster 1907 / 08 ; 1909 / 10 : Fane 1907 / 08 : Jones 1909 / 10 : Leveson Gower 1911 / 12 -- 1920 / 21 ; 1921 ; 1924 : Douglas 1912 : Fry 1921 : Tennyson 1922 / 23 : F. Mann 1924 -- 1924 / 25 : A. Gilligan 1926 ; 1929 : A. Carr 1926 ; 1928 -- 1930 / 31 : Chapman 1927 / 28 : Stanyforth 1927 / 28 : Stevens 1928 / 29 ; 1929 : White 1929 / 30 : H. Gilligan 1929 / 30 : Calthorpe 1930 ; 1932 / 33 ; 1933 ; 1934 -- 1935 : Wyatt 1931 -- 1933 / 34 : Jardine 1934 : Walters 1936 -- 1947 / 48 : Allen 1937 : Robins 1938 -- 1946 / 47 : Hammond 1946 / 47 ; 1947 -- 1950 : Yardley 1947 / 48 : Cranston 1948 / 49 -- 1949 : G. Mann 1949 ; 1950 ; 1950 / 51 -- 1951 : Brown 1951 / 52 : Howard 1951 / 52 : D. Carr 1952 -- 1954 / 55 : Hutton 1954 : Sheppard 1955 -- 1961 : May 1959 ; 1959 / 60 ; 1960 ; 1961 ; 1962 ; 1966 -- 1968 / 69 : M. Cowdrey 1961 / 62 -- 1964 : Dexter 1963 / 64 -- 1965 / 66 ; 1966 : M. Smith 1966 ; 1967 : Close 1968 : Graveney 1969 -- 1973 : Illingworth 1972 / 73 : Lewis 1973 / 74 -- 1974 / 75 ; 1975 : Denness 1974 / 75 : Edrich 1975 -- 1976 / 77 : Greig 1977 -- 1981 : Brearley 1977 / 78 ; 1977 / 78 : Boycott 1980 -- 1980 / 81 ; 1981 : Botham 1981 / 82 : Fletcher 1982 -- 1983 / 84 ; 1983 / 84 : Willis 1982 ; 1983 / 84 -- 1985 / 86 ; 1986 ; 1989 : Gower 1986 -- 1987 / 88 ; 1988 : Gatting 1988 : Emburey 1988 : C. Cowdrey 1988 ; 1988 -- 1993 : Gooch 1989 / 90 ; 1990 / 91 : Lamb 1992 / 93 ; 1992 / 93 -- 1998 / 99 ; 2000 ; 2001 : Stewart 1993 ; 1993 / 94 -- 1997 / 98 ; 2001 : Atherton 1999 -- 2003 : Hussain 1999 : Butcher 2003 -- 2008 : Vaughan 2004 ; 2005 / 06 : Trescothick 2006 -- 2006 / 07 : Flintoff 2006 ; 2007 ; 2008 / 09 -- 2012 : Strauss 2008 -- 2008 / 09 : Pietersen 2010 ; 2012 -- 2016 / 17 : Cook 2017 -- Root Italics denote deputised captaincy England ODI cricket captains 1970 / 71 -- 1973 : Illingworth 1972 : Close 1973 -- 1975 : Denness 1974 / 75 : Edrich 1976 : Knott 1976 : Greig 1977 -- 1979 / 80 : Brearley 1977 / 78 -- 1978 : Boycott 1978 -- 1983 / 84 : Willis 1980 -- 1981 : Botham 1981 / 82 : Fletcher 1983 / 84 -- 1989 : Gower 1984 / 85 : Gifford 1986 -- 1988 : Gatting 1986 / 87 -- 1987 : Emburey 1988 -- 1993 : Gooch 1989 / 90 -- 1990 / 91 : Lamb 1991 / 92 -- 2002 / 03 : Stewart 1993 / 94 -- 1997 : Atherton 1996 / 97 -- 2002 / 03 : Hussain 1997 / 98 -- 1998 / 99 : Hollioake 2000 / 01 : Thorpe 2001 / 02 -- 2005 : Trescothick 2003 -- 2007 : Vaughan 2005 / 06 -- 2006 / 07 : Flintoff 2005 / 06 -- 2009 : Strauss 2007 -- 2008 : Collingwood 2008 : Pietersen 2010 -- 2014 : Cook 2011 -- : Morgan 2014 : Broad 2015 : Taylor 2016 : Buttler England T20I cricket captains 2005 -- 2007 : Vaughan 2006 -- 2009 : Strauss 2007 -- 2010 : Collingwood 2009 : Cook 2011 -- 2014 : Broad 2011 : Swann 2012 -- : Morgan 2013 : Tredwell 2015 : Buttler ICC Team of the Year 2015 World Test XI David Warner ( Aus ) Alastair Cook ( c ) ( Eng ) Kane Williamson ( NZ ) Younus Khan ( Pak ) Steve Smith ( Aus ) Joe Root ( Eng ) Sarfraz Ahmed ( wk ) ( Pak ) Stuart Broad ( Eng ) Trent Boult ( NZ ) Yasir Shah ( Pak ) Josh Hazlewood ( Aus ) 12th Man : Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) World ODI XI Tillakaratne Dilshan ( SL ) Hashim Amla ( SA ) Kumar Sangakkara ( wk ) ( SL ) AB de Villiers ( c ) ( SA ) Steve Smith ( Aus ) Ross Taylor ( NZ ) Trent Boult ( NZ ) Mohammed Shami ( Ind ) Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) Mustafizur Rahman ( Ban ) Imran Tahir ( SA ) 12th Man : Joe Root ( Eng ) 2016 World Test XI David Warner ( Aus ) Alastair Cook ( c ) ( Eng ) Kane Williamson ( NZ ) Joe Root ( Eng ) Ben Stokes ( Eng ) Adam Voges ( Aus ) Jonny Bairstow ( wk ) ( Eng ) Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) Rangana Herath ( SL ) Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) Dale Steyn ( SA ) 12th man : Steve Smith ( Aus ) World ODI XI David Warner ( Aus ) Quinton de Kock ( wk ) ( SA ) Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) Virat Kohli ( c ) ( Ind ) AB de Villiers ( SA ) Jos Buttler ( Eng ) Mitchell Marsh ( Aus ) Ravindra Jadeja ( Ind ) Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) Kagiso Rabada ( SA ) Sunil Narine ( WI ) 12th man : Imran Tahir ( SA ) ICC Player of the Year Player of the Year 2004 : Dravid 2005 : Kallis / Flintoff 2006 : Ponting 2007 : Ponting 2008 : Chanderpaul 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Tendulkar 2011 : Trott 2012 : Sangakkara 2013 : Clarke 2014 : Johnson 2015 : Smith 2016 : Ashwin Test 2004 : Dravid 2005 : Kallis 2006 : Ponting 2007 : Yousuf 2008 : Steyn 2009 : Gambhir 2010 : Sehwag 2011 : Cook 2012 : Sangakkara 2013 : Clarke 2014 : Johnson 2015 : Smith 2016 : Ashwin One Day International 2004 : Flintoff 2005 : Pietersen 2006 : Hussey 2007 : Hayden 2008 : Dhoni 2009 : Dhoni 2010 : de Villiers 2011 : Sangakkara 2012 : Kohli 2013 : Sangakkara 2014 : de Villiers 2015 : de Villiers 2016 : de Kock England squad -- 2013 ICC Champions Trophy runners - up 26 Cook ( c ) 4 Trott 7 Bell 8 Broad 9 Anderson 16 Morgan 20 Bresnan 25 Finn 31 Woakes 42 Bopara 51 Bairstow 53 Tredwell 61 Root 63 Buttler ( wkt ) 66 Swann Coach : Giles Batsmen with 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket Australia Ricky Ponting ( 13,378 ) Allan Border ( 11,174 ) Steve Waugh ( 10,927 ) England Alastair Cook ( 11,629 ) India Sachin Tendulkar ( 15,921 ) Rahul Dravid ( 13,288 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 10,122 ) Pakistan Younis Khan ( 10,099 ) South Africa Jacques Kallis ( 13,289 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 12,400 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 11,814 ) West Indies Brian Lara ( 11,953 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 11,867 ) Current players are listed in italics . English cricketers who have played 100 or more Test matches Alastair Cook 147 Alec Stewart 133 James Anderson 129 Ian Bell 118 Graham Gooch 118 David Gower 117 Michael Atherton 115 Colin Cowdrey 114 Stuart Broad 109 Geoffrey Boycott 108 Kevin Pietersen 104 Ian Botham 102 Andrew Strauss 100 Graham Thorpe 100 Winners of the Compton -- Miller Medal 2005 Flintoff 2006 -- 07 Ponting 2009 Strauss 2010 -- 11 Cook 2013 Bell 2013 -- 14 Johnson 2015 Root Essex County Cricket Club -- current squad 6 Chopra 7 Foster ( wk ) 10 Browne 11 Harmer 14 Beard 16 S. Cook 21 Westley ( vc ) 22 Walter 24 Nijjar 25 Bopara 26 A. Cook 27 ten Doeschate ( c ) 28 Lawrence 30 Dixon 31 Wheater ( wk ) 44 Porter 67 Taylor 94 Quinn 99 Zaidi -- Coles -- Khushi Coach : Silverwood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alastair_Cook&oldid=803967471 '' Categories : English cricketers England Test cricketers Cricketers who made a century on Test debut England One Day International cricketers England Twenty20 International cricketers English cricketers of the 21st century Essex cricketers 1984 births Living people English people of Welsh descent People educated at Bedford School England Test cricket captains Bedfordshire cricketers Essex Cricket Board cricketers Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Wisden Cricketers of the Year Sportspeople from Gloucester People educated at St. Paul 's Cathedral School Sportspeople from Essex Freemen of the City of London Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles that may contain original research from January 2015 All articles that may contain original research Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 20 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the cricketer who made his test debut against india in 2016 | [
"Alastair Nathan Cook, CBE[1] (born 25 December 1984) is an English cricketer. A left-handed opening batsman, he is a former captain of the England Test and ODI teams. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most successful batsmen ever to play for England, and one of the most prolific batsmen of the modern era.[2] Cook played for Essex's Academy and made his debut for the first XI in 2003. He played in a variety of England's youth teams from 2000 until his call up to the Test side in 2006. He normally fields at first slip."
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"Alastair Nathan Cook"
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-997704563970206279 | History of electromagnetic theory | History of electromagnetic theory - wikipedia History of electromagnetic theory Jump to : navigation , search For a chronological guide to this subject , see Timeline of electromagnetic theory . This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series of articles about Electromagnetism Electricity Magnetism Electrostatics ( show ) Electric charge Static electricity Electric field Conductor Insulator Triboelectricity Electrostatic discharge Induction Coulomb 's law Gauss 's law Electric flux / potential energy Electric dipole moment Polarization density Magnetostatics ( show ) Ampère 's law Magnetic field Magnetization Magnetic flux Biot -- Savart law Magnetic dipole moment Gauss 's law for magnetism Electrodynamics ( show ) Lorentz force law Electromagnetic induction Faraday 's law Lenz 's law Displacement current Magnetic potential Maxwell 's equations Electromagnetic field Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic radiation Maxwell tensor Poynting vector Liénard -- Wiechert potential Jefimenko 's equations Eddy current London equations Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field Electrical network ( show ) Electric current Electric potential Voltage Resistance Ohm 's law Series circuit Parallel circuit Direct current Alternating current Electromotive force Capacitance Inductance Impedance Resonant cavities Waveguides Covariant formulation ( show ) Electromagnetic tensor ( stress -- energy tensor ) Four - current Electromagnetic four - potential Scientists ( show ) Ampère Coulomb Faraday Gauss Heaviside Henry Hertz Lorentz Maxwell Tesla Volta Weber Ørsted The history of electromagnetic theory begins with ancient measures to understand atmospheric electricity , in particular lightning . People then had little understanding of electricity , and were unable to explain the phenomena . Scientific understanding into the nature of electricity grew throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries through the work of researchers such as Ampère , Coulomb , Faraday and Maxwell . In the 19th century it had become clear that electricity and magnetism were related , and their theories were unified : wherever charges are in motion electric current results , and magnetism is due to electric current . The source for electric field is electric charge , whereas that for magnetic field is electric current ( charges in motion ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient and classical history 2 Middle Ages and the Renaissance 3 18th century 3.1 Improving the electric machine 3.2 Electrics and non-electrics 3.3 Vitreous and resinous 3.4 Leyden jar 3.5 Late 18th century 4 19th century 4.1 Early 19th century 4.2 Faraday and Henry 4.3 Middle 19th century 4.4 Maxwell 4.5 End of the 19th century 4.6 Second Industrial Revolution 5 20th century 5.1 Lorentz and Poincaré 5.2 Einstein 's Annus Mirabilis 5.3 Mid-20th century 5.4 Parity violation 5.5 Electroweak theory 5.6 Electrodynamic tethers 6 21st century 6.1 Electromagnetic technologies 6.1. 1 Magnetic resonance 6.1. 2 Wireless electricity 6.2 Unified theories 6.3 Open problems 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography Ancient and classical history ( edit ) The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations , but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon , without a theory to explain its behavior and often confused with magnetism . The ancients were acquainted with rather curious properties possessed by two minerals , amber ( Greek : ἤλεκτρον , ēlektron ) and magnetic iron ore ( μαγνῆτις λίθος magnētis lithos , `` the Magnesian stone , lodestone '' ) . Amber , when rubbed , attracts lightweight objects , such as feathers ; magnetic iron ore has the power of attracting iron . The discovery of the property of magnets . Magnets were first found in a natural state ; certain iron oxides were discovered in various parts of the world , notably in Magnesia in Asia Minor , that had the property of attracting small pieces of iron , which is shown here . Based on his find of an Olmec hematite artifact in Central America , the American astronomer John Carlson has suggested that `` the Olmec may have discovered and used the geomagnetic lodestone compass earlier than 1000 BC '' . If true , this `` predates the Chinese discovery of the geomagnetic lodestone compass by more than a millennium '' . Carlson speculates that the Olmecs may have used similar artifacts as a directional device for astrological or geomantic purposes , or to orient their temples , the dwellings of the living or the interments of the dead . The earliest Chinese literature reference to magnetism lies in a 4th - century BC book called Book of the Devil Valley Master ( 鬼谷子 ) : `` The lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it . '' Electric catfish are found in tropical Africa and the Nile River . Long before any knowledge of electromagnetism existed , people were aware of the effects of electricity . Lightning and other manifestations of electricity such as St. Elmo 's fire were known in ancient times , but it was not understood that these phenomena had a common origin . Ancient Egyptians were aware of shocks when interacting with electric fish ( such as the electric catfish ) or other animals ( such as electric eels ) . The shocks from animals were apparent to observers since pre-history by a variety of peoples that came into contact with them . Texts from 2750 BC by the ancient Egyptians referred to these fish as `` thunderer of the Nile '' and saw them as the `` protectors '' of all the other fish . Another possible approach to the discovery of the identity of lightning and electricity from any other source , is to be attributed to the Arabs , who before the 15th century used the same Arabic word for lightning ( barq ) and the electric ray . Thales of Miletus , writing at around 600 BC , noted that rubbing fur on various substances such as amber would cause them to attract specks of dust and other light objects . Thales wrote on the effect now known as static electricity . The Greeks noted that if they rubbed the amber for long enough they could even get an electric spark to jump . The electrostatic phenomena was again reported millennia later by Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians . Several ancient writers , such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus , attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by catfish and torpedo rays . Pliny in his books writes : `` The ancient Tuscans by their learning hold that there are nine gods that send forth lightning and those of eleven sorts . '' This was in general the early pagan idea of lightning . The ancients held some concept that shocks could travel along conducting objects . Patients suffering from ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them . A number of objects found in Iraq in 1938 dated to the early centuries AD ( Sassanid Mesopotamia ) , called the Baghdad Battery , resembles a galvanic cell and is believed by some to have been used for electroplating . The claims are controversial because of supporting evidence and theories for the uses of the artifacts , physical evidence on the objects conducive for electrical functions , and if they were electrical in nature . As a result , the nature of these objects is based on speculation , and the function of these artifacts remains in doubt . Middle ages and the renaissance ( edit ) Magnetic attraction was once accounted for by Aristotle and Thales as the working of a soul in the stone . Shen Kuo wrote Dream Pool Essays ( 夢 溪 筆談 ) ; Shen also first described the magnetic needle . In the 11th century , the Chinese scientist Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) was the first person to write of the magnetic needle compass and that it improved the accuracy of navigation by employing the astronomical concept of true north ( Dream Pool Essays , AD 1088 ) , and by the 12th century the Chinese were known to use the lodestone compass for navigation . In 1187 , Alexander Neckam was the first in Europe to describe the compass and its use for navigation . In the thirteenth century Peter Peregrinus , a native of Maricourt in Picardy , made a discovery of fundamental importance . The French 13th century scholar conducted experiments on magnetism and wrote the first extant treatise describing the properties of magnets and pivoting compass needles . The dry compass was invented around 1300 by Italian inventor Flavio Gioja . Archbishop Eustathius of Thessalonica , Greek scholar and writer of the 12th century , records that Woliver , king of the Goths , was able to draw sparks from his body . The same writer states that a certain philosopher was able while dressing to draw sparks from his clothes , a result seemingly akin to that obtained by Robert Symmer in his silk stocking experiments , a careful account of which may be found in the ' Philosophical Transactions , ' 1759 . Italian physician Gerolamo Cardano wrote about electricity in De Subtilitate ( 1550 ) distinguishing , perhaps for the first time , between electrical and magnetic forces . Toward the late 16th century , a physician of Queen Elizabeth 's time , Dr. William Gilbert , in De Magnete , expanded on Cardano 's work and invented the New Latin word electricus from ἤλεκτρον ( ēlektron ) , the Greek word for `` amber '' . Gilbert , a native of Colchester , Fellow of St John 's College , Cambridge , and sometime President of the College of Physicians , was one of the earliest and most distinguished English men of science -- a man whose work Galileo thought enviably great . He was appointed Court physician , and a pension was settled on him to set him free to continue his researches in Physics and Chemistry . Gilbert undertook a number of careful electrical experiments , in the course of which he discovered that many substances other than amber , such as sulphur , wax , glass , etc. , were capable of manifesting electrical properties . Gilbert also discovered that a heated body lost its electricity and that moisture prevented the electrification of all bodies , due to the now well - known fact that moisture impaired the insulation of such bodies . He also noticed that electrified substances attracted all other substances indiscriminately , whereas a magnet only attracted iron . The many discoveries of this nature earned for Gilbert the title of founder of the electrical science . By investigating the forces on a light metallic needle , balanced on a point , he extended the list of electric bodies , and found also that many substances , including metals and natural magnets , showed no attractive forces when rubbed . He noticed that dry weather with north or east wind was the most favourable atmospheric condition for exhibiting electric phenomena -- an observation liable to misconception until the difference between conductor and insulator was understood . Robert Boyle . Gilbert 's work was followed up by Robert Boyle ( 1627 -- 1691 ) , the famous natural philosopher who was once described as `` father of Chemistry , and uncle of the Earl of Cork . '' Boyle was one of the founders of the Royal Society when it met privately in Oxford , and became a member of the Council after the Society was incorporated by Charles II. in 1663 . He worked frequently at the new science of electricity , and added several substances to Gilbert 's list of electrics . He left a detailed account of his researches under the title of Experiments on the Origin of Electricity . Boyle , in 1675 , stated that electric attraction and repulsion can act across a vacuum . One of his important discoveries was that electrified bodies in a vacuum would attract light substances , thus indicating that the electrical effect did not depend upon the air as a medium . He also added resin to the then known list of electrics . This was followed in 1660 by Otto von Guericke , who invented an early electrostatic generator . By the end of the 17th Century , researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction with an electrostatic generator , but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century , when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity . The first usage of the word electricity is ascribed to Sir Thomas Browne in his 1646 work , Pseudodoxia Epidemica . The first appearance of the term electromagnetism on the other hand comes from an earlier date : 1641 . Magnes , by the Jesuit luminary Athanasius Kircher , carries on page 640 the provocative chapter - heading : `` Elektro - magnetismos i.e. On the Magnetism of amber , or electrical attractions and their causes '' ( ηλεκτρο - μαγνητισμος id est sive De Magnetismo electri , seu electricis attractionibus earumque causis ) . 18th century ( edit ) Improving the electric machine ( edit ) Main article : electrostatic machine Generator built by Francis Hauksbee . The electric machine was subsequently improved by Francis Hauksbee , his student Litzendorf , and by Prof. Georg Matthias Bose , about 1750 . Litzendorf , researching for Christian August Hausen , substituted a glass ball for the sulphur ball of Guericke . Bose was the first to employ the `` prime conductor '' in such machines , this consisting of an iron rod held in the hand of a person whose body was insulated by standing on a block of resin . Ingenhousz , during 1746 , invented electric machines made of plate glass . Experiments with the electric machine were largely aided by the discovery of the property of a glass plate , when coated on both sides with tinfoil , of accumulating a charge of electricity when connected with a source of electromotive force . The electric machine was soon further improved by Andrew Gordon , a Scotsman , Professor at Erfurt , who substituted a glass cylinder in place of a glass globe ; and by Giessing of Leipzig who added a `` rubber '' consisting of a cushion of woollen material . The collector , consisting of a series of metal points , was added to the machine by Benjamin Wilson about 1746 , and in 1762 , John Canton of England ( also the inventor of the first pith - ball electroscope ) improved the efficiency of electric machines by sprinkling an amalgam of tin over the surface of the rubber . Electrics and non-electrics ( edit ) In 1729 , Stephen Gray conducted a series of experiments that demonstrated the difference between conductors and non-conductors ( insulators ) , showing amongst other things that a metal wire and even pack thread conducted electricity , whereas silk did not . In one of his experiments he sent an electric current through 800 feet of hempen thread which was suspended at intervals by loops of silk thread . When he tried to conduct the same experiment substituting the silk for finely spun brass wire , he found that the electric current was no longer carried throughout the hemp cord , but instead seemed to vanish into the brass wire . From this experiment he classified substances into two categories : `` electrics '' like glass , resin and silk and `` non-electrics '' like metal and water . `` Non-electrics '' conducted charges while `` electrics '' held the charge . Vitreous and resinous ( edit ) Intrigued by Gray 's results , in 1732 , C.F. du Fay began to conduct several experiments . In his first experiment , Du Fay concluded that all objects except metals , animals , and liquids could be electrified by rubbing and that metals , animals and liquids could be electrified by means of an electric machine , thus discrediting Gray 's `` electrics '' and `` non-electrics '' classification of substances . In 1737 Du Fay and Hauksbee independently discovered what they believed to be two kinds of frictional electricity ; one generated from rubbing glass , the other from rubbing resin . From this , Du Fay theorized that electricity consists of two electrical fluids , `` vitreous '' and `` resinous '' , that are separated by friction and that neutralize each other when combined . This picture of electricity was also supported by Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein in his theoretical and experimental works . The two - fluid theory would later give rise to the concept of positive and negative electrical charges devised by Benjamin Franklin . Leyden jar ( edit ) Pieter van Musschenbroek . The Leyden jar , a type of capacitor for electrical energy in large quantities , was invented independently by Ewald Georg von Kleist on 11 October 1744 and by Pieter van Musschenbroek in 1745 -- 1746 at Leiden University ( the latter location giving the device its name ) . William Watson , when experimenting with the Leyden jar , discovered in 1747 that a discharge of static electricity was equivalent to an electric current . Capacitance was first observed by Von Kleist of Leyden in 1754 . Von Kleist happened to hold , near his electric machine , a small bottle , in the neck of which there was an iron nail . Touching the iron nail accidentally with his other hand he received a severe electric shock . In much the same way Musschenbroeck assisted by Cunaens received a more severe shock from a somewhat similar glass bottle . Sir William Watson of England greatly improved this device , by covering the bottle , or jar , outside and in with tinfoil . This piece of electrical apparatus will be easily recognized as the well - known Leyden jar , so called by the Abbot Nollet of Paris , after the place of its discovery . In 1741 , John Ellicott `` proposed to measure the strength of electrification by its power to raise a weight in one scale of a balance while the other was held over the electrified body and pulled to it by its attractive power '' . As early as 1746 , Jean - Antoine Nollet ( 1700 -- 1770 ) had performed experiments on the propagation speed of electricity . By involving 200 monks connected from hand to hand by a 7 - m iron wire so as to form a circle of about 1.6 km , he was able to prove that this speed is finite , even though very high . In 1749 , Sir William Watson conducted numerous experiments to ascertain the velocity of electricity in a wire . These experiments , although perhaps not so intended , also demonstrated the possibility of transmitting signals to a distance by electricity . In these experiments , the signal appeared to travel the 12,276 - foot length of the insulated wire instantaneously . Le Monnier in France had previously made somewhat similar experiments , sending shocks through an iron wire 1,319 feet long . About 1750 , first experiments in electrotherapy were made . Various experimenters made tests to ascertain the physiological and therapeutical effects of electricity . Typical for this effort was Kratzenstein in Halle who in 1744 wrote a treatise on the subject . Demainbray in Edinburgh examined the effects of electricity upon plants and concluded that the growth of two myrtle trees was quickened by electrification . These myrtles were electrified `` during the whole month of October , 1746 , and they put forth branches and blossoms sooner than other shrubs of the same kind not electrified . '' . Abbé Ménon in France tried the effects of a continued application of electricity upon men and birds and found that the subjects experimented on lost weight , thus apparently showing that electricity quickened the excretions . The efficacy of electric shocks in cases of paralysis was tested in the county hospital at Shrewsbury , England , with rather poor success . Late 18th century ( edit ) Benjamin Franklin . Benjamin Franklin promoted his investigations of electricity and theories through the famous , though extremely dangerous , experiment of having his son fly a kite through a storm - threatened sky . A key attached to the kite string sparked and charged a Leyden jar , thus establishing the link between lightning and electricity . Following these experiments , he invented a lightning rod . It is either Franklin ( more frequently ) or Ebenezer Kinnersley of Philadelphia ( less frequently ) who is considered to have established the convention of positive and negative electricity . Theories regarding the nature of electricity were quite vague at this period , and those prevalent were more or less conflicting . Franklin considered that electricity was an imponderable fluid pervading everything , and which , in its normal condition , was uniformly distributed in all substances . He assumed that the electrical manifestations obtained by rubbing glass were due to the production of an excess of the electric fluid in that substance and that the manifestations produced by rubbing wax were due to a deficit of the fluid . This explanation was opposed by supporters of the `` two - fluid '' theory like Robert Symmer in 1759 . In this theory , the vitreous and resinous electricities were regarded as imponderable fluids , each fluid being composed of mutually repellent particles while the particles of the opposite electricities are mutually attractive . When the two fluids unite as a result of their attraction for one another , their effect upon external objects is neutralized . The act of rubbing a body decomposes the fluids , one of which remains in excess on the body and manifests itself as vitreous or resinous electricity . Up to the time of Franklin 's historic kite experiment , the identity of the electricity developed by rubbing and by electrostatic machines ( frictional electricity ) with lightning had not been generally established . Dr. Wall , Abbot Nollet , Hauksbee , Stephen Gray and John Henry Winkler had indeed suggested the resemblance between the phenomena of `` electricity '' and `` lightning '' , Gray having intimated that they only differed in degree . It was doubtless Franklin , however , who first proposed tests to determine the sameness of the phenomena . In a letter to Peter Comlinson of London , on 19 October 1752 , Franklin , referring to his kite experiment , wrote , `` At this key the phial ( Leyden jar ) may be charged ; and from the electric fire thus obtained spirits may be kindled , and all the other electric experiments be formed which are usually done by the help of a rubbed glass globe or tube , and thereby the sameness of the electric matter with that of lightning be completely demonstrated . '' On 10 May 1742 Thomas - François Dalibard , at Marley ( near Paris ) , using a vertical iron rod 40 feet long , obtained results corresponding to those recorded by Franklin and somewhat prior to the date of Franklin 's experiment . Franklin 's important demonstration of the sameness of frictional electricity and lightning doubtless added zest to the efforts of the many experimenters in this field in the last half of the 18th century , to advance the progress of the science . Franklin 's observations aided later scientists such as Michael Faraday , Luigi Galvani , Alessandro Volta , André - Marie Ampère and Georg Simon Ohm , whose collective work provided the basis for modern electrical technology and for whom fundamental units of electrical measurement are named . Others who would advance the field of knowledge included William Watson , Georg Matthias Bose , Smeaton , Louis - Guillaume Le Monnier , Jacques de Romas , Jean Jallabert , Giovanni Battista Beccaria , Tiberius Cavallo , John Canton , Robert Symmer , Abbot Nollet , John Henry Winkler , Benjamin Wilson , Ebenezer Kinnersley , Joseph Priestley , Franz Aepinus , Edward Hussey Délavai , Henry Cavendish , and Charles - Augustin de Coulomb . Descriptions of many of the experiments and discoveries of these early electrical scientists may be found in the scientific publications of the time , notably the Philosophical Transactions , Philosophical Magazine , Cambridge Mathematical Journal , Young 's Natural Philosophy , Priestley 's History of Electricity , Franklin 's Experiments and Observations on Electricity , Cavalli 's Treatise on Electricity and De la Rive 's Treatise on Electricity . Henry Elles was one of the first people to suggest links between electricity and magnetism . In 1757 he claimed that he had written to the Royal Society in 1755 about the links between electricity and magnetism , asserting that `` there are some things in the power of magnetism very similar to those of electricity '' but he did `` not by any means think them the same '' . In 1760 he similarly claimed that in 1750 he had been the first `` to think how the electric fire may be the cause of thunder '' . Among the more important of the electrical research and experiments during this period were those of Franz Aepinus , a noted German scholar ( 1724 -- 1802 ) and Henry Cavendish of London , England . Franz Aepinus is credited as the first to conceive of the view of the reciprocal relationship of electricity and magnetism . In his work Tentamen Theoria Electricitatis et Magnetism , published in Saint Petersburg in 1759 , he gives the following amplification of Franklin 's theory , which in some of its features is measurably in accord with present - day views : `` The particles of the electric fluid repel each other , attract and are attracted by the particles of all bodies with a force that decreases in proportion as the distance increases ; the electric fluid exists in the pores of bodies ; it moves unobstructedly through non-electric ( conductors ) , but moves with difficulty in insulators ; the manifestations of electricity are due to the unequal distribution of the fluid in a body , or to the approach of bodies unequally charged with the fluid . '' Aepinus formulated a corresponding theory of magnetism excepting that , in the case of magnetic phenomena , the fluids only acted on the particles of iron . He also made numerous electrical experiments apparently showing that , in order to manifest electrical effects , tourmaline must be heated to between 37.5 ° С and 100 ° C. In fact , tourmaline remains unelectrified when its temperature is uniform , but manifests electrical properties when its temperature is rising or falling . Crystals that manifest electrical properties in this way are termed pyroelectric ; along with tourmaline , these include sulphate of quinine and quartz . Henry Cavendish independently conceived a theory of electricity nearly akin to that of Aepinus . In 1784 , he was perhaps the first to utilize an electric spark to produce an explosion of hydrogen and oxygen in the proper proportions that would create pure water . Cavendish also discovered the inductive capacity of dielectrics ( insulators ) , and , as early as 1778 , measured the specific inductive capacity for beeswax and other substances by comparison with an air condenser . Drawing of Coulomb 's torsion balance . From Plate 13 of his 1785 memoir . Around 1784 C.A. Coulomb devised the torsion balance , discovering what is now known as Coulomb 's law : the force exerted between two small electrified bodies varies inversely as the square of the distance , not as Aepinus in his theory of electricity had assumed , merely inversely as the distance . According to the theory advanced by Cavendish , `` the particles attract and are attracted inversely as some less power of the distance than the cube . '' A large part of the domain of electricity became virtually annexed by Coulomb 's discovery of the law of inverse squares . Through the experiments of William Watson and others proving that electricity could be transmitted to a distance , the idea of making practical use of this phenomenon began , around 1753 , to engross the minds of inquisitive people . To this end , suggestions as to the employment of electricity in the transmission of intelligence were made . The first of the methods devised for this purpose was probably that of Georges Lesage in 1774 . This method consisted of 24 wires , insulated from one another and each having had a pith ball connected to its distant end . Each wire represented a letter of the alphabet . To send a message , a desired wire was charged momentarily with electricity from an electric machine , whereupon the pith ball connected to that wire would fly out . Other methods of telegraphing in which frictional electricity was employed were also tried , some of which are described in the history on the telegraph . The era of galvanic or voltaic electricity represented a revolutionary break from the historical focus on frictional electricity . Alessandro Volta discovered that chemical reactions could be used to create positively charged anodes and negatively charged cathodes . When a conductor was attached between these , the difference in the electrical potential ( also known as voltage ) drove a current between them through the conductor . The potential difference between two points is measured in units of volts in recognition of Volta 's work . The first mention of voltaic electricity , although not recognized as such at the time , was probably made by Johann Georg Sulzer in 1767 , who , upon placing a small disc of zinc under his tongue and a small disc of copper over it , observed a peculiar taste when the respective metals touched at their edges . Sulzer assumed that when the metals came together they were set into vibration , acting upon the nerves of the tongue to produce the effects noticed . In 1790 , Prof. Luigi Alyisio Galvani of Bologna , while conducting experiments on `` animal electricity '' , noticed the twitching of a frog 's legs in the presence of an electric machine . He observed that a frog 's muscle , suspended on an iron balustrade by a copper hook passing through its dorsal column , underwent lively convulsions without any extraneous cause , the electric machine being at this time absent . To account for this phenomenon , Galvani assumed that electricity of opposite kinds existed in the nerves and muscles of the frog , the muscles and nerves constituting the charged coatings of a Leyden jar . Galvani published the results of his discoveries , together with his hypothesis , which engrossed the attention of the physicists of that time . The most prominent of these was Volta , professor of physics at Pavia , who contended that the results observed by Galvani were the result of the two metals , copper and iron , acting as electromotors , and that the muscles of the frog played the part of a conductor , completing the circuit . This precipitated a long discussion between the adherents of the conflicting views . One group agreed with Volta that the electric current was the result of an electromotive force of contact at the two metals ; the other adopted a modification of Galvani 's view and asserted that the current was the result of a chemical affinity between the metals and the acids in the pile . Michael Faraday wrote in the preface to his Experimental Researches , relative to the question of whether metallic contact is productive of a part of the electricity of the voltaic pile : `` I see no reason as yet to alter the opinion I have given ; ... but the point itself is of such great importance that I intend at the first opportunity renewing the inquiry , and , if I can , rendering the proofs either on the one side or the other , undeniable to all . '' Even Faraday himself , however , did not settle the controversy , and while the views of the advocates on both sides of the question have undergone modifications , as subsequent investigations and discoveries demanded , up to 1918 diversity of opinion on these points continued to crop out . Volta made numerous experiments in support of his theory and ultimately developed the pile or battery , which was the precursor of all subsequent chemical batteries , and possessed the distinguishing merit of being the first means by which a prolonged continuous current of electricity was obtainable . Volta communicated a description of his pile to the Royal Society of London and shortly thereafter Nicholson and Cavendish ( 1780 ) produced the decomposition of water by means of the electric current , using Volta 's pile as the source of electromotive force . 19th century ( edit ) Early 19th century ( edit ) Alessandro Volta . In 1800 Alessandro Volta constructed the first device to produce a large electric current , later known as the electric battery . Napoleon , informed of his works , summoned him in 1801 for a command performance of his experiments . He received many medals and decorations , including the Légion d'honneur . Davy in 1806 , employing a voltaic pile of approximately 250 cells , or couples , decomposed potash and soda , showing that these substances were respectively the oxides of potassium and sodium , metals which previously had been unknown . These experiments were the beginning of electrochemistry , the investigation of which Faraday took up , and concerning which in 1833 he announced his important law of electrochemical equivalents , viz. : `` The same quantity of electricity -- that is , the same electric current -- decomposes chemically equivalent quantities of all the bodies which it traverses ; hence the weights of elements separated in these electrolytes are to each other as their chemical equivalents . '' Employing a battery of 2,000 elements of a voltaic pile Humphry Davy in 1809 gave the first public demonstration of the electric arc light , using for the purpose charcoal enclosed in a vacuum . Somewhat important to note , it was not until many years after the discovery of the voltaic pile that the sameness of animal and frictional electricity with voltaic electricity was clearly recognized and demonstrated . Thus as late as January 1833 we find Faraday writing in a paper on the electricity of the electric ray . `` After an examination of the experiments of Walsh , Ingenhousz , Henry Cavendish , Sir H. Davy , and Dr. Davy , no doubt remains on my mind as to the identity of the electricity of the torpedo with common ( frictional ) and voltaic electricity ; and I presume that so little will remain on the mind of others as to justify my refraining from entering at length into the philosophical proof of that identity . The doubts raised by Sir Humphry Davy have been removed by his brother , Dr. Davy ; the results of the latter being the reverse of those of the former ... The general conclusion which must , I think , be drawn from this collection of facts ( a table showing the similarity , of properties of the diversely named electricities ) is , that electricity , whatever may be its source , is identical in its nature . '' It is proper to state , however , that prior to Faraday 's time the similarity of electricity derived from different sources was more than suspected . Thus , William Hyde Wollaston , wrote in 1801 : `` This similarity in the means by which both electricity and galvanism ( voltaic electricity ) appear to be excited in addition to the resemblance that has been traced between their effects shows that they are both essentially the same and confirm an opinion that has already been advanced by others , that all the differences discoverable in the effects of the latter may be owing to its being less intense , but produced in much larger quantity . '' In the same paper Wollaston describes certain experiments in which he uses very fine wire in a solution of sulphate of copper through which he passed electric currents from an electric machine . This is interesting in connection with the later day use of almost similarly arranged fine wires in electrolytic receivers in wireless , or radio - telegraphy . Hans Christian Ørsted . In the first half of the 19th century many very important additions were made to the world 's knowledge concerning electricity and magnetism . For example , in 1819 Hans Christian Ørsted of Copenhagen discovered the deflecting effect of an electric current traversing a wire upon - a suspended magnetic needle . This discovery gave a clue to the subsequently proved intimate relationship between electricity and magnetism which was promptly followed up by Ampère who shortly thereafter ( 1821 ) announced his celebrated theory of electrodynamics , relating to the force that one current exerts upon another , by its electro - magnetic effects , namely Two parallel portions of a circuit attract one another if the currents in them are flowing in the same direction , and repel one another if the currents flow in the opposite direction . Two portions of circuits crossing one another obliquely attract one another if both the currents flow either towards or from the point of crossing , and repel one another if one flows to and the other from that point . When an element of a circuit exerts a force on another element of a circuit , that force always tends to urge the second one in a direction at right angles to its own direction . Ampere brought a multitude of phenomena into theory by his investigations of the mechanical forces between conductors supporting currents and magnets . The German physicist Seebeck discovered in 1821 that when heat is applied to the junction of two metals that had been soldered together an electric current is set up . This is termed thermoelectricity . Seebeck 's device consists of a strip of copper bent at each end and soldered to a plate of bismuth . A magnetic needle is placed parallel with the copper strip . When the heat of a lamp is applied to the junction of the copper and bismuth an electric current is set up which deflects the needle . Around this time , Siméon Denis Poisson attacked the difficult problem of induced magnetization , and his results , though differently expressed , are still the theory , as a most important first approximation . It was in the application of mathematics to physics that his services to science were performed . Perhaps the most original , and certainly the most permanent in their influence , were his memoirs on the theory of electricity and magnetism , which virtually created a new branch of mathematical physics . George Green wrote An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism in 1828 . The essay introduced several important concepts , among them a theorem similar to the modern Green 's theorem , the idea of potential functions as currently used in physics , and the concept of what are now called Green 's functions . George Green was the first person to create a mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism and his theory formed the foundation for the work of other scientists such as James Clerk Maxwell , William Thomson , and others . Peltier in 1834 discovered an effect opposite to thermoelectricity , namely , that when a current is passed through a couple of dissimilar metals the temperature is lowered or raised at the junction of the metals , depending on the direction of the current . This is termed the Peltier effect . The variations of temperature are found to be proportional to the strength of the current and not to the square of the strength of the current as in the case of heat due to the ordinary resistance of a conductor . This second law is the I R law , discovered experimentally in 1841 by the English physicist Joule . In other words , this important law is that the heat generated in any part of an electric circuit is directly proportional to the product of the resistance R of this part of the circuit and to the square of the strength of current I flowing in the circuit . In 1822 Johann Schweigger devised the first galvanometer . This instrument was subsequently much improved by Wilhelm Weber ( 1833 ) . In 1825 William Sturgeon of Woolwich , England , invented the horseshoe and straight bar electromagnet , receiving therefor the silver medal of the Society of Arts . In 1837 Carl Friedrich Gauss and Weber ( both noted workers of this period ) jointly invented a reflecting galvanometer for telegraph purposes . This was the forerunner of the Thomson reflecting and other exceedingly sensitive galvanometers once used in submarine signaling and still widely employed in electrical measurements . Arago in 1824 made the important discovery that when a copper disc is rotated in its own plane , and if a magnetic needle be freely suspended on a pivot over the disc , the needle will rotate with the disc . If on the other hand the needle is fixed it will tend to retard the motion of the disc . This effect was termed Arago 's rotations . Georg Simon Ohm . Futile attempts were made by Charles Babbage , Peter Barlow , John Herschel and others to explain this phenomenon . The true explanation was reserved for Faraday , namely , that electric currents are induced in the copper disc by the cutting of the magnetic lines of force of the needle , which currents in turn react on the needle . Georg Simon Ohm did his work on resistance in the years 1825 and 1826 , and published his results in 1827 as the book Die galvanische Kette , mathematisch bearbeitet . He drew considerable inspiration from Fourier 's work on heat conduction in the theoretical explanation of his work . For experiments , he initially used voltaic piles , but later used a thermocouple as this provided a more stable voltage source in terms of internal resistance and constant potential difference . He used a galvanometer to measure current , and knew that the voltage between the thermocouple terminals was proportional to the junction temperature . He then added test wires of varying length , diameter , and material to complete the circuit . He found that his data could be modeled through a simple equation with variable composed of the reading from a galvanometer , the length of the test conductor , thermocouple junction temperature , and a constant of the entire setup . From this , Ohm determined his law of proportionality and published his results . In 1827 , he announced the now famous law that bears his name , that is : Electromotive force = Current × Resistance Ohm brought into order a host of puzzling facts connecting electromotive force and electric current in conductors , which all previous electricians had only succeeded in loosely binding together qualitatively under some rather vague statements . Ohm found that the results could be summed up in such a simple law and by Ohm 's discovery a large part of the domain of electricity became annexed to theory . Faraday and Henry ( edit ) Joseph Henry . The discovery of electromagnetic induction was made almost simultaneously , although independently , by Michael Faraday , who was first to make the discovery in 1831 , and Joseph Henry in 1832 . Henry 's discovery of self - induction and his work on spiral conductors using a copper coil were made public in 1835 , just before those of Faraday . In 1831 began the epoch - making researches of Michael Faraday , the famous pupil and successor of Humphry Davy at the head of the Royal Institution , London , relating to electric and electromagnetic induction . The remarkable researches of Faraday , the prince of experimentalists , on electrostatics and electrodynamics and the induction of currents . These were rather long in being brought from the crude experimental state to a compact system , expressing the real essence . Faraday was not a competent mathematician , but had he been one , he would have been greatly assisted in his researches , have saved himself much useless speculation , and would have anticipated much later work . He would , for instance , knowing Ampere 's theory , by his own results have readily been led to Neumann 's theory , and the connected work of Helmholtz and Thomson . Faraday 's studies and researches extended from 1831 to 1855 and a detailed description of his experiments , deductions and speculations are to be found in his compiled papers , entitled Experimental Researches in Electricity . ' Faraday was by profession a chemist . He was not in the remotest degree a mathematician in the ordinary sense -- indeed it is a question if in all his writings there is a single mathematical formula . Michael Faraday . The experiment which led Faraday to the discovery of electromagnetic induction was made as follows : He constructed what is now and was then termed an induction coil , the primary and secondary wires of which were wound on a wooden bobbin , side by side , and insulated from one another . In the circuit of the primary wire he placed a battery of approximately 100 cells . In the secondary wire he inserted a galvanometer . On making his first test he observed no results , the galvanometer remaining quiescent , but on increasing the length of the wires he noticed a deflection of the galvanometer in the secondary wire when the circuit of the primary wire was made and broken . This was the first observed instance of the development of electromotive force by electromagnetic induction . He also discovered that induced currents are established in a second closed circuit when the current strength is varied in the first wire , and that the direction of the current in the secondary circuit is opposite to that in the first circuit . Also that a current is induced in a secondary circuit when another circuit carrying a current is moved to and from the first circuit , and that the approach or withdrawal of a magnet to or from a closed circuit induces momentary currents in the latter . In short , within the space of a few months Faraday discovered by experiment virtually all the laws and facts now known concerning electro - magnetic induction and magneto - electric induction . Upon these discoveries , with scarcely an exception , depends the operation of the telephone , the dynamo machine , and incidental to the dynamo electric machine practically all the gigantic electrical industries of the world , including electric lighting , electric traction , the operation of electric motors for power purposes , and electro - plating , electrotyping , etc . In his investigations of the peculiar manner in which iron filings arrange themselves on a cardboard or glass in proximity to the poles of a magnet , Faraday conceived the idea of magnetic `` lines of force '' extending from pole to pole of the magnet and along which the filings tend to place themselves . On the discovery being made that magnetic effects accompany the passage of an electric current in a wire , it was also assumed that similar magnetic lines of force whirled around the wire . For convenience and to account for induced electricity it was then assumed that when these lines of force are `` cut '' by a wire in passing across them or when the lines of force in rising and falling cut the wire , a current of electricity is developed , or to be more exact , an electromotive force is developed in the wire that sets up a current in a closed circuit . Faraday advanced what has been termed the molecular theory of electricity which assumes that electricity is the manifestation of a peculiar condition of the molecule of the body rubbed or the ether surrounding the body . Faraday also , by experiment , discovered paramagnetism and diamagnetism , namely , that all solids and liquids are either attracted or repelled by a magnet . For example , iron , nickel , cobalt , manganese , chromium , etc. , are paramagnetic ( attracted by magnetism ) , whilst other substances , such as bismuth , phosphorus , antimony , zinc , etc. , are repelled by magnetism or are diamagnetic . Brugans of Leyden in 1778 and Le Baillif and Becquerel in 1827 had previously discovered diamagnetism in the case of bismuth and antimony . Faraday also rediscovered specific inductive capacity in 1837 , the results of the experiments by Cavendish not having been published at that time . He also predicted the retardation of signals on long submarine cables due to the inductive effect of the insulation of the cable , in other words , the static capacity of the cable . In 1816 telegraph pioneer Francis Ronalds had also observed signal retardation on his buried telegraph lines , attributing it to induction . The 25 years immediately following Faraday 's discoveries of electromagnetic induction were fruitful in the promulgation of laws and facts relating to induced currents and to magnetism . In 1834 Heinrich Lenz and Moritz von Jacobi independently demonstrated the now familiar fact that the currents induced in a coil are proportional to the number of turns in the coil . Lenz also announced at that time his important law that , in all cases of electromagnetic induction the induced currents have such a direction that their reaction tends to stop the motion that produces them , a law that was perhaps deducible from Faraday 's explanation of Arago 's rotations . The induction coil was first designed by Nicholas Callan in 1836 . In 1845 Joseph Henry , the American physicist , published an account of his valuable and interesting experiments with induced currents of a high order , showing that currents could be induced from the secondary of an induction coil to the primary of a second coil , thence to its secondary wire , and so on to the primary of a third coil , etc . Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff further developed the induction coil , the Ruhmkorff coil was patented in 1851 , and he utilized long windings of copper wire to achieve a spark of approximately 2 inches ( 50 mm ) in length . In 1857 , after examining a greatly improved version made by an American inventor , Edward Samuel Ritchie , Ruhmkorff improved his design ( as did other engineers ) , using glass insulation and other innovations to allow the production of sparks more than 300 millimetres ( 12 in ) long . Middle 19th century ( edit ) `` The electromagnetic theory of light adds to the old undulatory theory an enormous province of transcendent interest and importance ; it demands of us not merely an explanation of all the phenomena of light and radiant heat by transverse vibrations of an elastic solid called ether , but also the inclusion of electric currents , of the permanent magnetism of steel and lodestone , of magnetic force , and of electrostatic force , in a comprehensive ethereal dynamics . '' '' -- Lord Kelvin Up to the middle of the 19th century , indeed up to about 1870 , electrical science was , it may be said , a sealed book to the majority of electrical workers . Prior to this time a number of handbooks had been published on electricity and magnetism , notably Auguste de La Rive 's exhaustive ' Treatise on Electricity , ' in 1851 ( French ) and 1853 ( English ) ; August Beer 's Einleitung in die Elektrostatik , die Lehre vom Magnetismus und die Elektrodynamik , Wiedemann 's ' Galvanismus , ' and Reiss ' ' Reibungsal - elektricitat . ' But these works consisted in the main in details of experiments with electricity and magnetism , and but little with the laws and facts of those phenomena . Henry d'Abria published the results of some researches into the laws of induced currents , but owing to their complexity of the investigation it was not productive of very notable results . Around the mid-19th century , Fleeming Jenkin 's work on ' Electricity and Magnetism ' and Clerk Maxwell 's ' Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism ' were published . These books were departures from the beaten path . As Jenkin states in the preface to his work the science of the schools was so dissimilar from that of the practical electrician that it was quite impossible to give students sufficient , or even approximately sufficient , textbooks . A student he said might have mastered de la Rive 's large and valuable treatise and yet feel as if in an unknown country and listening to an unknown tongue in the company of practical men . As another writer has said , with the coming of Jenkin 's and Maxwell 's books all impediments in the way of electrical students were removed , `` the full meaning of Ohm 's law becomes clear ; electromotive force , difference of potential , resistance , current , capacity , lines of force , magnetization and chemical affinity were measurable , and could be reasoned about , and calculations could be made about them with as much certainty as calculations in dynamics '' . About 1850 , Kirchhoff published his laws relating to branched or divided circuits . He also showed mathematically that according to the then prevailing electrodynamic theory , electricity would be propagated along a perfectly conducting wire with the velocity of light . Helmholtz investigated mathematically the effects of induction upon the strength of a current and deduced therefrom equations , which experiment confirmed , showing amongst other important points the retarding effect of self - induction under certain conditions of the circuit . Sir William Thomson . In 1853 , Sir William Thomson ( later Lord Kelvin ) predicted as a result of mathematical calculations the oscillatory nature of the electric discharge of a condenser circuit . To Henry , however , belongs the credit of discerning as a result of his experiments in 1842 the oscillatory nature of the Leyden jar discharge . He wrote : The phenomena require us to admit the existence of a principal discharge in one direction , and then several reflex actions backward and forward , each more feeble than the preceding , until the equilibrium is obtained . These oscillations were subsequently observed by B.W. Feddersen ( 1857 ) who using a rotating concave mirror projected an image of the electric spark upon a sensitive plate , thereby obtaining a photograph of the spark which plainly indicated the alternating nature of the discharge . Sir William Thomson was also the discoverer of the electric convection of heat ( the `` Thomson '' effect ) . He designed for electrical measurements of precision his quadrant and absolute electrometers . The reflecting galvanometer and siphon recorder , as applied to submarine cable signaling , are also due to him . About 1876 the American physicist Henry Augustus Rowland of Baltimore demonstrated the important fact that a static charge carried around produces the same magnetic effects as an electric current . The Importance of this discovery consists in that it may afford a plausible theory of magnetism , namely , that magnetism may be the result of directed motion of rows of molecules carrying static charges . After Faraday 's discovery that electric currents could be developed in a wire by causing it to cut across the lines of force of a magnet , it was to be expected that attempts would be made to construct machines to avail of this fact in the development of voltaic currents . The first machine of this kind was due to Hippolyte Pixii , 1832 . It consisted of two bobbins of iron wire , opposite which the poles of a horseshoe magnet were caused to rotate . As this produced in the coils of the wire an alternating current , Pixii arranged a commutating device ( commutator ) that converted the alternating current of the coils or armature into a direct current in the external circuit . This machine was followed by improved forms of magneto - electric machines due to Ritchie , Saxton , Clarke 1834 , Stohrer 1843 , Nollet 1849 , Shepperd 1856 , Van Maldern , Siemens , Wilde and others . A notable advance in the art of dynamo construction was made by Mr. S.A. Varley in 1866 and by Werner von Siemens and Mr. Charles Wheatstone , who independently discovered that when a coil of wire , or armature , of the dynamo machine is rotated between the poles ( or in the `` field '' ) of an electromagnet , a weak current is set up in the coil due to residual magnetism in the iron of the electromagnet , and that if the circuit of the armature be connected with the circuit of the electromagnet , the weak current developed in the armature increases the magnetism in the field . This further increases the magnetic lines of force in which the armature rotates , which still further increases the current in the electromagnet , thereby producing a corresponding increase in the field magnetism , and so on , until the maximum electromotive force which the machine is capable of developing is reached . By means of this principle the dynamo machine develops its own magnetic field , thereby much increasing its efficiency and economical operation . Not by any means , however , was the dynamo electric machine perfected at the time mentioned . In 1860 an important improvement had been made by Dr. Antonio Pacinotti of Pisa who devised the first electric machine with a ring armature . This machine was first used as an electric motor , but afterward as a generator of electricity . The discovery of the principle of the reversibility of the dynamo electric machine ( variously attributed to Walenn 1860 ; Pacinotti 1864 ; Fontaine , Gramme 1873 ; Deprez 1881 , and others ) whereby it may be used as an electric motor or as a generator of electricity has been termed one of the greatest discoveries of the 19th century . In 1872 the drum armature was devised by Hefner - Alteneck . This machine in a modified form was subsequently known as the Siemens dynamo . These machines were presently followed by the Schuckert , Gulcher , Fein , Brush , Hochhausen , Edison and the dynamo machines of numerous other inventors . In the early days of dynamo machine construction the machines were mainly arranged as direct current generators , and perhaps the most important application of such machines at that time was in electro - plating , for which purpose machines of low voltage and large current strength were employed . Beginning about 1887 alternating current generators came into extensive operation and the commercial development of the transformer , by means of which currents of low voltage and high current strength are transformed to currents of high voltage and low current strength , and vice versa , in time revolutionized the transmission of electric power to long distances . Likewise the introduction of the rotary converter ( in connection with the `` step - down '' transformer ) which converts alternating currents into direct currents ( and vice versa ) has effected large economies in the operation of electric power systems . Before the introduction of dynamo electric machines , voltaic , or primary , batteries were extensively used for electro - plating and in telegraphy . There are two distinct types of voltaic cells , namely , the `` open '' and the `` closed '' , or `` constant '' , type . The open type in brief is that type which operated on closed circuit becomes , after a short time , polarized ; that is , gases are liberated in the cell which settle on the negative plate and establish a resistance that reduces the current strength . After a brief interval of open circuit these gases are eliminated or absorbed and the cell is again ready for operation . Closed circuit cells are those in which the gases in the cells are absorbed as quickly as liberated and hence the output of the cell is practically uniform . The Leclanché and Daniell cells , respectively , are familiar examples of the `` open '' and `` closed '' type of voltaic cell . The `` open '' cells are used very extensively at present , especially in the dry cell form , and in annunciator and other open circuit signal systems . Batteries of the Daniell or `` gravity '' type were employed almost generally in the United States and Canada as the source of electromotive force in telegraphy before the dynamo machine became available , and still are largely used for this service or as `` local '' cells . Batteries of the `` gravity '' and the Edison - Lalande types are still much used in `` closed circuit '' systems . In the late 19th century , the term luminiferous aether , meaning light - bearing aether , was a conjectured medium for the propagation of light . The word aether stems via Latin from the Greek αιθήρ , from a root meaning to kindle , burn , or shine . It signifies the substance which was thought in ancient times to fill the upper regions of space , beyond the clouds . Maxwell ( edit ) James Clerk Maxwell . In 1864 James Clerk Maxwell of Edinburgh announced his electromagnetic theory of light , which was perhaps the greatest single step in the world 's knowledge of electricity . Maxwell had studied and commented on the field of electricity and magnetism as early as 1855 / 6 when On Faraday 's lines of force was read to the Cambridge Philosophical Society . The paper presented a simplified model of Faraday 's work , and how the two phenomena were related . He reduced all of the current knowledge into a linked set of differential equations with 20 equations in 20 variables . This work was later published as On Physical Lines of Force in March 1861 . In order to determine the force which is acting on any part of the machine we must find its momentum , and then calculate the rate at which this momentum is being changed . This rate of change will give us the force . The method of calculation which it is necessary to employ was first given by Lagrange , and afterwards developed , with some modifications , by Hamilton 's equations . It is usually referred to as Hamilton 's principle ; when the equations in the original form are used they are known as Lagrange 's equations . Now Maxwell logically showed how these methods of calculation could be applied to the electro - magnetic field . The energy of a dynamical system is partly kinetic , partly potential . Maxwell supposes that the magnetic energy of the field is kinetic energy , the electric energy potential . Around 1862 , while lecturing at King 's College , Maxwell calculated that the speed of propagation of an electromagnetic field is approximately that of the speed of light . He considered this to be more than just a coincidence , and commented `` We can scarcely avoid the conclusion that light consists in the transverse undulations of the same medium which is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena . '' Working on the problem further , Maxwell showed that the equations predict the existence of waves of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that travel through empty space at a speed that could be predicted from simple electrical experiments ; using the data available at the time , Maxwell obtained a velocity of 310,740,000 m / s . In his 1864 paper A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field , Maxwell wrote , The agreement of the results seems to show that light and magnetism are affections of the same substance , and that light is an electromagnetic disturbance propagated through the field according to electromagnetic laws . As already noted herein Faraday , and before him , Ampère and others , had inklings that the luminiferous ether of space was also the medium for electric action . It was known by calculation and experiment that the velocity of electricity was approximately 186,000 miles per second ; that is , equal to the velocity of light , which in itself suggests the idea of a relationship between - electricity and `` light . '' A number of the earlier philosophers or mathematicians , as Maxwell terms them , of the 19th century , held the view that electromagnetic phenomena were explainable by action at a distance . Maxwell , following Faraday , contended that the seat of the phenomena was in the medium . The methods of the mathematicians in arriving at their results were synthetical while Faraday 's methods were analytical . Faraday in his mind 's eye saw lines of force traversing all space where the mathematicians saw centres of force attracting at a distance . Faraday sought the seat of the phenomena in real actions going on in the medium ; they were satisfied that they had found it in a power of action at a distance on the electric fluids . Both of these methods , as Maxwell points out , had succeeded in explaining the propagation of light as an electromagnetic phenomenon while at the same time the fundamental conceptions of what the quantities concerned are , radically differed . The mathematicians assumed that insulators were barriers to electric currents ; that , for instance , in a Leyden jar or electric condenser the electricity was accumulated at one plate and that by some occult action at a distance electricity of an opposite kind was attracted to the other plate . Maxwell , looking further than Faraday , reasoned that if light is an electromagnetic phenomenon and is transmissible through dielectrics such as glass , the phenomenon must be in the nature of electromagnetic currents in the dielectrics . He therefore contended that in the charging of a condenser , for instance , the action did not stop at the insulator , but that some `` displacement '' currents are set up in the insulating medium , which currents continue until the resisting force of the medium equals that of the charging force . In a closed conductor circuit , an electric current is also a displacement of electricity . The conductor offers a certain resistance , akin to friction , to the displacement of electricity , and heat is developed in the conductor , proportional to the square of the current ( as already stated herein ) , which current flows as long as the impelling electric force continues . This resistance may be likened to that met with by a ship as it displaces in the water in its progress . The resistance of the dielectric is of a different nature and has been compared to the compression of multitudes of springs , which , under compression , yield with an increasing back pressure , up to a point where the total back pressure equals the initial pressure . When the initial pressure is withdrawn the energy expended in compressing the `` springs '' is returned to the circuit , concurrently with the return of the springs to their original condition , this producing a reaction in the opposite direction . Consequently , the current due to the displacement of electricity in a conductor may be continuous , while the displacement currents in a dielectric are momentary and , in a circuit or medium which contains but little resistance compared with capacity or inductance reaction , the currents of discharge are of an oscillatory or alternating nature . Maxwell extended this view of displacement currents in dielectrics to the ether of free space . Assuming light to be the manifestation of alterations of electric currents in the ether , and vibrating at the rate of light vibrations , these vibrations by induction set up corresponding vibrations in adjoining portions of the ether , and in this way the undulations corresponding to those of light are propagated as an electromagnetic effect in the ether . Maxwell 's electromagnetic theory of light obviously involved the existence of electric waves in free space , and his followers set themselves the task of experimentally demonstrating the truth of the theory . By 1871 , he presented the Remarks on the mathematical classification of physical quantities . End of the 19th century ( edit ) Heinrich Hertz . In 1887 , the German physicist Heinrich Hertz in a series of experiments proved the actual existence of electromagnetic waves , showing that transverse free space electromagnetic waves can travel over some distance as predicted by Maxwell and Faraday . Hertz published his work in a book titled : Electric waves : being researches on the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space . The discovery of electromagnetic waves in space led to the development of radio in the closing years of the 19th century . The electron as a unit of charge in electrochemistry was posited by G. Johnstone Stoney in 1874 , who also coined the term electron in 1894 . Plasma was first identified in a Crookes tube , and so described by Sir William Crookes in 1879 ( he called it `` radiant matter '' ) . The place of electricity in leading up to the discovery of those beautiful phenomena of the Crookes Tube ( due to Sir William Crookes ) , viz. , Cathode rays , and later to the discovery of Roentgen or X-rays , must not be overlooked , since without electricity as the excitant of the tube the discovery of the rays might have been postponed indefinitely . It has been noted herein that Dr. William Gilbert was termed the founder of electrical science . This must , however , be regarded as a comparative statement . Oliver Heaviside Oliver Heaviside was a self - taught scholar who reformulated Maxwell 's field equations in terms of electric and magnetic forces and energy flux , and independently co-formulated vector analysis . His series of articles continued the work entitled `` Electromagnetic Induction and its Propagation '' , commenced in The Electrician in 1885 to nearly 1887 ( ed. , the latter part of the work dealing with the propagation of electromagnetic waves along wires through the dielectric surrounding them ) , when the great pressure on space and the want of readers appeared to necessitate its abrupt discontinuance . ( A straggler piece appeared December 31 , 1887 . ) He wrote an interpretation of the transcendental formulae of electromagnetism . Following the real object of true naturalists when they employ mathematics to assist them , he wrote to find out the connections of known phenomena , and by deductive reasoning , to obtain a knowledge of electromagnetic phenomena . Although at odds with the scientific establishment for most of his life , Heaviside changed the face of mathematics and science for years to come . Of the changes in the field of electromagnetic theory , certain conclusions from Electro - Magnetic Theory by Heaviside are , if not drawn , at least indicated in this book . Two of them may be stated as follows : That magnetism is a phenomenon of motion and not a statical phenomenon ; also that this motion is more likely to be translational than vortical . That all electric currents are phenomena consequent upon the emission of electro - magnetic wave disturbances in the aether , and that the proper treatment of all the phenomena of currents and magnetic flux should be considered as the consequence , and not as the cause , of electro - magnetic waves . The ultimate results of his work are twofold. ( 1 ) The first ultimate result is purely mathematical , which is important only to those who study mathematical physics . The system of vectorial algebra as developed by Mr. Heaviside was used because of ease for physical investigations to the methods of quaternions. ( 2 ) The second ultimate result is physical . It consists in more closely uniting the more recondite problems of telegraphy , telephony , Teslaic phenomena and Hertzian phenomena with the fundamental properties of the aether . In elucidating this connection , the merit of the book appears most prominently as a stepping - stone to the goal in the full view of all physical analysis , namely , the resolution of all physical phenomena to the activities of the aether , and of matter in the aether , under the laws of dynamics . During the late 1890s a number of physicists proposed that electricity , as observed in studies of electrical conduction in conductors , electrolytes , and cathode ray tubes , consisted of discrete units , which were given a variety of names , but the reality of these units had not been confirmed in a compelling way . However , there were also indications that the cathode rays had wavelike properties . Faraday , Weber , Helmholtz , Clifford and others had glimpses of this view ; and the experimental works of Zeeman , Goldstein , Crookes , J.J. Thomson and others had greatly strengthened this view . Weber predicted that electrical phenomena were due to the existence of electrical atoms , the influence of which on one another depended on their position and relative accelerations and velocities . Helmholtz and others also contended that the existence of electrical atoms followed from Faraday 's laws of electrolysis , and Johnstone Stoney , to whom is due the term `` electron '' , showed that each chemical ion of the decomposed electrolyte carries a definite and constant quantity of electricity , and inasmuch as these charged ions are separated on the electrodes as neutral substances there must be an instant , however brief , when the charges must be capable of existing separately as electrical atoms ; while in 1887 , Clifford wrote : `` There is great reason to believe that every material atom carries upon it a small electric current , if it does not wholly consist of this current . '' J.J. Thomson In 1896 , J.J. Thomson performed experiments indicating that cathode rays really were particles , found an accurate value for their charge - to - mass ratio e / m , and found that e / m was independent of cathode material . He made good estimates of both the charge e and the mass m , finding that cathode ray particles , which he called `` corpuscles '' , had perhaps one thousandth of the mass of the least massive ion known ( hydrogen ) . He further showed that the negatively charged particles produced by radioactive materials , by heated materials , and by illuminated materials , were universal . The nature of the Crookes tube `` cathode ray '' matter was identified by Thomson in 1897 . In the late 19th century , the Michelson -- Morley experiment was performed by Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley at what is now Case Western Reserve University . It is generally considered to be the evidence against the theory of a luminiferous aether . The experiment has also been referred to as `` the kicking - off point for the theoretical aspects of the Second Scientific Revolution . '' Primarily for this work , Michelson was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1907 . Dayton Miller continued with experiments , conducting thousands of measurements and eventually developing the most accurate interferometer in the world at that time . Miller and others , such as Morley , continue observations and experiments dealing with the concepts . A range of proposed aether - dragging theories could explain the null result but these were more complex , and tended to use arbitrary - looking coefficients and physical assumptions . By the end of the 19th century electrical engineers had become a distinct profession , separate from physicists and inventors . They created companies that investigated , developed and perfected the techniques of electricity transmission , and gained support from governments all over the world for starting the first worldwide electrical telecommunication network , the telegraph network . Pioneers in this field included Werner von Siemens , founder of Siemens AG in 1847 , and John Pender , founder of Cable & Wireless . The first public demonstration of a `` alternator system '' took place in 1886 . Large two - phase alternating current generators were built by a British electrician , J.E.H. Gordon , in 1882 . Lord Kelvin and Sebastian Ferranti also developed early alternators , producing frequencies between 100 and 300 hertz . After 1891 , polyphase alternators were introduced to supply currents of multiple differing phases . Later alternators were designed for varying alternating - current frequencies between sixteen and about one hundred hertz , for use with arc lighting , incandescent lighting and electric motors . The possibility of obtaining the electric current in large quantities , and economically , by means of dynamo electric machines gave impetus to the development of incandescent and arc lighting . Until these machines had attained a commercial basis voltaic batteries were the only available source of current for electric lighting and power . The cost of these batteries , however , and the difficulties of maintaining them in reliable operation were prohibitory of their use for practical lighting purposes . The date of the employment of arc and incandescent lamps may be set at about 1877 . Even in 1880 , however , but little headway had been made toward the general use of these illuminants ; the rapid subsequent growth of this industry is a matter of general knowledge . The employment of storage batteries , which were originally termed secondary batteries or accumulators , began about 1879 . Such batteries are now utilized on a large scale as auxiliaries to the dynamo machine in electric power - houses and substations , in electric automobiles and in immense numbers in automobile ignition and starting systems , also in fire alarm telegraphy and other signal systems . World 's Fair Tesla presentation . In 1893 , the World 's Columbian International Exposition was held in a building which was devoted to electrical exhibits . General Electric Company ( backed by Edison and J.P. Morgan ) had proposed to power the electric exhibits with direct current at the cost of one million dollars . However , Westinghouse proposed to illuminate the Columbian Exposition in Chicago with alternating current for half that price , and Westinghouse won the bid . It was an historical moment and the beginning of a revolution , as George Westinghouse introduced the public to electrical power by illuminating the Exposition . Second Industrial Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Second Industrial Revolution Thomas Edison . Between 1885 and 1890 Galileo Ferraris in Italy , Nikola Tesla in the United States , and Mikhail Dolivo - Dobrovolsky in Germany explored poly - phase currents combined with electromagnetic induction leading to the development of practical AC induction motors . The AC induction motor helped usher in the Second Industrial Revolution . The rapid advance of electrical technology in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries led to commercial rivalries . In the War of Currents in the late 1880s , George Westinghouse and Thomas Edison became adversaries due to Edison 's promotion of direct current ( DC ) for electric power distribution over alternating current ( AC ) advocated by Westinghouse . Several inventors helped develop commercial systems . Samuel Morse , inventor of a long - range telegraph ; Thomas Edison , inventor of the first commercial electrical energy distribution network ; George Westinghouse , inventor of the electric locomotive ; Alexander Graham Bell , the inventor of the telephone and founder of a successful telephone business . In 1871 the electric telegraph had grown to large proportions and was in use in every civilized country in the world , its lines forming a network in all directions over the surface of the land . The system most generally in use was the electromagnetic telegraph due to S.F.B. Morse of New York , or modifications of his system . Submarine cables connecting the Eastern and Western hemispheres were also in successful operation at that time . When , however , in 1918 one views the vast applications of electricity to electric light , electric railways , electric power and other purposes ( all it may be repeated made possible and practicable by the perfection of the dynamo machine ) , it is difficult to believe that no longer ago than 1871 the author of a book published in that year , in referring to the state of the art of applied electricity at that time , could have truthfully written : `` The most important and remarkable of the uses which have been made of electricity consists in its application to telegraph purposes '' . The statement was , however , quite accurate and perhaps the time could have been carried forward to the year 1876 without material modification of the remarks . In that year the telephone , due to Alexander Graham Bell , was invented , but it was not until several years thereafter that its commercial employment began in earnest . Since that time also the sister branches of electricity just mentioned have advanced and are advancing with such gigantic strides in every direction that it is difficult to place a limit upon their progress . Electrical devices account of the use of electricity in the arts and industries . Charles Proteus Steinmetz , theoretician of alternating current . The 1880s saw the spread of large scale commercial electric power systems , first used for lighting and eventually for electro - motive power and heating . Systems early on used alternating current and direct current . Large centralized power generation became possible when it was recognized that alternating current electric power lines could use transformers to take advantage of the fact that each doubling of the voltage would allow the same size cable to transmit the same amount of power four times the distance . Transformer were used to raise voltage at the point of generation ( a representative number is a generator voltage in the low kilovolt range ) to a much higher voltage ( tens of thousands to several hundred thousand volts ) for primary transmission , followed to several downward transformations , for commercial and residential domestic use . The International Electro - Technical Exhibition of 1891 featuring the long distance transmission of high - power , three - phase electric current . It was held between 16 May and 19 October on the disused site of the three former `` Westbahnhöfe '' ( Western Railway Stations ) in Frankfurt am Main . The exhibition featured the first long distance transmission of high - power , three - phase electric current , which was generated 175 km away at Lauffen am Neckar . As a result of this successful field trial , three - phase current became established for electrical transmission networks throughout the world . Much was done in the direction in the improvement of railroad terminal facilities , and it is difficult to find one steam railroad engineer who would have denied that all the important steam railroads of this country were not to be operated electrically . In other directions the progress of events as to the utilization of electric power was expected to be equally rapid . In every part of the world the power of falling water , nature 's perpetual motion machine , which has been going to waste since the world began , is now being converted into electricity and transmitted by wire hundreds of miles to points where it is usefully and economically employed . The first windmill for electricity production was built in Scotland in July 1887 by the Scottish electrical engineer James Blyth . Across the Atlantic , in Cleveland , Ohio a larger and heavily engineered machine was designed and constructed in 1887 -- 88 by Charles F. Brush , this was built by his engineering company at his home and operated from 1886 until 1900 . The Brush wind turbine had a rotor 56 feet ( 17 m ) in diameter and was mounted on a 60 - foot ( 18 m ) tower . Although large by today 's standards , the machine was only rated at 12 kW ; it turned relatively slowly since it had 144 blades . The connected dynamo was used either to charge a bank of batteries or to operate up to 100 incandescent light bulbs , three arc lamps , and various motors in Brush 's laboratory . The machine fell into disuse after 1900 when electricity became available from Cleveland 's central stations , and was abandoned in 1908 . 20th century ( edit ) Various units of electricity and magnetism have been adopted and named by representatives of the electrical engineering institutes of the world , which units and names have been confirmed and legalized by the governments of the United States and other countries . Thus the volt , from the Italian Volta , has been adopted as the practical unit of electromotive force , the ohm , from the enunciator of Ohm 's law , as the practical unit of resistance ; the ampere , after the eminent French scientist of that name , as the practical unit of current strength , the henry as the practical unit of inductance , after Joseph Henry and in recognition of his early and important experimental work in mutual induction . Dewar and John Ambrose Fleming predicted that at absolute zero , pure metals would become perfect electromagnetic conductors ( though , later , Dewar altered his opinion on the disappearance of resistance believing that there would always be some resistance ) . Walther Hermann Nernst developed the third law of thermodynamics and stated that absolute zero was unattainable . Carl von Linde and William Hampson , both commercial researchers , nearly at the same time filed for patents on the Joule -- Thomson effect . Linde 's patent was the climax of 20 years of systematic investigation of established facts , using a regenerative counterflow method . Hampson 's design was also of a regenerative method . The combined process became known as the Linde -- Hampson liquefaction process . Heike Kamerlingh Onnes purchased a Linde machine for his research . Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski conducted research into electrical properties at low temperatures , though his research ended early due to his accidental death . Around 1864 , Karol Olszewski and Wroblewski predicted the electrical phenomena of dropping resistance levels at ultra-cold temperatures . Olszewski and Wroblewski documented evidence of this in the 1880s . A milestone was achieved on 10 July 1908 when Onnes at the Leiden University in Leiden produced , for the first time , liquified helium and achieved superconductivity . In 1900 , William Du Bois Duddell develops the Singing Arc and produced melodic sounds , from a low to a high - tone , from this arc lamp . Lorentz and Poincaré ( edit ) Main articles : History of special relativity and Lorentz ether theory Hendrik Lorentz Between 1900 and 1910 , many scientists like Wilhelm Wien , Max Abraham , Hermann Minkowski , or Gustav Mie believed that all forces of nature are of electromagnetic origin ( the so - called `` electromagnetic world view '' ) . This was connected with the electron theory developed between 1892 and 1904 by Hendrik Lorentz . Lorentz introduced a strict separation between matter ( electrons ) and the aether , whereby in his model the ether is completely motionless , and it wo n't be set in motion in the neighborhood of ponderable matter . Contrary to other electron models before , the electromagnetic field of the ether appears as a mediator between the electrons , and changes in this field can propagate not faster than the speed of light . In 1896 , three years after submitting his thesis on the Kerr effect , Pieter Zeeman disobeyed the direct orders of his supervisor and used laboratory equipment to measure the splitting of spectral lines by a strong magnetic field . Lorentz theoretically explained the Zeeman effect on the basis of his theory , for which both received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1902 . A fundamental concept of Lorentz 's theory in 1895 was the `` theorem of corresponding states '' for terms of order v / c . This theorem states that a moving observer ( relative to the ether ) makes the same observations as a resting observer . This theorem was extended for terms of all orders by Lorentz in 1904 . Lorentz noticed , that it was necessary to change the space - time variables when changing frames and introduced concepts like physical length contraction ( 1892 ) to explain the Michelson -- Morley experiment , and the mathematical concept of local time ( 1895 ) to explain the aberration of light and the Fizeau experiment . That resulted in the formulation of the so - called Lorentz transformation by Joseph Larmor ( 1897 , 1900 ) and Lorentz ( 1899 , 1904 ) . As Lorentz later noted ( 1921 , 1928 ) , he considered the time indicated by clocks resting in the aether as `` true '' time , while local time was seen by him as a heuristic working hypothesis and a mathematical artifice . Therefore , Lorentz 's theorem is seen by modern historians as being a mathematical transformation from a `` real '' system resting in the aether into a `` fictitious '' system in motion . Henri Poincaré Continuing the work of Lorentz , Henri Poincaré between 1895 and 1905 formulated on many occasions the principle of relativity and tried to harmonize it with electrodynamics . He declared simultaneity only a convenient convention which depends on the speed of light , whereby the constancy of the speed of light would be a useful postulate for making the laws of nature as simple as possible . In 1900 he interpreted Lorentz 's local time as the result of clock synchronization by light signals , and introduced the electromagnetic momentum by comparing electromagnetic energy to what he called a `` fictitious fluid '' of mass m = E / c 2 ( \ displaystyle m = E / c ^ ( 2 ) ) . And finally in June and July 1905 he declared the relativity principle a general law of nature , including gravitation . He corrected some mistakes of Lorentz and proved the Lorentz covariance of the electromagnetic equations . Poincaré also suggested that there exist non-electrical forces to stabilize the electron configuration and asserted that gravitation is a non-electrical force as well , contrary to the electromagnetic world view . However , historians pointed out that he still used the notion of an ether and distinguished between `` apparent '' and `` real '' time and therefore did n't invent special relativity in its modern understanding . Einstein 's annus mirabilis ( edit ) Main article : Annus Mirabilis papers Albert Einstein , 1905 In 1905 , while he was working in the patent office , Albert Einstein had four papers published in the Annalen der Physik , the leading German physics journal . These are the papers that history has come to call the Annus Mirabilis papers : His paper on the particulate nature of light put forward the idea that certain experimental results , notably the photoelectric effect , could be simply understood from the postulate that light interacts with matter as discrete `` packets '' ( quanta ) of energy , an idea that had been introduced by Max Planck in 1900 as a purely mathematical manipulation , and which seemed to contradict contemporary wave theories of light ( Einstein 1905a ) . This was the only work of Einstein 's that he himself called `` revolutionary . '' His paper on Brownian motion explained the random movement of very small objects as direct evidence of molecular action , thus supporting the atomic theory . ( Einstein 1905b ) His paper on the electrodynamics of moving bodies introduced the radical theory of special relativity , which showed that the observed independence of the speed of light on the observer 's state of motion required fundamental changes to the notion of simultaneity . Consequences of this include the time - space frame of a moving body slowing down and contracting ( in the direction of motion ) relative to the frame of the observer . This paper also argued that the idea of a luminiferous aether -- one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time -- was superfluous . ( Einstein 1905c ) In his paper on mass -- energy equivalence ( previously considered to be distinct concepts ) , Einstein deduced from his equations of special relativity what later became the well - known expression : E = m c 2 ( \ displaystyle E = mc ^ ( 2 ) ) , suggesting that tiny amounts of mass could be converted into huge amounts of energy . ( Einstein 1905d ) All four papers are today recognized as tremendous achievements -- and hence 1905 is known as Einstein 's `` Wonderful Year '' . At the time , however , they were not noticed by most physicists as being important , and many of those who did notice them rejected them outright . Some of this work -- such as the theory of light quanta -- remained controversial for years . Mid-20th century ( edit ) Paul Dirac The first formulation of a quantum theory describing radiation and matter interaction is due to Paul Dirac , who , during 1920 , was first able to compute the coefficient of spontaneous emission of an atom . Paul Dirac described the quantization of the electromagnetic field as an ensemble of harmonic oscillators with the introduction of the concept of creation and annihilation operators of particles . In the following years , with contributions from Wolfgang Pauli , Eugene Wigner , Pascual Jordan , Werner Heisenberg and an elegant formulation of quantum electrodynamics due to Enrico Fermi , physicists came to believe that , in principle , it would be possible to perform any computation for any physical process involving photons and charged particles . However , further studies by Felix Bloch with Arnold Nordsieck , and Victor Weisskopf , in 1937 and 1939 , revealed that such computations were reliable only at a first order of perturbation theory , a problem already pointed out by Robert Oppenheimer . At higher orders in the series infinities emerged , making such computations meaningless and casting serious doubts on the internal consistency of the theory itself . With no solution for this problem known at the time , it appeared that a fundamental incompatibility existed between special relativity and quantum mechanics . In December 1938 , the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to Naturwissenschaften reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons ; simultaneously , they communicated these results to Lise Meitner . Meitner , and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch , correctly interpreted these results as being nuclear fission . Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939 . In 1944 , Hahn received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission . Some historians who have documented the history of the discovery of nuclear fission believe Meitner should have been awarded the Nobel Prize with Hahn . Difficulties with the Quantum theory increased through the end of 1940 . Improvements in microwave technology made it possible to take more precise measurements of the shift of the levels of a hydrogen atom , now known as the Lamb shift and magnetic moment of the electron . These experiments unequivocally exposed discrepancies which the theory was unable to explain . With the invention of bubble chambers and spark chambers in the 1950s , experimental particle physics discovered a large and ever - growing number of particles called hadrons . It seemed that such a large number of particles could not all be fundamental . Shortly after the end of the war in 1945 , Bell Labs formed a Solid State Physics Group , led by William Shockley and chemist Stanley Morgan ; other personnel including John Bardeen and Walter Brattain , physicist Gerald Pearson , chemist Robert Gibney , electronics expert Hilbert Moore and several technicians . Their assignment was to seek a solid - state alternative to fragile glass vacuum tube amplifiers . Their first attempts were based on Shockley 's ideas about using an external electrical field on a semiconductor to affect its conductivity . These experiments failed every time in all sorts of configurations and materials . The group was at a standstill until Bardeen suggested a theory that invoked surface states that prevented the field from penetrating the semiconductor . The group changed its focus to study these surface states and they met almost daily to discuss the work . The rapport of the group was excellent , and ideas were freely exchanged . As to the problems in the electron experiments , a path to a solution was given by Hans Bethe . In 1947 , while he was traveling by train to reach Schenectady from New York , after giving a talk at the conference at Shelter Island on the subject , Bethe completed the first non-relativistic computation of the shift of the lines of the hydrogen atom as measured by Lamb and Retherford . Despite the limitations of the computation , agreement was excellent . The idea was simply to attach infinities to corrections at mass and charge that were actually fixed to a finite value by experiments . In this way , the infinities get absorbed in those constants and yield a finite result in good agreement with experiments . This procedure was named renormalization . Richard Feynman Based on Bethe 's intuition and fundamental papers on the subject by Shin'ichirō Tomonaga , Julian Schwinger , Richard Feynman and Freeman Dyson , it was finally possible to get fully covariant formulations that were finite at any order in a perturbation series of quantum electrodynamics . Shin'ichirō Tomonaga , Julian Schwinger and Richard Feynman were jointly awarded with a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for their work in this area . Their contributions , and those of Freeman Dyson , were about covariant and gauge - invariant formulations of quantum electrodynamics that allow computations of observables at any order of perturbation theory . Feynman 's mathematical technique , based on his diagrams , initially seemed very different from the field - theoretic , operator - based approach of Schwinger and Tomonaga , but Freeman Dyson later showed that the two approaches were equivalent . Renormalization , the need to attach a physical meaning at certain divergences appearing in the theory through integrals , has subsequently become one of the fundamental aspects of quantum field theory and has come to be seen as a criterion for a theory 's general acceptability . Even though renormalization works very well in practice , Feynman was never entirely comfortable with its mathematical validity , even referring to renormalization as a `` shell game '' and `` hocus pocus '' . QED has served as the model and template for all subsequent quantum field theories . Peter Higgs , Jeffrey Goldstone , and others , Sheldon Glashow , Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam independently showed how the weak nuclear force and quantum electrodynamics could be merged into a single electroweak force . Robert Noyce credited Kurt Lehovec for the principle of p -- n junction isolation caused by the action of a biased p-n junction ( the diode ) as a key concept behind the integrated circuit . Jack Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958 and successfully demonstrated the first working integrated circuit on September 12 , 1958 . In his patent application of February 6 , 1959 , Kilby described his new device as `` a body of semiconductor material ... wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated . '' Kilby won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his part of the invention of the integrated circuit . Robert Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby . Noyce 's chip solved many practical problems that Kilby 's had not . Noyce 's chip , made at Fairchild Semiconductor , was made of silicon , whereas Kilby 's chip was made of germanium . Philo Farnsworth developed the Farnsworth -- Hirsch Fusor , or simply fusor , an apparatus designed by Farnsworth to create nuclear fusion . Unlike most controlled fusion systems , which slowly heat a magnetically confined plasma , the fusor injects high temperature ions directly into a reaction chamber , thereby avoiding a considerable amount of complexity . When the Farnsworth - Hirsch Fusor was first introduced to the fusion research world in the late 1960s , the Fusor was the first device that could clearly demonstrate it was producing fusion reactions at all . Hopes at the time were high that it could be quickly developed into a practical power source . However , as with other fusion experiments , development into a power source has proven difficult . Nevertheless , the fusor has since become a practical neutron source and is produced commercially for this role . Parity violation ( edit ) The mirror image of an electromagnet produces a field with the opposite polarity . Thus the north and south poles of a magnet have the same symmetry as left and right . Prior to 1956 , it was believed that this symmetry was perfect , and that a technician would be unable to distinguish the north and south poles of a magnet except by reference to left and right . In that year , T.D. Lee and C.N. Yang predicted the nonconservation of parity in the weak interaction . To the surprise of many physicists , in 1957 C.S. Wu and collaborators at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards demonstrated that under suitable conditions for polarization of nuclei , the beta decay of cobalt - 60 preferentially releases electrons toward the south pole of an external magnetic field , and a somewhat higher number of gamma rays toward the north pole . As a result , the experimental apparatus does not behave comparably with its mirror image . Electroweak theory ( edit ) The first step towards the Standard Model was Sheldon Glashow 's discovery , in 1960 , of a way to combine the electromagnetic and weak interactions . In 1967 , Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam incorporated the Higgs mechanism into Glashow 's electroweak theory , giving it its modern form . The Higgs mechanism is believed to give rise to the masses of all the elementary particles in the Standard Model . This includes the masses of the W and Z bosons , and the masses of the fermions - i.e. the quarks and leptons . After the neutral weak currents caused by Z boson exchange were discovered at CERN in 1973 , the electroweak theory became widely accepted and Glashow , Salam , and Weinberg shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering it . The W and Z bosons were discovered experimentally in 1981 , and their masses were found to be as the Standard Model predicted . The theory of the strong interaction , to which many contributed , acquired its modern form around 1973 -- 74 , when experiments confirmed that the hadrons were composed of fractionally charged quarks . With the establishment of quantum chromodynamics in the 1970s finalized a set of fundamental and exchange particles , which allowed for the establishment of a `` standard model '' based on the mathematics of gauge invariance , which successfully described all forces except for gravity , and which remains generally accepted within the domain to which it is designed to be applied . The ' standard model ' groups the electroweak interaction theory and quantum chromodynamics into a structure denoted by the gauge group SU ( 3 ) × SU ( 2 ) × U ( 1 ) . The formulation of the unification of the electromagnetic and weak interactions in the standard model is due to Abdus Salam , Steven Weinberg and , subsequently , Sheldon Glashow . After the discovery , made at CERN , of the existence of neutral weak currents , mediated by the Z boson foreseen in the standard model , the physicists Salam , Glashow and Weinberg received the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for their electroweak theory . Since then , discoveries of the bottom quark ( 1977 ) , the top quark ( 1995 ) and the tau neutrino ( 2000 ) have given credence to the standard model . Because of its success in explaining a wide variety of experimental results . Electrodynamic tethers ( edit ) Main article : Electrodynamic tether Before the start of the 21st century , the electrodynamic tether being oriented at an angle to the local vertical between the object and a planet with a magnetic field cut the Earth 's magnetic field and generated a current ; thereby it converted some of the orbiting body 's kinetic energy to electrical energy . The tether 's far end can be left bare , making electrical contact with the ionosphere , creating a generator . As part of a tether propulsion system , crafts can use long , strong conductors to change the orbits of spacecraft . It has the potential to make space travel significantly cheaper . It is a simplified , very low - budget magnetic sail . It can be used either to accelerate or brake an orbiting spacecraft . When direct current is pumped through the tether , it exerts a force against the magnetic field , and the tether accelerates the spacecraft . 21st century ( edit ) Electromagnetic technologies ( edit ) There are a range of emerging energy technologies . By 2007 , solid state micrometer - scale electric double - layer capacitors based on advanced superionic conductors had been for low - voltage electronics such as deep - sub-voltage nanoelectronics and related technologies ( the 22 nm technological node of CMOS and beyond ) . Also , the nanowire battery , a lithium - ion battery , was invented by a team led by Dr. Yi Cui in 2007 . Magnetic resonance ( edit ) Reflecting the fundamental importance and applicability of Magnetic resonance imaging in medicine , Paul Lauterbur of the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign and Sir Peter Mansfield of the University of Nottingham were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their `` discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging '' . The Nobel citation acknowledged Lauterbur 's insight of using magnetic field gradients to determine spatial localization , a discovery that allowed rapid acquisition of 2D images . Wireless electricity ( edit ) Main article : wireless energy transfer Wireless electricity is a form of wireless energy transfer , the ability to provide electrical energy to remote objects without wires . The term WiTricity was coined in 2005 by Dave Gerding and later used for a project led by Prof. Marin Soljačić in 2007 . The MIT researchers successfully demonstrated the ability to power a 60 watt light bulb wirelessly , using two 5 - turn copper coils of 60 cm ( 24 in ) diameter , that were 2 m ( 7 ft ) away , at roughly 45 % efficiency . This technology can potentially be used in a large variety of applications , including consumer , industrial , medical and military . Its aim is to reduce the dependence on batteries . Further applications for this technology include transmission of information -- it would not interfere with radio waves and thus could be used as a cheap and efficient communication device without requiring a license or a government permit . Further information : WiTricity Unified theories ( edit ) Main article : Grand Unified Theory As of 2017 , there is still no hard evidence that nature is described by a Grand Unified Theory ( GUT ) . The Higgs particle has been tentatively verified , . The discovery of neutrino oscillations indicates that the Standard Model is incomplete and has led to renewed interest toward certain GUT such as S O ( 10 ) ( \ displaystyle SO ( 10 ) ) . One of the few possible experimental tests of certain GUT is proton decay and also fermion masses . There are a few more special tests for supersymmetric GUT . The gauge coupling strengths of QCD , the weak interaction and hypercharge seem to meet at a common length scale called the GUT scale and equal approximately to 10 16 ( \ displaystyle 10 ^ ( 16 ) ) GeV , which is slightly suggestive . This interesting numerical observation is called the gauge coupling unification , and it works particularly well if one assumes the existence of superpartners of the Standard Model particles . Still it is possible to achieve the same by postulating , for instance , that ordinary ( non supersymmetric ) S O ( 10 ) ( \ displaystyle SO ( 10 ) ) models break with an intermediate gauge scale , such as the one of Pati -- Salam group . The Theory of Everything ( TOE ) is a putative theory of theoretical physics that fully explains and links together all known physical phenomena , and , ideally , has predictive power for the outcome of any experiment that could be carried out in principle . M - Theory is not yet complete , but the underlying structure of the mathematics has been established and is in agreement with not only all the string theories , but with all of our scientific observations of the universe . Furthermore , it has passed many tests of internal mathematical consistency that many other attempts to combine quantum mechanics and gravity had failed . Unfortunately , until we can find some way to observe higher dimensions ( impossible with our current level of technology ) M - Theory has a very difficult time making predictions which can be tested in a laboratory . Technologically , it may never be possible for it to be `` proven '' . Physicist and author Michio Kaku has remarked that M - Theory may present us with a `` Theory of Everything '' which is so concise that its underlying formula would fit on a T - shirt . Stephen Hawking originally believed that M - Theory may be the ultimate theory but later suggested that the search for understanding of mathematics and physics will never be complete . See also : Unified field theory Open problems ( edit ) Main article : Open problems in physics The magnetic monopole in the quantum theory of magnetic charge started with a paper by the physicist Paul A.M. Dirac in 1931 . The detection of magnetic monopoles is an open problem in experimental physics . In some theoretical models , magnetic monopoles are unlikely to be observed , because they are too massive to be created in particle accelerators , and also too rare in the Universe to enter a particle detector with much probability . After more than twenty years of intensive research , the origin of high - temperature superconductivity is still not clear , but it seems that instead of electron - phonon attraction mechanisms , as in conventional superconductivity , one is dealing with genuine electronic mechanisms ( e.g. by antiferromagnetic correlations ) , and instead of s - wave pairing , d - wave pairings are substantial . One goal of all this research is room - temperature superconductivity . See also ( edit ) Histories History of electromagnetic spectrum , History of electrical engineering , History of Maxwell 's equations , History of radio , History of optics , History of physics General Biot -- Savart law , Ponderomotive force , Telluric currents , Terrestrial magnetism , ampere - hours , Transverse waves , Longitudinal waves , Plane waves , Refractive index , torque , Revolutions per minute , Photosphere , Vortex , vortex rings , Theory permittivity , scalar product , vector product , tensor , divergent series , linear operator , unit vector , parallelepiped , osculating plane , standard candle Technology Solenoid , electro - magnets , Nicol prisms , rheostat , voltmeter , gutta - percha covered wire , Electrical conductor , ammeters , Gramme machine , binding posts , Induction motor , Lightning arresters , Technological and industrial history of the United States , Western Electric Company , Lists Outline of energy development Timelines Timeline of electromagnetism , Timeline of luminiferous aether References ( edit ) Citations and notes Jump up ^ Bruno Kolbe , Francis ed Legge , Joseph Skellon , tr. , `` An Introduction to Electricity '' . Kegan Paul , Trench , Trübner , 1908 . 429 pages . Page 391 . ( cf . `` ( ... ) high poles covered with copper plates and with gilded tops were erected ' to break the stones coming from on high ' . J. Dümichen , Baugeschichte des Dendera - Tempels , Strassburg , 1877 '' ) Jump up ^ Urbanitzky , A. v. , & Wormell , R. ( 1886 ) . Electricity in the service of man : a popular and practical treatise on the applications of electricity in modern life . London : Cassell & . Jump up ^ Lyons , T.A. ( 1901 ) . A treatise on electromagnetic phenomena , and on the compass and its deviations aboard ship . Mathematical , theoretical , and practical . New York : J. Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Platonis Opera , Meyer and Zeller , 1839 , p. 989 . Jump up ^ The location of Magnesia is debated ; it could be the region in mainland Greece or Magnesia ad Sipylum . See , for example , `` Magnet '' . Language Hat blog . 28 May 2005 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Whittaker , E.T. ( 1910 ) . A history of the theories of aether and electricity from the age of Descartes to the close of the 19th century . Dublin University Press series . London : Longmans , Green and Co. ; ( etc . ) . Jump up ^ Carlson , John B. ( 1975 ) `` Lodestone Compass : Chinese or Olmec Primacy ? : Multidisciplinary analysis of an Olmec hematite artifact from San Lorenzo , Veracruz , Mexico '' , Science , 189 ( 4205 : 5 September ) , p. 753 - 760 , doi : 10.1126 / science. 189.4205. 753 . p. 753 -- 760 Jump up ^ Lodestone Compass : Chinese or Olmec Primacy ? : Multidisciplinary analysis of an Olmec hematite artifact from San Lorenzo , Veracruz , Mexico - Carlson 189 ( 4205 ) : 753 - Science Jump up ^ Li Shu - hua , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Maver , William , Jr. : `` Electricity , its History and Progress '' , The Encyclopedia Americana ; a library of universal knowledge , vol . X , pp. 172ff. ( 1918 ) . New York : Encyclopedia Americana Corp . Jump up ^ Heinrich Karl Brugsch - Bey and Henry Danby Seymour , `` A History of Egypt Under the Pharaohs '' . J. Murray , 1881 . Page 422 . ( cf . ( ... the symbol of a ) ' serpent ' is rather a fish , which still serves , in the Coptic language , to designate the electric fish ( ... ) ) Jump up ^ Seeman , Bernard and Barry , James E. The Story of Electricity and Magnetism , Harvey House 1967 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Moller , Peter ; Kramer , Bernd ( December 1991 ) , `` Review : Electric Fish '' , BioScience , American Institute of Biological Sciences , 41 ( 11 ) : 794 -- 6 ( 794 ) , doi : 10.2307 / 1311732 , JSTOR 1311732 Jump up ^ Bullock , Theodore H. ( 2005 ) , Electroreception , Springer , pp. 5 -- 7 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 23192 - 7 Jump up ^ Morris , Simon C. ( 2003 ) , Life 's Solution : Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe , Cambridge University Press , pp. 182 -- 185 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 82704 - 3 Jump up ^ Riddle of ' Baghdad 's batteries ' . BBC News . Jump up ^ After the Second World War , Willard Gray demonstrated current production by a reconstruction of the inferred battery design when filled with grape juice . W. Jansen experimented with 1 , 4 - Benzoquinone ( some beetles produce quinones ) and vinegar in a cell and got satisfactory performance . Jump up ^ An alternative , but still electrical explanation was offered by Paul Keyser . It was suggested that a priest or healer , using an iron spatula to compound a vinegar based potion in a copper vessel , may have felt an electrical tingle and used the phenomenon either for electro - acupuncture , or to amaze supplicants by electrifying a metal statue . Jump up ^ Copper and iron form an electrochemical couple , so that in the presence of any electrolyte , an electric potential ( voltage ) will be produced . König had observed a number of very fine silver objects from ancient Iraq which were plated with very thin layers of gold , and speculated that they were electroplated using batteries of these `` cells '' . Jump up ^ Corder , Gregory , `` Using an Unconventional History of the Battery to engage students and explore the importance of evidence '' , Virginia Journal of Science Education 1 Jump up ^ A history of electricity . By Park Benjamin . Pg 33 Jump up ^ His Epistola was written in 1269 . Jump up ^ Lane , Frederic C. ( 1963 ) `` The Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compass '' , The American Historical Review , 68 ( 3 : April ) , p. 605 -- 617 ^ Jump up to : Dampier , W.C.D. ( 1905 ) . The theory of experimental electricity . Cambridge physical series . Cambridge ( Eng. : University Press . Jump up ^ consult ' Priestley 's ' History of Electricity , ' London 1757 Jump up ^ Robert Boyle ( 1675 ) . Experiments and notes about the mechanical origin or production of particular qualities . Jump up ^ Benjamin , P. ( 1895 ) . A history of electricity : ( The intellectual rise in electricity ) from antiquity to the days of Benjamin Franklin . New York : J. Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Consult Boyle 's ' Experiments on the Origin of Electricity , ' '' and Priestley 's ' History of Electricity ' . Jump up ^ The Magnet , or Concerning Magnetic Science ( Magnes sive de arte magnetica ) Jump up ^ From Physico - Mechanical Experiments , 2nd Ed. , London 1719 Jump up ^ Consult Dr. Carpue 's ' Introduction to Electricity and Galvanism , ' London 1803 . Jump up ^ Krebs , Robert E. ( 2003 ) , Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments , Inventions , and Discoveries of the 18th Century , Greenwood Publishing Group , p. 82 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32015 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Guarnieri , M. ( 2014 ) . `` Electricity in the age of Enlightenment '' . IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine . 8 ( 3 ) : 60 -- 63 . doi : 10.1109 / MIE. 2014.2335431 . Jump up ^ Keithley , Joseph F. ( 1999 ) , The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements : From 500 B.C. to the 1940s , Wiley , ISBN 0 - 7803 - 1193 - 0 Jump up ^ Biography , Pieter ( Petrus ) van Musschenbroek Jump up ^ According to Priestley ( ' History of Electricity , ' 3d ed. , Vol . I , p. 102 ) Jump up ^ Guarnieri , M. ( 2016 ) . `` The Rise of Light -- Discovering Its Secrets '' . Proc. IEEE. 104 ( 2 ) : 467 -- 473 . doi : 10.1109 / JPROC. 2015.2513118 . Jump up ^ Priestley 's ' History of Electricity , ' p. 138 Jump up ^ Catholic churchmen in science . ( Second series ) by James Joseph Wals . Pg 172 . Jump up ^ The History and Present State of Electricity with Original Experiments By Joseph Priestle . Pg 173 . Jump up ^ Cheney Hart : `` Part of a letter from Cheney Hart , M.D. to William Watson , F.R.S. giving Account of the Effects of Electricity in the County Hospital at Shrewsbury '' , Phil . Trans . 1753 : 48 , pp. 786 -- 788 . Read on November 14 , 1754 . Jump up ^ Kite Experiment ( 2011 ) . IEEE Global History Network . Jump up ^ see atmospheric electricity Jump up ^ Dr. Wall Experiments of the Luminous Qualities of Amber , Diamonds , and Gum Lac , by Dr. Wall , in a Letter to Dr. Sloane , R.S. Secr . Phil . Trans . 1708 26 : 69 - 76 ; doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1708.0011 Jump up ^ Physico - mechanical experiments , on various subjects ; with , explanations of all the machines engraved on copper Jump up ^ Vail , A. ( 1845 ) . The American electro magnetic telegraph : With the reports of Congress , and a description of all telegraphs known , employing electricity or galvanism . Philadelphia : Lea & Blanchard Jump up ^ Hutton , C. , Shaw , G. , Pearson , R. , & Royal Society ( Great Britain ) . ( 1665 ) . Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London : From their commencement , in 1665 to the year 1800 . London : C. and R. Baldwin . PaGE 345 . Jump up ^ Franklin , ' Experiments and Observations on Electricity ' Jump up ^ Royal Society Papers , vol . IX ( BL . Add MS 4440 ) : Henry Elles , from Lismore , Ireland , to the Royal Society , London , 9 August 1757 , f. 12b ; 9 August 1757 , f. 166 . Jump up ^ Tr. , Test Theory of Electricity and Magnetism Jump up ^ Philosophical Transactions 1771 Jump up ^ Electric Telegraph , apparatus by wh . signals may be transmitted to a distance by voltaic currents propagated on metallic wires ; fnded . on experimts. of Gray 1729 , Nollet , Watson 1745 , Lesage 1774 , Lamond 1787 , Reusserl794 , Cavallo 1795 , Betancourt 1795 , Soemmering 1811 , Gauss & Weber 1834 , &c . Telegraphs constructed by Wheatstone & Independently by Steinheil 1837 , improved by Morse , Cooke , Woolaston , &c . Jump up ^ Cassell 's miniature cyclopaedia By Sir William Laird Clowes . Page 288 . Jump up ^ Die Geschichte Der Physik in Grundzügen : th . In den letzten hundert jahren ( 1780 -- 1880 ) 1887 - 90 ( tr . The history of physics in broad terms : th . In the last hundred years ( 1780 -- 1880 ) 1887 - 90 ) by Ferdinand Rosenberger . F. Vieweg und sohn , 1890 . Page 288 . ^ Jump up to : Guarnieri , M. ( 2014 ) . `` The Big Jump from the Legs of a Frog '' . IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine . 8 ( 4 ) : 59 -- 61 + 69 . doi : 10.1109 / MIE. 2014.2361237 . Jump up ^ See Voltaic pile Jump up ^ ' Philosophical Transactions , ' 1833 Jump up ^ Of Torpedos Found on the Coast of England . In a Letter from John Walsh , Esq ; F.R.S. to Thomas Pennant , Esq ; F.R.S. John Walsh Philosophical Transactions Vol. 64 , ( 1774 ) , pp. 464 - 473 Jump up ^ The works of Benjamin Franklin : containing several political and historical tracts not included in any former ed. , and many letters official and private , not hitherto published ; with notes and a life of the author , Volume 6 Page 348 . Jump up ^ another noted and careful experimenter in electricity and the discoverer of palladium and rhodium Jump up ^ Philosophical Magazine , Vol . Ill , p. 211 Jump up ^ ' Trans . Society of Arts , 1 1825 Jump up ^ Meteorological essays By François Arago , Sir Edward Sabine . Page 290 . `` On Rotation Magnetism . Proces verbal , Academy of Sciences , 22 November 1824 . '' Jump up ^ For more , see Rotating magnetic field . Jump up ^ Tr. , `` The galvanic Circuit investigated mathematically '' . Jump up ^ G.S. Ohm ( 1827 ) . Die galvanische Kette , mathematisch bearbeitet ( PDF ) . Berlin : T.H. Riemann . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia Americana : a library of universal knowledge , 1918 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Electromagnetism '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Electromagnetism '' . Smithsonian Institution Archives . Jump up ^ Tsverava , G.K. 1981 . `` FARADEI , GENRI , I OTKRYTIE INDUKTIROVANNYKH TOKOV . '' Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniia i Tekhniki no . 3 : 99 - 106 . Historical Abstracts , EBSCOhost . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bowers , Brian . 2004 . `` Barking Up the Wrong ( Electric Motor ) Tree . '' Proceedings of the IEEE 92 , no . 2 : 388 - 392 . Computers & Applied Sciences Complete , EBSCOhost . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 1998 . `` Joseph Henry . '' Issues in Science & Technology 14 , no . 3 : 96 . Associates Programs Source , EBSCOhost . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ According to Oliver Heaviside Jump up ^ Oliver Heaviside , Electromagnetic theory : Complete and unabridged ed. of v. 1 , no. 2 , and : Volume 3 . 1950 . Jump up ^ Oliver Heaviside , Electromagnetic theory , v. 1 . `` The Electrician '' printing and publishing company , limited , 1893 . Jump up ^ A treatise on electricity , in theory and practice , Volume 1 By Auguste de La Rive . Page 139 . Jump up ^ ' Phil . Trans. , ' 1845 . Jump up ^ Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism By Silvanus Phillips Thompson . Page 363 . Jump up ^ Phil . Mag -. , March 1854 Jump up ^ Ronalds , B.F. ( 2016 ) . Sir Francis Ronalds : Father of the Electric Telegraph . London : Imperial College Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78326 - 917 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ronalds , B.F. ( 2016 ) . `` Sir Francis Ronalds and the Electric Telegraph '' . Int. J. for the History of Engineering & Technology . doi : 10.1080 / 17581206.2015. 1119481 . Jump up ^ For more , see Counter-electromotive force . Jump up ^ Philosophical Magazine , 1849 . Jump up ^ Ruhmkorff 's version coil was such a success that in 1858 he was awarded a 50,000 - franc prize by Napoleon III for the most important discovery in the application of electricity . Jump up ^ American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Vol . XXIII , May 1895 - May 1896 , Boston : University Press , John Wilson and Son ( 1896 ) , pp. 359 - 360 : Ritchie 's most powerful version of his induction coil , using staged windings , achieved electrical bolts 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) or longer in length . Jump up ^ Page , Charles G. , History of Induction : The American Claim to the Induction Coil and Its Electrostatic Developments , Boston : Harvard University , Intelligencer Printing house ( 1867 ) , pp. 104 - 106 Jump up ^ American Academy , pp. 359 - 360 Jump up ^ Lyons , T.A. ( 1901 ) . A treatise on electromagnetic phenomena , and on the compass and its deviations aboard ship . Mathematical , theoretical , and practical . New York : J. Wiley & Sons . Page 500 . Jump up ^ La , R.A. ( 1853 ) . A treatise on electricity : In theory and practice . London : Longman , Brown , Green , and Longmans . Jump up ^ tr. , Introduction to electrostatics , the study of magnetism and electrodynamics Jump up ^ May be Johann Philipp Reis , of Friedrichsdorf , Germany Jump up ^ `` On a permanent Deflection of the Galvanometer - needle under the influence of a rapid series of equal and opposite induced Currents '' . By Lord Rayleigh , F.R.S. . Philosophical magazine , 1877 . Page 44 . Jump up ^ Annales de chimie et de physique , Page 385 . `` Sur l'aimantation par les courants '' ( tr . `` On the magnetization by currents '' ) . Jump up ^ ' Ann . de Chimie III , ' i , 385 . Jump up ^ Jenkin , F. ( 1873 ) . Electricity and magnetism . Text - books of science . London : Longmans , Green , and Co Jump up ^ Introduction to ' Electricity in the Service of Man ' . Jump up ^ ' Poggendorf Ann. 1 1851 . Jump up ^ Proc. Am. Phil . Soc. , Vol. II , pp. 193 Jump up ^ Annalen der Physik , Volume 103 . Contributions to the acquaintance with the electric spark , B.W. Feddersen . Page 69 + . Jump up ^ Special information on method and apparatus can be found in Feddersen 's Inaugural Dissertation , Kiel 1857th ( In the Commission der Schwers'sehen Buchhandl Handl . In Kiel . ) Jump up ^ Rowland , H.A. ( 1902 ) . The physical papers of Henry Augustus Rowland : Johns Hopkins University , 1876 - 1901 . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins Press . Jump up ^ LII . On the electromagnetic effect of convection - currents Henry A. Rowland ; Cary T. Hutchinson Philosophical Magazine Series 5 , 1941 - 5990 , Volume 27 , Issue 169 , Pages 445 -- 460 Jump up ^ See electric machinery , electric direct current , electrical generators . Jump up ^ consult his British patent of that year Jump up ^ consult ' Royal Society Proceedings , 1867 VOL. 10 -- 12 Jump up ^ RJ Gulcher , of Biala , near Bielitz , Austria . Jump up ^ The Electrical journal , Volume 7 . 1881 . Page117+ Jump up ^ ETA : Electrical magazine : A. Ed , Volume 1 Jump up ^ See electric direct current . Jump up ^ See Electric alternating current machinery . Jump up ^ The 19th century science book A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar provides a brief summary of scientific thinking in this field at the time . Jump up ^ Consult Maxwell 's ' Electricity and Magnetism , 1 Vol. II , Chap . xx Jump up ^ On Faraday 's Lines of Force ' byJames Clerk Maxwell 1855 Jump up ^ James Clerk Maxwell , On Physical Lines of Force , Philosophical Magazine , 1861 Jump up ^ In November 1847 , Clerk Maxwell entered the University of Edinburgh , learning mathematics from Kelland , natural philosophy from J.D. Forbes , and logic from Sir W.R. Hamilton . Jump up ^ Glazebrook , R. ( 1896 ) . James Clerk Maxwell and modern physics . New York : Macmillan.Pg. 190 Jump up ^ JJ O'Connor and EF Robertson , James Clerk Maxwell Archived 2011 - 01 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St Andrews , Scotland , November 1997 Jump up ^ James Clerk Maxwell , A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 155 , 459 - 512 ( 1865 ) . Jump up ^ Maxwell 's ' Electricity and Magnetism , ' preface Jump up ^ See oscillating current , telegraphy , wireless . Jump up ^ Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society , Volume 3 . London Mathematical Society , 1871 . Pg. 224 Jump up ^ Heinrich Hertz ( 1893 ) . Electric Waves : Being Researches on the Propagation of Electric Action with Finite Velocity Through Space . Dover Publications . Jump up ^ Guarnieri , M. ( 2015 ) . `` How the Genie of Electronics Sprung Out '' . IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine . 9 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 79 . doi : 10.1109 / MIE. 2014.2387945 . Jump up ^ Crookes presented a lecture to the British Association for the Advancement of Science , in Sheffield , on Friday , 22 August 1879 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ consult ' Proc. British Association , ' 1879 Jump up ^ Perhaps there were other reasons than those mentioned for the discontinuance . We do not dwell in the Palace of Truth . Jump up ^ in Sir W. Thomson 's meaning of the word Jump up ^ Electro - Magnetic Theory . By Oliver HeaviBide . Vol . I. Electrician Printing : and Publishing Company , Ltd . London , 1893 Jump up ^ In mathematics , vectorial algebra may mean a linear algebra , specifically the basic algebraic operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication ; see vector space . The algebraic operations in vector calculus , namely the specific additional structure of vectors in 3 - dimensional Euclidean space R 3 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( R ) ^ ( 3 ) ) of dot product and especially cross product . In this sense , vector algebra is contrasted with geometric algebra , which provides an alternative generalization to higher dimensions . Original vector algebras of the 19th century like quaternions , tessarines , or coquaternions , each of which has its own product . The vector algebras biquaternions and hyperbolic quaternions can be used in special relativity . Jump up ^ Electrical engineer , Volume 18 . Page299 Jump up ^ Announced in his evening lecture to the Royal Institution on Friday , 30 April 1897 , and published in Philosophical Magazine , 44 , 293 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Earl R. Hoover , Cradle of Greatness : National and World Achievements of Ohio 's Western Reserve ( Cleveland : Shaker Savings Association , 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Dayton C. Miller , `` Ether - drift Experiments at Mount Wilson Solar Observatory '' , Physical Review , S2 , V19 , N4 , pp. 407 - 408 ( April 1922 ) . Jump up ^ Gordon gave four lectures on static electric induction ( S. Low , Marston , Searle , and Rivington , 1879 ) . In 1891 , he also published `` A treatise on electricity and magnetism ) ) . Vol 1 . Vol 2 . ( S. Low , Marston , Searle & Rivington , limited ) . Jump up ^ Thompson , Silvanus P. , Dynamo - Electric Machinery . pp. 17 Jump up ^ Thompson , Silvanus P. , Dynamo - Electric Machinery . pp. 16 Jump up ^ See electric lighting Jump up ^ Giovanni Dosi , David J. Teece , Josef Chytry , Understanding Industrial and Corporate Change , Oxford University Press , 2004 , page 336 . Google Books . Jump up ^ See telegraph Jump up ^ see transatlantic telegraph cable Jump up ^ Miller 's ' Magnetism and Electricity , ' p. 460 Jump up ^ See Electric transmission of energy . Jump up ^ ' James Blyth - Britain 's first modern wind power pioneer ' , by Trevor Price , 2003 , Wind Engineering , vol 29 no . 3 , pp 191 - 200 Jump up ^ ( Anon , 1890 , ' Mr. Brush 's Windmill Dynamo ' , Scientific American , vol 63 no . 25 , 20 December , p. 54 ) Jump up ^ A Wind Energy Pioneer : Charles F. Brush Archived 2008 - 09 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , Danish Wind Industry Association . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ History of Wind Energy in Cutler J. Cleveland , ( ed ) Encyclopedia of Energy Vol. 6 , Elsevier , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60119 - 433 - 6 , 2007 , pp. 421 - 422 Jump up ^ See electrical units , electrical terms . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1981 , Ch. 1 ^ Jump up to : Pais 1982 , Ch . 6b ^ Jump up to : Janssen , 2007 Jump up ^ Lorentz , Hendrik Antoon ( 1921 ) , `` Deux Mémoires de Henri Poincaré sur la Physique Mathématique '' ( Two Papers of Henri Poincaré on Mathematical Physics ) , Acta Mathematica , 38 ( 1 ) : 293 -- 308 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02392073 Jump up ^ Lorentz , H.A. ; Lorentz , H.A. ( 1928 ) , `` Conference on the Michelson - Morley Experiment '' , The Astrophysical Journal , 68 : 345 -- 351 , Bibcode : 1928ApJ ... 68 ... 341M , doi : 10.1086 / 143148 Jump up ^ Galison 2002 Jump up ^ Darrigol 2005 Jump up ^ Katzir 2005 Jump up ^ Miller 1981 , Ch . 1.7 & 1.14 Jump up ^ Pais 1982 , Ch. 6 & 8 Jump up ^ On the reception of relativity theory around the world , and the different controversies it encountered , see the articles in Thomas F. Glick , ed. , The Comparative Reception of Relativity ( Kluwer Academic Publishers , 1987 ) , ISBN 90 - 277 - 2498 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pais , Abraham ( 1982 ) , Subtle is the Lord . The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein , Oxford University Press , pp. 382 -- 386 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 520438 - 7 Jump up ^ P.A.M. Dirac ( 1927 ) . `` The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A. 114 : 243 -- 265 . Bibcode : 1927RSPSA. 114 ... 243D . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1927.0039 . Jump up ^ E. Fermi ( 1932 ) . `` Quantum Theory of Radiation '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 4 : 87 -- 132 . Bibcode : 1932RvMP ... 4 ... 87F . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 4.87 . Jump up ^ F. Bloch ; A. Nordsieck ( 1937 ) . `` Note on the Radiation Field of the Electron '' . Physical Review . 52 : 54 -- 59 . Bibcode : 1937PhRv ... 52 ... 54B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 52.54 . Jump up ^ V.F. Weisskopf ( 1939 ) . `` On the Self - Energy and the Electromagnetic Field of the Electron '' . Physical Review . 56 : 72 -- 85 . Bibcode : 1939PhRv ... 56 ... 72W . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 56.72 . Jump up ^ R. Oppenheimer ( 1930 ) . `` Note on the Theory of the Interaction of Field and Matter '' . Physical Review . 35 : 461 -- 477 . Bibcode : 1930PhRv ... 35 ... 461O . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 35.461 . Jump up ^ O. Hahn and F. Strassmann . Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle ( `` On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons '' ) , Naturwissenschaften Volume 27 , Number 1 , 11 -- 15 ( 1939 ) . The authors were identified as being at the Kaiser - Wilhelm - Institut für Chemie , Berlin - Dahlem . Received 22 December 1938 . Jump up ^ Lise Meitner and O. R. Frisch . `` Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons : a New Type of Nuclear Reaction '' , Nature , Volume 143 , Number 3615 , 239 -- 240 ( 11 February 1939 ) . The paper is dated 16 January 1939 . Meitner is identified as being at the Physical Institute , Academy of Sciences , Stockholm . Frisch is identified as being at the Institute of Theoretical Physics , University of Copenhagen . Jump up ^ O.R. Frisch . `` Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment '' , Nature , Volume 143 , Number 3616 , 276 -- 276 ( 18 February 1939 ) Archived 2009 - 01 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... The paper is dated 17 January 1939 . ( The experiment for this letter to the editor was conducted on 13 January 1939 ; see Richard Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb. 263 and 268 ( Simon and Schuster , 1986 ) . ) Jump up ^ Ruth Lewin Sime . From Exceptional Prominence to Prominent Exception : Lise Meitner at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry Ergebnisse 24 Forschungsprogramm Geschichte der Kaiser - Wilhelm - Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Ruth Lewin Sime . Lise Meitner : A Life in Physics ( University of California , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Elisabeth Crawford , Ruth Lewin Sime , and Mark Walker . `` A Nobel Tale of Postwar Injustice '' , Physics Today Volume 50 , Issue 9 , 26 -- 32 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ W.E. Lamb ; R.C. Retherford ( 1947 ) . `` Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom by a Microwave Method , '' . Physical Review . 72 : 241 -- 243 . Bibcode : 1947PhRv ... 72 ... 241L . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 72.241 . Jump up ^ P. Kusch ; H.M. Foley ( 1948 ) . `` On the Intrinsic Moment of the Electron '' . Physical Review . 73 : 412 . Bibcode : 1948PhRv ... 73 ... 412F . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 73.412 . Jump up ^ Brattain quoted in Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson ; Crystal Fire : The Invention of the Transistor and the Birth of the Information Age . New York : Norton ( 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 31851 - 6 pbk . p. 127 Jump up ^ Schweber , Silvan ( 1994 ) . `` Chapter 5 '' . QED and the Men Who Did it : Dyson , Feynman , Schwinger , and Tomonaga . Princeton University Press . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 03327 - 3 . Jump up ^ H. Bethe ( 1947 ) . `` The Electromagnetic Shift of Energy Levels '' . Physical Review . 72 : 339 -- 341 . Bibcode : 1947PhRv ... 72 ... 339B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 72.339 . 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The good contrast it provides between the different soft tissues of the body make it especially useful in brain , muscles , heart , and cancer compared with other medical imaging techniques such as computed tomography ( CT ) or X-rays . Jump up ^ Wireless power is the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load without interconnecting wires . Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient , hazardous , or impossible . Jump up ^ `` Wireless electricity could power consumer , industrial electronics '' . MIT News . 2006 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye wires ... '' . MIT News . 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Wireless Power Demonstrated '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://home.web.cern.ch/about/updates/2013/03/new-results-indicate-new-particle-higgs-boson Jump up ^ M - Theory : The Mother of all SuperStrings Jump up ^ Hawking , Stephen . Gödel and the end of physics , July 20 , 2002 . Jump up ^ A hypothetical particle in particle physics that is a magnet with only one magnetic pole . In more technical terms , a magnetic monopole would have a net `` magnetic charge '' . Modern interest in the concept stems from particle theories , notably the grand unification and superstring theories , which predict their existence . See Particle Data Group summary of magnetic monopole search ; Wen , Xiao - Gang ; Witten , Edward , Electric and magnetic charges in superstring models , Nuclear Physics B , Volume 261 , p. 651 - 677 ; and Coleman , The Magnetic Monopole 50 years Later , reprinted in Aspects of Symmetry for more Jump up ^ Paul Dirac , `` Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field '' . Proc. Roy . Soc . ( London ) A 133 , 60 ( 1931 ) . Free web link . Jump up ^ d - Wave Pairing . musr.ca . Jump up ^ The Motivation for an Alternative Pairing Mechanism . musr.ca . Jump up ^ A. Mourachkine ( 2004 ) . Room - Temperature Superconductivity . Cambridge International Science Publishing ( Cambridge , UK ) ( also http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cond-mat/0606187 ) . ISBN 1 - 904602 - 27 - 4 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : `` Electricity , its History and Progress '' by William Maver Jr. - article published within The Encyclopedia Americana ; a library of universal knowledge , vol . X , pp. 172ff. ( 1918 ) . New York : Encyclopedia Americana Corp . Bibliography ( edit ) Bakewell , F.C. ( 1853 ) . Electric science ; its history , phenomena , and applications . London : Ingram , Cooke . Benjamin , P. ( 1898 ) . A history of electricity ( The intellectual rise in electricity ) from antiquity to the days of Benjamin Franklin . New York : J. Wiley & Sons . Darrigol , Olivier ( 2005 ) , `` The Genesis of the theory of relativity '' ( PDF ) , Séminaire Poincaré , 1 : 1 -- 22 , doi : 10.1007 / 3 - 7643 - 7436 - 5_1 , retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 Durgin , W.A. ( 1912 ) . Electricity , its history and development . Chicago : A.C. McClurg . Einstein , Albert : `` Ether and the Theory of Relativity '' ( 1920 ) , republished in Sidelights on Relativity ( Dover , New York , 1922 ) . Einstein , Albert , The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields , 1895 . ( PDF format ) Einstein , Albert ( 1905a ) , `` On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light '' , Annalen der Physik , 17 : 132 -- 148 , Bibcode : 1905AnP ... 322 ... 132E , doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19053220607 . This annus mirabilis paper on the photoelectric effect was received by Annalen der Physik March 18 . Einstein , Albert ( 1905b ) , `` On the Motion -- Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat -- of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid '' , Annalen der Physik , 17 : 549 -- 560 , Bibcode : 1905AnP ... 322 ... 549E , doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19053220806 . This annus mirabilis paper on Brownian motion was received May 11 . Einstein , Albert ( 1905c ) , `` On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies '' , Annalen der Physik , 17 : 891 -- 921 , Bibcode : 1905AnP ... 322 ... 891E , doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19053221004 . This annus mirabilis paper on special relativity was received June 30 . Einstein , Albert ( 1905d ) , `` Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content ? '' , Annalen der Physik , 18 : 639 -- 641 , Bibcode : 1905AnP ... 323 ... 639E , doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19053231314 . This annus mirabilis paper on mass - energy equivalence was received September 27 . Larmor , Joseph ( 1911 ) , `` Aether '' , in Chisholm , Hugh , Encyclopædia Britannica , 1 ( 11th ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , p. 292 -- 297 The Encyclopedia Americana ; a library of universal knowledge ; `` Electricity , its history and Progress '' . ( 1918 ) . New York : Encyclopedia Americana Corp . Page 171 Galison , Peter ( 2003 ) , Einstein 's Clocks , Poincaré 's Maps : Empires of Time , New York : W.W. Norton , ISBN 0 - 393 - 32604 - 7 Gibson , C.R. ( 1907 ) . Electricity of to - day , its work & mysteries described in non-technical language . London : Seeley and co. , limited Heaviside , O. ( 1894 ) . Electromagnetic theory . London : `` The Electrician '' Print. and Pub . Ireland commissioners of nat . educ. , ( 1861 ) . Electricity , galvanism , magnetism , electro - magnetism , heat , and the steam engine . Oxford University . Janssen , Michel ; Mecklenburg , Matthew ( 2007 ) , V.F. Hendricks ; et al. , eds. , Interactions : Mathematics , Physics and Philosophy , Dordrecht : Springer : 65 -- 134 Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; contribution = ignored ( help ) Jeans , J.H. ( 1908 ) . The mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism . Cambridge : University Press . Katzir , Shaul ( 2005 ) , `` Poincaré 's Relativistic Physics : Its Origins and Nature '' , Phys . Perspect. , 7 : 268 -- 292 , Bibcode : 2005PhP ... 7 ... 268K , doi : 10.1007 / s00016 - 004 - 0234 - y Lord Kelvin ( Sir William Thomson ) , `` On Vortex Atoms '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , Vol . VI , 1867 , pp. 94 -- 105 . ( ed. , Reprinted in Phil . Mag . Vol . XXXIV , 1867 , pp. 15 -- 24 . ) Kolbe , Bruno ; Francis ed Legge , Joseph Skellon , tr. , `` An Introduction to Electricity '' . Kegan Paul , Trench , Trübner , 1908 . Lodge , Oliver , `` Ether '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , Thirteenth Edition ( 1926 ) . Lodge , Oliver , `` The Ether of Space '' . ISBN 1 - 4021 - 8302 - X ( paperback ) ISBN 1 - 4021 - 1766 - 3 ( hardcover ) Lodge , Oliver , `` Ether and Reality '' . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 7865 - X Lyons , T.A. ( 1901 ) . A treatise on electromagnetic phenomena , and on the compass and its deviations aboard ship . Mathematical , theoretical , and practical . New York : J. Wiley & Sons . Maxwell , James Clerk ( 1878 ) , `` Ether '' , in Baynes , T.S. , Encyclopædia Britannica , 8 ( 9th ed . ) , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , pp. 568 -- 572 Maxwell , J.C. , & Thompson , J.J. ( 1892 ) . A treatise on electricity and magnetism . Clarendon Press series . Oxford : Clarendon . Miller , Arthur I. ( 1981 ) , Albert Einstein 's special theory of relativity . Emergence ( 1905 ) and early interpretation ( 1905 -- 1911 ) , Reading : Addison -- Wesley , ISBN 0 - 201 - 04679 - 2 Pais , Abraham ( 1982 ) , Subtle is the Lord : The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 520438 - 7 Priestley , J. , & Mynde , J. ( 1775 ) . The history and present state of electricity , with original experiments . London : Printed for C. Bathurst , and T. Lowndes ; J. Rivington , and J. Johnson ; S. Crowder ( and 4 others in London ) . Schaffner , Kenneth F. : 19th - century aether theories , Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1972 . ( contains several reprints of original papers of famous physicists ) Slingo , M. , Brooker , A. , Urbanitzky , A. , Perry , J. , & Dibner , B. ( 1895 ) . The cyclopædia of electrical engineering : containing a history of the discovery and application of electricity with its practice and achievements from the earliest period to the present time : the whole being a practical guide to artisans , engineers and students interested in the practice and development of electricity , electric lighting , motors , thermo - piles , the telegraph , the telephone , magnets and every other branch of electrical application . Philadelphia : The Gebbie Pub. Co. , Limited . Steinmetz , C.P. , `` Transient Electric Phenomena '' . Page 38 . ( ed. , contained in : General Electric Company . General Electric review . Schenectady : General Electric Co ... ) A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers , by Nikola Tesla , 1888 Thompson , S.P. ( 1891 ) . The electromagnet , and electromagnetic mechanism . London : E. & F.N. Spon . Whittaker , E.T. , `` A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity , from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the 19th century '' . Dublin University Press series . London : Longmans , Green and Co. ; Urbanitzky , A. v. , & Wormell , R. ( 1886 ) . Electricity in the service of man : a popular and practical treatise on the applications of electricity in modern life . London : Cassell & . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_electromagnetic_theory&oldid=831659984 '' Categories : Electricity Magnetism History of electrical engineering History of physics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Source attribution Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 errors : chapter ignored Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands Occitan Português Română Suomi Svenska Türkçe 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 17 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the earliest ideas of charge were the result of experiments by | [
"In 1729, Stephen Gray conducted a series of experiments that demonstrated the difference between conductors and non-conductors (insulators), showing amongst other things that a metal wire and even pack thread conducted electricity, whereas silk did not. In one of his experiments he sent an electric current through 800 feet of hempen thread which was suspended at intervals by loops of silk thread. When he tried to conduct the same experiment substituting the silk for finely spun brass wire, he found that the electric current was no longer carried throughout the hemp cord, but instead seemed to vanish into the brass wire. From this experiment he classified substances into two categories: \"electrics\" like glass, resin and silk and \"non-electrics\" like metal and water. \"Non-electrics\" conducted charges while \"electrics\" held the charge.[10][32]"
] | [
"Stephen Gray"
] |
4912518893885238473 | Soldier Field | Soldier Field - wikipedia Soldier Field Soldier Field `` Stadium in a Park '' Soldier Field in October 2006 Former names Municipal Grant Park Stadium ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Address 1410 S Museum Campus Drive Location Chicago , Illinois Coordinates 41 ° 51 ′ 44 '' N 87 ° 37 ′ 00 '' W / 41.8623 ° N 87.6167 ° W / 41.8623 ; - 87.6167 Coordinates : 41 ° 51 ′ 44 '' N 87 ° 37 ′ 00 '' W / 41.8623 ° N 87.6167 ° W / 41.8623 ; - 87.6167 Public transit Museum Campus / 11th Street ( Metra station ) 18th Street ( Metra station ) Roosevelt station ( CTA ) Owner Chicago Park District Operator SMG Executive suites 133 Capacity 66,944 ( 1994 ) 61,500 ( 2003 ) Acreage 7 acres ( 2.8 ha ) Surface Kentucky Bluegrass ( 1924 -- 1970 , 1988 -- present ) AstroTurf ( 1971 -- 1987 ) Construction Broke ground August 11 , 1922 Opened October 9 , 1924 93 years ago Renovated 2002 -- 2003 Closed January 19 , 2002 -- September 26 , 2003 ( renovations ) Construction cost US $13 million ( original ) ( $186 million in 2015 dollars ) $632 million ( 2001 -- 2003 renovation ) Renovations : ( $841 million in 2015 dollars ) Architect Holabird & Roche Wood + Zapata , Inc . Lohan Caprile Goettsch Architects Project manager Hoffman Associates Structural engineer Thornton Tomasetti Services engineer Ellerbe Becket General contractor Turner / Barton Malow / Kenny Tenants Notre Dame Fighting Irish football ( NCAA ) ( 1929 ) Chicago Rockets / Hornets ( AAFC ) ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Chicago Cardinals ( NFL ) ( 1959 ) UIC Chikas football ( NCAA ) ( 1966 ) -- 1973 ) Chicago Spurs ( NPSL ) ( 1967 ) Chicago Owls ( CFL ) ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Chicago Bears ( NFL ) ( 1971 -- 2001 , 2003 -- present ) Chicago Sting ( NASL ) ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Chicago Fire ( WFL ) ( 1974 ) Chicago Winds ( WFL ) ( 1975 ) Chicago Blitz ( USFL ) ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Chicago Fire ( MLS ) ( 1998 -- 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 ) Chicago Enforcers ( XFL ) ( 2001 ) Former U.S. National Historic Landmark Designated Delisted 2006 Soldier Field is an American football stadium located in the Near South Side of Chicago , Illinois . It opened in 1924 and is the home field of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League ( NFL ) , who moved there in 1971 . The stadium 's interior was mostly demolished and rebuilt as part of a major renovation project in 2002 , which modernized the facility but lowered seating capacity , while also causing it to be delisted as a National Historic Landmark . Soldier Field has served as the home venue for a number of other sports teams in its history , including the Chicago Cardinals of the NFL , University of Notre Dame football , and the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer , as well as games from the 1994 FIFA World Cup , the 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup , and multiple CONCACAF Gold Cup championships . In 1968 , it hosted the first Games of the Special Olympics . With a football capacity of 61,500 , it is the third - smallest stadium in the NFL . In 2016 , Soldier Field became the second - oldest stadium in the league when the Los Angeles Rams began playing temporarily at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , which opened a year earlier than Soldier Field . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early configuration 1.2 Chicago Bears move in 1.3 Replacement talks 1.4 Renovation and landmark delisting 2 Public transportation 3 Events 3.1 Football 3.1. 1 Single events 3.1. 2 NFL playoffs 3.1. 3 College football 3.2 Hockey 3.3 Soccer 3.3. 1 1994 FIFA World Cup 3.3. 2 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup 3.3. 3 CONCACAF Gold Cups 3.3. 4 Copa América Centenario 3.3. 5 Single events 3.4 Special Olympics 3.5 Rugby union 3.6 Concerts 3.7 Other events 4 In popular culture 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Sculpture of a sailor and his family , gazing eastward , over Lake Michigan Soldier Field was designed in 1919 and opened on October 9 , 1924 , as Municipal Grant Park Stadium . The name was changed to Soldier Field on November 11 , 1925 , as a memorial to U.S. soldiers who had died in combat . Its formal dedication as Soldier Field was on Saturday , November 27 , 1926 , during the 29th annual playing of the Army -- Navy Game . Its design is in the Neoclassical style , with Doric columns rising above the East and West entrances . The stadium cost $13 million to construct ( $182 million in 2015 dollars ) , a very large sum for a sporting venue at that time ( in comparison , L.A. Memorial Coliseum had cost less than $1 million in 1923 dollars ) . Early configuration ( edit ) In its earliest configuration , Soldier Field was capable of seating 74,280 spectators and was in the shape of a U. Additional seating could be added along the interior field , upper promenades and on the large , open field and terrace beyond the north endzone , bringing the seating capacity to over 100,000 . Chicago Bears move in ( edit ) Soldier Field was used as a site for many sporting events and exhibitions . The Chicago Cardinals used it as their home field for their final season in Chicago in 1959 . A dozen years later in September 1971 , the Chicago Bears moved in , originally with a three - year commitment . They previously played at Wrigley Field , best known as the home of the Chicago Cubs baseball team , but were forced to move to a larger venue due to post-AFL -- NFL merger policies requiring that stadium capacities seat over 50,000 spectators . They had intended to build a stadium in Arlington Heights . In 1978 , the Bears and the Chicago Park District agreed to a 20 - year lease and renovation of the stadium . Both parties pooled their resources for the renovation . The playing surface was AstroTurf from 1971 through 1987 , replaced with natural grass in 1988 . Replacement talks ( edit ) In 1989 , Soldier Field 's future was in jeopardy after a proposal was created for a `` McDome '' , which was intended to be a domed stadium for the Bears , but was rejected by the Illinois Legislature in 1990 . Because of this , Bears president Michael McCaskey considered relocation as a possible factor for a new stadium . The Bears had also purchased options in Hoffman Estates , Elk Grove Village , and Aurora . In 1995 , McCaskey announced that he and Northwest Indiana developers agreed to construction of an entertainment complex called `` Planet Park '' , which would also include a new stadium . However , the plan was rejected by the Lake County Council , and in 1998 , Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley proposed that the Bears share Comiskey Park with the Chicago White Sox . Renovation and Landmark delisting ( edit ) Aerial view of the stadium in 1988 . Aerial view from 2002 , showing Soldier Field with interior demolished . Meigs Field airport is to the right in the image . Soldier Field as seen from Lake Shore Drive . The modern grandstands , added in 2003 , extend well above the original Neoclassical columns . Beginning in 1978 , the plank seating was replaced by individual seats with backs and armrests . In 1982 , a new press box as well as 60 skyboxes were added to the stadium , boosting capacity to 66,030 . In 1988 , 56 more skyboxes were added increasing capacity to 66,946 . Capacity was slightly increased to 66,950 in 1992 . By 1994 , capacity was slightly reduced to 66,944 . During the renovation , seating capacity was reduced to 55,701 by building a grandstand in the open end of the U shape . This moved the field closer to both ends at the expense of seating capacity . The goal of this renovation was to move the fans closer to the field . The front row 50 - yard line seats were then now only 55 feet ( 17 m ) away from the sidelines , the shortest distance of all NFL stadiums , until MetLife Stadium opened in 2010 , with a distance of 46 feet . In 2001 , the Chicago Park District , which owns the structure , faced substantial criticism when it announced plans to alter the stadium with a design by Benjamin T. Wood and Carlos Zapata of the Boston - based architecture firm Wood + Zapata . Stadium grounds were reconfigured by Chicago - based architecture firm of Lohan Associate , led by architect Dirk Lohan , the grandson of architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe . The stadium 's interior would be demolished and reconstructed while the exterior would be preserved . This is an example of facadism . A similar endeavor of constructing a new stadium within the confines of an historic stadium 's exterior was completed in Leipzig , Germany 's Red Bull Arena , which similarly build a modern stadium while persevering the exterior of the original Zentralstadion . On January 19 , 2002 , the night of the Bears playoff loss to the Philadelphia Eagles , demolition was begun as tailgate fires still burned in the trashcans in the parking lots . Removal of 24,000 stadium seats in 36 hours by Archer Seating Clearinghouse , a speed record never exceeded since , was the first step in building the new Soldier Field . Nostalgic Bears fans , recalling the glory seasons , especially 1985 , along with some retired players picked up their seats in the South Parking lot . The foremen on the job were Grant Wedding , who himself installed the seats in 1979 , and Mark Wretschko who was an executive for the factory who made the 1979 seats . Dozens of articles by writers and columnists attacked the project as an aesthetic , political , and financial nightmare . The project received mixed reviews within the architecture community , including criticism by civic and preservation groups . Prominent American architect and Chicagoan Stanley Tigerman called it `` a fiasco '' . The Chicago Tribune architecture critic Blair Kamin dubbed it the `` Eyesore on the Lake Shore '' . The renovation was described by some as `` a spaceship landed on the stadium '' . Lohan responded , I would never say that Soldier Field is an architectural landmark . Nobody has copied it ; nobody has learned from it . People like it for nostalgic reasons . They remember the games and parades and tractor pulls and veterans ' affairs they 've seen there over the years . I would n't do this if it were the Parthenon . But this is n't the Parthenon . Proponents argued the renovation was direly needed citing aging and cramped facilities . The New York Times ranked the renovated Soldier Field as one of the five best new buildings of 2003 . Soldier Field was given an award in design excellence by the American Institute of Architects in 2004 . On September 23 , 2004 , as a result of the 2003 renovation , a 10 - member federal advisory committee unanimously recommended that Soldier Field be delisted as a National Historic Landmark . The recommendation to delist was prepared by Carol Ahlgren , architectural historian at the National Park Service 's Midwest Regional Office in Omaha , Nebraska . Ahlgren was quoted in Preservation Online as stating that `` if we had let this stand , I believe it would have lowered the standard of National Historic Landmarks throughout the country '' , and , `` If we want to keep the integrity of the program , let alone the landmarks , we really had no other recourse . '' The stadium lost the Landmark designation on February 17 , 2006 . In May 2012 , the stadium became the first NFL stadium to achieve LEED status . Public Transportation ( edit ) The closest Chicago ' L ' station to Soldier Field is the Roosevelt station on the Orange , Green and Red lines . The Chicago Transit Authority also operates the # 128 Soldier Field Express bus route to the stadium from Ogilvie Transportation Center and Union Station . There are also two Metra stations close by -- the Museum Campus / 11th Street station on the Metra Electric Line , which also is used by South Shore Line trains , and 18th Street , which is only served by the Metra Electric Line . Pace also provides access from the Northwest , West and Southwest suburbs to the stadium with four express routes from Schaumburg , Lombard , Bolingbrook , Burr Ridge , Palos Heights and Oak Lawn . Events ( edit ) Main article : List of events at Soldier Field Football ( edit ) Single events ( edit ) 1926 Army - Navy Game The stadium hosted its first football game , on October 4 , 1924 , between Louisville Male High School and Chicago 's Austin Community Academy High School . Louisville 's team won 26 -- 0 . ( Chicago Tribune , October 2 , 1924 ) Over 100,000 spectators attended the 1926 Army -- Navy Game . It would decide the national championship , as Navy entered undefeated and Army had lost only to Notre Dame . The game lived up to its hype , and even though it ended in a 21 -- 21 tie , Navy was awarded the national championship . The all - time collegiate attendance record of 123,000 + was established November 26 , 1927 , as Notre Dame beat the University of Southern California 7 -- 6 . In 2016 , 150,000 + attended a game between Virginia Tech and Tennessee at Bristol Speedway . Austin defeated Leo to win the 1937 Prep Bowl ; another contender for the highest attendance ever ( estimated at over 120,000 spectators ) . The Chicago Prep Bowl games are held at Soldier Field yearly on the day after Thanksgiving . The bowl game is older than the IHSA state championship tournament held since the 1960s . The stadium was host to 41 College All - Star Games , an exhibition between the previous year 's NFL champion ( or , in its final years , Super Bowl champion ) and a team of collegiate all - star players prior to their reporting to their new professional teams training camps . This game was discontinued after the 1976 NFL season . The final game in 1976 was halted in the third quarter when a torrential thunderstorm broke out and play was never resumed . In 2012 , Notre Dame hosted a game at Soldier Field against the University of Miami as part of their Shamrock Series . Four NFC Championship Games have been held at the stadium . NFL teams winless at Soldier Field : Baltimore Ravens ( 0 -- 3 ) , Cleveland Browns ( 0 -- 3 ) , and Los Angeles Chargers ( 0 -- 4 ) . NFL teams unbeaten at Soldier Field : Houston Texans ( 2 -- 0 ) . NFL playoffs ( edit ) Aerial view of the stadium in 2008 The 1985 NFC Championship Game took place in Soldier Field , where the Chicago Bears defeated the Los Angeles Rams 24 -- 0 . The 1988 NFC Championship Game took place here , where the Chicago Bears lost to eventual Super Bowl XXIII champions San Francisco 49ers 28 -- 3 . The 2006 NFC Championship Game granted the Chicago Bears their second trip to the Super Bowl , the first in 21 years , with a 39 -- 14 victory over the New Orleans Saints . The 2010 NFC Championship Game matched the Chicago Bears against the Green Bay Packers , where the Bears were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl XLV champions , 21 -- 14 . The outside of soldier field , stating : `` Soldier Field , dedicated to the men and women of the armed services '' . Other Bears playoff games at Soldier Field : 1985 NFC Divisional Playoff : Chicago Bears 21 , New York Giants 0 1986 NFC Divisional Playoff : Washington Redskins 27 , Chicago Bears 13 1987 NFC Divisional Playoff : Washington 21 , Chicago 17 1988 NFC Divisional Playoff : Chicago Bears 20 , Philadelphia Eagles 12 ( this game is best remembered as the Fog Bowl , where a dense fog covered the stadium , reducing visibility to 15 -- 20 yards . ) 1990 NFC Wild Card : Chicago Bears 16 , New Orleans Saints 6 1991 NFC Wild Card : Dallas Cowboys 17 , Chicago Bears 13 The scenery around soldier field . 2001 NFC Divisional Playoff : Philadelphia 33 , Chicago 19 . This was also the last home game before the renovations took place in 2002 . 2005 NFC Divisional Playoff : Carolina Panthers 29 , Chicago Bears 21 2006 NFC Divisional Playoff : Chicago Bears 27 , Seattle Seahawks 24 ( OT ) 2010 NFC Divisional Playoff : Chicago Bears 35 , Seattle Seahawks 24 College football ( edit ) NIU Huskies football plays select games at Soldier Field , all of which have featured the Huskies hosting a team from the Big Ten Conference . Northern Illinois University ( NIU ) is located in DeKalb , 65 miles ( 105 km ) to the west on Interstate 88 . On September 1 , 2007 , NIU faced the University of Iowa in the first Division I College Football game at Soldier Field since renovations . The Hawkeyes defeated the Huskies , 16 -- 3 . On September 17 , 2011 , the Huskies returned to play the Wisconsin Badgers in a game that was called `` Soldier Field Showdown II '' . The eventual Big Ten champion Badgers topped NIU , 49 -- 7 . On September 1 , 2012 , NIU hosted the Iowa Hawkeyes in a season opener that was called `` Soldier Field Showdown III '' . The Hawkeyes narrowly defeated the Huskies , 18 -- 17 . Notre Dame Fighting Irish football used the stadium as home field for the 1929 season while Notre Dame Stadium was being constructed . The school has used Soldier Field for single games on occasion both prior to and since the 1929 season . Hockey ( edit ) The 2014 NHL Stadium Series featuring the Chicago Blackhawks and Pittsburgh Penguins The Notre Dame Fighting Irish and Miami RedHawks played a doubleheader on February 17 , 2013 with the Wisconsin Badgers and Minnesota Golden Gophers in the Hockey City Classic , the first outdoor hockey game in the history of the stadium . A Chicago Gay Hockey Association intra-squad game was held in affiliation with the Hockey City Classic . The Chicago Blackhawks played against the Pittsburgh Penguins on March 1 , 2014 as part of the NHL 's Stadium Series . The Blackhawks defeated the Penguins 5 - 1 before a sold - out crowd of 62,921 . The team also held its 2015 Stanley Cup Championship celebration at the stadium instead of Grant Park , where other city championships have typically been held , due to recent rains . February 7 , 2015 Soldier Field hosted another edition of the Hockey City Classic . The event had been delayed due to unusually warm weather ( 42 ° F ) and complications with the quality of the ice . The 2015 edition of the Hockey City Classic featured a match between Miami of Ohio and Western Michigan , followed by a match between the Big Ten 's Michigan and Michigan State February 5 the organizers of the Hockey City Classic organized the Unite on the Ice event benefiting St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital . The event was centered upon a celebrity hockey game with former NHL and AHL players , as well as a public free skate at Soldier Field . Participants in the celebrity game included Éric Dazé , Jamal Mayers and Gino Cavallini . Denis Savard was in attendance , serving as an ' honorary coach ' during the game . February 15 , 2015 Soldier Field hosted another Chicago Gay Hockey Association intra-league match in association with the Hockey City Classic at Soldier Field . Soccer ( edit ) 1994 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Soldier Field before a soccer match Date Time ( CDT ) Team # 1 Result Team # 2 Round Spectators June 17 , 1994 14 : 00 Germany 1 -- 0 Bolivia Group C / Opening Match 63,117 June 21 , 1994 15 : 00 Germany 1 -- 1 Spain Group C 63,113 June 26 , 1994 11 : 30 Greece 0 -- 4 Bulgaria Group D 63,160 June 27 , 1994 15 : 00 Bolivia 1 -- 3 Spain Group C 63,089 July 2 , 1994 11 : 00 Germany 3 -- 2 Belgium Round of 16 60,246 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup ( edit ) Date Time ( CDT ) Team # 1 Result Team # 2 Round Spectators June 24 , 1999 17.00 Brazil 2 -- 0 Italy Group B 65,080 19.00 United States 7 -- 1 Nigeria Group A 65,080 June 26 , 1999 16.00 Ghana 0 -- 2 Sweden Group D 34,256 18.30 Norway 4 - 0 Japan Group C 34,256 CONCACAF Gold Cups ( edit ) 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup Date Team # 1 Result Team # 2 Round Spectators 21 June 2007 Canada 1 -- 2 United States Semifinals 50,760 Mexico 1 -- 0 Guadeloupe 24 June 2007 United States 2 -- 1 Mexico Final 60,000 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup Date Team # 1 Result Team # 2 Round Spectators 23 July 2009 Honduras 1 -- 2 United States Semifinals 55,173 Costa Rica 1 -- 1 ( 3 - 5 pen ) Mexico 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Date Team # 1 Result Team # 2 Round Spectators 12 June 2011 El Salvador 6 -- 1 Cuba Group A 62,000 Mexico 4 -- 1 Costa Rica 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup Date Team # 1 Result Team # 2 Round Spectators 28 July 2013 United States 1 -- 0 Panama Final 57,920 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup Date Team # 1 Result Team # 2 Round Spectators July 9 , 2015 Trinidad and Tobago 3 -- 1 Guatemala Group C 54,126 Mexico 6 -- 0 Cuba Copa América Centenario ( edit ) Main article : Copa América Centenario Date Time ( CDT ) Team # 1 Result Team # 2 Round Spectators June 5 , 2016 16 : 00 Jamaica 0 -- 1 Venezuela Group C 25,560 June 7 , 2016 19 : 00 United States 4 -- 0 Costa Rica Group A 39,642 June 10 , 2016 20 : 30 Argentina 5 -- 0 Panama Group D 53,885 June 22 , 2016 19 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 2 Chile Semi-finals 55,423 Single events ( edit ) Over 15,000 spectators attended the first leg of the 1928 National Challenge Cup ( now known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup ) between soccer teams Bricklayers and Masons F.C. of Chicago and New York Nationals of New York City . The match ended in 1 -- 1 tie , and New York won the second leg 3 -- 0 in New York City . United States vs. Brazil in a friendly match -- September 9 , 2007 . Liverpool vs Olympiacos in the 2014 International Champions Cup with Liverpool winning 1 -- 0 . Bayern Munich vs A.C. Milan in the 2016 International Champions Cup with the game resulting in a 3 -- 3 draw and Milan winning the penalty shootout 5 -- 3 . Site of the 2017 MLS All - Star Game , was played on August 2 , 2017 between Real Madrid and a group of all - stars representing Major League Soccer . Manchester City vs. Borussia Dortmund in the 2018 International Champions Cup with Borussia Dortmund winning 1 - 0 . Special Olympics ( edit ) The first Special Olympics games were held at Soldier Field on July 20 , 1968 . The games involved more than 1,000 people with intellectual disabilities from 26 U.S. states and Canada competing in track and field and swimming . In 1970 , the second international games occurred , when Special Olympics returned to Soldier Field . Rugby union ( edit ) The stadium hosted its first international rugby union test match between the United States Eagles and New Zealand All Blacks on November 1 , 2014 as part of the 2014 end - of - year rugby union tests . More than half of the 61,500 tickets were sold within two days . The All Blacks beat the Eagles 74 -- 6 . The stadium hosted its second international rugby union match on September 5 , 2015 with the United States hosting Australia as part of the 2015 Rugby World Cup warm - up matches shortly before both teams were due to travel to England for the 2015 Rugby World Cup . The Eagles were defeated 47 -- 10 . Ireland beat New Zealand 40 - 29 on November 5 , 2016 at Soldier Field , as part of the 2016 end - of - year rugby union internationals -- the very first time Ireland had beaten the All Blacks in a Test match in 111 years of play . Date Winner Score Opponent Attendance November 1 , 2014 New Zealand 74 -- 6 United States 61,500 September 5 , 2015 Australia 47 - 10 United States 23,212 November 5 , 2016 Ireland 40 - 29 New Zealand 60,000 November 3 , 2018 United States 0 - 0 New Zealand - November 3 , 2018 Ireland 0 - 0 Italy - November 3 , 2018 Māori All Blacks 0 - 0 United States - Concerts ( edit ) Fare Thee Well : Celebrating 50 Years of the Grateful Dead in 2015 Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / concert name Attendance / Capacity Revenue Notes August 21 , 1937 Lily Pons Rudy Vallee Jascha Heifetz Bobby Breen N / A 8th Annual Chicagoland Music Festival N / A N / A August 15 , 1964 Johnny Cash June Carter N / A Chicagoland Music Festival N / A N / A August 9 , 1966 Barbra Streisand N / A An Evening with Barbra Streisand Tour N / A N / A July 18 , 1970 Performers Chicago Illinois Speed Press The Illusion Pig Iron Iggy Pop The Stooges Dream Leon Russell MC5 Funkadelic Mason Proffit Bush Happy Day It Does n't Matter Joe Kelley Blues Band Bloomsbury People N / A WCFL 's Big Ten Summer Music Festival N / A N / A June 4 , 1977 Emerson , Lake & Palmer Foghat The J. Geils Band Climax Blues Band ELP Works N / A N / A June 19 , 1977 Pink Floyd N / A In the Flesh Tour 95,000 N / A July 9 , 1977 Lynyrd Skynyrd Point Blank 77,197 N / A July 10 , 1977 Ted Nugent Lynyrd Skynyrd REO Speedwagon Journey . 38 Special Super Bowl of Rock # 3 N / A N / A August 13 , 1977 Peter Frampton Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band Rick Derringer UFO N / A N / A July 8 , 1978 The Rolling Stones Journey Southside Johnny & The Asbury Jukes Peter Tosh The Rolling Stones US Tour 1978 N / A N / A Augst 26 , 1978 Parliament - Funkadelic The Bar - Kays Con Funk Shun A Taste of Honey Funk Fest N / A N / A July 19 , 1980 Smokey Robinson The O'Jays N / A N / A August 10 -- 18 , 1983 Performers Buddy Guy Junior Wells The Beach Boys Stevie Ray Vaughan Double Trouble The Association The Hollies The Kind Laura Branigan N / A ChicagoFest N / A N / A August 9 , 1985 Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band N / A Born in the U.S.A. Tour 71,222 / 71,222 $1,228,500 July 31 , 1987 Madonna Level 42 Who 's That Girl World Tour 47,407 / 47,407 $1,066,658 July 29 , 1990 Paul McCartney N / A The Paul McCartney World Tour 55,630 / 55,630 $1,807,975 June 22 , 1990 Grateful Dead N / A N / A N / A June 25 , 1992 Steve Miller Band June 26 , 1992 June 18 , 1993 Sting June 19 , 1993 July 12 , 1994 Pink Floyd N / A The Division Bell Tour 51,981 / 51,981 $2,056,105 July 23 , 1994 Grateful Dead Traffic N / A N / A July 24 , 1994 September 11 , 1994 The Rolling Stones Lenny Kravitz Voodoo Lounge Tour 90,303 / 90,303 $4,194,320 September 12 , 1994 July 8 , 1995 Grateful Dead The Band N / A N / A The 1995 Grateful Dead concerts were the band 's last , as guitarist and vocalist Jerry Garcia died a month later . July 9 , 1995 July 11 , 1995 Pearl Jam Bad Religion Otis Rush Vitalogy Tour N / A N / A September 14 , 1996 Little Feat Taj Mahal N / A N / A June 27 , 1997 U2 Fun Lovin ' Criminals PopMart Tour 116,912 / 127,500 $5,956,587 June 28 , 1997 June 29 , 1997 July 18 , 1997 Performers Bad Religion Blink - 182 Descendents Hed PE Jimmy 2 Times Lagwagon Latex Generation Less Than Jake Limp Bizkit The Mighty Mighty Bosstones Millencolin Murder City Devils Orange 9mm Pennywise Reel Big Fish Sick of It All Snot Social Distortion Strung Out Sugar Ray Trading Bryson Vision of Disorder White Kaps N / A Vans Warped Tour N / A N / A September 23 , 1997 The Rolling Stones Blues Traveler Bridges to Babylon Tour 107,186 / 107,186 $6,260,000 September 25 , 1997 May 10 , 1998 George Strait N / A Country Music Festival Tour N / A N / A April 25 , 1999 May 13 , 2000 Wilco N / A N / A N / A June 29 , 2000 Dave Matthews Band Ben Harper & The Innocent Criminals Ozomatli The Summer 2000 Tour 115,006 / 115,006 $5,175,270 June 30 , 2000 June 16 , 2001 NSYNC BBMak 3LW Dream PopOdyssey 85,650 / 103,903 $4,739,359 June 17 , 2001 July 6 , 2001 Dave Matthews Band Buddy Guy Angélique Kidjo The Summer 2001 Tour 103,675 / 103,675 $4,834,864 July 7 , 2001 September 10 , 2005 The Rolling Stones Los Lonely Boys A Bigger Bang 55,046 / 55,046 $7,231,427 July 21 , 2006 Bon Jovi Nickelback Have a Nice Day Tour 52,612 / 52,612 $3,988,455 October 11 , 2006 The Rolling Stones Elvis Costello & The Imposters A Bigger Bang 33,296 / 33,296 $4,020,721 June 21 , 2008 Kenny Chesney Keith Urban LeAnn Rimes Luke Bryan Gary Allan The Poets and Pirates Tour 46,463 / 48,585 $4,063,663 October 11 -- 12 , 2008 Performers Son Volt Cross Canadian Ragweed Gretchen Wilson Justin Townes Earle Lady Antebellum Luke Bryan Rissi Palmer Taylor Swift The Lawrence Peters Outfit Tift Merritt N / A Chicago Country Music Festival N / A N / A June 13 , 2009 Kenny Chesney Lady Antebellum Miranda Lambert Montgomery Gentry Sugarland Sun City Carnival Tour 48,763 / 50,109 $3,184,606 September 12 , 2009 U2 Snow Patrol U2 360 ° Tour 135,872 / 135,872 $13,860,480 September 13 , 2009 June 12 , 2010 Performers All Time Low Boys Like Girls Cady Groves Forever the Sickest Kids Good Charlotte Hellogoodbye LMFAO Simple Plan Third Eye Blind Drive A Great Big Planes Mercy Mercedes The Prices The Ready Set Stereo Skyline Vita Chambers N / A The Bamboozle Roadshow 2010 N / A N / A Event held at Soldier Field parking lot June 19 , 2010 Eagles Dixie Chicks JD & The Straight Shot Long Road Out of Eden Tour 29,233 / 32,420 $3,186,493 July 7 , 2010 deadmau5 Rye Rye Brazilian Girls N / A N / A July 30 , 2010 Bon Jovi Kid Rock The Circle Tour 95,959 / 95,959 $8,606,259 July 31 , 2010 July 5 , 2011 U2 Interpol U2 360 ° Tour 64,297 / 64,297 $5,786,335 August 23 , 2011 Wayne Baker Brooks Sugar Blue N / A N / A July 7 , 2012 Kenny Chesney Tim McGraw Jake Owen Grace Potter and the Nocturnals Brothers of the Sun Tour 51,100 / 51,100 $5,109,399 July 12 , 2013 Bon Jovi The J. Geils Band Because We Can 45,178 / 45,178 $4,690,204 July 22 , 2013 Jay - Z Justin Timberlake DJ Cassidy Legends of the Summer 52,671 / 52,671 $5,715,152 August 10 , 2013 Taylor Swift Ed Sheeran Casey James Austin Mahone The Red Tour 50,809 / 50,809 $4,149,148 July 24 , 2014 Beyoncé Jay - Z N / A On the Run Tour 50,035 / 50,035 $5,783,396 August 29 , 2014 One Direction 5 Seconds of Summer Where We Are Tour 104,617 / 104,617 $9,446,247 During the August 29 show , the band performed a cover of `` Happy Birthday '' by Mildred J. Hill dedicated to Liam , and one of `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' by Michael Jackson . August 30 , 2014 August 31 , 2014 Luke Bryan Dierks Bentley Lee Brice Cole Swindell DJ Rock That 's My Kind of Night Tour 50,529 / 50,529 $3,754,362 June 6 , 2015 Kenny Chesney Miranda Lambert Brantley Gilbert Chase Rice Old Dominion The Big Revival Tour 43,630 / 48,278 $3,776,207 Chesney was the main headliner , Lambert joined as the co-headliner only for the Chicago show July 3 , 2015 Grateful Dead N / A Fare Thee Well : Celebrating 50 Years of the Grateful Dead 210,283 / 210,283 $30,683,274 50th Anniversary concerts July 4 , 2015 July 5 , 2015 July 18 , 2015 Taylor Swift Vance Joy Shawn Mendes HAIM The 1989 World Tour 110,109 / 110,109 $11,469,887 Andy Grammer and Serayah were special guests on the July 18 show July 19 , 2015 Sam Hunt and Andreja Pejić & Lily Donaldson were special guests on the July 19 show August 23 , 2015 One Direction Icona Pop On the Road Again Tour 41,527 / 41,527 $3,382,655 May 27 , 2016 Beyoncé Rae Sremmurd The Formation World Tour 89,270 / 89,270 $11,279,890 May 28 , 2016 DJ Scratch July 1 , 2016 Guns N ' Roses Alice in Chains Not in This Lifetime ... Tour 82,172 / 96,088 $8,843,684 July 3 , 2016 July 23 , 2016 Coldplay Alessia Cara Foxes A Head Full of Dreams Tour 95,323 / 95,323 $10,215,572 The July 23 show was cut short due to inclement weather . July 24 , 2016 June 3 , 2017 U2 The Lumineers The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 105,078 / 105,078 $13,435,925 June 4 , 2017 June 18 , 2017 Metallica Avenged Sevenfold Local H Mix Master Mike WorldWired Tour 51,041 / 51,041 $6,093,976 August 17 , 2017 Coldplay AlunaGeorge Izzy Bizu A Head Full of Dreams Tour 52,726 / 52,726 $6,026,402 June 1 , 2018 Taylor Swift Camila Cabello Charli XCX Taylor Swift 's Reputation Stadium Tour 105,208 / 105,208 $14,576,697 June 2 , 2018 July 28 , 2018 Kenny Chesney Thomas Rhett Old Dominion Brandon Lay Trip Around The Sun Tour 52,189 / 52,189 $5,751,195 August 10 , 2018 Beyoncé Jay - Z Chloe X Halle and DJ Khaled On the Run II Tour 86,602 / 86,602 $12,303,099 During the second show , `` Summer '' was added to the setlist . `` Apeshit '' was also performed for the first time in its entirety with choreography and background dancers . August 11 , 2018 October 4 , 2018 Ed Sheeran Snow Patrol Lauv ÷ Tour TBA TBA Other events ( edit ) President Franklin D. Roosevelt at Soldier Field Gen. Douglas MacArthur at Soldier Field Opening ceremonies of the 2006 Gay Games President Barack Obama throws a football at Soldier Field after the 2012 NATO summit . The 28th International Eucharistic Congress held three days of outdoor day and evening events from June 21 -- 23 , 1926 . The Long Count Fight , the second heavyweight championship bout between Jack Dempsey and Gene Tunney , was held at Soldier Field on September 22 , 1927 . June 24 , 1932 a war show celebrating the bicentennial of George Washington 's birth featured Amelia Earhart . May 27 , 1933 Soldier Field opening ceremonies of the Century of Progress Worlds Fair . Postmaster General and DNC - Chairman James Farley facilitated the opening ceremony . October 28 , 1944 , President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt made an appearance at Soldier Field , which was the only Midwestern speaking appearance he made in his last reelection campaign . This appearance was attended by over 150,000 ( with at least as many people attempting to attend who were unable to gain admission ) . US General during World War II Douglas MacArthur addressed a crowd of 50,000 at Soldier Field , which was his first visit to the United States in 14 years in April 1951 . Glenn `` Fireball '' Roberts won the only NASCAR Grand National race held at the stadium 's short track which ran across the old configuration , in 1956 . Three Convertible Division races were held at the stadium . The Chicago Freedom Movement , led by Martin Luther King , held a rally here on June 21 . As many as 75,000 came to hear Reverends Martin Luther King Jr. and Theodore Hesburgh ( president of the University of Notre Dame , Archbishop Arthur M. Brazier , and Minister Edgar Chandler among others . The Chicago Freedom Movement held a second rally here on July 10 , 1966 . As many as 60,000 people came to hear Dr. King as well as Mahalia Jackson , Stevie Wonder and Peter , Paul and Mary . The early - to - mid 1980s saw the US Hot Rod Association host Truck and Tractor Sled Pull Competitions and Monster Truck exhibitions here . The engines on some of the vehicles would echo through the skyscrapers in downtown Chicago as they made their pull . Damage to the stadium turf on a few of the event occasion 's led USHRA to move events to the Rosemont Horizon ( known today as Allstate Arena ) . 1974 The Chicago Fire of the World Football League played here before folding in 1975 . October 13 David D. Meilahn made the first - ever commercial cell phone call from his 1983 Mercedes - Benz 380SL at Soldier Field on a Motorola DynaTAC . This is considered a major turning point in communications . The call was to Bob Barnett , the former president of Ameritech Mobile Communications , who then placed a call on a DynaTAC from inside of a Chrysler convertible to the grandson of Alexander Graham Bell who was in Germany . The stadium was listed on the National Register of Historic Places beginning in 1984 . Its National Historic Landmark status was removed in 2006 . In the summer of 2006 , the stadium hosted the Opening Ceremony of the Gay Games In 2012 , United States President Barack Obama held the 2012 Chicago summit , a summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , at McCormick Place and Soldier Field . In popular culture ( edit ) In the Marvel Comics event Siege , Soldier Field is inadvertently destroyed mid-game by Thor 's friend Volstagg when he is tricked into fighting the U-Foes through Loki and Norman Osborn 's manipulations of events . The stadium is later seen being rebuilt by the heroes after Steve Rogers is appointed head of U.S. Security , following the aforementioned event . The 1977 documentary film Powers of Ten focuses on two people having a picnic on the east side of Soldier Field . The stadium appears in the 2006 Clint Eastwood -- directed movie Flags of Our Fathers , when the survivors of the Iwo Jima flag - raising reenact it for a patriotic rally . The opening match of the 1994 World Cup at Soldier Field was one of the five events covered in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary June 17th , 1994 . Soldier Field features ( much changed ) in August 4017a. d. in From The Highlands short story in David Weber 's anthology collection Changer Of Worlds . It appears to have gone through multiple renovations , rebuilds and even having been built over , until nothing but the open space of the original remained In the 13th Episode of Chicago Fire 's fourth season , Soldier Field was featured on one of their calls for a terrorist hoax . In the 21st Episode of Chicago Fire 's fifth season , Soldier Field was featured on one of their calls for a high angle rescue . Gallery ( edit ) Aerial view , c. 1988 , behind the stadium is the Field Museum of Natural History View from Northerly Island Front of bronze mural View towards the western grandstand 's cantilever over the original western colonnade Soldier Field nearing completion , 1924 Soccer game See also ( edit ) List of events at Soldier Field Chicago portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Soldier Field Jump up ^ `` Soldier Field '' . ESPN.com . January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stadium History and Timeline '' . Official website . Soldier Field . 2010 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Start Work On New Municipal Stadium In Grant Park , Chicago '' . The Christian Science Monitor . August 16 , 1922 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Riess , Steven A. ( 2005 ) . `` Soldier Field '' . The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Published October 6 , 2003 ( October 6 , 2003 ) . `` After a quick build , showtime in Chicago '' . SportsBusiness Journal . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andrew ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` Report : Annual Blue - Gold Spring Game May Be Moved To Soldier Field '' . slapthesign.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Liam T.A. Ford ( 2009 ) . Soldier Field : A Stadium and Its City ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : University Of Chicago Press . p. 91 . In 1929 a new stadium was under construction at Notre Dame , and the team played its entire home season at Soldier Field Jump up ^ Ford , Liam T.A. Ford ( 2009 ) . Soldier Field : A Stadium and Its City ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : University Of Chicago Press . p. 236 . UIC started playing football at Soldier Field in 1966 Jump up ^ Ford , Liam T.A. Ford ( 2009 ) . Soldier Field : A Stadium and Its City ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : University Of Chicago Press . p. 236 . their last home game at Soldier Field , on November 3 , 1973 ^ Jump up to : Rollow , Cooper ( March 14 , 1971 ) . `` Bears find home ; it 's Soldier Field '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 , part 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bears sign to play in Soldier Field '' . Milwaukee Journal . March 14 , 1971 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` 110,000 to see game today '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . November 27 , 1926 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical timeline of Soldier Field '' . Chicago Bears . 2009 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soldier Field '' , Chicago Architecture Info . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truman telss Chicago crowd U.S. must remain strong '' . Chicago Sunday Tribune . April 7 , 1946 . p. 10 , part 1 . Jump up ^ `` Closing meeting at Chicago 's Soldier Field '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Australia . ( photo ) . November 25 , 1962 . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Lugardo , Sara ( 2012 - 12 - 16 ) . `` History of Tailgating in Chicago '' . WBBM - TV . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bears ' games at Soldier Field may be moved '' . Schenectady Gazette . New York . Associated Press . August 16 , 1988 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Roy . `` Soldier Field History '' . Bearshistory.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barboza , David ( June 16 , 2003 ) . `` Chicago Journal ; Soldier Field Renovation Brings Out Boo - Birds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sharoff , Robert ( November 2002 ) . `` Field of Pain '' . Chicago Magazine . Jump up ^ Kamin , Blair ( April 5 , 2001 ) . `` Soldier field plan : On further Review , the Play Stinks '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kamin , Blair ( June 11 , 2001 ) . `` The Monstrosity of the Midway ; Mr. Mayor : Stop the Madness and Admit That the Lakefront Is No Place for the Bears '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kamin , Blair ( July 11 , 2001 ) . `` A tale of Hungry Bears and White Elephants '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Steve ( September 14 , 2003 ) . `` A stadium deal that is hard to bear '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Muschamp , Herbert ( December 23 , 2003 ) . `` Architecture : The Highs ; The Buildings ( and Plans ) of the Year '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry . `` Soldier Field wins prestigious award '' . Chicago Bears . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soldier Field loses National Historic Landmark status '' . General Cultural Resources News . eCulturalResources. April 24 , 2006 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Murray , Jeanne ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` Leveling the Playing Field '' . Preservation Magazine . National Trust for Historic Preservation . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly List of Actions taken on properties : 4 / 17 / 06 through 4 / 21 / 06 '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . April 28 , 2006 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Soldier Field earns top building honor '' . Chicago Bears . May 31 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 Army - Navy Game '' . Library Archives . United States Naval Academy . November 26 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2009 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Forman , Ross ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` CGHA to skate at Soldier Field after Hockey City Classic '' . Windycitymediagroup.com . Windy City Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Bradley , Ben ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Blackhawks rally tickets to be available Wednesday '' . Abc7chicago.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan to Play Michigan State Outdoors at Soldier Field in Chicago '' . Mgoblue.com . August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan , MSU to play outdoor hockey at Soldier Field '' . Freep.com . August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spartans Fall to Michigan at Soldier Field '' . Msuspartans.com . February 8 , 2015 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WMU Hockey Comes Up Short at Soldier Field '' . Westernherald.com . Western Herald . February 8 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan downs Michigan State , 4 - 1 , in Hockey City Classic at Soldier Field '' . btn.com . Big Ten Network . February 8 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sipple , George ( February 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sipple : Hockey City Classic in Chicago full of problems '' . Freep.com . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday , February 7 , 2015 Miami ( MIA ) vs Western Michigan ( WMU ) '' . Collegehockeystats.net . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan 4 , Michigan State 1 '' . Uscho.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` PUBLIC SKATING , CHARITY GAME AT SOLDIER FIELD THURSDAY '' . news.medill.northwestern.edu . Northwestern University . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liverpool Hold Off Olympiacos at Soldier Field Archived July 29 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ICC.com July 28 , 2014 Retrieved July 28 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Beginning of a Worldwide Movement '' . Special Olympics . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Joyful New Movement Gains Momentum '' . Special Olympics . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Blacks : Chicago likely test venue -- Sport -- NZ Herald News '' . Nzherald.co.nz . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` More than 30,000 tickets sold for All Blacks matchup at Soldier Field '' Archived June 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , USA Rugby , June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wise , Chad ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` All Blacks Showcase World - Class Rugby at Soldier Field '' Archived January 18 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , USA Rugby . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Wallabies Fixtures '' . Australian Rugby Union . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 40 - 29 New Zealand : Joe Schmidt 's men taste historic victory over All Blacks as they run in five tries to record first win in 111 years '' . Daily Mail . 5 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , John W. ; Dolgushkin , Mike ; Nixon , Stu. ( 1999 ) . DeadBase XI : The Complete Guide to Grateful Dead Song Lists . Cornish , New Hampshire : DeadBase . ISBN 1 - 877657 - 22 - 0 . Jump up ^ Waddell , Ray ( July 4 , 2015 ) . `` Grateful Dead Fare Thee Well Sets Attendance Record at Chicago 's Soldier Field '' , Billboard . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( 2016 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Rain ca n't dampen Coldplay party at Soldier Field '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Planes Thrill Crowd at Military Show '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . June 25 , 1932 . Jump up ^ `` 1,500 Soldiers Will Move into Loop Wednesday '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . June 13 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Kathleen ( June 25 , 1932 ) . `` Amelia Flies to City ; Given Noisy Ovation '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Fair Opened by Farley ; Rays of Arcturus Start Lights '' . New York Times . May 28 , 1933 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell Bennett , James ( May 28 , 1933 ) . `` Exposition Starts with Pageant in Soldiers ' Field '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . Jump up ^ Gentry , Guy ( October 28 , 1944 ) . `` 700,000 Tickets Out for F.D.R. Rally Tonight '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Record Crowd Hears President Give Peace Program '' . Chicago Defender . November 4 , 1944 . Jump up ^ `` Roosevelt , Franklin Delano , `` Campaign Address at Soldier Field , Chicago '' October 28 , 1944 `` . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Edwards , Willard ( October 29 , 1944 ) . `` F.D.R. Promises New Deal No. 2 ; Dewey Hits at War ' Credit ' Claim '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . Jump up ^ Franklin D. Roosevelt , `` Campaign Address at Soldier Field '' , Oct. 28 , 1944 Jump up ^ `` Postwar Goal : 60 Million Jobs '' . Los Angeles Times . October 29 , 1944 . Jump up ^ `` Record Crowd In Chicago '' . Chicago Defender . November 4 , 1944 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. ( 1999 ) . Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 . New York City : Oxford University Press . pp. 767 -- 769 , 774 -- 775 . Jump up ^ `` Checkered Flag Waves for NASCAR Legends story -- Soldier Field '' . Laidbackracing.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Tom ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Chicago 's storied Soldier Field was once a NASCAR track '' . www.thatsracin.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Throwback Thursday : Chicagoland '' . NASCAR . September 12 , 2013 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom Summer in Chicago : An Anticlimax '' . Uic.edu . University of Illinois at Chicago Library . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ; Taylor , Elizabeth ( 2000 ) . American Pharaoh : Mayor Richard J. Daley : His Battle for Chicago and the Nation . Boston : Little , Brown . p. . ISBN 0 - 316 - 83403 - 3 . OCLC 42392137 . Jump up ^ Oehmke , Ted ( January 6 , 2000 ) . `` Cell Phones Ruin the Opera ? Meet the Culprit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Soldier Field -- Building # 84001052 '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . 1984 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Listings '' . National Park Service . April 28 , 2006 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Noel , Josh ; Elejalde - Ruiz , Alexia ( July 16 , 2006 ) . `` Pride , Support , Protest Mark Opening '' , Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama throws football at Soldier Field '' . Chicago Bears . May 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siege # 1 Jump up ^ Avengers ( vol. 4 ) # 1 Jump up ^ `` Powers of Ten '' . Film and description . Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire ( CERN ) . June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . The zoom - out continues , to a view of 100 meters ( 10 ^ 2 m ) , then 1 kilometer ( 10 ^ 3 m ) , and so on , increasing the perspective . The picnic is revealed to be taking place near Soldier Field on Chicago 's waterfront , and continuing to zoom out to a field of view of 10 ^ 24 meters , or the size of the observable universe . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` Movie Review : Flags of Our Fathers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Ford , Liam T.A. ( 2009 ) . Soldier Field : A Stadium and Its City . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 25706 - 8 . OCLC 317923072 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soldier Field . Official website Soldier Field archive at the Chicago Tribune Soldier Field succession and navigation boxes show Events and tenants Preceded by San Siro Milan FIFA World Cup Opening Venue 1994 Succeeded by Stade de France Paris ( Saint - Denis ) Preceded by Wrigley Field Memorial Stadium Home of the Chicago Bears 1971 -- 2001 2003 -- present Succeeded by Memorial Stadium current stadium Preceded by Comiskey Park Home of the Chicago Cardinals 1959 Succeeded by Busch Stadium Preceded by first stadium Cardinal Stadium Home of the Chicago Fire 1998 -- 2002 2003 -- 2005 Succeeded by Cardinal Stadium Toyota Park Preceded by Giants Stadium East Rutherford CONCACAF Gold Cup Final Venue 2007 Succeeded by Giants Stadium East Rutherford Preceded by Rose Bowl Pasadena CONCACAF Gold Cup Final Venue 2013 Succeeded by Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Preceded by Candlestick Park RFK Stadium Qwest Field Louisiana Superdome Host of NFC Championship Game 1986 1989 2007 2011 Succeeded by Giants Stadium Candlestick Park Lambeau Field Candlestick Park Chicago Bears Founded in 1920 Formerly the Decatur Staleys ( 1920 ) and the Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Based in Chicago , Illinois Headquartered in Lake Forest , Illinois Franchise History Coaches Seasons Current season Records Records and statistics Franchise records All - time record versus NFL Team awards and honors Players Head coaches Pro Football Hall of Famers First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Staley Field Wrigley Field Memorial Stadium Soldier Field Culture Brian 's Song 1971 2001 Brian Piccolo Award `` Bear Down , Chicago Bears '' `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' Monsters of the Midway Bill Swerski 's Superfans Chuck Swirsky Chicago Honey Bears Staley Da Bear Logos and uniforms Halas Hall A.E. Staley Jack Brickhouse George Halas Mike Ditka Roosevelt / Wabash 85386 Payton Jim Cornelison Lore Staley Swindle 1932 Playoff Game First NFL Championship Game `` The Sneakers Game '' 73 -- 0 15 -- 1 Super Bowl XX 46 defense T formation Fog Bowl 75th Anniversary League Team NFL All - Time Team Cardiac Kids 2006 game vs. Arizona Cardinals Rivalries Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Retired numbers 5 7 28 34 40 41 42 51 56 61 66 77 89 Key personnel Chairman : George McCaskey President / CEO : Ted Phillips General Manager : Ryan Pace Head Coach : Matt Nagy Division championships ( 18 ) 1933 1934 1937 1940 1941 1942 1943 1946 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 2001 2005 2006 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1956 1963 1985 2006 League championships ( 9 ) 1921 1932 1933 1940 1941 1943 1946 1963 1985 ( XX ) Media Broadcasters Radio : WBBM ( AM ) WCFS - FM ( FM simulcast of WBBM ) Personnel : Jeff Joniak ( play - by - play ) Tom Thayer ( analyst ) Zach Zaidman ( sideline reporter and radio coach 's show host ) Television : WFLD ( pre-season and most regular season games through Fox , official pre-game and post-game ) NBC Sports Chicago ( in - season team programming ) Personnel : Lou Canellis ( gameday television host , pre-season sideline reporter ) Sam Rosen ( pre-season play - by - play ) Jim Miller ( pre-season analyst ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Book : Chicago Bears : Category : Chicago Bears WikiProject Chicago Bears Arizona Cardinals Founded in 1898 Played in Chicago ( 1920 -- 1959 ) , St. Louis ( 1960 -- 1987 ) , and formerly the Phoenix Cardinals ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Based in Glendale , Arizona Headquartered in Tempe , Arizona Franchise History in Chicago in St. Louis Seasons Head coaches Players Quarterbacks First - round draft picks Stadiums Normal Park Comiskey Park Forbes Field Soldier Field Busch Stadium Busch Memorial Stadium Sun Devil Stadium State Farm Stadium Culture Charles Bidwill Bill Bidwill Cheerleaders Big Red ( mascot ) Jerry Maguire Lore 1925 Chicago Cardinals -- Milwaukee Badgers scandal 1925 NFL Championship controversy Card - Pitt Million Dollar Backfield Chicago Cardinals -- Toronto Argonauts exhibition game Fútbol Americano 2006 game vs. Chicago Bears Rivalries Kansas City Chiefs Division championships ( 7 ) 1947 1948 2008 2009 2015 Conference championships ( 1 ) 2008 League championships ( 2 ) 1925 1947 Retired numbers 8 40 77 88 99 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : West Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Portal Kansas City Spurs Founded 1966 Based in Kansas City , Missouri Club history Chicago Spurs ( 1966 -- 1967 ) Kansas City Spurs ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Sports facilities Soldier Field Kansas City Municipal Stadium Important figures Eric Barber Leonel Conde Eli Durante Pepe Fernandez Joe Haverty Willy Roy Manfred Seissler Other topics Related articles Honors NASL Championship ( 1 ) 1969 ( Champions ) NASL International Cup ( 1 ) 1969 ( Champions ) NASL Regular Season ( 1 ) 1969 ( Champions ) NASL Division titles ( 1 ) 1968 ( Gulf Division ) Seasons North American Soccer League ( 1966 -- 85 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 Chicago Sting Founded 1974 Based in Chicago Club history Chicago Sting ( 1974 -- 1984 ) Chicago Sting ( 1976 -- 1982 ) ( indoor ) Chicago Sting ( 1982 -- 1988 ) ( indoor ) Sports facilities Chicago Stadium Comiskey Park Rosemont Horizon Soldier Field Wrigley Field Culture Stanley Sting Rivalries New York Cosmos Important figures Tony Chursky Rudy Getzinger Gerry Gray Karl - Heinz Granitza Victor Kodelja John McGrane Victor Nogueira Willy Roy Lee Stern Clive Toye Bruce Wilson Other topics Related articles Honors NASL Championship ( 2 ) 1981 ( Champions ) 1984 ( Champions ) NASL Regular season ( 1 ) 1984 ( Champions ) NASL Division titles ( 4 ) 1976 ( Northern Division ) 1980 ( Central Division ) 1981 ( Central Division ) 1984 ( Eastern Division ) NASL Indoor League Championship ( 1 ) 1980 -- 81 ( Finalist ) NASL Indoor League Regular Season ( 1 ) 1980 -- 81 ( Champions ) NASL Indoor League Division ( 2 ) 1980 -- 81 ( Central Division ) 1981 -- 82 ( Central Division ) Seasons North American Soccer League ( 1966 -- 85 ) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 North American Soccer League Indoor ( 1975 -- 84 ) 1976 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1983 -- 84 Major Indoor Soccer League ( 1978 -- 92 ) 1982 -- 83 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 Chicago Fire Bridgeview , Illinois The club History Seasons Records Players Stadiums Soldier Field Cardinal Stadium Toyota Park Affiliated clubs Tulsa Roughnecks USL Chicago Fire U-23 PDL Chicago Fire Juniors Culture Brimstone Cup Section 8 Chicago Key personnel Owner Andell Holdings Chairman Andrew Hauptman Head Coach Veljko Paunović Major honors ( 6 ) MLS Cup ( 1 ) 1998 Supporters ' Shield ( 1 ) 2003 U.S. Open Cup ( 4 ) 1998 2000 2003 2006 Major League Soccer Seasons ( 20 ) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football Venues Cartier Field ( 1889 -- 1928 ) Soldier Field ( 1929 ) Notre Dame Stadium ( 1930 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Emerald Isle Classic Army Boston College : Holy War Michigan Michigan State Navy Northwestern Pittsburgh Purdue Stanford USC Culture & lore All - time series results History Band of the Fighting Irish Irish Guard Notre Dame Box Notre Dame Leprechaun `` Notre Dame , Our Mother '' `` Notre Dame Victory March '' Play Like a Champion Today Subway Alumni T formation Tall Grass Game 1946 `` Game of the Century '' 1966 `` Game of the Century '' Catholics vs. Convicts 1993 `` Game of the Century '' Bush Push Navy ends the drought Knute Rockne , All American Notre Dame Football on NBC Rudy People Head coaches Starting quarterbacks Four Horsemen NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Current stadiums of the National Football League American Football Conference East Gillette Stadium Hard Rock Stadium MetLife Stadium New Era Field North FirstEnergy Stadium Heinz Field M&T Bank Stadium Paul Brown Stadium South Lucas Oil Stadium Nissan Stadium NRG Stadium TIAA Bank Field West Arrowhead Stadium Broncos Stadium at Mile High Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum StubHub Center National Football Conference East AT&T Stadium FedExField Lincoln Financial Field MetLife Stadium North Ford Field Lambeau Field Soldier Field U.S. Bank Stadium South Bank of America Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Raymond James Stadium West CenturyLink Field Levi 's Stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum State Farm Stadium Hall of Fame Game Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium Pro Bowl Camping World Stadium International Series Wembley Stadium Twickenham Stadium Estadio Azteca Both the New York Giants ( NFC ) and the New York Jets ( AFC ) share the same venue . Pan American Games stadiums Buenos Aires 1951 Mexico City 1955 Chicago 1959 São Paulo 1963 Winnipeg 1967 Cali 1971 Mexico City 1975 San Juan 1979 Caracas 1983 Indianapolis 1987 Havana 1991 Mar del Plata 1995 Winnipeg 1999 Santo Domingo 2003 Rio de Janeiro 2007 Guadalajara 2011 Toronto 2015 Lima 2019 Santiago 2023 1994 FIFA World Cup stadiums Citrus Bowl ( Orlando ) Cotton Bowl ( Dallas ) Foxboro Stadium ( Foxborough ) Giants Stadium ( East Rutherford ) Pontiac Silverdome ( Detroit ) RFK Stadium ( Washington ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Stanford Stadium ( Stanford ) FIFA World Cup opening venues Estadio Pocitos ( 1930 ) All venues used ( 1934 ) Parc des Princes ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Charmilles Stadium , Stade olympique de la Pontaise , Wankdorf Stadium , Hardturm ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) All venues used ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Waldstadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Camp Nou ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) San Siro ( 1990 ) Soldier Field ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) Seoul World Cup Stadium ( 2002 ) Allianz Arena ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Arena Corinthians ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup stadiums Jack Kent Cooke Stadium ( Landover ) Foxboro Stadium ( Foxborough ) Giants Stadium ( East Rutherford ) Civic Stadium ( Portland ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Spartan Stadium ( San Jose ) Stanford Stadium ( Palo Alto ) Venues of the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Cowboys Stadium ( Arlington , Texas ) The Home Depot Center ( Carson , California ) Ford Field ( Detroit ) Bank of America Stadium ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) FIU Stadium ( Miami ) Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa , Florida ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Red Bull Arena ( Harrison , New Jersey ) Livestrong Sporting Park ( Kansas City , Kansas ) New Meadowlands Stadium ( East Rutherford , New Jersey ) RFK Stadium ( Washington , D.C. ) Reliant Stadium ( Houston ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) Official website Venues of the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup AT&T Stadium ( Arlington ) BBVA Compass Stadium ( Houston ) CenturyLink Field ( Seattle ) Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Sun Life Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) Jeld - Wen Field ( Portland ) M&T Bank Stadium ( Baltimore ) Red Bull Arena ( Harrison , New Jersey ) Rentschler Field ( East Hartford , Connecticut ) Rio Tinto Stadium ( Salt Lake City ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( Denver ) Official website Venues of the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup Group stage BBVA Compass Stadium ( Houston ) BMO Field ( Toronto ) Bank of America Stadium ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough , Massachusetts ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Children 's Mercy Park ( Kansas City , Kansas ) StubHub Center ( Carson , California ) Toyota Stadium ( Frisco , Texas ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale , Arizona ) Quarter - finals M&T Bank Stadium ( Baltimore ) MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford , New Jersey ) Semi-finals Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Third - place playoff Talen Energy Stadium ( Chester , Pennsylvania ) Final Lincoln Financial Field ( Philadelphia ) Official website Copa América Centenario stadiums Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) CenturyLink Field ( Seattle ) Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough ) Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara ) Lincoln Financial Field ( Philadelphia ) MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford ) NRG Stadium ( Houston ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) State Farm Stadium ( Glendale ) Venues of the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup Allianz Field Banc of California Stadium Bank of America Stadium BBVA Compass Stadium Broncos Stadium at Mile High Children 's Mercy Park FirstEnergy Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Nissan Stadium NRG Stadium Red Bull Arena Rose Bowl Soldier Field Toyota Stadium State Farm Stadium Official website U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Grant Park Features and attractions Art Institute of Chicago Auditorium Building BP Pedestrian Bridge Buckingham Fountain Burnham Pavilions Chicago Lakefront Trail Grant Park Symphony Orchestra Maggie Daley Park Millennium Park Monroe Harbor Museum Campus Adler Planetarium Field Museum of Natural History Shedd Aquarium Soldier Field Nichols Bridgeway Petrillo Music Shell Public art 8th Street Fountain Abraham Lincoln : The Head of State Agora Big Beaver Totem Pole The Bowman and The Spearman Bust of Sir Georg Solti Chicago Stock Exchange Arch Cloud Gate Christopher Columbus Crown Fountain Cubi VII Flying Dragon Fountain of the Great Lakes Fountain of the Tritons General John Logan Memorial Joseph Rosenberg Fountain Large Interior Form Lions Magdalene Man Enters the Cosmos Man with Fish Olmec Head , Number 8 Spiral Galaxy Spirit of Music Events Bike The Drive Festival Chicago Blues Festival Chicago Jazz Festival Chicago Marathon Grant Park Music Festival Lollapalooza Taste of Chicago 1968 Democratic National Convention protests Barack Obama election victory speech ( 2008 ) Area streets Balbo Drive Columbus Drive Congress Parkway Historic Michigan Boulevard District Jackson Boulevard Lake Shore Drive Michigan Avenue Monroe Street Randolph Street Roosevelt Road Other Burnham Plan of Chicago Metra Electric District Millennium Station Municipal Grant Park Stadium South Shore Line Former stadiums of Major League Soccer Arrowhead Stadium Cardinal Stadium Camping World Stadium CEFCU Stadium CommunityAmerica Ballpark Cotton Bowl Dragon Stadium Empire Field Foxboro Stadium Giants Stadium Houlihan 's Stadium Invesco Field at Mile High Lockhart Stadium Mile High Stadium Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Ohio Stadium Raymond James Stadium Rice -- Eccles Stadium Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Robertson Stadium Rose Bowl Soldier Field Stevens Stadium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soldier_Field&oldid=866343472 '' Categories : Soldier Field Central Chicago Sports venues in Chicago American football venues in Chicago Athletics ( track and field ) venues in Chicago Boxing venues in Chicago Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago College football venues Chicago Bears stadiums Chicago Blitz stadiums Chicago Cardinals Chicago Fire Soccer Club Chicago Sting sports facilities CONCACAF Gold Cup stadiums Former Major League Soccer stadiums FIFA Women 's World Cup stadiums Former National Historic Landmarks of the United States Ice hockey venues in Chicago Kansas City Spurs sports facilities Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certified buildings Motorsport venues in Illinois NASCAR tracks National Football League venues North American Soccer League ( 1968 -- 84 ) stadiums Notre Dame Fighting Irish football venues Outdoor ice hockey venues in the United States Pan American Games opening ceremony stadiums Pan American Games athletics venues Projects by Holabird & Root Rebuilt buildings and structures in Illinois Rugby union stadiums in Chicago Soccer venues in Chicago Softball venues in Chicago Sports venues completed in 1924 Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois Tennis venues in Chicago Tourist attractions in Chicago United States Football League venues World Football League venues XFL venues 1994 FIFA World Cup stadiums 1924 establishments in Illinois Stadiums that have hosted a FIFA World Cup opening match Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2010 Use mdy dates from October 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 19 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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"Soldier Field is an American football stadium located in the Near South Side of Chicago, Illinois. It opened in 1924 and is the home field of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL), who moved there in 1971.[12][13]\n"
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513882543724953718 | The Way You Look Tonight | The Way You Look Tonight - wikipedia The Way You Look Tonight Jump to : navigation , search For the song written by Elton John , see Something About the Way You Look Tonight . `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Single by The Lettermen from the album A Song for Young Love B - side `` That 's My Desire '' Released 1961 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop , jazz Length 2 : 21 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Dorothy Fields Jerome Kern The Lettermen singles chronology `` The Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1961 ) `` When I Fall in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1961 ) `` When I Fall in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' is a song from the film Swing Time , written by Dorothy Fields and Jerome Kern , and originally performed by Fred Astaire . It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1936 . In 2004 the Astaire version finished at # 43 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . The song was sung to Ginger Rogers as Penelope `` Penny '' Carroll by Astaire in character as John `` Lucky '' Garnett , while Penny was busy washing her hair in an adjacent room . The song was written by Jerome Kern with lyrics by Dorothy Fields , and has become a standard . Fields later remarked , `` The first time Jerry played that melody for me I went out and started to cry . The release absolutely killed me . I could n't stop , it was so beautiful . '' Fred Astaire topped the charts with his recording in 1936 and other popular versions that year were by Guy Lombardo and by Teddy Wilson with a vocal by Billie Holiday . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 2 Charts 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Cover versions ( edit ) The song was recorded on August 19 , 1936 as a duet between Bing Crosby and his then - wife Dixie Lee . Billie Holiday recorded this song in the same year as the film ; her version can be found on several collections including her Columbia box set from 2001 . It was also a big R&B hit for Los Angeles - based , multiracial group , The Jaguars in 1956 . The song also gave The Lettermen their first hit in 1961 , hitting # 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and # 36 in the UK Singles Chart . Additional early covers include recordings by Leslie Hutchinson , Tony Bennett , Mel Torme , Chad & Jeremy , The Coasters , Perry Como in 1961 , James Darren , Doris Day , Ella Fitzgerald , Peggy Lee in 1941 , Johnny Maestro and The Crests , Johnny Pace , Frank Sinatra in 1964 , Arthur Tracy in 1937 , Sal Viviano , and Andy Williams . In 2004 , the song was recorded by Westlife in two versions on their album , Allow Us to Be Frank . During 2012 , UK - based indie band Tellison released a cover of The Way You Look Tonight on NaimEdge Records , as a B - Side to their single Freud Links The Teeth And The Heart . In 2013 , the renowned Spanish actress & singer Natalia Dicenta released a version of the song on her album Colours . Other modern covers include versions by Bryan Ferry , Phil Collins , Harry Connick , Jr. , Rod Stewart , Dexys Midnight Runners , Olivia Newton - John , Michael Bublé , Steve Tyrell , Joey McIntyre , Maroon 5 , Gideon Emery , Ray Quinn , Kris Allen , Chris Botti , Madeleine Peyroux , Susie Arioli , Gloria Estefan , Lynda Carter , and the Cherry Poppin ' Daddies . The song has become a jazz instrumental standard , inspiring numerous interpretations by a variety of jazz artists . Jazz pianist Art Tatum has an instrumental recording which appears on the 1990 collection The Complete Pablo Solo Masterpieces . Oscar Peterson also recorded a version on his 1959 album , Oscar Peterson Plays the Jerome Kern Songbook . Sonny Rollins and Thelonious Monk recorded it in 1954 . Saxophonist Johnny Griffin covered this song in the hard bop jazz style on his 1957 A Blowing Session album . Pianist Erroll Garner 's live version appeared on his `` One World Concert '' album in 1961 . Vibraphonist Cal Tjader recorded a Latin jazz version in 1964 . Guitarist Joe Pass recorded the song in 1975 , in a version published only in 2004 on the Virtuoso in New York album . Pianist Bradley Joseph performs his arrangement of `` The Way You Look Tonight '' on his 2006 album Piano Love Songs . In 2008 , contemporary jazz guitarist , Thom Rotella , covered the song on his album , Out of the Blues . In the 1942 film Once Upon a Honeymoon , Cary Grant says to Ginger Rogers he always wants to `` remember you just the way you look tonight -- er , today '' , a reference to Rogers ' appearance in the film in which the song was first heard . Edward Woodward performed the song on the Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show in 1970 . `` The Way You Look Tonight '' is referenced in Harold Pinter 's 1971 play Old Times , in which two characters recite some of the lines . Greater use of `` The Way You Look Tonight '' is made in Brian Friel 's 1979 play Faith Healer , which quotes and makes repeated references to the song . The playing of the Fred Astaire original is the beginning of Teddy 's monologue in act two . The song was referenced in Friends , when Chandler gives Monica a romantic mixtape for Valentine 's Day ; the mixtape , however , had been given to him by his annoying ex Janice , and therefore had her voice on it . The song itself is featured in films including Chinatown , Hannah and Her Sisters , Father of the Bride ( 1991 ) , My Best Friend 's Wedding , First Daughter ( 2004 ) The Family Man , and the Kenneth Branagh films Peter 's Friends and Love 's Labour 's Lost ( 2000 ) . The song has also been featured in numerous TV series . James Darren , in his role as a holographic lounge singer Vic Fontaine , performed a rendition of the song in the final episode of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , `` What You Leave Behind , '' which also includes an instrumental version of the song during a montage . It is also sung by Allison Munn in the series finale of the WB sitcom What I Like About You and was used in the Friends episode `` The One With Unagi . '' The song was also performed by the band Mouse Rat on the Parks and Recreation episode `` Galentine 's Day '' , wherein Andy Dwyer dedicated it to April Ludgate . During the 85th Academy Awards , host Seth MacFarlane sang the song while Charlize Theron and Channing Tatum performed an old school dance number . The 1936 Crosby / Lee version figured in the season finale of the 2015 ABC / Marvel series Agent Carter . In 2015 , Amy Vachal covered this song live playoffs Top 24 on The Voice ( U.S. season 9 ) . In 2016 , Riley Elmore covered this song blind auditions on The Voice ( U.S. season 11 ) . In 2016 Violinist Vov Dylan did a cover of this song with his wife Toni Elsley in the album `` So In Love '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1961 ) Peak position UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 36 US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks See also ( edit ) List of 1930s jazz standards References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 134 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wilk , Max ( 1997 ) . They 're Playing Our Song . Da Capo Press . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80746 - 7 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 604 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tellison - The Way You Look Tonight - YouTube '' . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Out of the Blues overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` CD Reviews of 2008 '' . BermanMusicFoundation.org . Jump up ^ `` So In Love ( feat . The Palace Orchestra ) by Vov Dylan on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . External Links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Jazz standards - The Way You Look Tonight Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito The Lettermen Tony Butala Bobby Poynton Donovan Tea Studio albums Once Upon a Time ( 1962 ) The Best of The Lettermen ( 1966 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1969 ) Spin Away ( 1972 ) Singles `` The 7th Dawn '' `` Allentown Jail '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Chanson D'Amour '' `` Come Back Silly Girl '' `` Eastward '' `` How Is Julie ? '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Love '' `` Our Winter Love '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` Secretly '' `` Shangri - La '' `` She Cried '' `` Silly Boy ( She Does n't Love You ) '' `` Sweet September '' `` Theme from A Summer Place '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Where or When '' Related Vocal Group Hall of Fame Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and Lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and Lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and Lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Dorothy Fields Song lyrics `` Big Spender '' `` Do n't Blame Me '' `` Exactly Like You '' `` A Fine Romance '' `` Hooray for Love '' `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love , Baby '' `` I 'm in the Mood for Love '' `` If My Friends Could See Me Now '' `` Never Gonna Dance '' `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' `` Pick Yourself Up '' `` Remind Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` You Could n't Be Cuter '' Musicals Books Let 's Face It ! ( 1941 ) Something for the Boys ( 1943 ) Mexican Hayride ( 1944 ) Up in Central Park ( 1945 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1946 ) Arms and the Girl ( 1950 ) By the Beautiful Sea ( 1954 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) Lyrics Blackbirds of 1928 ( 1928 ) Hello , Daddy ( 1928 ) Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic ( 1929 ) The International Review ( 1930 ) The Vanderbilt Revue ( 1930 ) Shoot the Works ( 1931 ) Singin ' the Blues ( 1931 ) Stars in Your Eyes ( 1939 ) Up in Central Park ( 1945 ) Arms and the Girl ( 1950 ) A Tree Grows in Brooklyn ( 1951 ) By the Beautiful Sea ( 1954 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) Sweet Charity ( 1966 ) Seesaw ( 1973 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1976 ) Sugar Babies ( 1979 ) Music The International Review ( 1930 ) The Vanderbilt Revue ( 1930 ) Family Lew Fields ( father ) Herbert Fields ( brother ) Joseph Fields ( brother ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Way_You_Look_Tonight&oldid=797577122 '' Categories : 1930s jazz standards 1936 songs 1961 singles Songs with lyrics by Dorothy Fields Songs with music by Jerome Kern Fred Astaire songs The Lettermen songs Bing Crosby songs Tony Bennett songs Chad & Jeremy songs The Coasters songs Perry Como songs Doris Day songs Peggy Lee songs Frank Sinatra songs Andy Williams songs Nat King Cole songs Olivia Newton - John songs Phil Collins songs Rod Stewart songs Dexys Midnight Runners songs The Jarmels songs Westlife songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Pop standards Debut singles Jazz compositions in E-flat major Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Kiswahili Norsk nynorsk Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 00 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song the way you look tonight | [
"\"The Way You Look Tonight\" is a song from the film Swing Time, written by Dorothy Fields and Jerome Kern, and originally performed by Fred Astaire.[1] It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1936.[1] In 2004 the Astaire version finished at #43 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema."
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"Fred Astaire"
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144017589407077358 | Dell Technologies Championship | Dell Technologies Championship - Wikipedia Dell Technologies Championship This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dell Technologies Championship Tournament information Location Norton , Massachusetts Established 2003 Course ( s ) TPC Boston Par 71 Length 7,216 yards ( 6,598 m ) Tour ( s ) PGA Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 9 million Month played September Final year 2018 Tournament record score Aggregate 262 Vijay Singh ( 2008 ) 262 Charley Hoffman ( 2010 ) 262 Henrik Stenson ( 2013 ) To par − 22 as above Final champion Bryson DeChambeau TPC Boston Location in the United States TPC Boston Location in Massachusetts The Dell Technologies Championship was a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour in the northeast United States , held annually in late summer over the Labor Day weekend . The 2018 edition was the last time the event was staged as the FedEx Cup was reduced from four to three Playoff events in 2019 . Contents 1 History 2 Television 3 Winners 3.1 Multiple winners 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Replacing the Air Canada Championship in British Columbia on the tour schedule , the tournament made its debut in 2003 as the Deutsche Bank Championship . It is held at the Tournament Players Club of Boston in Norton , Massachusetts , south - southwest of Boston . Unlike most PGA Tour events which are played Thursday through Sunday , this tournament is played Friday through Monday , with the final round on Labor Day . It became part of the first - year FedEx Cup playoffs in 2007 , with its purse increased to $7 million . The purse in 2018 was $9.0 million , with a winner 's share of $1.62 million . As the second of the four playoff events , its field was limited to the top 100 players on the FedEx Cup points list . Points were amassed during the PGA Tour 's regular season and the first playoff event , The Northern Trust , which takes place the previous week in the New York City area . Dell Technologies took over as the title sponsor of the tournament in 2017 ; new subsidiary Dell EMC is headquartered in Massachusetts . Deutsche Bank sponsored the first 14 editions , through 2016 . The event was last managed by the PGA Tour ; it was managed by the Tiger Woods Foundation from 2013 to 2016 . Television ( edit ) With the tournament 's offset scheduling , Friday to Monday , network coverage has been over the final two scheduled rounds , Sunday and Monday ; cable channels carry the Friday and Saturday rounds . The first network partner was ABC Sports from 2003 to 2006 , though the 2006 event was covered under the `` ESPN on ABC '' banner . The event has been covered by NBC Sports from 2007 to 2018 , though the 2011 and 2012 events were covered under the `` Golf Channel on NBC '' banner . Winners ( edit ) Year Player Country Score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Purse ( $ ) Winner 's share ( $ ) Dell Technologies Championship 2018 Bryson DeChambeau United States 268 − 16 2 strokes Justin Rose 9,000,000 1,620,000 2017 Justin Thomas United States 267 − 17 3 strokes Jordan Spieth 8,750,000 1,575,000 Deutsche Bank Championship 2016 Rory McIlroy ( 2 ) Northern Ireland 269 − 15 2 strokes Paul Casey 8,500,000 1,530,000 2015 Rickie Fowler United States 269 − 15 1 stroke Henrik Stenson 8,250,000 1,485,000 2014 Chris Kirk United States 269 − 15 2 strokes Russell Henley Billy Horschel Geoff Ogilvy 8,000,000 1,440,000 2013 Henrik Stenson Sweden 262 − 22 2 strokes Steve Stricker 8,000,000 1,440,000 2012 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 264 − 20 1 stroke Louis Oosthuizen 8,000,000 1,440,000 2011 Webb Simpson United States 269 − 15 Playoff Chez Reavie 8,000,000 1,440,000 Charley Hoffman United States 262 − 22 5 strokes Jason Day Luke Donald Geoff Ogilvy 7,500,000 1,350,000 2009 Steve Stricker United States 267 − 17 1 stroke Jason Dufner Scott Verplank 7,500,000 1,350,000 2008 Vijay Singh ( 2 ) Fiji 262 − 22 5 strokes Mike Weir 7,000,000 1,260,000 2007 Phil Mickelson United States 268 − 16 2 strokes Arron Oberholser Brett Wetterich Tiger Woods 7,000,000 1,260,000 2006 Tiger Woods United States 268 − 16 2 strokes Vijay Singh 5,500,000 990,000 2005 Olin Browne United States 270 − 14 1 stroke Jason Bohn 5,500,000 990,000 Vijay Singh Fiji 268 − 16 3 strokes Adam Scott Tiger Woods 5,000,000 900,000 2003 Adam Scott Australia 264 − 20 4 strokes Rocco Mediate 5,000,000 900,000 Sudden - death playoff in 2011 was won on the second extra hole . Green highlight indicates scoring records Multiple winners ( edit ) Vijay Singh : 2004 , 2008 Rory McIlroy : 2012 , 2016 See also ( edit ) New England Classic -- a PGA Tour event held in Massachusetts from 1969 through 1998 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Bank extends sponsorship four years through 2016 '' . PGA Tour . August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boston 's Tour event renamed Dell Technologies Championship '' . PGA Tour . October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kay , Emily ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods Foundation to run Deutsche Bank Championship in Boston '' . SBnation.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site FedEx Cup site TPC Boston PGA Tour FedEx Cup Playoff events The Northern Trust BMW Championship Tour Championship Dell Technologies Championship ( 2007 -- 2018 ) Seasons and winners 2007 : Tiger Woods 2008 : Vijay Singh 2009 : Tiger Woods 2010 : Jim Furyk 2011 : Bill Haas 2012 : Brandt Snedeker 2013 : Henrik Stenson 2014 : Billy Horschel 2015 : Jordan Spieth 2016 : Rory McIlroy 2017 : Justin Thomas 2018 : Justin Rose Point distributions Current Former Former PGA Tour events 500 Festival Open Invitation Agua Caliente Open Alameda County Open Alcan Open All American Open Almaden Open American Golf Classic Ardmore Open Arlington Hotel Open Atlanta Classic Azalea Open Invitational Bahamas National Open Bakersfield Open Invitational Baton Rouge Open Invitational B.C. Open Beaumont Open Invitational Blue Ribbon Open Booz Allen Classic Buick Open Cajun Classic Open Invitational California State Open Carling World Open Cavalcade Of Golf Chattanooga Classic Cleveland Open Colgate Hall of Fame Classic Connecticut Open Coral Gables Open Invitational Coral Springs Open Invitational Dallas Open Danny Thomas - Diplomat Classic Dapper Dan Open Dell Technologies Championship Denver Open Invitational De Soto Open Invitational Doral Open Dow Jones Open Invitational Durham Open Eastern Open Invitational El Paso Open Empire State Open Esmeralda Open Fig Garden Village Open Invitational Florida Open Fort Wayne Open Frank Sinatra Open Invitational Gasparilla Open Ginn sur Mer Classic Gleneagles - Chicago Open Invitational Glens Falls Open Golden Gate Championship Goodall Palm Beach Round Robin Greater Jacksonville Open Greater Milwaukee Open Greater St. Louis Golf Classic Greater Vancouver Open Gulfport Open Haig Open Invitational Hale America National Open Golf Tournament Hershey Open Hesperia Open Invitational Houston Open Indian Ridge Hospital Open Invitational The International Inverness Invitational Four - Ball IVB - Philadelphia Golf Classic Kansas City Open Invitational Kentucky Derby Open Knoxville Invitational La Gorce Open Labatt Open Liggett & Myers Open Long Beach Open Long Island Open Lucky International Open Maryland Open Massachusetts Open Mayfair Inn Open Memphis Invitational Metropolitan Open Metropolitan PGA Championship Miami Beach Open Miami International Four - Ball Miami Open Michelob Championship Michigan Golf Classic Milwaukee Open Milwaukee Open Invitational Mobile Sertoma Open Invitational Motor City Open Mountain View Open Nashville Invitational The National National Airlines Open Invitational National Celebrities Open National Team Championship NEC World Series of Golf New England Classic New Jersey PGA Championship New Jersey State Open New York State Open North and South Open Northern California Open Oakland Open Ohio Kings Island Open Ohio Open Oklahoma City Open Invitational Oklahoma Open Ontario Open Orange County Open Invitational Oregon Open Pasadena Open Pennsylvania Classic Pennsylvania Open Championship Pensacola Open Pepsi Championship Philadelphia Daily News Open Philadelphia Inquirer Open Philadelphia Open Championship Portland Open Invitational Reading Open Rebel Yell Open Rio Grande Valley Open Robinson Open Rubber City Open Invitational Sacramento Open Sahara Invitational St. Jude Classic St. Paul Open Invitational St. Petersburg Open Invitational Seattle Open Invitational Shawnee Open Sioux City Open Southern Open Southern ( Spring ) Open Southwest Golf Classic Sunset - Camellia Open Invitational Sunshine Open Invitational Tacoma Open Invitational Tallahassee Open Thomasville Open Thunderbird Classic Thunderbird Invitational Tournament of the Gardens Open Tucson Open Turning Stone Resort Championship U.S. Professional Match Play Championship Utah Open Virginia Beach Open Virginia Open Waco Turner Open Walt Disney World Golf Classic West End Classic West Palm Beach Open Invitational Westchester Open Western Open White Sulphur Springs Open Wisconsin State Open World Championship of Golf Yorba Linda Open Invitational Current PGA Tour events Coordinates : 41 ° 58 ′ 55 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 23 '' W / 41.982 ° N 71.223 ° W / 41.982 ; - 71.223 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell_Technologies_Championship&oldid=862324038 '' Categories : Former PGA Tour events FedEx Cup Golf in Massachusetts Recurring sporting events established in 2003 Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2018 2003 establishments in Massachusetts 2018 disestablishments in Massachusetts Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2018 , at 17 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where is the dell technologies championship being held | [
"Replacing the Air Canada Championship in British Columbia on the tour schedule, the tournament made its debut in 2003 as the Deutsche Bank Championship. It is held at the Tournament Players Club of Boston in Norton, Massachusetts, south-southwest of Boston. Unlike most PGA Tour events which are played Thursday through Sunday, this tournament is played Friday through Monday, with the final round on Labor Day.\n"
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"Tournament Players Club of Boston in Norton, Massachusetts"
] |
4178261518017752814 | Eurostar | Eurostar - Wikipedia Eurostar Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the passenger railway service linking the United Kingdom , France and Belgium . For other uses , see Eurostar ( disambiguation ) . Eurostar Overview Franchise ( s ) Not subject to franchising ; international joint operation 1994 -- 2009 ; international high speed operator 2010 -- present Main stations ( s ) London St Pancras Paris Gare du Nord , Brussels Midi / Zuid Other stations ( s ) Ebbsfleet International Ashford International Calais - Fréthun Lille - Europe Marne - la - Vallée - Chessy Bourg - Saint - Maurice Aime - la - Plagne Moûtiers Lyon - Part - Dieu Avignon TGV Marseille - Saint - Charles Fleet size 27 Class 373 / 1 ( e300 ) sets 17 Class 374 Velaro ( e320 ) sets Stations called at 14 Stations operated 0 National Rail abbreviation ES Parent company Eurostar International Limited Website www.eurostar.com Eurostar is a high - speed railway service connecting London with Avignon , Brussels , Lille , Lyon , Marseille and Paris . All its trains traverse the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France , owned and operated separately by Eurotunnel . The London terminus is St Pancras International , with the other British calling points being Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent . Calling points in France are Calais - Fréthun and Lille - Europe , with trains to Paris terminating at Gare du Nord . Trains to Belgium terminate at Midi / Zuid station in Brussels . In addition , there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris at Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy , services to southern France as of 1 May 2015 and seasonal services to the Alps in winter . The service is operated by eighteen - car Class 373 / 1 trains and sixteen - car Class 374 trains which run at up to 300 kilometres per hour ( 186 mph ) on a network of high - speed lines . The LGV Nord line in France opened before Eurostar services began in 1994 , and newer lines enabling faster journeys were added later -- HSL 1 in Belgium and High Speed 1 in southern England . The French and Belgian parts of the network are shared with Paris -- Brussels Thalys services and also with TGV trains . In the United Kingdom the two - stage Channel Tunnel Rail Link project was completed on 14 November 2007 and renamed High Speed 1 , when the London terminus of Eurostar transferred from Waterloo International to St Pancras International . Eurostar was until 2010 operated jointly by the national railway companies of France and Belgium , SNCF and SNCB / NMBS , and Eurostar ( UK ) Ltd ( EUKL ) , a subsidiary of London and Continental Railways ( LCR ) , which also owned the high - speed infrastructure and stations on the British side . Eurostar has become the dominant operator on the routes that it operates , carrying more passengers than all airlines combined . Other operators have expressed an interest in starting competing services following deregulation in 2010 . On 1 September 2010 , Eurostar was incorporated as a single corporate entity called Eurostar International Limited ( EIL ) , replacing the joint operation between EUKL , SNCF and SNCB / NMBS . EIL is owned by SNCF ( 55 % ) , Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ( CDPQ ) ( 30 % ) , Hermes Infrastructure ( 10 % ) and NMBS ( 5 % ) . In June 2014 , the UK shareholding in Eurostar International Limited was transferred from London and Continental Railways / Department for Transport to HM Treasury . In October 2014 , it was announced that the UK government planned to raise £ 300 million by selling that stake . In March 2015 , the UK government announced that it would be selling its 40 % share to an Anglo - Canadian consortium made up of Caisse de Depot et Placement du Quebec ( CDPQ ) and Hermes Infrastructure . This sale was completed in May 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Conception and planning 1.2 Launch of service 1.3 Records achieved 1.4 Regional Eurostar and Nightstar 1.5 Ashford International station 1.6 Wi - Fi and onboard entertainment 2 Mainline routes 2.1 LGV Nord 2.2 Channel Tunnel 2.3 HSL 1 2.4 High Speed 1 3 Services 3.1 Frequency 3.2 Fares 3.3 Service connections 3.4 Controls and security 3.5 Operational performance 3.6 Awards and accolades 3.7 Organisation 3.8 Railteam 4 Fleet 4.1 Fleet details 4.2 Current fleet 4.2. 1 Class 373 4.2. 1.1 Fleet updates 4.2. 2 Class 374 4.3 Past fleet 4.4 Possible use of double - deck trains 5 Accidents , incidents and events 5.1 Minor incidents 5.2 1996 5.3 2000 5.4 2007 5.5 2009 5.6 2010 5.7 2011 6 Controversy 7 Possible developments 7.1 Stratford International station 7.2 Regional Eurostar 7.3 High Speed 2 7.4 LGV Picardie 7.5 New destinations 7.5. 1 Operational difficulties with cross-border trains 7.5. 2 French high - speed rail expansion 7.5. 3 Eurostar expansion 7.5. 4 Southern France 7.5. 5 Netherlands 7.6 Competition 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Conception and planning ( edit ) Main articles : Channel Tunnel , Eurotunnel , and TransManche Link A typical Channel Tunnel cross section . A service tunnel lies in between the twin rail tunnels . The history of Eurostar can be traced to the 1986 choice of a rail tunnel to provide a cross-channel link between Britain and France . A previous attempt at constructing a tunnel between the two nations had begun in 1974 , but was quickly aborted . In 1988 construction began on a new basis . Eurotunnel was created to manage and own the tunnel , which was finished in 1993 , the official opening taking place in May 1994 . In addition to the tunnel 's shuttle trains carrying cars and lorries between Folkestone and Calais , the decision to build a railway tunnel opened up the possibility of through passenger and freight train services between places further afield . British Rail and SNCF contracted with Eurotunnel to use half the tunnel 's capacity for this purpose . In 1987 Britain , France and Belgium set up an International Project Group to specify a train to provide an international high - speed passenger service through the tunnel . France had been operating high - speed TGV services since 1981 , and had begun construction of a new high - speed line between Paris and the Channel Tunnel , LGV Nord ; French TGV technology was chosen as the basis for the new trains . An order for 30 trainsets , to be manufactured in France but with some British and Belgian components , was placed in December 1989 . On 20 June 1993 , the first Eurostar test train travelled through the tunnel to the UK . Various technical difficulties in running the new trains on British tracks were quickly overcome . Launch of service ( edit ) Eurostar logo 1994 -- 2011 On 14 November 1994 , Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London , Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels - South railway station in Brussels . In 1995 Eurostar was achieving an average end - to - end speed of 171.5 km / h ( 106.6 mph ) between London and Paris . On 8 January 1996 Eurostar launched services from a second railway station in the UK when Ashford International was opened . Journey times between London and Brussels were reduced by the opening of HSL 1 on 14 December 1997 . On 23 September 2003 passenger services began running on the first completed section of High Speed 1 . Following a high - profile glamorous opening ceremony and a large advertising campaign , on 14 November 2007 Eurostar services in London transferred from Waterloo to the extended and extensively refurbished St Pancras International . Records achieved ( edit ) Eurostar relocated from Waterloo International station to St Pancras International station in 2007 The Channel Tunnel used by Eurostar services holds the record for having the longest undersea section anywhere in the world , and it is the second longest rail tunnel in the world . A Eurostar train set a new British speed record of 334.7 km / h ( 208.0 mph ) on the first section of High Speed 1 on 30 July 2003 , two months before services began running upon the first section of High Speed 1 . On 16 May 2006 Eurostar set a new record for the longest non-stop high - speed journey , a distance of 1,421 kilometres ( 883 mi ) from London to Cannes taking 7 hours 25 minutes . On 4 September 2007 a record - breaking train left Paris Gare du Nord at 10 : 44 ( 09 : 44 BST ) and reached London St Pancras in 2 hours 3 minutes 39 seconds ; carrying journalists and railway workers . The train was the first passenger - carrying arrival at St Pancras International station . On 20 September 2007 , Eurostar broke another record when it completed the journey from Brussels to London in 1 hour , 43 minutes . Regional Eurostar and Nightstar ( edit ) A pair of Eurostar trains at the former Waterloo International Further information : Regional Eurostar and Nightstar ( train ) The original proposals for Eurostar included direct services to Paris and Brussels from cities north of London ( NoL ) : Manchester via Birmingham on the West Coast Main Line and Glasgow via Edinburgh , Newcastle and York on the East Coast Main Line . Seven shorter NoL Eurostar trains for these Regional Eurostar services were built , but these services never ran . Predicted journey times of almost nine hours for Glasgow to Paris at the time of growth of low - cost air travel during the 1990s made the plans commercially unviable against the cheaper and quicker airlines . Other reasons that have been suggested for these services having never been run were both government policies and the disruptive privatisation of British Rail . Three of the Regional Eurostar units were leased by Great North Eastern Railway ( GNER ) to increase domestic services from London King 's Cross to York and later Leeds . The leases ended in December 2005 , and most of the NoL sets have since been transferred to SNCF for TGV services in northern France . An international Nightstar sleeper train was also planned ; this would have travelled the same routes as Regional Eurostar , plus the Great Western Main Line to Cardiff . These were also deemed commercially unviable , and the scheme was abandoned with no services ever operated . In 2000 the coaches were sold to Via Rail in Canada . Ashford International station ( edit ) Domestic entrance to Ashford International , since 2007 Main article : Ashford International railway station Ashford International station was the original station for Eurostar services in Kent . Once Ebbsfleet International railway station , also designed to serve the Kent region , had opened , only three trains a day to Paris and one to Disneyland Paris called at Ashford for a considerable amount of time . There were fears that services at Ashford International might be further reduced or withdrawn altogether as Eurostar planned to make Ebbsfleet the new regional hub instead . However , after a period during which no Brussels trains served the station , to the dissatisfaction of the local communities , on 23 February 2009 Eurostar re-introduced a single daily Ashford - Brussels service . Wi - Fi and onboard entertainment ( edit ) By March 2016 onboard entertainment was provided by GoMedia , including Wi - Fi connectivity and up to 300 hours of movies and television kept on the train 's servers and accessed using the passenger 's own devices : mobile phones , tablets etc . A tracker app allows customers to see where they are . Mainline routes ( edit ) ( hide ) Eurostar services Legend h : mm 0 : 00 London St Pancras 0 : 14 Ebbsfleet International 0 : 29 Ashford International 0 : 31 British portal Channel Tunnel UK France border 0 : 51 French portal 0 : 55 Calais - Fréthun 1 : 22 Lille Europe France Belgium border 2 : 01 Brussels - South 2 : 16 Paris Gare du Nord 2 : 40 Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy Seasonal and extended services 4 : 41 Lyon - Part - Dieu 5 : 49 Avignon TGV 6 : 27 Marseille - Saint - Charles 7 : 12 Moûtiers 7 : 30 Aime - La Plagne ( set down only ) 7 : 51 Bourg - Saint - Maurice Times shown are fastest timetabled journey from St Pancras . LGV Nord ( edit ) Main article : LGV Nord Networks of Major High Speed Rail Operators in Europe . Eurostar line network shown in brown . LGV Nord is a French 333 - kilometre ( 207 mi ) - long high - speed rail line that connects Paris to the Belgian border and the Channel Tunnel via Lille . It opened in 1993 . Its extensions to Belgium and towards Paris , as well as connecting to the Channel Tunnel , have made LGV Nord a part of every Eurostar journey undertaken . A Belgian high - speed line , HSL 1 , was added to the end of LGV Nord , at the Belgian border , in 1997 . Of all French high - speed lines , LGV Nord sees the widest variety of high - speed rolling stock and is quite busy ; a proposed cut - off bypassing Lille , which would reduce Eurostar journey times to Paris , is called LGV Picardie . Channel Tunnel ( edit ) Main article : Channel Tunnel The Channel Tunnel is a crucial part of the route as it is the only rail connection between Great Britain and the European mainland . It joins LGV Nord in France with High Speed One in Britain . Tunnelling began in 1988 , and the 50.5 - kilometre ( 31.4 mi ) tunnel was officially opened by British sovereign Queen Elizabeth II and the French President François Mitterrand at a ceremony in Calais on 6 May 1994 . It is owned by Eurotunnel , which charges a significant toll to Eurostar for its use . In 1996 the American Society of Civil Engineers identified the tunnel as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World . Along the current route of the Eurostar service , line speeds are 300 kilometres per hour ( 186 mph ) except within the Channel Tunnel , where a reduced speed of 160 kilometres per hour ( 100 mph ) applies for safety reasons . Since the launch of Eurostar services , severe disruptions and cancellations have been caused by fires breaking out within the Channel Tunnel , such as in 1996 , 2006 ( minor ) , 2008 and 2015 . HSL 1 ( edit ) Main article : HSL 1 Journey times between London and Brussels were improved when an 88 - kilometre ( 55 mi ) Belgian high - speed line , HSL 1 , opened on 14 December 1997 . It links with LGV Nord on the border with France , allowing Eurostar trains heading to Brussels to make the transition between the two without having to reduce speed . A further four - minute improvement for London -- Brussels trains was achieved in December 2006 with the opening of the 435 - metre ( 1,427 ft ) Brussels South Viaduct . Linking the international platforms of Brussels - South railway station with the high - speed line , the viaduct separates Eurostar ( and Thalys ) from local services . High speed 1 ( edit ) A Eurostar train passing Strood , on approach to the Medway bridge Main article : High Speed 1 High Speed 1 ( HS1 ) , formerly known as the Channel Tunnel Rail Link ( CTRL ) , is a 108 - kilometre ( 67 mi ) high - speed railway line running from London through Kent to the British end of the Channel Tunnel . It was built in two stages . The first section between the tunnel and Fawkham Junction in north Kent opened in September 2003 , cutting London -- Paris journey times by 21 minutes to 2 hours 35 minutes , and London -- Brussels to 2 hours 20 minutes . On 14 November 2007 , commercial services began over the whole of the new HS1 line . The redeveloped St Pancras International station became the new London terminus for all Eurostar services . The completion of High Speed 1 has brought the British part of Eurostar 's route up to the same standards as the French and Belgian high - speed lines . Non-stop journey times were reduced by a further 20 minutes to 2 hours 15 minutes for London -- Paris and 1 hour 51 minutes for London -- Brussels . Services ( edit ) Frequency ( edit ) Eurostar departure information -- Brussels Eurostar offers up to sixteen weekday London -- Paris services ( eighteen on Fridays ) including ten non-stop ( twelve on Fridays ) . There used to be ten London -- Lille and Brussels services , including five running non-stop as far as Lille , but this has now been reduced to seven each way . In addition , there is a return trip from London to Marne - la - Vallée - Chessy for Disneyland Paris which runs at least 4 times a week with increased frequency during school holidays and an up to 5 times a week service to Marseille via Lyon and Avignon . There are also seasonal services in the winter . `` Snow trains '' , aimed at skiers , to Bourg - Saint - Maurice , Aime - la - Plagne and Moûtiers in the Alps ; these run twice - weekly , one overnight and one during the daytime . Intermediate stations are Ebbsfleet International in northwest Kent , Ashford International in southeast Kent , and Calais - Fréthun and Lille - Europe in Nord - Pas - de-Calais . Since 14 November 2007 , all Eurostar trains have been routed via High Speed 1 to or from the redeveloped London terminus at St Pancras International , which at a cost of £ 800 million was extensively rebuilt and extended to cope with 394 - metre ( 431 yd ) long Eurostar trains . It had originally been intended to retain some Eurostar services at Waterloo International , but this was ruled out on cost grounds . Completion of High Speed 1 has increased the potential number of trains serving London . Separation of Eurostar from British domestic services through Kent meant that timetabling was no longer affected by peak - hour restrictions . Fares ( edit ) Eurostar trains in the renovated train shed at St Pancras International Eurostar 's fares were significantly higher in its early years ; the cheapest fare in 1994 was £ 99 return . In 2002 , Eurostar was planning cheaper fares , an example of which was an offer of £ 50 day returns from London to Paris or Brussels . By March 2003 , the cheapest fare from the UK was £ 59 return , available all year around . In June 2009 it was announced that one - way single fares would be available at £ 31 at the cheapest . Competition between Eurostar and airline services was a large factor in ticket prices being reduced from the initial levels . Business Premier fares also slightly undercut air fares on similar routes , targeted at regular business travellers . In 2009 , Eurostar greatly increased its budget ticket availability to help maintain and grow its dominant market share . The Eurostar ticketing system is very complex , being distributed through no fewer than 48 individual sales systems . Eurostar is a member of the Amadeus CRS distribution system , making its tickets available alongside those of airlines worldwide . First class on Eurostar is called Business Premier ; benefits include guaranteed faster checking - in and meals served at - seat , as well as the improved furnishings and interior of Business Premier carriages . The rebranding is part of Eurostar 's marketing drive to attract more business professionals . Increasingly , business people in a group have been chartering private carriages as opposed to individual seats on the train . Service connections ( edit ) A Eurostar train , a Thalys train , and a TGV train side by side at Paris Gare du Nord . Gare de Lille - Europe in France , a common calling point for Eurostar and other TGV services Without the operation of Regional Eurostar services using the North of London trainsets across the rest of Britain , Eurostar has developed its connections with other transport services instead , such as integrating effectively with traditional UK rail operators ' schedules and routes , making it possible for passengers to use Eurostar as a quick connection to further destinations on the continent . All three main terminals used by the Eurostar service -- St Pancras International , Paris Gare du Nord , and Brussels Midi / Zuid -- are served by domestic trains and by local urban transport networks such as the London Underground and the Paris Metro . Standard Eurostar tickets no longer include free onward connections to or from any other station in Belgium : this is now available for a flat - rate supplement , currently £ 5.50 . Eurostar has announced several partnerships with other rail services , most notably Thalys connections at Lille and Brussels for passengers to go beyond current Eurostar routes towards the Netherlands and Germany . In 2002 , Eurostar initiated the Eurostar - Plus program , offering connecting tickets for onward journeys from Lille and Paris to dozens of destinations in France . Through fares are also available from 68 British towns and cities to destinations in France and Belgium . In May 2009 Eurostar announced that a formal connection to Switzerland had been established in a partnership between Eurostar and Lyria , which will operate TGV services from Lille to the Swiss Alps for Eurostar connection . Controls and security ( edit ) Entering the UK in Paris ( left ) and France in London using the Eurostar . Main article : Juxtaposed controls Because the UK is not part of the Schengen Area , and because Belgium and France are not part of the Common Travel Area , all Eurostar passengers must go through border controls . Both the British Government and the Schengen governments concerned ( Belgium and France ) have legal obligations to check the travel documents of those entering their respective countries ( as well as those leaving , in the case of Belgium and France ) . To allow passengers to walk off the train without arrival checks in most cases , juxtaposed controls ordinarily take place at the embarkation station . In order to comply with special UK legislation , there are full security checks similar to those at airports , scanning both bags and people 's pockets . Security checks at Eurostar are comparable to those at a small airport and generally much quicker than at London Heathrow . The recommended check - in time is 30 minutes except for business class where it is 10 minutes . Eurostar passengers travelling inside the Schengen Area ( Brussels - Lille or Brussels - Calais ; Lille - Calais trips are not allowed ) pass through a separate corridor in Brussels bypassing border checks , and enter carriage 18 of the train , which is reserved for these passengers . This arrangement was set up after numerous illegal immigrants entered the UK without the right to do so , by buying a ticket from Brussels to Lille or Calais but remaining on the train until London -- an issue exacerbated by Belgian police threatening to arrest UK Border Agency staff at Brussels - Midi if they tried to prevent passengers whom they suspected of attempting to exploit this loophole from boarding Eurostar trains . When the tripartite agreements were signed , the Belgian Government said that it had serious questions about the compatibility of this agreement with the Schengen Convention and the principle of free movement of people enshrined in various European Treaties . On 30 June 2009 Eurostar raised concerns at the UK House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee that it was illegal under French law for the collection of information desired by the UK government under the e-Borders scheme , and they would be unable to cooperate . On the northbound Marne la Vallée - Chessy - London train , the security check and French passport check take place at Marne la Vallée - Chessy , while the UK passport check takes place at the UK arrival stations - this is the only route where passengers are not cleared by UK border officials before crossing the channel . On the northbound Marseille - London train , there is no facility for security or passport checks at the southern French stations , so passengers must leave the train at Lille - Europe , taking all their belongings with them , and undergo security and border checks there before rejoining the train which waits at the station for just over an hour . On several occasions , people have illegally tried to stow away on board the train , sometimes in large groups , trying to enter the UK ; border monitoring and security is therefore extremely tight . Eurostar claims to have good and well - funded security measures . Operational performance ( edit ) A Eurostar pulling into Gare de Lille - Europe Eurostar market share and punctuality . Eurostar 's punctuality has fluctuated from year to year , but usually remains over 90 % ; in the first quarter of 1999 , 89 % of services operated were on time , and in the second quarter it reached 92 % . Eurostar 's best punctuality record was 97.35 % , between 16 and 22 August 2004 . In 2006 , it was 92.7 % , and in 2007 , 91.5 % were on time . In the first quarter of 2009 , 96 % of Eurostar services were punctual compared with rival air routes ' 76 % . An advantage held by Eurostar is the convenience and speed of the service : with shorter check - in times than at most airports and hence quicker boarding and less queueing and high punctuality , it takes less time to travel between central London and central Paris by high - speed rail than it does by air . Eurostar now has a dominant share of the combined rail -- air market on its routes to Paris and Brussels . In 2004 , it had a 66 % share of the London -- Paris market , and a 59 % share of the London -- Brussels market . In 2007 , it achieved record market shares of 71 % for London -- Paris and 65 % for London -- Brussels routes . Eurostar 's passenger numbers initially failed to meet predictions . In 1996 , London and Continental Railways forecast that passenger numbers would reach 21.4 million annually by 2004 , but only 7.3 million was achieved . 82 million passengers used Waterloo International Station from its opening in 1994 to its closure in 2007 . 2008 was a record year for Eurostar , with a 10.3 % rise in passenger use , which was attributed to the use of High Speed 1 and the move to St Pancras . The following year , Eurostar saw an 11.5 % fall in passenger numbers during the first three months of 2009 , attributed to the 2008 Channel Tunnel fire and the 2009 recession . As a result of the poor economic conditions , Eurostar received state aid in May 2009 to cancel out some of the accumulated debt from the High Speed 1 construction programme . Later that year , during snowy conditions in the run - up to Christmas , thousands of passengers were left stranded as several trains broke down and many more were cancelled . In an independent review commissioned by Eurostar , the company came in for serious criticism about its handling of the incident and lack of plans for such a scenario . In 2006 , the Department for Transport predicted that , by 2037 , annual cross-channel passenger numbers would probably reach 16 million , considerably less optimistic than London and Continental Railways 's original 1996 forecast . In 2007 Eurostar set a target of carrying 10 million passengers by 2010 . The company cited several factors to support this objective , such as improved journey times , punctuality and station facilities . Passengers in general , it stated , are becoming increasingly aware of the environmental effects of air travel , and Eurostar services emit much less carbon dioxide . and that its remaining carbon emissions are now offset , making its services carbon neutral . Further expansion of the high - speed rail network in Europe , such as the HSL - Zuid line between Belgium and the Netherlands , continues to bring more destinations within rail - competitive range , giving Eurostar the possibility of opening up new services in future . The following chart presents the estimated number of passengers annually transported by the Eurostar service since 1995 , in millions : Awards and accolades ( edit ) Several Eurostar trains at platforms at Paris Gare du Nord Eurostars at Paris Gare du Nord running late night services Eurostar has been hailed as having set new standards in international rail travel and has won praise several times over , recognising its high standards . Eurostar won the Train Operator of the Year award in the HSBC Rail Awards for 2005 . It was declared the Best Train Company in the joint Guardian / Observer Travel Awards 2008 . Eurostar had previously struggled with its reputation and brand image . One commentator had defined the situation at the time as : In June 2003 , Eurostar was battling to recover from the worst period in its 10 - year history . Negative media coverage combined with poor sales and the general public 's low opinion of the British rail industry , created a major challenge ... Eurostar was finding it difficult to pick itself up from one of the worst periods in its decade - long history . The period post 9 / 11 had sent the business into a downturn . Passenger numbers were drying up due to worries over international travel . Several management changes had led to a pause in strategy . Punctuality had suffered badly because of wider problems with the UK 's rail infrastructure . By 2008 , Eurostar 's environmental credentials had become highly developed and promoted . In 2006 Eurostar 's Environment Group was set up , with the aim of making changes in the Eurostar services ' daily running to decrease the environmental impact , the organisation setting itself a target of reducing carbon emissions per passenger journey by 25 % by 2012 . Drivers are trained in techniques to achieve maximum energy efficiency , and lighting has been minimised ; the provider of the bulk of the energy for the Channel Tunnel has been switched to nuclear power stations in France . This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2014 ) Eurostar 's current target is to reduce emissions by 35 percent per passenger journey by 2012 , putting itself beyond the efforts of other railway companies in this field and thereby winning the 2007 Network Rail Efficiency Award . In the grand opening ceremony of St Pancras International , one of the Eurostar trains was given the name ' Tread Lightly ' , said to symbolise their smaller impact on the environment compared to planes . Organisation ( edit ) Further information : Eurostar International Limited Since 2010 , Eurostar is owned by Eurostar International Limited , a company jointly owned by SNCF ( 55 % ) , Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ( CDPQ ) ( 30 % ) , Hermes Infrastructure ( 10 % ) and SNCB ( 5 % ) . Railteam ( edit ) Eurostar is a member of Railteam , a marketing alliance formed in July 2007 of seven European high - speed rail operators , including Thalys . The alliance plans to allow tickets to be booked from one end of Europe to the other on a single website . In June 2009 London and Continental Railways , and the Eurostar UK operations they held ownership of , became fully nationalised by the UK government . Fleet ( edit ) Class 373 and Class 374 at London St Pancras Fleet details ( edit ) Class Image Type Top speed Carriages Number Unit Nos . Routes operated Built mph km / h Class 373 Eurostar e300 EMU 186 300 Two Class 373 locomotives with 18 Coaches between them 28 373001 - 373022 373101 - 373108 373201 - 373202 373205 - 373224 373229 - 373232 London -- Paris London -- Brussels London -- Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy London -- Bourg Saint Maurice London - Marseille - Saint - Charles Class 374 Eurostar e320 EMU 200 320 16 17 374001 - 374034 London -- Paris London -- Brussels 2011 - In addition to its multiple unit fleet units , Eurostar operates a single Class 08 diesel shunter as the pilot at Temple Mills depot . Current fleet ( edit ) Class 373 ( edit ) Eurostar in Savoie , in the French Alps Three Eurostar trains waiting at St Pancras station Main article : British Rail Class 373 Built between 1992 and 1996 , Eurostar 's fleet consists of 38 EMU trains , designated Class 373 in the United Kingdom and TGV TMST in France . The units have also been branded as the Eurostar e300 by Eurostar since 2015 . There are two variants : 31 `` Inter-Capital '' sets consisting of two power cars and eighteen passenger carriages . These trains are 394 metres ( 1,293 ft ) long and can carry 750 passengers : 206 in first class , 544 in standard class . 7 shorter `` North of London '' sets which have two power cars and fourteen passenger carriages and are 320 metres ( 1,050 ft ) long . These sets have a capacity of 558 seats : 114 first class , 444 standard and which were designed to operate the aborted Regional Eurostar services . The trains are essentially modified TGV sets , and can operate at up to 300 kilometres per hour ( 186 mph ) on high - speed lines , and 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) in the Channel Tunnel . It is possible to exceed the 300 - kilometre - per - hour speed limit , but only with special permission from the safety authorities in the respective country . Speed limits in the Channel Tunnel are dictated by air - resistance , energy ( heat ) dissipation and the need to fit in with other , slower trains . The trains were designed with Channel Tunnel safety in mind , and consist of two independent `` half - sets '' each with its own power car . In the event of a serious fire on board while travelling through the tunnel , passengers would be transferred into the undamaged half of the train , which would then be detached and driven out of the tunnel to safety . If the undamaged part were the rear half of the train , this would be driven by the Chef du Train , who is a fully authorised driver and occupies the rear driving cab while the train travels through the tunnel for this purpose . As 27 of the 31 Inter-Capital sets are sufficient to operate the service , four are currently used by SNCF for domestic TGV services ; one of these regularly operates a Paris -- Lille shuttle . The Eurostar logos have been removed from these sets , but the base colours of white , black , and yellow remain . SNCF 's lease of the sets is scheduled to last until 2011 , with an option for a further two years . Each train has a unique four - digit number starting with `` 3 '' ( 3xxx ) . This designates the train as a Mark 3 TGV ( Mark 1 being SNCF TGV Sud - Est ; Mark 2 being SNCF TGV Atlantique ) . The second digit denotes the country of ownership : 30xx UK 31xx Belgium 32xx France 33xx Regional Eurostar Fleet updates ( edit ) Interior of a Leisure Select Eurostar carriage In 2004 -- 2005 the `` Inter-Capital '' sets still in daily use for international services were refurbished with a new interior designed by Philippe Starck . The original grey - yellow scheme in Standard class and grey - red of First / Premium First were replaced with a grey - brown look in Standard and grey - burnt - orange in First class . Power points were added to seats in First class and coaches 5 and 14 in Standard class . Premium First class was renamed BusinessPremier . In 2008 , Eurostar announced that it would be carrying out a mid-life refurbishment of its Class 373 trains to allow the fleet to remain in service beyond 2020 . This will include the 28 units making up the Eurostar fleet , but not the three Class 373 / 1 units used by SNCF or the seven Class 373 / 2 `` North of London '' sets . As part of the refurbishment , the Italian company Pininfarina was contracted to redesign the interiors , and The Yard Creative was selected to design the new buffet cars . On 11 May 2009 Eurostar revealed the new look for its first - class compartments . The first refurbished train was due in service in 2012 , and Eurostar plans to have completed the entire process by 2014 . On 13 November 2014 Eurostar announced the first refurbished trains would not re-enter the fleet until the 3rd or 4th quarter of 2015 due to delays at the completion centre . Class 374 ( edit ) Main article : British Rail Class 374 In addition to the announced mid-life update of the existing Class 373 fleet , Eurostar in 2009 reportedly entered prequalification bids for eight new trainsets to be purchased . Any new trains would need to meet the same safety rules governing passage through the Channel Tunnel as the existing Class 373 fleet . The replacement to the Class 373 trains has been decided jointly between the French Transport Ministry and the UK Department for Transport . The new trains will be equipped to use the new ERTMS in - cab signalling system , due to be fitted to High Speed 1 around 2040 . Class 374 running on HS1 near Sellindge in Kent . On 7 October 2010 , it was reported that Eurostar had selected Siemens as preferred bidder to supply 10 Siemens Velaro e320 trainsets at a cost of € 600 million ( and a total investment of more than £ 700 million with the refurbishment of the existing fleet included ) to operate an expanded route network , including services from London to Cologne and Amsterdam . These would be sixteen - car , 400 - metre ( 1,312 ft ) long trainsets built to meet current Channel Tunnel regulations . The top speed will be 320 km / h ( 199 mph ) and they will have 894 -- 950 seats , unlike the current fleet built by the French company Alstom , which has a top speed of 300 km / h ( 186 mph ) and a seating capacity of 750 . Total traction power will be rated at 16 MW . The nomination of Siemens would see it break into the French high - speed market for the first time , as all French and French subsidiary high - speed operators use TGV derivatives produced by Alstom . Alstom attempted legal action to prevent Eurostar from acquiring German - built trains , claiming that the Siemens sets ordered would breach Channel Tunnel safety rules , but this was thrown out of court . Alstom said , after its High Court defeat , that it would `` pursue alternative legal options to uphold its position '' . On 4 November 2010 , the company lodged a complaint with the European Commission over the tendering process , which then asked the British government for `` clarification '' . Alstom then announced it had started legal action against Eurostar , again in the High Court in London . In July 2011 , the High Court rejected Alstom 's claim that the tender process was `` ineffective '' , and in April 2012 Alstom said it would call off pending court actions against Siemens . This effectively freed the way for Siemens to build the new Eurostar trains , the first of which are expected to enter service in late 2015 . On 13 November 2014 Eurostar announced the purchase of an additional seven e320s for delivery in the second half of 2016 . At the same time , Eurostar announced the first five e320s from the original order of ten would be available by December 2015 , with the remaining five entering service by May 2016 . Of the five sets ready by December 2015 , three of them were planned to be used on London - Paris and London - Brussels routes . Past fleet ( edit ) Class Image Type Top speed Number Operated Notes mph km / h Class 37 Diesel locomotive 90 145 12 Intended to operate sleeper services over non-electrified parts of the railway network in Britain . Eurostar retained three locomotives for the rescue of failed trains , route learning and driver training , but sold them to Direct Rail Services when the new Temple Mills Depot opened in November 2007 . Class 73 Electro - diesel locomotive 90 145 Were used primarily to rescue failed trains . Eurostar operated two of these from its North Pole depot until 2007 , when they were loaned to a pair of educational initiatives having become redundant following the move to Temple Mills . Class 92 Electric locomotive 87 140 7 Intended to operate the Nightstar sleeper services . Eurostar owned seven units of this class , which never saw service until they were sold in 2007 to Europorte 2 . Possible use of double - deck trains ( edit ) In 2005 , the chief executive of Eurostar , Richard Brown , suggested that existing Eurostar trains could be replaced by double - deck trains similar to the TGV Duplex units when they are withdrawn from service . According to Brown , a double - deck fleet could carry 40 million passengers per year from Britain to Continental Europe , equivalent to adding an extra runway at a London airport . Accidents , incidents and events ( edit ) A number of technical incidents have affected Eurostar services over the years , but up to the present there has only been one major accident involving a service operated by Eurostar , a derailment in June 2000 . Other incidents in the Channel Tunnel -- such as the 1996 and 2008 Channel Tunnel fires -- have affected Eurostar services but were not directly related to Eurostar 's operations . However , the breakdowns in the tunnel , which resulted in cessation of service and inconvenience to thousands of passengers , in the run - up to Christmas 2009 , proved a public - relations disaster . Minor incidents ( edit ) There have been several minor incidents with a few Eurostar services . In October 1994 there were teething problems relating to the start of operations . The first preview train , carrying 400 members of the press and media , was delayed for two hours by technical problems . On 29 May 2002 a Eurostar train was initially sent down a wrong line -- towards London Victoria railway station instead of London Waterloo -- causing the service to arrive 25 minutes late . A signalling error that led to the incorrect routeing was stated to have caused `` no risk '' as a result . On 11 April 2006 , a house collapsed next to a railway line near London which caused Eurostar services to have to terminate and start from Ashford International instead of London Waterloo . Passengers waiting at Waterloo International were initially directed on to local trains towards Ashford leaving from the adjacent London Waterloo East railway station , until overcrowding occurred at Ashford . Approximately 1000 passengers were trapped in darkness for several hours inside two Eurostar trains on the night of 19 / 20 February 1996 . The trains stopped inside the tunnels due to electronic failures caused by snow and ice . Questions were raised at the time about the ability of the train and tunnel electronics to withstand the mix of snow , salt and ice which collect in the tunnels during periods of extreme cold . 2000 ( edit ) On 5 June 2000 a Eurostar train travelling from Paris to London derailed on the LGV Nord high - speed line while traveling at 290 km / h ( 180 mph ) . Fourteen people were treated for light injuries or shock , with no fatalities or major injuries . The articulated nature of the trainset was credited with maintaining stability during the incident and all of the train stayed upright . The incident was caused by a traction link on the second bogie of the front power car coming loose , leading to components of the transmission system on that bogie impacting the track . 2007 ( edit ) The first departures from St Pancras on 14 November 2007 coincided with an open - ended strike by French rail unions as part of general strike actions over proposed public - sector pension reforms . The trains were operated by uninvolved British employees and service was not interrupted . 2009 ( edit ) On 23 September 2009 an overhead power line dropped on to a Class 373 train arriving at St Pancras station , activating a circuit breaker and delaying eleven other trains . Two days later , on 25 September 2009 , electrical power via the overhead lines was lost on a section of high - speed line outside Lille , delaying passengers on two evening Eurostar - operated services . During the December 2009 European snowfall , four Eurostar trains broke down inside the Channel Tunnel , after leaving France , and one in Kent on 18 December . Although the trains had been winterised , the systems had not coped with the conditions . Over 2,000 passengers were stuck inside failed trains inside the tunnel , and over 75,000 had their services disrupted . All Eurostar services were cancelled from Saturday 19 December to Monday 21 December 2009 . An independent review , published on 12 February 2010 , was critical of the contingency plans in place for assisting passengers stranded by the delays , calling them `` insufficient '' . On 7 January 2010 a Brussels - London train broke down in the Channel Tunnel , resulting in three other trains failing to complete their journeys . The cause of the failure was the onboard signalling system . Due to the severe weather , a limited service was operated in the next few days . On 15 February 2010 , services between Brussels and London were interrupted following the Halle train collision , this time after the dedicated HSL 1 lines in the suburbs of the Belgian capital were blocked by debris from a serious train crash on the suburban commuter lines alongside . No efforts were made to reroute trains around the blockage ; Eurostar instead terminated services to Brussels at Lille , directing passengers to continue their journey on local trains . Brussels services resumed on a limited scale on 22 February . On 21 February 2010 the 21 : 43 service from Paris to London broke down just outside Ashford International , stranding 740 passengers for several hours while a rescue train was called in . On 15 April 2010 air traffic in Western Europe closed because of the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano . Many travellers between the UK and the European mainland instead took the Eurostar train , all tickets between Brussels and London on 15 and 16 April being sold out within 31⁄2 hours after the closure of British airspace . Between 15 and 20 April , Eurostar put on 33 additional trains and carried 165,000 passengers -- 50,000 more than had been scheduled to travel during this period . On 20 December 2010 , the Channel Tunnel was closed off for a day due to snowy weather . Eurostar Trains were suspended that day with thousands of passengers stranded in the run up to Christmas 2011 ( edit ) On 17 October 2011 a man fell at approximately 17 : 40 or 17 : 50 from the 17 : 04 service from London to Brussels as it passed through Westenhanger and Cheriton in Folkestone , near the entry to the Channel Tunnel . The individual was an Albanian who had been refused entry to the United Kingdom and was voluntarily returning to Brussels . The line was handed back at 22 : 09 after being closed for several hours following the incident . The train itself returned north to Ashford International , where passengers were transferred to a Eurostar service operating from Marne - la - Vallée to London , where passengers arrived again at approximately 22 : 30 . Controversy ( edit ) In 2015 Eurostar threatened to require that cyclists dismantle bicycles before they could be transported on trains . Following criticism from Boris Johnson and cycling groups Eurostar reversed the edict . Possible developments ( edit ) Stratford International station ( edit ) Eurostar trains do not currently call at Stratford International , originally intended to be the London stop for the regional Eurostars . This was to be reviewed following the 2012 Olympics . However , in 2013 , Eurostar claimed that its ' business would be hit ' by stopping trains there . Regional Eurostar ( edit ) Main article : Regional Eurostar Although the original plan for Regional Eurostar services to destinations north of London was abandoned , the significantly improved journey times available since the opening of High Speed 1 -- which is physically connected to both the East Coast Main Line and the North London Line ( for the West Coast Main Line ) at St Pancras -- and the recently increased maximum speeds on the West Coast Main Line may make potential Regional Eurostar services more commercially viable . This would be even more likely if proposals are adopted for a new high - speed line from London to the north of Britain . Simon Montague , Eurostar 's Director of Communications , commented that : `` ... International services to the regions are only likely once High Speed 2 is built . '' However , as of 2014 the current plans for High Speed 2 do not allow for a direct rail link between that new line , and High Speed 1 , meaning passengers would still be required to change at Euston and take some form of transportation to St Pancras International . Key pieces of infrastructure still belong to LCR via its subsidiary London & Continental Stations and Property , such as the Manchester International Depot , and Eurostar ( UK ) still owns several track access rights and the rights to paths on both the East Coast and West Coast Main Lines . While no announcement has been made of plans to start Regional Eurostar services , it remains a possibility for the future . In the meantime , the closest equivalent to Regional Eurostar services are same - station connections with East Midlands Trains and Thameslink , changing at St Pancras . The recent construction of a new concourse at adjacent King 's Cross Station has improved interchange with St Pancras and provided Virgin Trains East Coast , Great Northern , Hull Trains and Grand Central services with easier connections to Eurostar . High speed 2 ( edit ) Several Eurostar trains in St Pancras International railway station Main article : High Speed 2 Eurostar has already been involved in reviewing and publishing reports into High Speed 2 for the British Government and looks favourably upon such an undertaking . The operation of Regional Eurostar services will not be considered until such time as High Speed 2 has been completed . Alternatively , future loans of the North of London sets to other operators would enable the trains to operate at their full speed , unlike GNER 's previous loan between 2000 and 2005 , where the trains were limited to 175 km / h ( 109 mph ) on regular track . A separate company called High Speed Two ( HS2 ) Ltd has been set up to investigate the feasibility and viability of a new line likely serving a similar route to the West Coast Main Line . LGV Picardie ( edit ) Main article : LGV Picardie LGV Picardie is a proposed high - speed line between Paris and Calais via Amiens . By cutting off the corner of the LGV Nord at Lille , it would enable Eurostar trains to save 20 minutes on the journey between Paris and Calais , bringing the London -- Paris journey time under 2 hours . In 2008 the French Government announced its future investment plans for new LGVs to be built up to 2020 ; LGV Picardie was not included but was listed as planned in the longer term . It has later been confirmed that LGV Picardie is intended to be built between 2020 and 2030 . New destinations ( edit ) Operational difficulties with cross-border trains ( edit ) `` We know we can go to most places in France physically , because our trains are compatible with French infrastructure , but then you 've got to look at impact on fleet utilisation , you 've got to have a station that 's got the spare capacity to have a train stood for a number of hours , for all the security , screening , passport control passes . So it 's not possible to go just anywhere . And you 've got to be able to get the control authorities to agree that there 's a big enough market for it to be worthwhile for them to set up there . '' Richard Brown , Chief Executive of Eurostar . Eurostar trains at Brussels Midi / Zuid The reduced journey times offered by the opening of High Speed 1 and the opening of the LGV Est and HSL - Zuid bring more continental destinations within a range from London where rail is competitive with air travel . By Eurostar 's estimates a train would then take 3 hours 30 minutes from London to Amsterdam . At present Eurostar is concentrating on developing its connections with other services , but direct services to other destinations would be possible . However , the routes that any potential services are likely to take would include infrastructure that Eurostar 's rolling stock has not been built to use -- German railways mostly have 15 kV AC electrification , while the Netherlands uses 1.5 kV DC ( except on HSL Zuid and the Betuweroute ) . To operate on these lines would require new or heavily modified rolling stock designed to operate at these different voltages , in addition to those already in use . Signalling systems also differ . In addition to the infrastructure difficulties , any potential Eurostar services beyond Paris and Brussels would also require the installation of stringent security measures , due to the UK 's not having signed up to the Schengen Agreement , which allows unrestricted movement across borders of member countries . The difficulties that Eurostar faces in expanding its services would also be faced by any potential competitors to Eurostar . As the UK is outside the Schengen Agreement , London - bound trains must use platforms that are physically isolated , a constraint which other international operators such as Thalys do not face . In addition , the British authorities are required to make passenger security and passport checks before they board the train , which might deter domestic passengers . Compounding the difficulties in providing a similar service are the Channel Tunnel safety rules , the major ones being the `` half - train rule '' and the `` length rule '' . The `` half - train rule '' stipulated that passenger trains had to be able to split in the case of emergency . Class 373 trains were designed as two half - sets , which when coupled form a complete train , enabling them to be split easily in the event of an emergency while in the tunnel , with the unaffected set able to be driven out . The half - train rule was finally abolished in May 2010 . However , the `` length rule '' , which states that passenger trains must be at least 375 metres long with a through corridor ( to match the distance between the safety doors in the tunnel ) , was retained , preventing any potential operators from applying to run services with existing fleets ( the majority of both TGV and ICE trains are only 200m long ) . French high - speed rail expansion ( edit ) In October 2009 the President of SNCF , Guillaume Pepy , outlined plans to expand TGV services around Paris as well as for fleet renewal . A plan to connect LGV Nord , the line used by Eurostar into Paris , with La Défense , a large commercial and business centre in the west of Paris , was described as the `` top priority '' . Pepy estimated that the connection ( which would also allow interchange to the proposed Paris -- Rouen -- Le Havre LGV line ) would allow a journey time from central London to La Défense of 2hrs 15mins . Guillaume Pepy defined SNCF 's priorities for the future as : Our dream is to have 12 TGV stations for the 12 million inhabitants of Île de France . Grand Paris would be linked with the European high speed network , to challenge London or Frankfurt . Eurostar expansion ( edit ) At the same time as Pepy 's announcement , Richard Brown announced that Eurostar 's plans for expanding its network potentially included Amsterdam and Rotterdam as destinations , using the HSL Zuid line . This would require either equipment upgrades of the existing fleet , or a new fleet equipped for both ERTMS and the domestic signalling systems used by Nederlandse Spoorwegen . Following the December 2009 opening of HSL Zuid , a London -- Amsterdam journey is estimated to take 4hrs 16mins . In an interview with Eurostar 's Chief Executive Nicolas Petrovic in the Financial Times in May 2012 , an intention for Eurostar to serve ten new destinations was expressed , including Amsterdam , Frankfurt , Cologne , Lyon , Marseille and Geneva , along with a likely second hub to be created in Brussels . In March 2016 in an interview with Bloomberg , Eurostar 's Chief Executive expressed interest in operating a direct train service between London and Bordeaux , but not before 2019 . Journey time was said to be around four and a half hours using the new LGV Sud Europe Atlantique . Southern France ( edit ) In December 2012 Eurostar announced that on Saturdays during May 2013 -- June 2013 a new seasonal service would be introduced to Aix - en - Provence , also serving Lyon Part - Dieu and Avignon TGV on the way ( the latter being 6 kilometres ( 4 miles ) from central Avignon ) . This is in addition to the long - standing seasonal summer service on Saturdays during July and August and the first week of September travelling to Avignon Centre . The Aix - en - Provence services did not run in 2014 but was replaced along with the seasonal Avignon Centre services with the new year - round service to Lyon and Marseille as of 1 May 2015 . Netherlands ( edit ) In September 2013 , Eurostar announced an agreement with the Government of Netherlands and NS , the Dutch railway company to start twice daily services between London and Amsterdam Centraal starting in December 2016 . The service will use the newly bought Siemens Velaro trainsets and will also call at Brussels , Antwerp , and Rotterdam . The journey time will be around four hours . In November 2014 , Eurostar announced the service to Amsterdam would start in `` 2016 - 2017 '' , and would include a stop at Schiphol Airport in addition to the previously announced destinations . Eurostar have indicated that the calling pattern ' is not set in stone ' and if a business case supports it the service might be extended to additional cities such as Utrecht . In October 2016 , Eurostar published details about its forthcoming Amsterdam service . They have since said it will start operating from Easter 2018. Trains will stop in Brussels for half an hour for a security check . It now seems that passengers for London from Amsterdam and Rotterdam will undertake all security checks before boarding and will not need to get off in Brussels . The train will also convey passengers from the Netherlands on journeys to Brussels who wo n't need to pass through security and they will be allocated half the train which will be kept separate from the London - bound passengers by locking the intermediate door . This half of the train will be security swept on arrival at Brussels before Brussels to London passengers can board . The journey from London to Amsterdam Centraal will take 3hrs 50mins and trains will call at Brussels , Antwerp , Rotterdam and Schipol Airport . From Amsterdam Centraal to London trains will take 4hrs 9mins to include the 25 minutes approx stop at Brussels . Amsterdam to London trains will not call at Antwerp . Competition ( edit ) Further information : High Speed 1 § Future operations In 2010 , international rail travel was liberalised by new European Union directives , designed to break up monopolies in order to encourage competition for services between countries . This sparked interest among other companies in providing services in competition to Eurostar and new services to destinations beyond Paris and Brussels . The only rail carrier to formally propose and secure permission for such a service up to now is Deutsche Bahn , which intends to run services between London and Germany and the Netherlands . The sale of High Speed One by the British Government having effectively nationalised LCR in June 2009 is also likely to stimulate competition on the line . In March 2010 , it was announced that Eurotunnel was in discussions with the Intergovernment Commission , which oversees the tunnel , with the aim of amending elements of the safety code governing the tunnel 's usage . Most saliently , the requirement that trains be able to split within the tunnel and each part of the train be driven out to opposite ends has been removed . However , the proposal to allow shorter trains was not passed . Eurotunnel Chairman & Chief Executive Jacques Gounon said that he hoped the liberalisation of rules would allow entry into the market of competitors such as Deutsche Bahn . Sources at Eurotunnel suggested that Deutsche Bahn could have entered the market at the timetable change in December 2012 . This , however , did not happen . In July 2010 Deutsche Bahn ( DB ) announced that it intended to make a test run with a high - speed ICE - 3MF train through the Channel Tunnel in October 2010 in preparation for possible future operations . The trial ran on 19 October 2010 with a Class 406 ICE train specially liveried with a British `` Union flag '' decal . The train was then put on display for the press at St Pancras International . However , this is not the class of train that would be used for the proposed service . At the St Pancras ceremony , DB revealed that it planned to operate from London to Frankfurt and Amsterdam ( two of the biggest air travel markets in Europe ) , with trains ' splitting & joining ' in Brussels . It hoped to begin these services in 2013 using Class 407 ICE units , with three trains per day each way -- morning , midday and afternoon . Initially the only calling points would be Rotterdam on the way to Amsterdam , and Cologne on the way to Frankfurt . Amsterdam and Cologne would be under four hours from London , Frankfurt around five hours . DB decided to put this on hold mainly due to advance passport check requirements . DB had hoped that immigration checks could be done on board , but British authorities required immigration and security checks to be done at Lille Europe station , taking at least 30 minutes . 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Jump up ^ `` Eurostar -- A seamless journey to the continent '' ( PDF ) . Japan Railway & Transport Review . 40 : 29 -- 33 . March 2005 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Max ( 14 November 2007 ) . `` Eurostar : welcome to the new age of trains '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar Company Awards page '' . Eurostar . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Travel Awards 2008 winners '' . The Guardian . London . 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Charles , Paul ( 1 June 2005 ) . `` Rebuilding Eurostar 's brand and reputation '' . Strategic Communication Management . Chicago & London . ISSN 1363 - 9064 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Grant , John ( 2008 ) . The green marketing manifesto . Chichester , Sussex : John Wiley . p. 94 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 72324 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners of 2007 '' . Network Rail . Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kanter , James ( 5 May 2009 ) . `` French Nuclear Power Cleans Up Eurostar '' . Green Inc. blog . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Statement by Richard Brown , Chief Executive of Eurostar , during the opening ceremony , video clip on YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` A high - speed revolution '' . The Economist . London . 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 17 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UK Government Nationalizes London & Continental Railways '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York . 8 June 2009 . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Eurostar Engineering Centre Temple Mills officially opened -- The Railway Centre , 02 / 10 / 07 Jump up ^ `` Eurostar seating plan '' ( PDF ) . RailEurope.com . Retrieved 30 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilckens , Martin ; Ellewanger , Gunther ( October 1994 ) . `` High speed for Europe '' ( PDF ) . Japan Railway & Transport Review . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` French Railway Industry : The paths of excellence '' ( PDF ) . DGE / UBIFRANCE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Nash , Emily ( 5 September 2007 ) . `` Eurostar sets new Paris - London record '' . The Mirror . London . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wolmar , Christian ( 23 November 2007 ) . `` Who is going to use the new high speed line ? '' . Rail ( 579 ) . Peterborough . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Millward , David ( 27 November 2008 ) . `` Eurostar services could be disrupted by strike in run up to Christmas '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Webster , Ben ( 6 July 2007 ) . `` Trains for high - speed link handed over to the French '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Multi-million facelift for Eurostar '' . BBC News . 27 May 2003 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar invites bidders to undertake major interior refurbishment of fleet '' ( PDF ) . Rail Management . Dunstable , Beds. 8 September 2008 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar to tender for refurbishment '' . RailNews . London . 8 September 2008 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar refurbishment design contract awarded '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 8 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Yard creates ' drastically different ' Eurostar buffet cars '' . Design Week . London . 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar unveils new first class layout '' . Opodo Travel News . 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Smithers , Rebecca ( 9 April 2009 ) . `` Eurostar interiors to get makeover by Italian luxury car designer '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : UK , DVV Media . `` Eurostar orders seven more e320s '' . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar considering larger fleet ? '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 6 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 start date for Great Western ERTMS upgrade '' . The National Union of Rail , Maritime & Transport workers ( RMT ) . 9 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2007 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 320 km / h train order as Eurostar sets sights on expansion '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 7 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar unveils £ 700m train deal '' . BBC News . 7 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurostar picks Velaro to expand fleet '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 1 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon efficient Eurostar fleet going green '' . Silicon Republic . Dublin. 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Siemens weathering economic storm as work begins on new Eurostar '' . International Railway Journal . London . 31 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Siemens Mobility References '' . Siemens . 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert ( 1 October 2010 ) . `` Row breaks out over Eurostar train order '' . Financial Times . London . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert ( 19 October 2010 ) . `` Alstom heads for court over Eurostar trains '' . Financial Times . London . Jump up ^ `` Alstom fails to block Eurostar contract '' . International Railway Journal . London . 30 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alstom lodges Eurostar complaint in Brussels '' . Financial Times . London . 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Wendlandt , Astrid ( 11 November 2010 ) . `` Alstom says Eurostar tender hearing in Oct 2011 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Milmo , Dan ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` Siemens keeps € 600m Eurostar order after Alstom legal challenge fails '' . The Guardian . London . p. 29 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Topham , Gwyn ( 3 April 2012 ) . `` Alstom drops Eurostar legal action after SNCF orders more trains '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Better by design : Eurostar 's £ 700m facelift '' . railway-technology.com. 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Smithers , Rebecca ; Topham , Gwyn ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` Eurostar launches e320 train with space for 900 passengers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar Depot for Stratford '' . railwaypeople.com. 10 December 2004 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar loans a class 73 locomotive for South Wales regeneration initiative '' ( Press release ) . Eurostar. 20 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar teams up with Railschool in East London to create training opportunities for young people '' ( Press release ) . Eurostar. 26 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Development for Europorte 2 : Eurotunnel buys five Class 92 locomotives '' ( Press release ) . Eurotunnel. 15 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Double decked trains could be replacement for Eurostars '' . Rail Magazine ( 529 ) : 11 . 21 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Sturgess , Trevor ( 22 December 2009 ) . `` Eurostar faces up to bad press after PR disaster '' . Kent Messenger . Maidstone . Retrieved 25 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TGVweb TGV Accidents article '' . trainweb.org . Retrieved 10 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Midgley , Simon ( 22 October 1994 ) . `` Channel train 's new breakdown '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 23 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Richard ( July 1995 ) . `` Managing British Public Opinion of the Channel Tunnel '' . Technology and Culture . Society for the History of Technology . 36 ( 3 ) : 636 -- 640 . JSTOR 3107245 . doi : 10.2307 / 3107245 . Jump up ^ Clark , Andrew ( 29 May 2002 ) . `` Eurostar sent down wrong track '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rail delays after house caves in '' . BBC News . 11 April 2006 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolmar , Christian ( 22 February 1996 ) . `` Wrong kind of snow in tunnel ... '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar train derails in France '' . BBC News . 5 June 2000 . Retrieved 10 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar delayed by power fault '' . BBC News . 24 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Eleven Eurostar services were delayed when a power line collapsed as a train pulled into St Pancras on Wednesday . Jump up ^ `` Refunds after Eurostar breakdowns '' . BBC News . 26 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Friday 's 1932 BST service from London St Pancras to Paris and the 1934 BST to Brussels stopped outside Lille , north - east France , at around 2100 BST . Jump up ^ Gammell , Caroline ( 21 December 2009 ) . `` Eurostar launches independent review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar : `` améliorer l'info dans le tunnel '' `` . Le Figaro ( in French ) . Paris . 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Gabbatt , Adam ; agencies ( 21 December 2009 ) . `` Eurostar services suspended for third day as bad weather hits flights '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar handling of snow delays criticised '' . BBC News . 12 February 2010 . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar Independent Review '' . 12 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar disrupted after new breakdown in Channel tunnel '' . The Independent . London . 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar Trains Turn Back From Channel Tunnel After Icing Up '' . Bloomberg . New York . 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stricken Eurostar train towed out of Channel Tunnel '' . Reuters. 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar to Run Limited Service for Three Days Amid Cold Snap '' . Business Week . New York . 7 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar Says Running Restricted Service `` For Few Days '' `` . The Wall Street Journal . New York . Jump up ^ `` Catastrophe de Buizingen : un nouveau rapport critique la SNCB et Infrabel '' . RTBF ( in French ) . Brussels . 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar passengers stranded near Ashford '' . BBC News . 22 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar naar Londen vandaag en morgen uitverkocht ! '' . NS Hispeed Twitter ( in Dutch ) . 15 April 2010 . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : White , James ( 18 October 2011 ) . `` Immigrant prises open Eurostar doors and leaps to his death from 100mph train after being refused entry to the UK '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Richard Ashworth , ... ' The train ground to a halt at about 5.40 pm , ' ... ' back to Ashford ... we then had to wait ... next train ... coming back from Disneyland . ' ... ' got back to London at about 10.30 pm . ' Jump up ^ `` Inquiry after Eurostar train passenger dies '' . The Guardian . London . Press Association . 18 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . 5.04 pm London St Pancras to Brussels service in Cheriton , Kent , on Monday at around 5.50 pm ^ Jump up to : `` Albanian Falls To His Death From Eurostar '' . Sky News . 18 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . about 5.50 pm on Monday. ... `` The man 's body has been recovered to William Harvey Hospital in Ashford , Kent '' he said . `` The train was taken out of service and the line handed back at 10.09 pm . '' Jump up ^ `` Albanian man falls to death from Eurostar train in Kent '' . BBC News . 18 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Police launch probe into Eurostar train death '' . Railnews. 18 October 2011 . incident happened last night at Westenhanger , near Cheriton ... at about 140km / h Jump up ^ < http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34815867 Jump up ^ Webster , Ben ( 21 April 2006 ) . `` Ghost train station that cost £ 210m '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar ' will not stop ' at Stratford International '' . BBC News . 25 May 2010 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boris Johnson urges Eurostar to start using Olympic Park station '' . 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar welcomes greengauge 21 's call for high speed 2 '' ( Press release ) . Eurostar. 20 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Montague , Simon ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Rail investments that will last for 200 years '' ( Letter to the Editor ) . Yorkshire Post . Leeds . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/hs2-plans-revived-to-connect-london-terminus-of-high-speed-two-with-channel-tunnel-rail-link-10382994.html Jump up ^ `` Train Access Rights necessary to operate additional passenger services on the East Coast Main Line '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Rail Regulator. 27 January 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Consultation on capacity study for East Coast Main Line '' ( PDF ) . Railways Archive. 19 December 2005 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Massey , Ray ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` New era for King 's Cross station as futuristic £ 500million concourse is unveiled '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Written committee submission by Eurostar '' ( PDF ) . The Scottish Parliament . 31 October 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About HS2 '' . High Speed Two ( HS2 ) Ltd . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ McGhie , Tom ( 6 August 2006 ) . `` £ 19bn plan for high - speed rail link '' . thisismoney.co.uk . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Long - term TGV plans '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 2 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Silvester , Katie ( February 2008 ) . `` Interview with Richard Brown , Chief Executive of Eurostar '' ( PDF ) . Rail Professional . Cambridge . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 25 kV and BB21 to boost Dutch capacity '' . Railway Gazette International . London . Archived from the original on 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The future of Air Transport in the United Kingdom '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Eurostar . June 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Interview Transport in Germany '' ( PDF ) . logisticsplatform.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Power supply '' . hslzuid.nl . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tackling the challenges to standard train control '' . Railway Gazette International . London . May 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Passports & Visas '' . Eurostar . Archived from the original on 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : IGC Unified Safety Rules Consultation 2010 -- Intergovernmental Commission ^ Jump up to : `` SNCF outlines TGV growth strategies '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 13 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar reports signs of recovery , while Brown predicts expansion '' . Rail News . Stevenage. 15 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2009 . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Mark ( 22 October 2009 ) . `` Can you love train travel ? Yes you can ! '' . The Guardian Travel Blog . London . Jump up ^ Odell , Mark ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` Eurostar eyes expansion across Europe '' ( paywall ) . Financial Times . London . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar to add new destinations '' . 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/mar/16/eurostar-mulls-direct-trains-london-bordeaux-wine Jump up ^ `` La Route Du Soleil '' . Eurostar. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar confirms launch of London -- Amsterdam services in December 2016 '' . Railway Gazette. 27 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurostar plans Easter launch to Amsterdam '' . Jump up ^ Barrow , Keith . `` Eurostar Amsterdam timetable emerges '' . Jump up ^ http://www.seat61.com/news.htm Jump up ^ https://www.ovmagazine.nl/2016/10/antwerpen-mist-aansluiting-naar-londen-1328/ Jump up ^ `` Liberalization of railway transport : European directives on railway transport and Access to infrastructure '' ( PDF ) . Enrico Mordiglia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 February 2010 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EU agrees to liberalise rail by 2010 '' . EurActiv.com . Brussels . 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Milmo , Dan ( 8 June 2009 ) . `` Eurostar faces rivals for cross-channel route '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Channel Tunnel working group investigates shorter trains '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Bahn to run ICE3 to Britain this year '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 29 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Fender , Keith ( December 2010 ) . `` DB unveils plans for London services '' . Modern Railways . London . pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ `` Trenitalia awards contract for 50 high speed trains '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 5 August 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brunhouse , Jay ( 1999 ) . Traveling Europe 's Trains . Pelican Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 854 - X . Comfort , Nicholas ( 2007 ) . The Channel Tunnel and its High Speed Links . Oakwood Press . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 854 - X . Grant , John ( 2008 ) . The green marketing manifesto . John Wiley . ISBN 0 - 470 - 72324 - 6 . Griffiths , Jeanne ( 1995 ) . London to Paris in Ten Minutes : The Eurostar Story . Images . ISBN 1 - 897817 - 47 - 9 . Mitchell , Vic ( 1996 ) . Ashford : From Steam to Eurostar . Middleton Press . ISBN 1 - 873793 - 67 - 7 . Parliament : House of Commons Transport Committee ( 2008 ) . Delivering a Sustainable Railway . The Stationery Office . ISBN 0 - 215 - 52222 - 2 . Penny , Charles ( 1996 ) . Channel Tunnel Transport System . Thomas Telford . ISBN 0 - 7277 - 2515 - 7 . Pielow , Simon ( 1997 ) . Eurostar . Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 2451 - 0 . Piggott , Reginald ; Thompson , Matt ( 2012 ) . Mile by Mile London to Paris : the entire railway journey by historic Golden Arrow and modern Eurostar mapped for the interested traveller . London : Aurum . ISBN 9781845137724 . Roza , Greg ( 2004 ) . The Incredible Story of Trains . Rosen Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 6712 - 3 . Sievert , Terri ( 2002 ) . The World 's Fastest Trains . Capstone Press . ISBN 0 - 7368 - 1061 - 7 . Whiteside , Thomas ( 1962 ) . The Tunnel under the Channel . Rupert Hart - Davis . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83243 - 7 . Wilson , Jeremy ; Spick , Jerome ( 1994 ) . Eurotunnel -- The Illustrated Journey . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 255539 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eurostar . Official website Current train operating companies in the United Kingdom ◄ Defunct Future ► National Arriva Trains Wales c2c Caledonian Sleeper Chiltern Railways CrossCountry East Midlands Trains Govia Thameslink Railway Grand Central Greater Anglia Great Western Railway Heathrow Connect Heathrow Express Hull Trains London Midland London Overground Merseyrail NI Railways Northern ScotRail Southeastern South Western Railway TfL Rail TransPennine Express Virgin Trains Virgin Trains East Coast International Enterprise Eurostar Sub-brands Gatwick Express Great Northern Island Line Night Riviera Southern Stansted Express Thameslink Operates on the Irish railway network Eurostar Stations London St Pancras International Ebbsfleet International Ashford International Calais - Fréthun Lille - Europe Brussels - South Paris Gare du Nord Marne la Vallée - Chessy ( Disneyland Paris ) Lyon - Part - Dieu Avignon TGV Marseille - Saint - Charles Winter only Moûtiers - Salins - Brides - les - Bains Aime - La Plagne Bourg - Saint - Maurice Lines High Speed 1 Channel Tunnel LGV Nord HSL 1 LGV Interconnexion Est LGV Sud - Est LGV Rhône - Alpes LGV Méditerranée Rolling stock e300 e320 Proposed Stratford International LGV Picardie HSL - Zuid Rotterdam Centraal Amsterdam Centraal Other High - speed rail ICE TGV Thalys Rail transport in the United Kingdom Rail transport in France Rail transport in Belgium TGV Class -- Train à Grande Vitesse Lines in service LGV Atlantique LGV Bretagne - Pays de la Loire LGV Est LGV Interconnexion Est LGV Méditerranée LGV Nord LGV Rhin - Rhône ( Eastern branch ) LGV Rhône - Alpes LGV Sud - Est LGV Sud Europe Atlantique Perpignan -- Barcelona Lines under construction Contournement Nîmes -- Montpellier Planned / projected lines LGV Bordeaux -- Spain LGV Bordeaux -- Toulouse LGV Interconnexion Sud LGV Montpellier -- Perpignan LGV Normandie LGV Picardie LGV POCL LGV Poitiers -- Limoges LGV Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur LGV Rhin - Rhône ( Western and Southern branches ) LGV Toulouse -- Narbonne Turin -- Lyon high - speed railway Canceled projects LGV des Titans Rolling stock TGV 2N2 TGV Atlantique TGV Duplex TGV PBKA TGV POS TGV Réseau / PBA TGV Sud - Est TGV TMST International services Artésia Elipsos Eurostar TGV Lyria Thalys Associated high - speed lines High Speed 1 HSL 1 HSL 2 HSL 3 Cologne - Aachen HSL 4 HSL - Zuid Madrid - Barcelona Export trainsets Acela AVE Class 100 KTX - I Other Development of the TGV TGV accidents TGV services TGV stations TGV track construction Transmission Voie - Machine Channel Tunnel Construction TransManche Link LGV Nord High Speed 1 Folkestone Terminal Calais Terminal Corporate Eurotunnel Group Eurostar ( U.K. ) Ltd . SNCF NMBS / SNCB Passenger services Eurostar Freight services Eurotunnel Shuttle Europorte Channel Trains Eurotunnel Class 0001 Eurotunnel Class 0031 Eurotunnel Class 9 British Rail Class 92 British Rail Class 373 British Rail Class 374 Other Rail transport in France Rail transport in the United Kingdom Channel Tunnel Safety Authority 1996 Channel Tunnel fire 2008 Channel Tunnel fire Cycling in the Channel Tunnel High - speed rail Part of rail transport Technologies Conventional Hovertrain Maglev Vactrain High - speed trains 300 km / h ( 186 mph ) or more Alstom AGV Avelia Liberty AVE Class 100 , 102 , 103 China Railways CR2C , 3C , 380A , 380B , 380C , 380D , China Standardized EMU ; MTR CRH380A ETR 500 Eurostar e300 ; e320 ETR 1000 ICE 3 KTX - I , II ( Sancheon ) Oaris Shinkansen Series 500 , N700 , E5 , E6 , H5 , L0 AVRIL TGV Sud - Est ( refurbished ) , Atlantique , Réseau , Duplex , POS , 2N2 TCDD HT80000 Thalys PBA , PBKA THSR 700T Transrapid Shanghai Maglev Train Siemens Velaro Bombardier Zefiro 250 -- 299 km / h ( 155 -- 186 mph ) China Railways CRH 1A , 1B , 1E , 2A , 2B , 2E , 5 China Star New Pendolino ICE 1 , 2 RENFE Class 120 , 121 , 130 Sapsan SBB RABe 501 , RABe 503 Shinkansen Series 200 , 300 , 700 , 800 , E2 , E3 , E7 , W7 TCDD HT65000 TGV Sud - Est ( original ) , La Poste V250 Fyra 200 -- 249 km / h ( 124 -- 155 mph ) Acela Express Adelante APT AVE Class 101 / Euromed CRH6A ER200 GMB Class 71 ( Flytoget ) IC4 InterCity 125 InterCity 225 Brightline ICE T , TD ICE 4 ( ICx ) Javelin NSB Class 73 NSB Class 74 Pendolino Railjet Regina Shinkansen series 0 , 100 , 400 , E1 , E4 SBB RABDe 500 , RABDe 502 , RABe 502 , Re 460 SJ 2000 , SJ X40 Z - TER ( Z 21500 ) Sokol Class 800 , Class 801 , Class 802 Talgo XXI Voyager / Meridian X3 Experimental and prototype high - speed trains ( category ) High - speed railway line List of high - speed railway lines By country planned networks in italics Africa Morocco Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Mexico United States Asia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kazakhstan South Korea Malaysia and Singapore Philippines Saudi Arabia Russia Taiwan Thailand Turkey Uzbekistan Vietnam Europe Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Latvia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Oceania Australia Planned high - speed rail by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurostar&oldid=802507010 '' Categories : Eurostar Articulated passenger trains Channel Tunnel High - speed trains Named passenger trains of the United Kingdom Railteam SNCF Transport in Ashford , Kent Railway services introduced in 1994 High - speed rail in the United Kingdom High - speed rail in France High - speed rail in Belgium Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with French - language external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from April 2017 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with dead external links from August 2010 CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from September 2016 Good articles Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Rail transport articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 16 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the eurostar move to st pancras | [
"The service is operated by eighteen-car Class 373/1 trains and sixteen-car Class 374 trains which run at up to 300 kilometres per hour (186 mph) on a network of high-speed lines. The LGV Nord line in France opened before Eurostar services began in 1994, and newer lines enabling faster journeys were added later—HSL 1 in Belgium and High Speed 1 in southern England. The French and Belgian parts of the network are shared with Paris–Brussels Thalys services and also with TGV trains. In the United Kingdom the two-stage Channel Tunnel Rail Link project was completed on 14 November 2007 and renamed High Speed 1, when the London terminus of Eurostar transferred from Waterloo International to St Pancras International."
] | [
"14 November 2007"
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1193314885823205486 | Miami Dolphins Training Facility | Miami Dolphins training facility - wikipedia Miami Dolphins training facility Jump to : navigation , search Miami Dolphins Training Facility The Baptist Health Training Facility at Nova Southeastern University , formerly the Miami Dolphins Training Facility , is located on the Nova Southeastern University main campus in Davie , Florida . It is the headquarters location for the Miami Dolphins , as well as a location for frequent special events . Contents ( hide ) 1 Architecture and features 2 History 3 The Bubble 4 Super Bowl XLI 5 References Architecture and features ( edit ) Bowing trusses and a profile reminiscent of classic athletic facilities define this state of the art training facility . It includes one of the largest weight rooms in the NFL , training rooms , locker rooms , a therapy swimming pool , a cold plunge pool and whirlpools , numerous administrative offices , and a practice field . It also has a bleacher building , which can accommodate 2,000 spectators . The 56,000 - square - foot ( 5,200 m ) facility is frequently used as a prototype for other professional football teams . There is also an indoor training field known as `` The Bubble . '' The 96,600 square feet ( 8,970 m ) indoor facility covers 2.2 acres ( 8,900 m ) on the west side of the main building . The `` bubble '' is an air - supported structure manufactured and installed by Air Structures American Technologies Incorporated ( ASATI ) and constructed by Stiles Construction , the same corporation who worked on the expansion of Dolphin Stadium for Super Bowl XLI . The football field , installed by The Motz Group , is regulation size and made of synthetic turf consisting of 75 % rubber and 25 % sand to provide a firm - playing surface . The inlaid markings duplicate those on the Dolphin Stadium game - day field . Loud crowd noise can also be replicated in the bubble . History ( edit ) The Dolphins trained at Saint Andrew 's School in the late 1960 's and St. Thomas University from July 12 , 1970 until June 4 , 1993 . The ribbon cutting ceremony for the new training facility was July 11 , 1993 . The Bubble ( edit ) Miami Dolphins Training Facility Bubble September 26 , 2006 the Dolphins made their first significant expansion to the facility since it first opened with the opening of an air supported air conditioned indoor training field . The structure is 96,600 square feet ( 8,970 m ) and is 72 feet ( 22 m ) tall in the center . The current owner of the Bubble is Jamaican born Jerome Harriott , who leases it to the Dolphins . `` We 're proud to become the first professional football team in Florida to have such a venue . We believe it will help the team from a competitive standpoint as it will allow for closer game simulation during practice and allow the team to continue practicing even when storms roll in , '' Bryan Wiedmeier , president of the Miami Dolphins , said . The fabric used is extremely light , yet strong . Inflation is maintained via fans in the HVAC units through the integrated control system . The structure was designed to withstand hurricane force winds up to category three . Internal air pressure is increased to `` stiffen '' the structure to withstand wind loading . The Bubble was designed by its current owner and angel investor , Jerome Harriott . Harriott leases the facility to the organization . Super Bowl XLI ( edit ) The 2006 AFC Champion Indianapolis Colts used the facility while preparing for Super Bowl XLI . The other team , NFC Champion Chicago Bears used the Miami Hurricanes Football Facility at the University of Miami . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2006 Miami Dolphins Training Facility Locker Room Tour ^ Jump up to : New Dolphins Indoor Practice Facility Officially Inaugurated - NEWS : Top Story Presented by WACHOVIA - MiamiDolphins.com Jump up ^ HISTORY : Historical Highlights ( 1993 ) - MiamiDolphins.com Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com Nova Southeastern University Based in Davie , Florida Colleges & schools Farquhar College of Arts & Sciences Shepard Broad Law Center H. Wayne Huizenga School of Business & Entrepreneurship Oceanographic Center Center for Psychological Studies College of Engineering and Computing Fischler School of Education Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences Health professions division College of Dental Medicine College of Osteopathic Medicine College of Pharmacy College of Optometry College of Medical Sciences College of Allied Health and Nursing Campus The University School Don Taft University Center Rose and Alfred Miniaci Performing Arts Center Miami Dolphins Training Facility Alvin Sherman Library Athletics Nova Southeastern Sharks Tennis ( w ) Soccer ( w ) Volleyball Crew ( w ) Softball Golf ( w ) Basketball ( m ) Sunshine State Conference Miscellaneous NSU Alumni WNSU 88.5 FM The Current Miami Dolphins Founded in 1966 Based in Miami Gardens , Florida Headquartered in Davie , Florida Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records Honor roll Training facility Broadcasters Stadiums Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium Culture `` Fins '' ( Jimmy Buffett song ) Wayne Huizenga Stephen M. Ross Joe Robbie T.D. Cheerleaders Ace Ventura : Pet Detective `` Only Wanna Be with You '' ( Hootie & the Blowfish song ) Ballers Lore Perfect season The Sea of Hands Announcerless Game Epic in Miami Snowplow Game Clock Play Monday Night Miracle Rivalries Buffalo Bills New England Patriots New York Jets Tampa Bay Buccaneers Division championships ( 13 ) 1971 1972 1973 1979 1981 1984 1985 1992 1994 2000 2008 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1971 1972 1973 1982 1984 League championships ( 2 ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) Retired numbers 12 13 39 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 52 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1994 1995 2017 Championship seasons in bold Davie , Florida Education Primary and secondary schools Broward County Public Schools Nova High School Western High School McFatter Technical College and Technical High School College Academy @ BC Conservatory Prep Senior High School David Posnack Jewish Day School University School of Nova Southeastern University Other education Nova Southeastern University Florida Atlantic University Davie Campus Other Landmarks Bergeron Rodeo Grounds Davie School Miami Dolphins Training Facility Young at Art Museum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami_Dolphins_Training_Facility&oldid=807358006 '' Categories : Nova Southeastern University Miami Dolphins Davie , Florida Buildings and structures in Broward County , Florida 1993 establishments in Florida Sports venues completed in 1993 Hidden categories : Miami articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 13 : 10 . About Wikipedia | where do the miami dolphins have training camp | [
"The Baptist Health Training Facility at Nova Southeastern University, formerly the Miami Dolphins Training Facility, is located on the Nova Southeastern University main campus in Davie, Florida. It is the headquarters location for the Miami Dolphins, as well as a location for frequent special events. "
] | [
"Nova Southeastern University"
] |
-9121680382820540274 | Scope (charity) | Scope ( charity ) - wikipedia Scope ( charity ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Spastics Society '' redirects here . For Spastics Society of India , see The Spastics Society of India . This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Scope Scope logo Formation 1951 Headquarters London , N7 Region served England and Wales Chief Executive Mark Atkinson Website www.scope.org.uk Disability Theory and models ( show ) Disability theory Ableism / Disablism Medical model Social model Education ( show ) Mainstreaming Individualized Education Program ( IEP ) Special needs Special school Special education Learning disability Therapy ( show ) Physical Occupational Speech Societal implications ( show ) Disability rights movement Inclusion Normalization People - first language Pejorative terms Personal assistance ( show ) Unlicensed assistive personnel ( ADLs ) Orthotics and braces Prosthetics Assistive technology Assisted living Mobility aid Physical accessibility Universal design Web accessibility Socioeconomic assistance ( show ) Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Ticket to Work Disability Living Allowance Disabled students allowance Disabled Persons Railcard Freedom Pass Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped Groups Organizations ( show ) National Telecommuting Institute Society for Disability Studies Disabled Peoples ' International ( DPI ) Visitability Disabled sports ( show ) Special Olympics Paralympic Games Deaflympics Invictus Games Culture ( show ) Disability in the arts Disability art Disability in the media Disability portal Disability Lists Scope is a national disability charity that campaigns to challenge and change negative attitudes about disability and provides direct services . The organisation was founded in 1952 by a group of parents and social workers who wanted to ensure that their disabled children had the right to a decent education . When founded Scope , then known as the Spastic Society , focussed on Cerebral Palsy . Today Scope is a `` pan-disability '' charity that represents all conditions and impairment . Scope believes in the social model of disability - that a person is disabled by the barriers placed in front of them by society , not because of their condition or impairment . These can be negative attitudes or physical barriers . Scope has run national campaigns to challenge negative attitudes towards disability , like its flagship End the Awkward campaign , which tackled the fact that two - thirds of people say they feel awkward around disability . In 2017 the charity announced its new five - year strategy , Everyday equality , which set out how the organisation would work up until 2022 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Campaigns 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) It was founded as the National Spastics Society on 9 October 1951 by Ian Dawson - Shepherd , Eric Hodgson , Alex Moira and a social worker , Jean Garwood , with the aim of improving and expanding services for people with cerebral palsy . From 1955 to 1989 , the society ran the Thomas Delarue School , a specialist secondary boarding school at Tonbridge , Kent . Scope still runs schools for disabled children in West Sussex and near Cardiff as well as a Further Education College in Lancaster , which was founded in 1977 . Over time , thanks in large part to the influence of Bill Hargreaves , the first trustee with cerebral palsy , the charity 's aims extended to improving and expanding services for people with cerebral palsy and disabled people in general . Bill 's pioneering work in employment in the 1950s supported over 1,500 disabled people into their first jobs . In 1962 , he set up the 62 Clubs where disabled people could choose and control their own leisure activities . Through its employment services , Scope continues to support disabled people to have the same opportunities as everyone else . In 1963 it merged with the British Council for the Welfare of Spastics to become The Spastics Society . The Spastics Society provided sheltered workshops and day centres for people with cerebral palsy ( commonly referred to as spastics at the time , despite spasticity being a symptom of only one variant of cerebral palsy ) , who were seen as being unemployable in mainstream society . The Society also provided residential units and schools , as well as opening a chain of charity shops . The term spastic was long used as a general playground insult . In the 1980s , this became more charged , partially because of the Blue Peter programmes following the life story of Joey Deacon in an attempt to show disability in a positive light during the International Year of Disabled Persons . Consequently , the society changed to its current name , Scope on 26 March 1994 , following a two - year consultation with disabled people and their families . In November 1996 , Scope AGM voted in favour of an individual membership scheme to give a voice to the 20,000 people that Scope and its local groups are in contact with every year - the first major UK disability charity to do so . In 1998 , Scope individual members voted in elections to Executive Council . However the first person with cerebral palsy to play a major managerial role was Bill Hargreaves , who had been elected to the Executive Council back in 1957 . In January 2012 , Scope replaced its logo with a combination of more than 60 `` visions of the future '' created by disabled people , their friends and families . Scope has since changed the logo . Scope wants to make disability better understood by the public , at a time when attitudes towards disabled people are getting worse and disabled people are struggling to get the support they need due to budget cuts . In 2017 , Scope launched its new strategy - Everyday equality - which set out how the charity would campaign to support disabled people . The strategy sets out an ambition to offer information , support and advice to two million disabled people and their families every year . In February 2018 it transferred 51 homes and 1300 staff to Salutem Healthcare as part of a major shift out of service provision . Campaigns ( edit ) In 2004 Scope launched the Time to Get Equal campaign to banish disablism , which it defines as `` discriminatory , oppressive or abusive behaviour arising from the belief that disabled people are inferior to others '' . The campaign had three aims : To raise awareness of the problems and barriers faced by disabled people in their everyday lives To demand an improvement in the attitudes and actions that disabled people experience To build a mass movement of disabled and non-disabled people campaigning and working for equality . In 2014 Scope ran a campaign called End The Awkward fronted by comedian Alex Brooker . The campaign used comedy to shine a light on the awkwardness that many people feel about disability . Alex appeared in three adverts guiding viewers through awkward situations that they may encounter with a disabled person . Scope 's End The Awkward campaign continued in 2015 when they teamed up with Channel 4 to run a series of short films entitled What Not to Do , which exemplified how not to behave in situations including a blind date , a job interview and at the hairdressers . They also created an A-Z of sex and disability . In 2016 Scope worked with creative agency George & Dragon on a TV ad to launch their third year of End The Awkward , where they introduced their H.I.D.E. concept . The mnemonic which stands for : Say ' Hi ' ; Introduce yourself ; Do n't panic ; End the Awkward , was also featured in films created with Unilad . In 2017 Scope partnered with Virgin Media to run Work With Me . This highlighted the problems disabled people faced when looking for work . It also introduced the Support To Work service which provides online advice and support for disabled people seeking work . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Davies , Chris ( April 2001 ) . `` Beginnings '' . Changing Society : A Personal History of Scope ( Formerly The Spastics Society ) 1952 - 2002 . Scope . p. 19 . ISBN 0946828962 . Jump up ^ `` TDS - The School '' . TDS . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ingfield Manor '' . Ofsted . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Craig y Parc '' . Ofsted . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beaumont College '' . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hargreaves , Bill ( 2002 ) . Can You Manage Stares ? . Scope . ISBN 0946828954 . Jump up ^ Hargreaves , Bill ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 7 : Man of industry , 1957 - 62 '' . Can You Manage Stares ? . Scope . p. 70 . ISBN 0946828954 . Jump up ^ Laurance , Jeremy ( 4 November 1994 ) . `` SPASTICS SOCIETY PUTS ITS FUTURE IN SCOPE '' . The Times . Times Newspapers Ltd . Jump up ^ `` CHARITY CHANGE - SPASTICS SOCIETY CHANGES NAME TO SCOPE '' . The Sunday Times . Times Newspapers Ltd. 27 March 1994 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Scope unveils user - generated brand identity '' . Marketing Week . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Poll Digest - Social - Scope Tracker Survey of Disabled People '' . ComRes . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scope 's workforce to go from 3,000 to 800 over two years '' . Civil Society . 18 December 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Campaigns '' . scope.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` How to behave with disabled people : A new guide tells you what to do '' . The Independent . 2015 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 and Scope partner for Shorts series starring Alex Brooker - Channel 4 - Info - Press '' . www.channel4.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ UK , Natasha Hinde Lifestyle Writer at The Huffington Post ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) . `` People With Disabilities Share Sex Stories To End Stigma Once And For All '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hide ' When You See a Disabled Person , Says U.K. Charity Ad - Video - Creativity Online '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ UK , Claire Carter ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) . `` I 've got a good degree and great CV but I 've been turned down for 250 jobs because I 'm blind '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Official site Changing Society : a personal history of Scope Bill Hargreaves life story Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scope_(charity)&oldid=826350795 '' Categories : Charities based in London Charities for disabled people based in the United Kingdom Cerebral palsy organizations Disability rights organizations Health in the London Borough of Islington Organisations based in the London Borough of Islington Organizations established in 1951 1951 establishments in England Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with a promotional tone from September 2017 All articles with a promotional tone Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 17 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the spastic society change its name | [
"The term spastic was long used as a general playground insult. In the 1980s, this became more charged, partially because of the Blue Peter programmes following the life story of Joey Deacon in an attempt to show disability in a positive light during the International Year of Disabled Persons. Consequently, the society changed to its current name, Scope on 26 March 1994,[9] following a two-year consultation with disabled people and their families.[10]"
] | [
"26 March 1994"
] |
-3537976843589075640 | America's Got Talent (season 13) | America 's Got Talent ( season 13 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Got Talent Promotional poster for the season . Season 13 Broadcast from May 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) -- present Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Tyra Banks Broadcaster NBC Chronology ◀ 2018 Season thirteen of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent premiered on May 29 , 2018 , on NBC . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective ninth , sixth , sixth , and third seasons . Meanwhile , Tyra Banks returned for her second season as host . The live shows return to the Dolby Theatre , beginning August 14 , 2018 . AGT is co-produced by FremantleMedia North America and Syco Entertainment , Cowell 's company . Dunkin Donuts again sponsors the series for a fourth consecutive season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preliminary auditions 1.1 Golden buzzer 2 Top 36 acts 3 International broadcast 4 Ratings 5 Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows 6 References 7 External links Preliminary auditions ( edit ) The season had preliminary open call auditions in Orlando , Cincinnati , Savannah , Milwaukee , Houston , Las Vegas , New York City , Nashville , and Los Angeles . As in years past , prospective contestants could also submit online auditions . Judges ' auditions were taped from March 6 - 23 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles . Golden buzzer ( edit ) The golden buzzer will return for its fifth consecutive season . Any act that receives the golden buzzer during the judges ' auditions will be sent directly to the live shows and will not compete in the Judge Cuts round . In the first episode , Tyra Banks was the first to press the golden buzzer for acrobatic and dance group Zurcaroh . Top 36 acts ( edit ) Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Zurcaroh 8 - 39 Acrobatics Acrobatic Group Vienna , Austria International broadcast ( edit ) This season will be aired in Asia within 48 hours of being broadcast in the US . It will be on AXN starting May 31 , 2018 ( UTC + 8 ) . Ratings ( edit ) Episode Title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank Source ( s ) Auditions Week 1 May 29 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.4 / 11 TBA 12.06 TBA TBA Auditions Week 2 June 5 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Auditions Week 3 June 12 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows ( edit ) Act Television show Season Result Notes Junior New System Asia 's Got Talent Middle Two The Sacred Riana Asia 's Got Talent Winner Shin Lim Penn & Teller : Fool Us 2 & 4 Fooler ( both appearances ) Zurcaroh La France a un incroyable talent 12 Finalist References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Renewed For Season 13 By NBC With All 4 Judges & Host Tyra Banks Returning `` . deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Judging Panel , Tyra Banks Set to Return for Season 13 `` . variety.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' AGT '' Brings Everyone Back : Howie , Simon , Mel B , Heidi , and Host Tyra Banks All Sign on for Summer 2018 `` . thewrap.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` NBC 's World of Dance , Ninja Warrior and AGT Get Summer Return Dates '' . tvline.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Season 13 Auditions Start November 5 ( 9 Cities ) '' . 2paragraphs.com . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gerdes , Caroline ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` How To Audition For `` America 's Got Talent '' And Show Your Skills To The World `` . bustle.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandoval , Michael ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Returns To The Pasadena Civic Auditorium `` . socalmuse.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca . `` Asia , America and Britain have Talent on AXN Deals News Rapid TV News '' . www.rapidtvnews.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent , Britain 's Got Talent Head to AXN in Asia - TVASIA '' . TVASIA. 2018 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian magician The Sacred Riana is crowned winner of Asia 's Got Talent Season 2 '' . Straits Time . 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 12 ( 2017 ) America 's Got Talent Season 13 ( 2018 ) Succeeded by ( hide ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Sos and Victoria Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Demian Aditya Season 13 The Sacred Riana Related America 's Got Talent : The Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_13)&oldid=843665528 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the judges on america's got talent for 2018 | [
"\n\nAmerica's Got Talent\n\n\n\nPromotional poster for the season.\n\n\n\nSeason 13\n\n\nBroadcast from\nMay 29, 2018 (2018-05-29) – present\n\n\nJudges\n\n\n\nHowie Mandel\nMel B\nHeidi Klum\nSimon Cowell\n\n\n\n\n\nHost(s)\nTyra Banks\n\n\nBroadcaster\nNBC\n\n\nChronology\n\n\n\n\n◀\n2018\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nAmerica's Got Talent\n\n\n\nPromotional poster for the season.\n\n\n\nSeason 13\n\n\nBroadcast from\nMay 29, 2018 (2018-05-29) – present\n\n\nJudges\n\n\n\nHowie Mandel\nMel B\nHeidi Klum\nSimon Cowell\n\n\n\n\n\nHost(s)\nTyra Banks\n\n\nBroadcaster\nNBC\n\n\nChronology\n\n\n\n\n◀\n2018\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nAmerica's Got Talent\n\n\n\nPromotional poster for the season.\n\n\n\nSeason 13\n\n\nBroadcast from\nMay 29, 2018 (2018-05-29) – present\n\n\nJudges\n\n\n\nHowie Mandel\nMel B\nHeidi Klum\nSimon Cowell\n\n\n\n\n\nHost(s)\nTyra Banks\n\n\nBroadcaster\nNBC\n\n\nChronology\n\n\n\n\n◀\n2018\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nAmerica's Got Talent\n\n\n\nPromotional poster for the season.\n\n\n\nSeason 13\n\n\nBroadcast from\nMay 29, 2018 (2018-05-29) – present\n\n\nJudges\n\n\n\nHowie Mandel\nMel B\nHeidi Klum\nSimon Cowell\n\n\n\n\n\nHost(s)\nTyra Banks\n\n\nBroadcaster\nNBC\n\n\nChronology\n\n\n\n\n◀\n2018\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Howie Mandel",
"Mel B",
"Heidi Klum",
"Simon Cowell"
] |
-1393375242747791096 | List of That '70s Show characters | List of that ' 70s show characters - Wikipedia List of that ' 70s show characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for stand - alone lists . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` List of That ' 70s Show characters '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters appearing in the series That ' 70s Show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Recurring characters 3 Intended recurring roles 4 References Main characters ( edit ) Eric Forman ( portrayed by Topher Grace ) : The protagonist ; Eric is a nice guy , generally geeky , physically slight , and somewhat clumsy . He is a smart - aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor . He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them , making Hyde like a brother . His father , Red , is always hard on him . Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti . He decides to become a teacher after high school , and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa , and returns at the series finale , reuniting with Donna . Jackie Burkhart ( portrayed by Mila Kunis ) : The youngest member of the group , Jackie starts the series as the pretty , rich , spoiled , selfish , conceited , and annoying immature girl . She likes to give thoughtless and superficial advice , which occasionally turns out to be correct . As the series progresses , she moves away from her self - centered ways and becomes sweeter . Partly as a result of these changes , she and Donna become better friends . By the end of the series , Jackie has dated three of the four males of the group : Kelso , Hyde , and Fez . Michael Kelso ( portrayed by Ashton Kutcher ) : The dim - witted pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks . He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie wants to marry him and he is n't ready , so he runs away to California with Donna in the Season 4 finale . His best friend is Fez . He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season . He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong . He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago , and leaves the series during the eighth and final season . He only appears in five episodes during season eight , including the series finale . Steven Hyde ( portrayed by Danny Masterson ) : Eric 's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group . By the end of season one , the Formans allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother , making him a foster brother to Eric . Hyde has a witty , blunt , and sarcastic sense of humor , and a rebellious personality . He is also smart , and the other group members often ask for his advice . Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons , in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha . Hyde later discovers Samantha was still married when she married him . As Donna points out in `` My Fairy King '' , that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married . In the seventh season , Hyde meets his biological father ( William Barnett , played by Tim Reid ) , a wealthy black businessman ( making Hyde , who was presumed white , biracial ) . Barnett , who owns a chain of record stores , makes Hyde first the manager , and later the owner , of the Point Place store . Donna Pinciotti ( portrayed by Laura Prepon ) : Eric 's longtime girlfriend ( and briefly fiancée ) . Donna is intelligent , good - looking , and a feminist . Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series , they become friends . Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons ( despite their break - up during season 4 ) . She has brief romances with Casey , Michael 's brother , and with Randy during the final season and quickly ends it . She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show 's finale . Fez ( portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama ) : The foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones seem to be out of control . His secret country of origin is one of the longest - running gags on the show . He is sweet , friendly , perverted , gullible , and rather odd . He enjoys eating candy , drinking beer , and looking at pornography . His best friend is Kelso , and he shares a `` younger brother '' type relationship with Hyde and Eric . He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them . Initially , he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls , but during the eighth season he becomes a ladies ' man . He is in love with Jackie throughout the series , but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple . Kitty Forman ( portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp ) : Eric 's mother and Red 's wife , Kitty is a cheerful , doting mother , but can also be assertive when pushed . She is a nurse , and a former smoker . Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause . She is also a good mother figure to Eric 's friends . Red Forman ( portrayed by Kurtwood Smith ) : Kitty 's husband , Eric 's and Laurie 's father , and Hyde 's adoptive father . Red is a Navy combat veteran , having served in World War II and the Korean War . Despite his mean exterior , Red occasionally displays a soft side . His hobbies include working with his power tools , drinking beer , watching television , reading the newspaper , hunting , and fishing . Midge Pinciotti ( portrayed by Tanya Roberts ) : Bob 's wife , Donna 's mother , and Kitty 's best friend . Midge was the sexy neighborhood mom Eric and his male friends fantasized about when coming of age . Although often dim - witted , she is also a kind - hearted woman who develops feminist ideals . She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season , however , returns during the sixth and seventh seasons in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite . Bob Pinciotti ( portrayed by Don Stark ) : Midge 's husband , Donna 's father . Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard , which invariably irritates Red . Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear . He eats constantly , even in bed . Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies ' man . His best friend is Red , even though Red sees him as a nuisance . He usually takes the brunt of Red 's abuse in a jolly manner . Laurie Forman ( portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly / Christina Moore ) : Eric 's beautiful but evil older sister . Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her parents . She is promiscuous , often seen with various men , mainly Eric 's friend Kelso , who cheats on his girlfriend , Jackie . Eric , Hyde , and Donna often mock her promiscuity . She also has a strained relationship with her mother , who thinks of her as a freeloader . She leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth . In season five , she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported . In season six , she is portrayed by a different actress , Christina Moore . Leo ( portrayed by Tommy Chong ) : A hippie , and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked . Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II , where he was awarded a Purple Heart . Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy - going attitude in most things , business included . He disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five 's `` The Battle of Evermore '' when the gang goes on a mission to find him , but with no luck . He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show 's end . In season 8 , he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves . Randy Pearson ( portrayed by Josh Meyers ) : The newest member of the group , who is introduced in the final season . Randy appears laid back , gentle , polite , and a ladies ' man , although later many of his flaws surface . He forms a friendship with Red after showing Red how good he is at fixing things . While Hyde , Jackie , Donna , and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group , Fez does not . Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight , but she eventually breaks up with him . Recurring characters ( edit ) Suzy Simpson ( played by Alyson Hannigan ) appears in three episodes of season 6 . She is Kelso 's buddy from police academy who is also attracted to him . Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso . Angie Barnett ( played by Megalyn Echikunwoke ) is Steven Hyde 's half - sister . Hyde did not know he had a sister until the 7th season . Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major . Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father 's record store , but Angie did not always like working with him . She dated Kelso , which sometimes annoyed Hyde . Angie got her name because , in the seventh season , all episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs , and `` Angie '' was a song by the Stones . Annette Berkardt ( played by Jessica Simpson ) was Michael Kelso 's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5 . She acts and talks very similar to Jackie , constantly bossing Kelso around . Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie , or `` Blackie . '' Despite this , Jackie and Annette hated each other . Once at The Hub , Jackie said to Annette `` I did not know they let ' slutballs ' in here '' . Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay . Later in the episode , when Annette and Kelso were kissing , Jackie yelled `` Get off my boyfriend ! '' to Annette , even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up . This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie . Beatrice Dorothy `` Bea '' Sigurdson ( née Heprage ) ( played by Betty White ) is Kitty Forman 's mother . Bea seems like a friendly old lady , but is cold and critical , especially of Kitty . She appeared in a few episodes in season five , often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux - friendly manner . She was widowed in `` Your Time is Gonna Come '' when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies . She stays with the Formans for a while after Burt 's death . Bernice Rose Forman ( née Larson ) ( September 16 , 1904 -- January 22 , 1977 ) ( played by Marion Ross ) is Red Forman 's mother . Bernice hated Kitty , and she was always mean to her , because Red married Kitty instead of another woman Bernice liked . She appeared in the episodes `` Sunday , Bloody Sunday '' , `` The Best Christmas Ever '' and `` Grandma 's Dead '' of season 1 , and flashback in the episode `` Halloween '' of season two . In the episode Grandma 's Dead she dies in Eric 's car while he is driving her home . Brooke Leslie Rockwell ( played by Shannon Elizabeth ) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric 's class . The summer after Kelso 's graduation , she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant . Initially , Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child 's life . Eventually , Kelso convinced her to give him another chance . Brooke gave birth to their daughter , Betsy in 1979 . Steven James `` Bud '' Hyde Jr. ( played by Robert Hays ) is Steven Hyde 's stepfather . Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic . Until the end of the 6th season , Steven Hyde thought Bud was his biological father . Bud Hyde abandoned Steven when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this . They temporarily reconciled in season 3 , with Hyde even moving in with him . However , he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna -- forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house . Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again . ( Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde 's car . ) Bertrum Wayne `` Burt '' Sigurdson ( October 4 , 1901 - February 6 , 1978 ) ( played by Tom Poston ) is Kitty Forman 's father . He is often seen avoiding his wife , Bea . In one episode , he bought an ostrich farm , which was right next to a coyote farm . The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house . Burt died in the episode Your Time is Gonna Come . Caroline `` Crazy Caroline '' Dupree ( played by Allison Munn ) was Fez 's girlfriend in season 3 . Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid . She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her , when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so . Caroline was once found hiding in the men 's bathroom looking for Fez . Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her . Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season . She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate , and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez 's Barry White album ( Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez 's knowledge , but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez ) . Caroline appeared again in `` Sheer Heart Attack '' . Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman , so he called Caroline . Later in the episode , Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in . This , as always , made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously . Casey ( played by Luke Wilson ) is Michael Kelso 's brother who was in the military . Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna Pinciotti . During their relationship , there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior , such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey . Donna 's father , Bob , felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore . Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna , so Eric wanted them to break up . When Red Forman and Bob were discussing Casey 's negative influence with Donna and Casey , Casey broke up with Donna , deciding the conflict with Bob and Red to be too much hassle . Donna felt that she and Casey were in love , but Casey felt `` I love you '' is just something you could say and do not have to really mean . Michael Kelso said that his brother Casey got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them . During the summer of 1979 , Casey was teaching physical education at Eric 's old high school , and Eric was in Casey 's class . He likes to call Eric `` Foreplay '' . his last episode was Season 7 's 2120 So . Michigan Ave . Charlie Richardson ( played by Bret Harrison ) is the son of one of Red 's war buddies . Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win `` Eric 's '' goldfish in an egg toss . Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of Season 7 . Before the beginning of Season 8 , Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died . The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor . The original idea was to have Charlie stay on the show the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric , but the actor got an offer for his own show so they killed his character off . Christine St. George ( played by Mary Tyler Moore ) is a talk show host of What 's Up Wisconsin . In the episode `` Sweet Lady '' , Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine 's co-host on the show . She persistently tries to get the job , but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead . After a few episodes , Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her . Earl ( played by Robert Clendenin ) is a friend of Red 's who worked for Red at Price Mart . Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job , so Red fired him . After that , Earl sued Red for wrongful termination , however , Earl arrived too late to his own hearing , so the judge ruled in favor of Red . Later , Earl got a job working at a fast food restaurant , where he is again fired for his poor work ethic ( this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant 's food while on work ) . Earl appears in the episodes `` Red Fired Up '' , `` Roller Disco '' and `` Radio Daze '' . Edna Hyde ( played by Katey Sagal ) is Steven Hyde 's biological mother . She is only in the Season 1 episodes `` Career Day '' , `` Prom Night '' , and `` Punk Chick '' , though she only appears in `` Career Day '' . She plays a large part in `` Career Day '' , playing opposite Hyde when on Career Day , he has to help her in the kitchen ( she was the school chef , `` Gross Edna '' at the time ) . In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as : In Prom Night Edna : `` They 're all gon na laugh at you ! '' ( a reference to the 1976 film Carrie ) Steven : `` Shut up ma , you 're makin ' the night too damn special ! '' In Punk Chick Steven : `` It 's still my suitcase ! '' Edna : `` Nothing in this house is yours ! '' Steven : `` Shut up ! '' Edna then ran off and left Hyde alone , which is why he moved in with the Formans and she is not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde confesses that his parents got back together and ran off . Fenton , also known as Clerk in Season 5 , ( played by Jim Rash ) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a `` half - off sale , a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez 's ass look like an oil painting '' in Fez 's own words . In the fifth season , he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna 's engagement ring . He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season , which later became Fez and Jackie 's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago . At first , Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez , but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter , and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were `` life partners '' , he let them have it . Though Fenton does not state this explicitly , his frequent innuendos about men and his lack of experience with women imply he is gay . Whenever he sees Fez , he says `` Oh , It 's you '' in an evil manner . Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie , who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud when she accidentally floods their apartment . Hilary Robinson ( played by Lara Everly ) is Fez 's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8 . Fez tried to impress her by trying to look cool which intimidated her , but when Jackie explained to her who Fez really was , she fell in love with him . Fez and Hilary dated for a few weeks , before Hilary suddenly decided to become a nun and left Fez . Jack Burkhart ( played by Paul Kreppel ) is the father of Jackie Burkhart . He was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . Joanne ( played by Mo Gaffney ) is a girlfriend of Bob Pinciotti , who appears in Seasons 4 and 5 . She met Bob at the supermarket when Bob , being unable to cook , was about to buy a dozen TV dinners . Joanne decided to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy the TV dinners . She does not get along well with Red . When Red and Joanne first met , they got into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad . Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to work there to put coupons in the dog food bags . Eric would eventually lose that job after Joanne broke up with Bob . Mitch Miller ( played by Seth Green ) is a student in the same class as Eric . Mitch had a feud with Fez and because of this conflict , Mitch published a photo of Fez and Kelso kissing each other in the school newspaper . Mitch had a crush on Donna Pinciotti , and one time Donna went to a wedding with Mitch . Eric was angered when Mitch embarrassed Donna , and Eric and Mitch agreed to fight each other the next day at 5 : 15 PM . Not wanting to fight , Mitch persuaded Eric not to fight with him by offering him a French - made GI Joe called `` GI Jacques '' . Mitch has a father , Charlie Miller , played by Fred Willard . Nina Jo Bartell ( played by Joanna Canton ) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who worked with him at the DMV . Fez lost his virginity to her , but it went badly , so she suggested they needed to do it more often to get better . They broke up a while later because Nina thought he was too needy . Officer Phillip Otis Kennedy II ( played by James Avery ) is Kelso 's training officer when he joins the police force . He appears mostly in the 6th season , playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso . Pam Burkhart ( played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6 ) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6 . Once a serious business lady , she fled to Mexico when Jackie 's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie . Pam Macy ( played by Jennifer Lyons ) is a classmate of the main characters of the show . She has been mentioned in more episodes than she appeared . She appeared in the episodes `` Prom Night '' , `` Romantic Weekend '' , and `` It 's a Wonderful life '' . In `` Prom Night '' , Michael Kelso took Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie . In `` Romantic Weekend '' , Kelso was about to have sex with Pam but was unable to perform , telling his friends `` The buffer would n't buff '' . Pam told this to the whole school , which caused everyone to tease Kelso about it . Pastor Dave ( played by Kevin McDonald ) , Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church . He is overly cheerful and ( incorrectly ) thinks he is up to date with the trends , and is `` hip and cool '' . He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices , and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he 'll go away . Dave is good friends with Kitty , who helps with the church fundraisers , and has an uneasy friendship with Red ( mostly because Red is not used to having friends ) . His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less - pure side of Dave , as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer , and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays ( he later rejoins as the pastor again ) . He appears primarily in Season 3 and 4 , but has a few cameos in Season 2 . Rhonda ( played by Cynthia Lamontagne ) Often called Big Rhonda by her classmates , she was a recurring character during season 4 . She was Fez 's girlfriend during this season . When she and Fez were stuck in the school during a tornado , he was about to have sex with Big Rhonda , but after the tornado was gone , she did not want to anymore . She broke up with Fez after she choked him after he wanted to get to third base , which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso . Like Fez , she loves candy . The episode `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' featured an alternate timeline , where Rhonda went to the prom with Eric ( in this timeline , Eric and Donna were never in a relationship ) . Later in the same episode , she is seen at their 10 - year reunion but now as a trim and beautiful woman ( which Rhonda attributes to being dumped by a gigantic loser like Eric ) . It was also mentioned in the season three episode `` Kitty 's Birthday '' that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured . Roy Keen ( played by Jim Gaffigan ) is the kitchen manager of the Holliday Hotel who employed Eric , Hyde , and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel 's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6 . The character serves as the replacement of Leo who was written out during season 5 , although he had been absent for several episodes . It was mentioned by Hyde that Roy was like a father figure when his father abandoned him . Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low and he goes days without washing his hands . Roy served in the Vietnam War , once describing Eric as `` scrawny , but strong ... like the Vietcong '' . He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people . At one time he got the impression a woman was in love with him , after she insulted him when he got her some butter , and hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers . He once mentioned he was living with a woman , but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret . It is revealed in the season 6 episode `` A Legal Matter '' that he was a police cadet who was oust of the police academy for shooting a police horse . Samantha Hyde ( played by Judy Tylor ) is Hyde 's wife during season 8 . They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas . The two barely knew each other when they got married . Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde . In the episode `` My Fairy King '' , Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else . After this , Hyde and Samantha 's relationship ended . Schatzie is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy . Schatzie was in several episodes of season 5 , was absent for all of season 6 , then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7 . Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose . `` Schatzie '' is German and means `` little treasure '' or `` darling '' ( diminutive of `` Schatz '' ) . Timmy Thompson ( played by Paul Connor ) is a student who went to high school with Eric , Donna , Hyde , Fez , Kelso , and Jackie . To the annoyance of some of the gang , he announces comments to the room that start with `` Heeey ... '' , such as : `` Heeey , Forman and Donna got a motel room and they 're going to do it ! '' `` Heeey , I 'm taking off my pants ! '' `` Heeey , Forman 's on a date with his mom ! '' `` Heeey , Donna 's showed her ass ! '' ( while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera ) . He only has real dialogue in the episode `` Burning Down The House '' . William James `` WB '' Barnett ( played by Tim Reid ) is Steven Hyde 's biological father . Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons , where Kitty discovers that Steven 's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee . Sometimes people call William Barnett by his initials , WB . Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves , a chain of record stores . Barnett put Steven in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter ( and Hyde 's half sister ) , Angie . Barnett is black , which Hyde believes explains his `` coolness , afro and suspicion of the man '' ( it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated `` I do n't know , because they do n't want me to know '' ) . WB 's last on - screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty - first episode of the eighth season , `` Love of My Life '' ( WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season , `` Son and Daughter '' ) . Intended recurring roles ( edit ) Several characters on the series were written as recurring , but made only one appearance . Among them : Tina Pinciotti ( played by Amanda Fuller ) was the younger sister of regular Donna Pinciotti . She first appeared in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' , but made no appearances following that , except for a brief mention in the episode `` Vanstock '' . A similar situation occurred with unseen Valerie Pinciotti . The two are later written out with no explanation , as demonstrated in the season seven premiere , when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge 's only daughter Valerie Pinciotti was the older sister of Donna Pinciotti and Tina Pinciotti , who in `` Eric 's Birthday '' was said to be away at college but never mentioned again . Matthew and Rebecca Erdman ( played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt ) were the prudish host parents of Fez . They first appeared in `` Drive - In '' and convince Fez the rock they detest is diabolical by playing KISS album backwards . Fez 's host parents make no further appearances in the show . Buddy Morgan ( played by Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) was introduced in `` Eric 's Buddy '' , and was intended to become a recurring character . However , the introduction of homosexual Buddy as a love interest for Eric ( at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna ) did not go over well with audiences , and Buddy was cut from the show . Melissa ( played by Reagan Gomez - Preston ) appeared in `` Hyde Gets the Girl '' as a potential love interest for Hyde . She was intended to become his on - off girlfriend . Patty ( played by Lindsay Sloane ) appeared in two episodes in the series ' second season . She is introduced in `` Eric Gets Suspended '' along with her best friend , Mary ( played by Melissa Joan Hart ) . The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez . Hyde initially pairs with Mary , and Fez with Patty ; but in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates because he is hitting it off with Patty . Patty then returned in `` Eric and Kitty 's Night Out '' . In the episode , Fez and Patty become boyfriend and girlfriend . Patty 's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character 's appearance in the series . However , with no explanation in the show Patty is not seen or mentioned again . References ( edit ) ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_Show_characters&oldid=814050380 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Wisconsin Lists of American sitcom television characters That ' 70s Show characters Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from September 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2009 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays donna's dad on that 70s show | [
"Bob Pinciotti (portrayed by Don Stark): Midge's husband, Donna's father. Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard, which invariably irritates Red. Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear. He eats constantly, even in bed. Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies' man. His best friend is Red, even though Red sees him as a nuisance. He usually takes the brunt of Red's abuse in a jolly manner."
] | [
"Don Stark"
] |
-9009907229787070636 | List of Vice-Presidents of India | List of Vice-Presidents of India - wikipedia List of Vice-Presidents of India India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFoS IPS ) Central Civil Services ( IRS IFS IA&AS IPoS IRAS IRTS IRPS ICAS IDAS IDES ICLS IIS ITrS IP&TAFS IOFS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Vice-Presidents of India ( by state of birth ) The Vice-President of India is the second highest constitutional office in the Indian Government after the President . In accordance with Article 65 of the Indian Constitution , the Vice-President discharges the functions of the President when a contingency arises due to the resignation , removal , death or the inability of the President to discharge his functions . He is also the ex officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament of India . The Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of all the members of both houses of the Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote via a secret ballot conducted by the Election Commission of India . Once elected the Vice President continues in office for a five - year term , but can continue in office irrespective of the expiry of the term , until a successor assumes office . The Vice President can be removed by a resolution passed by an effective majority in the Rajya Sabha . There have been 13 vice-president , since the inception of the post in 1950 . The first Vice-president of India took oath at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 13 May 1952 On 11 August 2017 Venkaiah Naidu was sworn in as the 15th Vice-President of India , thus becoming the 13th person to hold the office . Contents 1 List 2 See also 3 Footnotes and References 4 External links List ( edit ) The complete list of Vice-Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as Vice-President of India , following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950 . Some of whom later became presidents . Colour key Vice President was an Independent candidate Vice President was an candidate of Indian National Congress ( INC ) Vice President was an candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) Vice President was an candidate of the Janata Dal ( JD ) No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Elected ( % votes ) Took office Left office Term ( in years ) Notes President ( s ) Candidate of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) 1952 ( Unopposed ) 1957 ( Unopposed ) 13 May 1952 12 May 1962 10 Radhakrishnan was a prominent scholar . Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college . He served as the Vice-President for two terms . Rajendra Prasad Independent Zakir Husain ( 1897 -- 1969 ) 1962 ( 97.59 ) 13 May 1962 12 May 1967 5 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Independent Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) 1967 ( 71.45 ) 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain Independent Gopal Swarup Pathak ( 1896 -- 1982 ) 1969 -- 31 August 1969 30 August 1974 5 Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 ) Independent 5 Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1912 -- 2002 ) ( 78.70 ) 31 August 1974 30 August 1979 5 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Indian National Congress 6 Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1905 -- 1992 ) 1979 ( Unopposed ) 31 August 1979 30 August 1984 5 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Giani Zail Singh ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Independent 7 Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 1984 ( 71.05 ) 31 August 1984 24 July 1987 Giani Zail Singh Indian National Congress 8 Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1918 -- 1999 ) ( Unopposed ) 3 September 1987 24 July 1992 5 Ramaswamy Venkataraman Indian National Congress 9 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1920 -- 2005 ) 1992 ( 99.86 ) 21 August 1992 24 July 1997 5 Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress 10 Krishan Kant ( 1927 -- 2002 ) 1997 ( 61.76 ) 21 August 1997 27 July 2002 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 2002 ) Janata Dal 11 Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( 1923 -- 2010 ) 2002 ( 59.82 ) 19 August 2002 21 July 2007 5 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Bharatiya Janata Party 12 Mohammad Hamid Ansari ( 1937 -- ) 2007 ( 60.51 ) 2012 ( 67.31 ) 11 August 2007 11 August 2017 10 Pratibha Patil ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Pranab Mukherjee ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Ram Nath Kovind ( 2017 ) Indian National Congress 13 Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu ( 1949 -- ) 2017 ( 67.89 ) 11 August 2017 Incumbent -- Ram Nath Kovind Bharatiya Janata Party Notes † Died in office Timeline See also ( edit ) Vice-President of India President of India List of Presidents of India List of Prime Ministers of India Footnotes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VPI & Constitution Vice President of India Government of India '' . vicepresidentofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Media Division , Election Commission of India . `` Background information of Vice Presidential election for 2012 '' ( PDF ) . eci.nic.in . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . PTI. 2017 - 08 - 11 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ List of Presidents / Vice Presidents Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Vice-President of India ( official website ) Vice-presidential elections in India 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1979 1984 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vice-Presidents_of_India&oldid=862937046 '' Categories : Lists of vice presidents Vice-Presidents of India Lists of political office - holders in India Lists relating to the Indian presidency Lists of legislative speakers in India Vice presidents Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the only vice president of india to have worked under three different president | [
"\n\n\n№\n\nName(birth–death)\n\nPortrait\n\nElected(% votes)\n\nTook office\n\nLeft office\n\nTerm (in years)\n\nNotes\n\nPresident(s)\n\nCandidate of\n\n\n1\n\nSarvepalli Radhakrishnan(1888–1975)\n\n\n\n1952(Unopposed)\n\n1957(Unopposed)\n\n\n13 May 1952\n\n12 May 1962\n\n10\n\nRadhakrishnan was a prominent scholar. Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college. He served as the Vice-President for two terms.\n\nRajendra Prasad\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n2\n\nZakir Husain (1897–1969)\n\n\n\n1962(97.59)\n\n13 May 1962\n\n12 May 1967\n\n5\n\n\n\nSarvepalli Radhakrishnan\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n3\n\nVarahagiri Venkata Giri (1894–1980)\n\n\n\n1967(71.45)\n\n13 May 1967\n\n3 May 1969\n\n2\n\n\n\nZakir Husain\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n4\n\nGopal Swarup Pathak (1896–1982)\n\n\n\n1969—\n\n31 August 1969\n\n30 August 1974\n\n5\n\n\n\nVarahagiri Venkata Giri (1969–1974)\n\nFakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974)\n\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n5\n\nBasappa Danappa Jatti (1912–2002)\n\n\n\n1974(78.70)\n\n31 August 1974\n\n30 August 1979\n\n5\n\n\n\nFakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974–1977) \n Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977–1979)\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n6\n\nMohammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992)\n\n\n\n1979(Unopposed)\n\n31 August 1979\n\n30 August 1984\n\n5\n\n\n\nNeelam Sanjiva Reddy (1979–1982) \n Giani Zail Singh (1982–1984)\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n7\n\nRamaswamy Venkataraman (1910–2009)\n\n\n\n1984(71.05)\n\n31 August 1984\n\n24 July 1987\n\n3\n\n\n\nGiani Zail Singh\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n8\n\nShankar Dayal Sharma (1918–1999)\n\n\n\n1987(Unopposed)\n\n3 September 1987\n\n24 July 1992\n\n5\n\n\n\nRamaswamy Venkataraman\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n9\n\nKocheril Raman Narayanan (1920–2005)\n\n\n\n1992(99.86)\n\n21 August 1992\n\n24 July 1997\n\n5\n\n\n\nShankar Dayal Sharma\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n10\n\nKrishan Kant(1927–2002)\n\n\n\n1997(61.76)\n\n21 August 1997\n\n27 July 2002\n\n4\n\n\n\nKocheril Raman Narayanan (1997–2002)\n A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2002)\n\n \n\nJanata Dal\n\n\n11\n\nBhairon Singh Shekhawat (1923–2010)\n\n\n\n2002(59.82)\n\n19 August 2002\n\n21 July 2007\n\n5\n\n\n\nA. P. J. Abdul Kalam\n\n \n\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\n12\n\nMohammad Hamid Ansari (1937–)\n\n\n\n2007(60.51)\n2012(67.31)\n\n11 August 2007\n\n11 August 2017\n\n10\n\n\n\nPratibha Patil (2007–2012)\n Pranab Mukherjee (2012–2017)\n Ram Nath Kovind (2017)\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n13\n\nMuppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu (1949–)\n\n\n\n2017(67.89)\n\n11 August 2017\n\nIncumbent\n\n—\n\n\n\nRam Nath Kovind\n\n \n\nBharatiya Janata Party\n"
] | [
"Mohammad Hamid Ansari"
] |
-1824693742113244341 | The Fast and the Furious (2001 film) | The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) - Wikipedia The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Fast 1 '' redirects here . For the 2000 song , see One Wrench . For the cycling race , see Pick'n Pay Fast One . The Fast and the Furious Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Cohen Produced by Neal H. Moritz Screenplay by Gary Scott Thompson Erik Bergquist David Ayer Story by Gary Scott Thompson Based on `` Racer X '' by Ken Li Starring Paul Walker Vin Diesel Michelle Rodriguez Jordana Brewster Rick Yune Chad Lindberg Johnny Strong Matt Schulze Music by BT Cinematography Ericson Core Edited by Peter Honess Production company Universal Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 22 ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Germany Language English Budget $38 million Box office $207.3 million The Fast and the Furious is a 2001 action crime film directed by Rob Cohen , produced by Neal H. Moritz and written by Gary Scott Thompson and David Ayer . It is the first installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise . The film stars Paul Walker , Vin Diesel , Michelle Rodriguez , Jordana Brewster , Rick Yune , Chad Lindberg , Johnny Strong , and Matt Schulze . The film follows undercover cop Brian O'Conner , who is tasked with stopping a group of unknown hijackers using high - performance racecars to hijack 18 - wheelers . It is an international co-production between the United States and Germany . Inspiration for the film came from a Vibe magazine article titled `` Racer X '' , which detailed the illegal street racing circuit operating within New York City . Filming locations include New York City and New England , with a majority of the film being shot in Southern California . The Fast and the Furious was released on June 22 , 2001 , grossing over $207 million worldwide from an estimated $38 million budget . It was later re-released on June 22 , 2016 , to celebrate its 15th anniversary . It has a 53 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , which called it `` sleek and shiny on the surface '' in its critical consensus . The Fast and the Furious launched a franchise of seven sequels , starting with 2 Fast 2 Furious in 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and filming 3.2 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Accolades 4.4 Home video 4.5 Merchandising 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On the docks outside Los Angeles , a truck is loaded with electronics and a dockside worker notifies an anonymous person about the shipment . On the road , the truck is approached by three modified Honda Civics with green underglow . The perpetrators then proceed to harpoon & board the truck , knock out the driver , and corral the semi allowing them to heist the electronics and escape into the night . The next day , undercover LAPD officer Brian O'Conner is assigned to find the gang responsible for the crimes . While visiting Toretto 's Market , he flirts with the shop 's owner Mia Torreto , the sister of notorious street racer Dominic Toretto . Dominic 's henchmen , which consists of Vince , Leon , Jesse , and his girlfriend Letty , arrive . Vince , who has a crush on Mia , starts a fight with Brian , which Dominic is forced to break up . Later that night during a street racing gathering , Brian arrives in his modified Mitsubishi Eclipse , and Dominic arrives in his Mazda RX - 7 . Dominic organizes a drag race with himself , Brian , and two other drivers . Brian , out of cash , wagers the pink slip for his car . During the race , Brian overheats his engine , handing the victory to Dominic , who mocks Brian in front of the crowd . But as Brian prepares to give Dominic the keys to his car , the LAPD arrives , forcing everyone to flee . Dominic parks his car in a garage to limit suspicions by walking home , but is immediately spotted by a police cruiser . Brian arrives and saves him from the cops . The duo unknowingly venture into the territory of Dominic 's old racing rival , gang leader Johnny Tran and his cousin , Lance Nguyen . After confronting Brian and Dominic , Tran and Lance blow up Brian 's car . Afterwards , Dominic tells Brian that he owes Dominic a `` ten - second car '' ( a car capable of driving a quarter mile in under eleven seconds , from a standstill ) . Brian goes to Dominic 's garage , where he brings a totaled Toyota Supra as a replacement for the Eclipse . As Dominic and his crew begin the process of repairing the car , Brian begins dating Mia , much to Vince 's dismay . Brian investigates Tran , convinced that Tran is responsible for the truck hijackings . One night during an investigation of a garage seemingly connected to Tran , he is cornered by Vince and Dominic , who demand an explanation . Brian lies about checking the cars of his rivals for the upcoming Race Wars , a street racing event in the desert . Brian , Vince , and Dominic then check out Tran 's garage , and while there , Brian notices a large shipment of electronics in the garage . Brian reports the batch of electronics to his superiors at the LAPD and FBI , and they arrest Tran and Lance . The raid turns out to be a bust , however , as it turns out the electronics had been bought legally , thus leading to the duo 's release . Despite his own doubts , Brian is now forced to assume that Dominic is the actual coordinator of the truck heists . Brian 's superiors then give him just 36 hours to find the perpetrators , as the truckers are now arming themselves to defend themselves against hijackings . The next day , with the Supra repaired , Dominic invites Brian to Race Wars , and he tells them that they will talk after Brian has proven his worth . At the Race Wars , Jesse wages his father 's Volkswagen Jetta to Tran , but flees with the car after he loses . Tran confronts Dominic to claim the car , and then mocks him , accusing him of reporting him to the police . This leads to Dominic beating up Tran . Later that night , Brian notices the crew leaving , and realizes that Dominic is indeed the hijacker that he 's been assigned to find . He then reveals his true identity to Mia , who is infuriated with him , but Brian soon convinces her to reveal the location of the Civics and aid him in his plans . Meanwhile , Dominic , Letty , Vince , and Leon prepare to hijack a semi-trailer truck , which is also to be their last heist . However , this time , the truck driver is armed , Vince is trapped on the side of the truck and is shot by the truck driver , while Letty 's car is knocked over and flips from the highway ( later saved by Leon ) . Brian soon arrives with Mia , who commandeers the Supra while Brian rescues Vince . When Dominic arrives , Brian is forced to blow his cover and call for a medical evacuation to rescue Vince . Dominic leaves with Mia and the rest of the crew after Vince is saved . Brian arrives at Dominic 's house in L.A. just in time to see him pull his father 's 1970 Dodge Charger R / T out of the garage . Brian confronts Dominic regarding Jesse 's whereabouts , saying that he 'll get the cops to find him before Tran does . At the same time , Jesse arrives , apologizing for his actions , and pleads for protection against Tran and Lance . He is then killed in a drive - by shooting by Tran and Lance on dirt bikes . Dominic and Brian pursue them , with Dominic ramming Lance 's bike off the road before he can shoot Brian . Brian then shoots Tran , who crashes into a curb , killing him . As Brian checks on Tran , he sees Dominic , and orders passersby to call the police . Brian proceeds to follow Dominic , culminating in a quarter - mile drag race . The race ends as they barely manage to cross a railroad crossing before a train passes by , but Dominic violently crashes into a semi-truck . Instead of arresting Dominic , Brian gives him the keys to his own car , telling him he still owes him a ten - second car ; Dominic is then able to escape the police . In the post-credits scene , Dominic is seen driving through Baja California , Mexico , in a 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS . Cast ( edit ) For more details on the characters , see List of The Fast and the Furious characters . Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner , a Los Angeles Police Department officer who is sent undercover by the FBI to locate and apprehend the crew of the truck hijackers to earn his detective 's badge . He works part - time at The Racer 's Edge , a chop shop , to connect with the street racing scene and find out more about the crews . He bonds with Dom after saving him from getting arrested . Brian drives a 1995 Mitsubishi Eclipse GSX and an orange 1993 Toyota Supra . Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto , a professional street racer and leader of the hijackers . He lives with his sister Mia . His father was a stock car racer , who was killed during a race by fellow racer Kenny Linder . In retaliation , Dominic violently attacked Linder , becoming banished from the professional racetrack for life , while Linder became a school janitor who takes the bus everyday . Dominic becomes a street racer and starts hijacking with his crew ; he serves as a driver . He has a custom - built 1970 Dodge Charger . Michelle Rodriguez as Letty Ortiz , Dom 's girlfriend and part of the crew . Letty lived on the streets prior to encountering Dom and becoming love interests at 16 . Letty is street - smart and a skilled mechanic and driver , using her skills as one of the drivers during hijackings . She drives a dark - faded red 1997 Nissan 240SX . Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto , Dom 's sister . Although aware of Dom 's criminal activities , she is not part of the crew . She runs a little store where the crew usually meets , and is Brian 's love interest , unaware that he is a cop . Mia is sad that her brother is a criminal , and wishes that he would reform his ways . Mia is also a skilled driver and drives an aqua - blue 1994 Acura Integra . Rick Yune as Johnny Tran , Dominic 's main rival and Vietnamese gang leader of the Little Saigon crew . He is initially Brian 's prime suspect in the hijacking case . Tran usually drives motorcycles with his cousin Lance , but he also has a custom black 2000 Honda S2000 . Tran comes from a very wealthy family , and has only minor offences on his criminal record . Tran kills Jesse at the very end , and is subsequently shot by Brian . Chad Lindberg as Jesse , Dominic 's friend and part of the crew . He grew up on the streets and he was brought into the crew by Leon . Jesse 's father is an old friend of Dom , who is serving time in jail . Although he is brilliant in math and algebra , Jesse suffers from ADD , which resulted in him dropping out of high school . A computer expert , Jesse also participates in hijackings as a driver . Jesse races in his white 1995 Volkswagen Jetta . He is killed by Tran when he escapes after losing a pink slip race to him . Johnny Strong as Leon , Dominic 's friend and part of the crew . He grew up with Vince and serves as an attacker during the hijacking , usually pulling out windshields of trucks to create safe passage for Vince . He drives a yellow 1995 Nissan Skyline GT - R. After the heist , it is suggested that he left L.A. Matt Schulze as Vince , Dominic 's childhood friend and part of the crew . He grew up with Dom and Leon . He has a crush on Dom 's sister Mia and dislikes Brian due to the former 's attraction to him . He also suspects that Brian is a cop . Vince drives a blue 1999 Nissan Maxima . On the last failed hijacking , Vince is shot by a truck driver . It is implied that Vince escapes from the hospital and flees to South America , settling in Rio de Janeiro . The central cast is rounded out by Ted Levine and Thom Barry as Tanner and Bilkins respectively , members of the team that organized the investigation to place Brian undercover . Noel Gugliemi appears as Hector , the organizer of the drag race . Musician Ja Rule and R.J. de Vera also act as Edwin and Danny , fellow drivers at the drag race . Vyto Ruginis plays Harry , an informant and owner of The Racer 's Edge . Reggie Lee portrays Lance Nguyen , Tran 's cousin , and right - hand man . Neal H. Moritz and Rob Cohen both appear in cameos . Production ( edit ) Development and filming ( edit ) Director Rob Cohen was inspired to make this film after reading a 1998 Vibe magazine article called `` Racer X '' about street racing in New York City and watching an actual illegal street race at night in Los Angeles . The film 's original title was Redline before it was changed to The Fast and The Furious . Roger Corman licensed the title rights of his 1955 film The Fast and the Furious to Universal so that the title could be used on this project ; both films were about racing . Producer Neal H. Moritz , who had previously worked with Paul Walker on the film The Skulls ( 2000 ) , gave the actor a script and offered him the role of Brian O'Conner . Originally , the studio told the producers they would green - light the film if they could get Timothy Olyphant to play the role of Dom Toretto . Olyphant , who had starred in the previous year 's car - themed blockbuster Gone in 60 Seconds , declined the role , however . Moritz instead suggested Diesel , who had to be convinced to take the role even though he had only played supporting roles up to that point . The film was shot in various locations within Los Angeles and parts of southern California . Key locations included Dodger Stadium ( on the opening scene where Brian tests his Eclipse on the parking lot ) , Angelino Heights , Silver Lake and Echo Park ( the neighborhoods around Toretto 's home ) , as well as Little Saigon ( where Tran destroys the Eclipse ) and the San Bernardino International Airport ( the venue for Race Wars , which attracted over 1,500 import car owners and enthusiasts ) . The entire last rig heist scene was filmed along Domenigoni Parkway on the southern side of San Jacinto / Hemet in the San Jacinto Valley near Diamond Valley Lake . Prior to filming , both Jordana Brewster and Michelle Rodriguez did not have driver 's licenses , so they took driving lessons during production . For the climactic race scene between Brian and Toretto , separate shots of both cars crossing the railroad and the train crossing the street were filmed , then composited together to give the illusion of the train narrowly missing the cars . A long steel rod was used as a ramp for Toretto 's car to crash through the semi-truck and fly in mid-air . An alternate ending titled `` More than Furious '' was filmed , in which Tanner drops Brian off at the Toretto home , where he encounters Mia packing , intending to move away . Brian reveals that he resigned from the LAPD , who let him go quietly , and that he wants another chance with her . When Mia tells him that it 's not going to be that simple , Brian tells her that he 's got time . This ending was released in the collection bundle DVD version . Music ( edit ) Main articles : The Fast and the Furious ( soundtrack ) and More Fast and Furious The film 's score was composed by music producer BT , mixing electronica with hip - hop and industrial influences . Two soundtracks were released for the film . The first one features mostly hip - hop and rap music . The second one , titled More Fast and Furious , features alternative metal , post-grunge and nu metal songs , as well as select tracks from BT 's score . Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious was released on June 22 , 2001 in North America and ranked # 1 at the box office , earning $40,089,015 during its opening weekend . Its widest release was 2,889 theaters . During its run , the film has made a domestic total of $144,533,925 along with a foreign total of $62,750,000 bringing its worldwide total of $207,283,925 on a budget of $38 million . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a rating of 53 % based on reviews from 147 critics and an average score of 5.4 / 10 . The critical consensus reads : `` Sleek and shiny on the surface , The Fast and the Furious recalls those cheesy teenage exploitation flicks of the 1950s . '' On Metacritic , the film gained a metascore of 58 out of 100 based on reviews from 29 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Todd McCarthy of Variety called the film `` a gritty and gratifying cheap thrill , Rob Cohen 's high - octane hot - car meller is a true rarity these days , a really good exploitationer , the sort of thing that would rule at drive - ins if they still existed . '' Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it `` an action picture that 's surprising in the complexity of its key characters and portents of tragedy . '' Vin Diesel 's portrayal of Dominic Torretto won praise In particular with Reece Pendleton of the Chicago Reader writing `` Diesel carries the movie with his unsettling mix of Zen - like tranquillity and barely controlled rage . '' Other reviews were more mixed . Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today gave the film 2 ⁄ out of 4 stars , saying that Cohen `` at least knows how to keep matters moving and the action sequences exciting . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C , saying it `` works hard to be exciting , but the movie scarcely lives up to its title . '' Rita Kempley of The Washington Post gave the film a scathing review , calling it `` Rebel Without a Cause without a cause . The Young and the Restless with gas fumes . The Quick and the Dead with skid marks . '' Paul Clinton of CNN wrote that Cohen `` created a high - octane , rubber - burning extravaganza '' but he criticized the film for `` plot holes you could drive the proverbial truck through '' and an idiotic ending . Accolades ( edit ) Award Category Nominee Result AFI Award Cinematographer of the Year Ericson Core Nominated ALMA Award Outstanding Song in a Motion Picture Soundtrack The Fast and the Furious Nominated ASCAP Award Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures Caddillac Tah Won Black Reel Theatrical - Best Actor Vin Diesel Nominated BMI Film Music Award BT Won Golden Trailer Best Action The Fast and the Furious Nominated Hollywood Breakthrough Award Breakthrough Male Performance Paul Walker Won Golden Reel Award ( Motion Picture Sound Editors ) Best Sound Editing - Effects & Foley , Domestic Feature Film Bruce Stambler ( supervising sound editor ) Jay Nierenberg ( supervising sound editor ) Michael Dressel ( supervising foley editor ) Steve Mann ( sound editor ) Kim Secrist ( sound editor ) Steve Nelson ( sound editor ) Howard Neiman ( sound editor ) Glenn Hoskinson ( sound editor ) Tim Walston ( sound effects designer ) Charles Deenen ( sound effects designer ) Scott Curtis ( foley editor ) Dan Yale ( foley editor ) Nominated Golden Reel Award ( Motion Picture Sound Editors ) Best Sound Editing - Dialogue & ADR , Domestic Feature Film Bruce Stambler ( supervising sound editor ) Jay Nierenberg ( supervising sound editor ) Becky Sullivan ( supervising dialogue editor / supervising adr editor ) Mildred Iatrou ( dialogue editor ) Donald L. Warner Jr. ( dialogue editor ) Robert Troy ( dialogue editor ) Paul Curtis ( dialogue editor ) William Dotson ( dialogue editor ) Cathie Speakman ( dialogue editor ) Nicholas Vincent Korda ( adr editor ) Lee Lemont ( adr editor ) Nominated MTV Movie Award Best On - Screen Team Vin Diesel Paul Walker Won MTV Movie Award Best Movie The Fast and the Furious Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Male Performance Vin Diesel Nominated MTV Movie Award Breakthrough Male Performance Paul Walker Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Action Sequence The Fast and the Furious Nominated Taurus Award Best Driving Matt Johnston Mike Justus Debbie Evans Tim Trella Christopher J. Tuck Kevin Scott ( semi driver ) Won Taurus Award Best Work With a Vehicle Christopher J. Tuck Mike Justus Won Taurus Award Best Stunt by a Stunt Woman Debbie Evans Won Taurus Award Best Stunt by a Stunt Man Christopher J. Tuck Tim Trella Won Taurus Award Best Stunt Coordinator and / or 2nd Unit Director : Feature Film Mic Rodgers Won Taurus Award Best Work With a Vehicle Jimmy N. Roberts Nominated Taurus Award Hardest Hit Mike Justus Nominated Home video ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious was released on DVD on January 2 , 2002 . A second DVD entitled the `` Tricked Out Edition '' , released on June 3 , 2003 , featured The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious , a short film that set the tone to the film 's sequel . An abridged version of the short film is also on the sequel 's DVD release . Merchandising ( edit ) Racing Champions released diecast metal replicas of the film 's cars in different scales from 1 / 18 to 1 / 64 . RadioShack sold ZipZaps micro RC versions of the cars in 2002 . 1 / 24 scale plastic model kits of the hero cars were manufactured by AMT Ertl . See also ( edit ) Film portal Film in the United States portal Germany portal United States portal 2000s portal No Man 's Land The Pritzker Estate References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fast and the Furious '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Furious '' . British Film Institute . London . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Elvis Mitchell ( 2001 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Getaway Drivers , Take Note : This One 's Made for You '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Fast & Furious Supra Will Sell For More Than You Can Afford , Pal '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Writer Who Made ' The Fast and the Furious ' Possible '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Interview found on the original DVD release Jump up ^ `` Roger Corman : How I Made 400 Films , Mentored Coppola and Ended Up Fighting in Court for My Fortune '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Vin Diesel Almost Was n't Dom in ' The Fast & the Furious ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and the Furious , The : Production Notes '' . www.cinema.com . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious - Box Office Mojo '' . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious Reviews - Metacritic '' . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( June 21 , 2001 ) . `` The Fast and the Furious '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment News - Los Angeles Times '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Pendleton , Reece . `` The Fast and the Furious '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - Car hoods rev up in ' Fast and Furious ' '' . www.usatoday.com . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious '' . ew.com. 22 June 2001 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ The Washington Post -- Fast Leaving Logic in the Dust Jump up ^ CNN -- Review : The Fast and the Furious Runs on Empty Jump up ^ Racing Champions Ertl Company Press Release Archived 2004 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Micro RC Cars : Mods - RadioShack ZipZaps - These Zaps Zip From Radio Shack '' . www.microrccars.com . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ AMT Ertl -- The Fast and the Furious Archived 2004 - 11 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fast and the Furious Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Fast and the Furious . The Fast and the Furious on IMDb The Fast and the Furious at Rotten Tomatoes The Fast and the Furious at the American Film Institute Catalog The Fast and the Furious Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Letty Ortiz Han Lue Gisele Yashar Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious ( arcade ) The Fast and the Furious ( PS2 / PSP ) Fast & Furious : Showdown Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Category Films directed by Rob Cohen A Small Circle of Friends ( 1980 ) Scandalous ( 1984 ) Dragon : The Bruce Lee Story ( 1993 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Daylight ( 1996 ) The Rat Pack ( 1998 ) The Skulls ( 2000 ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) XXX ( 2002 ) Stealth ( 2005 ) The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor ( 2008 ) Alex Cross ( 2012 ) The Boy Next Door ( 2015 ) The Hurricane Heist ( 2018 ) David Ayer Films directed Harsh Times ( 2005 ) Street Kings ( 2008 ) End of Watch ( 2012 ) Sabotage ( 2014 ) Fury ( 2014 ) Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) Bright ( 2017 ) Films written U-571 ( 2000 ) Training Day ( 2001 ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) Dark Blue ( 2002 ) S.W.A.T. ( 2003 ) Harsh Times ( 2005 ) End of Watch ( 2012 ) Sabotage ( 2014 ) Fury ( 2014 ) Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fast_and_the_Furious_(2001_film)&oldid=818019179 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2000s action thriller films 2000s crime thriller films American films American action thriller films American crime thriller films German films German action films German crime films Auto racing films The Fast and the Furious Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department Films based on newspaper and magazine articles Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Mexico Films set in 2004 Films shot in Los Angeles Universal Pictures films Films directed by Rob Cohen Screenplays by David Ayer Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 01 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the fast and the furious take place | [
"On the docks outside Los Angeles, a truck is loaded with electronics and a dockside worker notifies an anonymous person about the shipment. On the road, the truck is approached by three modified Honda Civics with green underglow. The perpetrators then proceed to harpoon & board the truck, knock out the driver, and corral the semi allowing them to heist the electronics and escape into the night."
] | [
"Los Angeles"
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2187765416989332036 | List of tallest people | List of tallest people - wikipedia List of tallest people Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the tallest verified individuals . For a list of tallest ethnic groups , see Human height § Average height around the world . `` Tall men '' redirects here . For other uses , see The Tall Men . This article contains one or more incomplete lists which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it / them with entries that are reliably sourced . This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( June 2015 ) This is a list of the tallest people to be measured and verified , living and dead , from 1835 to the present . See also List of humans with gigantism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 2 Women 3 Disputed and unverified claims 4 Tallest in varied fields or endeavors 4.1 Tallest in various sports 4.2 Tallest actors 5 Tallest people presently living in varied nations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Men ( edit ) Living Deceased Height disputed Country Metric Imperial Name Note Lifespan ( Age at death ) United States 272 cm 8 ft 11.1 in Robert Wadlow Tallest human in recorded history confirmed by Guinness World Records . 1918 -- 1940 ( 22 ) United States 267 cm 8 ft 9 in John Rogan Second - tallest male in recorded history . Weighed only 92.5 kg ( 204 lb ) . Unable to stand due to ankylosis . 1865 -- 1905 ( 40 ) United States 263.5 cm 8 ft 73⁄4in John F. Carroll 244 cm ( 8 ft 0 in ) standing height , 264 cm ( 8 ft 73⁄4 in ) assuming normal spinal curvature . 1932 -- 1969 ( 37 ) Ukraine 257 cm 8 ft 5 in Leonid Stadnyk Not officially recognized by Guinness World Records because he refused to be measured according to their standards . 1970 -- 2014 ( 44 ) Finland 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Väinö Myllyrinne Recognized as the tallest living person from 1940 to his death in 1963 . Said to have been 251 cm in his thirties . 1909 -- 1963 ( 54 ) Canada 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Édouard Beaupré Tallest strongman as well as tallest wrestler in history . His death certificate described him as being 8 ft 3 in ( 2.51 m ) tall and still growing . 1881 -- 1904 ( 23 ) Turkey 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Sultan Kösen The tallest living person since September 17 , 2009 , as determined by Guinness World Records . He has 36.5 - cm - long ( 1 ft 2 in ) feet -- the second - largest feet on a living person and 27.5 cm ( 11.2 in ) hand -- the longest on a living person . 1982 -- India 249 cm 8 ft 2 in Vikas Uppal Was not officially measured by Guinness . 1986 -- 2007 ( 21 ) United States 249 cm 8 ft 2 in Don Koehler Tallest in world for most of the 1970s . 1925 -- 1981 ( 56 ) United States 249 cm 8 ft 2 in Bernard Coyne Coyne 's World War I draft registration card , dated 29 August his height as 8 feet , although he had reached a height of 8 feet 2 inches ( 249 cm ) by the time of his death . Possibly reached up to 8 ft 4 in ( 254 cm ) . 1897 -- 1921 ( 24 ) Ireland 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Patrick Cotter O'Brien Tallest person recorded at the time and the first in medical history to stand at a verified height of eight feet ( 244 cm ) . Remains examined in 1972 and height verified . 1760 -- 1806 ( 46 ) Morocco 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Brahim Takioullah Possesses the world 's largest feet at 1 ft 3 in ( 38 cm ) . 1982 -- Iran 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Morteza Mehrzad Tallest man in Iran . Gold medalist of Iran sitting volleyball national team in Summer Paralympic games Rio 2016 1987 -- Germany 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Julius Koch Probably never the world 's tallest person due to his life coinciding with that of John Rogan . Skeleton preserved in the Museum of Natural History in Mons , Belgium . 1872 -- 1902 ( 30 ) Mozambique 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Gabriel Estêvão Monjane Guinness World Records listed him as tallest man from 1988 to 1990 . 1944 -- 1990 ( 46 ) India 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Dharmendra Pratap Singh Tallest living Indian . 1983 -- Libya 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Suleiman Ali Nashnush Libyan who may have been the tallest basketball player . 1943 -- 1991 ( 47 ) France 245 cm 8 ft 1⁄2 in Jean - Joseph Brice Le Géant des Vosges Ramonchamp - France -- Height controversy 1835 -- ? Germany 244 cm 8 ft 0 in Anton de Franckenpoint ( Langer Anton ) Lived during Thirty Years ' War ; skeleton later measured at 8 ft 0 in ( 244 cm ) . Unknown People 's Republic of China 242 cm 7 ft 111⁄4 in Zhang Juncai Tallest living Chinese person . 1966 -- Indonesia 242 cm 7 ft 111⁄4 in Suparwono Tallest Indonesian claimed to be 8 ft 10.5 in . Officially measured ( lying down and in the standing position ) by the Indonesian Record Museum ( MURI ) in December 2009 . 1985 -- 2012 ( 26 ) Netherlands 242 cm 7 ft 111⁄4 in Albert Johan Kramer Probably the tallest man in The Netherlands ever ; His brother - in - law was suffering from dwarfism and did not exceed 69 cm ( 27.16 in ) . Together they formed a variety act , with performances around the world . 1897 -- 1976 ( 79 ) Puerto Rico 241 cm 7 ft 11 in Felipe Birriel Tallest Puerto Rican recorded . 1916 -- 1994 ( 78 ) India 241 cm 7 ft 11 in Asadulla Khan Tallest man in India . 1988 -- Soviet Union 240 cm 7 ft 10 in Alexander Sizonenko Soviet Union basketball player . 1959 -- 2012 ( 53 ) Egypt 240 cm 7 ft 10 in Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi He was billed as 10 ft in his life . 1909 -- 1941 ( 32 ) Belarus 239 cm 7 ft 10 in Feodor Machnow Billed as 9 ft 3 in his life . 1878 -- 1912 ( 34 ) Austria - Hungary 238 cm 7 ft 10 in Grgo Kusić Tallest Croat recorded . Tallest citizen of Austria - Hungary of his time . 1892 -- 1918 ( 26 ) Pakistan 238 cm 7 ft 10 in Naseer Soomro Tallest confirmed man living in Pakistan . 1975 -- Netherlands 238 cm 7 ft 10 in Rigardus Rijnhout Second - tallest man in The Netherlands ever ; he was known as the giant of Rotterdam . Early June 2011 , a life - size statue of Rijnhout was unveiled in the Oude Westen district in Rotterdam . 1922 -- 1959 ( 36 ) Japan 237 cm 7 ft 9.3 in Yoshimitsu Matsuzaka Tallest man in Japan ; no color images of him exist even though he died in the 1960s . 1930 -- 1962 ( 32 ) Mongolia 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Öndör Gongor Very tall man in early - 20th - century Mongolia . Some other sources even give 245 cm ( 8 feet ) 1880 / 85 -- 1925 / 30 United States 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Louis Moilanen Tallest person in Michigan history and one of the tallest men in the world during his lifetime . He may have been 8 ft 1 in tall . 1885 -- 1913 ( 28 ) United Kingdom 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Angus MacAskill Tallest `` true '' giant ( not due to a pathological condition ) . Tallest Scottish or British man recorded . 1825 -- 1863 ( 38 ) United Kingdom 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Frederick Kempster Tall Englishman , height disputed between 7 ft 8.5 in and 8 ft 4.5 in 1889 -- 1918 ( 29 ) United States 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Martin Van Buren Bates Known as the Kentucky Giant or The Giant of the Hills . 1837 -- 1919 People 's Republic of China 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Bao Xishun Considered the tallest living person by Guinness World Records until September 2009 when he was replaced by Sultan Kösen . 1951 -- People 's Republic of China 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Sun Mingming Chinese basketball player . Formerly second - tallest living person . 1983 -- Tunisia 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Radhouane Charbib Listed by Guinness World Records as tallest man until January 15 , 2005 , before Bao Xishun and Sun Mingming . 1968 -- Germany 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Walter Straub Tallest man in Germany while he was alive . 1925 -- 1986 ( 61 ) Algeria 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Rachid Bara Tallest man in Algeria while he was alive . 1974 -- 2009 ( 35 ) Brazil 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄2 in Rafael França do Nascimento Tallest man in Brazil . 1987 -- Russia 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄2 in Nikolai Pankratov Tallest man in Russia . 1990 -- North Korea 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄2 in Ri Myung Hun Former basketball player with the North Korean national team . 1967 -- United States / Ukraine 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄3 in Igor Vovkovinskiy Currently the tallest person living in the United States . Originally from Ukraine , moved to Rochester , Minnesota to be treated at the Mayo Clinic . Most recently has been acting in commercials and movies . Became well known by wearing a T - shirt that read `` Obama 's Biggest Supporter '' . Took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö , Sweden , as one of the performers on the stage representing Ukraine . 1982 -- United States 235 cm 7 ft 8 in Broc Brown Former tallest teenager in the United States . 1998 - United States 235 cm 7 ft 8 in Cecil Boling Was 7'8 '' but shrank to 7'0 '' since his legs were replaced with artificial legs 8.5 '' shorter . 1920 -- 2000 ( 79 ) United States 235 cm 7 ft 8 in Brenden Adams Former tallest teenager in the world . 1995 -- India 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Polipaka Gattaiah Tallest Indian . 1975 -- 2015 Ivory Coast 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Abdramane Dembele Tallest man in Ivory Coast . 1985 -- United States 234 cm 7 ft 8 in George Bell Former Tallest living American . 1957 -- Fiji 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Kaliova Seleiwau Tallest living Fijian . 1981 -- Austria 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Adam Rainer Only person known to have been both a dwarf and giant . He was 118 cm ( 3 ft 10 in ) tall at age 21 and peaked at 234 cm ( 7 ft 8 in ) when he died , having doubled his height as an adult . 1899 -- 1950 ( 51 ) Pakistan 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Alam Channa Pakistani , considered to be the tallest living man when he died in 1998 . 1953 -- 1998 ( 46 ) Iceland 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Jóhann K. Pétursson Was the tallest person in Iceland . 1913 -- 1984 ( 71 ) Japan 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Yasutaka Okayama Tallest living Japanese . Tallest basketball player drafted in NBA history . 1954 -- United States 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Bob Wegner Tallest basketball player plays for the Lake Michigan Admirals . Austria - Hungary 233.7 cm 7 ft 8 in Franz Winkelmeier One of the tallest people in his time . 1860 -- 1887 Spain 233.5 cm 7 ft 8 in Miguel Joaquín de Eleicegui Tallest man recorded in Spain . 1818 -- 1861 ( 43 ) Spain 233 cm 7 ft 7.7 in Jaime Clemente Izquierdo Spain 's tallest man in his lifetime . 1961 -- 2005 ( 44 ) Spain 233 cm 7 ft 71⁄2 in Agustín Luengo Capilla Circus performer . Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death . 1849 -- 1875 ( 26 ) United States 232 cm 7 ft 71⁄2 in Jack Earle Jacob Rheuben Ehrlich . American silent film actor and sideshow performer . 1906 -- 1952 ( 46 ) Somalia 233 cm 7 ft 7.4 in Hussain Bisad Somalia , considered to be one of the tallest living men . 1975 -- United Kingdom 233 cm 7 ft 7.4 in Neil Fingleton Tallest division 1 basketball player . Known for his role Mag the Mighty in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones 1980 -- 2017 ( 36 ) China 233 cm 7 ft 7 in Wang Feng - Jun Asia 's tallest man in 2004 . 1976 -- 2015 ( 39 ) Malta - Italy 233 cm 7 ft 7 in Samuel Deguara Malta and Italy 's tallest man . 1991 - Argentina 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Jorge González Tallest wrestler in WWE history . 1966 -- 2010 ( 44 ) United Kingdom 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Paul Sturgess Tied for the tallest player ever to play college basketball in the U.S. 1987 -- United States 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Kenny George Second - tallest Division I basketball player ( Neil Fingleton ) . 1987 -- United States 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Lock Martin He played the robot in the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still . 1916 -- 1959 Ireland 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Charles Byrne Skeleton now resides in the Hunterian Museum . 1761 -- 1783 ( 22 ) United States 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Max Palmer Actor and pro wrestler . Listed by Guinness World Records at 7 ft 7 in , claimed 8 ft 1 in . Film Bio - Killer Apes , Invaders From Mars . 1927 -- 1984 ( 57 ) Romania 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Gheorghe Mureșan Tied for tallest in NBA history . 1971 -- Sudan 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Manute Bol Tied for tallest in NBA history . 1962 -- 2010 ( 48 ) Belgium 230 cm 7 ft 6.75 in Alain Delaunois Tallest living Belgian . 1971 -- Azerbaijan 230 cm 7 ft 7 in Aleksandar Rindin Tallest man in Azerbaijan . 1985 -- Armenia 230 cm 7 ft 7 in Arshavir Grigoryan Tallest man in Armenia . 1990 -- Brazil 230 cm 7 ft 6.6 in Joélisson Fernandes da Silva Tallest living Brazilian . 1991 -- Montenegro 230 cm 7 ft 6.5 in Slavko Vraneš Tallest Montenegrin basketball player in the national basketball team , former player in the NBA 1983 -- Romania 230 cm 7 ft 6.55 in Robert Bobroczky Romanian basketball player that was 2.30 m ( 7 ft 7 in ) in late 2014 , aged 14 . 2000 Vietnam 229 cm 7 ft 6.25 in Trần Thành Phố Was the tallest man in Southeast Asia when he died in 2010 1947 -- 2010 ( 63 ) Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6.25 in Malik Sidibe Tallest basketball player in Senegal . 1985 -- United Kingdom 229 cm 7 ft 61⁄4 in Christopher Greener Formerly Britain 's tallest man 1943 -- 2015 ( 71 ) Algeria 229 cm 7 ft 61⁄5 in Saad Kaiche Former basketball player of Club Baloncesto Breogán of Lugo . 1985 -- United States 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Ralph Madsen Billed as 7 ft 6in . 1897 -- 1948 People 's Republic of China 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Yao Ming Was the tallest player in the NBA during his playing years until his retirement in 2011 . 1980 -- United States / Germany 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Shawn Bradley Former player in the NBA , 1993 -- 2005 , tallest living German ( holding dual citizenship ) . 1972 -- Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Moussa Seck Tallest basketball player in Senegal . 1986 -- United States 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Matthew McGrory Was the world 's tallest actor when he died in 2005 . 1973 -- 2005 Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Mamadou N'Diaye Was the tallest in high school and college basketball while playing in the US . 1993 -- United States 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Conrad Furrows He was listed in the Bernard L. Kobel Catalogue of Human Oddities of Circus Sideshows . 1922 -- 1967 Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Tacko Fall Is the tallest high school basketball player in the US as of 2014 . 1995 -- Russia 229 cm 7 ft 5.8 in Sergey Ilin Tallest basketball player in Russia . 1988 -- Spain 229 cm 7 ft 5.8 in ( ? ) Fermín Arrudi Urieta Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death . 1870 -- 1913 ( 42 ) Democratic Republic of Congo 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Bienvenu Letuni Tallest basketball player in DRC 1994 -- Poland 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Eugeniusz Taraciński Tallest man in Poland while he was alive . 1928 -- 1978 ( 50 ) Colombia 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Asdrúbal Herrera Mora Tallest living Colombian . Tied for tallest South American man with Margarito Machacuay 1986 -- Slovak Republic 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Martin Miklosik Tallest basketball player in the Slovak Republic . 1986 -- Peru 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Margarito Machacuay Tied for the tallest South American person with Asdrúbal Herrera and is the fifth - tallest in the Americas . 1965 -- Women ( edit ) Country Metric Imperial Name Note Lifespan ( age of death ) People 's Republic of China 248 cm 8 ft 1 3⁄4 in Zeng Jinlian Confirmed by Guinness World Records as tallest female ever . Suffered from spine curvature and could not stand at full height . Tallest recorded Chinese person and world 's tallest person shortly before her death . 1964 -- 1982 ( 17 ) Canada 243 cm 7 ft 11 in Anna Haining Bates Second tallest woman and tallest woman in her lifetime . She and Martin Van Buren Bates were the tallest married couple ever . 1846 -- 1888 ( 41 ) United Kingdom 241 cm 7 ft 11 in Jane Bunford Tallest recorded English person and possibly the world 's tallest person at the time of her death . Given height is adjusted for spinal curvature ; peak standing height was 7 ft 10 in ( 239 cm ) . 1895 -- 1922 ( 27 ) People 's Republic of China 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Yao Defen Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records , until her death on November 13 , 2012 . 1972 -- 2012 ( 40 ) United States 231.78 cm 7 ft 7 1⁄4 in Sandy Allen Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records , until her death on August 13 , 2008 . 1955 -- 2008 ( 53 ) Greece 229.87 cm 7 ft 6.5 in Wassiliki Calliandji Tallest woman in Greece . 1882 -- 1904 ( 22 ) People 's Republic of China 221 cm 7 ft 3 in Sun Fang Tallest living woman . 1987 - Disputed and unverified claims ( edit ) Country Metric Imperial Name Note Lifespan ( age at death ) France 350 cm 11 ft 6 in Giant of Castelnau Height estimate based on bone fragments found at the Neolithic cemetery of Castelnau - le - Lez , excavated in 1890 by Georges Vacher de Lapouge and published in the journal La Nature , Vol. 18 , 1890 . Unknown - Neolithic France Russia / Belarus 283 cm 9 ft 3 in Feodor Machnow Height not confirmed . 1878 -- 1912 ( 34 ) England 282 cm 9 ft 3 in John Middleton The Childe of Hale Written on his grave is Here lyeth the bodie of John Middleton , the Childe of Hale , nine feet three . Height not officially confirmed . 1578 -- 1623 ( 45 ) United States 274 cm 8 ft 11.5 in John Aasen American silent film actor , height is not officially confirmed . His skeleton was measured at 7 ft 2.4 in 1890 -- 1938 ( 48 ) Thailand 269 cm 8 ft 10 in Pornchai Sawsri Claimed to measure 269 cm ( 8'10 ) at age 26 in September 2015 . He was measured at 257 cm ( 8'5 `` ) by Thai authorities for his ID card renewal in October 2013 . 1990 ? -- 2015 Egypt 269 cm 8 ft 10 in Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi Claimed 8'10 `` , but was later measured at 7'11 '' ( 242 cm ) . 1909 -- 1941 ( 32 ) Ireland 269 cm 8 ft 10 in Patrick Murphy Claimed 8'10 `` , but was later measured at 7'3.4 '' ( 222 cm ) . Height is not officially confirmed . 1834 -- 1862 ( 28 ) Italy 259 cm 8 ft 6 in Maximinus Thrax Emperor of Rome , first ever recorded person with gigantism . 173 -- 238 Iran 259 cm 8 ft 5.9 in Siah Khan Ibn Kashmir Khan When he was admitted to hospital in 1933 he turned out to be ' only ' 7'2.6 '' ( 220 cm ) tall . 1912 -- 1938 Ukraine 257 cm 8 ft 5.5 in Leonid Stadnyk Refused to undergo independent testing under Guinness World Records rules , so his claim is not recognized by Guinness World Records . 1970 -- 2014 ( 44 ) Pakistan 254 cm 8 ft 4 in Ajaz Ahmed Claims actually to be 8 feet 4 inches , but this is unverified by Guinness World Records . He claims that he is still growing . 1976 -- Netherlands 254 cm 8 ft 4 in Trijntje Keever Tallest recorded woman . Not confirmed by Guinness World Records . 1616 -- 1633 ( 17 ) United States 254 cm 8 ft 4 in Ella Ewing Claims 8 feet 4 inches , however measured at 7 feet 4.5 inches . Her mother describes her full height at 8 feet 4 inches . 1872 -- 1913 ( 41 ) Bangladesh 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Parimal Barman Claims of being 8 feet 3 inches , not confirmed . 1962 -- 1991 ( 29 ) United States 248 cm 8 ft 2 in Henry Hite Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches , not confirmed . 1915 -- 1978 ( 63 ) India 248 cm 8 ft 2 in Jitendra Singh Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches , but was later measured at 7'7 '' ( 231 cm ) 1971 -- Finland 247 cm 8 ft 1.4 in Daniel Cajanus Height not officially confirmed . He was only 7 ft 8 in ( 234 cm ) according to the London Annual Register . 1703 -- 1749 ( 46 ) People 's Republic of China 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Zhao Liang Height not officially confirmed . A circus performer . 1982 -- Finland 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Louis Moilanen Big Louie Height not officially confirmed . 1886 -- 1913 ( 27 ) China 244 cm 8 ft 0 in Zhan Shichai Height not officially confirmed . 1841 -- 1893 ( 52 ) Turkey 244.4 cm 8 ft 0 in Barth 's Giant Skeleton of reputed Giant `` Hayduk '' , Turkish soldier displayed at Vienna 's Anatomical museum in 1904 . Height estimated from Femur and Tibia at 235.2 to 244.4 cm tall . c. 1683 Algeria 244 cm 8 ft 0 in Mounir Fourar Height not officially confirmed . 1972 -- 2012 ( 40 ) Indonesia 242 cm 7 ft 11 in Musutaman Height not officially confirmed . 1962 -- ? Sweden 242 cm 7 ft 11 in Gustaf Edman Height not officially confirmed . 1882 -- 1912 ( 30 ) Mongolia 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Öndör Gongor Tall Gongor Was measured by Roy Chapman Andrews , but some other sources even give 245 cm ( 8 feet ) 1879 -- 1931 ( 52 ) United Kingdom 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Frederick Kempster Claimed to be 8 ft 4.5 in . Height not officially confirmed . 1889 -- 1918 ( 29 ) Ireland 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Cornelius McGrath Measurement according to the London Annual Register . 1737 -- 1759 ( 22 ) Spain 222 -- 234 cm 7 ft 3 in - 7 ft 7 in Sancho VII of Navarre Height estimated by Luis del Campo in 1952 , from a measurement of his femur recorded in 1622 . 1170 - 1234 ( 64 ) Tallest in varied fields or endeavors ( edit ) Tallest in various Sports ( edit ) See also : List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history Country Height Name Note Lifespan Photo Libya 246 cm ( 8 ft 1 in ) Suleiman Ali Nashnush Tallest basketball player . 1943 -- 1991 Iran 246 cm ( 8 ft 1 in ) Morteza Mehrzad Tallest Paralympian . 1987 -- Romania 242 cm ( 7 ft 11 in ) Gogea Mitu Tallest professional boxer . 1914 -- 1936 People 's Republic of China 236 cm ( 7 ft 9 in ) Sun Mingming Tallest active professional basketball player . 1983 -- Canada 233 cm ( 7 ft 8 in ) Édouard Beaupré Tallest strongman and tallest wrestler . 1881 -- 1904 Romania 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) Gheorghe Mureșan Retired professional basketball player . Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . 1971 -- Sudan 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) Manute Bol Retired professional basketball player . Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . 1962 -- 2010 Argentina 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) Jorge González Tallest wrestler in WWE history 1966 -- 2010 Latvia 221 cm ( 7 ft 3 in ) Kristaps Porziņģis Tied for tallest active NBA player . 1995 -- Serbia 221 cm ( 7 ft 3 in ) Boban Marjanović Tied for tallest active NBA player . 1988 -- Brazil 218 cm ( 7 ft 2 in ) Giant Silva Tallest kickboxer and mixed martial artist . 1963 -- Poland 218 cm ( 7 ft 2 in ) Małgorzata `` Margo '' Dydek Tallest player in WNBA history . 1974 -- 2011 Russia 218 cm ( 7 ft 2 in ) Dmitriy Muserskiy Tallest volleyball player . 1988 -- India 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Dalip Singh Rana Tallest active wrestler . 1972 -- Pakistan 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Mohammad Irfan Tallest international cricketer 1982 -- Philippines 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) E.J. Feihl Tallest basketball player in PBA history . ( tied with Greg Slaughter ) 1970 -- Philippines 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Greg Slaughter Tallest basketball player in PBA history . ( tied with E.J. Feihl ) 1988 -- Netherlands 215 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Loek van Mil Tallest baseball player . 1984 -- United Kingdom 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Richard Metcalfe Tallest rugby union player . 1973 -- Netherlands 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Ted van der Parre Tallest World 's Strongest Man . 1955 -- United States 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Richard Sligh Tallest American football player in NFL history . 1944 -- 2008 Russia 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Nikolai Valuev Tallest boxing world champion . 1973 -- Netherlands 212 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Semmy Schilt Tallest kickboxing world champion . 1973 -- Netherlands 212 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Stefan Struve Tallest fighter in the UFC . 1988 -- United States 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Jon Rauch Tallest baseball player in Major League Baseball history . 1978 -- Australia 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Aaron Sandilands Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history . 1982 -- Australia 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Peter Street Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history . 1980 -- America 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Mason Cox Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history . 1991 -- United States 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Reilly Opelka Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour . 1997 -- Croatia 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Ivo Karlović Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour . 1979 -- United Kingdom 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Will Carrick - Smith Tallest active professional rugby union player . 1992 -- Lithuania 209 cm ( 6 ft 10 in ) Rolandas Gimbutis Tallest Olympic swimmer . 1981 -- Belgium 208 cm ( 6 ft 10 in ) Kristof Van Hout Tallest association football player . 1987 -- Slovakia 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Zdeno Chára Tallest player in National Hockey League history . 1977 -- United States 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Jared Gaither Tallest active American football player in the NFL 1986 -- Russia 204 cm ( 6 ft 8 in ) Nelly Alisheva Tallest female volleyball player . 1983 -- Bulgaria 203 cm ( 6 ft 8 in ) Kotooshu Katsunori sumo wrestler . 1983 -- Germany 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Ingo Schultz Tallest sprinter . 1975 -- Bulgaria 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Velichko Cholakov Tallest Olympic weightlifter . 1982 -- United States 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Phil Blackmar Tallest golfer on the PGA Tour . 1957 -- Switzerland 200 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Ramon Zenhäusern Tallest World Cup competitor in alpine skiing . 1992 -- United States 198 cm ( 6 ft 6 in ) Buddy Baker Tallest driver in NASCAR history . 1941 -- 2015 Netherlands 197 cm ( 6 ft 6 in ) Jens Mouris Tallest professional cyclist . 1980 -- United States 195 cm ( 6 ft 5 in ) Michael Waltrip Tallest active driver in NASCAR . 1963 -- Croatia 193 cm ( 6 ft 4 in ) Blanka Vlašić Tallest female high jumper . 1983 -- Tallest actors ( edit ) Country Height Name Note Lifespan United Kingdom 7 ft 71⁄2 in ( 233 cm ) Neil Fingleton Tallest actor at 233 cm ( 7 ft 71⁄2 in ) . 1980 -- 2017 Canada 6 ft 9 in ( 206 cm ) John De Santis Tallest Canadian actor at 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) . 1977 -- 2017 United States 6 ft 8 1 / 2 in ( 204 cm ) Brad Garrett Tallest Emmy Award winning actor at 204 cm ( 6 ft 8 1 / 2 in ) . 1960 -- United States 6 ft 8.25 in ( 203.84 cm ) Lindsay Kay Hayward Tallest actress in a leading role 1987 -- United Kingdom 6 ft 7 in ( 201 cm ) Stephen Merchant Tallest British Academy Film Awards winner 1974 - United States 6 ft 7 in ( 201 cm ) James Cromwell Tallest Academy Award nominated actor at 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) . 1940 -- United States 6 ft 5 in ( 195 cm ) Tim Robbins Tallest Academy Award - winning actor at 195 cm ( 6 ft 5 in ) . 1958 -- Tallest people presently living in varied nations ( edit ) Pakistan 8 ft 4 in ( 254 cm ) Ajaz Ahmed Tallest living in Pakistan at 254 cm ( 8 ft 4 in ) . Height unverified . He claims that he is still growing . 1975 -- Turkey 8 ft 3 in ( 251 cm ) Sultan Kösen Tallest Turkish at 251 cm ( 8 ft 3 in ) . 1982 -- Morocco 8 ft 1 in ( 247 cm ) Brahim Takioullah Tallest Moroccan at 246 cm and second tallest person ( 8 ft 1 in ) 1982 -- Iran 8 ft 1 in ( 246 cm ) Morteza Mehrzad Tallest live in Iran at 246 cm ( 8 ft 1 in ) . 1987 -- People 's Republic of China 7 ft 11 in ( 242 cm ) Zhang Juncai Tallest living Chinese at 242 cm ( 7 ft 11 in ) . 1983 -- Tunisia 7 ft 8.5 in ( 235 cm ) Radhouane Charbib Tallest Tunisian and the tallest living person in Africa 1968 -- Somalia 7 ft 81⁄2 in ( 236 cm ) Hussain Bisad Tallest Somali at 236 cm ( 7 ft 8.5 in ) . 1975 -- North Korea 7 ft 8.5 in ( 235 cm ) Ri Myung Hun Tallest North Korean at 235 cm ( 7 ft 8.5 in ) . 1967 -- United Kingdom 7 ft 81⁄3 in ( 235 cm ) Paul Sturgess Tallest British at 235 cm ( 7 ft 81⁄3 in ) . 1987 -- United States 7 ft 81⁄3 in ( 235 cm ) Igor Vovkovinskiy Tallest American at 235 cm ( 7 ft 81⁄3 in ) . 1982 -- Myanmar 7 ft 7.5 in ( 233 cm ) Win Zaw Oo Also known as ' Big Zaw ' , who is currently seeking medical treatment from 2013 in Singapore . Tallest man in Burma 1977 - Romania 7 ft 7 in ( 231 cm ) Gheorghe Mureșan Tallest Romanian at 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) . 1971 -- Brazil 7 ft 6.6 in ( 230 cm ) Joelisson Fernandes da Silva Tallest Brazilian at 230 cm ( 7 ft 6.6 in ) 1991 -- Montenegro 7 ft 6 in ( 230 cm ) Slavko Vranes Tallest basketball player in Montenegro 1983 -- Malta 7 ft 6 in ( 230 cm ) Samuel Deguara Tallest basketball player in Malta 1991 -- Japan 7 ft 6 in ( 228 cm ) Yasutaka Okayama Tallest Japanese to be drafted into the NBA at 228 cm ( 7 ft 6 in ) . 1954 -- Canada 7 ft 6 in ( 228 cm ) Jerry Sokoloski Tallest Canadian at 228 cm ( 7 ft 6 in ) . 1983 -- New Zealand 7 ft 4.5 in ( 225 cm ) Jonty Butterfield Tallest New Zealander at 229 cm ( 7 ft 6.15 in ) . 1994 -- Ireland 7 ft 4.5 in ( 225 cm ) Shaun Aisbitt Tallest Man in Ireland 1962 -- Puerto Rico 7 ft 3.5 in ( 222 cm ) Peter John Ramos Tallest Puerto Rican at 222 cm ( 7 ft 3.5 in ) . 1985 -- Australia 7 ft 3 in ( 221 cm ) Sam Harris Tallest Australian at 221 cm ( 7 ft 3 in ) . 1984 -- Philippines 7 ft 3 in ( 221 cm ) Raul Dillo Said to be the tallest Filipino at 221 cm ( 7 ft 4 in ) when he was measured at age 17 . 1991 -- Spain 7 ft 3 in ( 221 cm ) Roberto Dueñas Hernández Tallest Spanish basketball player ever ( now retired ) . Currently the tallest man alive in Spain . 1975 -- See also ( edit ) Giant ( mythology ) Gigantism Goliath Human height List of the heaviest people List of humans with gigantism List of shortest people List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Robert Wadlow '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ New rules make China 's Bao world 's tallest again . Reuters . August 20 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tallest man - living '' . Guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig ( 2010 ) . Guinnes World Records 2011 . ISBN 9781904994572 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed : Brahim Takioullah sets world record for largest feet '' . Guinness World Records News . 12 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Confirmed : Brahim Takioullah sets world record for largest feet - October 2011 - - Latest news '' . Guinness World Records . 2011 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Morteza Mehrzad The tallest man claimed to be 8ft 2.4 inches assuming normal spine curvature . Iran '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` At 8ft 1in tall , Dharmendra is half a foot loftier than beanpole footballer Peter Crouch - but he fears his height is making it `` impossible '' for him to find a girlfriend `` . mirror.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Jean - Joseph Brice height controversy '' . Jump up ^ `` Anton de Franchepoinct The tallest man Germany '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ de : Der lange Anton Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091206031648/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/SEAsia/Story/STIStory_461611.html . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2009 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Albert Johan Kramer - 7 feet 111⁄4 inches ( 242 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Senapati , Ashis ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Tallest ' man fails to find a bride '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ So lebt der längste Mensch der Welt , Jens Hartmann ( in German ) Jump up ^ `` Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi - The tallest man Egypt '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Le saviez - vous ? Archived 2009 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . http://www.afrv.ch/ Les gullivers de Dalmatie Jump up ^ `` The Tall Guys of Pakistan : ALL THINGS PAKISTAN '' . Pakistaniat.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Naseer Soomro - The tallest man Pakistan '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Rigardus Rijnhout - 7 feet 10 inches ( 238 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yoshimitsu Matsuzaka - 7 feet 9.3 inches ( 237 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Moilanen - The tallest man Michigan Finland '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Frederick Kempster - the ' English Giant ' ? 2011 / 04 / 28 BBC Jump up ^ name = `` The Giant of the Hills : Martin Van Buren Bates '' . Jump up ^ World 's tallest man gets married 2007 / 03 / 28 BBC ^ Jump up to : Lukatsky , Efrem ( April 17 , 2004 ) . `` Tiny village possibly holds the world 's tallest man '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Riese Walter Straube - The tallest man Germany '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rachid Bara - The tallest man of Algeria '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael França do Nascimento - The tallest man of Brazil '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Nikolai Pankratov - The tallest man of Russia '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` IMDB - Igor Vovkovinskiy '' . IMDb . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broc Brown , World 's Tallest Teenager : 5 Fast Facts You Need To Know '' . Jump up ^ `` Cecil Boling - The tallest man '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polipaka Gattaiah - The tallest man in India dies '' . www.newindianexpress.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Abdramane Dembele - The tallest man of Ivory Coast '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` -- 7 - foot - 8 deputy nation 's tallest man '' . MSNBC. 2007 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's the tallest person in the World ? '' . isitpossibletogettaller . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World 's tallest man dies '' . BBC News . July 3 , 1998 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim , Randy ( June 19 , 2003 ) . `` Draft Oddities '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chibi Not A Chibi '' . Reading Eagle . Reading , Pennsylvania : Reading Eagle Company . June 11 , 1981 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - foot 7 and a judo expert too '' . Tri-City Herald . Kennewick , Washington : The McClatchy Company . October 29 , 1983 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Former NBA player , humanitarian Manute Bol dies at age 47 '' . NY Daily News . Daily News , L.P. June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Is this the world 's tallest professional athlete ? Basketball player ' Big Bob ' Wegner is 7ft 8in and has size 23 foot '' . dailymail.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Franz Winkelmeyer - The tallest man Lengau Austria '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miguel Joaquin de Eleicegui - 7 feet 8 inches ( 233.5 cm ) '' . The Tallest Man.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150912095144/http://www.thetallestman.com/jaimeclemente.htm . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Agustin Luengo Capilla - 7 feet 7.75 inches ( 233 cm ) '' . The Tallest Man.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jennifer Toland ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` A high honor : Former Crusader is tallest man in U.K. '' . Telegram . Jump up ^ `` Wang Feng - Jun - The tallest man China '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAMUEL DEGUARA IS 7'5 , UNEMPLOYED , AND LOOKING FOR A BASKETBALL HOME '' . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records day '' . The Telegraph . London . November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ANNA KATHERINE CLEMMONS ( January 9 , 2008 ) . `` 7 Feet 7 and 360 Pounds , With Bigger Feet Than Shaq 's '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Lock Martin - The tallest man '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Reference Below GBWR ' 72 - ' 73 etc . Jump up ^ `` Alain Delaunois - The tallest man Belgium Belgie '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Aleksandar Rindin - The tallest man of Azerbaijan '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` '' Մեծ '' մարդու մեծ երազանքը . ՀՀ ամենաբարձրահասակ մարդը `` . hottv.am . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jovem paraibano de 21 anos tem 2 , 3 m de altura '' . Noticias.terra.com.br . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ACB Liga Endesa : El Barcelona sigue al niño más alto del mundo , Robert Bobroczky , de 14 años y 2 , 30 - MARCA.com '' . MARCA.com. 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tran Thanh Pho - The tallest man Vietnam '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Malik Sidibe - 7 feet 6.25 inches ( 229.2 cm ) '' . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saad Kaiche y sus 229 centímetros , a prueba en Lugo '' ( in Spanish ) . Solobasket.com. 2007 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Tallest Man , Saad Kaiche '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Madsen - 7ft 6in . '' ( 228 cm ) `` . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Summer League Rosters : Dallas Mavericks '' . 10 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . http://www.shamsports.com/2010/07/2010-summer-league-rosters-dallas.html Jump up ^ `` Matthew McGrory official site '' . Jump up ^ Joey Kaufman ( 2014 - 02 - 13 ) . `` The Burden of 7 - 6 '' . Sportsonearth.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Furrows - The tallest man '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tacko Fall Basketball Player Profile , High School , News , stats , Career , Games Logs , Bests , Awards - usbasket.com '' . www.eurobasket.com . Jump up ^ `` Sergey Ilin - 7'5.8 '' ( 228 cm ) `` . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bienvenu Letuni = 2015 - 03 - 12 '' . Jump up ^ `` Wielkolud z Bystrzycy '' . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . http://www.gazeta-olawa.pl/reportaz/reportaze/6538-wielkolud-z-bystrzycy/ Jump up ^ `` Asdrúbal Herrera Mora - 7 feet 5.8 inches ( 228 cm ) '' . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Miklosik - 7'5.4 '' ( 227 cm ) `` . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Margarito Machacuay - UPN '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Haining Swan - The tallest woman '' . The Tallest Man . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Birmingham.gov Archived October 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ World 's Tallest Woman Dies at Age 53 , 2008 - 08 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Wassiliki Calliandji - The tallest woman of Greece '' . The Tallest Man . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Fang The tallest woman China '' . The Tallest Man . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ de Lapouge , G. ( 1890 ) . `` Le Gėant Fossile de Castelnau '' . La Nature . 888 : 11 -- 12 . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . Le sujet aurait une taille probable de 3m , 50 ( 11 ft 5.8 in ) . Jump up ^ `` World 's tallest - known man bedridden in Surin '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tall Tale : Towering Thai the world 's tallest ? '' . Coconuts Bangkok . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest man in Thailand , dies at 26 '' . The Herald . 2015 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi - The tallest man Egypt '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Siah Khan '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Nederlands Algemeen Rijksarchief , Verslagen omtrent ' s rijks oude Archieven , vol. 11 , 1890 , p. 153 , fragment via Google Books , digitized May 4 , 2007 at the New York Public Library Jump up ^ Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij tot Bevordering der Geneeskunst , Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde , vol. 99 , March 26 , 1955 , p. 964 , fragment via Google Books , digitized Nov 26 , 2008 at the University of California Jump up ^ `` Jitendra Singh The tallest man India '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bondeson , Jan : The Two - Headed Boy and Other Medical Marvels . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Account of the Irish Giant '' . London Annual Register : 79 -- 80 . January 1 , 1760 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boston - Demmon '' . ghosttowns.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese - Australian Historical Images - Chang Woo Gow '' . Chia.chinesemuseum.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Die pathologischen Beckenformen , Volume 1 , by Carl Breus . Deuticke. 1904 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Körper - Rekord : Weltlängster Lulatsch misst 2 , 44 Meter - SPIEGEL ONLINE '' . Spiegel.de. 2002 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Musutaman - The tallest man Indonesia '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Gustaf Edman The tallest man in Sweden '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Emma ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) . `` BBC News - Frederick Kempster - the ' English Giant ' ? '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2253697 Jump up ^ `` Morteza Mehrzad - 8 feet 1 inch ( 246.4 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Eastaugh , Sophie ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Meet Iran 's sitting volleyball ace , the tallest Paralympian in history '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` FIVB '' . Federation Internationale De Volleyball . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mohammad Irfan Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Fingleton '' . IMDb . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John De Santis '' . IMDb . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Austin Chronicle ' ' '' . Austinchronicle.com. 2014 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest actress in a leading role '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Kay Hayward - The Official Website '' . Lindsay Kay Hayward . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Tait , Morgan ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` High life has decent share of low moments '' . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Kyran ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Meet Ireland 's Tallest Man '' . The Irish Independent . Jump up ^ `` Lock Martin '' . The tallest man . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest Filipino meets world 's smallest man '' . ABS - CBN News . 2012 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Tall people at Wikimedia Commons Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Special motorcycle Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_people&oldid=804074106 '' Categories : Biological records Human height Lists of people by physical attribute Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with German - language external links Articles with French - language external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Dynamic lists Articles needing cleanup from June 2015 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 15 : 27 . 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"\nPakistan\n8 ft 4 in (254 cm)\nAjaz Ahmed\nTallest living in Pakistan at 254 cm (8 ft 4 in). Height unverified. He claims that he is still growing.\n1975–\n"
] | [
"Ajaz Ahmed"
] |
-5442254153304387122 | Federalism | Federalism - wikipedia Federalism This article is about the form of government . For other uses , see Federalism ( disambiguation ) . Federations Unitary states Territorial organization of European countries Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( show ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( show ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Dictatorship Directory Federacy Feudalism Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( show ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( show ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Domestic and foreign policy Civil society Public interest Organs of government ( show ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries ( hide ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties Federalism is the mixed or compound mode of government , combining a general government ( the central or ' federal ' government ) with regional governments ( provincial , state , cantonal , territorial or other sub-unit governments ) in a single political system . Its distinctive feature , exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism by the United States of America under the Constitution of 1787 , is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established . It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status . Federalism differs from confederalism , in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level , and from devolution within a unitary state , in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level . It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation , bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state . Leading examples of the federation or federal state include the United States , Canada , Brazil , Germany , Switzerland , Argentina , Australia and India . Some also today characterize the European Union as the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting , in a concept termed the federal union of states . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Explanations for adoption of federalist systems 2 European vs. American federalism 3 Examples of federalism 3.1 Australia 3.2 Brazil 3.3 Canada 3.4 India 3.4. 1 Asymmetric federalism 3.4. 2 Coalition politics 3.5 Nigeria 3.6 Malaysia 3.7 Pakistan 3.7. 1 Levels of government 3.7. 1.1 District 3.7. 1.2 Tehsil 3.7. 1.3 Union Council 3.8 South Africa 3.9 Federalism in Europe 3.9. 1 French Revolution 3.9. 2 European Union 3.9. 3 Germany 3.10 Russian Federation 3.11 United Arab Emirates 3.12 United States 3.13 Venezuela 3.14 Federalism with two components 3.14. 1 Belgium 3.14. 2 Other examples 3.15 Proposed federalism 3.15. 1 China 3.15. 2 Libya 3.15. 3 Myanmar 3.15. 4 Philippines 3.15. 5 Spain 3.15. 6 Sri Lanka 3.15. 7 Syria 3.15. 8 United Kingdom 4 Federalism and localism in anarchist political theory 5 Christian Church 6 Constitutional structure 6.1 Division of powers 6.2 Bicameralism 6.3 Intergovernmental relations 6.4 Constitutional change 6.5 Other technical terms 7 Federalism as a political philosophy 8 Federalism as a conflict reducing device 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 External links Overview ( edit ) The pathway of regional integration or separation The terms ' federalism ' and ' confederalism ' both have a root in the Latin word foedus , meaning `` treaty , pact or covenant . '' Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty . They were therefore initially synonyms . It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as ' neither a national nor a federal Constitution , but a composition of both ' ( i.e. neither a single large unitary state nor a league / confederation among several small states , but a hybrid of the two ) . In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift , strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form , while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states . Thus , this article relates to the modern usage of the word ' federalism ' . Modern federalism is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial / state governments . The term federalist describes several political beliefs around the world depending on context . Federalism is sometimes viewed as in the context of international negotiation as `` the best system for integrating diverse nations , ethnic groups , or combatant parties , all of whom may have cause to fear control by an overly powerful center . '' However , in some countries , those skeptical of federal prescriptions believe that increased regional autonomy is likely to lead to secession or dissolution of the nation . In Syria , federalization proposals have failed in part because `` Syrians fear that these borders could turn out to be the same as the ones that the fighting parties have currently carved out . '' Federations such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test . Explanations for adoption of Federalist systems ( edit ) According to Daniel Ziblatt 's Structuring the State , there are four competing theoretical explanations in the academic literature for the adoption of federal systems : Ideational theories , which hold that a greater degree of ideological commitment to decentralist ideas in society makes federalism more likely to be adopted . Cultural - historical theories , which hold that federal institutions are more likely to be adopted in societies with culturally or ethnically fragmented populations . `` Social contract '' theories , which hold that federalism emerges as a bargain between a center and a periphery where the center is not powerful enough to dominate the periphery and the periphery is not powerful enough to secede from the center . `` Infrastructural power '' theories , which hold that federalism is likely to emerge when the subunits of a potential federation already have highly developed infrastructures ( e.g. they are already constitutional , parliamentary , and administratively modernized states ) . European vs. American federalism ( edit ) Main articles : Federal Europe and Federalism in the United States In Europe , `` Federalist '' is sometimes used to describe those who favor a common federal government , with distributed power at regional , national and supranational levels . Most European federalists want this development to continue within the European Union . European federalism originated in post-war Europe ; one of the more important initiatives was Winston Churchill 's speech in Zürich in 1946 . In the United States , federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government . When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted , the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government , while `` Anti-Federalists '' wanted a weaker central government . This is very different from the modern usage of `` federalism '' in Europe and the United States . The distinction stems from the fact that `` federalism '' is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state . The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation , under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government . In contrast , Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America , thus European `` federalism '' argues for a weaker central government , relative to a unitary state . The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense . As the power of the Federal government has increased , some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended . Most people politically advocating `` federalism '' in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government , especially the judiciary ( see Federalist Society , New Federalism ) . In Canada , federalism typically implies opposition to sovereigntist movements ( most commonly Quebec separatism ) . The governments of Argentina , Australia , Brazil , India , and Mexico , among others , are also organized along federalist principles . Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions , as is the case in Belgium or Bosnia and Herzegovina . In general , two extremes of federalism can be distinguished : at one extreme , the strong federal state is almost completely unitary , with few powers reserved for local governments ; while at the other extreme , the national government may be a federal state in name only , being a confederation in actuality . In 1999 , the Government of Canada established the Forum of Federations as an international network for exchange of best practices among federal and federalizing countries . Headquartered in Ottawa , the Forum of Federations partner governments include Australia , Brazil , Canada , Ethiopia , Germany , India , Mexico , Nigeria , and Switzerland . Examples of federalism ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Main articles : Federalism in Australia and Federation of Australia Commonwealth of Australia , consisting of its federal district , Australian Capital Territory ( red ) , the states of New South Wales ( pink ) , Queensland ( blue ) , South Australia ( purple ) , Tasmania ( yellow , bottom ) , Victoria ( green ) , Western Australia ( orange ) and the territories of Northern Territory ( yellow , top ) and Jervis Bay Territory ( not shown ) . On the 1st of January 1901 the nation - state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation . The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788 , which subsequently established six , eventually self - governing , colonies there . In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendums on becoming the unified , self - governing `` Commonwealth of Australia '' within the British Empire . When all the colonies voted in favour of federation , the Federation of Australia commenced , resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 . The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America , although it does so through a parliamentary Westminster system rather than a presidential system . Brazil ( edit ) Brazil is a union of 26 states and its federal district , which is the site of the federal capital , Brasília . See also : States of Brazil In Brazil , the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system , headed by Deodoro da Fonseca . Aided by well - known jurist Ruy Barbosa , Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree , but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891 , although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles . The 1937 federal government had the authority to appoint State Governors ( called intervenors ) at will , thus centralizing power in the hands of President Getúlio Vargas . Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade . Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments . The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 introduced a new component to the ideas of federalism , including municipalities as federal entities . Brazilian municipalities are now invested with some of the traditional powers usually granted to states in federalism , and they are allowed to have a Constitution like the Constitution of Rio Grande do Sul State Canada ( edit ) Main article : Canadian federalism In Canada , the provincial governments derive all their powers directly from the constitution . In contrast , the territories are subordinate to the federal government and are delegated powers by it . In Canada the system of federalism is described by the division of powers between the federal parliament and the country 's provincial governments . Under the Constitution Act ( previously known as the British North America Act ) of 1867 , specific powers of legislation are allotted . Section 91 of the constitution gives rise to federal authority for legislation , whereas section 92 gives rise to provincial powers . For matters not directly dealt with in the constitution , the federal government retains residual powers ; however , conflict between the two levels of government , relating to which level has legislative jurisdiction over various matters , has been a longstanding and evolving issue . Areas of contest include legislation with respect to regulation of the economy , taxation , and natural resources . India ( edit ) Main article : Federalism in India Indian state governments led by various political parties The Government of India ( referred to as the Union Government ) was established by the Constitution of India , and is the governing authority of a federal union of 29 states and 7 union territories . The government of India is based on a 3 tiered system , in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers . The Constitution originally provided for a two - tier system of government , the Union Government ( also known as the Central Government ) , representing the Union of India , and the State governments . Later , a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities . In the current arrangement , The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution delimits the subjects of each level of governmental jurisdiction , dividing them into three lists : Union List includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country , foreign affairs , banking , communications and currency . The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union List . State List contains subjects of State and local importance such as police , trade , commerce , agriculture and irrigation . The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the State List . Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments , such as education , forest , trade unions , marriage , adoption and succession . Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list . If their laws conflict with each other , the law made by the Union Government will prevail . Asymmetric federalism ( edit ) A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism , it is asymmetric . Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession . Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh , Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Goa , Gujarat , Karnataka , Maharashtra , Manipur , Mizoram , Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state - hood deals . Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President 's Rule in which the central government ( through its appointed Governor ) takes control of state 's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state . Coalition politics ( edit ) Although the Constitution does not say so , India is now a multilingual federation . India has a multi-party system , with political allegiances frequently based on linguistic , regional and caste identities , necessitating coalition politics , especially at the Union level . Nigeria ( edit ) A map of the Federal Republic of Nigeria , showing its 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory Main article : Federalism in Nigeria The Federal Republic of Nigeria has various states which have evolved over time due to multiple civil wars and the effect of their colonial era . However , in modern Nigeria there are thirty six states and one federal capital territory : Abia , Adamawa , Akwa Ibom , Anambra , Bauchi , Bayelsa , Benue , Borno , Cross River , Delta , Ebonyi , Enugu , Edo , Ekiti , Gombe , Imo , Jigawa , Kaduna , Kano , Katsina , Kebbi , Kogi , Kwara , Lagos , Nasarawa , Niger , Ogun , Ondo , Osun , Oyo , Plateau , Rivers , Sokoto , Taraba , Yobe , and Zamfara , and the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) . There has been significant tension between the southern states and the northern states due to financial inequality , ethnic differences , religious conflict , and more . For example , religious conflict has led to the rise of Boko Haram , a violent Islamist militant group which practices salafi jihadism and wahhabism . In recent times , the Nigerian government has often been accused of being a northern - dominated government that seeks to exploit the south and benefit the north to the detriment of the south . This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2018 ) Malaysia ( edit ) Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy . Pakistan ( edit ) The Islamic Republic of Pakistan , consisting of its federal district , Islamabad Capital Territory ( light blue ) , the provinces of the Punjab ( dark green ) , Sindh ( dark blue ) , Balochistan ( red ) , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( yellow ) , and the territories of Gilgit - Baltistan ( pink ) and Azad Kashmir ( orange ) . Pakistan is a democratic parliamentary federal republic , with Islam as the state religion . Powers are shared between the federal government and the provinces . Relations between federation and provinces is defined in Part V ( Articles 141 - 159 ) of the constitution . Pakistan consists of four provinces and three territories , including the Islamabad Capital Territory . Levels of government ( edit ) There are several levels of government in Pakistan : Country ( e.g. Pakistan ) Province ( e.g. Punjab ) Division ( e.g. Rawalpindi Division ) District ( e.g. Jhelum District ) Tehsil ( e.g. Sohawa ) Union Council ( e.g. Domeli ) District ( edit ) The District Coordination Officer is the administrative head of the District Administration . They have wide - ranging responsibility for overseeing , improving and directing the approved plans of the District Government . The Zila Nazim used to be the executive head of the District Administration until 2010 when the government gave their powers to the District Coordination Officers also . Their role is similar to district governor or prefect , with responsibility for implementing government strategy and developing initiatives arising out of it . In order to decentralize administrative and financial authority to be accountable to Local Governments , for good governance , effective delivery of services and transparent decision making through institutionalized participation of the people at grassroots level , elections to the local government institutions are held after every four years on none party basis by the Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan . Tehsil ( edit ) Among the three tiers of local government , Tesil government is second tier of it . It is where the functions , responsibilities and authorities of districts government is divided into more smaller units , these units are known as `` Tehsil '' . The Tehsils are used in all over the Pakistan except Sindh province where the word `` Taluka '' is used instead , although the functions and authorities are same . The head of the Tehsil government is `` Tehsil Nazim '' who is assisted by the tehsil Naib - Nazim . Every tehsil has a Tehsil Municipal Administration , consisting of a Tehsil council , Tehsil Nazim , tehsil / taluka municipal officer ( TMO ) , Chief officer and other officials of local council . Union Council ( edit ) Members of Union Council including Union Administrator and Vice Union Administrator are elected through direct elections based on adult franchise and on the basis of joint electorate . However , for the election to the reserved seats for Women in Zila Council proportionately divided among Tehsils or Towns shall be all members of the Union Councils in a Tehsil or Town . It is the responsibility of the Chief Election Commissioner to organize and conduct these elections . South Africa ( edit ) Main article : Federalism in South Africa Although South Africa bears some elements of a federal system , such as the allocation of certain powers to provinces , it is nevertheless constitutionally and functionally a unitary state . Federalism in Europe ( edit ) Several federal systems exist in Europe , such as in Switzerland , Austria , Germany , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina and the European Union . In Britain , an Imperial Federation was once seen as ( inter alia ) a method of solving the Home Rule problem in Ireland ; federalism has long been proposed as a solution to the `` Irish Problem '' , and more lately , to the `` West Lothian question '' . French Revolution ( edit ) During the French Revolution , especially in 1793 , `` federalism '' had an entirely different meaning . It was a political movement to weaken the central government in Paris by devolving power to the provinces . European Union ( edit ) Following the end of World War II , several movements began advocating a European federation , such as the Union of European Federalists and the European Movement , founded in 1948 . Those organizations exercised influence in the European unification process , but never in a decisive way . Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism , the reference never made it to the text of the treaties adopted by consensus . The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany , Italy , Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom , Denmark and France ( with conservative heads of state and governments ) . Since the presidency of François Mitterrand ( 1981 - 1995 ) , the French authorities have adopted a much more pro-European Unification position , as they consider that a strong EU is presenting the best `` insurance '' against a unified Germany which might become too strong and thus a threat for its neighbours . Those uncomfortable using the `` F '' word in the EU context should feel free to refer to it as a quasi-federal or federal - like system . Nevertheless , for the purposes of the analysis here , the EU has the necessary attributes of a federal system . It is striking that while many scholars of the EU continue to resist analyzing it as a federation , most contemporary students of federalism view the EU as a federal system ( See for instance , Bednar , Filippov et al. , McKay , Kelemen , Defigueido and Weingast ) . ( R. Daniel Kelemen ) Germany ( edit ) Federal states of Germany Main article : States of Germany Main article : Federalism in Germany Germany and the EU present the only examples of federalism in the world where members of the federal `` upper houses '' ( the German Bundesrat ( Federal Council ) and the European Council ) are neither elected nor appointed but comprise members or delegates of the governments of their constituents . The United States had a similar system until 1913 , where prior to the 17th Amendment , Senators were delegates of the state elected by the state legislatures rather than the citizens . Already the Holy Roman Empire , the Confederation of the Rhine , the German Confederation , the North German Confederation , the German Empire and the Weimar Republic were federal complexes of territories of different political structures . Modern Germany abandoned federalism only during Nazism ( 1933 -- 1945 , only de facto but not de jure ) and in the German Democratic Republic ( 1952 -- 1990 ) . Adolf Hitler viewed federalism as an obstacle to his goals . As he wrote in Mein Kampf , `` National Socialism must claim the right to impose its principles on the whole German nation , without regard to what were hitherto the confines of federal states . '' Accordingly , the idea of a strong , centralized government has very negative connotations in German politics , although the progressive political movements in Germany ( Liberals , Social Democrats ) were advocating at the time of the Second German Empire ( 1871 - 1918 ) to abolish ( or to reshape ) the majority of German federated states of that era , as they were considered to be mostly monarchist remnances of the feudal structures of the Middle Ages . Russian federation ( edit ) Main article : Russian federalism Federal subjects of Russia The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR ( of which Russia was governed as part ) . It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union , with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects ( while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War ) . Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin . All of Russia 's subdivisional entities are known as subjects , with some smaller entities , such as the republics enjoying more autonomy than other subjects on account of having an extant presence of a culturally non-Russian ethnic minority or , in some cases , majority . Currently , there are 85 federal subjects of Russia . United Arab Emirates ( edit ) Map of the United Arab Emirates The UAE is a federal absolute monarchy of the six ruling families of the United Arab Emirates with Emir of each Emirate being an absolute monarch and the Emir of Abu Dhabi being also the President of the UAE . United states ( edit ) Main article : Federalism in the United States Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States . American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism . In `` Federalist No. 46 , '' James Madison asserted that the states and national government `` are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people , constituted with different powers . '' Alexander Hamilton , writing in `` Federalist No. 28 , '' suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens ' benefit : `` If their ( the peoples ' ) rights are invaded by either , they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress . '' ( 1 ) The United States is composed of fifty self - governing states and several territories . Because the states were preexisting political entities , the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government . The federal government has certain express powers ( also called enumerated powers ) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution , including the right to levy taxes , declare war , and regulate interstate and foreign commerce . In addition , the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law `` necessary and proper '' for the execution of its express powers . Other powers -- the reserved powers -- are reserved to the people or the states . The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War , and by some later amendments -- as well as the overall claim of the Civil War , that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government . The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic - Republicans , including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson . The Democratic - Republicans mainly believed that : the Legislature had too much power ( mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause ) and that they were unchecked ; the Executive had too much power , and that there was no check on the executive ; a dictator would arise ; and that a bill of rights should be coupled with the constitution to prevent a potential dictator from exploiting or tyrannizing citizens . The federalists , on the other hand , argued that it was impossible to list all the rights , and those that were not listed could be easily overlooked because they were not in the official bill of rights . Rather , rights in specific cases were to be decided by the judicial system of courts . After the American Civil War , the federal government increased greatly in influence on everyday life and in size relative to the state governments . Reasons included the need to regulate businesses and industries that span state borders , attempts to secure civil rights , and the provision of social services . The federal government acquired no substantial new powers until the acceptance by the Supreme Court of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act . From 1938 until 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress ' power under the Commerce Clause . Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers , such as the Commerce Clause , whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court in recent years . In 1995 the Supreme Court rejected the Gun - Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision , and also rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the United States v. Morrison decision . Recently , the Commerce Clause was interpreted to include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision . Dual federalism holds that the federal government and the state governments are co-equals , each sovereign . However , since the Civil War Era , the national courts often interpret the federal government as the final judge of its own powers under dual federalism . The establishment of Native American governments ( which are separate and distinct from state and federal government ) exercising limited powers of sovereignty , has given rise to the concept of `` bi-federalism . '' Venezuela ( edit ) Map of the Venezuelan federation The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces . The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a `` Federation of Sovereign States '' upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America . In this Federation , each State had a `` President '' of its own that controlled almost every issue , even the creation of `` State Armies , '' while the Federal Army was required to obtain presidential permission to enter any given state . However , more than 140 years later , the original system has gradually evolved into a quasi-centralist form of government . While the 1999 Constitution still defines Venezuela as a Federal Republic , it abolished the Senate , transferred competences of the States to the Federal Government and granted the President of the Republic vast powers to intervene in the States and Municipalities . Federalism with two components ( edit ) Belgium ( edit ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Federalism '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Belgian federal government ; Belgian federal parliament ; and Communities , regions and language areas of Belgium Federalism in the Kingdom of Belgium is an evolving system . Belgian federalism is a twin system which reflects both the linguistic communities of the country , French ( ca . 40 % of the total population ) , Dutch ( ca . 59 % ) , and to a much lesser extent German ( ca . 1 % ) and the geographically defined Regions ( federated States : Brussels - Capital ( de facto Greater Brussels ) , Flanders and Wallonia ) . The last two correspond to the language areas in Belgium , Wallonia hosting both the bulk of the French - speaking population and the German - speaking minority . In Brussels , ca . 80 % of the population speaks French and ca . 20 % Dutch with the city being an enclave of the Flemish region and officially a bilingual area . Flanders is the region associated with Belgium 's Dutch - speaking majority , i.e. the Flemish Community . Due to its relatively small size ( approximately one percent ) the German - speaking Community of Belgium does not have much influence on national politics . Wallonia is a French - speaking area , except for the German - speaking so - called East Cantons ( Cantons de l'est ) . French is the second most spoken mother tongue of Belgium , after Dutch . Within the French - speaking Community of Belgium , there is a geographical and political distinction between Wallonia and Brussels for historical and sociological reasons . Historically , the Walloons were for a federalism with three components and the Flemings for two . This difference is one of the elements which makes the Belgian issue so complicated . The Flemings wanted to defend their culture while the Walloons wanted to defend their political and economical supremacy they had in the 19th century : It is true that the Walloon movement , which has never stopped affirming that Wallonia is part of the French cultural area , has never made this cultural struggle a priority , being more concerned to struggle against its status as a political minority and the economic decline which was only a corollary to it . On one hand , this means that the Belgian political landscape , generally speaking , consists of only two components : the Dutch - speaking population represented by Dutch - language political parties , and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels , represented by their French - speaking parties . The Brussels region emerges as a third component . This specific dual form of federalism , with the special position of Brussels , consequently has a number of political issues -- even minor ones -- that are being fought out over the Dutch / French - language political division . With such issues , a final decision is possible only in the form of a compromise . This tendency gives this dual federalism model a number of traits that generally are ascribed to confederalism , and makes the future of Belgian federalism contentious . On the other hand , Belgian federalism is federated with three components . An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels ' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels . These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch - speaking parties , who are generally in favour of a federal system with two components ( i.e. the Dutch and French Communities of Belgium ) . However , the Flemish representatives in the Parliament of the Brussels Capital - Region voted in favour of the Brussels resolution , with the exception of one party . The chairman of the Walloon Parliament stated on July 17 , 2008 that , `` Brussels would take an attitude '' . Brussels ' parliament passed the resolution on July 18 , 2008 : The Parliament of the Brussels - Capital Region approves with great majority a resolution claiming the presence of Brussels itself at the negotiations of the reformation of the Belgian State . This aspect of Belgian federalism helps to explain the difficulties of partition ; Brussels , with its importance , is linked to both Wallonia and Flanders and vice versa . This situation , however , does not erase the traits of a confederation in the Belgian system . Other examples ( edit ) Official flag of Iraqi Kurdistan Ratio : 2 : 3 Current examples of two - sided federalism : Bosnia and Herzegovina is a federation of two entities : Republika Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( the latter itself a federation ) . Historical examples of two - sided federalism include : Czechoslovakia , until the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic separated in 1993 . The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , from 1992 to 2003 when it became a confederation titled the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro . This confederation expired 2006 as Montenegro declared its independence . The 1960 Constitution of Cyprus was based on the same ideas , but the union of Greeks and Turks failed . United Republic of Tanzania ( formerly United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar ) , which was the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar . Iraq adapted a federal system on 15 October 2005 , and formally recognized the Kurdistan Region as the country 's first and currently only federal region . See Constitution of Iraq for more information regarding Iraq 's method of creating federal entities . The Federal Republic of Cameroun operated between 1961 and 1972 Proposed federalism ( edit ) It has been proposed in several unitary states to establish a federal system , for various reasons . China ( edit ) Main article : Federalism in China China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area . Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries , it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country 's affairs . On the other hand , Chinese nationalists are suspicious of decentralization as a form of secessionism and a backdoor for national disunity ; still others argue that the degree of autonomy given to provincial - level officials in the People 's Republic of China amounts to a de facto federalism . Libya ( edit ) Shortly after the 2011 civil war , some people in Cyrenaica ( in the eastern region of the country ) began to call for the new regime to be federal , with the traditional three regions of Libya ( Cyrenaica , Tripolitania , and Fezzan ) being the constituent units . A group calling itself the `` Cyrenaican Transitional Council '' issued a declaration of autonomy on 6 March 2012 ; this move was rejected by the National Transitional Council in Tripoli . Myanmar ( edit ) See also : Panglong Agreement The changes in the state structure that composes the national government in Naypyitaw and the state / regional governments and the federal negotiations between the national government and ethnic minority armed forces said to be the first step of federalism in Myanmar . Former president of Myanmar , Thein Sein supported the federalization of Myanmar as he said federalization can promote national stability . Philippines ( edit ) 11 Proposed `` States '' for the proposed Federal Republic of the Philippines Main article : Federalism in the Philippines The Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units ( LGUs ) under the terms of the Local Government Code . There is also one autonomous region , the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the Philippines , including possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a semi-presidential system . In 2004 , Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo established the Consultative Commission which suggested such a Charter Change but no action was taken by the Philippine Congress to amend the 1987 Constitution . The push for federalism was again revived under the administration of Rodrigo Duterte in 2016 . Spain ( edit ) Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation , often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a `` federation without federalism '' . The country has been quoted as being `` an extraordinarily decentralized country '' , with the central government accounting for just 18 % of public spending , 38 % for the regional governments , 13 % for the local councils , and the remaining 31 % for the social security system . The current Spanish constitution has been implemented in such a way that , in many respects , Spain can be compared to countries which are undeniably federal . However , in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy , the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as ' federal ' to the territorial arrangements . Besides , unlike in the federal system , the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid ( except for the Basque Country and Navarre , which were recognized in the Spanish democratic constitution as charter territories drawing from historical reasons ) and then distributed to the Autonomous Communities . An explicit and legal recognition of federalism as such is promoted by parties such as Podemos , United Left and , more recently , the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party . The Spanish Socialist party has recently considered the idea of enshrining a federal Spain , in part , due to the increase of the Spanish peripheral nationalisms and the Catalan proposal of self - determination referenda for creating a Catalan state in Catalonia , either independent or within Spain . Sri Lanka ( edit ) Main article : Federalism in Sri Lanka This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 ) Syria ( edit ) Main article : Federalization of Syria This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 ) United Kingdom ( edit ) Map of the Countries of the United Kingdom and Regions of England The United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London . Instead of adopting a federal model , the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power . Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Following the partition of Ireland in 1921 which saw the creation of the sovereign Irish Free State ( which eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland ) , Northern Ireland retained its devolved government through the Parliament of Northern Ireland , the only part of the UK to have such a body at this time . This body was suspended in 1972 and Northern Ireland was governed by direct rule during the period of conflict known as The Troubles . In modern times , a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again . Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland , three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy . Government has been devolved to the Scottish Parliament , the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly . England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament . In 1998 a set of eight unelected Regional assemblies , or chambers , was created to support the English Regional Development Agencies , but these were abolished between 2008 and 2010 . The Regions of England continue to be used in certain governmental administrative functions . Critics of devolution often cite the West Lothian question , which refers to the voting power of non-English MPs on matters affecting only England in the UK Parliament . Scottish and Welsh nationalism have been increasing in popularity , and since the Scottish independence referendum , 2014 there has been a wider debate about the UK adopting a federal system with each of the four home nations having its own , equal devolved legislatures and law - making powers . UK federal government was proposed as early as 1912 by the Member of Parliament for Dundee , Winston Churchill , in the context of the legislation for Irish Home Rule . In a speech in Dundee on 12 September , he proposed that England should also be governed by regional parliaments , with power devolved to areas such as Lancashire , Yorkshire , the Midlands and London as part of a federal system of government . Federalism and localism in anarchist political theory ( edit ) Main article : Decentralization § Libertarian socialist decentralization Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or `` governance '' -- so long as it is self - governance utilizing direct democracy . The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists , in general , is federalism or confederalism . However , the anarchist definition of federalism tends to differ from the definition of federalism assumed by pro-state political scientists . The following is a brief description of federalism from section I. 5 of An Anarchist FAQ : `` The social and political structure of anarchy is similar to that of the economic structure , i.e. , it is based on a voluntary federation of decentralized , directly democratic policy - making bodies . These are the neighborhood and community assemblies and their confederations . In these grassroots political units , the concept of `` self - management '' becomes that of `` self - government '' , a form of municipal organisation in which people take back control of their living places from the bureaucratic state and the capitalist class whose interests it serves . ( ... ) The key to that change , from the anarchist standpoint , is the creation of a network of participatory communities based on self - government through direct , face - to - face democracy in grassroots neighborhood and community assemblies ( meetings for discussion , debate , and decision making ) . ( ... ) Since not all issues are local , the neighborhood and community assemblies will also elect mandated and re-callable delegates to the larger - scale units of self - government in order to address issues affecting larger areas , such as urban districts , the city or town as a whole , the county , the bio-region , and ultimately the entire planet . Thus the assemblies will confederate at several levels in order to develop and co-ordinate common policies to deal with common problems . ( ... ) This need for co-operation does not imply a centralized body . To exercise your autonomy by joining self - managing organisations and , therefore , agreeing to abide by the decisions you help make is not a denial of that autonomy ( unlike joining a hierarchical structure , where you forsake autonomy within the organisation ) . In a centralized system , we must stress , power rests at the top and the role of those below is simply to obey ( it matters not if those with the power are elected or not , the principle is the same ) . In a federal system , power is not delegated into the hands of a few ( obviously a `` federal '' government or state is a centralized system ) . Decisions in a federal system are made at the base of the organisation and flow upwards so ensuring that power remains decentralized in the hands of all . Working together to solve common problems and organize common efforts to reach common goals is not centralization and those who confuse the two make a serious error -- they fail to understand the different relations of authority each generates and confuse obedience with co-operation . '' Christian church ( edit ) See also : Subsidiarity Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology ( the doctrine of the church ) . For example , presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism ( a form of political federalism ) to a large extent . In Presbyterian denominations , the local church is ruled by elected elders , some of which are ministerial . Each church then sends representatives or commissioners to presbyteries and further to a general assembly . Each greater level of assembly has ruling authority over its constituent members . In this governmental structure , each component has some level of sovereignty over itself . As in political federalism , in presbyterian ecclesiology there is shared sovereignty . Other ecclesiologies also have significant representational and federalistic components , including the more anarchic congregational ecclesiology , and even in more hierarchical episcopal ecclesiology . Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism ( or federalism in human institutions ; in contrast to theological federalism ) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible . They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described ( and prescribed , as believed by many ) in the New Testament . In their arguments , this is particularly demonstrated in the Council of Jerusalem , described in Acts chapter 15 , where the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church ; the Apostles being representatives of the universal Church , and elders being such for the local church . To this day , elements of federalism can be found in almost every Christian denomination , some more than others . Constitutional structure ( edit ) Division of powers ( edit ) Not to be confused with separation of powers . In a federation , the division of power between federal and regional governments is usually outlined in the constitution . Almost every country allows some degree of regional self - government , in federations the right to self - government of the component states is constitutionally entrenched . Component states often also possess their own constitutions which they may amend as they see fit , although in the event of conflict the federal constitution usually takes precedence . In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers . Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state , per the UN definition . Notably , the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level , a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria 's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871 . Beyond this the precise division of power varies from one nation to another . The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states . The Constitution of some countries like Canada and India , on the other hand , state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial governments are retained by the federal government . Much like the US system , the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government ( the Commonwealth of Australia ) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage , so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility . Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty , powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states . Satiric depiction of late 19th century political tensions in Spain Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers , we are said to find ' symmetric federalism ' . Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers , or some possess greater autonomy than others do . This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions . In Spain , the Basques and Catalans , as well as the Galicians , spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized , crystallizing in the `` historical communities '' such as Navarre , Galicia , Catalonia , and the Basque Country . They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions , or the Spain of the autonomous communities ( called also the `` coffee for everyone '' arrangement ) , partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings , partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history . However , strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism , but a decentralized administrative organization of the state . It is common that during the historical evolution of a federation there is a gradual movement of power from the component states to the centre , as the federal government acquires additional powers , sometimes to deal with unforeseen circumstances . The acquisition of new powers by a federal government may occur through formal constitutional amendment or simply through a broadening of the interpretation of a government 's existing constitutional powers given by the courts . Usually , a federation is formed at two levels : the central government and the regions ( states , provinces , territories ) , and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities . Brazil is an exception , because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite , encompassing the Union , the States , and the municipalities . Each state is divided into municipalities ( municípios ) with their own legislative council ( câmara de vereadores ) and a mayor ( prefeito ) , which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government . Each municipality has a `` little constitution '' , called `` organic law '' ( lei orgânica ) . Mexico is an intermediate case , in that municipalities are granted full - autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities ( municipio libre , `` free municipality '' ) is established by the federal government and can not be revoked by the states ' constitutions . Moreover , the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states . However , municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly . Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states , while still being states ( or having aspects of statehood ) in themselves . For example , James Madison ( author of the US Constitution ) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution `` is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution ; but a composition of both . In its foundation , it is federal , not national ; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn , it is partly federal , and partly national ... '' This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent . This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people . Bicameralism ( edit ) The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states . One method , known as ' intrastate federalism ' , is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions . Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole . A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment , as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia , where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population . Alternatively , or in addition to this practice , the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states , as occurred in the United States prior to 1913 , or be actual members or delegates of the state governments , as , for example , is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union . The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected , with apportionment in proportion to population , although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats . Intergovernmental relations ( edit ) In Canada , the provincial governments represent regional interests and negotiate directly with the central government . A First Ministers conference of the prime minister and the provincial premiers is the de facto highest political forum in the land , although it is not mentioned in the constitution . Constitutional change ( edit ) Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution . As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self - governing status of the component states can not be abolished without their consent . An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three - quarters of either the state legislatures , or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states , before it can come into effect . In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole , but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons . In Australia , this latter requirement is known as a double majority . Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments can not occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state . The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent . In Australia , if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states , then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states . Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces . The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system . Other technical terms ( edit ) Fiscal federalism -- the relative financial positions and the financial relations between the levels of government in a federal system . Formal federalism ( or ' constitutional federalism ' ) -- the delineation of powers is specified in a written constitution , which may or may not correspond to the actual operation of the system in practice . Executive federalism refers in the English - speaking tradition to the intergovernmental relationships between the executive branches of the levels of government in a federal system and in the continental European tradition to the way constituent units ' execute ' or administer laws made centrally . Federalism as a political philosophy ( edit ) Main article : Federalist The meaning of federalism , as a political movement , and of what constitutes a ' federalist ' , varies with country and historical context . Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends . For example , at the time those nations were being established , factions known as `` federalists '' in the United States and Australia advocated the formation of strong central government . Similarly , in European Union politics , federalists mostly seek greater EU integration . In contrast , in Spain and in post-war Germany , federal movements have sought decentralisation : the transfer of power from central authorities to local units . In Canada , where Quebec separatism has been a political force for several decades , the `` federalist '' impulse aims to keep Quebec inside Canada . Federalism as a conflict reducing device ( edit ) Federalism , and other forms of territorial autonomy , is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order to prevent violence among different groups within countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level . Some scholars have suggested , however , that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto - states . Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms that encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries . See also ( edit ) Consociationalism Cooperative federalism Democratic World Federalists Federal Union Layer cake federalism Pillarisation States ' rights Union of Utrecht World Federalist Movement Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1946 , scholar Kenneth Wheare observed that the two levels of government in the US were ' co-equally supreme ' . In this he echoed the perspective of the founding fathers , James Madison in Federalist 39 having seen the several states as forming ' distinct and independent portions of the supremacy ' in relation to the general government . Wheare , Kenneth ( 1946 ) Federal Government , Oxford University Press , London , pp. 10 - 15 . Madison , James , Hamilton , Alexander and Jay , John ( 1987 ) The Federalist Papers , Penguin , Harmondsworth , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Law , John ( 2013 ) ' How Can We Define Federalism ? ' , in Perspectives on Federalism , Vol. 5 , No. 3 , pp. E105 - 6 . http://www.on-federalism.eu/attachments/169_download.pdf Jump up ^ Wheare , Kenneth ( 1946 ) , pp. 31 - 2 . Jump up ^ See diagram below . Jump up ^ Diamond , Martin ( 1961 ) `` The Federalist 's View of Federalism '' , in Benson , George ( ed . ) Essays in Federalism , Institute for Studies in Federalism , Claremont , p. 22 . Downs , William ( 2011 ) ' Comparative Federalism , Confederalism , Unitary Systems ' , in Ishiyama , John and Breuning , Marijke ( eds ) Twenty - first Century Political Science : A Reference Handbook , Sage , Los Angeles , Vol . I , pp. 168 - 9 . Hueglin , Thomas and Fenna , Alan ( 2006 ) Comparative Federalism : A Systematic Inquiry , Broadview , Peterborough , p. 31 . Jump up ^ See Law , John ( 2013 ) , p. 104 . http://www.on-federalism.eu/attachments/169_download.pdf This author identifies two distinct federal forms , where before only one was known , based upon whether sovereignty ( conceived in its core meaning of ultimate authority ) resides in the whole ( in one people ) or in the parts ( in many peoples ) . This is determined by the absence or presence of a right of secession for the parts . The structures are termed , respectively , the federal state ( or federation ) and the federal union of states ( or federal union ) . Jump up ^ Madison , James , Hamilton , Alexander and Jay , John ( 1987 ) The Federalist Papers , Penguin , Harmondsworth , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Law , John ( 2012 ) ' Sense on Federalism ' , in Political Quarterly , Vol. 83 , No. 3 , p. 544 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Meyer - Resende , ( https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/18/why-talk-of-federalism-wont-help-peace-in-syria-assad/ Why Talk of Federalism Wo n't Help Peace in Syria , Foreign Policy ( March 18 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ ' The Federal Experience in Yugoslavia ' , Mihailo Markovic , page 75 ; included in ' Rethinking Federalism : Citizens , Markets , and Governments in a changing world ' , edited by Karen Knop , Sylvia Ostry , Richard Simeon , Katherine Swinton Google books Jump up ^ Daniel Ziblatt ( 2008 ) . Structuring the State : The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ `` The Churchill Society London . Churchill 's Speeches '' . www.churchill-society-london.org.uk . ^ Jump up to : Indian Constitution at Work . NCERT . pp. 232 , 233 . Jump up ^ Johnson , A `` Federalism : The Indian Experience `` , HSRC Press , 1996 , Pg 3 , ISBN Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of Pakistan Article 1 ( 2 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of Pakistan Article 1 ( 1 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 : `` Distribution of Legislative Powers '' of Part V : `` Relations between Federation and Provinces '' `` . Pakistani.org . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of Pakistan Article 1 ( 2 ) '' . Jump up ^ DCO job description Archived 2013 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Zila Nazim job description Archived 2007 - 07 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wright , Jonathan Haydn Faure ( Mar 31 , 2014 ) . `` The type of government in the Republic of South Africa - Examining the presence of federal and unitary state elements in the republic '' . www.researchgate.net . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . After careful research and analysis of various sources and the constitution , it can be confirmed that the government system in the Republic of South Africa is a unitary system . Observance of the government in action as well as analysis of the constitution has contributed to this confirmation . Despite the delocalisation enjoyed within the republic , the federal principle is not evident enough and it failed Wheare 's very simple federal test right in the beginning Jump up ^ `` UK Politics : Talking Politics The West Lothian Question '' . BBC News . 1 June 1998 . Jump up ^ Bill Edmonds , `` ' Federalism ' and Urban Revolt in France in 1793 , '' Journal of Modern History ( 1983 ) 55 # 1 pp 22 - 53 in JSTOR Jump up ^ François Furet and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , pp. 54 - 64 Jump up ^ Kelemen , R. Daniel ( September 2005 ) . `` Built to Last ? The durability of EU federalism '' ( PDF ) . Princeton University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bernt Engelmann , Einig gegen Recht und Freiheit , p7ff , publ . Goldmann , Munich 1975 Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA With Explanatory Notes '' . U.S. Department of State 's Bureau of International Information Programs . Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) '' Taalgebruik in Brussel en de plaats van het Nederlands . Enkele recente bevindingen '' , Rudi Janssens , Brussels Studies , Nummer 13 , 7 January 2008 ( see page 4 ) . Jump up ^ See : Witte , Els & Craeybeckx , Jan . Politieke geschiedenis van België . Antwerpen , SWU , pp. 455 , 459 - 460 . Jump up ^ `` ligne.net/Wallonie_Politique/1995_Destatte_Philippe_Wallonia-Identity.htm Wallonia today - The search for an identity without nationalist mania - ( 1995 ) '' Check url = value ( help ) . Jump up ^ Charles Picqué , Minister - President of the Brussels - Capital Region said in a September , 2008 declaration in Namur at the National Walloon Feast : It is , besides , impossible to have a debate about the institutions of Belgium in which Brussels would be excluded . ( French Il n'est d'ailleurs , pas question d'imaginer un débat institutionnel dont Bruxelles serait exclu. ( 1 ) ) The Brussels - Capital Region has claimed and obtained a special place in the current negotiations about the reformation of the Belgian state . ( French Pendant 18 ans , Bruxelles est demeurée sans statut ( ... ) L'absence de statut pour Bruxelles s'expliquait par la différence de vision que partis flamands et partis francophones en avaient : ( les partis flamands étaient ) allergiques à la notion de Région ( ... ) les francophones ( ... ) considéraient que Bruxelles devait devenir une Région à part entière ( ... ) Les partis flamands ont accepté ( en 1988 ) la création d'une troisième Région et l'exercice par celle - ci des mêmes compétences que celles des deux autres ... C.E. Lagasse , Les nouvelles institutions politiques de la Belgique et de l'Europe , Erasme , Namur , 2003 , pp. 177 - 178 ISBN ) Jump up ^ `` Brussels '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Bruxelles dans l'oeil du cyclone '' ( in French ) . France 2 . Jump up ^ Libre.be , La . `` Les Wallons pour un fédéralisme à trois '' . ^ Jump up to : Libre.be , La . `` La Région bruxelloise veut négocier '' . Jump up ^ `` Le Vif '' . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Libya declares autonomy '' . Russia Today . 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Libya declares semiautonomous region '' . Google News . The Associated Press . 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands rally in Libya against autonomy for east '' . Reuters. 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomson Reuters Foundation News , Information and Connections for Action Archived June 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Trust.org ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/federalism-and-state-formation-in-myanmar.html Jump up ^ https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/10/the-united-states-of-myanmar Jump up ^ The Federal Option and Constitutional Management of Diversity in Spain Xavier Arbós Marín , page 375 ; included in ' The Ways of Federalism in Western Countries and the Horizons of Territorial Autonomy in Spain ' ( volume 2 ) , edited by Alberto López - Eguren and Leire Escajedo San Epifanio ; edited by Springer ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 27716 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 27717 - 7 ( eBook ) Jump up ^ Mallet , Victor ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` Flimsier footings '' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` A survey of Spain : How much is enough ? '' . The Economist. 6 November 2008 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ The Federal Option and Constitutional Management of Diversity in Spain Xavier Arbós Marín , page 381 ; included in ' The Ways of Federalism in Western Countries and the Horizons of Territorial Autonomy in Spain ' ( volume 2 ) , edited by Alberto López - Eguren and Leire Escajedo San Epifanio ; edited by Springer ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 27716 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 27717 - 7 ( eBook ) Jump up ^ Federalism . El País . Jump up ^ El PSOE plantea una reforma de la Constitución para una España federal . El País . Jump up ^ Mas encarga el diseño de un Estado catalán . El País . Jump up ^ `` Devolution : A beginner 's guide '' . BBC News . 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , James ( 2011 ) . Devolution in the UK . Manchester University Press . ISBN 9780719053597 . Jump up ^ Williams , Shirley ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` How Scotland could lead the way towards a federal UK '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local Parliaments For England . Mr. Churchill 's Outline Of A Federal System , Ten Or Twelve Legislatures '' . The Times . 13 September 1912 . p. 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Mr. Winston Churchill 's speech at Dundee '' . The Spectator : 2 . 14 September 1912 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Anarchist Writers . `` I. 5 What could the social structure of anarchy look like ? '' An Anarchist FAQ . http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionI5 Jump up ^ Arend Lijphart. 1977 . Democracy in Plural Societies : A Comparative Exploration . New Haven CT : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Henry E. Hale . Divided We Stand : Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse . World Politics 56 ( 2 ) : 165 - 193 . Jump up ^ Dawn Brancati. 2009 . Peace by Design : Managing Intrastate Conflict through Decentralization . Oxford : Oxford UP . External links ( edit ) Look up federalism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federalism . P. - J. Proudhon , The Principle of Federation , 1863 . A Comparative Bibliography : Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law A Rhetoric for Ratification : The Argument of the Federalist and its Impact on Constitutional Interpretation Brainstorming National ( in French ) Teaching about Federalism in the United States - From the Education Resources Information Center Clearinghouse for Social Studies / Social Science Education Bloomington , Indiana . An Ottawa , Ontario , Canada - based international organization for federal countries that share best practices among countries with that system of government Tenth Amendment Center Federalism and States Rights in the U.S. BackStory Radio episode on the origins and current status of Federalism Constitutional law scholar Hester Lessard discusses Vancouver 's Downtown Eastside and jurisdictional justice McGill University , 2011 General Federalism Autonomous types of first - tier subdivision administration Federalism Asymmetric federalism Confederation Corporative federalism Dual federalism Ethnic federalism Federacy Federal monarchy Federal republic Federated state Federation Fiscal federalism Symmetric federalism Unitary state Devolution Regional state See also Constituent state Autonomy Autonomous area Decentralization Home rule Multinational state Personal union Subsidiarity Supranationalism Tribal sovereignty GND : 4017754 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalism&oldid=855934798 '' Categories : Federalism Political systems Political theories Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Dutch - language external links Pages with URL errors CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages with login required references or sources Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles to be expanded from August 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from August 2018 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles to be expanded from November 2016 Articles with empty sections from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Limburgs Lumbaart मैथिली മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 20 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what form of federalism was most recently associated with the united states | [
"Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In \"Federalist No. 46,\" James Madison asserted that the states and national government \"are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers.\" Alexander Hamilton, writing in \"Federalist No. 28,\" suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: \"If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress.\" (1)\n"
] | [
"associative federalism"
] |
1583715539190435070 | History of Russia (1991–present) | History of Russia ( 1991 -- present ) - Wikipedia History of Russia ( 1991 -- present ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Post-Soviet Russia '' redirects here . You may be looking for Russia itself or for Politics of Russia after dissolution of the Soviet Union . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Macedonian . ( September 2013 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Macedonian article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated mk Историја на Руската Федерација ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian . ( November 2014 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Russian article . 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( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of Russia Cimmerians 12th -- 7th century BCE Scythians 8th -- 4th century BCE Sarmatians 5th century BCE -- 4th century CE Early Slavs / Rus ' pre-9th century Khazar Khaganate 7th -- 10th century Rus ' Khaganate 9th century Volga Bulgaria 9th -- 13th century Kievan Rus ' 882 -- 1240 Vladimir - Suzdal 1157 -- 1331 Novgorod Republic 1136 -- 1478 Mongol Yoke 1240s -- 1480 Grand Duchy of Moscow 1283 -- 1547 Tsardom of Russia 1547 -- 1721 Russian Empire 1721 -- 1917 Russian Republic 1917 Russian SFSR 1917 -- 1922 Soviet Union 1922 -- 1991 Russian Federation 1991 -- present Timeline Russia portal The history of Russia from 1991 to the present began with the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991 , and the establishment of the Russian Federation . The Russian Federation ( RSFSR ) was the largest republic within the USSR , however , until 1990 , it had no significant independence . The Russian Federation was the largest of the fifteen republics that made up the Soviet Union , accounting for over 60 % of the gross domestic product ( GDP ) and over 50 % of the Soviet population . Russians also dominated the Soviet military and the Communist Party ( CPSU ) . As such , the Russian Federation was widely accepted as the Soviet Union 's successor state in diplomatic affairs and it assumed the USSR 's permanent membership and veto in the UN Security Council ( see Russia and the United Nations ) , as well as any Olympic medals won by Soviet athletes. The Russian Federation nonetheless lacks the military and political power of the former Soviet Union , as well as the territorial boundaries . Prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Boris Yeltsin had been elected President of Russia in June 1991 in the first direct presidential election in Russian history . This ensured that Yeltsin would be the political leader of the Russian successor state following dissolution . This situation resulted in political turmoil as the Soviet and Russian leadership wrestled for control , which culminated in the 1991 August Putsch , where the Soviet military attempted to overthrow Gorbachev . Although the coup was ultimately averted , this situation contributed to rising instability in the Soviet Union . By October 1991 , as the USSR was on the verge of collapse , Yeltsin announced that Russia would proceed with radical reforms , including market - oriented reform along the lines of Poland 's `` big bang '' , also known as `` shock therapy '' . For the most part , the Russian armed forces were in near complete disarray by 1992 , one year after dissolution . This degraded military effectiveness would become all too clear during the 1994 Chechen War , but in the interim , this posed some significant practical challenges for global security and arms control . Under Russian leadership , the Lisbon Protocol ensured that former Soviet republics would disarm themselves of nuclear weapons . This may have been particularly important for Kazakhstan which hosted a significant share of the world 's nuclear weapons immediately following the dissolution of the Soviet Union . The former Soviet republics were able to maintain transnational cooperation in other military areas however , like establishing shared responsibility for the rocket and space infrastructure , such as the Baikonur Cosmodrome . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reforms 1.1 `` Shock Therapy '' 1.2 Obstacles to Reform 1.3 Depression 1.4 Backlash 1.5 Reform by decree 2 Crisis 2.1 Constitutional Crisis 2.2 First Chechen War 2.3 Rise of the oligarchs 2.4 Presidential election of 1996 2.4. 1 Campaigns 2.4. 2 Elections 2.5 Financial collapse 2.5. 1 Political fallout 2.5. 2 Recovery 2.6 Succession crisis 3 Vladimir Putin 3.1 2014 annexation of Crimea 4 Relations with the West 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Reforms ( edit ) `` Shock therapy '' ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Russia See also : Economy of the Soviet Union This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Russian economy since fall of the Soviet Union The conversion of the world 's largest state - controlled economy into a market - oriented economy would have been extraordinarily difficult regardless of the policies chosen . The policies chosen for this difficult transition were ( 1 ) liberalization , ( 2 ) stabilization , and ( 3 ) privatization . These policies were based on the neoliberal `` Washington Consensus '' of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , World Bank , and U.S. Treasury Department . The programs of liberalization and stabilization were designed by Yeltsin 's deputy prime minister Yegor Gaidar , a 35 - year - old liberal economist inclined toward radical reform , and widely known as an advocate of `` shock therapy '' . Shock therapy was originally used in Bolivia by notable economist Jeffery Sachs to combat inflation in the 1980s . Having achieved some major successes in Bolivia , shock therapy was then imported to the Polish context following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , and Russia shortly after . The partial results of liberalization ( lifting price controls ) included worsening already apparent hyperinflation , initially due to monetary overhang and exacerbated after the central bank , an organ under parliament , which was skeptical of Yeltsin 's reforms , was short of revenue and printed money to finance its debt . This resulted in the near bankruptcy of much of Russian industry . The process of liberalization would create winners and losers , depending on how particular industries , classes , age groups , ethnic groups , regions , and other sectors of Russian society were positioned . Some would benefit by the opening of competition ; others would suffer . Among the winners were the new class of entrepreneurs and black marketeers that had emerged under Mikhail Gorbachev 's perestroika . But liberalizing prices meant that the elderly and others on fixed incomes would suffer a severe drop in living standards , and people would see a lifetime of savings wiped out . With inflation at double - digit rates per month as a result of printing , macroeconomic stabilization was enacted to curb this trend . Stabilization , also called structural adjustment , is a harsh austerity regime ( tight monetary policy and fiscal policy ) for the economy in which the government seeks to control inflation . Under the stabilization program , the government let most prices float , raised interest rates to record highs , raised heavy new taxes , sharply cut back on government subsidies to industry and construction , and made massive cuts in state welfare spending . These policies caused widespread hardship as many state enterprises found themselves without orders or financing . A deep credit crunch shut down many industries and brought about a protracted depression . The rationale of the program was to squeeze the built - in inflationary pressure out of the economy so that producers would begin making sensible decisions about production , pricing and investment instead of chronically overusing resources -- a problem that resulted in shortages of consumer goods in the Soviet Union in the 1980s . By letting the market rather than central planners determine prices , product mixes , output levels , and the like , the reformers intended to create an incentive structure in the economy where efficiency and risk would be rewarded and waste and carelessness were punished . Removing the causes of chronic inflation , the reform architects argued , was a precondition for all other reforms : Hyperinflation would wreck both democracy and economic progress , they argued ; they also argued that only by stabilizing the state budget could the government proceed to dismantle the Soviet planned economy and create a new capitalist Russia . Obstacles to reform ( edit ) The former Soviet Union was to deal with a number of unique obstacles during the post-Soviet transition including political reform , economic restructuring and the redrawing of political boundaries . The discomfort associated with these changes was not felt the same in each former Soviet republic . As a general rule , states to Russia 's west , such as Poland , Hungary , and the Czech Republic , have fared slightly better then their eastern neighbours since the collapse of the Eastern bloc , while Russia itself and countries to Russia 's east experienced greater difficulties and found themselves on worse footing immediately after dissolution . A major reason that Russia 's transition has been so wrenching is that the country is remaking both its Soviet - era political and economic institutions at once . In addition to institutional reforms designed to create a new political - economic system , Russia was also charged with remaking itself into a new national state following the disintegration of the Soviet Union . The first major problem facing Russia was the legacy of the Soviet Union 's enormous commitment to the Cold War . In the late 1980s , the Soviet Union devoted a quarter of its gross economic output to the defense sector ( at the time most Western analysts believed that this figure was 15 percent ) . At the time , the military - industrial complex employed at least one of every five adults in the Soviet Union . In some regions of Russia , at least half of the workforce was employed in defense plants . ( The comparable U.S. figures were roughly one - sixteenth of gross national product and about one of every sixteen in the workforce . ) These over-reliance on the military sector made Russian industry and human capital relatively noncompetitive upon entry into a market - oriented system . Furthermore , the end of the Cold War and the cutback in military spending affected industry quite dramatically making it difficulty to quickly retool equipment , retrain workers , and find new markets . In the process of economic re-tooling , an enormous body of experience , qualified specialists and know - how was lost or misallocated , as the plants were sometimes switching from , for example , producing hi - tech military equipment to making kitchen utensils . A second obstacle , partly related to the sheer vastness and geographical diversity of the Russian landmass , was the sizable number of `` mono - industrial '' regional economies ( regions dominated by a single industrial employer ) that Russia inherited from the Soviet Union . The concentration of production in a relatively small number of big state enterprises meant that many local governments were entirely dependent on the economic health of a single employer ; when the Soviet Union collapsed and the economic ties between Soviet republics and even regions were severed , the production in the whole country dropped by more than fifty percent . Roughly half of Russia 's cities had only one large industrial enterprise , and three fourths had no more than four . Consequently , the decrease in production caused tremendous unemployment and underemployment . Thirdly , post-Soviet Russia did not inherit a system of state social security and welfare from the USSR . Instead the companies , mainly large industrial firms , were traditionally responsible for a broad range of social welfare functions -- building and maintaining housing for their workforces , and managing health , recreational , educational , and similar facilities . The towns in contrast possessed neither the apparatus nor the funds for the provision of basic social services . Industrial employees were left heavily dependent on their firms . Thus , economic transformation created severe problems in maintaining social welfare since local governments were unable to assume finance or operational responsibility for these functions . Finally , there is a human capital dimension to the failure of post-Soviet reforms in Russia . The former Soviet population was not necessarily uneducated . Literacy was nearly universal , and the educational level of the Soviet population was among the highest in the world with respect to science , engineering , and some technical disciplines , although the Soviets devoted little to what would be described as `` liberal arts '' in the West . With the move to a post-Communist system , the Russian university system collapsed . Rampant credential inflation in the Russian university system made it difficult for employers to determine who was really skilled and the problems of the higher education system more generally made it difficult to remedy other issues of human capital that came from the transition to a market - oriented system , such as upskilling and re-skilling . For example , former state enterprise managers were highly skilled at coping with the demands on them under the Soviet system of planned production targets , but discouraged the risk - and - reward centered behavior of market capitalism . These managers were responsible for a broad array of social welfare functions for their employees , their families , and the population of the towns and regions where they were located . Profitability and efficiency , however , were generally not the most prominent priorities for Soviet enterprise managers . Thus , almost no Soviet employees or managers had firsthand experience with decision - making in the conditions of a market economy . Depression ( edit ) An abandoned radiotelescope facility near Nizhny Novgorod . ( Photo taken in 2006 ; by 2008 , the telescopes had been removed ) After the initial turmoil and euphoria of early marketizations , Russia 's economy sank into deep depression by the mid-1990s due to botched reform efforts and low commodity prices globally . Russia 's economy was hit further by the financial crash of 1998 before experiencing a modest recovery in 1999 -- 2000 as commodity prices began to rise again . According to Russian government statistics , the economic decline was far more severe than the Great Depression was in the United States in terms of Gross Domestic Product . By way of a domestic comparison , the post-Soviet economic decline was about half as severe as the economic catastrophe borne out of the immediate consequence of World War I , the fall of Tsarism , and the Russian Civil War . Following the economic collapse of the early 1990s , Russia suffered from a sharp increase in the rates of poverty and economic inequality . Estimates by the World Bank based on both macroeconomic data and surveys of household incomes and expenditures indicate that whereas 1.5 % of the population was living in poverty ( defined as income below the equivalent of $25 per month ) in the late Soviet era , by mid-1993 between 39 % and 49 % of the population was living in poverty . Per capita incomes fell by another 15 % by 1998 , according to government figures . Public health indicators show a dramatic corresponding decline . Although all post-Soviet countries experience an immediate decline in birth - rates due to economic turmoil this may have been particularly acute in Russia . In 1999 , total population fell by about three - quarters of a million people . Meanwhile , life expectancy dropped for men from 64 years in 1990 to 57 years by 1994 , while women 's dropped from 74 to about 71 . Both health factors and a sharp increase in deaths of the youth demographic from unnatural causes ( such as murders , suicides , and accidents ) have significantly contributed to this trend . Closely related to the declining life expectancy , alcohol - related deaths skyrocketed 60 % in the 1990s and deaths from infectious and parasitic diseases shot up 100 % , mainly because medicines were no longer affordable to the poor . As of 2009 , life expectancy is higher than at the nadir of the crisis in 1994 , yet it still remains below the 1990 level , with men living to 59 , and with women 's life expectancy decreasing to 70 . While Russia no longer suffered from the supply shortages of consumer goods that were so characteristic of the 1980s USSR ( see Consumer goods in the Soviet Union ) , this was not only related to the opening of the Russian market to imports in the early 1990s but also to the relative impoverishment of the Russian people in the 1980s . Russians on fixed incomes ( the vast majority of the workforce ) saw their purchasing power drastically reduced , so while the stores might have been well stocked in the Yeltsin era , average people could now afford to buy little , if anything from these stores . By 2011 , the average income has risen to more than $700 per month , emblematic of the mild recovery in recent years thanks to a large extent to high oil prices . The growing income , however , has not been evenly distributed . The social inequality has risen sharply during the 1990s with the Gini coefficient , for example , reaching 42 % by the end of 2010 . Russia 's income disparities are now nearly as large as Brazil ( which has long been among the world leader in inequality ) while regional disparities in the level of poverty continue to trend upwards . Backlash ( edit ) Structural reform and a severe devaluation of the ruble lowered the standard of living for most segments of the Russian population . As a result , there was powerful political opposition to reform . Democratization opened the political channels for venting these frustrations , which translated into votes for anti-reform candidates , especially those of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and its allies in the Duma . Russian voters , able to vote for opposition parties in the 1990s , often rejected economic reforms and yearned for the stability and personal security of the Soviet era . These were the groups that had enjoyed the benefits of Soviet - era state - controlled wages and prices , high state spending to subsidize priority sectors of the economy , protection from competition with foreign industries , and welfare entitlement programs . During the Yeltsin years in the 1990s , these anti-reformist groups were well organized , voicing their opposition to reform through strong trade unions , associations of directors of state - owned firms , and political parties in the popularly elected parliament whose primary constituencies were among those vulnerable to reform . A constant theme of Russian history in the 1990s was the conflict between economic reformers and those hostile to the new capitalism . Reform by decree ( edit ) On January 2 , 1992 , Yeltsin -- acting as his own prime minister -- enacted the most comprehensive components of economic reform by decree , thereby circumventing the Supreme Soviet of Russia and Congress of People 's Deputies of Russia , which had been elected in March 1990 , before the dissolution of the USSR . While this spared Yeltsin from the prospects of bargaining and wrangling with Soviet deputies , it also eliminated any meaningful discussion of the right course of action for the country . Nonetheless , radical reform continued to face some critical political barriers . The Soviet - era Central Bank was still subordinate to the conservative Supreme Soviet who continued to support socialist policies in opposition to Yeltsin and the presidency . During the height of hyperinflation in 1992 -- 1993 , the Central Bank actually tried to derail reforms by actively printing even more money during this period of inflation . After all , the Russian government was short of revenue and was forced to print money to finance its debt . As a result , inflation exploded into hyperinflation , and the Russian economy continued into an evermore serious slump . Crisis ( edit ) Constitutional crisis ( edit ) Main article : 1993 Russian constitutional crisis The struggle for the center of power in post-Soviet Russia and for the nature of the economic reforms culminated in a political crisis and bloodshed in the autumn of 1993 . Yeltsin , who represented a course of radical privatization , was opposed by the parliament . Confronted with opposition to the presidential power of decree and threatened with impeachment , he `` dissolved '' the parliament on September 21 , in contravention of the existing constitution , and ordered new elections and a referendum on a new constitution . The parliament then declared Yeltsin deposed and appointed Aleksandr Rutskoy acting president on September 22 . Tensions built quickly , and matters came to a head after street riots on October 2 -- October 3 . On October 4 , Yeltsin ordered Special Forces and elite army units to storm the parliament building , the `` White House '' as it is called . With tanks thrown against the small - arms fire of the parliamentary defenders , the outcome was not in doubt . Rutskoy , Ruslan Khasbulatov , and the other parliamentary supporters surrendered and were immediately arrested and jailed . The official count was 187 dead , 437 wounded ( with several men killed and wounded on the presidential side ) . Thus the transitional period in post-Soviet Russian politics came to an end . A new constitution was approved by referendum in December 1993 . Russia was given a strongly presidential system . Radical privatization went ahead . Although the old parliamentary leaders were released without trial on February 26 , 1994 , they would not play an open role in politics thereafter . Though its clashes with the executive would eventually resume , the remodeled Russian parliament had greatly circumscribed powers . ( For details on the constitution passed in 1993 see Constitution and government structure of Russia . ) First Chechen War ( edit ) Main article : First Chechen War See also : Second Chechen War A Russian Mil Mi - 8 helicopter brought down by Chechen insurgents near Grozny in 1994 In 1994 , Yeltsin despatched 40,000 troops to the southern region of Chechnya to prevent its secession from Russia . Living 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) south of Moscow , the predominantly Muslim Chechens for centuries had gloried in defying the Russians . Dzhokhar Dudayev , the Republic of Chechnya 's nationalist president , was driven to take his republic out of the Russian Federation , and had declared Chechnya 's independence in 1991 . Russia was quickly submerged in a quagmire like that of the U.S. in the Vietnam War . When the Russians attacked the Chechen capital of Grozny during the first weeks of January 1995 , about 25,000 civilians died under week - long air raids and artillery fire in the sealed - off city . Massive use of artillery and air - strikes remained the dominating strategy throughout the Russian campaign . Even so , Chechen forces seized thousands of Russian hostages , while inflicting humiliating losses on the demoralized and ill - equipped Russian troops . Russian troops had not secured the Chechen capital of Grozny by year 's end . The Russians finally managed to gain control of Grozny in February 1995 after heavy fighting . In August 1996 , Yeltsin agreed to a ceasefire with Chechen leaders , and a peace treaty was formally signed in May 1997 . However , the conflict resumed in 1999 , thus rendering the 1997 peace accord meaningless . This time the rebellion was brutally crushed by Vladimir Putin . Rise of the oligarchs ( edit ) Main articles : Privatization in Russia and Russian oligarch The new capitalist opportunities presented by the opening of the Russian economy in the late 1980s and early 1990s affected many people 's interests . As the Soviet system was being dismantled , well - placed bosses and technocrats in the Communist Party , KGB , and Komsomol ( Soviet Youth League ) were cashing in on their Soviet - era power and privileges . Some quietly liquidated the assets of their organization and secreted the proceeds in overseas accounts and investments . Others created banks and business in Russia , taking advantage of their insider positions to win exclusive government contracts and licenses and to acquire financial credits and supplies at artificially low , state - subsidized prices in order to transact business at high , market - value prices . Great fortunes were made almost overnight . At the same time , a few young people , without much social status , saw opportunity in the economic and legal confusion of the transition . Between 1987 and 1992 , trading of natural resources and foreign currencies , as well as imports of highly demanded consumer goods and then domestic production of their rudimentary substitutes , rapidly enabled these pioneering entrepreneurs to accumulate considerable wealth . In turn , the emerging cash - based , highly opaque markets provided a breeding ground for a large number of racket gangs . By the mid-1990s , the best - connected former nomenklatura leaders accumulated considerable financial resources , while on the other hand , the most successful entrepreneurs became acquainted with government officials and public politicians . The privatization of state enterprises was a unique opportunity because it gave many of those who had gained wealth in the early 1990s a chance to convert it into shares of privatized enterprises . The Yeltsin government hoped to use privatization to spread ownership of shares in former state enterprises as widely as possible to create political support for his government and his reforms . The government used a system of free vouchers as a way to give mass privatization a jump - start . But it also allowed people to purchase shares of stock in privatized enterprises with cash . Even though initially each citizen received a voucher of equal face value , within months most of the vouchers converged in the hands of intermediaries who were ready to buy them for cash right away . As the government ended the voucher privatization phase and launched cash privatization , it devised a program that it thought would simultaneously speed up privatization and yield the government a much - needed infusion of cash for its operating needs . Under the scheme , which quickly became known in the West as `` loans for shares , '' the Yeltsin regime auctioned off substantial packages of stock shares in some of its most desirable enterprises , such as energy , telecommunications , and metallurgical firms , as collateral for bank loans . In exchange for the loans , the state handed over assets worth many times as much . Under the terms of the deals , if the Yeltsin government did not repay the loans by September 1996 , the lender acquired title to the stock and could then resell it or take an equity position in the enterprise . The first auctions were held in the fall of 1995 . The auctions themselves were usually held in such a way so to limit the number of banks bidding for shares and thus to keep the auction prices extremely low . By summer 1996 , major packages of shares in some of Russia 's largest firms had been transferred to a small number of major banks , thus allowing a handful of powerful banks to acquire substantial ownership shares over major firms at shockingly low prices . These deals were effectively giveaways of valuable state assets to a few powerful , well - connected , and wealthy financial groups . The concentration of immense financial and industrial power , which loans for shares had assisted , extended to the mass media . One of the most prominent of the financial barons Boris Berezovsky , who controlled major stakes in several banks and companies , exerted an extensive influence over state television programming for a while . Berezovsky and other ultra-wealthy , well - connected tycoons who controlled these great empires of finance , industry , energy , telecommunications , and media became known as the `` Russian oligarchs '' . Along with Berezovsky , Mikhail Khodorkovsky , Roman Abramovich , Vladimir Potanin , Vladimir Bogdanov , Rem Viakhirev , Vagit Alekperov , Viktor Chernomyrdin , Viktor Vekselberg , and Mikhail Fridman emerged as Russia 's most powerful and prominent oligarchs . A tiny clique who used their connections built up during the last days of the Soviet years to appropriate Russia 's vast resources during the rampant privatizations of the Yeltsin years , the oligarchs emerged as the most hated men in the nation . The Western world generally advocated a quick dismantling of the Soviet planned economy to make way for `` free - market reforms , '' but later expressed disappointment over the newfound power and corruption of the `` oligarchs . '' Presidential election of 1996 ( edit ) Main article : Russian presidential election , 1996 Campaigns ( edit ) Early in the campaign it had been thought that Yeltsin , who was in uncertain health ( after recuperating from a series of heart attacks ) and whose behavior was sometimes erratic , had little chance for reelection . When campaigning opened at the beginning of 1996 , Yeltsin 's popularity was close to zero . Meanwhile , the opposition Communist Party of the Russian Federation had already gained ground in parliamentary voting on December 17 , 1995 , and its candidate , Gennady Zyuganov , had a strong grassroots organization , especially in the rural areas and small towns , and appealed effectively to memories of the old days of Soviet prestige on the international stage and the socialist domestic order . Panic struck the Yeltsin team when opinion polls suggested that the ailing president could not win ; members of his entourage urged him to cancel presidential elections and effectively rule as dictator from then on . Instead , Yeltsin changed his campaign team , assigning a key role to his daughter , Tatyana Dyachenko , and appointing Anatoly Chubais campaign manager . Chubais , who was not just Yeltsin 's campaign manager but also the architect of Russia 's privatization program , set out to use his control of the privatization program as the key instrument of Yeltsin 's reelection campaign . The president 's inner circle assumed that it had only a short time in which to act on privatization ; it , therefore , needed to take steps that would have a large and immediate impact , making the reversal of reform prohibitively costly for their opponents . Chubais ' solution was to co-opt potentially powerful interests , including enterprise directors and regional officials , in order to ensure Yeltsin 's reelection . The position of the enterprise directors to the program was essential to maintaining economic and social stability in the country . The managers represented one of the most powerful collective interests in the country ; it was the enterprise managers who could ensure that labor did not erupt in a massive wave of strikes . The government , therefore , did not strenuously resist the tendency for voucher privatization to turn into `` insider privatization , '' as it was termed , in which senior enterprise officials acquired the largest proportion of shares in privatized firms . Thus , Chubais allowed well - connected employees to acquire majority stakes in the enterprises . This proved to be the most widely used form of privatization in Russia . Three - quarters of privatized enterprises opted for this method , most often using vouchers . Real control thus wound up in the hands of the managers . Support from the oligarchs was also crucial to Yeltsin 's reelection campaign . The `` loans for shares '' giveaway took place in the run - up to the 1996 presidential election -- at a point when it had appeared that Zyuganov might defeat Yeltsin . Yeltsin and his entourage gave the oligarchs an opportunity to scoop up some of Russia 's most desirable assets in return for their help in his reelection effort . The oligarchs , in turn , reciprocated the favor . In the spring of 1996 , with Yeltsin 's popularity at a low ebb , Chubais and Yeltsin recruited a team of six leading Russian financiers and media barons ( all oligarchs ) who bankrolled the Yeltsin campaign with $3 million and guaranteed coverage on television and in leading newspapers directly serving the president 's campaign strategy . The media painted a picture of a fateful choice for Russia , between Yeltsin and a `` return to totalitarianism . '' The oligarchs even played up the threat of civil war if a Communist were elected president . In the outlying regions of the country , the Yeltsin campaign relied on its ties to other allies -- the patron - client ties of the local governors , most of whom had been appointed by the president . The Zyuganov campaign had a strong grass - roots organization , but it was simply no match for the financial resources and access to patronage that the Yeltsin campaign could marshal . Yeltsin campaigned energetically , dispelling concerns about his health , exploiting all the advantages of incumbency to maintain a high media profile . To assuage voters ' discontent , he made the claim that he would abandon some unpopular economic reforms and boost welfare spending , end the war in Chechnya , pay wage and pension arrears , and abolish military conscription ( he did not live up to his promises after the election , except for ending the Chechen war , which was halted for 3 years ) . Yeltsin 's campaign also got a boost from the announcement of a $10 billion loan to the Russian government from the International Monetary Fund . Grigory Yavlinsky was the liberal alternative to Yeltsin and Zyuganov . He appealed to a well - educated middle class that saw Yeltsin as an incompetent alcoholic and Zyuganov as a Soviet - era throwback . Seeing Yavlinsky as a threat , Yeltsin 's inner circle of supporters worked to bifurcate political discourse , thus excluding a middle ground -- and convince voters that only Yeltsin could defeat the Communist `` menace . '' The election became a two - man race , and Zyuganov , who lacked Yeltsin 's resources and financial backing , watched haplessly as his strong initial lead was whittled away . Elections ( edit ) Voter turnout in the first round of the polling on June 16 was 69.8 % . According to returns announced on June 17 , Yeltsin won 35 % of the vote ; Zyuganov won 32 % ; Aleksandr Lebed , a populist ex-general , a surprisingly high 14.5 % ; liberal candidate Grigory Yavlinsky 7.4 % ; far - right nationalist Vladimir Zhirinovsky 5.8 % ; and former Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev 0.5 % . With no candidate securing an absolute majority , Yeltsin and Zyuganov went into a second round of voting . In the meantime , Yeltsin co-opted a large segment of the electorate by appointing Lebed to the posts of national security adviser and secretary of the Security Council . In the end , Yeltsin 's election tactics paid off . In the run - off on July 3 , with a turnout of 68.9 % , Yeltsin won 53.8 % of the vote and Zyuganov 40.3 % , with the rest ( 5.9 % ) voting `` against all '' . Moscow and Saint Petersburg ( formerly Leningrad ) together provided over half of the incumbent president 's support , but he also did well in large cities in the Urals and in the north and northeast . Yeltsin lost to Zyuganov in Russia 's southern industrial heartland . The southern stretch of the country became known as the `` red belt '' , underscoring the resilience of the Communist Party in elections since the breakup of the Soviet Union . Although Yeltsin promised that he would abandon his unpopular neoliberal austerity policies and increase public spending to help those suffering from the pain of capitalist reforms , within a month of his election , Yeltsin issued a decree canceling almost all of these promises . Right after the election , Yeltsin 's physical health and mental stability were increasingly precarious . Many of his executive functions thus devolved upon a group of advisers ( most of whom had close links with the oligarchs ) . Financial collapse ( edit ) Main article : 1998 Russian financial crisis The global recession of 1998 , which started with the Asian financial crisis in July 1997 , exacerbated Russia 's continuing economic crisis . Given the ensuing decline in world commodity prices , countries heavily dependent on the export of raw materials such as oil were among those most severely hit . Oil , natural gas , metals , and timber account for more than 80 % of Russian exports , leaving the country vulnerable to swings in world prices . Oil is also a major source of government tax revenue which brought significant negative implications for Russia 's fiscal situation , foreign exchange stores and ultimately , the value of the ruble . The pressures on the ruble , reflecting the weakness of the economy , resulted in a disastrous fall in the value of the currency . Massive tax evasion continued and accelerated due to financial instability and decreasing government capacity . This further decreased government revenues and soon , the central government found itself unable to service the massive loans it had accumulated and ultimately was even unable to pay its employees . The government stopped making timely payment of wages , pensions , and debts to suppliers ; and when workers were paid , it was often with bartered goods rather than rubles . Coal miners were especially hard hit , and for several weeks in the summer they blocked sections of the Trans - Siberian railroad with protests , effectively cutting the country in two . As time wore on , they added calls for the resignation of Yeltsin in addition to their demands for wages . A political crisis came to a head in March when Yeltsin suddenly dismissed Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin and his entire cabinet on March 23 . Yeltsin named a virtually unknown technocrat , Energy Minister Sergei Kiriyenko , aged 35 , as acting prime minister . Russian observers expressed doubts about Kiriyenko 's youth and inexperience . The Duma rejected his nomination twice . Only after a month - long standoff , during which Yeltsin threatened to dissolve the legislature , did the Duma confirm Kiriyenko on a third vote on April 24 . Kiriyenko appointed a new cabinet strongly committed to stemming the fall in the value of Russia 's currency . The oligarchs strongly supported Kiriyenko 's efforts to maintain the exchange rate . A high exchange rate meant that they needed fewer rubles to buy imported goods , especially luxury items . In an effort to prop up the currency and stem the flight of capital , Kiriyenko hiked interest rates to 150 % in order to attract buyers for government bonds . But concerns about the financial crisis in Asia and the slump in world oil prices were already prompting investors to withdraw from Russia . By mid-1998 , it was clear Russia would need help from IMF to maintain its exchange rate . The Russian crisis caused alarm in the West . Pouring more money into the Russian economy would not be a long - term solution , but the U.S. in particular feared that Yeltsin 's government would not survive a looming financial crisis without IMF help . U.S. President Bill Clinton 's treasury secretary , Robert Rubin , also feared that a Russian collapse could create a panic on world money markets ( and it indeed did help bring down one major US hedge fund Long - Term Capital Management ) . The IMF approved a $22.6 billion emergency loan on July 13 . Despite the bailout , Russia 's monthly interest payments still well exceeded its monthly tax revenues . Realizing that this situation was unsustainable , investors continued to flee Russia despite the IMF bailout . Weeks later the financial crisis resumed and the value of the ruble resumed its fall , and the government fell into a self - perpetuating trap . To pay off the interest on the loans it had taken , it needed to raise still more cash , which it did through foreign borrowing . As lenders became increasingly certain that the government could not make good on its obligations , they demanded ever - higher interest rates , deepening the trap . Ultimately the bubble burst . On August 17 , Kiriyenko 's government and the central bank were forced to suspend payment on Russia 's foreign debt for 90 days , restructure the nation 's entire debt , and devalue the ruble . The ruble went into free fall as Russians sought frantically to buy dollars . Western creditors lost heavily , and a large part of Russia 's fledgling banking sector was destroyed , since many banks had substantial dollar borrowings . Foreign investment rushed out of the country , and financial crisis triggered an unprecedented flight of capital from Russia . Political fallout ( edit ) The financial collapse produced a political crisis , as Yeltsin , with his domestic support evaporating , had to contend with an emboldened opposition in the parliament . A week later , on August 23 , Yeltsin fired Kiryenko and declared his intention of returning Chernomyrdin to office as the country slipped deeper into economic turmoil . Powerful business interests , fearing another round of reforms that might cause leading concerns to fail , welcomed Kiriyenko 's fall , as did the Communists . Yeltsin , who began to lose his hold as his health deteriorated , wanted Chernomyrdin back , but the legislature refused to give its approval . After the Duma rejected Chernomyrdin 's candidacy twice , Yeltsin , his power clearly on the wane , backed down . Instead , he nominated Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov , who on September 11 was overwhelmingly approved by the Duma . Primakov 's appointment restored political stability because he was seen as a compromise candidate able to heal the rifts between Russia 's quarreling interest groups . There was popular enthusiasm for Primakov as well . Primakov promised to make the payment of wage and pension arrears his government 's first priority , and invited members of the leading parliamentary factions into his Cabinet . Communists and trade unionists staged a nationwide strike on October 7 , and called on President Yeltsin to resign . On October 9 , Russia , which was also suffering from a bad harvest , appealed for international humanitarian aid , including food . Recovery ( edit ) Russia bounced back from the August 1998 financial crash with surprising speed . Much of the reason for the recovery is that world oil prices rapidly rose during 1999 -- 2000 ( just as falling energy prices on the world market had deepened Russia 's financial troubles ) so that Russia ran a large trade surplus in 1999 and 2000 . Another reason is that domestic industries such as food processing have benefited from the devaluation , which caused a steep increase in the prices of imported goods . Also , since Russia 's economy was operating to such a large extent on barter and other non-monetary instruments of exchange , the financial collapse had far less of an impact on many producers than it would had the economy been dependent on a banking system . Finally , the economy has been helped by an infusion of cash ; as enterprises were able to pay off arrears in back wages and taxes , it , in turn , allowed consumer demand for the goods and services of Russian industry to rise . For the first time in many years , unemployment in 2000 fell as enterprises added workers . Nevertheless , the political and social equilibrium of the country remains tenuous to this day , and power remains a highly personalized commodity . The economy remains vulnerable to downturn if , for instance , world oil prices fall at a dramatic pace . Succession crisis ( edit ) Yevgeny Primakov did not remain in his post long . Yeltsin grew suspicious that Primakov was gaining in strength and popularity and dismissed him in May 1999 , after only eight months in office . Yeltsin then named Sergei Stepashin , who had formerly been head of the FSB ( the successor agency to the KGB ) and later been Interior Minister , to replace him . The Duma confirmed his appointment on the first ballot by a wide margin . Stepashin 's tenure was even shorter than Primakov 's . In August 1999 , Yeltsin once again abruptly dismissed the government and named Vladimir Putin as his candidate to head the new government . Like Stepashin , Putin had a background in the secret police , having made his career in the foreign intelligence service and later as head of the FSB . Yeltsin went so far as to declare that he saw Putin as his successor as president . The Duma narrowly voted to confirm Putin . When appointed , Putin was a relatively unknown politician , but he quickly established himself both in public opinion and in Yeltsin 's estimation as a trusted head of government , largely due to the Second Chechen War . Just days after Yeltsin named Putin as a candidate for prime minister , Chechen forces engaged the Russian army in Dagestan , a Russian autonomy near Chechnya . In the next month , several hundred people died in apartment building bombings in Moscow and other cities , bombings Russian authorities attributed to Chechen rebels . In response , the Russian army entered Chechnya in late September 1999 , starting the Second Chechen War . The Russian public at the time , angry over the terrorist bombings , widely supported the war . The support translated into growing popularity for Putin , who had taken decisive action in Chechnya . After the success of political forces close to Putin in the December 1999 parliamentary elections , Yeltsin evidentially felt confident enough in Putin that he resigned from the presidency on December 31 , six months before his term was due to expire . This made Putin acting president and gave Putin ample opportunity to position himself as the frontrunner for the Russian presidential election held on March 26 , 2000 , which he won . The Chechen War figured prominently in the campaign . In February 2000 , Russian troops entered Grozny , the Chechen capital , and a week before the election , Putin flew to Chechnya on a fighter jet , claiming victory . Vladimir Putin ( edit ) Further information : Putinism and Vladimir Putin Vladimir Putin In August 2000 , the Russian submarine K - 141 Kursk suffered an explosion , causing the submarine to sink in the shallow area of the Barents Sea . Russia organized a vigorous but hectic attempt to save the crew , and the entire futile effort was surrounded by unexplained secrecy . This , as well as the slow initial reaction to the event and especially to the offers of foreign aid in saving the crew , brought much criticism on the government and personally on President Putin . On October 23 , 2002 , Chechen separatists took over a Moscow theater . Over 700 people inside were taken hostage in what has been called the Moscow theater hostage crisis . The separatists demanded the immediate withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya and threatened to blow up the building if authorities attempted to enter . Three days later , Russian commandos stormed the building after the hostages had been subdued with a sleeping gas , shooting the unconscious militants , and killing over 100 civilian hostages with the sleeping gas in the process . In the aftermath of the theater siege , Putin began renewed efforts to eliminate the Chechen insurrection . ( For additional details on the war in Chechnya under Putin , see Second Chechen War . ) The government canceled scheduled troop withdrawals , surrounded Chechen refugee camps with soldiers , and increased the frequency of assaults on separatist positions . Chechen militants responded in kind , stepping up guerrilla operations and rocket attacks on federal helicopters . Several high - profile attacks have taken place . In May 2004 , Chechen separatists assassinated Akhmad Kadyrov , the pro-Russia Chechen leader who became the president of Chechnya 8 months earlier after an election conducted by Russian authorities . On August 24 , 2004 , two Russian aircraft were bombed . This was followed by the Beslan school hostage crisis in which Chechen separatists took 1,300 hostages . The initially high public support for the war in Chechnya has declined . Putin has confronted several very influential oligarchs ( Vladimir Gusinsky , Boris Berezovsky and Mikhail Khodorkovsky , in particular ) who attained large stakes of state assets , allegedly through illegal schemes , during the privatization process . Gusinsky and Berezovsky have been forced to leave Russia and give up parts of their assets . Khodorkovsky was jailed in Russia and has lost his YUKOS company , formerly the largest oil producer in Russia . Putin 's stand against oligarchs is generally popular with the Russian people , even though the jailing of Khodorkovsky is mainly seen as part of a takeover operation by government officials , according to another Levada - Center poll . These confrontations have also led to Putin establishing control over Russian media outlets previously owned by the oligarchs . In 2001 and 2002 , TV channels NTV ( previously owned by Gusinsky ) , TV6 and TVS ( owned by Berezovsky ) were all taken over by media groups loyal to Putin . Similar takeovers have also occurred with print media . Putin 's popularity , which stems from his reputation as a strong leader , stands in contrast to the unpopularity of his predecessor , but it hinges on a continuation of economic recovery . Putin came into office at an ideal time : after the devaluation of the ruble in 1998 , which boosted demand for domestic goods , and while world oil prices were rising . Indeed , during the seven years of his presidency , real GDP grew on average 6.7 % a year , average income increased 11 % annually in real terms , and a consistently positive balance of the federal budget enabled the government to cut 70 % of the external debt ( according to the Institute for Complex Strategic Studies ) . Thus , many credit him with the recovery , but his ability to withstand a sudden economic downturn has been untested . Putin won the Russian presidential election in 2004 without any significant competition . Some researchers assert that most Russians today have come to regret the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 . On repeated occasions , even Vladimir Putin -- Boris Yeltsin 's handpicked successor -- stated that the fall of Soviet rule had led to few gains and many problems for most Russian citizens . In a campaign speech in February 2004 , for example , Putin called the dismantlement of the Soviet Union a `` national tragedy on an enormous scale , '' from which `` only the elites and nationalists of the republics gained . '' He added , `` I think that ordinary citizens of the former Soviet Union and the post-Soviet space gained nothing from this . On the contrary , people have faced a huge number of problems . '' Putin 's international prestige suffered a major blow in the West during the disputed 2004 Ukrainian presidential election . Putin had twice visited Ukraine before the election to show his support for the pro-Russian Viktor Yanukovych against opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko , a pro-Western liberal economist . He congratulated Yanukovych , followed shortly afterwards by Belorussian president Alexander Lukashenko , on his victory before election results were even made official and made statements opposing the rerun of the disputed second round of elections , won by Yanukovych , amid allegations of large - scale voting fraud . The second round was ultimately rerun ; Yushchenko won the round and was eventually declared the winner on January 10 , 2005 . In the West , the reaction to Russia 's handling of , or perhaps interference in , the Ukrainian election evoked echoes of the Cold War , but relations with the U.S. have remained stable . In 2005 , the Russian government replaced the broad in - kind Soviet - era benefits , such as free transportation and subsidies for heating and other utilities for socially vulnerable groups by cash payments . The reform , known as monetization , has been unpopular and caused a wave of demonstrations in various Russian cities , with thousands of retirees protesting against the loss of their benefits . This was the first time such wave of protests took place during the Putin administration . The reform has hurt the popularity of the Russian government , but Putin personally was still popular , with a 77 % approval rating . A destroyed Georgian tank in Tskhinvali In 2008 , Kosovo 's declaration of independence saw a marked deterioration in Russia 's relationship with the West . It also saw South Ossetia war against Georgia , that followed Georgia 's attempt to take over the breakaway region of South Ossetia . Russian troops entered South Ossetia and forced Georgian troops back , establishing their control on this territory . In the fall of 2008 , Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia . 2014 annexation of Crimea ( edit ) Main articles : Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation ; Crimean referendum , 2014 ; and 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine From left to right , Sergey Aksyonov , Vladimir Konstantinov , Vladimir Putin , and Aleksei Chalyi sign the Treaty on the Adoption of the Republic of Crimea to Russia . On 22 February 2014 , the Yanukovych government of Ukraine collapsed as a result of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution . On the same day , according to Russian president Vladimir Putin , he called an all - night meeting of his military leaders , at the end of which he ordered them to `` begin the work to bring Crimea back into Russia . '' By February 27 , unmarked Russian troops in Ukraine were establishing a blockade of the borders and Ukrainian military bases in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , and took armed control of its regional parliament . A new Ukrainian government was formed and scheduled new elections for May 2014 . On 1 March , from exile , Viktor Yanukovych requested that Russia use military forces `` to establish legitimacy , peace , law and order , stability and defending the people of Ukraine '' . On the same day , Vladimir Putin requested and received authorization from the Russian Parliament to deploy Russian troops to Ukraine in response to the crisis and gained complete control over Crimean Peninsula within a day . On 6 March 2014 , the Crimean Parliament voted to `` enter into the Russian Federation with the rights of a subject of the Russian Federation '' and later held a referendum asking the people of these regions whether they wanted to join Russia as a federal subject , or if they wanted to restore the 1992 Crimean constitution and Crimea 's status as a part of Ukraine . Though passed with an overwhelming majority , the results are contested by ones and approved by others . Crimea and Sevastopol formally declared independence as the Republic of Crimea and requested that they be admitted as constituents of the Russian Federation . On 18 March 2014 , Russia and Crimea signed a treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol in the Russian Federation , though the United Nations General Assembly voted in favor of a non-binding statement to oppose Russia 's annexation of the peninsula . Relations with the West ( edit ) See also : Anti-American sentiment in Russia In the early period after Russia became independent , Russian foreign policy repudiated Marxism -- Leninism as a putative guide to action , emphasizing cooperation with the West in solving regional and global problems , and soliciting economic and humanitarian aid from the West in support of internal economic reforms . However , although Russia 's leaders now described the West as its natural ally , they grappled with defining new relations with the East European states , the new states formed upon the disintegration of Yugoslavia , and Eastern Europe . Russia opposed the expansion of NATO into the former Soviet bloc nations of the Czech Republic , Poland , and Hungary in 1997 and , particularly , the second NATO expansion into the Baltic states in 2004 . In 1999 , Russia opposed the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia for more than two months ( see Kosovo War ) , but later joined NATO peace - keeping forces in the Balkans in June 1999 . Relations with the West have also been stained by Russia 's relationship with Belarus . Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko , an authoritarian leader , has shown much interest in aligning his country with Russia , and no interest in deepening ties with the ever - expanding NATO or implementing Western - backed neoliberal economic reforms . A union agreement between Russia and Belarus was formed on April 2 , 1996 . The agreement was tightened , becoming the Union of Russia and Belarus on April 3 , 1997 . Further strengthening of the union occurred on December 25 , 1998 , and in 1999 . U.S. President George W. Bush and Putin at the 33rd G8 summit , June 2007 Under Putin , Russia has sought to strengthen ties with the People 's Republic of China by signing the Treaty of Good - Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation as well building the Trans - Siberian oil pipeline geared toward growing Chinese energy needs . He also made a number of appearances in the media with President of the United States George W. Bush in which the two described each other as `` friends '' . Obama was viewed by many analysts as weak in the way he handled Putin , including some members of his own party . See also ( edit ) Politics of post-Soviet Russia Economy of post-Soviet Russia Timeline of largest projects in the Russian economy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kucera , Joshua ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Why Did Kazakhstan Give Up Its Nukes ? '' . EurasiaNet . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Jeffrey ( 1987 ) . `` The Bolivian Hyperinflation and Stabilization '' . American Economic Review . 77 ( 2 ) : 279 -- 283 . JSTOR 1805464 . Jump up ^ Anders Åslund , `` How small is the Soviet National Income ? '' in Henry S. Rowen and Charles Wolf , Jr. , eds. , The Impoverished Superpower : Perestroika and the Soviet Military Burden ( San Francisco : Institute for Contemporary Studies , 1990 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ For example , see the discussion of this point in Anders Åslund , How Russia Became a Market Economy ( Washington D.C. : Blockings Institution , 1995 ) , p. 154 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` State Department Background Notes on Russia in 1991 - 1995 '' excerpted from The Soviet Union -- A Country Study , Raymond E. Zickel , ed . ( Washington , D.C. : Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress , 1989 ) Jump up ^ Robbins , Mark ; Seregelyi , Viktor . `` Reform in Russia : Credential Recognition and University Renewal '' . www.conferenceboard.ca . Jump up ^ For example , see Sheila M. Puffer , ed. , The Russian Management Revolution : Preparing Managers for the Market Economy ( Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe , 1992 ) . Jump up ^ `` Russia '' . Lcweb2.loc.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ The poverty line in 1993 was set at the equivalent of $25 per month . The difference in estimates is due to the difference in methodology . The higher poverty rate is based on a calculation of household incomes . The lower rate is based on household consumption , since households tend not to report some portion on the monthly income . Jump up ^ Branko Milanovic , Income , Inequality , and Poverty During the Transformation from Planned to Market Economy ( Washington DC : The World Bank , 1998 ) , pp. 186 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Hans - Peter ; Kohler , Iliana ( 2002 ) . `` Fertility Decline in Russia in the Early and Mid 1990s : The Role of Economic Uncertainty and Labour Market Crises '' . European Journal of Population. 18 : 233 -- 262 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1019701812709 . Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` Luke Hardig reports on Russia 's male life expectancy crisis '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` TASS Russia News Agency '' . TASS . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Yergin , Daniel ; Stanislaw , Joseph ( 1998 ) . The Commanding Heights : The Battle for the World Econom . New York : Free Press . Jump up ^ The purported suicide of Nikolai Kruchina , who managed the Communist Party 's financial affairs , following the collapse of the August 1991 coup attempt , deprived future researchers of the opportunity to discover where many of the party 's assets disappeared . Jump up ^ CNN , Russian presidential candidate profiles , 1906. http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/pivotal.elections/1996/russia/candidate.html Jump up ^ CNN , Gennady Zyuganov candidate profile , 1996 . http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9602/russia_zyuganov Jump up ^ http://vms.cc.wmich.edu/~97levintova/Ny.html Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Pekka Sutela , `` Insider Privatization in Russia : Speculations on Systemic Changes , '' Europe - Asia Studies 46 : 3 ( 1994 ) , p. 420 - 21 . Jump up ^ Daniel Treisman , `` Blaming Russia First , '' Foreign Affairs , November / December 2000 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2004 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CNN -- Pivotal Elections : Russia '' . Edition.cnn.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Russia Special Report '' . The Washington Post . March 23 , 1998 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Online NewsHour : Boris Yeltsin Wins Presidential Elections -- July 4 , 1996 '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA Site Redirect -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Online NewsHour : Russia 's Economy -- October 27 , 1998 '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Online NewsHour : Russia Shake Up - March 23 , 1998 '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` CNN - Russian Duma holds secret ballot in vote on premier - April 24 , 1998 '' . Cnn.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` CNN - Yeltsin nominee confirmed as prime minister - April 24 , 1998 '' . Cnn.com . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/mayjune2002/pgs14-17.htm Excerpts from Globalization and Its Discontents ) . By Joseph Stiglitz . Beyond Transition . The newsletter about reforming economies . The World Bank Group . Volume 13 , Number 3 , May -- June 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Commanding Heights : Robert Rubin on PBS '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Online NewsHour : Russia -- July 13 , 1998 '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Jamestown Foundation '' . Jamestown.org . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` CDI Russia Weekly 16 October 1998 '' . Cdi.org . Archived from the original on 13 November 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Online NewsHour : Russia 's Crisis -- September 17 , 1998 '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph ( April 9 , 2003 ) . `` The ruin of Russia '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Jamestown Foundation '' . Jamestown.org . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Andrew , By ( April 22 , 2007 ) . `` 50 % Good News Is the Bad News in Russian Radio -- New York Times '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Jamestown Foundation '' . Jamestown.org . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` globeandmail.com : Front '' . Toronto : Theglobeandmail.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Kvali Online Magazine '' . Kvali.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Levada Center poll of Sept. 2006 Jump up ^ `` Putin reveals secrets of Russia 's Crimea takeover plot '' . BBC News . 2015 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Andrew ; Erlanger , Steven ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Gunmen Seize Government Buildings in Crimea '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine sets date for presidential election '' . POLITICO . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The new prime minister is the leader of Russian Unity '' . Ukrayinska Pravda . 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` Ousted Ukrainian President Asked For Russian Troops , Envoy Says '' . NBC News . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Putin to deploy Russian troops in Ukraine '' . BBC News . 1 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Radyuhin , Vladimir ( 1 March 2014 ) . `` Russian Parliament approves use of army in Ukraine '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Jump up ^ Walker , Shaun ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Russian takeover of Crimea will not descend into war , says Vladimir Putin '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Yoon , Sangwon ; Krasnolutska , Daryna ; Choursina , Kateryna ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Russia Stays in Ukraine as Putin Channels Yanukovych Request '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine crisis : Crimea parliament asks to join Russia '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OSCE '' . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine '' . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Harrison ( 11 April 2014 ) . `` The UN 's Scathing Crimea Report Suggests Russia May Have Rigged Secession Vote '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Ambiance : Jobbik MEP Béla Kovács : The Crimean referendum is perfectly legitimate '' . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ 16 March 2014 , David Herszenhornmarch , The New York Times , `` Crimea Votes to Secede From Ukraine as Russian Troops Keep Watch . '' Jump up ^ `` Backing Ukraine 's territorial integrity , UN Assembly declares Crimea referendum invalid '' . UN News Centre . 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Charles H. Fairbanks , Jr. , `` What Went Wrong in Russia ? : The Feudalization of the State , '' Journal of Democracy ( April 1999 ) , p. 47 -- 53 . ( an analysis of the state of democratic transition in Russia by Charles H. Fairbanks , Jr. , a leading specialist in Russian politics published in the Journal of Democracy ) Post-Soviet Russia and Its Neighbors from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Paul J. Saunders , `` Why `` Globalization '' Did n't Rescue Russia '' ( Paul J. Saunders is a specialist in U.S. - Russian relations and executive director of the Center for the National Interest ) Up for Debate : Shock Therapy : Bolivia , Poland , Russia . Same Policies - Different Results From the PBS series `` Commanding Heights '' Up for Debate : Privatization : Who Wins ? Russia 's Reform Compromise ( interviews with Yegor Gaidar , Grigory Yavlinsky , Anatoly Chubais , Joseph Stiglitz , and Jeffrey Sachs from the PBS series `` Commanding Heights '' ) Nick Paton Walsh , The Guardian , July 6 , 2005 , `` Meet the chief exec of Kremlin inc ... '' Failed Expectations , Or What Is Behind the Marshall Plan for Post-Socialist Reconstruction , by Tanya Narozhna `` The Uncertain Return of Russian Power '' , by Mike Haynes , analyses Putin 's Russia and looks at claims that the reassertion of Russian power is leading to a new Cold War . Mike Edwards : `` Russia -- Playing by new rules '' National Geographic Magazine March 1993 Mark Hollingsworth & Stewart Lansley , Londongrad : From Russia With Cash , 2009 , 4th Estate Russia articles History Timeline Proto - Indo - Europeans Scythians East Slavs Rus ' Khaganate Kievan Rus ' Novgorod Republic Vladimir - Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Russian SFSR Soviet Union Russian Federation By topic Economy Military Journalism Postal Geography Subdivisions Borders Earthquakes Geology European Russia Caucasus Mountains North Caucasus Caspian Sea Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Siberia Russian Far East North Asia Extreme points Cities and towns Islands Lakes Rivers Volcanoes Climate Mountains Politics Conscription Constitution Elections Presidential elections Federal budget Foreign relations Freedom of assembly Freedom of press Media Government Human rights Judiciary Law Citizenship Civil Service Law enforcement ( Prisons ) Liberalism Military Opposition Political parties President of Russia Economy Agriculture Aircraft industry Car industry Banking Central Bank Corruption Defence industry Economic regions Energy Fishing industry Forestry Gambling Mining Petroleum industry Russian ruble Russian oligarchs Space industry Shipbuilding Trade unions Taxation Tourism Transport Telecommunications Waste Society Demographics Citizens Abortion Alcoholism Crime Education Healthcare Ethnic groups Languages LGBT Immigration Illegal Prostitution Racism Religion Suicide Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Architecture Art Literature Ballet Cinema Graffiti Inventions Media Music Public holidays Opera Language Cuisine Martial arts Folklore Television Internet National anthem Coat of arms National flag Sports Outline Book Portal Revolutions of 1989 Internal background Era of Stagnation Communism Anti-communism Criticism of communist party rule Eastern Bloc Eastern Bloc economies Eastern Bloc politics Eastern Bloc media and propaganda Eastern Bloc emigration and defection KGB Nomenklatura Shortage economy Totalitarianism Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies International background Active measures Cold War List of socialist states People Power Revolution Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union Reagan Doctrine Soviet Empire Terrorism and the Soviet Union Vatican Opposition Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Reforms Uskoreniye Perestroika Democratization in the Soviet Union Khozraschyot 500 Days Sinatra Doctrine Glasnost Socialism with Chinese characteristics Đổi mới Government leaders Ramiz Alia Nicolae Ceaușescu Mikhail Gorbachev Károly Grósz Erich Honecker János Kádár Miloš Jakeš Egon Krenz Wojciech Jaruzelski Slobodan Milošević Mathieu Kérékou Mengistu Haile Mariam Ne Win Denis Sassou Nguesso Heng Samrin Deng Xiaoping Todor Zhivkov Siad Barre Opposition methods Civil resistance Demonstrations Human chains Magnitizdat Polish underground press Protests Samizdat Strike action Opposition leaders Lech Wałęsa Václav Havel Alexander Dubček Ion Iliescu Liu Gang Wu'erkaixi Chai Ling Wang Dan Feng Congde Tank Man Joachim Gauck Sali Berisha Sanjaasürengiin Zorig Vladimir Bukovsky Boris Yeltsin Viacheslav Chornovil Vytautas Landsbergis Zianon Pazniak Zhelyu Zhelev Aung San Suu Kyi Meles Zenawi Isaias Afwerki Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush Pope John Paul II Opposition movements Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation Charter 77 New Forum Civic Forum Democratic Party of Albania Democratic Russia Initiative for Peace and Human Rights Sąjūdis Peaceful Revolution People 's Movement of Ukraine Solidarity Popular Front of Latvia Popular Front of Estonia Public Against Violence Belarusian Popular Front National League for Democracy National Salvation Front Unification Church political activities Union of Democratic Forces Events by location Central and Eastern Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Soviet Union Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Chechnya Estonia Georgia Latvia Lithuania Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikstan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Elsewhere Afghanistan Angola Benin Burma Cambodia China Congo - Brazzaville Ethiopia Mongolia Mozambique Somalia South Yemen Individual events 1988 Polish strikes April 9 tragedy Black January Baltic Way 1987 -- 89 Tibetan unrest Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Removal of Hungary 's border fence with Austria Polish Round Table Agreement Hungarian Round Table Talks Pan-European Picnic Monday Demonstrations Alexanderplatz demonstration Malta Summit German reunification January Events in Lithuania January Events in Latvia 1991 protests in Belgrade August Coup Dissolution of the Soviet Union Later events Colour revolution Decommunization Lustration Democratization Economic liberalization Post-Soviet conflicts Neo-Sovietism Neo-Stalinism Post-communism Yugoslav Wars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Russia_(1991 -- present ) &oldid = 831248775 '' Categories : History of Russia ( 1992 -- present ) Modern history of Russia 20th century in Russia 21st century in Russia Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles to be expanded from September 2013 All articles to be expanded Featured articles needing translation from Macedonian Wikipedia Articles to be expanded from November 2014 History articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia History articles needing translation from Spanish Wikipedia Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from August 2010 All articles needing expert attention Russia articles needing expert attention Articles that may contain original research from August 2010 All articles that may contain original research NPOV disputes from December 2015 All NPOV disputes Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2010 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Dansk Español Italiano Македонски Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 16 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who became leader of russia after the collapse of the soviet union | [
"Prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin had been elected President of Russia in June 1991 in the first direct presidential election in Russian history. This ensured that Yeltsin would be the political leader of the Russian successor state following dissolution. This situation resulted in political turmoil as the Soviet and Russian leadership wrestled for control, which culminated in the 1991 August Putsch, where the Soviet military attempted to overthrow Gorbachev. Although the coup was ultimately averted, this situation contributed to rising instability in the Soviet Union. By October 1991, as the USSR was on the verge of collapse, Yeltsin announced that Russia would proceed with radical reforms, including market-oriented reform along the lines of Poland's \"big bang\", also known as \"shock therapy\"."
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"Boris Yeltsin"
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6673271406845235506 | Loving You Has Made Me Bananas | Loving You Has Made Me Bananas - wikipedia Loving You Has Made Me Bananas `` Loving You Has Made Me Bananas '' is a song composed and performed by Guy Marks . It parodies big band broadcasts of the era with absurd lyrics : `` From the Hotel Sheets in Downtown Plunketville The Publican Broadcasting Company presents : The Music of Pete DeAngelis and his Loyal Plunketvillevanians ! Here in the beautiful gold , yella , copper , steel , iron ballroom of the Hotel Sheets in Downtown Plunketville , Overlooking the uptown section of Downtown Pottstown ! Stay with us , wo n't you , and enjoy the sweetest music This side of the Monongahela River ! One mile high , two and one half blocks from the center of Old New Orleans ! Ah , there 's gaiety , merriment and dancing in the Hotel Sheets nightly ! Now , to get things underway , Pete and his Loyal Banditos play a medley of old standard favorites , Commencing with `` Your Red Scarf Matches Your Eyes '' , `` Close Cover Before Striking '' , `` Your Father Had The Shipfitter Blues '' , and `` Loving You Has Made Me Bananas '' . This picture and lovely lyric portrayed vocally by Dickie Ryan . Oh , your red scarf matches your eyes You closed your cover before striking Father had the shipfitter blues Loving you has made me bananas . Oh , you burned your fingers that evening While my back was turned . I asked the waiter for iodine But I dined all alone . '' It was first released in 1968 on ABC Records as a single with `` Forgive Me My Love '' on the B - side , some two years after `` Winchester Cathedral '' had triggered a revival of this musical form that had fallen out of fashion in the 1950s . It was also released in a stereo LP in 1968 ( ABC Records ABCS - 648 ) with additional legitimate 1930s and 1940s hits sung in the same style ( `` Object of My Affection '' , `` Painted Tainted Rose '' , `` Ti - Pi - Tin '' , `` This Is Forever '' , `` Amapola '' , `` Postage Machine '' , `` Careless '' , `` Little Shoemaker '' , `` Forgive Me My Love '' and `` Little Sir Echo '' ) . The single was re-released in 1978 , reaching No. 25 in the UK Singles Chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J. Jonathan Gabay , Gabay 's Copywriters ' Compendium : The Definitive Professional Writer 's Guide , Routledge , p. 592 , ISBN 978 - 0750683203 Jump up ^ `` Guy Marks - Loving You Has Made Me Bananas / Forgive Me My Love - ABC - UK - ABC 4211 '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Steven Otfinoski ( 2000 ) , The Golden Age of Novelty Songs , Billboard Books , ISBN 978 - 0823076949 Jump up ^ Paul Simpson ( 2003 ) , The Rough Guide to Cult Pop , Rough Guides , p. 23 , ISBN 978 - 1843532293 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loving_You_Has_Made_Me_Bananas&oldid=770755059 '' Categories : 1968 singles Novelty songs 1968 songs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 March 2017 , at 11 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who sang loving you has made me bananas | [
"\"Loving You Has Made Me Bananas\" is a song composed and performed by Guy Marks. It parodies big band broadcasts of the era with absurd lyrics:[1] \n"
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"Guy Marks"
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2331772686290214536 | List of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characters | List of Charlie and the Chocolate factory characters - wikipedia List of Charlie and the Chocolate factory characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of characters in the Roald Dahl book Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , and the former 's film adaptations , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Willy Wonka 2 Charlie Bucket 3 Grandpa Joe 4 Augustus Gloop 5 Violet Beauregarde 6 Veruca Salt 7 Mike Teavee 8 Arthur Slugworth 9 Mr. Turkentine 10 Prince Pondicherry 11 Oompa - Loompas 12 Vermicious Knids 13 Other characters 13.1 Portrayed in other media 13.2 Excluded from the published book 14 References Willy Wonka ( edit ) Willy Wonka Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Gene Wilder ( 1971 ) Johnny Depp ( 2005 ) Douglas Hodge , Alex Jennings and Jonathan Slinger ( 2013 ) Christian Borle ( 2017 ) Voiced by James Arnold Taylor ( 2005 video game ) JP Karliak ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Main article : Willy Wonka In the novels and films , Willy Wonka is the odd owner of an extremely prosperous chocolates factory . The inciting action of the story occurs when Wonka holds a contest , hiding five Golden Tickets within the wrappers of confectionery bars , promising their discoverers a tour of his factory and a lifelong supply of his creations . Implications stand in all three versions that he allows four of his five finalists to disgrace themselves , in hope that one does not . In the book , Wonka is described by Roald Dahl as having a goatee and `` marvelously '' bright eyes , a high and `` flutey '' voice , a face `` alight of fun and laughter '' , and quick little jerky movements `` like a squirrel '' . He is enthusiastic , eccentric , charming , talkative , and friendly , but at times insensitive , and has been given to glossing criticisms of himself . Johnny Depp , starred as Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory In the 1971 film Willy Wonka and the Chocolates Factory , he is portrayed by Gene Wilder . While his personality remains generally the same as in the original , he is more melancholy here , and frequently quotes books and poems , including William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ( `` Is it my soul that calls upon my name ? '' ) or John Masefield 's `` Sea Fever '' ( `` All I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by '' ) , and the famous `` Candy is dandy , but liquor is quicker '' from `` Reflections on Ice Breaking '' by Ogden Nash , among many others . Toward the end of the film , he tests protagonist Charlie 's conscience by pretending to deny him any reward , but assumes an almost paternal role when Charlie proves honest . In the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , he is portrayed by Johnny Depp . In this version , a back - story was added that Willy Wonka 's father ( being a dentist ) would not let him eat sweets because of the potential risk to his teeth , and that the young Wonka left home to become a chocolatier . The conflict was so bad on young Wonka ( portrayed by Blair Dunlop ) , that he took no interest in the kids when they arrived and could n't even say the word `` parent '' . He later gains a soft spot for Charlie and offers him a spoon from the chocolate river . Toward the end of the film , Charlie reconciles the two . Charlie Bucket ( edit ) Charlie Bucket Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Peter Ostrum ( 1971 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2005 ) Jack Costello , Tom Klenerman , Isaac Rouse , Louis Suc , Keir Edkins - O'Brien , Oliver Finnegan , Troy Tipple , Rhys Lambert , Jake Poolman , Ewan Rutherford , Zachary Loonie , Noah Crump , Johnny Evans - Hutchison , Joe Butler - Smith , Guillermo Bedward , Archie Durrant , Ptolemy Gidney ( 2013 ) Jake Ryan Flynn , Ryan Foust , Ryan Sell ( 2017 ) Voiced by Freddie Higgmore ( 2005 video game ) Lincoln Melcher ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Charlie Bucket is a title character and the protagonist of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , its sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , and the film adaptations of these books . He is depicted as a kind - hearted , nice , selfless , sweet , brave , but poor boy that lives with his mother , father and four bedridden grandparents . Charlie was to have been a little black boy at the outset , but the detail was changed at the insistence of Dahl 's literary agent to better appeal to audiences . In 1971 , he has a newspaper route after school . He and his family follow the progress of the hunt for the Golden Tickets in newspapers , in films , and on television . Unlike the first four finalists , Charlie is honest and generous . In the 1971 film , Charlie was portrayed by Peter Ostrum , in his only film appearance . His nationality is never explicitly stated , but in the 1971 film , he speaks with an American accent , and in the 2005 film , he speaks with an English accent . The filmmakers have stated that it was their intention that Charlie 's hometown be kept ambiguous . In the novel , at the end of the tour , Wonka declares Charlie heir to the factory for his refusal of vice , and Charlie 's family are permitted to move into the factory . In the 1971 film , Charlie wins the factory when he returns an Everlasting Gobstopper given to him by Wonka , thereby passing Wonka 's moral test . In the 2005 film , Wonka initially refuses to allow Charlie 's family to join them in the factory , and Charlie rejects Wonka 's offer . When Charlie helps Wonka reconcile with his father , the family move into the factory and Charlie becomes Wonka 's partner . Grandpa Joe ( edit ) Grandpa Joe Bucket Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Jack Albertson ( 1971 ) David Kelly ( 2005 ) Nigel Planer , Barry James ( 2013 ) John Rubinstein ( 2017 ) Voiced by David Kelly ( 2005 video game ) Jess Harnell ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Grandpa Joe is one of Charlie 's four bed - ridden grandparents . He 's usually stubborn , senile , and paranoid , but still kind , caring , grandfatherly , excitable , and supportive . He tells Charlie ( and the reader ) the story of Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory and the mystery of the secret workers . When Charlie finds the Golden Ticket , Grandpa Joe leaps out of bed in joy , and later accompanies Charlie on the factory tour . In the sequel book , Grandpa Joe accompanies Charlie , Willy Wonka , and all members of Charlie 's family in the Great Glass Elevator and assists the rescue of the Commuter Capsule from the Vermicious Knids . Grandpa Joe 's age is given as `` ninety - six and a half '' in `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory '' , making him the eldest of Charlie 's grandparents , but in the musical it is stated he is almost ninety and a half . The character was played by Jack Albertson in the 1971 film adaptation Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . In this film , he is often excitable , paranoid , stubborn and appears anxious that Charlie won the contest , and becomes angry when Charlie is dismissed without reward , despite the fact that they both violated the rules by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks and not following the tour , which indicated that Charlie violated the contract , unaware that Wonka had found out what they had done . He tells Charlie that he expects him to find all five Golden Tickets and most certainly expects Charlie to find one when he receives a Wonka Bar for his birthday . The character was played by David Kelly in the 2005 film adaptation , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Veteran actor Gregory Peck was originally selected to play the role , but he died in 2003 before filming began . This version of the character is written as more calm than the 1971 version . An original backstory to Grandpa Joe 's past was added to Tim Burton 's film , wherein it is said that Joe worked for Wonka until the latter fired all his workers from his factory due to constant corporate espionage by rival confectionery manufacturers . When he returns to the factory with Charlie for the tour , Wonka asks if he was a spy working for a competing factory before he humbly welcomes him back . Augustus Gloop ( edit ) Augustus Gloop Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Michael Bollner ( 1971 ) Philip Wiegratz ( 2005 ) Regan Stokes , Alexzander Griffiths , Dane Juler , Vincent Finch , Logan Cripps , Benjamin Lewis , Connor Davies , Archie Lewis , Callum McDonald ( 2013 ) F. Michael Haynie ( 2017 ) Voiced by Philip Wiegratz ( 2005 video game ) Rachel Butera ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Nationality German Introduced in the opening pages of the book as `` a greedy boy '' , Augustus Gloop is an obese , greedy , gluttonous boy , the first person to find a Golden Ticket and one of the four main antagonists of the series . He hails from fictitious Dusselheim , Germany in the 1971 film , and Düsseldorf , Germany in the 2005 film . His mother takes great pride in his gluttonous eating and seems to enjoy the attention of the media . In the novel and both films , he is portrayed as `` enormously fat '' . Augustus is the first child to be removed from the tour : while drinking from the Chocolate Room 's Chocolate River , he accidentally falls into the river and is drawn through a pipe to the factory 's Fudge Room . His parents are summoned to retrieve him from the mixing - machine . In the book , he is depicted leaving the factory , having lost most of his weight , and covered in melted chocolate . In the 1971 film , despite eating constantly , he has decent table manners , is not as obese as he is in the book , and is polite to Charlie and the other finalists . He is portrayed by Michael Bollner in this film . Since Bollner could not speak fluent English at the time of the film 's production , the 1971 Augustus has fewer lines and less screen time . In the 2005 film , Augustus is always shown consuming chocolate . He has a binge eating disorder and often has food smeared on his face . He is aloof and cruel towards Charlie in the one instance when they interact , as he offers him a Wonka Bar and then retracts it , saying Charlie should have brought some himself . As in the book , he is shown leaving the factory toward the end of the story ; but in this version , he is his normal size , licking his fingers to remove the adherent chocolate he is still coated in . The actor , Philip Wiegratz , wore a fat suit for the production . In the 2013 London musical , Augustus Gloop is known as `` the Bavarian Beefcake '' in his Alpine community . His mother and father indulge his eating habits with sweets and pieces of sausage of which they ( and sometimes Augustus ) butcher themselves . In his number , `` More of Him to Love '' , Frau Gloop reveals that she had vital organs removed to retrieve Augustus from the womb . They arrive at the factory wearing traditional Eastern European clothing , with Augustus in a red , argyle sweater and green shorts . When Augustus falls into the chocolate river Wonka summons the diversionary pumping system to divert the flow , while Oompa Loompas dressed in red boiler suits sing , `` Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop '' , as they prepare the chocolate , while Augustus travels through the main industrial pipe , occasionally getting stuck . Violet Beauregarde ( edit ) Violet Beauregarde Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Denise Nickerson ( 1971 ) AnnaSophia Robb ( 2005 ) India Ria Amarteifio , Adrianna Bertola , Jade Johnson , Mya Olaye , Lauren Halil , Rhianna Dorris , Sophie Naglik , Psalms - Nissi Myers - Reid , Armani Hall , Miriam Nyarko , Shaniquah Notice - Morris , Asha Banks , Liani Samuel ( 2013 ) Trista Dollison ( 2017 ) Voiced by AnnaSophia Robb ( 2005 video game ) Dallas Lovato ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Female Nationality American Violet Beauregarde is the third child to find a Golden Ticket , the second to be ejected from the tour and one of the four main antagonists of the series . She is the vain , self - centered , snobby , and gum - obsessed child . Violet chews gum obsessively and boasts that she has been chewing the same piece `` for three months solid '' , a world record which Violet proclaims was previously held by her best friend Cornelia Prinzmetel . She is also aggressively competitive , prideful and has won trophies for gum chewing . In the 1971 film , she is shown to be from Miles City , Montana , while in the 2005 film , she is from Atlanta , Georgia . When Wonka shows the group around the Inventing Room , he stops to display a new type of gum he is working on . The gum doubles as a three - course meal which is composed of tomato soup , roast beef and baked potato , and blueberry pie and ice cream . Violet is intrigued and , despite Wonka 's protests , snatches and chews the gum . She is delighted by its effects but , when she reaches the dessert , blueberry pie , her skin starts turning a somewhat indigo color and her navel shows & her body begins to swell up , filling with juice . Eventually , Violet 's head , legs , and arms get sucked into her gigantic body , but is still mobile and is able to waddle . When her swelling stops , she resembles a round blueberry , causing Wonka to have the Oompa - Loompas roll her to the Juicing Room to have the juice squeezed out of her in fear she may explode . She is last seen leaving the factory with the other children , restored to her normal size but with indigo skin like the skin of a blueberry . Wonka says there is nothing that can be done to change Violet 's skin back to its original pigment . In the 1971 film , Violet is impatient , arrogant , self - centered , vain , and impulsive . She is accompanied by her father , Sam Beauregarde , a fast - talking car salesman who tries to advertise his business during Violet 's television interview . She demeans Cornelia Prinzmetel more than she did in the book . She has a notable rivalry with Veruca Salt , with whom she persistently argues . Her blueberry form is relatively small , and her hair color remains unchanged . Violet is informed that she must be juiced immediately before she explodes and is last seen en route to the Juicing Room , with her father following her . In the 2005 film , Violet has a rude , impatient and competitive personality . Aside from gum - chewing , she also has many other interests that reflect her obsession with always winning , such as karate . She is accompanied by her single mother , Scarlett Beauregarde ( a former baton champion herself ) whose own competitive personality appears to have had an influence on her daughter , as Scarlett expresses pride over Violet 's 263 trophies and medals . Cornelia Prinzmetel was not mentioned in this film . She is also shown to be anti-social and bullying when she briefly insults Charlie , snatching a piece of confectionery from his hand and calling him a loser when he tries to interact with her . She turns blue , although her lips remain red , and swells up into a 10 - foot blueberry before beiong rolled off to the Juicing Room by the Oompa Loompas to prevent her from bursting . Violet is shown leaving the factory gymnastically cartwheeling as a consequence of her increased flexibility , which she is actually happy about , although her mother is less than pleased with her daughter 's permanently indigo color . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Violet Beauregarde is portrayed as an African - American , Californian fame - hungry wan na - be , with her agent / father Eugene Beauregarde parlaying her mundane talent of gum chewing into celebrity status , with multitude of endorsements including her own TV show , line of perfume , and a clothing boutique franchise . Her theme is called `` The Double - Bubble Duchess '' . It is revealed that Violet 's chewing `` skill '' was picked up when she was a baby and her mom tried to get her to stop talking all the time . Violet and her father are escorted by an entourage to the factory entrance . Violet comes dressed in a sparkly purple and pink disco jumper and a pink backpack . Upon swelling in the influence of the experimental gum ( which consisted of tomato soup , roast chicken , potatoes and gravy , Fizzy Orange , cheese and crackers and blueberry pie ) , she panics and runs away as the Oompa Loompas break into an disco number , `` Juicy '' , and roller skate along the stage as Violet lifts into the air , resembling a giant purple disco - ball . Mr. Beauregarde phones his lawyer excitedly , with intent to profit from Violet 's new size , until Violet explodes . Wonka 's only reassurance of her survival is the prospect of rescuing the pieces and de-juicing them . In the Broadway version , the song `` Juicy '' is cut out ( the only child - exit song to be cut from the London version ) , and Violet instead becomes a blueberry and explodes in the background while Wonka explains how he met the Ooompa - Loompas to the group . Veruca Salt ( edit ) Veruca Salt Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Julie Dawn Cole ( 1971 ) Julia Winter ( 2005 ) Polly Allen , Tia Noakes , Ellie Simons , Scarlet Roche , Matilda Belton , Amy Carter , Hannah Howland , Ellie Benge , Ella Tweed , Stella Haden , Lauren Henson , Daisy Sequerra ( 2013 ) Emma Pfaeffle ( 2017 ) Voiced by Julia Winter ( 2005 video game ) Emily O'Brien ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Female Family Diane Salt ( mother ) Robert Salt ( father ) Nationality British Veruca Salt is a greedy , demanding , manipulative and stingy brat . She demands every single thing she wants ( and more ) , the second person to find a Golden Ticket , the third eliminated from the tour and one of the four main antagonists of the series . A selfish , rotten brat who shows her wealthy family no mercy and has absolutely no regard for other people 's property , Veruca frequently pesters her parents to purchase a variety of different objects for her . In the 2005 film , it is revealed that she owns 21 pets . But when she interferes with the trained squirrels used by Willy Wonka to select the best nuts to bake into chocolate bars , she is judged as a `` bad nut '' by the squirrels and discarded into the adjacent ' garbage chute ' and her parents follow . All three are later seen leaving the factory `` covered in garbage '' . Her nationality was never specified in Dahl 's novel , but she hails from upper - class England in both films . In the 1971 film adaptation , Veruca has a fiery temper , rudely demands various desires nonstop , brags about her wealth , and chastises anyone who questions her . In this film it is not squirrels but geese that lay special golden chocolate - filled eggs for Easter , one of which she demands as a new pet . She and Violet , in this film , bicker on two occasions . Veruca is eliminated at the end of her musical number in the film ( `` I Want it Now '' ) after climbing a machine designed to tell whether or not the geese 's eggs are `` good '' or `` bad '' eggs , and it judges her as a bad one . Her father then follows and is also deemed bad . In the Tom and Jerry version of the film , Veruca and her father manage to escape the furnace right before it ignites while trapping Tom inside . Veruca demands to be taken home and have her father make her a different chocolate factory , but Mr. Salt finally decides to discipline her as the near - death experience seems to have finally gotten to him . In the 2005 film adaptation , Veruca 's elimination remains virtually the same as in the book , with only a few changes made . Her demeanor is less vehement and more passive - aggressive compared to the 1971 version . When she leaves the factory ( covered in trash ) , she demands a facsimile of the Great Glass Elevator . However , her father , having learned a good parenting lesson from the Oompa - Loompas and finally realizing how much he has spoiled her , sternly tells her that she will only be getting a bath that day instead , and shoots her a fierce glare for trying to argue any further . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Veruca Salt is a British billionaire 's daughter , dressed in a pink ballerina tutu and baby seal fur coat - `` clubbed and tickled pink '' . Her father , Sir Robert Salt , is portrayed as a spineless dolt for giving his daughter her wishes . In the Nut Sorting Room , Veruca runs foul of the nut - testing squirrels who deem her a ' bad nut ' when she tries to steal one . This summons oversized squirrels with Oompa Loompas riding on their backs . They sing a nightmarish ballet `` Veruca 's Nutcracker Sweet '' that concludes with Veruca and her father sent down the garbage chute . In the Broadway version , Veruca 's nationality is changed to Russian , and the squirrels tear her apart limb by limb , but Wonka assures the group that the Ooompa - Loompas will be able to put her back together . Mike Teavee ( edit ) Mike Teavee Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Paris Themmen ( 1971 ) Jordan Fry ( 2005 ) Jay Heyman , Adam Mitchell , Luca Toomey , Daniel Rhodes , Innis Robertson - Pinnell , Dylan Standen , Archie Durrant , Freddie Haggerty , Harry Vallance , Frankie - Leon Rossell , Jude Ponting ( 2013 ) Michael Wartella ( 2017 ) Voiced by Jordan Fry ( 2005 video game ) Lauren Weisman ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Nationality American Mike Teavee , a boy that does nothing but watch television , is the fourth Golden Ticket finder , the last removed on - tour and one of the four main antagonists of the series . He was described as adorned with eighteen toy pistols that he ' fires ' while watching gangsters on TV . He is bad - tempered , slothful but also intelligent . How he found his Golden Ticket is never explained in the book or 1971 film as he is too absorbed in his television viewing to talk to the press about it . In the 2005 film , he does have an explanation on how he found the Golden Ticket : he used an algorithm to find it as an intellectual exercise . In the book , both of Mike 's parents tour the factory with him . During a display of miniaturization technology , used to transport chocolate , Mike shrinks himself to a tiny size , Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take the Teavee family to the Gum - Stretcher Room to get Mike stretched back to normal . Mike is last seen exiting the factory , now 10 ft ( 3 m ) tall because the Oompa - Loompas overstretched him . After he got shrunk when his parents lament that he wo n't be able to attend school , Mike happily says he can continue watching TV . His angry father then blames the TV for Mike 's poor behavior and decides to unplug it and throw it out the window when they get home , much to Mike 's displeasure . In the 1971 film , Mike is played by Paris Themmen and his surname is spelled `` Teevee '' in the credits . Mike is nine years old and accompanied to the factory by his high - strung mother . He 's from Arizona , enjoys Western films and wears cowboy attire . He makes constant references to television shows throughout the factory tour and comes across as somewhat of a know - it - all . Although easily annoyed , he does not have any major anger issues and gets along relatively well with the other kids . In the 2005 film , 13 - year - old Mike 's ( portrayed by Jordan Fry ) interests are updated to the Internet and video games ( especially gory first - person shooters ) , in addition to television viewing . In this version , he is from Denver , Colorado , and is portrayed as more disrespectful . Whenever he says something critical of Wonka 's company , or his ideas , Wonka reacts as if Mike is mumbling , even though he does not . He is able to find the Golden Ticket by using math and logic , though he admits he does not even like chocolate . After the incident in the Television Chocolate room , Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take Mr. Teavee and Mike to the Taffy - Puller Room to have Mike stretched back to normal . When Mike and his father are later seen leaving the factory , Mike is 10 ft ( 3 m ) tall and incredibly thin and flat . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Mike Teavee ( now age 10 ) lives in a suburban neighborhood with his disinterested father Norman Teavee and neurotic , alcoholic mother , Doris Teavee . Their opening number , `` It 's Teavee Time ! '' has Mrs. Teavee presenting her family as a normal , functioning household , downplaying Mike 's violent tendencies like setting a cat on fire , chloroforming a nurse , and stealing a German tank . In the Department of the Future , where Wonka transmits chocolate by television , Mike anxiously jumps into the machine and transmits himself , much to his mother 's horror . Wonka summons the monitors to see on which channel Mike has ended , as the Oompa Loompas rave around the room , singing , ' Vidiots ' . Near the end , Mrs. Teavee joins the rave , as they conclude that Mike still has a future on ' Mike.com ' . When Mike is shrunk as a result of the transporter , Mrs. Teavee happily takes him home as he can no longer cause trouble and she can take care of him like when he was a baby . In the Broadway version of the musical , lyrics in Mike 's song and some of Mike 's mannerisms reference president Donald Trump . Arthur Slugworth ( edit ) Arthur Slugworth Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Günter Meisner ( 1971 ) Phil Philmar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Mick Wingert ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male In the book , Arthur Slugworth is one of Willy Wonka 's rival chocolatiers . Slugworth , along with Wonka 's other rivals Mr. Fickelgruber and Mr. Prodnose , sent in spies to steal the secret recipes to Wonka 's treats , which he plagiarized , nearly ruining Wonka 's factory . After Wonka re-opens his factory ( operated exclusively by Oompa - Loompas ) , Slugworth is never heard from again , but it is stated that Fickelgruber would give each of his front teeth to enter Wonka 's inventing room ( laboratory / chocolate room in the book ) for three minutes . Slugworth has a much larger role as an enigmatic villain in the 1971 film . Inside Bill 's Candy Shop , Wonka 's products and signs are the most visible ; but Slugworth 's Sizzlers are also prominent , and one is even sold to a child . Also seen are signs for Fickelgruber 's candy . Grandpa Joe describes Slugworth as the worst of Wonka 's rivals . As each Golden Ticket is found , a sinister man approaches the finder and whispers something into his or her ear . After Charlie finds the last ticket , the same man approaches Charlie as well , introduces himself as Arthur Slugworth , and bribes the child to bring him one piece of the newly invented ' Everlasting Gobstopper ' , allowing him to plagiarize the formula and prevent the future invention from ruining his business . Two of the children ( Veruca and Mike ) respond to Slugworth 's bribe ; but Charlie , when tempted , returns the Everlasting Gobstopper to Wonka . Wonka eventually reveals that the tempter is not Slugworth , but his own employee Mr. Wilkinson , and that his offer was a moral test of character . Slugworth / Wilkinson was played by Günter Meisner , a West German actor . Slugworth only makes a split - second appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory where he alongside Mr. Ficklegruber and Mr. Prodnose are sending spies to steal ingredients from Wonka 's factory . He is here played by Philip Philmar . In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film , Slugworth 's role as a villain is expanded . When he first meets Charlie , he sings a cover of Veruca 's song , `` I Want it Now ! '' and also sings it as a duet with Veruca during her downfall . He teams up with Spike to steal a Gobstopper from the factory , but the two are thwarted by Charlie , Tom , and Jerry . Despite being more emphasized as a villain , he is still revealed to be Wonka 's employee Mr. Wilkinson . Mr. Turkentine ( edit ) Mr. Turkentine is Charlie Bucket 's school teacher and appears in the first film in 1971 , but not in the book or the 2005 film . He has an odd sense of humor which he uses to express knowledge . He asks Charlie to assist him in making a medicine using several scientific elements for the class but the project is interrupted due to the frantic golden ticket search for Willy Wonka . Mr. Turkentine when hearing the news about the golden tickets during the project dismisses the class and runs out . Later when it is revealed that all the tickets have supposedly been found ending with a Paraguayan millionaire he decides to use Wonka bars as an example to teach his class about percentages . He uses a few students as examples for the class , including Charlie . Charlie however reveals that he only opened two Wonka bars during the search and so to help make it easier for his class , he decides to pretend Charlie opened 200 . Mr. Turkentine is played by British actor David Battley . Prince Pondicherry ( edit ) Prince Pondicherry Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Nitin Ganatra ( 2005 ) Information Gender Male Prince Pondicherry is a prince who lives in India . He appears in the third chapter of the novel when Grandpa Joe is telling Charlie a story . In the story , Willy Wonka makes him a chocolate palace in India , that melts in the hot weather , as he had rejected Willy Wonka 's advice to eat it before it melted in the heat . His name derives from the city of Pondicherry ( officially spelled Puducherry since 2006 ) in southeastern India . He is absent from the 1971 film version , but makes a brief appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , where he is played by Nitin Ganatra . His story here matches that in the book , except in depicting his wife ( Shelley Conn ) and stating that the Prince demanded a second palace , but was refused . Oompa - Loompas ( edit ) Oompa - Loompas are small humans who would end up being preyed upon or attacked by the various predators that also reside in Loompaland before Wonka invited them to work at his factory and are paid in their favorite food , cocoa beans , which were extremely rare on their island . The Oompa - Loompas are also mischievous , loving practical jokes and singing songs which , according to Wonka , they are very good at improvising . They sing at the end of each child 's demise . In early editions of the novel , the Oompa - Loompas ( originally called `` Whipple - Scrumpets '' before publication ) are shown as African pygmies before Dahl rewrote them to be white - skinned and golden haired . In both editions , despite working in the factory , Oompa - Loompas insist on maintaining their native clothing : men wear skins , women wear leaves , and children wear nothing . In the 1971 film , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , they were written to be played by actors with dwarfism and are portrayed as orange - skinned , green - haired men in striped shirts and baggy lederhosen - like pants . Prominent portrayers : Angelo Muscat , Rusty Goffe , George Claydon , Rudy Borgstaller , Jo Kilkenny , Andy Wilday , Malcolm Dixon , Ismed Hassan , Norman Mcglen , Pepe Poupee , Marcus Powell , and Albert Wilkinson . In the 2005 film , the Oompa - Loompas are all played by Deep Roy and are virtually identical . They wear their tribal clothing during their time in Loompaland , and typical factory worker uniforms in Wonka 's Factory . Some of the female Oompa - Loompas like Doris work in the administration offices . Vermicious Knids ( edit ) Vermicious Knids are a fictional species of amorphous aliens that invade the Space Hotel `` U.S.A. '' in Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator . They are also mentioned in the 1971 feature film adaptation , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , but here are mentioned only as predators of the Oompa - Loompas . In the book , Vermicious Knids are huge , dark , egg - shaped predators who swallow their victims whole , and are capable of surviving , operating , and traveling faster than light , in the vacuum of space . Although normally oviform , they can assume any shape at will , while retaining their native texture and features . They originate ( according to Mr. Wonka ) on the planet Vermes , a fictional planet located ( in dialogue ) 184,270,000,000 miles ( 2.9655 × 10 kilometres ) from Earth ( 52 times Pluto 's distance ) . In the presence of victims , they can not resist shaping themselves to spell the word `` SCRAM '' ( the only word they know ) before they attack . In Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , a swarm of Knids take possession of the new Space Hotel `` U.S.A. '' . When the transport capsule brings the staff to the Space Hotel , the Knids consume some of the staff , and the survivors retreat to the capsule . There , the Knids bludgeon the capsule with their own bodies , until its retro - rockets are useless ; whereupon Wonka , Charlie , and Grandpa Joe connect the capsule to the Elevator , in hope of towing it to Earth , and one Knid wraps itself around the Elevator while the others form a chain , intending to draw the Elevator and capsule to their home planet . The Elevator then returns to Earth , and the Knids are incinerated in Earth 's atmosphere . When Nestle created their interpretation of Wonka 's world to sell chocolate bars under the name `` Wonka '' , they released a number of downloadable flash games , wherein Knids seem to have entered the factory and have the appearance of flying green blobs with single red eyes . The etymology of the name was not provided by Dahl . Pronunciation of Knid is said in the book to approximate adding a schwa between the `` K '' and `` nid '' , or in Dahl 's words , `` K'nid '' . Cnidaria is the name of the taxonomic phylum containing stinging aquatic invertebrates such as jellyfish and coral , itself derived from the classical Greek word for nettle , κνίδη . Vermicious is a real word , meaning `` worm like '' . The Vermicious Knids are also mentioned in other Dahl stories , including James and the Giant Peach ( where the New York Police Department misidentify Miss Spider as one ) and The Minpins . Other characters ( edit ) Portrayed in other media ( edit ) Name 1971 film 2005 film Mrs. Bucket Diana Sowle Helena Bonham Carter Mr. Bucket Deceased Noah Taylor Mrs. Gloop Ursula Reit Franziska Troegner Mr. Gloop Kurt Großkurth ( uncredited ) Harry Taylor Mrs. Teavee Dodo Denney Cameo ( uncredited ) Mr. Teavee Michael Goodliffe Adam Godley Mrs. Beauregarde Cameo ( uncredited ) Missi Pyle Mr. Beauregarde Leonard Stone Absent Mrs. ( Diane ) Salt Pat Coombs ( uncredited ) Francesca Hunt Mr. ( Robert ) Salt Roy Kinnear James Fox Grandma Josephine Franziska Liebing ( uncredited ) Eileen Essell Grandma Georgina Dora Altmann ( uncredited ) Liz Smith Grandpa George Ernst Ziegler ( uncredited ) David Morris Shopkeeper Aubrey Woods Oscar James Dr. Wilbur Wonka Absent Christopher Lee Winkelmann Peter Stuart Absent Newscaster Steve Dunne ( uncredited ) Todd Boyce Tinker Peter Capell Absent Mr. Joepack Werner Heyking Absent Computer Scientist Tim Brooke - Taylor ( uncredited ) Absent Auctioneer Frank Delfino ( uncredited ) Absent Prodnose Absent Criss Cresswell Ficklegruber Absent Tony Kirwood Young Willy Wonka Absent Blair Dunlop Princess Pondicherry Absent Shelley Conn Narrator Absent Geoffrey Holder Excluded from the published book ( edit ) As detailed in unpublished drafts of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , far more than five children got the golden ticket to tour Willy Wonka 's secret chocolate factory , far more than four were eliminated , and the children faced more rooms and more temptations to test their self - control . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Siddique , Haroon ( 13 September 2017 ) . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory hero ' was originally black ' '' . Theguardian.com . Jump up ^ Kelly , Helen ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` You wo n't believe what Charlie and the Chocolate Factory 's Mike Teavee looks like now ... '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Chryl Corbin . `` Deconstructing Willy Wonka 's Chocolate Factory : Race , Labor , and the Changing Depictions of the Oompa - Loompas '' ( PDF ) . Ourenvironment , berkely.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Hephzibah . `` The dark side of Roald Dahl '' . Bbc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Slate , Jeff . `` CHARLIE AND THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY 50 YEARS LATER '' . Esquire . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Goffe , Rusty ( 27 July 2005 ) . `` My life as an Oompa Loompa : ' Willy Wonka was my first and favourite film ' '' . Theguardian.com . Jump up ^ June , E. Alex ( August 30 , 2014 ) . `` Lost Chapter of Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Released '' . wn.com . ( hide ) Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_characters&oldid=809839040 '' Categories : Willy Wonka characters Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from September 2016 All articles needing rewrite Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 19 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played grandpa joe in charlie and the chocolate factory | [
"The character was played by David Kelly in the 2005 film adaptation, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Veteran actor Gregory Peck was originally selected to play the role, but he died in 2003 before filming began. This version of the character is written as more calm than the 1971 version. An original backstory to Grandpa Joe's past was added to Tim Burton's film, wherein it is said that Joe worked for Wonka until the latter fired all his workers from his factory due to constant corporate espionage by rival confectionery manufacturers. When he returns to the factory with Charlie for the tour, Wonka asks if he was a spy working for a competing factory before he humbly welcomes him back."
] | [
"David Kelly"
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1897654846300368724 | Know Nothing | Know Nothing - wikipedia Know Nothing Jump to : navigation , search Know Nothing Other name Native American Party American Party First Leader Lewis Charles Levin Founded 1844 ( 1844 ) Dissolved 1860 ( 1860 ) Preceded by Whig Party Succeeded by Constitutional Union Party Headquarters New York City Secret wing Order of the Star Spangled Banner Ideology American nationalism Anti-Catholicism Populism Nativism Republicanism Religion Protestantism Colors Red White Blue ( United States national colors ) Politics of United States Political parties Elections The Native American Party , renamed the American Party in 1855 and commonly known as the Know Nothing movement , was an American nativist political party that operated nationally in the mid-1850s . It was primarily anti-Catholic , xenophobic and hostile to immigration , starting originally as a secret society . The movement briefly emerged as a major political party in the form of the American Party . Adherents to the movement were to reply `` I know nothing '' when asked about its specifics by outsiders , thus providing the group with its common name . The Know Nothings believed a `` Romanist '' conspiracy was afoot to subvert civil and religious liberty in the United States and sought to politically organize native - born Protestants in the defense of traditional religious and political values . It is remembered for this theme because of fears by Protestants that Catholic priests and bishops would control a large bloc of voters . In most places , Know Nothingism lasted only a year or two before disintegrating because of weak local leaders , few publicly declared national leaders and a deep split over the issue of slavery . In the South , the party did not emphasize anti-Catholicism , but was the main alternative to the dominant Democratic Party . The collapse of the Whig Party after the passage of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act left an opening for the emergence of a new major party in opposition to the Democrats . The Know Nothings elected Congressman Nathaniel P. Banks of Massachusetts and several other individuals in the 1854 elections and created a new party organization known as the American Party . Particularly in the South , the American Party served as a vehicle for politicians opposed to the Democratic Party . Many also hoped that it would seek a middle ground between the pro-slavery positions of many Democratic politicians and the anti-slavery positions of the emerging Republican Party . The American Party nominated former President Millard Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election , although he kept quiet about his membership . Fillmore received 21.5 % of the popular vote in the 1856 presidential election , finishing behind the Democratic and Republican nominees . The party declined rapidly after the 1856 election . The 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford decision further aroused opposition to slavery in the North , where many Know Nothings joined the Republicans . Most of the remaining members of the party supported the Constitutional Union Party in the 1860 presidential election . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Name 1.2 Underlying issues 1.3 Rise 1.4 Leadership and legislation 1.5 Violence 1.6 South 1.7 Decline 2 Electoral history 2.1 Congressional elections 2.2 Presidential elections 3 Legacy 4 In popular culture 5 Notable Know Nothings 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 8.1 Primary sources 9 External links History ( edit ) Anti-Catholicism had been a factor in colonial America but played a minor role in American politics until the arrival of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics in the 1840s . It then reemerged in nativist attacks on Catholic immigration . It appeared in New York politics as early as 1843 under the banner of the American Republican Party . The movement quickly spread to nearby states using that name or Native American Party or variants of it . They succeeded in a number of local and Congressional elections , notably in 1844 in Philadelphia , where the anti-Catholic orator Lewis Charles Levin was elected Representative from Pennsylvania 's 1st district . In the early 1850s , numerous secret orders grew up , of which the Order of United Americans and the Order of the Star Spangled Banner came to be the most important . They merged in New York in the early 1850s as a secret order that quickly spread across the North , reaching non-Catholics , particularly those who were lower middle class or skilled workmen . Name ( edit ) The name `` Know Nothing '' originated in the semi-secret organization of the party . When a member was asked about his activities , he was supposed to reply `` I know nothing '' . Outsiders called them `` Know Nothings '' and the name stuck . In 1855 , the Know Nothings first entered politics under the American Party label . Underlying issues ( edit ) The immigration of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics to the United States in the period between 1830 and 1860 made religious differences between Catholics and Protestants a political issue . Violence occasionally erupted at the polls . Protestants alleged that Pope Pius IX had put down the failed liberal Revolutions of 1848 and that he was an opponent of liberty , democracy and republicanism . One Boston minister described Catholicism as `` the ally of tyranny , the opponent of material prosperity , the foe of thrift , the enemy of the railroad , the caucus , and the school '' . These fears encouraged conspiracy theories regarding papal intentions of subjugating the United States through a continuing influx of Catholics controlled by Irish bishops obedient to and personally selected by the Pope . In 1849 , an oath - bound secret society , the Order of the Star Spangled Banner , was created by Charles B. Allen in New York City . At its inception , the Order of the Star Spangled Banner only had about 36 members . Fear of Catholic immigration led to a dissatisfaction with the Democratic Party , whose leadership in many cities included Catholics of Irish descent . Activists formed secret groups , coordinating their votes and throwing their weight behind candidates sympathetic to their cause : Immigration during the first five years of the 1850s reached a level five times greater than a decade earlier . Most of the new arrivals were poor Catholic peasants or laborers from Ireland and Germany who crowded into the tenements of large cities . Crime and welfare costs soared . Cincinnati 's crime rate , for example , tripled between 1846 and 1853 and its murder rate increased sevenfold . Boston 's expenditures for poor relief rose threefold during the same period . -- James M. McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom , p. 131 Rise ( edit ) In spring 1854 , the Know Nothings carried Boston , Salem and other New England cities . They swept the state of Massachusetts in the fall 1854 elections , their biggest victory . The Whig candidate for mayor of Philadelphia , editor Robert T. Conrad , was soon revealed as a Know Nothing as he promised to crack down on crime , close saloons on Sundays and to appoint only native - born Americans to office -- he won by a landslide . In Washington , D.C. , Know Nothing candidate John T. Towers defeated incumbent Mayor John Walker Maury , causing opposition of such proportion that the Democrats , Whigs and Freesoilers in the capital united as the `` Anti-Know - Nothing Party '' . In New York , in a four - way race the Know Nothing candidate ran third with 26 % . After the 1854 elections , they claimed to have exerted decisive influence in Maine , Indiana , Pennsylvania and California , but historians are unsure due to the secrecy as all parties were in turmoil and the anti-slavery and prohibition issues overlapped with nativism in complex and confusing ways . They helped elect Stephen Palfrey Webb as Mayor of San Francisco and J. Neely Johnson as Governor of California . Nathaniel P. Banks was elected to Congress as a Know Nothing candidate , but after a few months he aligned with Republicans . A coalition of Know Nothings , Republicans and other members of Congress opposed to the Democratic Party elected Banks to the position of Speaker of the House . The results of the 1854 elections were so favorable to the Know Nothings , up to then an informal movement with no centralized organization , that they formed officially as a political party called the American Party , which attracted many members of the now nearly defunct Whig party as well as a significant number of Democrats . Membership in the American Party increased dramatically , from 50,000 to an estimated one million plus in a matter of months during that year . The historian Tyler Anbinder concluded : The key to Know Nothing success in 1854 was the collapse of the second party system , brought about primarily by the demise of the Whig Party . The Whig Party , weakened for years by internal dissent and chronic factionalism , was nearly destroyed by the Kansas -- Nebraska Act . Growing anti-party sentiment , fueled by anti-slavery as well as temperance and nativism , also contributed to the disintegration of the party system . The collapsing second party system gave the Know Nothings a much larger pool of potential converts than was available to previous nativist organizations , allowing the Order to succeed where older nativist groups had failed . In San Francisco , California , a Know Nothing chapter was founded in 1854 to oppose Chinese immigration -- members included a judge of the state supreme court , who ruled that no Chinese person could testify as a witness against a white man in court . Fillmore -- Donelson campaign poster In the spring of 1855 , Levi Boone was elected mayor of Chicago for the Know Nothings and barred all immigrants from city jobs . Abraham Lincoln was strongly opposed to the principles of the Know Nothing movement , but did not denounce it publicly because he needed the votes of its membership to form a successful anti-slavery coalition in Illinois . Ohio was the only state where the party gained strength in 1855 . Their Ohio success seems to have come from winning over immigrants , especially German American Lutherans and Scots - Irish Presbyterians , both hostile to Catholicism . In Alabama , Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs , malcontented Democrats and other political outsiders who favored state aid to build more railroads . Virginia attracted national attention in its tempestuous 1855 gubernatorial . Democrat Henry Alexander Wise won by convincing state voters that Know Nothings were in bed with Northern abolitionists . With the victory by Wise , the movement began to collapse in the South . Know Nothings scored victories in Northern state elections in 1854 , winning control of the legislature in Massachusetts and polling 40 % of the vote in Pennsylvania . Although most of the new immigrants lived in the North , resentment and anger against them was national and the American Party initially polled well in the South , attracting the votes of many former southern Whigs . The party name gained wide but brief popularity . Nativism became a new American rage : Know Nothing candy , Know Nothing tea and Know Nothing toothpicks appeared . Stagecoaches were dubbed `` The Know Nothing '' . In Trescott , Maine , a shipowner dubbed his new 700 - ton freighter `` Know Nothing '' . The party was occasionally referred to contemporaneously in a slightly pejorative shortening `` Knism '' . Leadership and legislation ( edit ) Historian John Mulkern has examined the party 's success in sweeping to almost complete control of the Massachusetts legislature after its 1854 landslide victory . He finds the new party was populist and highly democratic , hostile to wealth , elites and to expertise and deeply suspicious of outsiders , especially Catholics . The new party 's voters were concentrated in the rapidly growing industrial towns , where Yankee workers faced direct competition with new Irish immigrants . Whereas the Whig Party was strongest in high income districts , the Know Nothing electorate was strongest in the poor districts . They expelled the traditional upper - class closed political leadership class , especially the lawyers and merchants . In their stead , they elected working class men , farmers and a large number of teachers and ministers . Replacing the moneyed elite were men who seldom owned $10,000 in property . Nationally , the new party leadership showed incomes , occupation and social status that were about average . Few were wealthy , according to detailed historical studies of once - secret membership rosters . Fewer than 10 % were unskilled workers who might come in direct competition with Irish laborers . They enlisted few farmers , but on the other hand they included many merchants and factory owners . The party 's voters were by no means all native - born Americans , for it won more than a fourth of the German and British Protestants in numerous state elections . It especially appealed to Protestants such as the Lutherans , Dutch Reformed and Presbyterians . The most aggressive and innovative legislation came out of Massachusetts , where the new party controlled all but three of the 400 seats -- only 35 had any previous legislative experience . The Massachusetts legislature in 1855 passed a series of reforms that `` burst the dam against change erected by party politics , and released a flood of reforms '' . Historian Stephen Taylor says : ( In addition to nativist legislation ) , the party also distinguished itself by its opposition to slavery , support for an expansion of the rights of women , regulation of industry , and support of measures designed to improve the status of working people . It passed legislation to regulate railroads , insurance companies and public utilities . It funded free textbooks for the public schools and raised the appropriations for local libraries and for the school for the blind . Purification of Massachusetts against divisive social evils was a high priority . The legislature set up the state 's first reform school for juvenile delinquents while trying to block the importation of supposedly subversive government documents and academic books from Europe . It upgraded the legal status of wives , giving them more property rights and more rights in divorce courts . It passed harsh penalties on speakeasies , gambling houses and bordellos . It passed prohibition legislation with penalties that were so stiff -- such as six months in prison for serving one glass of beer -- that juries refused to convict defendants . Many of the reforms were quite expensive ; state spending rose 45 % on top of a 50 % hike in annual taxes on cities and towns . Extravagance angered the taxpayers and few Know Nothings were reelected . The highest priority included attacks on the civil rights of Irish Catholic immigrants . After this , state courts lost the power to process applications for citizenship and public schools had to require compulsory daily reading of the Protestant Bible ( which the nativists were sure would transform the Catholic children ) . The governor disbanded the Irish militias and replaced Irish holding state jobs with Protestants . It failed to reach the two - thirds vote needed to pass a state constitutional amendment to restrict voting and office holding to men who had resided in Massachusetts for at least 21 years . The legislature then called on Congress to raise the requirement for naturalization from five years to 21 years , but Congress never acted . The most dramatic move by the Know Nothing legislature was to appoint an investigating committee designed to prove widespread sexual immorality underway in Catholic convents . The press had a field day following the story , especially when it was discovered that the key reformer was using committee funds to pay for a prostitute . The legislature shut down its committee , ejected the reformer and saw its investigation become a laughing stock . The Know Nothings also dominated politics in Rhode Island , where in 1855 William W. Hoppin held the Governorship and five out of every seven votes went to the party , which dominated the Rhode Island legislature . Local newspapers such as The Providence Journal fueled anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiment . Violence ( edit ) Know Nothing Party ticket naming party candidates for state and county offices ( at the bottom of the page are voting instructions ) Fearful that Catholics were flooding the polls with non-citizens , local activists threatened to stop them . Tensions came to a head on 6 August 1855 in Louisville , Kentucky , where in a hotly contested race for the office of Governor 22 were killed and many injured . The Louisville riot was not the only spectacle of violent riots between Know Nothing activists and Catholics in 1855 . In Baltimore , the mayoral elections of 1856 , 1857 and 1858 were all marred by violence and well - founded accusations of ballot - rigging . In Maine , Know Nothings were associated with the tarring and feathering of a Catholic priest , Father Johannes Bapst , in the coastal town of Ellsworth in 1851 and the burning of a Catholic church in Bath in 1854 . South ( edit ) In the South , the American Party was composed chiefly of ex Whigs looking for a vehicle to fight the dominant Democratic Party and worried about both the pro-slavery extremism of the Democrats and the emergence of the anti-slavery Republican party in the North . In the South as a whole , the American Party was strongest among former Unionist Whigs . States - rightist Whigs shunned it , enabling the Democrats to win most of the South . Whigs supported the American Party because of their desire to defeat the Democrats , their unionist sentiment , their anti-immigrant attitudes and the Know Nothing neutrality on the slavery issue . David T. Gleeson notes that many Irish Catholics in the South feared the arrival of the Know - Nothing movement portended a serious threat . He argues : The southern Irish , who had seen the dangers of Protestant bigotry in Ireland , had the distinct feeling that the Know - Nothings were an American manifestation of that phenomenon . Every migrant , no matter how settled or prosperous , also worried that this virulent strain of nativism threatened his or her hard - earned gains in the South and integration into its society . Immigrants ' fears were unjustified , however , because the national debate over slavery and its expansion , not nativism or anti-Catholicism , was the major reason for Know - Nothing success in the South . The southerners who supported the Know - Nothings did so , for the most part , because they thought the Democrats who favored the expansion of slavery might break up the Union . In 1855 , the American Party challenged the Democrats ' dominance . In Alabama , the Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs , malcontented Democrats and other political misfits ; they favored state aid to build more railroads . In the fierce campaign , the Democrats argued that Know Nothings could not protect slavery from Northern abolitionists . The Know Nothing American Party disintegrated soon after losing in 1855 . In Louisiana and Maryland , the Know Nothings enlisted native - born Catholics . Know Nothing congressman John Edward Bouligny was the only member of the Louisiana congressional delegation to refuse to resign his seat after the state seceded from the Union . In Maryland , the party 's influence lasted at least through the Civil War : the American Party 's Governor and later Senator Thomas Holliday Hicks , Representative Henry Winter Davis , and Senator Anthony Kennedy , with his brother , former Representative John Pendleton Kennedy , all supported the United States in a State which bordered the Confederate states . Historian Michael F. Holt argues that `` Know Nothingism originally grew in the South for the same reasons it spread in the North -- nativism , anti-Catholicism , and animosity toward unresponsive politicos -- not because of conservative Unionism '' . Holt cites William B. Campbell , former governor of Tennessee , who wrote in January 1855 : `` I have been astonished at the widespread feeling in favor of their principles -- to wit , Native Americanism and anti-Catholicism -- it takes everywhere '' . Decline ( edit ) Results by county indicating the percentage for Fillmore in each county The party declined rapidly in the North after 1855 . In the presidential election of 1856 , it was bitterly divided over slavery . The main faction supported the ticket of presidential nominee Millard Fillmore and vice presidential nominee Andrew Jackson Donelson . Fillmore , a former President , had been a Whig and Donelson was the nephew of Democratic President Andrew Jackson , so the ticket was designed to appeal to loyalists from both major parties , winning 23 % of the popular vote and carrying one state , Maryland , with eight electoral votes . Fillmore did not win enough votes to block Democrat James Buchanan from the White House . During this time , Nathaniel Banks decided he was not as strongly for the anti-immigrant platform as the party wanted him to be , so he left the Know Nothing Party for the more anti-slavery Republican Party . He contributed to the decline of the Know Nothing Party by taking two - thirds of its members with him . Many were appalled by the Know Nothings . Abraham Lincoln expressed his own disgust with the political party in a private letter to Joshua Speed written August 24 , 1855 . Lincoln never publicly attacked the Know Nothings , whose votes he needed : I am not a Know - Nothing -- that is certain . How could I be ? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes , be in favor of degrading classes of white people ? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid . As a nation , we began by declaring that ' all men are created equal . ' We now practically read it ' all men are created equal , except negroes . ' When the Know - Nothings get control , it will read ' all men are created equals , except negroes and foreigners and Catholics . ' When it comes to that I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty -- to Russia , for instance , where despotism can be taken pure , and without the base alloy of hypocrisy . Historian Allan Nevins , writing about the turmoil preceding the American Civil War , states that Millard Fillmore was never a Know Nothing nor a nativist . Fillmore was out of the country when the presidential nomination came and had not been consulted about running . Nevins further states : ( Fillmore ) was not a member of the party ; he had never attended an American ( Know - Nothing ) gathering . By no spoken or written word had he indicated a subscription to American ( Party ) tenets . After the Supreme Court 's controversial Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling in 1857 , most of the anti-slavery members of the American Party joined the Republican Party . The pro-slavery wing of the American Party remained strong on the local and state levels in a few southern states , but by the 1860 election , they were no longer a serious national political movement . Most of their remaining members supported the Constitutional Union Party in 1860 . Electoral history ( edit ) Congressional elections ( edit ) United States House of Representatives Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Presidency 1844 6 / 227 6 James K. Polk 1846 1 / 230 5 1848 1 / 233 Zachary Taylor 1850 0 / 233 Millard Fillmore 1852 0 / 234 Franklin Pierce 1854 52 / 234 52 1856 14 / 237 38 James Buchanan 1858 6 / 238 8 1860 0 / 239 6 Abraham Lincoln United States Senate Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Presidency 1844 0 / 58 James K. Polk 1846 0 / 60 1848 0 / 62 Zachary Taylor 1850 0 / 62 Millard Fillmore 1852 0 / 62 Franklin Pierce 1854 1 / 62 1856 5 / 66 James Buchanan 1858 2 / 66 1860 0 / 68 Abraham Lincoln Presidential elections ( edit ) Election Candidate Running mate Votes Vote % Electoral votes + / - Outcome of election 1852 Jacob Broom Reynell Coates 2,566 0.1 0 / 294 Democratic victory 1856 Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson 873,053 21.5 8 / 294 8 Democratic victory Legacy ( edit ) The Nativist spirit of the Know Nothing movement was revived in later political movements , such as the American Protective Association of the 1890s and the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s . In the late 19th century , Democrats would call the Republicans `` Know Nothings '' in order to secure the votes of Germans as in the Bennett Law campaign in Wisconsin in 1890 . A similar culture war took place in Illinois in 1892 , where Democrat John Peter Altgeld denounced the Republicans : The spirit which enacted the Alien and Sedition laws , the spirit which actuated the `` Know - nothing '' party , the spirit which is forever carping about the foreign - born citizen and trying to abridge his privileges , is too deeply seated in the party . The aristocratic and know - nothing principle has been circulating in its system so long that it will require more than one somersault to shake the poison out of its bones . The term has become a provocative slur , suggesting that the opponent is both nativist and ignorant . George Wallace 's 1968 presidential campaign was said by Time to be under the `` neo-Know Nothing banner '' . Fareed Zakaria wrote that politicians who `` encourage ( d ) Americans to fear foreigners '' were becoming `` modern incarnations of the Know - Nothings '' . In 2006 , an editorial in The Weekly Standard by neoconservative William Kristol accused populist Republicans of `` turning the GOP into an anti-immigration , Know - Nothing party '' . The lead editorial of the May 20 , 2007 issue of The New York Times on a proposed immigration bill referred to `` this generation 's Know - Nothings '' . An editorial written by Timothy Egan in The New York Times on August 27 , 2010 and entitled `` Building a Nation of Know - Nothings '' discussed the birther movement , which falsely claimed that Barack Obama was not a natural - born United States citizen , which is a requirement for the office of President of the United States . In the 2016 United States presidential election , a number of commentators and politicians compared candidate Donald Trump to the Know Nothings due to his anti-immigration policies . In popular culture ( edit ) The American Party was represented in the 2002 film Gangs of New York , led by William `` Bill the Butcher '' Cutting ( Daniel Day - Lewis ) , the fictionalized version of real - life Know Nothing leader William Poole , who was also the real life leader of the Bowery Boys . The Know Nothings also play a prominent role in the historical fiction novel Shaman by novelist Noah Gordon . Notable Know Nothings ( edit ) Nathaniel P. Banks , Congress Speaker of the House from Massachusetts and Union Army general Levi Boone , Mayor of Chicago John Edward Bouligny , Congressman from Louisiana Henry Winter Davis , Congressman from Maryland Millard Fillmore , 13th President of the United States Thomas Holliday Hicks , Governor of Maryland William W. Hoppin , Governor of Rhode Island Sam Houston , Senator from Texas J. Neely Johnson , Governor of California Anthony Kennedy , Senator from Maryland Lewis Charles Levin , politician and social activist Samuel Morse , politician , painter and inventor of morse code William Poole , politician and a founder and leader of the New York City criminal Nativist gang the Bowery Boys Stephen Palfrey Webb , Mayor of San Francisco Henry Wilson , 18th Vice President of the United States See also ( edit ) 71st Infantry Regiment ( New York ) Bloody Monday Bowery Boys John J. Crittenden James Greene Hardy Samuel Hinks Know - Nothing Riot of 1856 Philadelphia Nativist Riots Thomas Swann Third Party System References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kemp , Bill ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Know Nothings ' Opposed Immigration in Lincoln 's Day '' . The Pantagraph . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Francis D. Cogliano , No King , No Popery : Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England ( Greenwood 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Ira M. Leonard , `` The Rise and Fall of the American Republican Party in New York City , 1843 -- 1845 . '' New - York Historical Society Quarterly 50 ( 1966 ) : 151 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Louis D. Scisco , Political Nativism in New York State ( 1901 ) p. 267 . Jump up ^ Bruce Levine , `` Conservatism , Nativism , and Slavery : Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know - Nothing Party . '' Journal of American History ( 2001 ) : 455 -- 88 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Sean Wilentz . pp. 681 -- 2 , 693 . Jump up ^ Ray A. Billington . pp. 337 , 380 -- 406 . Jump up ^ Ray A. Billington . The Protestant Crusade , 1800 -- 1860 ( 1938 ) p. 242 . Jump up ^ John T. McGreevey . Catholicism and American Freedom : A History ( 2003 ) pp. 22 -- 5 , 34 ( quotation ) . Jump up ^ Tyree , Rene ( 2008 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Order of the Star Spangled Banner '' . wig-wags.worldpress.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Anbinder , Nativism and Slavery , pp. 75 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Tyler Anbinder . Nativism and Slavery , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Michael C. LeMay ( 2012 ) . Transforming America : Perspectives on U.S. Immigration . ABC - CLIO . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39644 - 1 . Jump up ^ Richard Lawrence Miller ( 2012 ) . Lincoln and His World : Volume 4 , The Path to the Presidency , 1854 -- 1860 . McFarland . pp. 63 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , Ordeal of the Union : A House Dividing 1852 -- 1857 ( 1947 ) 2 : 396 -- 8 . Jump up ^ John David Bladek , `` ' Virginia Is Middle Ground ' : The Know Nothing Party and the Virginia Gubernatorial Election of 1855 . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 1998 ) : 35 -- 70 . in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Carey , Anthony Gene ( 1995 ) . `` Too Southern to Be Americans : Proslavery Politics and the Failure of the Know - Nothing Party in Georgia , 1854 -- 1856 '' . Civil War History . 41 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 40 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 1995.0023 . ISSN 1533 - 6271 . Jump up ^ David Harry Bennett , The Party of Fear : From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History ( 1988 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ William E. Gienapp . `` Salmon P. Chase , Nativism , and the Formation of the Republican Party in Ohio '' , pp. 22 , 24 . Ohio History , p. 93 . Jump up ^ John R. Mulkern ( 1990 ) . The Know - Nothing Party in Massachusetts : The Rise and Fall of a People 's Movement . University Press of New England . pp. 74 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Anbinder , Nativism and Slavery , pp. 34 -- 43 . Jump up ^ William E. Gienapp . Origins of the Republican Party 1852 -- 1856 ( 1987 ) pp. 538 -- 542 . Jump up ^ Ronald P. Formisano , The Transformation of Political Culture : Massachusetts Parties , 1790s -- 1840s ( 1983 ) p. 332 . Jump up ^ Stephen Taylor , `` Progressive Nativism : The Know - Nothing Party in Massachusetts '' , Historical Journal of Massachusetts ( 2000 ) 28 , no . 2 , pp. 167 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Taylor , `` Progressive Nativism : The Know - Nothing Party in Massachusetts '' pp. 171 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Mulkern ( 1990 ) . The Know - Nothing Party in Massachusetts : The Rise and Fall of a People 's Movement . pp. 101 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Tyler Anbinder , Nativism and Slavery ( 1992 ) , p. 137 Jump up ^ John R. Mulkern , `` Scandal Behind the Convent Walls : The Know - Nothing Nunnery Committee of 1855 . '' Historical Journal of Massachusetts 11 ( 1983 ) : 22 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Mary J. Oates , `` ' Lowell ' : An Account of Convent Life in Lowell , Massachusetts , 1852 -- 1890 . '' New England Quarterly ( 1988 ) pp. 101 -- 18 in JSTOR reveals the actual behavior of the Catholic nuns . Jump up ^ Robert Howard Lord , et al. , History of the Archdiocese of Boston in the Various Stages of Development , 1604 to 1943 ( 1944 ) pp. 686 -- 99 for more details . ^ Jump up to : McLoughlin , William G ( 1986 ) . Rhode Island : A History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 141 -- 142 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30271 - 7 . Jump up ^ Charles E. Deusner . `` The Know Nothing Riots in Louisville '' , Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 61 ( 1963 ) , pp. 122 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Maine Historical Society , Maine : A History , ( 1919 ) Volume 1 pp. 304 -- 5 online Jump up ^ Broussard , James H. ( 1966 ) . `` Some Determinants of Know - Nothing Electoral Strength in the South , 1856 '' . Louisiana History : The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association . 7 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 20 . JSTOR 4230880 . Jump up ^ David T. Gleeson , The Irish in the South , 1815 -- 1877 ( 2001 ) p. 78 . Jump up ^ Frederick , Jeff ( 2002 ) . `` Unintended Consequences : The Rise and Fall of the Know - Nothing Party in Alabama '' . Alabama Review . 55 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 33 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anbinder , Tyler ( 1992 ) . Nativism and Slavery : The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507233 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bouligny , John Edward ( 5 February 1861 ) . Feb. 5 , 1861 : Secession of Louisiana ( PDF ) ( Speech ) . Speech in the House of Representatives . Washington , D.C. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Holt , Michael F. ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party : Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . p. 856 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516104 - 5 . Jump up ^ Browne , Francis Fisher ( 1914 ) . The Every - day Life of Abraham Lincoln : A Narrative and Descriptive Biography with Pen - pictures and Personal Recollections by Those who Knew Him . Browne & Howell . p. 153 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , Ordeal of the Union : A House Dividing 1852 -- 1857 ( 1947 ) 2 : 467 Jump up ^ Tyler Anbinder . Nativism and Slavery : The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s ( 1992 ) . ^ Jump up to : William Safire . Safire 's Political Dictionary ( 2008 ) pp. 375 -- 76 Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 -- 96 ( 1971 ) pp. 108 , 147 , 160 . Jump up ^ Louise Phelps Kellogg . `` The Bennett Law in Wisconsin '' , Wisconsin Magazine of History , Volume 2 , # 1 ( September 1918 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Jensen . The Winning of the Midwest , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Craig Shirley . `` How the GOP Lost Its Way '' , The Washington Post , April 22 , 2006 , p . A21 . Jump up ^ `` The Immigration Deal '' , The New York Times , May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Egan , Timothy . `` Building a Nation of Know - Nothings '' , The New York Times , August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Cassidy `` Donald Trump Is n't a Fascist ; He 's a Media - Savvy Know - Nothing '' , The New Yorker , December 28 , 2015 , January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James Nevius `` Donald Trump is an immigration Know - Nothing , and dangerous for Republicans '' , The Guardian , August 15 , 2015 , January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Helen Raleigh `` Is Trump Turning the GOP Into the ' Know Nothing ' Party ? '' , Townhall , September 19 , 2015 , Retrieved on January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Laura Reston `` Donald Trump Is n't The First Know Nothing to Capture American Hearts '' , The New Republic , July 30 , 2015 , Retrieved on January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Eric Kaufman `` Former NY Governor George Pataki : Donald Trump is the ' Know Nothing ' candidate of the 21st Century '' , Salon , December 16 , 2015 , Retrieved on January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kiedrowski , Jay ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Trump : A throwback to the Know - Nothing Party of the 1850s '' . MinnPost . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gangs of New York : The History That Inspired the Movie '' . ReelRundown . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Gregg ( January 1993 ) . `` Sam Houston and the Know - Nothings : A Reappraisal '' . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 96 ( 3 ) : 327 -- 343 . Bibliography ( edit ) Anbinder , Tyler . Nativism and Slavery : The Northern Know Nothings and the politics of the 1850s ( 1992 ) . Online version ; also online at ACLS History e-Book , the standard scholarly study Anbinder , Tyler . `` Nativism and prejudice against immigrants , '' in A companion to American immigration , ed. by Reed Ueda ( 2006 ) pp. 177 -- 201 online excerpt Baker , Jean H. ( 1977 ) , Ambivalent Americans : The Know - Nothing Party in Maryland , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins . Baum , Dale . `` Know - Nothingism and the Republican Majority in Massachusetts : The Political Realignment of the 1850s . '' Journal of American History 64 ( 1977 -- 78 ) : 959 -- 86 . in JSTOR Baum , Dale . The Civil War Party System : The Case of Massachusetts , 1848 -- 1876 ( 1984 ) online Bennett , David Harry . The Party of Fear : From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History ( 1988 ) Billington , Ray A . The Protestant Crusade , 1800 -- 1860 : A Study of the Origins of American Nativism ( 1938 ) , standard scholarly survey ; online Bladek , John David . `` ' Virginia Is Middle Ground ' : the Know Nothing Party and the Virginia Gubernatorial Election of 1855 . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 1998 106 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 70 . in JSTOR Cheathem , Mark R. `` ' I Shall Persevere in the Cause of Truth ' : Andrew Jackson Donelson and the Election of 1856 '' . Tennessee Historical Quarterly 2003 62 ( 3 ) : 218 -- 237 . ISSN 0040 - 3261 Donelson was Andrew Jackson 's nephew and K-N nominee for Vice President Dash , Mark . `` New Light on the Dark Lantern : the Initiation Rites and Ceremonies of a Know - Nothing Lodge in Shippensburg , Pennsylvania '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 2003 127 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 100 . ISSN 0031 - 4587 Gienapp , William E. `` Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War , '' Journal of American History , Vol. 72 , No. 3 ( Dec. , 1985 ) , pp. 529 -- 559 in JSTOR Gienapp , William E. The Origins of the Republican Party , 1852 -- 1856 ( 1978 ) , detailed statistical study , state - by - state Gillespie , J. David . Challengers To Duopoly : Why Third Parties Matter In American Two - Party Politics . Columbia , S.C. : University of South Carolina Press , 2012 . eBook Collection ( EBSCOhost ) . Web . 4 Dec. 2014 . Gleeson , David T . The Irish in the South , 1815 -- 1877 Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2001 online Holt , Michael F. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party ( 1999 ) online Holt , Michael F. Political Parties and American Political Development : From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln ( 1992 ) Holt , Michael F. `` The Antimasonic and Know Nothing Parties '' , in Arthur Schlesinger Jr. , ed. , History of United States Political Parties ( 1973 ) , I , 575 -- 620 . Hurt , Payton . `` The Rise and Fall of the ' Know Nothings ' in California , '' California Historical Society Quarterly 9 ( March and June 1930 ) . Levine , Bruce . `` Conservatism , Nativism , and Slavery : Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know - nothing Party '' Journal of American History 2001 88 ( 2 ) : 455 -- 488 . in JSTOR McGreevey , John T. Catholicism and American Freedom : A History ( W.W. Norton , 2003 ) Maizlish , Stephen E. `` The Meaning of Nativism and the Crisis of the Union : The Know - Nothing Movement in the Antebellum North . '' in William Gienapp , ed . Essays on American Antebellum Politics , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1982 ) pp. 166 -- 98 online edition Melton , Tracy Matthew . Hanging Henry Gambrill : The Violent Career of Baltimore 's Plug Uglies , 1854 -- 1860 . Baltimore : Maryland Historical Society ( 2005 ) . Mulkern , John R . The Know - Nothing Party in Massachusetts : The Rise and Fall of a People 's Movement . Boston : Northeastern UP , 1990 . excerpt `` Nathaniel P. Banks . '' National Archives and Records Administration . Ed . National Archives . National Archives and Records Administration , n.d. Web . 17 Nov. 2014 . Nevins , Allan . Ordeal of the Union : A House Dividing , 1852 -- 1857 ( 1947 ) , overall political survey of era Overdyke , W. Darrell . The Know - Nothing Party in the South ( 1950 ) online Taylor , Steven . `` Progressive Nativism : The Know - Nothing Party in Massachusetts '' Historical Journal of Massachusetts ( 2000 ) 28 # 2 online Voss - Hubbard , Mark . Beyond Party : Cultures of Antipartisanship in Northern Politics before the Civil War ( 2002 ) Parmet , Robert D. `` Connecticut 's Know - Nothings : A Profile , '' Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin ( 1966 ) , 31 # 3 , pp. 84 -- 90 Rice , Philip Morrison . `` The Know - Nothing Party in Virginia , 1854 -- 1856 . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 1947 ) : 61 - 75 . in JSTOR Scisco , Louis Dow . Political Nativism in New York State ( 1901 ) full text online , pp. 84 -- 202 Wilentz , Sean . The Rise of American Democracy . ( 2005 ) ; ISBN 0 - 393 - 05820 - 4 `` '' The First General Order Issued by the Father of His Country after the Declaration of Independence Indicates the Spirit in Which Our Institutions Were Founded and Should Ever Be Defended. `` '' Nathaniel Prentiss ( Prentice ) Banks . N.p. , n.d. Web . 17 Nov. 2014 . Primary sources ( edit ) S.C. Busey Anspach , Frederick Rinehart . The Sons of the Sires : A History of the Rise , Progress , and Destiny of the American Party . Philadelphia : Lippincott , Grambo & Co. , 1855 . -- Work by K-N activist . Bond , Thomas E. `` The ' Know Nothings , ' '' from The Wide - Awake Gift : A Know Nothing Token for 1855 . New York : J.C. Derby , 1855 ; pp. 54 -- 63 . Busey , Samuel Clagett . Immigration : Its Evils and Consequences ( 1856 ) online edition Carroll , Anna Ella . The Great American Battle : Or , The Contest Between Christianity and Political Romanism ( 1856 ) online edition Fillmore , Millard . Millard Fillmore Papers Ed. by Frank H. Severance ( 1907 ) online edition ' ' The Wide - Awake Gift : A Know Nothing Token for 1855 . New York : J.C. Derby , 1855 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Know Nothing . Nativism in the 1856 Presidential Election Nativism By Michael F. Holt , PhD Lager Beer Riot , Chicago 1855 `` Knownothingism '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . American Party from the Handbook of Texas Online Millard Fillmore Was A Know - Nothing Texts on Wikisource : Know Nothing Platform 1856 `` Know - Nothings '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . ( hide ) National political parties in the United States List of political parties in the United States Major parties Democratic Republican Third parties Larger Green Libertarian Constitution Smaller African People 's Socialist All - African People 's Revolutionary America 's American ( 1969 ) American Delta American Freedom American Party of Labor American Populist American Reform American Solidarity Black Riders Liberation Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Freedom Road Socialist Freedom Socialist Humane Independent American Justice Legal Marijuana Now Marijuana Modern Whig National Socialist Movement New Afrikan Black Panther New Black Panther Objectivist Pacifist Peace and Freedom Pirate Progressive Labor Prohibition Reform Revolutionary Communist Socialism and Liberation Socialist ( 1973 ) Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Socialist Workers Traditionalist Worker Unity Veterans Working Families Workers World World Socialist Former parties America First American ( Know Nothing ) American ( 1924 ) American Falangist American Nazi American Vegetarian Americans Elect Anti-Masonic Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Commonwealth Land Constitution ( 1952 ) Constitutional Union Democratic - Republican Farmer -- Labor Federalist Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Independence ( 2007 ) Labor ( 1919 ) Labor ( 1996 ) Liberal Republican Liberty National Republican National Socialist National States ' Rights National Union ( 1864 ) Natural Law New Alliance New Union Nullifier Opposition Populist ( People 's ) Personal Choice Progressive ( 1912 ) Progressive ( 1924 ) Progressive ( 1948 ) Radical Democracy Raza Unida Readjuster Silver Silver Republican Socialist ( 1901 ) Socialist Labor States Rights ( Dixiecrat ) Unconditional Union Union ( 1936 ) Unionist ( 1850s / 60s ) U.S. Labor Whig Youth International Recognized as a major national party by the FEC Not recognized as a major national party by the FEC State and local political parties ( without national body ) Presidential nominating conventions Politics of the United States Politics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Know_Nothing&oldid=842016574 '' Categories : American nationalist parties Anti-Catholicism in the United States Anti-Catholic organizations Anti-German sentiment in the United States Anti-immigration politics in the United States Anti-Irish sentiment Defunct American political movements Defunct political parties in the United States Defunct far - right political parties in the United States History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) Know Nothing Xenophobia Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from August 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 17 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who were the know nothings and what did they stand for | [
"The Native American Party, renamed the American Party in 1855 and commonly known as the Know Nothing movement, was an American nativist political party that operated nationally in the mid-1850s. It was primarily anti-Catholic, xenophobic and hostile to immigration, starting originally as a secret society. The movement briefly emerged as a major political party in the form of the American Party. Adherents to the movement were to reply \"I know nothing\" when asked about its specifics by outsiders, thus providing the group with its common name.",
"The Native American Party, renamed the American Party in 1855 and commonly known as the Know Nothing movement, was an American nativist political party that operated nationally in the mid-1850s. It was primarily anti-Catholic, xenophobic and hostile to immigration, starting originally as a secret society. The movement briefly emerged as a major political party in the form of the American Party. Adherents to the movement were to reply \"I know nothing\" when asked about its specifics by outsiders, thus providing the group with its common name."
] | [
"an American nativist political party that operated nationally in the mid-1850s",
"primarily anti-Catholic, xenophobic and hostile to immigration"
] |
-7702412561831342985 | Australia 31–0 American Samoa | Australia 31 -- 0 American Samoa - wikipedia Australia 31 -- 0 American Samoa Jump to : navigation , search 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification ( Oceanian zone ) Group 1 Australia American Samoa 31 0 Date 11 April 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 11 ) Venue International Sports Stadium , Coffs Harbour , Australia Referee Ronan Leaustic ( Tahiti ) Attendance 3,000 On 11 April 2001 , the Australian and American Samoa national association football teams played each other in a qualifying match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . The match was played at the International Sports Stadium in Coffs Harbour , Australia . Australia set a world record for the largest victory in an international football match , winning the game 31 -- 0 . Australia 's Archie Thompson also broke the record for most goals scored by a player in an international match by scoring 13 goals . David Zdrilic , the scorer of eight goals in the match , achieved the second highest number of goals in an international match since World War I . The outcome of the match led to debates about the format of qualification tournaments , with the Australian manager Frank Farina and Thompson feeling that preliminary rounds should be introduced to avoid such unbalanced matches , views shared by the international footballing body FIFA . It eventually led to the introduction of a preliminary round in the Oceanian zone qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The unbalanced level of opponents also partly contributed to Australia 's move to the Asian Football Confederation in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Match summary 2.1 Details 3 Records 4 Match reactions 5 Post-match 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC ) The first attempt from Oceanian teams to qualify for the FIFA World Cup came with the 1966 FIFA World Cup . In subsequent tournaments they entered joint qualification competitions with the Asian zone , until a separate qualification round for the Oceania Football Confederation was introduced in 1986 . By the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification tournament , this had grown to a competition with ten teams entering . The ten teams were divided into two groups of five teams , where each team played against each other once . The two group winners would advance to the final round and played against each other in a home and away format . The winner of Oceania would advance to the intercontinental play - off round against the fifth best team in the South American zone for a place in the World Cup . Australia and American Samoa were placed in Group 1 along with Fiji , Samoa and Tonga with the matches to be played at Coffs Harbour , Australia during April 2001 . Australia , along with New Zealand , were widely recognized as the strongest teams in the Oceanian zone . They were the only teams to have won the OFC Nations Cup , and the only ones to have qualified for the World Cup : Australia had qualified in 1974 and New Zealand in 1982 . American Samoa were one of the weakest teams in the world , having lost all of their official international matches since they had joined FIFA in 1998 . Prior to the match , Australia was ranked 75th in the FIFA World Rankings , while American Samoa was ranked 203rd , the lowest of all FIFA members . Two days before the match , Australia recorded a 22 -- 0 win over Tonga , breaking the previous record for the largest win in an international match , held by Kuwait who won 20 -- 0 against Bhutan in 2000 . American Samoa had suffered two losses prior to the match , a 13 -- 0 loss to Fiji and an 8 -- 0 loss to Samoa . Match summary ( edit ) Australia 's Archie Thompson scored 13 goals in the match . Australia fielded a team with several rarely used players as many regulars were either rested or omitted from the team . Strikers John Aloisi and Damian Mori who combined for 10 goals in the 22 -- 0 win over Tonga were also omitted for this match . The American Samoa team were troubled by passport issues , with only one member of their original 20 - man senior team , goalkeeper Nicky Salapu , eligible to play . Some hint that the passport issue was an Australian ploy to win the match by a large margin in order to secure the team 's move to the AFC . American Samoa were also unable to call their under - 20 players because most of them were involved in high school exams at the time . They were forced to draft in their youth players , including three 15 - year - old players , to put together a makeshift team with an average age of 18 . According to team manager and Football Federation American Samoa vice-president Tony Langkilde , some of the Samoan players had never played a full 90 - minute game before the match with Australia . American Samoa held Australia scoreless for the first ten minutes of play until Con Boutsianis scored Australia 's first goal from a corner kick . Archie Thompson scored his first goal in the 12th minute , and his strike partner , David Zdrilic , added his first goal a minute later . Tony Popovic added two successive goals in the 17th and 19th minute to extend Australia 's lead into 6 -- 0 . In the 25th minute , Zdrilic achieved a hat - trick , making the score 9 -- 0 for Australia . Thompson then scored 6 of the next 7 goals as Australia led 16 -- 0 at half time . Thompson led Australia in scoring with 8 goals at half - time , and Zdrilic had 4 goals . Boutsianis , who scored the first goal of the first half , scored the first goal of the second half in the 50th minute . Boutsianis later added another goal to complete his hat - trick . Thompson and Zdrilic added 5 and 4 goals to finish with 13 and 8 goals respectively . Boutsianis finished with 3 goals , while Popovic , Aurelio Vidmar and Simon Colosimo scored 2 goals each , and substitute Fausto De Amicis scored one goal . In the 86th minute , despite being down by 29 goals , American Samoa managed to launch an attack towards Australia 's goal when Pati Feagiai had a shot , which was saved by Michael Petkovic . That was American Samoa 's first and only shot on goal . The large number of goals created a confusion over the correct scoreline . At the end of the match , the scoreboard at the stadium showed 32 -- 0 and Thompson was credited with 14 goals . After the statistician did a recount , the 31 -- 0 scoreline was announced , and Thompson 's total goals count was reduced to 13 . After the match , FIFA went on to release the official statistics after receiving the official report from the referee and match officials , which confirmed the 31 -- 0 scoreline and Thompson 's 13 goals . Details ( edit ) Australia v American Samoa 11 April 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 11 ) 19 : 00 AEST Australia 31 -- 0 American Samoa Boutsianis 10 ' , 50 ' , 84 ' Thompson 12 ' , 23 ' , 27 ' , 29 ' , 33 ' 37 ' , 42 ' , 45 ' , 56 ' , 60 ' 65 ' , 85 ' , 88 ' Zdrilic 13 ' , 21 ' , 25 ' , 33 ' , 58 ' 66 ' , 78 ' , 89 ' A. Vidmar 14 ' , 80 ' Popovic 17 ' , 19 ' Colosimo 51 ' , 81 ' De Amicis 55 ' Report International Sports Stadium , Coffs Harbour Attendance : 3,000 Referee : Ronan Leaustic ( Tahiti ) Australia American Samoa GK Michael Petkovic DF Kevin Muscat ( c ) DF Craig Moore DF Tony Popovic 45 ' DF 5 Tony Vidmar 45 ' MF 7 Aurelio Vidmar FW 11 David Zdrilic MF 12 Steve Horvat MF 13 Con Boutsianis MF 14 Simon Colosimo FW 20 Archie Thompson Substitutes : DF 15 Fausto De Amicis 45 ' DF 17 Scott Miller 45 ' Manager : Frank Farina GK Nicky Salapu DF Lisi Leututu 50 ' DF 5 Soe Falimaua DF 7 Lavalu Fatu DF 8 Sulifou Faaloua DF 9 Travis Sinapati MF 13 Sam Mulipola MF 15 Pati Feagiai FW 16 Ben Falaniko 84 ' GK 18 Tiaoali Savea MF 20 Young Im Min Substitutes : FW 17 Darrell Ioane 84 ' MF 19 Richard Mariko 50 ' Manager : Tunoa Lui Assistant referees : David Sau ( Solomon Islands ) Michel Angot ( Tahiti ) Fourth official : Derek Rugg ( New Zealand ) Records ( edit ) Australia 's 31 -- 0 win broke the record for the largest win in an international match . The previous record was Australia 's 22 -- 0 win over Tonga , recorded two days earlier in the same competition . Both wins surpassed the previous record held by Kuwait in a 20 -- 0 win over Bhutan in the 2000 Asian Cup qualification . The match also broke the record for the largest win in a World Cup qualification match . The previous record was held by Iran in a 19 -- 0 win over Guam in 2002 World Cup qualification . Apart from team records , individual records were also broken in the match . Australia 's Archie Thompson , who only had two international caps and one international goal prior to the match , scored 13 goals in the match and broke the record for most goals scored in an international match . David Zdrilic scored 8 goals and was widely reported as having recorded the second most goals scored in an international match , after Thompson 's 13 goals . In fact , his figure was less than the previous record of 10 goals , which was achieved by Denmark 's Sophus Nielsen at the 1908 Olympics and Germany 's Gottfried Fuchs at the 1912 Olympics . Nevertheless , this made Zdrilic 's total the second highest in almost 90 years . Thompson also equalled the world record for most goals scored in a recognized senior match , set in 1885 when John Petrie scored 13 goals in Arbroath 's 36 -- 0 win over Bon Accord in a Scottish Cup tournament . The previous record in a World Cup qualifying match was seven goals and was jointly held by another Australian , Gary Cole , against Fiji in the 1982 World Cup qualification on 14 August 1981 , and Iranian Karim Bagheri , against Maldives in the 1998 World Cup qualification on 2 June 1997 . Match reactions ( edit ) Australia 's manager Frank Farina criticised the qualification format after the match . Australia 's manager Frank Farina criticised the qualification format and questioned the need for these kind of matches . Archie Thompson , who scored a record - setting 13 goals , was delighted with his record , but he also agreed with Farina 's comments . FIFA spokesman Keith Cooper agreed with both comments and suggested a change in the qualification format , with the smaller teams entering a preliminary round . However , Oceania Football Confederation chairman Basil Scarsella , opposed both comments and claimed that the smaller teams have the right to face Australia and New Zealand , similar to Australia having the rights to face stronger opponents such as Brazil and France . `` Breaking the world record is a dream come true for me ; that sort of thing does n't come along every day . But you have to look at the teams we are playing and start asking questions . We do n't need to play these games . '' -- Archie Thompson This match and the other lopsided victories in the qualification partially contributed towards the reintroduction of a preliminary round for smaller teams in the qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , in order to avoid these one - sided matches . The significant gap between the two top teams , Australia and New Zealand , and the rest of the teams in the Oceanian zone was one of the reasons behind Australia leaving the Oceania Football Confederation at the end of 2006 to join Asian Football Confederation in order to increase the competitiveness . Starting in the 2010 World Cup qualification , Australia participated in the Asian zone qualification rounds . The Samoan team was not feeling downhearted after the game , and even embraced and sang to the audience as the game finished . Salapu declared that he enjoyed the game . `` I was n't embarrassed because we all learned something from it . If we had all our players maybe it would have been only five or six goals , because I was without my best defenders and there was nothing I could do . '' Tony Langkilde also defended the goalkeeper , saying that he `` kept the score down with a magnificent display '' . He also added that `` now we are recognised by FIFA , it has really helped spark an interest in football on the islands '' . Samoan manager Tunoa Lui commented that football was being played in the Samoan elementary and high schools and `` in five years we will be competitive . '' Post-match ( edit ) Further information : 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC ) American Samoa closed their qualification campaign with a 5 -- 0 loss to Tonga . American Samoa finished bottom of the groups with a - 57 goal difference in four matches , without scoring a single goal in the qualifications . Australia continued their qualification campaign with a 2 -- 0 win over Fiji and 11 -- 0 win over Samoa . Australia finished first in the group with a + 66 goal difference in four matches , without conceding a single goal . FIFA World Cup Qualification -- Oceanian zone -- Group 1 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Australia 0 0 66 0 + 66 12 Fiji 0 27 + 23 9 Tonga 0 7 30 − 23 6 Samoa 0 9 18 − 9 American Samoa 0 0 0 57 − 57 0 Australia then defeated New Zealand , the other group winner , with an aggregate score of 6 -- 1 . By winning the Oceanian zone , Australia advanced to the intercontinental play - off round against Uruguay , the fifth best team in the South American zone , where Australia was defeated with an aggregate score of 1 -- 3 , therefore failing to qualify for the 2002 World Cup . See also ( edit ) Next Goal Wins , a 2014 documentary film about the match and American Samoa 's attempt to be better Federated States of Micronesia national under - 23 football team , who conceded an average of 38 goals a game without scoring themselves at the 2015 Pacific Games AS Adema 149 -- 0 SO l'Emyrne Running up the score References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Davies , Christopher ( 11 April 2001 ) . `` Australia score 31 without loss in record win '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan Preliminaries ; Results , Oceanian Zone '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 16 February 2009 . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rookwood , Dan ( 11 April 2001 ) . `` Aussie Rules as Socceroos smash world record again '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Nick ( 10 April 2001 ) . `` Football : ` Exposed ' Tonga lose 22 - 0 '' . The Independent . London : Independent News and Media Limited . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Jeffreys , Mark ( 14 April 2001 ) . `` FIFA ruling which left Samoans singing the blues '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Give us Samoa goals '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 11 April 2001 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Dale ( 11 April 2001 ) . `` Australia smash two world records '' . ESPN.com Soccernet . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aussie footballers smash world record '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 11 April 2001 . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australians set World Cup soccer scoring record '' . CBCSports.ca . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 11 April 2001 . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Was It 31 -- 0 or 32 -- 0 ? ; Australia Wins '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . 12 April 2001 . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report : Australia -- American Samoa '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 April 2001 . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` On this day -- September 12 '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers Ltd. 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Michael ( 12 December 2004 ) . `` The all - important Cole difference '' . The Age . Melbourne : The Age Company Ltd . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Iran fanatics keep close eye on the Valley '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . 30 December 2000 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Road to SA 2010 starts in Samoa '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2007 . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Goal at last : Australia joining Asia '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . 11 March 2005 . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup 2010 : The draw in full '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group Limited . 26 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Gatti , Juan ( 25 November 2001 ) . `` World Cup Qualifier : Australian hopes sunk by Morales '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Geoghegan , Kev ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` Next Goal Wins for ' world 's worst football team ' '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official match report at FIFA.com 2002 FIFA World Cup at FIFA.com Match highlights at YouTube 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifiers AFC First Round Second Round Play - off CAF First Round Second Round CONCACAF Caribbean Zone Central American Zone Play - offs Semi-finals Final round CONMEBOL Group Round OFC First Round Final Round UEFA Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Play - offs Play - offs CONMEBOL v OFC UEFA v AFC Australia national soccer team matches FIFA Confederations Cup Final OFC Nations Cup Finals 1980 1998 2000 2002 AFC Asian Cup Finals 2011 2015 FIFA World Cup play - offs Finals 1986 1st 2nd 1998 2002 2006 2018 1st Other matches Australia 31 -- 0 American Samoa ( 2001 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia_31 -- 0_American_Samoa&oldid = 790175981 '' Categories : 2000 -- 01 in OFC football 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC ) FIFA World Cup qualification matches Australia national soccer team matches 2001 in Australian soccer Record association football wins American Samoa national association football team April 2001 sports events Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from February 2013 Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Estremeñu فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Scots Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2017 , at 01 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | highest amount of goals scored in a football match | [
"On 11 April 2001, the Australian and American Samoa national association football teams played each other in a qualifying match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. The match was played at the International Sports Stadium in Coffs Harbour, Australia. Australia set a world record for the largest victory in an international football match, winning the game 31–0. Australia's Archie Thompson also broke the record for most goals scored by a player in an international match by scoring 13 goals.[1] David Zdrilic, the scorer of eight goals in the match, achieved the second highest number of goals in an international match since World War I."
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"31"
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-6291671262771285815 | Myall Creek massacre | Myall Creek massacre - wikipedia Myall Creek massacre Jump to : navigation , search `` Myall Creek '' redirects here . For the early Queensland settlement formerly known by this name , see Dalby , Queensland . The Myall Creek massacre near Gwydir River , in the central New South Wales district of Namoi , involved the killing of up to 30 unarmed indigenous Australians by ten Europeans and one African on 10 June 1838 at the Myall Creek near Bingara , Murchison County , in northern New South Wales . After two trials , seven of the 11 colonists involved in the killings were found guilty of murder and hanged . Contents ( hide ) 1 Massacre 2 Trials 2.1 First trial 2.2 Second trial 3 Consequences 4 Reasons and consequences 5 Stockyard controversy 6 Memorial 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Massacre ( edit ) A group of eleven stockmen , consisting of assigned convicts and former convicts , led by one , John Henry Fleming , who was from Mungie Bundie Run near Moree , arrived at Henry Dangar 's Myall Creek station in New England on 9 June 1838 . They rode up to the station huts beside which were camped a group of approximately thirty - five Aboriginal people . They were part of the Wirrayaraay ( alternative spelling : Weraerai ) group who belonged to the Kamilaroi people . They had been camped at the station for a few weeks after being invited by one of the convict stockmen , Charles Kilmeister ( or Kilminister ) , to come to their station for their safety and protection from the gangs of marauding stockmen who were roaming the district slaughtering any Aboriginal people they could find . These Aboriginal people had previously been camped peacefully at McIntyre 's station for a few months . They were therefore well known to the whites . Most of them had been given European names such as Daddy , King Sandy , Joey , Martha and Charley . Some of the children spoke a certain amount of English . When the stockmen rode into their camp they fled into the convict 's hut pleading for protection . When asked by the station hut keeper , George Anderson , what they were going to do with the Aboriginal people , John Russell said they were going to `` take them over the back of the range and frighten them . '' The stockmen then entered the hut , tied them to a long tether rope and led them away . They took them to a gully on the side of the ridge about 800 metres to the west of the station huts . There they slaughtered them all except for one woman who they kept with them for the next couple of days . The approximately 28 people they murdered were largely women , children and old men . Ten younger men were away on a neighbouring station cutting bark . Most of the people were slaughtered with swords as George Anderson , who refused to join the massacre , clearly heard there were just two shots . Unlike Anderson , Charles Kilmeister joined the slaughter . Testimony was later given at trial that the children had been beheaded while the men and women were forced to run as far as they could between the stockyard fence and a line of sword - wielding stockmen who hacked at them as they passed . After the massacre , Fleming and his gang rode off looking to kill the remainder of the group , who they knew had gone to the neighbouring station . They failed to find the other Aboriginal people as they had returned to Myall that night and left after being warned the killers would be returning . On the party 's return to Myall two days later , they dismembered and burnt the bodies before resuming the search for the remaining people . The ten people had gone to MacIntyre 's station near Inverell , 40 kilometres to the east , where between 30 and 40 Aboriginal people were reportedly murdered with their bodies being cast onto a large fire . Many suspect this massacre was also committed by the same stockmen . After several days of heavy drinking the party dispersed . When the manager of the station , William Hobbs , returned several days later and discovered the bodies , counting up to twenty - eight of them ( as they were beheaded and dismembered he had difficulty determining the exact number ) he decided to report the incident but Kilmeister initially talked him out of it . Hobbs discussed it with a neighbouring station overseer , Thomas Foster , who told squatter Frederick Foot who rode to Sydney to report it to the new Governor , George Gipps . Supported by the Attorney General , John Plunkett , Gipps ordered Police Magistrate Edward Denny Day at Muswellbrook to investigate the massacre . They carried out a thorough investigation despite the bodies having been removed from the massacre site where only a few bone fragments remained . He arrested eleven of the twelve perpetrators . The only one to escape was the only free man involved , the leader , John Fleming . Anderson was crucial in identifying the arrested men . He had initially refused to name the men involved but after finding out that the massacre had been planned more than a week earlier to coincide with the absence of Hobbs he agreed to identify the killers to the magistrate . Trials ( edit ) Beginning on 15 November 1838 , the case was heard before the Chief Justice of New South Wales , James Dowling . The accused were represented by three of the colony 's foremost barristers , Foster , a'Beckett and Windeyer , paid for by an association of landowners and stockmen from the Hunter Valley and Liverpool Plains region including Henry Dangar , the owner of the Myall Creek station . The Black Association , as they called themselves , were led by a local magistrate , who apparently used the influence of his office to gain access to the prisoners in Sydney , where he told them to `` stick together and say nothing . '' Not one of the eleven accused gave evidence against their co-accused at the trial , something that Gipps attributes to the magistrate 's role . First trial ( edit ) R. v. Kilmeister ( No. 1 ) -- The station hutkeeper , George Anderson , the only white witness , was the key witness for the prosecution , conducted by Plunkett and Roger Therry as his junior counsel . He told the court how the eleven men had tied the victims together , and led them away . He also said that Edward Foley , one of the perpetrators , had shown him a sword covered with blood . Anderson 's testimony was supported by William Hobbs and Magistrate Day , who had conducted the police investigation . The defence 's case solely rested on the argument that the bodies could not be identified accurately . Justice Dowling took care to remind the jury that the law made no distinction between the murder of an Aboriginal person and the murder of a European person . The jury , after deliberating for just twenty minutes , found all eleven men not guilty . A letter to the editor of The Australian on 8 December 1838 alleged that one of the jurors had said privately that although he considered the men guilty of murder , he could not convict a white man of killing an Aboriginal person : `` I look on the blacks as a set of monkeys and the sooner they are exterminated from the face of the earth , the better . I knew the men were guilty of murder but I would never see a white man hanged for killing a black . '' The letter writer did not hear this said himself , but alleged that he had spoken to a second man who told him he had heard this third man , the juror , say it . The letter writer who had reported this outrage went on to say , `` I leave you , Sir , and the community to determine on the fitness of this white savage to perform the office of a juryman under any circumstance '' . Second trial ( edit ) R. v. Kilmeister ( No. 2 ) -- Attorney - General Plunkett however requested the judge to remand the prisoners in custody awaiting further charges from the same incident . Although all eleven were remanded in custody only seven were to face a second trial . The second trial was held on 27 November but only 28 of the 48 called up for jury service turned up , it later came to light that the Black Association had intimidated many into staying away . The trial restarted on 29 November under a different judge . Anderson , who had been the key witness at the first trial , gave an even more lucid account of the massacre at the second trial . He told the court that : While Master was away , some men came on a Saturday , about 10 ; I can not say how many days after master left ; they came on horseback , armed with muskets and swords and pistols ; all were armed ... the blacks , when they saw the men coming , ran into our hut , and the men then , all of them , got off their horses ; I asked what they were going to do with the blacks , and Russel said , `` We are going to take them over the back of the range , to frighten them '' . Anderson then gave evidence that the Aboriginal people in the hut had cried out to him for assistance . He said two women were left behind at the huts , one `` because she was good - looking , they said so , '' and that there was a young child who had been left behind , who attempted to follow her mother ( who was tied up with the others ) , before Anderson carried her back to the hut . There were also two other young boys who had escaped by hiding in the creek . Anderson also gave evidence about the perpetrators ' return and the burning of the bodies . I ( Anderson ) saw smoke in the same direction they went ; this was soon after they went with the firesticks ... Fleming told Kilmeister to go up by - and - by and put the logs of wood together , and be sure that all ( of the remains ) was consumed ... the girls they left , and the two boys , and the child I sent away with 10 black fellows that went away in the morning ... I did not like to keep them , as the men might come back and kill them . Anderson said that he wanted to speak the whole truth at the second trial . He also said that he did not seek to be rewarded for testifying , rather he asked `` only for protection . '' The trial continued until 2 am on 30 November , when the seven men were found guilty . On 5 December they were sentenced to execution by hanging . The sentence was ratified by the Executive Council of New South Wales on 7 December , with Gipps later saying in a report that no mitigating circumstances could be shown for any of the defendants , and it could not be said that any of the men were more or less guilty than the rest . The seven men , Charles Kilmeister , James Oates , Edward Foley , John Russell , John Johnstone , William Hawkins and James Parry , were executed early on the morning of 18 December 1838 . The four remaining accused , Blake , Toulouse , Palliser and Lamb , were remanded until the next session to allow time for the main witness against them , an Aboriginal boy named Davey , to be prepared in order to take a Bible oath . According to the missionary , Lancelot Edward Threlkeld , Dangar had arranged for Davey `` to be put out of the way '' and he was never seen again . With Davey unable to be located , the four were discharged in February 1839 . I have just returned from seeing the seven men all launched into eternity at the same moment it was an awful sight and has made me feel quite sick -- I shall never forget it . -- J. H Bannatyne , Letter from J. H Bannatyne to Other Windsor Berry Esq . relating to the Myall Creek Massacre , 17 December 1838 The Myall Creek massacre has been claimed to be the first and only time in Australia 's history that Europeans were executed for the massacre of Australian Aborigines . However , recent research has shown that Europeans had been executed for the murder of Aboriginal people on at least one occasion prior to Myall Creek . In 1820 , two convicts , John Kirby and John Thompson , attempted to escape from the colony but were captured by local Aborigines and returned to Newcastle . A military party accompanied by two constables set out to meet them and Kirby was seen by the party to stab Burragong ( alias King Jack ) whereupon he was felled by a waddy . Burragong initially appeared to recover , stating that he was murry bujjery ( much recovered ) and collected his reward of a `` suit of clothing '' , however , he later complained of illness and died from his wound 10 days after being injured and Kirby and Thompson were both tried for `` willful murder '' . All the European witnesses testified that `` no blow was struck by any native '' before Kirby attacked Burragong , Thompson was acquitted while Kirby was found guilty and sentenced to death with his body to be `` dissected and anatomized . '' Consequences ( edit ) The Myall Creek case led to significant uproar among sections of the population and the media , sometimes voiced in favour of the perpetrators . For example , an article in the Sydney Morning Herald declared that `` the whole gang of black animals are not worth the money the colonists will have to pay for printing the silly court documents on which we have already wasted too much time '' . John Henry Fleming , the leader of the massacre , was never captured . John Blake , one of the four men acquitted at the first trial and not subsequently charged , committed suicide by cutting his throat in 1852 . One of his descendants says that they like to think he did so out of a guilty conscience . Reasons and consequences ( edit ) The importance of the Myall Creek massacre is mainly political , as this was the only massacre of its kind in colonial Australian history after which some white people were brought to justice and subsequently executed . The Myall Creek massacre was by no means outstanding in terms of numbers killed ; it was simply just one of many massacres that took place in that district ( the Liverpool Plains ) around that time . There were also many other massacres that took place right across the colony of New South Wales as it expanded across more and more Aboriginal land . As elsewhere in the colony , the Aborigines at times put up resistance to the invasion of their land by spearing sheep and cattle for food and sometimes attacking the stockmen 's huts and killing the white men . In the Liverpool Plains district there had been some cattle speared and huts attacked and two whites murdered ( allegedly by Aborigines ) . The squatters complained to the acting Governor Snodgrass , who sent Major James Nunn and about twenty - two troopers up to the district . Nunn enlisted the assistance of up to twenty - five local stockmen and together they rode around the district rounding up and slaughtering any Aborigines they came across . Nunn 's campaign culminated in the Australia Day Massacre of 1838 at Waterloo Creek . As there are no definitive historical records available it is impossible to accurately determine the exact number of Aborigines who were slaughtered there but estimates range from forty to over one hundred . When Nunn returned to Sydney , many of the local squatters and stockmen continued the `` drive '' against the Aborigines . The perpetrators of the Myall Creek massacre were some who continued that relentless slaughter . The Aborigines killed at Myall Creek were not involved in any of the spearing of cattle or the attacks on stockmen 's huts that were occurring elsewhere as they had been living peacefully on McIntyre 's and Wiseman 's stations for many months prior to moving to Myall Creek . They simply got caught up with the colonists ' desires to drive them off their land so that they could continue with the expansion of the colony . In his book , Blood on the Wattle , journalist Bruce Elder says that the successful prosecutions resulted in pacts of silence becoming a common practice to avoid sufficient evidence becoming available for future prosecutions . Another effect , as one contemporary Sydney newspaper reported , was that poisoning Aborigines became more common as `` a safer practice '' . Many massacres were to go unpunished due to these practices , as what is variously called a ' conspiracy ' or ' pact ' or ' code ' of silence fell over the killings of Aborigines . The Myall Creek massacre and the subsequent trial and hanging of some of the offenders had a profound effect on the `` outside '' settlers and their dealing with indigenous people throughout all sections the colonial Australian frontiers . The Sydney Morning Herald and the spokesmen for the settlers in the remote districts of New South Wales and Victoria , frequently leading men such as William Charles Wentworth , typically classified the trial and execution of the offenders as `` judicial murder '' . No different in Queensland , the most populated section of the continent in terms of indigenous people . Thus it was the subject of numerous statements in the then newly separated parliament in 1861 , during which there was almost unanimous agreement that the prosecution and hanging in 1838 had been nothing less than ' ... judicial murder of white men in Sydney ' , as the government spokesman Robert Ramsay Mackenzie phrased it in his speech in the Legislative Assembly on 25 July 1861 , and that ' white troopers were `` useless '' as they could not be `` acting against the blackfellows as they wished , lest an outcry should be raised against them , and they could be prosecuted for murder '' . Arthur Macalister , spokesman for the opposition ( later three times Premier of Queensland ) agreed , equally using the term `` judicial murder . '' The notion seemingly almost unanimously agreed to by the first Queensland parliament was that no white man should ever be prosecuted in Queensland for the killing of a black . Stockyard controversy ( edit ) Over the years there has been some debate over the exact location of the massacre . An oral tradition developed among stockmen who worked on the Myall Creek station , many years after the massacre actually occurred , that it had happened in a stockyard to which the Wirrayaraay were led by the stockmen . Although this oral tradition is very strongly held by some local descendants of the stockmen and others , there is absolutely no primary source evidence from the time to support the idea . All the evidence collected by Police Magistrate Edward Denny Day and provided in evidence at the two trials clearly contradicts the suggestion that it occurred in a stockyard . Witnesses William Hobbs , Thomas Foster , Andrew Burrowes and Edward Denny Day himself describe the massacre site without making any mention of a stockyard . Hobbs stated in evidence to the Supreme Court that the stockyard was close to the huts whereas the massacre site was `` about half a mile from my house in a westerly direction '' . Historians dismiss the stockyard as the location of the massacre as a `` bush myth '' . Memorial ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Vandals deface Australia 's Myall Creek memorial A memorial to the victims of the massacre was unveiled on 10 June 2000 , consisting of a granite rock and plaque overlooking the site of the massacre . A ceremony is held each year on 10 June commemorating the victims . The memorial was vandalised in January 2005 , with the words `` murder '' , `` women '' and `` children '' chiselled off , in an attempt to make it unreadable . The location is described as 23 km north east of Bingara at the junction of Bingara - Delungra and Whitlow Roads . The Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site was included on the Australian National Heritage List on 7 June 2008 . The memorial is maintained and funded by the Friends of Myall Creek , an Australian non-profit organisation . See also ( edit ) List of massacres in Australia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site '' . Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . 25 Jun 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Myall Creek massacre re-examined '' by Mark Tedeschi , Inside History Magazine , 4 June 2014 ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Lyndall ( 27 November 2008 ) . `` a very bad business '' : Henry Dangar and the Myall Creek Massacre 1838 ( PDF ) . What 's in a name ? Dangar Park and the Myall Creek Massacre . Conference information night at Newcastle Region Art Gallery ( PDF ) . Newcastle , New South Wales : Presented by the Social and Cultural Conflict Research Group , the University of Newcastle , in conjunction with the Newcastle City Council Guraki Committee . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bottoms , Timothy ( 2013 ) . Conspiracy of Silence : Queensland 's frontier killing times . Sydney : Allen & Unwin . pp. 15 , 178 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74331 - 382 - 4 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Reflections from Myall Creek , The Tracker , 10 August 2011 . Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Myall Creek Massacre ( 1838 ) , Creative Spirits Aboriginal culture and resources Jump up ^ C.D. , Rowley ( 1972 ) . The Destruction of Aboriginal Society ( 1983 ed . ) . Ringwood , Victoria : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 021452 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : R. v. Kilmeister ( No. 1 ) 1838 , NSWSupC 105 , proceedings Jump up ^ `` The Myall Creek massacre : the trial and aftermath '' by Mark Tedeschi , Inside History Magazine , 19 August 2015 Jump up ^ Smyth , Terry ( 2016 ) . Denny Day : The Life and Times of Australia 's Greatest Lawman . Ebury Press . ISBN 9780857986825 . ^ Jump up to : `` Myall Creek Massacre '' , Parliament of New South Wales Hansard , 8 June 2000 Jump up ^ R. v. Kilmeister ( No. 2 ) 1838 , NSWSupC 110 , proceedings ^ Jump up to : Stone , Sharman N. ( 1974 ) . `` 4.5 George Anderson 's eye - witness account '' . Aborigines in White Australia : A documentary history of the attitudes affecting official policy and the Australian Aborigines , 1697 -- 1973 . Melbourne : Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 85859 - 072 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sharman N. ( 1974 ) . `` 4.6 Sir George Gipps ' report on murder trials '' . Aborigines in White Australia : A documentary history of the attitudes affecting official policy and the Australian Aborigines , 1697 -- 1973 . Melbourne : Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 85859 - 072 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Manuscripts , oral history & pictures '' . State Library of New South Wales . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Myall Creek Massacre ( Place ID 105869 ) '' . Australian Heritage Database . Department of the Environment . Jump up ^ R. v. Kirby and Thompson , 1820 . This is the earliest known record of a European being convicted and executed for the murder of an Aboriginal native . Jump up ^ `` Fleming , John Henry ( 1816 -- 1894 ) '' , Obituaries Australia , Australian National University , from the original in Windsor and Richmond Gazette , 25 August 1894 Jump up ^ `` Bridge Over Myall Creek '' . Australian Story . Retrieved 27 November 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce Elder ( 1998 ) . Blood on the Wattle : Massacres and maltreatment of Aboriginal Australians since 1788 . New Holland Publishers . p. 94 . ISBN 1 - 86436 - 410 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mary Durack , Kings in Grass Castles , ( 1959 ) cited in Peter Knight , Jonathan Long Fakes and forgeries , Cambridge Scholars Press , 2004 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Raymond Evans , A History of Queensland , Cambridge University Press , 2007 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Henry Meyrick ( 1846 ) cited Michael Cannon , Life in the Country : Australia in the Victorian Age , ( 1973 ) Nelson 1978 , p. 78 , also cited in Ben Kiernan 's Blood and soil : a world history of genocide and extermination from Sparta to Darfur , Yale University Press , 2007 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Robert Manne , In denial : the stolen generations and the right , Black Inc. , 2001 , p. 96 Jump up ^ A. Dirk Moses , Frontier violence and stolen indigenous children in Australian history , Berghahn Books , 2004 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blomfield , Baal Belbora , the end of the dancing : the agony of the British invasion of the ancient people of Three Rivers : the Hastings , the Manning & the Macleay , in New South Wales Apcol 1981 cited Aboriginal history , Volumes 6 -- 8 , ANU 1982 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Claire Smith , Country , kin and culture : survival of an Australian Aboriginal community , Wakefield Press , 2005 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Gerhard Leitner , Ian G. Malcolm , The habitat of Australia 's aboriginal languages : past , present and future , Walter de Gruyter , 2007 , pp. 143 -- 4 Jump up ^ Deborah Bird Rose , Hidden histories : black stories from Victoria River Downs , Humbert River , and Wave Hill Stations , Aboriginal Studies Press , 1991 , p. 23 Jump up ^ D. Byrne , `` A Critique of unfeeling heritage '' , in Laurajane Smith , Natsuko Akagawa ( eds . ) Intangible heritage , Routledge / Taylor & Francis , 2009 , pp. 229 -- 253 , p. 233 Jump up ^ Ben Kiernan , Blood and soil : a world history of genocide and extermination from Sparta to Darfur , Yale University Press 2007 , p. 296 Jump up ^ Ian D. Clark Scars in the landscape : a register of massacre sites in western Victoria , 1803 -- 1859 , Aboriginal Studies Press for the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies , 1995 , pp. 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Bronwyn Batten , `` The Myall Creek Memorial : history , identity and reconciliation '' , in William Logan , William Stewart Logan , Keir Reeves ( eds . ) Places of pain and shame : dealing with `` difficult heritage '' , Taylor & Francis , 2009 , pp. 82 -- 96 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Rosemary Neill , White out : how politics is killing black Australia , Allen & Unwin 2002 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Richard Broome , Aboriginal Victorians : a history since 1800 , Allen & Unwin 2005 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Kay Schaffer , In the Wake of First Contact : the Eliza Fraser Stories , Cambridge University Press Archive 1995 , p. 243 Jump up ^ Gay McAuley , Unstable Ground : Performance and the Politics of Place , Peter Lang 2006 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Christine Halse , A Terribly Wild Man , Allen & Unwin 2002 , p. 99 Jump up ^ see The Sydney Morning Herald , 10 December 1838 ( editorial ) and 29 June 1849 , p. 2 , Wentworth in the Legislative Council , Wednesday , 27 June 1849 Jump up ^ Brisbane Courier , 26 July 1861 , pp. 2 -- 3 ( Editorial & Queensland Parliamentary debates on the Native Police Force : Legislative Assembly , July 24 ; see also the 1861 Select Committee into the Native Police , p. 48 ( interview of Samuel Sneyd ) Jump up ^ Milliss , Roger ( 1992 ) . Waterloo Creek : The Australia Day Massacre of 1838 -- George Gipps and the British Conquest of New South Wales . Ringwood , Victoria : McPhee Gribble . p. 834 . ISBN 9780869141564 . Jump up ^ `` Vandals deface two Australian memorials '' , The Sydney Morning Herald , 31 January 2005 . Jump up ^ Australian National Heritage listing for the Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site Further reading ( edit ) Clark , Manning ( 1998 ) . History of Australia . Abridged by Michael Cathcart . Melbourne University Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84779 - X . `` Myall Creek Massacre '' . Parliament of New South Wales Hansard . Retrieved 26 September 2005 . Roderick Flanagan ( 1888 ) . `` Chapter 15 : The Myall Creek Massacre '' . The Aborigines of Australia . pp. 141 -- 154 . ( at Wikisource ) Stewart , Peter ( 2007 ) . Demons at Dusk , Massacre at Myall Creek . Sid Harta . ISBN 9781921206573 , foreword by Peter FitzSimons . Mark Tedeschi ( 2016 ) . Murder at Myall Creek . ISBN 9781925456264 . External links ( edit ) National Heritage Places -- Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site , Australian Government , Department of the Environment The Myall Creek Massacre , Peter Stewart Friends of Myall Creek `` Where can I find information on the Myall Creek Massacre ? '' , National Library of Australia Australian frontier wars Pemulwuy 's War ( 1790 -- 1802 ) Battle of Richmond Hill ( 1795 ) Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars ( 1795 -- 1816 ) Tedbury 's War ( 1804 -- 05 ) The Appin Massacre ( 1816 ) Bathurst War ( 1824 ) Black War ( Tasmania ) ( 1828 -- 32 ) Cape Grim massacre ( 1828 ) Port Phillip District Wars ( 1830 -- 50 ) Yagan Resistance ( 1831 -- 33 ) Convincing Ground massacre ( 1833 / 34 ) Battle of Pinjarra ( 1834 ) Broken River ( 1836 ) Waterloo Creek massacre ( 1838 ) Myall Creek massacre ( 1838 ) Campaspe Plains massacre ( 1839 ) Blood Hole massacre ( 1839 ) Maria massacre ( 1840 ) Gippsland massacres ( 1840s ) Eumerella Wars ( 1840s -- 1860s ) Rufus River massacre ( 1841 ) Battle of One Tree Hill ( 1843 ) Darkey Flat Massacre ( circa 1845 ) Waterloo Bay massacre ( 1849 ) Cullin - La - Ringo massacre ( 1861 ) Flying Foam Massacre ( 1868 ) Kalkadoon Wars ( 1870 -- 90 ) Jandamarra Guerilla War ( 1894 -- 97 ) Mowla Bluff massacre ( 1916 ) Forrest River massacre ( 1926 ) Coniston massacre ( 1928 ) Caledon Bay crisis ( 1932 -- 34 ) Coordinates : 29 ° 46 ′ 52 '' S 150 ° 42 ′ 45 '' E / 29.781168 ° S 150.712613 ° E / - 29.781168 ; 150.712613 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&oldid=797770868 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1838 History of New South Wales History of Indigenous Australians Racial massacres Massacres in Australia Crime in New South Wales Deaths by firearm in New South Wales 1838 in Australia Australian National Heritage List New England ( New South Wales ) 19th century in New South Wales Violence against Aboriginal Australians June 1838 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced quotes Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from June 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Lietuvių Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 02 : 32 . 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"The Myall Creek massacre near Gwydir River, in the central New South Wales district of Namoi, involved the killing of up to 30 unarmed indigenous Australians by ten Europeans and one African on 10 June 1838 at the Myall Creek near Bingara, Murchison County, in northern New South Wales.[1] After two trials, seven of the 11 colonists involved in the killings were found guilty of murder and hanged.[1]"
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"near Gwydir River, in the central New South Wales district of Namoi"
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-2413363664355682662 | List of United States Senators from California | List of United States Senators from California - wikipedia List of United States Senators from California Jump to : navigation , search Current delegation Dianne Feinstein ( D ) Kamala Harris ( D ) since January 3 , 2017 California elects United States Senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . The state has been represented by 44 people in the Senate since it was admitted to the Union on September 9 , 1850 . Its current U.S. Senators are Democrats Dianne Feinstein and Kamala Harris . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Senators 2 Living former U.S. Senators from California 3 References 4 See also List of Senators ( edit ) Class 1 Class 1 U.S. Senators belong to the electoral cycle that were first elected for only one U.S. Congress in the first elections of 1850 , and then the seat was contested again every three Congresses ( six years ) thereafter . The seat in recent years have been contested in 2000 , 2006 , and 2012 . The next election will be in 2018 . o n g r s s Class 3 Class 3 U.S. Senators belong to the electoral cycle that were first elected for the first three United States Congresses in the first elections of 1850 , and then the seat was contested again every three Congresses ( six years ) thereafter . The seat in recent years have been contested in 1998 , 2004 , and 2010 , and 2016 . The next election will be in 2022 . # Senator Party Years in office Electoral history r m r m Electoral history Years in office Party Senator # John C. Frémont Democratic September 9 , 1850 -- March 3 , 1851 Elected December 20 , 1849 . 31st Elected December 20 , 1849 . September 9 , 1850 -- March 2 , 1855 Democratic William M. Gwin Vacant March 4 , 1851 -- January 29 , 1852 Legislature failed to elect . 32nd John B. Weller Democratic January 30 , 1852 -- March 3 , 1857 Elected late in 1852 . Lost re-election . 33rd 34th Legislature failed to elect . March 3 , 1855 -- January 13 , 1857 Vacant Elected late in 1857 . January 14 , 1857 -- March 3 , 1861 Democratic William M. Gwin David C. Broderick Democratic March 4 , 1857 -- September 16 , 1859 Elected in 1856 . Died . 35th 36th Vacant September 17 , 1859 -- November 2 , 1859 Henry P. Haun Democratic November 3 , 1859 -- March 4 , 1860 Appointed to continue Broderick 's term . Lost election to finish Broderick 's term . 5 Milton Latham Democratic March 5 , 1860 -- March 3 , 1863 Elected to finish Broderick 's term . Lost re-election . 37th Elected in 1860 . Retired . March 4 , 1861 -- March 3 , 1867 Democratic James A. McDougall 6 John Conness Republican March 4 , 1863 -- March 3 , 1869 Elected during the 1862 / 63 cycle . 38th 39th 40th Elected during the 1866 / 67 cycle . March 4 , 1867 -- March 3 , 1873 Republican Cornelius Cole 7 Eugene Casserly Democratic March 4 , 1869 -- November 29 , 1873 Elected in 1868 . Resigned . 5 41st 42nd 43rd 5 Elected in 1872 or 1873 . Retired . March 4 , 1873 -- March 3 , 1879 Republican Aaron A. Sargent Vacant November 30 , 1873 -- December 22 , 1873 8 John S. Hager Democratic December 23 , 1873 -- March 3 , 1875 Elected to finish Casserly 's term . Retired . 9 Newton Booth Anti-Monopoly March 4 , 1875 -- March 3 , 1881 Elected in 1874 . Retired . 6 44th 45th 46th 6 Elected in 1878 . Retired . March 4 , 1879 -- March 3 , 1885 Democratic James T. Farley 5 10 John Franklin Miller Republican March 4 , 1881 -- March 8 , 1886 Elected in 1880 . Died . 7 47th 48th 49th 7 Elected in 1885 . March 4 , 1885 -- June 21 , 1893 Republican Leland Stanford 6 Vacant March 9 , 1886 -- March 22 , 1886 11 George Hearst Democratic March 23 , 1886 -- August 3 , 1886 Appointed to continue Miller 's term . Successor qualified . 12 Abram P. Williams Republican August 4 , 1886 -- March 3 , 1887 Elected to finish Miller 's term . Retired . 13 George Hearst Democratic March 4 , 1887 -- February 28 , 1891 Elected in 1887 . Died . 8 50th 51st Vacant March 1 , 1891 -- March 18 , 1891 52nd 8 Re-elected in 1891 . Died . 14 Charles N. Felton Republican March 19 , 1891 -- March 3 , 1893 Elected to finish Hearst 's term . Retired . 15 Stephen M. White Democratic March 4 , 1893 -- March 3 , 1899 Elected in 1893 . Retired . 9 53rd June 22 , 1893 -- July 25 , 1893 Vacant Appointed to continue Stanford 's term . Elected January 23 , 1895 to finish Stanford 's term . July 26 , 1893 -- March 3 , 1915 Republican George Clement Perkins 7 54th 55th 9 Re-elected January 13 , 1897 . Vacant March 4 , 1899 -- February 6 , 1900 10 56th 16 Thomas R. Bard Republican February 7 , 1900 -- March 3 , 1905 Elected late in 1900 . Lost re-election . 57th 58th 10 Re-elected January 13 , 1903 . 17 Frank P. Flint Republican March 4 , 1905 -- March 3 , 1911 Elected January 11 , 1905 . Retired . 11 59th 60th 61st 11 Re-elected January 12 , 1909 . Retired . 18 John D. Works Republican March 4 , 1911 -- March 3 , 1917 Elected in 1911 . Retired . 12 62nd 63rd 64th 12 Elected in 1914 . Lost re-election . March 4 , 1915 -- March 3 , 1921 Democratic James D. Phelan 8 19 Hiram Johnson Republican March 4 , 1917 -- August 6 , 1945 Elected in 1916 . Did n't take seat until March 16 , 1917 as he wanted to remain Governor of California . However , he was still elected and qualified as Senator . 13 65th 66th 67th 13 Elected in 1920 . March 4 , 1921 -- March 3 , 1933 Republican Samuel M. Shortridge 9 Re-elected in 1922 . 14 68th 69th 70th 14 Re-elected in 1926 . Lost renomination . Re-elected in 1928 . 15 71st 72nd 73rd 15 Elected in 1932 . Lost renomination , then resigned . March 4 , 1933 -- November 8 , 1938 Democratic William Gibbs McAdoo 10 Re-elected in 1934 . 16 74th 75th Appointed to finish McAdoo 's term . Retired . November 9 , 1938 -- January 2 , 1939 Democratic Thomas M. Storke 11 76th 16 Elected in 1938 . January 3 , 1939 -- November 30 , 1950 Democratic Sheridan Downey 12 Re-elected in 1940 . Died . 17 77th 78th 79th 17 Re-elected in 1944 . Ran for re-election , but dropped out of renomination race due to ill health . Resigned early due to ill health . Vacant August 7 , 1945 -- August 25 , 1945 20 William F. Knowland Republican August 26 , 1945 -- January 2 , 1959 Appointed to continue Johnson 's term . Elected November 5 , 1946 to finish Johnson 's term . Re-elected in 1946 . 18 80th 81st Appointed to finish Downey 's term , having been elected to the next term . December 1 , 1950 -- January 1 , 1953 Republican Richard Nixon 13 82nd 18 Elected in 1950 . Resigned to become Vice President of the United States . Appointed to continue Nixon 's term . Elected November 2 , 1954 to finish Nixon 's term . January 2 , 1953 -- January 2 , 1969 Republican Thomas Kuchel 14 Re-elected in 1952 . Retired to run for Governor of California . 19 83rd 84th 85th 19 Re-elected in 1956 . 21 Clair Engle Democratic January 3 , 1959 -- July 30 , 1964 Elected in 1958 . Died . 20 86th 87th 88th 20 Re-elected in 1962 . Lost renomination . Vacant July 31 , 1964 -- August 3 , 1964 22 Pierre Salinger Democratic August 4 , 1964 -- December 31 , 1964 Appointed to continue Engle 's term . Lost election to full term , then resigned early to give successor preferential seniority . 23 George Murphy Republican January 1 , 1965 -- January 1 , 1971 Appointed to finish Salinger 's term , having been elected to the next term . Elected in 1964 . Lost re-election , then resigned early to give successor preferential seniority . 21 89th 90th 91st 21 Elected in 1968 . January 3 , 1969 -- January 2 , 1993 Democratic Alan Cranston 15 24 John V. Tunney Democratic January 2 , 1971 -- January 1 , 1977 Appointed to finish Murphy 's term , having been elected to the next term . Elected in 1970 . Lost re-election , then resigned early to give successor preferential seniority . 22 92nd 93rd 94th 22 Re-elected in 1974 . 25 S.I. Hayakawa Republican January 2 , 1977 -- January 2 , 1983 Appointed to finish Tunney 's term , having been elected to the next term . Elected in 1976 . Retired . 23 95th 96th 97th 23 Re-elected in 1980 . 26 Pete Wilson Republican January 3 , 1983 -- January 6 , 1991 Elected in 1982 . 24 98th 99th 100th 24 Re-elected in 1986 . Retired . Re-elected in 1988 . Resigned to become Governor of California . 25 101st 102nd 27 John F. Seymour Republican January 7 , 1991 -- November 3 , 1992 Appointed to continue Wilson 's term . Lost election to finish Wilson 's term . 28 Dianne Feinstein Democratic November 4 , 1992 -- Present Elected to finish Wilson 's term . 103rd 25 Elected in 1992 . January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 2017 Democratic Barbara Boxer 16 Re-elected in 1994 . 26 104th 105th 106th 26 Re-elected in 1998 . Re-elected in 2000 . 27 107th 108th 109th 27 Re-elected in 2004 . Re-elected in 2006 . 28 110th 111th 112th 28 Re-elected in 2010 . Retired . Re-elected in 2012 . 29 113th 114th 115th 29 Elected in 2016 . January 3 , 2017 -- Present Democratic Kamala Harris 17 To be determined in the 2018 election . 30 116th 117th 118th 30 To be determined in the 2022 election . # Senator Party Years in office Electoral history r m r m Electoral history Years in office Party Senator # Class 1 Class 3 Living former U.S. Senators from California ( edit ) There are currently three living former U.S. Senators from California . The most recent Senator to die was John V. Tunney ( January 2 , 1971 -- January 1 , 1977 ) on January 12 , 2018 . The most recently serving senator to die was Alan Cranston ( 1969 -- 1993 ) on December 31 , 2000 . Senator Class Term of office Date of birth ( and age ) Wilson , Pete Pete Wilson 000000001983 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1983 -- January 6 , 1991 ( 1933 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1933 ( age 84 ) Seymour , John F. John F. Seymour 000000001991 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1991 -- November 3 , 1992 ( 1937 - 12 - 03 ) December 3 , 1937 ( age 80 ) Boxer , Barbara Barbara Boxer 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 2017 ( 1940 - 11 - 11 ) November 11 , 1940 ( age 77 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Conness was elected as a Democrat , but changed party to Republican after the election . ^ Jump up to : Byrd , p. 83 . Jump up ^ `` Perkins Re-elected in California '' . The New York Times . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Perkins of California Re-elected '' . The New York Times . January 14 , 1903 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ The World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1906 . 1905 . p. 108 . Jump up ^ `` Perkins of California Re-elected '' . The New York Times . January 13 , 1903 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Cameron ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Barbara Boxer to retire in 2016 '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . `` States in the Senate -- California 's United States Senators '' . via Senate.gov . `` Party Division in the Senate , 1789 - Present '' . via Senate.gov . Byrd , Robert C. ( October 1 , 1993 ) . Wolff , Wendy , ed . `` The Senate , 1789 - 1989 : Historical Statistics , 1789 - 1992 '' . United States Senate Historical Office ( volume 4 Bicentennial ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . See also ( edit ) List of United States Representatives from California United States congressional delegations from California ( hide ) Lists of United States congressional delegations States Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( H , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska ( H , S ) Nevada ( H , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( H , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( H , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( H , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former House members List of former Senators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senators_from_California&oldid=833835228 '' Categories : United States Senators from California Lists of California politicians Lists of United States Senators by state Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from October 2013 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Ilokano Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 17 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the two current senators that represent california today | [
"California elects United States Senators to Class 1 and Class 3. The state has been represented by 44 people in the Senate since it was admitted to the Union on September 9, 1850. Its current U.S. Senators are Democrats Dianne Feinstein and Kamala Harris.",
"California elects United States Senators to Class 1 and Class 3. The state has been represented by 44 people in the Senate since it was admitted to the Union on September 9, 1850. Its current U.S. Senators are Democrats Dianne Feinstein and Kamala Harris."
] | [
"Dianne Feinstein",
"Kamala Harris"
] |
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